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ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

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VOL. Hf
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LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY C. ROWORTH AND SONS,
BELL YARD, FLEET STREET,

SOLD BY LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, GREEN AND LONGMAN,
PATERNOSTER ROW,

AND J. B. BAILLIERR, 219, REGENT STREET, AND RUE DE L’ECOLE DE MEDECINE A PARIS.

1841—1843.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY C. ROWORTH AND SONS,
BELL YARD, TEMPLE BAR.

I

CONTENTS

or
VOLUME III.
“ee”

PARI Lie hS213

. Dytiscide Darwiniane. By C. C. Basineton, Esq., M. A.,

F.LS., &e.

II. Observations on the Phymatites, Laporte, with a Monograph of

Ill

TV.

the Genus Macrocephalus. By J.O. Westrwoop, F.L.S., &e.

. Description of a new Sub-Genus of Exotic Hemiptera. By
J. O. Westwoop, F.L.S., &c. °

Descriptive List of the Species of Popillia in the Collection of
the Rev. F. W. Hors. By Epwarp Newman, Esq,, F.L.S.,

. Description of a new Strepsipterous Insect. By Roserr Tem-

PLETON, Esq., R.A. .

VI. Descriptions of two Hymenopterous Insects from Northern

India. By W. W. Saunprrs, Esq., F.L.S., Pres. E.S., &c. .

. Descriptions of four new Dipterous Insects from India. By

iW: We sSauspers; Esq; ... 1. Fee Mnf eo etive

. Descriptions of some new Lamellicorn Coleoptera from Northern

India. By the Rev. F. W. Horr, F.R.S, &c.

. Notes on a Species of Stylops. By G. H. K. Tawarres, Esq. .

FouralvOl ProcecGMey 5) ce sy ae as ct, ag Mand oil ap ee

PART II. 1842.

X. Descriptions of some new Species of exotic Coleopterous In-
sects. By J. O. Wesrwoop, F.L.S., &c. .
XI. Observations on the (stride. By the late W. Setzs, Esq.

XII

. On several Species of Bolboceras, Kirby, from New Holland,
in the Collection of the Rev. F. W. Hors, F.R.S., &c. By
the late Mr. Wiitiam Barneripce, Assistant Curator to
the Entomological Society of London . . . . ». ws

a2

18

28

51

57

62
67

69
72

79

iv CONTENTS.
Page
XIII, Description of some Hemipterous Insects of the Section Hete-
roptera. By Avam Wuire, Esq., M.E.S., Assistant in the
Zoological Department of the British Museum. . . . . 84

XIV. On the Wings of the pies By R. J. Asnton, Esgq.,
Bap Cee a ace te Ba ee, PRL eee Gone we

XV. Observations on the Destruction of the Apple Crop by Insects.
By We SPENCE; Hse, FAlt5. 510. io) ae, at fs os ie Eo we

XVI. Entomological Notes. By the late W. Setis, Esq., M.E.S. . 101
A Plan for Arranging a Cabinet containing Illustrations

of the Habits and Economy of Insects . . . . . 101
Experiments with portions of old Honeycomb. . . . 103
Note respecting the Egg-cases of Blatte . . . . . 108

XVII. Description of some Insects which inhabit the Tissue of
Spongilla fluviatilis. By J. O. Westwoop, F.L.S. . . . 105

XVIIT. Rough Notes on the Habits, Manners, &c. of some of the
British Brachelytra. By F. Hoime, Esq., M.E.S. . . . 108

XIX. Observations respecting various Insects which at different times
have afforded Food to Man. By the Rev. F. W. Horr,
ESCM cach Ware” id), 5) ok. 1a ae ed at acne ate peas MeO

XX. Notes on the Habits of various Species of British Ants. By
Mr GiREDERICK SMITH |." rt’: igel Vell ie) wl, sys ued i ie CLOR

XXI. Some Remarks on Wireworms which seriously damaged the
Potatoe Crops of Shropshire, Worcestershire, and Hereford-
shire, in 1838. By the Rev. F. W. Hore, F.R.S., &. . . 154

PART III. 1842.
XXII. Note on the Metamorphosis of Caterpillars. By R. J.
ASTER ON 6 uSGey¢ Esse, O0Cs ss tia) ce ae ee ee eee) ae LO

XXIII. Description of a Species of Mygale, from Ionia, with its
Nest. By Sypney Smitu Saunpers, Esq... . - . «= 160

XXIV. Additional Observations on the Habits o Mygale. By S.S.
NAUNDERS) Bisg. Aib.: ie Pete Opens le: ame gota mens! Bt aD

XXV. Observations on the Species of Spiders which inhabit cylin-
drical ‘Tubes covered by a moveable Trapdoor. By J. O.
WESTWOOD dhs Laos, f0uCars veil se lati eicurels ten Mieedimeniiny espe p10)

XXVI.

XXVII.

xooV ITE,

XXIX,

XXX.

XXXI,

XXXII.

XXXII.

MAX.
XXXV.

XXXVI.

XXXVII.

CONTENTS. V
Page
On the Habits and on the Structure of the Nests of Gre-
garious Hymenoptera, particularly those of the Hive
Bee and Hornet. By Grorce Newrort, Esq., V.P.E.S. 188
Observations on some Mummied Beetles taken from the
inside of a Mummied Ibis. By Rev. F. W. Hore,
F.R.S:, &c. . 191
Notice of the occurrence of Hybrid Individuals occurring
in the Genus Smerinthus. By Mr. Henry House. In
a Letter addressed to W. Ravpon, Esq. 193
Description of a Hybrid Smerinthus, with Remarks on Hy-
bridism in general. By J. O. Westrwoop, F.L.S., &e. 195
Description of a Case of Monstrosity occurring in a Speci-
men of Dylicus marginalis, in which a portion of the
external marks of Sexual Distinction are abortive. By
JOP WESTWOOD, HalGsss0cC)) 2) 8 als aha 203
Description of a Sub-Genus of Coleopterous Insects, closely
allied to the Genus Carabus. By G. R. Waveruouse,
Esq., Curator to the Museum and Assistant Secretary
for the Scientific Department of the Zoological Society . 207
Description of a new Genus of Carabideous Insects. By
G. R. Warternouss, Esq. . 210
Observations on Osmoderma and some new Species of
Cetoniade. By the late Mr. Wittiam Bainsripnce,
Curator to the Entomological Society . . . . . . 214
Description of Scolia fulvu. By W. E. Suucxarp, Esq. . 222
Descriptions of some new Species of Exotic Hymenopterous
Insects. By J. O. Westwoop, Esq., F.L.S., &c. 223
Description of a new Genus of Apterous Hexapod Insects
found near London. By J. O. Westwoop, Esq.,
F.L.S., &c. . 231
On two Species of Cremastocheilus from Northern India.
By W. W. Saunpers, Esq., F.L.S., President of the
Entomological Society, &e.. . . 234

vi CONTENTS,

PART IV. (1843.) | 8 47
- Page

XXXVIII. On Evania and some allied Genera of Hymenopterous
Insects. By J. O. Westwoop, F.LS., &. . . . . 2387

XXXIX. On some nondescript Lamellicorn Beetles. By the Rev.
Boao ROPE, LaDy cu spe0Ce, «tee ae Me a oh ie eho

XL. Description of a Species of Moth destructive to the Cotton
Crops in India. By W. W. Saunprrs, Esq., F.L.S., &c. 284

XLI. Monograph on the Genus Campsosternus of Latreille. By
the Rey. E. W-Hork, BUR.S:2&c.50 37. 2 ee 286

XLII. Notes on the Parasites of the Genus Nomada and on other
PHECCIs.7 DY ANLE. ROSE TH: cof Wie Dinu c Sis) age ems eave

XLIII. Contributions towards the Classification of the Chalcidide
By A; Hy Haripar, Esq M.Ao.. aie a. 290

XLIV. Memoir on the Genus Cermatia and some other exotic
Annulosa (in a Letter addressed to the Secretary). By
IG LEMPLETON; Eieq.y FurAe) of). tehch es < Ge BOO

XLV. Descriptions of the Species of the Curculionideous Genus
Pachyrhynchus, Sch., collected by H. Cuming, Esq,,
in the Philippine Islands. By G. R. Wareruovsse,
sas VisP Bibane aca tec ells Wary ues Ope eres OLD

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

—-—

PLATE PAGE
I. Dytiscide Darwinian@..secsrssecereereeeresensececnes Avaoone ld!
1I. Genera of Phymatites ...sseseeececrerrecnssrsececes oun 2)!
II]. Popillia ...+..-eeeee ial stiiaie: Ghole shsTeteveieie's sretereiots aife(esare sfetorey aien (OU)

New Genera of Coleoptera .ssseesscecereeereecces svelaleleslelteresa ite

IV. Xenos Westwoodii...-.- sielclslefars\stere tie) ecote stelereieyerste sg iajot eicusietslefetstece 56

V. Indian Hymenoptera.....+++++0++ a{italorsiwisieis\sievalelena’elfele.s « 6 sieleielensie OG
Indian Diptera ...seeceecsereeeceetrreenseccerrasccceaccans 61

VI. Fungi, &c., parasitic upon Insects... ..-» Journal of Proceedings iv
VII. New Hemiptera... ..sssscccereceeereves = sisiale late sisstelers sie stevefsie 8 04
Wings of Hemiptera......- bieiakatatelelsiey 6/6 e/elsieterate crciavejaleie.elaieie Vote tenn oy
VIII. Spongilla Insect ss sssecseceecececercceceseeeserercsececens 105
Campodea Staphylinus so seeecerecerecceecccererereseceecvens 233

IX. Mygale lonica ........ ig Hetttalae wiso (eine) Mbiaie, 856 Eidaseurede cat LOO
X. Actinopus Cdificatorius sesvessececeversereesserscssescvences 182
XI. Hybrid Smerinthus ....-sceeeeeeceeeeee eustey avai eictel npogaomaue pe Les

Monstrous Dyticus marginalis.....-+++ sialslelsiene ORO Ae asics elec

XII. Aplothoray Burchellit .cccsecscessevcecccreeceerensnseeceers 209

Disphericus Gambianus ..eecseeesees alicia e eis oh eleveveltietelnliarelisienese ve 212
Aphelotoma Tasmanica and Trirogma c@rulea sseereseseeres SGA,
XIII. Indian Cremastocheili .......++. Doles stele olde Se cui stele see stom eeies Looe
New exotic Coleoptera ..... a, Selajeneicllersielsistets AOD COS Soocoud Cope che)
XIV. and XV. Evania and allied Genera ....seeeeeees seen cseeeeee 237
XVI. Lepisma and Scutigera......ceeee sijefel eieisieielolsiele(e\eieHels Saicistelsl elelois@ oe

XVII. Scutigera Pr Cero ree ee erese re eG ores eeeeseeoeroeee 302

ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.

Page 21, line 24, for ‘’ mirus” read “ miris”
28, line 9, for ‘‘ Hemithyreus”’ read ‘‘ Oxythyreus.”
50, note.—A species of Popillia named P. maculata is described and figured
: by M. Guérin, in the ‘‘ Voyage de Belanger,” Plate II. fig. 3.
62, line 2, dele ‘‘ Northern.”
The species of Rhomborhina and Coryphe described in this paper have
been illustrated in the first volume of the “ Arcana Entomologica,”
225, Figures and descriptions of Trirogma caerulea 9, and of Aphelotoma —
Tasmanica @, will be found in the “ Arcana Entomologica,” No, 17.
231, line 5, for ‘* punctatus” read “ punctatum.”

LIST OF MEMBERS
(LO THE 31sr DECEMBER, 1843.)

Those Persons to whose Names an Asterisk is prefixed are Original
Members.

HONORARY PRESIDENT.

*The Reverend Wittram Kirpy, A.M. F.R.S. LS. Soc. Nat. Scient. Berol.
et Ces. Natur. Mosq. &c, &c.

HONORARY ENGLISH MEMBER.
*WriiraMm Spence, Esq. F.R.S, LS. &c. Upper Seymour street, London.

HONORARY FOREIGN MEMBERS.

Epwarps, H. Milne, Membre de l'Institut and of the Legion d’Honneur, Pro-
fessor, &c. Paris.

Gravennorsr, Professor J. L.C. Phil. D. &c. Breslaw. Silesia.

Haay, W. De, Phil. Doct. Memb. Soc. Nat. List. Regensb. Calvados, Paris, &c.
Conservator of the Museum, Heyden.

Hammerscumrprt, L., Doctor of Laws, Member of various Societies of Natural
History. Vienna.

Ktiuc, Dr. Frederick, Hon. Memb. Ent. Soc. Fiance, Director of the Entomo-
logical Department of the Royal Museum, Berlin.

Koutar, M., Professor and Director of the Royal Museum, Vienna.

Lerrevee, M. Alexandre, Corresp. Memb. of the Mus. d’Hist. Nat. de Paris, of
the Imp. Soc. of Naturalists of Moscow, &c. Paris.

Passprint, Signor Carlo, Memb. of the Entomol. Soc. of France, Director of the
Mus. of Nat. Hist. &c. Florence.

Scuénuern, C. J., Councillor of Commerce, Cheval. of the Order of the Polar
Star, Memb. of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Stockholm, Pisa, Moscow,
Berlin, Leipsic. Skara, Sweden.

Werpemann, Dr. Cur. R. W., Professor of Zoology, Keil.

ORDINARY ENGLISH AND FOREIGN MEMBERS.

Agassiz, Louis M. Neufchatel, Switzerland.

Anderson, John, Esq. Richmond.

Ashton, Robert John, Esq. F.L.S. 2, Pelham Crescent, Brompton.
Aubé, M., Memb. Ent. Soc. France. Paris.

*Babington, Charles C., Esq., M.A. F.L.S.G.S. and C.P.S. St. John’s College,

Cambridge.
Bailey, Francis, Esq. L.L.D. V.P.R.S, F.L.S, M.R.LA. Pres. As. Society, &c.
Tavistock place, Tavistock square.

x LIST OF MEMBERS.

*Barker, George, Esq. 17, Aldgate High street.
*Barnes, Joseph S. St. Luke’s Hospital.
Barnes, Wm. George, Esq. 15, Great Russell street, Covent Gayden.
*Bass, Isaac Gray, Esq. Brighton.
Bassi, The Chevalier Carlo. Milan.
Beadnall, John, Esq. Tottenham.
*Bevan, Dr. Edward. Ferryside, near Carmarthen.
Beck, Dr., Conservator of the Museum of the Crown Prince of Denmark. Co-
penhagen.
*Bell, Thomas, Esq. F.R.S. Prof. Zool. King’s Coll, London, &e, New Broad
street
*Bennett, William, Nsq. 48, Cannon street.
Berendt, Dr. Dantzig.
*Blundell, Edward 8., M.D. Lower Seymour street, Portman square.
Bohn, Mr. G. H. 4, York street, Covent Garden.
Boisduval, M. Paris.
* Bowerbank, J. S., Esq. Park street, Islington.
*Broadwood, Henry, Esq. Bryanston square.
Brook, M. Creveld, Bavaria.
Breme, M. le Marquis de. Paris.
Bond, Frederick, Esq. Kingsbury, Middlesex.
Boreham, James Henry, Esq. Kilburn, Middlesex.
Becker, Dr. Wiesbaden.
Boys, Captain. Almorah, East Indies.
*Broome, C. E., Esq. Rudlow, Corsham, Wilts.
*Browne, R. G.S., Esq.
Burlington, The Right Hon. the Earl of. Piccadilly.
Burmeister, Dr. Hermann, Phil. Doct. Prof. of Zool. in University of Halle.

Castelnau, M. Le Comte de. Paris.
Charlesworth, Edward, Esq. F.G.S. 103, Great Russell street, Bloomsbury.
Chaudoir, M. le Baron Maximilian de. Kiew. Dorpat, Livonia.
Chevrolat, M. Augustus. Paris.
“Christy, John Pell. Clapham road.
Cochran, F. Esq.
Cockburn, Sir W. Sarsfield Rossiter, Bart.
Cristofori, Signor. Milan.

*Darwin, Charles, Sec. G.S. &c.

*Davis, A. H., F.L.S. M. Ent. Soc. France. Adelaide, New Holland.
De Jean, The Count. Paris.

*Desvignes, Peter.

*Desvignes, T., Esq. 22, Golden square, St. James’s.
De Wael, M. Emilien. Antwerp.
Doubleday, Edw., Esq. Epping.

*Doubleday, Henry, Esq. Epping.
Ducane, Capt. Southampton.
Dufour, M. Leon. St. Sever, France.
Dupont, M. Paris.

Edwardes, Herbert, Esq. Upper Seymour street, London, and Meole Brae,
Salop.

LIST OF MEMBERS. Xi

Elliott, Walter, Nsq. Madras Civil Service, Oriental Club House.
*Englehart, N., Esq. Park, Blackheath.

Erichson, Dr. Fred. Wm. Berlin.

Esenbeck, Dr. Nees von. Breslau.

Evans, W. F., Esq. Admiralty, and 4, Cavendish place, Wandsworth road.
*Eveleigh, Joseph, Esq. Manchester.

Ewing, The Rev. T. J. Sydney, New South Wales.
*Eyton, Thomas, Esq. Eyton, near Wellington, Shropshire.

Fahreus, M., Chev. Polar Star, Governor of the District of Gottenburg, Sweden.
Fischer, Count Gotthelf, de Walldhein, Moscow.

Fleming, Rev. Dr., Prof. Nat. Phil. Univ. Aberdeen.

Fridvalski von Fridval, M. Pesth, Hungary.

Freehlich, M. Filvagen.

Gory, M. Hippolyte, Memb. Soc, Nat. Hist. et d’Ent. Soc. France, Paris.
*Gould, John, Esq., F.L.S. Z.S. Broad street, Golden square,
Graells, M.P. Barcelona, Spain.
Grant, ——~, Esq., M.D. Richmond.
*Gray, George Robert, Esq., Mem. Soc. d’Ent. Fr. Hampstead Green.
Gray, J. E., Esq. British Museum.
Greenhough, G. B., Esq. F.R.S. L.S. G.S. &c. Grove House, Regent’s Park.
*Griesbach, G. Adolphus, Esq.
*Griesbach, J. Henry, Esq. 3, Carlton Villa, Maida Hill.
*Griesbach, Al. Will. B.A. Rev. Weston, near Whitwell, York.
Guérin, M. F. E., Memb. Soc. Hist. Nat. et d’Ent. france. Paris.

*HAanson, Samuel, Usq. Memb. Ent. Soc. France. Botolph lane.
*Hawkins, ——, Esq. M.D. Hackney road.
*Heales, G. S., Esq. Doctors’ Commons.
Hearne, John, Esq. Port au Prince, Hayti. 59, Montagu square.
Hely, Gorges, Esq. Johnston, Ireland.
*Hennessy, P. H., Esq. London.
Heyden, M. Le Senateur Van. Frankfort on the Main.
Higgins, Rev. Edw. Bosbury, Hereford.
*Hole, Henry. Ebberley house, near Great Torrington, North Devon.
Holme, Fred., Esq., M.A. Corpus Christi Coll. Oxford, and Windham Club,
London.
Hooker, Joseph, Esq. Kew.
“Hope, Rev. Frederick William, M.A. F.R.S. Z.8, L.S. G.S. &c. 56, Upper
Seymour street, Portman square,
Hope, Mrs. Frederick.
Hope, J. T., Esq. Netley, Shropshire.
Hope, Thomas H., Esq. Netley, Shropshire.
Horner, Edw. Esq. Grove hill, Camberwell.
*Horsfield, Thomas, M.D, F.R.S. LS. Z.S. G.S. Acad. Ces. Nat. Cur, Soc. &c.
&e. Myddleton square, Islington.
Horsley, J. W., Rev. Villa of Dunkirk, Faversham, Kent.
*Hoyer, Jacob, Esq. 1, Crown court, Threadneedle street.

t

Jansen, Edward, Esq. Highgate Common.
Jarman, G., Esq. 21, Upper Berkeley street.

xi LIST OF MEMBERS.

*Jenyns, Leonard, Rev., M.A. F.L.S, C.P.S.&ce. Swaffham, Bulbeck, Cam-
bridge.
*Image, John, Rev. Dulwich College.
Imhoff, M. Louis, Basle, Switzerland.
Ingpen, Abel, Esq. A.L.S. 11, Adam’s place, King’s road, Chelsea.
*Johnson, E. A., Mr. Governor of the Gaol, Ipswich.

Kidd, John, M.D. F.R.S. H.M.C.P.S. Reg. Prof. Med. Oxford.
Knott, William, Esq. Wimborne, Dorsetshire.

Kunze, M. Leipzig.

Kuper, Rev. Charles. The Lodge, South Lambeth.

Lacordaire, Th., Prof. Nat. Hist. Liege.
Lamb, ——, Esq. Beaufort, near Hastings.
*Lees, Edwin, Esq. Worcester.
. Lehmann, Dr., Director of the Botanic Garden, Hamburgh.
*Leigh, H. ‘T., Esq. Turnham Green,
*Letts, Thomas. Cornhill.
*Lewis, R. H. Hobart Town, Van Diemen’s Land.
*Lewis, W. E.* Hobart Town, Van Diemen’s Land.
Lingwood, Rob. Maulkin, Esq. M.A. F.L.S. Christ Coll. Camb. and Hereford.
*Longman, W., Esq. jun. Paternoster row and Hampstead.
Lowe, Charles, Esq.
*Lucas, Geoffroy, Esq. Hitchen, Herts.

Maltby, T. W., Esq. Wyndham Club, St. James’s, and Turnham Green.
Mannerheim, Count C. G. de, Governor of the Province of Wibourg, Finland.
*Marshall, Thomas, Esq. 11, King William street, City, and 23, St. Paul’s

place, Balls’ Pond.
Masters, Mr. William, jun. Canterbury.
*Matthews, Andrew, sq. Weston on the Green, Oxford.
*May, Rev. George. Strode House, Herne, and University Club, Pall Mall.
Mayne, J., Esq. F.R.S. and ZS. F.A.S, 2, Harcourt buildings, Temple, and
Teffont Ewyas House, Wiltshire.
Menetries, M. St. Petersburgh.
Mitford, Rob., Esq.
Mitchell, John, Esq. 35, Leadenhall street.
Munn, William Augustus, Esq. Rose Hill, near Sittingbourne, Kent.
Morris, Edmund, Esq. London.

Newport, Geo., Esq. 10, Upper Southweck street, Oxford terrace.
Norreys, Charles Denham Orlando Jephson, Esq. M.P. F.G.S. Z.S.&c. Mal-
low Castle, Ireland.
*Norris, Thomas, Esq. Red Vales, Bury.

Ocskay von Ocsko, M. le Baron, Priv. Councillor of Emp. Austria, Memb. Nat.
Hist. Soc. of Moscow, and of the Acad. Cesar. Leop. Carol. Natura Cur.

Ogilvy, Wm., Esq. M.A, F.LS. ZS, M.R.A.S. &c. Gower street, Bedford
square.

Olnhausen, Gustav von.

Owen, Richard, Esq. F.R.S. &c. College of Surgeons, London.

LIST OF MEMBERS. X11

Parry, Frederick, Esq. The Cedars, Sunning Hill.

Perty, M. Maximilian, Prof, Nat. Hist. Acad. Berne.

Petit, Louis Hayes, Fsq. M.P. F.R.S. AS. LS. and H.S. 9, New square,

Lincoln’s Inn.

Pettigrew, Thomas Joseph, Esq. F.R.S. A.S. &e. Saville row.

Phillips, Sir Thomas, Bart. Middle Hill.
*Pickering, William B., Esq. Hammersmith.

Pictet, M. Geneva.

Pinkell, Edward, Esq. M.A. Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
*Preston, Rev. J. D. J. Asham Bryant, near York.

Power, John Arthur, Esq. M.A. Clare Hall, Cambridge.

Raddon, William, Esq. Barnstable, Devon.

Reich, Prof., M.D. Berlin.

Roger, M. Bordeaux.

Roser, M. van, Director of the Chancery of the Minister for Foreign Affairs,
Stuttgard. ;

Rucker, Sigismund, Esq. F.L.8. HS, West Hill, Wandsworth.

Sahlberg, M. Finland.

Saunders, Joshua, Esq. East Hill, Wandsworth.
*Saunders, Sidney Smith, Esq. Previsa, Albania.
*Saunders, W. W., F.L.S. &c. East Hill, Wandsworth.

Schuppell, Mons. Berlin.

Schwaegrichen, Professor. Leipzig.

Shipster, G. F., Esq. 25, Great James street, Bedford row.

*Shuckard, William Edward, Esq. 31, Robert street, Chelsea.
Silbermann, M. Gustave. Strasbourg.

*Skrimshire, , Esq. London.

*Slaney, R. A., Esq. M.P. Walford, Shropshire.

*Smee, Capt. Walter, K.I.C. 61, Baker street, Portman square.
Sommer, M. Michael Christian. Altona, near Hamburgh.

“Spence, R. H., Esq. Hull.

*Spence, W. B., Esq. Florence.

Spinola. M. Maximilian. Genoa.

Spry, W., Esq. 76, Portland road, Regen t’s Park.

*Stephens, James F., Esq. Eltham Lodge, Foxley road, Kennington.
Stevens, Samuel, Esq. King’s street, Covent Garden, and Hammersmith.
Strachan, J., Esq. Sierra Leone.

Streatfield, Rev. J., M.A. Margate, Kent.

*Sykes, Lieut. Col., F.R.S. G.S. L.S. M.R.A.S. Albion street, Hyde Park.

Tatum, Thomas, Esq. 7, Berkeley sireet, Piccadilly.

*Taylor, Richard, Esq. F.R.S. L.S. G.S. &c. Red Lion court, Fleet street.
Thompson, Charles J., Msq. f'.L.8. &c, George street, Hanover square.
Thompson, Charles Thurston, Nsq. Bedford place, Kensington.

Thwaites, G. H. R. Esq. 2, Kingsdown Parade, Bristol.

Thrupp, George, Wsq. 1, Hyde Park place, West.

Tulk, Alfred, Esq. 23, Henrietta square, Cavendish square, and East Brook
place, Dover.

Turner, J., Esq. Manchester.

XIV LIST OF MEMBERS.

Villiers, M. Francois de, Cheval. Roy. & Mil. Ord. St. Ferdinand of Spain,
Capt. of Infantry, Member of the Linn. Soc. Paris, of the Ent. Soc. of
France, and Director of the Nat. Hist. Museum at Chartres,

*Wailes, George. Newcastle.

*Walton, John. 9, Barnsbury square.

*Waterhouse, George Robert, Esq. Old Brompton.
Wells, H. B., Esq. Surbiton Lodge, Kingston-upon-Thames.
Westermann, M. Copenhagen.

*Westwood, John O., F.L.S., M. Soc. d’Ent. Fr., Hon. M. Soc. Nat. Hist. Lille,

Lund, Mauritius, Moscow, Quebec, &c. Grove, Hammersmith.

Whithill, Col., Hon. E. Ind. Comp. Serv.
White, Adam, Esq. Assist. Nat. British Museum. (Aug. 1839.)
Willcox, William, Esq. Dulwich Common.
Winthem, M. von. Hamburgh.
Wollaston, Thomas Vernon, Esq. Jesus College, Cambridge.

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LONDON.

I. Dytiscide Darwiniane ; or, Descriptions of the Species
of Dytiscide collected by Cuartes Darwin, Esq., M.A.
Sec. G. S. &c., in South America and Australia, during
his Voyage in H.M.S. Beagle. By Cuaruzs C, Basine-
MON dM Anode Lia iSigilt «Gis ie) Ces

[Read 4th June, 1838.]

AT the request of my friend Mr. C, Darwin, I have examined
the species of Dytiscide collected by him during his voyage with
Captain Fitzroy in the Beagle, and have now the honour of sub-
mitting the following descriptions of them to the Entomological
Society. The specimens described very closely resemble some of
those which are natives of the British isles: but, after a minute
examination, a marked difference is always found to exist between
them and any European insects.

Before proceeding to the descriptions, I propose to make a few
observations ; and in the first place I would draw attention to the
Cybister, which I have named 2-ungulatus. It has been observed
by Erichson, Curtis, Stephens, &c., that this genus has only one
immoveable claw to the posterior tarsi. Here (PI. I. fig. 1a, 1 0)
we find two clearly distinguishable claws both immoveable, and
apparently joined together at their base; or rather perhaps we
ought to consider it as one claw very deeply divided into two
parts. This insect also differs from the usual structure of the

VOL, Il. B

2 Mr. C. C. Babington’s Descriptions

genus in the proportions of the joints of its palpi and antenne,
the structure of its mandibles, and the singularly pitted elytra of
the female. In the first group of the genus Colymbeles (Rantus,
Eschsch.), we have a series of species closely allied to our C. no-
tatus and agilis, but most of them at once distinguished from all
the English species by the form of the apex of their elytra. In
our native insects of this group, that part is uniformly rounded
and obtuse, but in the South American specimens contained in
this collection each elytron is obliquely truncate in such a manner
as to form a sharp point at the suture (PI. 1, fig. 2b). The sin-
gular structure of the anterior claws of the males is worthy of
notice, one of them being much longer than the other, broad, flat-
tened, and fixed at a right angle with the last joint of the tarsi;
the other slender and setaceous, and about a third part shorter
(Pl. 1, fig. 2a). This structure occurs in the claws of C. notatus,
but in no other English species which I have had an opportunity
of examining. In C. angusticollis will be found a form of thorax
which has never before fallen under my notice in this genus. The
species of Hydroporus will be observed to resemble closely some
of those contained in our English cabinets, but yet to be clearly
distinguishable from them.

At the conclusion of the paper, I have characterised three new
generic forms of great interest; and as the species upon which
they are founded are amongst the more minute of those contained
in this family, and are nearly the first small water insects which
have been brought from the tropics, I cannot but consider them
as a proof of the very rich harvest which awaits the active and in-
dustrious collector, who may be induced to turn his attention to
the minuter insects of those countries. The first, which I have
denominated Hydroporomorpha, has the general appearance of an
Hydroporus, closely resembling H. oblongus, Power (Steph. IIl.
(M.) 5, p. 437), but it has a conspicuous scutellum ; the structure
of its labial palpi is quite different, having the three first joints
very short, and the first joint of its internal maxillary palpi is
longer than the second, not very short as in Hydroporus. ‘The
second new generic form (Anodocheilus, Bab.) also closely resem-
bles a minute Hydroporus, from which it differs by the three basal
joints of its external maxillary and labial palpi being transverse,
and the terminal one emarginate, the first joint of the internal
maxillary long and slender, and the second subulate, and by the
want of the least trace of a tooth in the centre of the mentum.
The third new genus (Desmopachria, Bab.) has the outward ap-
pearance of a minute Hygrotus, but is distinguished from that

of Dytiscide Darwiniane. 3

genus by the great thickness and different form of the joints of its
external maxillary and labial palpi, the slender short terminal
joint of the internal maxillary, and its very short thick and cu-
riously jointed antenne.

In conclusion, I beg to express my great obligation to the Rev.
F. W. Hope for the free use of his cabinet and library, and to
J. O. Westwood, Esq., for his kind assistance in making the dis-
sections and drawings for this paper.

DYTISCIDHZ DARWINIAN.

CysistEr, Curt.

1. C. 2-ungulatus, Bab.

Olivaceo-niger, capite antice thoracis elytrorumque lateribus
rufis; elytris postice latioribus impunctatis, sterni laciniis
spathulatis ; pedibus 4 anticis rufis, posticis bruneis, rufo-cili-
atis, omnibus 2-dactylis. (Long. corp. 12-14; lat. 7-84. lin.)

Olive black, ovate. Head olivaceous, with its anterior margin
rufous; two small black fovez in front, and two slender black lines
extending diagonally from the antenne towards the crown; no
frontal lunule; impunctate except when greatly magnified, but
then it is found to be, together with the thorax and elytra, covered
with extremely minute punctures; labrum rufous; palpi and an-
tennz ferruginous. ‘Thorax with an interrupted row of impressed
dots on its anterior margin, an oblique one on both sides, and an
abbreviated longitudinal dorsal channel, the tateral margins broadly
rufous. Scutellum olivaceous ; elytra ovate, posteriorly dilated,
the exterior margin rufous, three rows of distant punctures upon
each, and an irregular row of more minute ones on the exterior
margin. Under side black, with a bright yellow spot at the pos-
terior angles of the hinder sutures. The four anterior legs ru-
fous, very short; posterior short and thick, particularly the tibize,
dark; all the tarsi with two claws, but both those of the hinder
pair appear to be immoveable, fringed internally with long rufous
hairs. (Plate I. fig. 1 a, last joint of hind tarsi seen above;
1 b, ditto seen beneath.)

Hab. Maldonado, on the north coast of the Rio del Plata.

A forma typicali (C. Roeseliz) hujusce generis insecta nostra
differe videntur articuli basalis palporum maxillarium exter-
norum antennarumque longitudine majori, elytris scrobiculatis
foeminee, mandibulis brevibus truncatis et oblique emargina-
tis tarsisque posticis ungulis duobus instructis.

B2

4 Mr. C. C. Babington’s Descriptions

Cotympetes (Rantus). Steph. Brit. Ent. (Mand.) 5, 393.
Rantus, Eschsch.
Cotympetss. Erichs. Dytise. 32.
A. Elytrorum apice oblique truncato, acuminato.

a. Thorace postice multo latiori.
1. (2.) C. reteculatus, Bab.

Oblongo-ovatus, supra flavicans, subtus niger, vertice et tho-
race antice posticeque nigris, elytris crebre nigro-reticulatis
striisque disci punctatis ; antennis pedibusque pallidis, tarsis
posticis nigris exceptis. (L. c. 5, lat. 23 lin.)

Oblong-ovate, yellow above. Head with the vertex broadly
black, antenne yellow. ‘Thorax short, transverse, broadly emar-
ginate in front, with prominent acute angles, the sides oblique and
but slightly rounded, the posterior margin somewhat sinuated, the
angles obtuse and slightly rounded, smooth, with a series of im-
pressed dots on the anterior margin ; disk immaculate, the anterior
margin blackish, the posterior with a broad transverse black spot
attached to its centre. Scutellum triangular, black, with its apex
yellow. Elytra oblong, slightly dilated in the middle, the apex
obliquely truncate so as to form a sharp point at the suture,
slightly convex, with three lines of minute impressed dots upon
each, which are scarcely distinguishable in the female, yellow,
with the suture, apex, and numerous longitudinal lines connected
by reticulations, black, leaving the exterior margin and a slender
nearly continuous line next the suture yellow, the whole surface
minutely strigose in the female. Body beneath black, with the
abdomen somewhat fuscous. Legs yellow, the posterior tarsi
alone excepted, which are black.

Hab. Valparaiso, Chili.

In this species, and all the others included in my Section A.,
the claws of the anterior feet (PI. 1, fig. 2a) are very large and
unequal in the males. One of them is broad and flat, and forming
an angle with the tarsi; the other slender, setaceous, and about
a third part shorter. In the British species this structure occurs
in C. notatus, Fab. and Steph. alone; and even there it is not so
remarkable as in the species described in this paper. In all the
other British species of Rantus, these claws, although very long,
somewhat unequal in length, and forming an angle with the tarsi,
are yet of exactly the same thickness and form. The oblique
truncation of each elytron (PI. 1, fig. 2 6), thereby forming a point
at the suture, is a remarkable difference between these insects,
and the allied European species.

of Dytiscide Darwiniane. 5

2. (3.) C. nigro-rematus, Bab.

Oblongo-ovatus, supra flavicans, subtus niger, abdomine flavo,
vertice nigro, elytris crebre nigro-reticulatis striisque disci
punctatis ; antennis pedibusque pallidis, tarsis posticis nigris
exceptis. (L. c. 43; lat. 23 lin.)

Head, antenne, and thorax as in the preceding insect ; but the
latter is wholly yellow, with the exception of two minute black
spots on the hinder margin. Scutellum as in the last. Elytra the
same, but the yellow outer margin is broader, and the reticula-
tions are less regular, Breast black. Abdomen yellow, with the
centres of the segments rather dusky. Legs pale, with the excep-
tion of the posterior tarsi, which are black.

There are two specimens of this insect in the collection; one
from Port Famine, on the east coast of Patagonia, has smooth
shining elytra, and all the appearance of a male insect, but it has
not dilated tarsi; the other from Port Desire, on the same coast,
has the strigose dull elytra, tarsi, &c, of a female. This species
is closely allied to C. reticulatus, but may be distinguished by its
pale thorax with two minute spots, and the pale abdomen. Can
it be a variety of that insect ?

3. (4.) C. Chiliensis, Laporte ?

Oblongo-ovatus, supra flavicans, subtus niger, capite thorace
antice postice maculaque oblonga transversd disci nigris,
elytris crebrissimé nigro-reticulatis, striisque disci punctatis,
antennis flavis extrorsum fuscis, pedibus fuscis. (L. c. 53 ;

lat. 2# lin.)
C. Chiltensis, Lap. Etud. Ent. 100?

Head black, the anterior margin and labrum flavous. An-
tennz flavous at the base, becoming gradually darker towards the
apex. Structure of the thorax as in the preceding. The ante-
rior and posterior margins black, and a large broad transverse
rectangular black spot on the disk, between which and the base
is a row of minute black dots. Scutellum totally black ; elytra
ovate, very slightly dilated, with the usual striz, formed of few
distant punctures, flavescent, very thickly reticulated with black ;
the lateral margins, and a very narrow line down the suture, im-
maculate. Body beneath wholly black. Legs fuscous, the inter-
mediate femora thickly and coarsely punctured.

Distinguished from the preceding species by its black head,
the spot on the thorax, &c. Found at Valparaiso in Chili, one
of the specimens at an elevation of 5000 feet above the sea.

6 Mr. C. C. Babington’s Descriptions

4. (5.) C. suturalis, Bab.

Oblongo-ovatus, supra flavicans, subtus niger, vertice nigro,
maculis 2 testaceis, elytris crebre nigro-irroratis striisque
disci punctatis, antennis pedibusque flavis. (L.c. 5; lat. 24
lin.)

Head yellow, with the vertex black, inclosing two transverse
yellow spots. Antenne yellow. Structure of the thorax, as in
the preceding species, yellow, with a very narrow black line on
the hinder margin, and a slight cloud on the disk. Scutellum
black. Elytra similar in form to those of its allies, but thickly
covered with minute black spots (not reticulated), less closely
placed near the lateral margins, which, together with a strongly
marked line down the suture, are immaculate, the usual striz
nearly obsolete. Body beneath black, with a pale spot at the
anterior angle of each segment of the abdomen. Legs fuscous
yellow, the hinder pair rather darker.

The irrorated elytra of this insect will distinguish it from all
the preceding.

Hab. Valparaiso.

b. Thorace postice vix latiori, lateribus subparallelis.
‘+ Elytrorum basi thorace latiori.

; 5. (6.) C. angusticollis, Curt.

Oblongus, thorace elytrorum basi multo angustiori, lateribus
parallelis rectis, pallide flavus, diaphanus, vertice oculis pec-
torique nigris; elytris lineis longitudinalibus undulatis sub-
interruptis nigris notatis, striisque disci punctatis obsoletis,
antennis pedibusque pallidé flavis. (L. c. 5; lat. 24 lin.)

C. angusticollis, Curt. in Linn. Trans. xviii. 195. t. xv. f. E.

The whole upper surface pale yellow and diaphanous, except
the vertex, which is, together with the eyes, black. Thorax
short, transverse, narrow, broadly emarginate in front, slightly
produced over the head in the middle, the angles prominent and
acute, sides parallel and depressed, the hinder angles rectangular,
posterior margin sinuated, and produced somewhat over the scu-
tellum ; the centre of the disk depressed ; the usual row of minute
impressed dots near the anterior margin nearly obsolete. Scu-
tellum small, its apex rounded, and a black spot in its centre.
Elytra obovate-oblong, scarcely dilated, very long. The base
much broader than the thorax; with four principal dark wavy
lines upon each, not reaching to the base or apex, the second

of Dytiscide Darwiniane. il

and fourth from the suture longest and most strongly marked ;
between each of these is another irregular wavy line, and about
three externally between them and the margin, the whole anas-
tomosing more or less, so as to present a very irregular and
imperfect system of reticulations; there is an abbreviated black
line upon the truncate apex next to the suture; the lateral mar-
gins are broadly immaculate, and the usual striz scarcely to be
detected. Body beneath dark, the thorax and breast black, the
abdomen fuscous. Legs pale yellow.

The singular thorax of this insect, distinguishes it from all the
other species with which I am acquainted.

Since this paper was communicated to the Society, Mr. Curtis
has published a description and figure of what appears to be the
same insect as that now before us, in the Transactions of the
Linnean Society. I have therefore adopted his name, and omitted
that of C. parallelus, which I had conferred upon it.

Hab. Port St. Julians, 8S. A.

{7}. Elytrorum basi thoracem aquanti.

6. (7.) C. rotundicollis, Bab.

Oblongus, thorace elytrorum basin zquanti, lateribus rotun-
datis, fuscus, subtus niger; elytris crebre nigro-reticulatis
striisque disci punctatis, antennis pedibusque fuscis, (L. ce.
4; lat. 2 lin.)

Whole insect fuscous. Head nearly black on the crown,
minutely punctured, with two deep fovez between the antenne.
Thorax transverse, short, broadly emarginaie in front, with the
angles acute, the sides rounded, depressed, rugose, the hinder
margin sinuated with a small longitudinal impression on each
side, the hinder angles rounded; the anterior margin black, and
several irregular dark clouds upon the disk. Scutellum dark
fuscous, with its acute apex paler. Elytra oblong-ovate, so
thickly covered with dark broad reticulations as to appear nearly
black, the interior margins paler, the usual striz rather strongly
marked. Body beneath black. Legs fuscous.

Hab. Alpine situations in Tierra del Fuego.

B. Elytrorum apice non truncato, sed rotundato.

a. unguiculis anticis magnis.

7. (8.) C. signatus, Bab.
Obovatus, supra fusco-flavicans, subtus niger, vertice nigro,
maculis 2 flavicantibus, thorace macula disci transversa

8 Mr. C. C. Babington’s Descriptions

nigra, elytris crebrissimé nigro-irroratis, striis disci punc-
tatis, antennis pedibusque fusco-flavescentibus. (L. c. 433
lat. 24 lin.)

Ovate, fuscous yellow above. Crown of the head black, in-
closing two transverse fuscous yellow spots. Antenne fuscous
yellow. Thorax transverse, short, broadly emarginate in front,
the angles prominent and acute, margins oblique, slightly rounded,
much broader behind, slightly sinuated, the angles acute, disk
smooth, with a large transverse dark spot, attenuated at both
ends. Scutellum fuscous. Elytra obovate, dilated beyond the
middle, fuscous yellow, very thickly irrorated with black, leaving
the exterior margin and a narrow line down the suture immacu-
late, the usual punctate strize faint. Body beneath black. Legs
fuscous yellow ; the hinder pair rather darker; the anterior claws
large, but yet rather smaller than in the preceding section.

Hab. Monte Video, and Tierra del Fuego.

Unfortunately the only specimens of this insect are females,
and therefore it may be doubted whether it has the curious claws
described above ; it agrees, however, so nearly with our C. no-
tatus, that [ am inclined to refer them to the same group. In
the following species the claws are much smaller, and although
unequal in length, are yet similar in form, neither do they differ
much in the two sexes. Still a slight approach to the unequal -
form may sometimes be detected in the males.

b. unguiculis anticis mediocribus.

8. (9.) C. Darnini, Bab.

Ovatus, supra flavescens vel fusco-flavescens, subtus niger vel
nigro-fuscus, vertice nigro, macula transversa flava, thorace
antice et postice maculaque disci nigris; elytris plus mi-
nusve crebre nigro-irroratis striisque disci punctatis, antennis
flavis, pedibus flavis vel fuscescentibus. (L. c. 5-6, lat. 23-3
lin.)

Ovate, flavescent, fusco-flavescent, or fuscous. Crown of the
head black, with a transverse flavescent spot, which is connected
by its middle with the anterior concolorous part of the head, so
as to form a T shaped mark. Antenne yellow. Thorax of the
same structure as the last, margined before and behind more or
less broadly with black, and an ovate transverse spot of the same
colour on the disk. Scutellum black. Elytra ovate, dilated
slightly beyond the middle, flavescent or fuscous yellow, thickly
irrorated with black, in some specimens so thickly as to make the

of Dytiscide Darwiniane. 9

whole appear fuscous-black; the usual strie rather strongly
marked, and formed of irregular punctures. Body beneath black
or fuscous-black. Legs dark yellow or fuscous.

Extremely variable in colour; some specimens being nearly
black, and others quite pale.

Hab. Tierra del Fuego.

9. (10.) C. calidus, Fab.

Ovatus, capite thoraceque nigris, elytris crebre nigro-irroratis,
maculé magna triangulari dorsali prope basin nigra, linea
interrupta basali transversé, marginibus externis elytrorum
et lateribus thoracis rufis, striis disci punctatis, subtus niger,
antennis pedibusque flavis, posticis fuscis. (L.c. 6; lat. 3

lin.)

C. calidus, Fab. Ent. Syst. 1, 193, 27; Syst. Eleut. 1, 265.

Oval; head black, smooth, with two minute foveze between the
eyes in front. ‘Thorax of the same structure as in the preceding,
black; the lateral margins broadly rufous. Scutellum black.
Elytra slightly dilated beyond the middle, thickly irrorated with
black; that colour becoming so much suffused upon the anterior
part of the disk, as to form a large triangular black patch, nearly
covering the whole width of the base, and extending half the
length of the suture; the lateral margins, and a transverse patch
at the base interrupted at the suture, rufous; there is a narrow
yellow line upon each side of the suture, and three less distinct
ones on the disk, terminated below by the black patch, and ex-
tending to the apex; the usual punctate striz rather strongly
marked. Body beneath black. ‘The four anterior legs yellow,
the posterior fuscous.

This beautiful insect approaches in its appearance to Hydaticus,
but agrees with the present group in its structure. It may be
distinguished by the curious dorsal patch, and the bright red
transverse line at the base of the elytra. In one of our specimens
this line is divided into four distinct spots. It is a native of Rio
de Janeiro.

CorymsBeres (Izystus), Steph. Ill. (M) 5, 394.
InyBius, Erichs. Dytis. 34.

10. (11.) C. Sauleyu, Dufour MSS. in Collect. Dom. Hope.

Ovatus, niger, levis, depressus, maculis 2 frontalibus rufis,
thoracis angulis anticis elytrisque linea apicali macula Jaterali

10 Mr. C. C. Babington’s Descriptions

et puncto apicis castaneis, subtus niger, antennis pedibusque
fuscis, (L. c. 33; lat. 2 lin.)

Ovate, black, shining, smooth, depressed. Head with two
transverse red spots on the crown. Antenne fuscous. Thorax
transverse, very short, broadly emarginate in front; the angles pro-
minent and acute; hinder margin nearly straight, the angles slightly
prominent and acute; the anterior angles broadly castaneous.
Scutellum black. Elytra ovate, black ; a little beyond the mid-
dle, near the outer margin, there is a triangular castaneous spot,
and within the apex another small round one, connected with the
former by a slender castaneous line, which is continued beyond
the apical spot, but interrupted by the suture; the usual punc-
tate lines on the disk but faintly marked. Under side black,
with a small red spot on each side of the segments of the abdomen.
Legs fuscous, the liinder ones darker.

Hab. Callao.

The appearance of this insect is very similar to C. vitreus, but
it differs in shape, colour, and in the marks at the end of the
elytra. It has the structure of Erichson’s genus J/ybius (as indeed
has C. Grapii referred by Mr. Stephens to Agabus), namely, the
unequal posterior claws by which it is at once separated from C.
vitreus. I cannot let this opportunity pass without remarking the
utter uselessness of these generic divisions, since, as sections, they
separate insects so closely allied as C. vitreus and Saulcyz.

11. (12.) C. punctum, Bab.

Ovatus, niger, laevis, depressus, thoracis angulis anticis, ore, an-
tennis lunulis 2 frontalibus pedibusque anticis rufescentibus,
elytris macula parva laterali oblonga fenestrata, subtus niger,
pedibus posticis fuscis. (L. c. 4; lat. 2% lin.)

Ovate black, very minutely reticulate-strigose. Head with two
transverse usually confluent lunules on the crown, and the mouth
and antenne rufescent. Structure of the thorax as in the last,
the anterior angles rufescent, and the posterior not prominent,
and slightly rounded. Scutellum black. Elytra ovate, black; a
little beyond the middle, near the outer margin, is a minute ob-
long fenestrated spot; the usual strize are formed of numerous
punctures, and are strongly marked. Body beneath black. Legs
rufescent, the posterior pair fuscous.

Hab. Valparaiso.

12, (13.) C. magellanicus, Bab.
Ovatus, niger, subdepressus, elytris subcostatis macula parva

of Dytiscide Darwiniane. 1]

laterali oblonga fenestrata, subtus niger, antennis pedibusque
fuscis. (L.c. 3; lat. 13 lin.)

A third part smaller than the preceding, ovate, black, very
minutely reticulate-strigose. Head immaculate. Antenne fus-
cous. Thorax much broader behind than in front, the hinder
angles slightly acute. Scutellum black. Elytra oval, obscurely
ribbed longitudinally, and having at a little beyond the middle,
and near to the outer margin, a minute oblong fenestrated spot ;
the usual strize scarcely distinguishable, and very irregular. Body
beneath black. Legs fuscous.

Hab. Tierra del Fuego,

CotymBetes (CorreLaTus.)
Corgtatus, Erichs. Dytis. 38.

13, (14.) C. elegans, Bab.

Ovato-oblongus, rufo-fuscus, impunctatus, thorace longitudi-
naliter strigoso, elytris striis 10 ornatis, alternis abbreviatis,
apicem acutum non attingentibus, corpore subtus antennis
pedibusque rufo-fuscis. (L.c. 3; lat. 13 lin.)

Ovate-oblong, fuscous red, not punctured. Head short, trans-

verse, with two minute foveze between the eyes. Thorax short,
transverse, broadly emarginate in front; the angles acute and
prominent; margins slightly rounded, broader behind; the margin
nearly straight; the angles rectangular; the disk darker than the
sides and head, covered with minute longitudinal striz, a row of
which occupy the place of the usual series of punctures near to
the anterior margin. Scutellum minute. Elytra oblong, acute,
rufo-fuscous, the base paler, each with ten strong longitudinal
striz, which do not extend to the apex, the second about half as
long, and the other alternate ones not exceeding three-fourths of

the length of the elytra. Body beneath and legs fuscous red.
Hab. Rio de Janeiro.

Hypaticus, Leach.

1. (15.) H. Havaniensis, Laporte.

Obovatus, testaceus, thorace antice posticeque nigro, elytris
nigro-irroratis macula dorsalid transversd nigra lateribus
testaceis, subtus niger, antennis pedibusque 4 anticis testaceis,
femoribus posticis testaceis macula interna basali nigr4; tibiis
nigro-fuscis, tarsis fuscis, (L. c. 5-53; lat. 23-34 lin.)

H. Havaniensis, Laporte, Etud, Ent. 96.

12 Mr. C. C. Babington’s Descriptions

Obovate, testaceous above, impunctate. Crown of the head
inclosing, by a wavy line, a bilobed testaceous spot. Antenne
testaceous. ‘Thorax transverse, short, the anterior angles pro-
minent, acute, testaceous ; on the anterior margin a uniformly
broad black fascia, and on the posterior another, which is broader,
emarginate in the middle, and narrowing off into a slender line as
it approaches the testaceous lateral margins. Scutellum black.
Elytra ovate, thickly covered with rather large black dots, which
become confluent at about the middle, and form a broad irregular
transverse fascia, which is succeeded by a pale spot, variegated
with black clouds and dots, and extending to the apex; on the
disk are three rows of deep punctures. In the female the thorax
and elytra are minutely strigose punctate. Body beneath black,
several segments of the abdomen having a pale spot on each side.
The four anterior legs testaceous, the posterior variegated, the
femora testaceous, with a large black patch on the inner side, ex-
tending from the base to three-fourths of their length; tibise black
or dark fuscous, tarsi fuscous.

This beautiful insect is a native of Rio de Janeiro, and Laporte
has described it from specimens obtained in the island of Cuba.

Hyrurnrvs, Jil. Steph.

1. (16.) H. maculatus, Bab.

Ovatus, brevis, gibbus, fuscus, capite, thoracis lateribus elytro-
rumque maculis testaceis, subtus fuscus, antennis testaceis,
pedibus fuscis. (L. c. 2; lat. 1} lin.)

Short, ovate, gibbous, the whole upper surface coarsely punc-
tate. Head testaceous; in one specimen fuscous. Antenne
testaceous. Thorax transverse, similar to H. ovatus, fuscous.
Elytra ovate, much dilated near the middle, the apex rounded,
fuscous, except a bilobed spot at the base; the humeral angle,
the anterior half of the lateral margin, a longitudinal abbreviated
line near the centre of the suture, one on the middle of the disk
connected with a triangular transverse spot on the margin, and
two small triangular spots connected with this last, and with each
other within the apex, which are testaceous. Body beneath fus-
cous, coarsely punctured, very gibbous. Legs fuscous.

This pretty little insect was obtained at St. Jago.

Erichson and Brullé concur in describing the posterior tarsi of
this genus as possessed of two claws, which are said to be un-
equal, the upper one fixed, and the lower shorter and moveable.

of Dytiscide Darwiniane. 13

After a careful examination of several species, I must agree with
Stephens in considering that there is only one claw, and that
moveable, the apparent upper claw being only a long seta.

Hyproporus, Clairv.
A. Thoracis lateribus rotundatis, elytrorum apice dentato.

1.(17.) H. Darnini, Bab.

Oblongo-ovatus, subdepressus, punctatus, ferrugineus, vertice
nigro, thorace maculis 2 fuscis lineisque 2 abbreviatis im-
pressis, elytris nigris margine externo maculis 2 lateralibus
lineisque interruptis flavis, corpore subtus pedibusque fer-
rugineis. (Li. c. 2; lat. I lin.)

Oblong-ovate, depressed, thickly punctured throughout. Head
rounded, pale testaceous, narrowly black behind. Antenne tes-
taceous, with the terminal joints ringed with black. Thorax pale
testaceous, short, transverse, broadly and deeply emarginate in
front, the angles acute, the sides straight and parallel, except near
to the anterior angles, where they are strongly rounded, posterior
margin nearly straight, produced in the middle, narrowly mar-
gined with fuscous, and two small spots of that colour connected
with it towards its middie; also an abbreviated longitudinal im-
pressed line on each side. Elytra broader than the thorax, ovate,
the apex acute, with a minute tooth upon each side, black; the
anterior margin, two angular marginal spots, a line interrupted
in the middle next the suture, and about four very slender and
much interrupted lines upon each, testaceous. Body beneath
testaceous, the abdomen rather darker. Legs testaceous, the
posterior pair darker.

Hab. King George’s Sound, Australia.

2. (18.) H. undecimlineatus, Bab.

Oblongo- ovatus, subdepressus, punctatus, flavus, elytris sutura
lineis 5 maculisque 2 lateralibus nigris, corpore subtus anten-
nis pedibusque flavis. (L.c. 2; lat. 1 lin.)

Oblong-ovate, depressed, thickly punctured throughout. Head
and thorax as in the last, except that the latter has two faint dark
clouds upon its hinder margin alone, and the sides are uniformly
rounded. Elytra broader than the thorax, ovate, the apex acute,
with a minute tooth upon each side, yellow; with the suture, five
regular lines upon each, two oblong spots between the first and
second, and two spots (one angular, and at about the middle, the

14 Mr. C. C. Babington’s Descriptions

other oblong, and near the apex,) between the fifth and the lateral
margin, black; the space next to the suture and the second and
fourth interstices the most regular, and of a brighter colour. Body
beneath and legs yellow.
Hab. Tierra del Fuego.
B. Thoracis elytrorumque lateribus continuis, elytrorum apice
non truncato.

3. (19.) H. obscurus, Bab.

Oblongo-ovatus, opacus, minutissimé punctatus, supra et subtus
fuscus, thorace, antennis pedibusque flavis. (L. c. #3; lat.
3 lin.)

Minute, oblong-ovate, opaque, fuscous both above and below.
Head large. Antennz yellow. Thorax yellow, transverse, short,
broadly emarginate in front, sides rounded, posterior margins
wavy, the disk slightly elevated transversely, and a deep abbre-
viated impressed line on each side behind. Elytra ovate, fuscous,
the base and suture darkest, the margins and apex reddish, very
minutely punctured, and slightly downy, an impressed line on
each side at the base in continuity with that on the thorax. Body
beneath slightly downy, fuscous, with the abdomen rather paler.
Legs yellow.

Hab. Rio de Janeiro.

4. (20.) H. nitidus, Bab.

Oblongo-ovatus, nitidus, grosse punctatus, supra et subtus
fuscus; capite, thorace (medio excepto), antennis, pedibusque
flavis. (L. c. 2; lat. 2 lin.)

Minute, oblong-ovate, shining, coarsely punctured, fuscous both
above and below. Head and thorax similar to the last, yellow,
the latter with a fuscous spot in the centre, and the lateral im-
pressed lines sinuated, and nearly reaching to the anterior margin.
Elytra ovate, fuscous, coarsely punctured, with a paler patch upon
each, caused by their transparency, and an impressed line upon
each side at the base in continuity with that on the thorax. Body

beneath fuscous. Legs and antennz yellow.
Hab. Rio de Janeiro.

Hyprororomorpna, Bab.*

Corpus elongatum, depressum. Caput oculis non prominulis,
fronte levi. Antenne |1-articulate, infra oculos insert,
articulo primo elongato, 2do quam tertium paulo longiore,

* Derivatio nominis, Hydroporus and prcepn, forma.

of Dytiscide Darwiniane. 15

reliquis inter se aequalibus tertio brevioribus obconicis, ultimo
fusiformi acuminato. Labrum paulo emarginatum. Palpi
maxillares externi articulis 1, 2 et 3 obconicis, subeequalibus,
tertio paulo longiori; 4to maximo, elongato, fusiformi, trun-
cato; p. m. internt 2-articulati, articulis elongatis attenuatis,
Imo subclavato, 2do cylindrico. Mentwm lobo intermedio
dentiformi obtuso. Palpi labiales articulis 1mo et 2do trans-
versis, 3tio quam precedentes longiori, obconico; 4to elon-
gato, ventricoso, truncato. Scutellum breve, latum, triangulare.
Pedes 4 anteriores tarsis 4-articulatis,* postici tarsis 5-articu-
latis unguiculisque 2 zqualibus mobilibus.
[P1. I. fig. 3a, labrum; 36, mandible; 3c, maxilla; 3d, labium; 3e, fore
leg; 3, middle leg.]
Differs from Hydroporus by the structure of the internal max-
illary and labial palpi, and by the presence of a scutellum.

1. (21.) H. parallela, Bab. (PI. 1, fig. 3.)

Oblonga, antice obtusa, postice acuminata, lateribus parallelis,
supra rufa, ‘horace antice et postice elytrisque (apice mar-
ginibusque exceptis) fuscis; corpore subtus, antennis, pedi-
busque fusco-rufis. (L. c. 2; lat. 2 lin.)

Head short, transverse, rounded in front, with two longitudinal
slightly impressed foveze between the eyes. Thorax transverse,
short, broadly emarginate in front; the angles acute; lateral
margins rounded ; posterior margin straight, very slightly pro-
duced in the middle over the scutellum; disk smooth, with a
transverse row of punctures in front, and a similar one behind,
the latter broadly interrupted in the middle; rufous, with the
anterior and posterior margins fuscous. Scutellum small, triangu-
lar, transverse, fuscous. LElytra of the same width as the thorax,
oblong, the sides parallel for three-fourths of their length, then
strongly rounded to the apex, which is acute and prominent ;
disk coarsely punctured, with one central row of more regular
punctures upon each; fuscous, with the exception of the apex
and external margins, which are rufous. Body beneath, legs and
antennee, dull rufous.

Hab. Rio de Janeiro.

AwnopocuEtLus, Bab.
Corpus ovatum, depressum. Caput fronte antice carina trans-
* [It appears to me that the tarsi of this genus are 5-jointed, a minute nodose

joint being placed at the base of the long terminal joint.—J. O. W.]
t Derivatio nominis, 2 non, odwv dens, x&tA0g margo.

16 Mr. C. C. Babington’s Descriptions

versali semicirculari terminata, oculis parum prominulis.
Antenne breves, 11-articulate, infra oculos inserte ; articulis
2 primis crassioribus, elongatis; 3tio elongato, attenuato,
obconico; 4to brevi, transverso; 5to—10mo _ crassiusculis,
moniliformibus, terminali longissimo, acuminato. Palpi max-
illares externi articulis 2 primis brevibus transversis ; 3tio
longiori, obconico, ultimo maximo, elongato, fusiformi, oblique
truncato; p.m interni 2-articulati, articulis elongatis atte-
nuatis, Imo cylindrico, 2do subulato. Mentum lobo inter-
medio nullo, lobis lateralibus rotundatis. Palpi labiales
articulis 1, 2 et 3 brevibus transversis, 4to maximo, ventri-
coso, oblique truncato vel emarginato. Scutellum inconspi-
cuum. Tarsi omnes 5-articulati, unguiculis 2 equalibus.
[Pl. I. fig. 4a, mandible; 45, maxilla; 4c, labium.]

Differs from Hydroporus by the structure of its maxillary and
labial palpi, and by the want of a tooth in the centre of its men-
tum.

1, (22.) A. maculatus, Bab. (PI. 1, fig. 4.)

Late ovatus, flavus, elytris fuscis, maculis 2 transversis apice-
que flavis, grosse punctato-striatis, costatis; subtus fuscus,
grosse punctatus, antennis pedibusque flavis. (L.c. $; lat.
3 lin.)

Broadly ovate, yellow, flat above. Head smooth, broad, rounded
in front. Thorax smooth, broadly emarginate in front ; the an-
gles acute; sides rounded, particularly towards the front, sinuated
behind with a transverse impression; disk transversely elevated,
and a large tubercular elevation on each side behind. Scutellum
wanting. Elytra broad, flat, with numerous lines of very coarse
punctures ; the suture slightly elevated, and an elevated costa on
the disk, in continuity with the tubercle on the thorax ; fuscous,
with the external margin, two transverse patches, and the apex,
yellow. Body beneath fuscous, very coarsely punctured, gibbous.

Legs and antennz yellow.
Hab. Rio de Janeiro.

Desmopacuria, Bab.*
Corpus subglobosum. Caput fronte antice carina semicirculari
terminata, oculis parum prominulis. Antenne breves, 11-
articulatze, infra oculos inserte, articulis 3 basalibus elongatis,
1mo obconico, 2do elliptico crassissimo, 3tio attenuato cla-
vato, 4to minimo transverso, 5to paululum quarto majori

* Derivatio nominis, derpos calena, wayus crassus, axpoy apex.

of Dytiscide Darwiniane. 17

transverso, 6to—10mo transversis quinto majoribus, ultimo
subulato 2 praecedentium longitudinem subequante. Palpi
maxillares externi articulis 1, 2 et 3 breviusculis, transversis,
obconicis ; 4to maximo, elongato, ventricoso, apice attenuato ;
p.m. internt subulati attenuati, articulo primo elongato sub-
cylindrico, 2do dimidio breviori. Mentum lobo intermedio
dentiformi minuto acuto, lobis lateralibus subacutis. Palpi
labiales articulis 1, 2 et 3, brevibus transversis, 4to maximo
ovato obtuso. Scutellum inconspicuum. Pedes abbreviati,
tarsis posticis 4-articulatis.
[Pl. 1, figa, mandible; 56, maxilla; 5c, labium; 5d, antenna; “e, fore
leg; 5/f, hind leg. ]
Closely allied in appearance to Hygrotus, Steph., but distin-
guished by the structure of its antenne and palpi.

1a(235) 0D: mitida; Bab. (Pl. V; fig..5:)

Rotundato-ovata, fusco-flava, elytris obscurioribus, antennis

pedibusque flavis. (L.c. ¢; lat. 3 lin.)

Between orbicular and ovate, dusky yellow, convex above,
smooth and shining. Head smooth. ‘Thorax transverse, short,
broadly emarginate in front; sides rounded, hinder margin sinuated,
disk punctured. Scutellum wanting. Elytra cordate, pointed,
rather deeply punctured. Body beneath dusky yellow, the breast
darker. Legs and antenne yellow.

Hab. Rio de Janeiro.

2

VOL, III.

is Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations

II. Observations upon the Hemipterous Insects composing
the Genus Syttis of Fabricius, or the Family Phymatites
of Laporte, with a Monograph of the Genus Macroce-
phalus. By J. O. Wesrwoop.

[Read October 2, 1837.]

Tue very singular structure of the insects composing this little
group, combined with the very great rarity of the species of which
the genus Macrocephalus is composed, will, I am sure, be deemed
considerations of sufficient interest for bespeaking the attention of
the Entomological Society to a few observations upon the group
itself, and to a description of the species composing the genus
in question; of which I have hitherto seen no specimens except
in the Collections of the Royal Museums of Berlin and Paris,
and those in my own cabinet, all of the latter having evidently,
from their labels, been obtained from Mr. Abbot of Georgia, of
which country they are natives. ;

The earliest notices of this group are to be found in the works
of Linnzus, Geoffroy, Sulzer, De Geer, and Schelienberg, wherein
two of the species were described as species of the genus Cimeax,
and rudely figured. Swederus however first proposed the generic
separation of some of these insects having a very large scutellum
from the great genus Cimex, under the name of Macrocephalus, in
the Swedish Transactions for 1787; having for its type the M.
cimicoides, an inhabitant of the southern states of North America,
and which, together with other insects observed in the cabinets of
Drury and other English Entomologists during a visit to England,
he described on his return to Sweden in 1787. In 1802, Latreille
proposed another genus, Phymata, in the third volume of his
Histoire Naturelle, &c., the type being the European species pre-
viously described by Fabricius as an Acanthia (A. crassipes).

In the following year, 1803, Fabricius, unacquainted with the
establishment of the genera Macrocephalus and Phymata, described
the genus Syrtis in his Systema Rhyngotorum, into which he intro-
duced the species of both genera, Macrocephalus and Phymata.
It is essential, however, to observe the precise manner in which
he treated the species of this new genus, as it affords another
instance of the necessity for the adoption of the principle which I
have elsewhere endeavoured to illustrate, namely, that it is essen-
tial in subdividing any old and extensive genus to retain the old
generic name for that particular species which can be clearly
shown to have been the insect which the author of the old genus

upon the Genus Syrtis of Fabricius. 19

had most particularly in view when he proposed such genus, and
which he consequently regarded as its express type.

The first species of the genus Syrtis was the European dcan-
thia crassipes, which we have already seen Latreille had expressly
given as the type of his genus Phymaia. If therefore there
existed no other means of identifying the Fabrician type of the
genus Syrizs, I maintain that we ought to regard Syrtis as synony-
mous with Phymata, although it may (as indeed in this case it
does) happen, that the genus Syrtis contained species not generi-
cally identical with the first species.

But in this case there is no such uncertainty. The second
Fabrician species of Syrtis was the American Cimea erosus of
Linneeus, and from this insect the characters of the mouth were
expressly drawn by Fabricius : supposing therefore, for a moment,
that every other species placed by Fabricius in the genus Syrtzs,
were now ascertained to be generically distinct from this species
dissected by Fabricius, it must be quite clear that the erosus was
the true type of Syrtis, and the only species which ought to
remain therein; and my opinion upon the matter is, that in case
such typical species had previously received from some other
author a distinct generic appellation, it would not only tend to
confusion, but would be decidedly improper to apply the name
Syrtis to any other insect placed by Fabricius in that genus, which
did not possess the character of such type. Of the impropriety
of such a step this very genus affords an instance ; for the last
three Fabrician species do not correspond with the type, indeed
Fabricius himself says, ‘ Ultimz tres species ab hoc genere dif-
fere videntur—forte proprii generis; ” and yet by adopting the
principle advocated by some authors (viz., that it is proper to
employ a second synonymical generic name for species not ac-
cording with the type of the second genus, although placed
therein), it would be as correct to retain the generic name Syrtis
for these three discrepant species, as to appropriate such generic
name to any other species not agreeing with the type.

It is true that these three species belong to the genus Macro-
cephalus first above-mentioned, but by not attending to the other
species of the Fabrician Syrtzs, there has been additional confusion
introduced even into this little group.

From what has been said it will be seen that the three generic
names thus far introduced into the group are—

1. Macrocephalus Swederus; (true type, MJ. cimicordes.)
2. Phymata Latreille ; (true type, Acanthia crassipes.)
3. Syrtis Fabricius ; (true type, Comex erosus, Linn.)

en

wo

20 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations

In the Genera Crustaceorum, &c., Latreille however united the
two last named groups into one genus, Phymata, divided into two
sections from the supposed variation in the structure of the an-
tennz ; the first section having Ph. crassjpes and the second Cimex
erosus for the type.

Laporte, however, in his Revision of the Hemiptera, published
in Guérin’s Magazin de Zoologie, has again introduced three
genera into the group, namely,—1. Phymata, having crassipes as
its type; 2. Discomerus, Laporte, having erosus as its type, with
the Latreillian character obtained from the antennze alone, and
the observation ‘‘le génre a tous les autres caractéres des Phy-
mates ;’ and 3. Macrocephalus, with M. cimicoides (or the mani-
cata, Fabr.)

From the review of the genera given above, it will however be
at once perceived that if the Cimex erosus be generically distinct
from the Phymata crassipes, the generic name of Syrits must be
given to it, and that it is improper to apply a new generic name
to it.

The synonymy of these groups would then stand thus :—

§ Typ. M. cimicoides,Sw.

1, Macrocephalus, Sw.
U (Syrtismanicata, Fab.)

1787.

, Phymata, sect. 1, Latreille, 1807. }.p_. Malet ake:

2. eee Latreille,§ Syrtis, pars aberrans, Fab. 1803. Utyp. Sin aE CLG Snes,
a Phymata, Laporte .. .... 1833. ;

3. Syrtis, Fab. pars § Phymata,sect.2,Latreille,1807. 9 Typ. Cimexr erosus,
typica, 1803. Discomerus, Laporte.... .1833. § Linn.

\ Syrtis, pars aberrans, Fab. 1803.

These observations (made with the view of again pointing out
the disadvantages arising to science from the still too prevalent
inattention to generic types), presuppose the generic distinction
of these three groups ; but a careful revision of the insects them-
selves prove most decidedly that Latreille had established his two
sections of Phymata upon sexual characters alone, and that La-
porte, in adopting Latreille’s sectional character as that of his new
genus Discomerus, proposed a group which cannot be maintained.
In this view therefore the synonymy of the groups will run thus :

1. Macrocephalus, Swederus, ut supra.
2. Phymata, Latreille, 1802, (e Syrtide haud genericé dis-
tincta).
Syn. Syrtis, Fabricius, pars typica et (partim) aberrans,
1803.
Phymata, sect. 1 et 2, Latreille, 1807.
Phymata et Discomerus, Laporte, 1833.

Respecting the structural characters of these insects, the most

remarkable, and which exists throughout, and in fact distinguishes

upon the Genus Syrtis of Fabricius. 21

the group, is the singular form of the fore legs, which are raptorial,
the femora being very large and nearly oval, or more properly
compresso-subtrigonate, having the anterior and lower part much
compressed, regularly curved, and armed with very minute and
numerous teeth forming a saw. Latreille describes this part as
channelled for the reception of the curved tibia, but this is not
the case. The tibiae which have a curve equivalent to the curve
of the femoral margin are very acute at the tips, and furnished
within with a series of minute teeth similar to those of the femora.
They are about half the length of the femora, extending to a
strong hook on the under margin of the latter. There is no
trace of a tarsus to be observed in the fore legs. Latreille, how-
ever, says the tarsi are minute and bent back upon the tibia, but
such is certainly not the case. ‘The four hind legs are of the or-
dinary form, the tarsi being apparently only two-jointed, the basal
joint being exceedingly small. Latreille describes them as 3-
jointed, but Leon Dufour says they have only two joints. With
a high-powered lens the posterior tarsus in MW. comicoides exhibited
the appearance represented in Pl. 2, fig. 4.

The basal joint or trochanter, as in all raptorial legs, is greatly
enlarged, so as to give additional motion to the leg.

Of the natural affinities of these insects, Leon Dufour has ob-
served that their internal organization fully confirms the place
assigned to them by Latrielle between Mirus and dAradus. Their
general external structure is however much more analogous to the
latter than to the former group.

The genus Puymara is distinguished by the more elongated
antenne, which are bent back during repose and rest within a
lateral groove of the thorax; the scutellum is of small size, and
the membrane of the hemelytra is considerably reticulated.

In the real type of this genus (P. crassipes\, the antenne of the
male (fig. 2 a@) are terminated by a cylindrical joint, thicker than
the three preceding and rather longer than the three conjointly ;
the female antennz, on the contrary (fig. 2¢), are terminated by
a more clavate joint, scarcely so long as the two preceding joints.
The peculiar character of the neuration of the hemelytra will be
seen in fig. 2 e, and of the extremity of the male abdomen in fig.
2 b, and of that of the female in fig. 2 d.

In Phymata erosa (Discomerus erosus, Laporte), the male antennz
(fig. 3 a) are terminated by a slightly clavate joint, at least as
long as the preceding joints conjointly, whilst the iast joint of the
female antenne is about the length of the two preceding joints

22 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations

(a minute apparent joint at the base of the third joint not being
computed) (fig. 3c). The neuration of the hemelytra (fig. 3 e),
and the male (fig. 3 b) and female abdomen (fig, 3 d), are almost
identical with those of Phymata crassipes.

Thus it will be seen that Latreille characterized his first section
from a male specimen of Phymata crassipes, and his second section
from a female of Phymata erosa.

The following is a description of a new and remarkable species
in this genus which differs in several respects from its generic
characters.

Phymata integra (n.s.) (PI. 2, fig. 1.)

Pallide albido-lutea, thorace elongato, antice attenuato, lateribus
subrectis, capite haud bifido.

Long. corp. lin. 53.

Habitat ? In Mus. Britannic.

Totum corpus pallidé albido-luteum, abdominis marginibus
fusco-maculatis; hemelytrorum corium concolor, membrana
apicalis subhyalina, nubilé fusca versus basin, venis pallidis.
Pedes antici concolores, femora postica fascia centrali apice-
que fuscis, tibiis tarsisque fuscis, illis fascia media luted. Ab-
domen lateribus rotundatis, nec angulatis. ‘Thorax elongatus,
antice attenuatus, in medio transverse sulcatus, portione pos-
tica carinis duabus divergentibus, lateribus fere rectis ; an-
gulis posticis lateralibus margineque postico utrinque versus
basin scutelli tuberculatis. Caput crassissimum, antice haud
bifidum; antennze mutilate, articulo Imo brevissimo, 2do
brevi.

Obs.—E Phymatis reliquis differt thorace elongato lateribus

fere recto, abdomine rotundato capiteque integro. (PI. 2, fig. 1 a.)

The genus Macrocepnatus is distinguished by having the an-
tennze short and thick (fig. 4a), alike in both sexes, inserted at
the front of the head, generally porrected and not reposing in a
lateral groove of the thorax, the head being in fact too long and
cylindrical to admit of it; the scutellum is very large, covering
the entire hemelytra and wings, and extending to the extremity
of the body as in the genus Scutellera, &c., leaving however the
sides of the abdomen exposed: the hemelytra being thus pro-
tected have the leathery part greatly reduced in size, and the mem-
branous ‘part enlarged; the veins are also very few in number
(fig. 4c). The rostrum is about as long as the head (fig. 4 a, 6).
The fore leg is represented in fig. 4d, the hind tarsi in 4 e, the
extremity of the male abdomen in 4 f, and of the female in 4 g.

upon the Genus Syrtis of Fabricius. 23
The species of this genus are exclusively confined to the warmer
regions of America, being found from Carolina to Brazil; they
are of small size, never attaining to the length of half an inch.
Their colours are generally variegated with buff, luteous, reddish,
brown, or black ; the upper surface of the body is generally more
or less rugose, and clothed with minute rigid scales. Nothing is
recorded of their habits: their motions in all probability, judging
from the structure of their legs, are slow and awkward.

Sp. 1. Macrocephalus cimicoides, Swederus. (Pl. 2, fig. 5 and 5a.)

“ Griseo-ferrugineus, scutello cinerascente macula coleoptrata
flava, alis purpurascenti-violaceis, tibiis anticis incrassatis.

** Habitat in Georgia America. Mus. D. Drury.

“ Deser.—Corpus Cim. eroso L. paulo minus, griseo-ferru-
gineum.

“‘Caput longitudine fere thoracis, antice emarginatum, subtus
canaliculatum, pro rostro lateribus inferioribus serrato-cre-
natis. Antennz longitudine capitis, griseo-ferruginee.
Rostrum brunneum, subglabrum, apice subpilosum. Sete fla-
vescentes. Thorax antice angustatus, emarginatus, angulis
subacutis, postice subrotundatus, lateribus spinosus, spina
utrinque obtusa truncata vix bifida. Linez 2 dorsales
elevatze, obsoletiores, sordidé flavescentes. Scutellum apice
rotundatum cinerascens, atomis fuscis adspersum, basi nigro-
ustulatum, macula oblonga postice subtriloba elevato-cole-
optrata, flavissima notatum. Abdomen scutello latius sub-
rhombeum integrum, subtus saturatius ferrugineum. Ale
purpurascente-violaceze, margine exteriori, ut in Cimicibus,
usque ad medium subcoriaceo, griseo-cinereo. Pedes grisel.
Tibize anticee valde incrassate, subtus dente subacuto, apice
ungulo longiori arcuato subulato armate.”’ Swederus, Act.
Holm. 1787, p. 185, pl. 8, fig. 1, with details from which
figures 5 and 5 a are copied.

Obs. 1.—Syrtis manicata Fabr. (Syst. Rhyng. p. 123, No. 7)

a Latreillio (Gen. Crust. vol. 3, p. 138) eadem cum precedente
habetur. In descriptione Fabriciana insectum coloris grisel

CS. grisea, scutello lined dorsali baseos albd.”—‘ Thorax
griseus. ’— “ Scutellum griseum”) describitur, cum patria Caro-
lina.

Obs. 2.—Syrtis manicata, Wolff, (Icon. Cimicum, t. 17, f. 163.
Encycl. Méth. Ins. pl. 374, fig. 7), certe species distincta; forsan
M. affinis, Guér.

94 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations

Obs. 3.—In muszo regio Berolinensi insectum hujus generis
sub nomine M. manicaie asservatur, coloris fuscescenti-ferruginei,
thoracis parte posticd magis grisea lineis duabus elevatis diver-
gentibus, pallidioribus ; antennis pedibusque pallidé fulvescentibus ;
scutello vero ut in M. cimicoide, Swed. Long. corp. 43 lin. An
eadem ?

Obs. 4.—Insectum denique possideo coloris griseo-ferruginei,
cum parte elevatd thoracis squamis griseis pallidioribus obsita,
antennis nigris, articulo ultimo fusco ; corpore subtus pedibusque
griseo-ferrugineis, scutello basi parum obscuriori, colore ferru-
gineo magis intenso, macula pallida basali ut in M. cimicorde, Swed. ;
thorace lineis duabus divergentibus paullo elevatis, at vix palli-
dioribus. Long. corp. lin. 4. Habitat in Georgia Americe. An
varietas M. cimicoides ? vix species distincta.

Sp. 2. Macrocephalus notatus. (n. s.)

M. pallidé fuscus, punctatissimus ; capite cum antennis obscure
fuscis, thoracis parte anticad rufescenti; capitis lateribus
subrufis, pedibus lutescentibus; scutello maculaé magna
subrhombicd, dimidium basale scutelli occupante, albida,
punctisque duobus oblongis subapicalibus nigris.

Long. corp. lin. 33.

Habitat in Colombia. D. Lebas. In Mus. Reg. Parisiis.

Variat macula ad basin scutelli angustiori. Habitat “ Ouest
Capitanerie des Mines.”

Obs.—M. cimicoidi valdé affinis.

Sp. 3. Macrocephalus tuberosus, Klug. (n. s.)

M. fuscus, thorace scutelloque subgranulatis, capite et thoracis
parte antica pallidé ochraceis; antennis pedibusque albido-
luteis ; scutello macula ovato-hastata e basi ultra medium
scutelli extensa, haud elevata, lineisque duabus_basalibus
obscuris notato.

Long. corp. lin, 43.

Habitat Cassapava Brasilia. D.Sello. Mus. Reg. Berol.

Macrocephalus tuberosus, Klug, MSS.

Sp. 4. Macrocephalus obscurus. (n. s.)

M. pallidé griseo-lutescens, capite cum antennis, corpore sub-
tus cum pedibus et thoracis parte antica luteo-fulvescentibus,
hujus parte postica obscuriori, et, quam in M, cimicoide, paullo

upon the Genus Syrtis of Fabricius. 25

longiori; angulis lateralibus magis truncatis subbifidis, lineis-
que duabus paullo elevatis divergentibus; scutello ad basin
obscuriori, macula oblongo-obovata ad dimidium scutelli ex-
tensa, linedque elevata tenuissima ad apicem currente.
Long. corp. lin. 33.
Habitat in America Meridionali. D. D’Orbigny (No. 167).
In Mus. Reg. Parisiis, et nostr.
Obs.—M. tuberoso, Klug, affinis at minor.

Sp. 5. Macrocephalus pulchellus, Klug. (n. s.)

M. ochraceus, capitis disco thoraceque fuscis, hujus margine
tenui maculisque duabus ovalibus disci obliqué positis pal-
lidis; parte posticd. vix elevatd; antennis pedibusque och-
raceis, illarum apicibus paullo obscurioribus, scutello nigro
albido-maculato et fasciato.

Long. corp. lin. 2.

Habitat in Insul4é Cuba. D. Muller. In Mus. Reg. Berol.

Macrocephalus pulchellus, Klug, MSS.

Scutellum nigrum; angulis humeeatas: sires triangulari
basali, lunula parva ante medium, fascia laté media, antice
emarginata, apiceque ipso scutelli albidis.

Sp. 6. Macrocephalus leucographus, Klug. (n. s.)

M.corpore obscuré lutescenti, capite supra nigro, antennis fuscis,
thorace et scutello maculis albidis variis ; abdominis lateribus
detectis fulvis, annulis nigris.

Long. corp. lin. 34.

Habitat in Insula Heyti, Port au Prince. In Mus. Reg. Berol.

M. leucographus, Klug, MSS.

Thorax niger, margine tenuissimo (in medio interne paullo pro-
ducto) maculisque duabus parvis obliquis albidis, disco
parum rufescenti. Scutellum nigrum, macula oblonga basali
poe oblique bifida, alterisque tribus ovalibus posticis
(scil. 2, 1) albis. Pedes pallide albidi, femoribus anticis
nigris, geniculis pallidis.

Var. a. Thorace toto nigro; maculis scutellaribus ut supra de-
scriptis.

Var. 3. Nigricans, squamis perpaucis, fascias duas in | medio
scutelli interruptas formantibus, pedibus nigris, tarsis ob-
scuré albis.

Var. y. Forté immatura. Luteo-fulva, scutello ut in typo, at
multo obscurius, maculato.

26 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations

Sp. 7. Macrocephalus crassimanus, Fabricius.

M. pallidé luteo-flavescens, squamis luteis obsitus ; capite, an-
tennis, et parte posticd thoracis (vix elevatd) ferrugineis ;
thorace postice utrinque subspinoso, scutello concolori, sub-
plano, carina centrali deficienti; pedibus 4 posticis obscuré
ferrugineis, hemelytrorum corio ferrugineo, membrana hya-
lina.

Long. corp. lin. 43.

Habitat in America Meridionali, “ St. Jean.” In Mus. Reg.
Berol.

Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng. p. 123, No, 9. (Syrtis crassimana.)

Sp. 8. Macrocephalus affinis, Guérin.

M. fuscus, aureo-sericeus, thorace postice elevato, rugoso, in
medio tuberculis duobus elevatis instructo ; scutello lutes-
cente, basi obscuriori, carina elevata dorsali ad apicem extensa,
(ante medium paullo latiori et postice attenuata) ; antennis
fuscis, pedibus anticis nigricantibus, 4 posticis Iuteis.

Long. corp. lin. 53.

Habitat in Brasilia. Mus. Reg. Berol., nostr. $ ¢.

Macrocephalus affinis, Guérin, Icon. R. An. Ins. pl. 56, fig. 10. .
M. tuberculatus, Klug, MSS.

Caput rugoso-punctatum, lineis duabus impressis ante ocellos.
Antenne fusca, apice articuli quarti rufescenti. Thorax
lateribus valde emarginatis, parte posticd dilataté colore
clariori, abdomen luteum. Scutellum basi subpunctatum,
postice coriaceo-granulatum, corium hemelytrorum luteum.
Tubercula elevata thoracis, antice lunuld fusca plus minusve
conspicua ornantur.

Sp. 9. Macrocephalus prehensilis, Fabricius.

M. pallide griseo-lutescens ; capite et thorace supra (margine
tenuissimo laterali excepto) nigris aut obscuré fuscis, hujus an-
gulis posticis obtusis integris; antennis articulis terminalibus
fuscis, scutello lined dorsali late nigra, carina centrali tenuis-
sima parum elevata, et versus basin coloris albidi; pedibus
lutescentibus, hemelytrorum corio lutescenti, membrana hya-
lina.

Long. corp. lin. 23.

Habitat in Georgia Americe. In Mus. Reg. Berol. et nostro
(e Mus. Haworthii).

upon the Genus Syrtis of Fabricius. 27

Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng. p. 123, No. 8. (Syrtis prehensilis.)

Wolff, Icon. Cimic. t. 17, f. 164. (E Carolina.)

Obs.—Fabricius species duas forsan his verbis confundit :
“Color variat nunc griseus punctis aliquot scutelli nigris,
nunc niger scutello griseo lined dorsali late nigra. Corpus
semper griseum.”

Sp. 10. Macrocephalus pallidus. (n. s.)

M. pallidé luteo-ochraceus, scutello lutescenti, undique punctato,
linea tenui dorsali levi, thorace lateribus subemarginatis
angulis posticis obtusé productis, disco antico lineis tribus
subelevatis punctisque quatuor profundis, transverse positis
ante medium disci; pedibus, antennis et corpore subtus
concoloribus, abdomine magis fulvo; hemelytrorum corio
luteo, membrana hyalina.

Long. corp. lin. 22.

Habitat in Georgia Americe. Mus. nostr.

Obs.—M. prehensili affinis, at major.

Sp. 11. Macrocephalus macilentus. (n.s.) (Tab. 2, fig. 6.)
M. elongatus, angustus, punctatus, squamis minutis albidis ob-
situs; capite supra cum antennis fuscis; thorace antice
luteo-fulvo, parte postica vix elevata fusca, angulis posticis
prominentibus acutis, scutello fusco ad basin subferrugineo,
carina centrali parum elevata.
Long. corp. lin. 33.
Habitat in Colombia. D.Lebas. In Mus. Reg. Parisiis.
Abdomen oblongun, lateribus parallelis, postice rotundatum.
Caput et thorax cum pedibus anticis pallidé luteo-fulvis, pe-
dibus 4 posticis brunneis, femoribus basi lutescentibus. Ab-
domen subtus pallidé luteo-rufescens.
There still remains to be described a remarkable insect which
I have only seen in the collection of the Jardin des Plantes,
which seems intermediate between Macrocephalus and Phymata,
agreeing with the former in its general characters, and with the

latter in the diminished size of the scutellum. The structure of

the antenne and the neuration of the hemelytra however clearly
prove this insect to be nearest to the genus Macrocephalus. It
will be necessary, consequently, to establish a distinct sub-genus
for its reception, which may be termed

Oxytuyrevs, from the acute apex of the scutellum.
Antenne (fig. 7a) capite longiores; articulo 1mo crasso, 2do
et 3tio brevissimis, 4to praecedentibus simul sumtis duplo

28 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description of a

longiori subcylindrico, in canali ad Jatera thoracis haud
recepte. Caput brevius, antice bifidum. Thorax angulis
posticis acutis prominulis. Scutellum triangulare, postice
acutum, et ad medium abdominis fere attingens. Hemely-
trorum vene fere ut in Macrocephalis veris disposite (fig.
7 6). Abdomen ovatum, planum, lateribus in medio in angulum
haud productis, thorace multo latius (fig. 7 c, extremity of
the female abdomen).

Sp. 1. (12.) Macrocephalus (Hemithyreus) cylindricornis. (n. s.)
Tab. 2, fig. 7.

Totus pallidé rufescenti-lutescens, punctatus, pedibus nonnihil
pallidioribus, membrana hemelytrorum hyalina, thorace pos-
tice vix elevato, angulis posticis prominulis, acutis.

Long. corp. lin. 53.

Habitat ignotus. In Mus. Reg. Parisiis.

III. Description of a new Sub-Genus of Exotic Hemip-
terous Insects. By J.O. WeEstwoop.

[Read 6 November, 1837.]

Since the last meeting of this Society,—at which I read a mono-
graph on the genus Macrocephalus of Swederus, (a group dis-
tinguished by the large size of the scutellum, which entirely
covers the abdomen), and in which it became necessary to esta-
blish a sub-genus upon an insect in the national museum of
France, having the scutellum only extending half the length of
the abdomen, and very acutely pointed at its tip—I have met
with another singular group belonging to the same genus in the
essential characters of the form of the body, and in the general
disposition of the veins of the apical membrane of the hemelytra ;
but likewise differing in the small size of the scutellum, which is
rounded at its tip, and which cannot be associated with the sub-
genus Oaythyreus above mentioned. From the obtuse form of
the short scutellum, which is its most characteristic distinction, it
may be named subgenerically

AMBLYTHYREUS.

Corpus planum, lateribus valde dilatatum.
Caput angustum, oblongum, apice bifidum, oculis lateralibus,
ocellis 2 posticis.

new Sub-Genus of Exotic Hemipterous Insects. 29

Antenne articulo Imo crassiori, duobus proximis minutis, ul-
timo magno ovali.

Prothorax postice parum elevatus, at multum dilatatus, angulis
posticis acutis porrectis, parum retro directis, dorso tricari-
natus,

Scutellum mediocre, ad medium abdominis attingens, planum,
apice rotundatum.

Hemelytra ad apicem abdominis attingentia, membrana api-
cali maxima venis 5 longitudinalibus, postice obliqué connexis,
duabus internis ad angulum internum areolam rotundatam
efficientibus. (PI. 2, fig. 8a.)

Abdomen planum, latissimum, rhombiforme, thorace duplo la-
tius, lateribus hemelytris haud obtectis.

Pedes antici raptorii ut in Macrocephalo, at magis elongati, pos-
tici 4 breves simplices.

I do not know that any rule has hitherto been proposed for the
regulation of the nomenclature of sub-genera. Is it, for instance,
determined whether, in cutting up a genus into sub-genera, the same
rule should be preserved as in cutting up an old family-genus into
genera, namely, that the old generic name should also be still
employed, subgenerically, for the typical sub-genus? Dr. Hors-
field, in the Lepidoptera Javanica, and other subsequent authors,
have adopted this plan, giving the typical species of Thecla (for
instance) as forming the sub-genus “ Thecla, stricté sic dicta.”
Mr. Robert Brown has pursued a different plan. His rule is to
give to the inferior groups a cognomen, introduced parentheti-
cally between the generic and trivial names. Thus, taking his
own illustration, given in the botanical appendix to the Narra-
tive of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa,
Cleome pentaphylla, which is the species on which the genus
was chiefly founded, but which has an estivation so remarkable,
that it might constitute a separate sub-genus, to be named
Gymnogonia, should have its names thus expressed, Cleome (Gym-
nogonia) pentaphylla. By thus employing the sub-generic name,
the principal group would be kept in view, whilst its subdivisions
would be carried to the same extent, and the subordinate groups
as well expressed as if they had been actually separated into
distinct genera.

In this manner of treating the names it will be seen that the
typical species of the old genus receives a subgeneric name dis-
tinct from its generic, And it is in this manner that Mr. M‘Leay

30 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description of a

has treated the nomenclature of the subgenera or types of form
of the genus Scarabeus in the Hore Entomologice, as thus ar-
ranged :—

Genus ScARABEUS.

Sub-Genus 1. Scarasmus (Hetiocantuarus) Sacer.
2. ScaraBzus (Mnematium) Ritchie.
3. ScaraBzus (Pacnysoma) Aisculapius.
4, Scarap&us (GymnopLeuRus) pilularius.

It is not for me to decide upon the greater propriety of either
of these plans. If the plan of Dr. Horsfield be adopted, the sub-
genera of Macrocephalus will stand thus :—

Genus MacrocrePuatus.
Sub-Genus 1. MacrocrerHatus (Srrictre sic pictus) Czmicoides.
2. Macrocreruatus (Oxytuyrevs) Cylindricornis.
3. Macrocrruatus (AmpiytuyReEus) Rhombiventris.
If, on the other hand, the plan of Brown and M‘Leay be
retained, they will stand thus :—

Genus MacrocrePrHaLus.

Sub-Genus 1. Macroceruatus (Macroruyrevs) Cimicoides.
2, Macroceruatus (Oxytuyrevus) Cylindricornis.
3. Macrocrruatus (AmBtytTHyREvS) Rhombiventris.

The name Macrothyreus being now first proposed, in allusion
to the large size of the scutellum in the typical species.

Of the third of these sub-genera, I have seen but a single spe-
cies, of which two specimens, in a mutilated state, are preserved in
the collection of the Linnzan Society.

Macrocephalus (Amblythyreus) rhombiventris. (n. s.) (Pl. 2, fig. 8.)

Lete fulvo-luteus, opacus, levis, capite supra postice et tho-
racis parte posticd nigricantibus, angulis lateralibus abdominis
macula fusca maculaque utrinque versus apicem, hemelytro-
rum membrana fuscescenti, abdomine in medio sub alas ru-
fescenti. Corpus totum subtus, cum pedibus, fulvo-luteum.

Long. corp. lin. 6.

Habitat (

In Mus. Soe. Linn. Lond.

new Sub-Genus of Exotic Hemipterous Insecis. 31

Additional species of the last described sub-genus [1841] :—

Macrocephalus (Amblythyreus) quadratus. (n. s.)

Pallidé luteo-fulvus, punctatus, capite et articulis tribus basa-
libus antennarum magis brunneis, concoloribus, pronoti an-
gulis lateralibus acute productis fuscis margineque postico
obscuro, abdomine angustiori quadrato, angulis lateralibus
obscuris.

Long. corp. lin. 5; lat. abdom. lin. 3.

Habitat in India Orientali. In Mus. nostr.

Corpus subtus cum pedibus et rostro pallidé luteum, abdomine
maculis nonnullis mediis carneis. Pronotum marginibus late-
ralibus serrulatum, angulis valde prominentibus ut in preece-
dente, linea impressa longitudinali media, alterisque duabus
elevatis. Abdomen in medio sub tegmina carneum, angulis
lateralibus apiceque fuscatis. Corium hemelytrorum luteum,
venis ad apicem ejus carneis ; membrana parum fuscescenti,
venis obscuris ; alarum vena basali externa crassa carnea.

Macrocephalus (Amblythyreus) angustus. (n. s.)

Niger, thorace abdomineque angustioribus, prothoracis margin-
ibus lateralibus fulvis, disco posticé subrufo, abdomine fulvo
fascia media nigra, scutello angustiori.

Long. corp. lin. 5. Lat. abdom, lin. 23.

Habitat 2? In Mus. Britann.

Pronotum marginibus lateralibus vix emarginatis serrulatis,
fulvis, disco posticé subrufo ; scutellum fulvum, hemelytra
fusca, membrana pallida venis nigris.) Abdomen, quam in
preecentibus duabus speciebus, multo angustius, fulvum, fascia
transversé media nigra; apice rufo.

Corpus subtus fulvum, capite nigro, antennis nigris, basi articuli
ultimi rufescenti. Rostrum fulvum.

J2 Mr. Newman’s Descriptive List

IV. A Descriptive List of the Species of Popillia, in the
Cabinet of the Rev. F. W. Horr, M.A., with one De-

scription added, from a Specimen in the British Museum.
By Epwarp Newman.

[Read May, 1838.]

In offering to the Entomological Society these descriptions of
the species of the lamellicorn genus Popullia, I cannot forego the
opportunity thus afforded me of bearing my testimony to the
liberality with which Mr. Hope’s matchless cabinet is thrown
open to Entomologists. It gives me much pleasure to acknow-
ledge, not only the great advantages I have personally received
from this copious source of information, but also the prompt and
uniform kindness with which my inquiries have been assisted.
I consider Mr. Hope’s liberality, in thus affording free access to
his collections, a general advantage to science, and likely to assist
materially in establishing for the Entomologists of this country a
far higher reputation than they have hitherto enjoyed.

As the species of this genus appear very numerous, I have
preferred confining myself, with a single exception, to those in
Mr. Hope’s cabinet: any attempt to monograph the genus must
at present prove a failure.

With regard to specific names, I have already fully expressed
my views in another place, and it is only necessary in addition
to state, that I consider names, unaccompanied by descriptions,
to be entirely valueless ; and acting on this view of the subject,
I totally disregard those published lists of words, which are de-
signed to impose names on certain species, without the labour of
describing them: so far from believing that such lists will, among
men of science, impose names on the species which they are
supposed to represent, I believe the greater, and by far the
better portion of Entomologists, agree with myself, in considering
them mere trash. Again, the practice of attempting to supersede
a published and received name by an unmeaning word, of which
hundreds of instances occur in two lists published respectively in
London and Paris, bespeaks an egotism almost too ridiculous to
excite our anger, and an ignorance of scientific usages more to be
pitied than censured, It however frequently occurs, that in an
extensive collection, like that of Mr. Hope, manuscript names
are attached to specimens by the owner, and in describing such
species, especially if they are not to be found elsewhere, it

of the Species of Popillia. O83

becomes a matter of courtesy to adopt the names thus proposed,
unless a suitable reason can be given for doing otherwise.

But little appears to be known of the species of Popillia, except
as they exist in collections. There is, however, no doubt of
their subsisting on living vegetables; and from the various close
relations exhibited in their structure with that of the Phyllo-
pertha horticola, 1 am inclined to believe their principal food to
be the petals of flowers.

The generic name Popillia appears to have been proposed by
Dr. Leach, but I cannot find that that learned Entomologist has
ever assigned it characters. The genus has, however, been fre-
quently described under the name, and is therefore fully esta-
blished. Trichius bipunctatus of Fabricius, an insect not unfre-
quent in the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope, appears
to be taken as the type.

Genus Porirua, Leach.*

Head porrected, flat, as far as the eyes immersed in the pro-
thorax ; clypeus separated by a transverse suture; eyes distant,
lateral ; antenne as long as the head, inserted in front of the eyes
and beneath the clypeus, and composed of nine joints, the first
elongate and somewhat club-shaped, the second very short and
nearly globular, the third longer, externally somewhat incras-
sated; the three following are somewhat cup-shaped and much
diminished in length, the remaining three are produced laterally,
lamelliform, and together form an elongate clava: Jabrum con-
cealed beneath the clypeus, slightly emarginate, mandibles in-
curved at the apex and bifid, below the apex furnished with a

* It seems allowable to observe, that an abstract of the following pages, con-
taining descriptions of each species, was published in the ‘“‘ Magazine of Natural
History,” for June, 1838. Iam not aware that any species then characterized
has since been described by any other writer; but as Entomologists have been
manifesting a most wholesome and laudable spirit of activity during the four years
that have elapsed since these memoranda were arranged for publication (vis. in
the winter of 1837-8), I think it but fair to date my names from the day when
they first actually appeared before the public, clothed in the dress which science
prescribes. It may not be amiss also to state, that during this long interval
several new species have come to my knowledge; and I have reason to believe
that many others have reached this country and the continent of Europe. I shall
gladly describe these at any future time, should an opportunity be kindly allowed
me by their various possessors.—E. N. November 15, 1841.

VOL, Ill. D

34 Mr. Newman’s Descriptive List

membranous lobe, which is hirsute in front; below this hirsute
membranous lobe is a broad flat corrugated and corneous surface
presented to a similar part in the opposite mandible, these sur-
faces meet each other in the manner of molar teeth: the maxilla
are of equal length with the mandibles; the galea is incurved, and
divided into five acute teeth; below these a small hirsute lacinia
is visible; the maxipalpi are four-jointed, the second joint is
rather longer than the first and third, the fourth is longer than
the second, and nearly cylindrical: the labium is elongate, its
lateral margins are convex in the middle, but considerably re-
stricted both above and below the middle, the apex is slightly
emarginate ; near its apex, in a lateral cavity on each side, are situ-
ated the labipalpi, these are shorter and three-jointed, the joints
of nearly equal length and bulk: the prothorax is very convex,
nearly thrice as broad as the head, its posterior margin is flexu-
ose; the scutellum is large and triangular; the meso-sternum is
produced in a point, which extends forwards to the insertion of
the fore legs: the elytra are rather wider than the prothorax, dor-
sally they are tolerably flat, and posteriorly they are abbreviated
and truncated, leaving the terminal portion of the abdomen
covered ; the middle and hind tibiz have three transverse series
of acute spines on their exterior surfaces, the apical joint of all
the tarsi is long, nearly equalling the other four united: the un-
guiculi of the fore and middle legs are of unequal size; in each
pair the larger unguiculus is bifid, those of the posterior pair are
nearly equal.* ‘The underside of the abdomen is invariably pilose,
except in the first species, P. regina; this pilosity is often, indeed
mostly, confined to the margins of the segments, and is particu-
larly apparent along the side, giving the appearance of a row of
whitish spots. I have found that these spots vary exceedingly in
the same species, and are not unfrequently different on the two
sides of the same individual; this circumstance has led me to be-
lieve their appearance dependent in a great measure on the recent
or worn state of the specimen, more particularly as they are so
situated as to be constantly exposed to friction from the meta-
femora: being therefore dissatisfied with the variations of this
pilosity as affording specific distinctions, I have in the followmg
descriptions left it entirely unnoticed.

* Plate 3, fig. 1 a—n, represent the generic details from P. bipunctata. 1a,
labrum; 1 b, mandible; 1c, ditto, seen in front; 1 d, maxilla; le, labium ;
1 f, antenna ; | g, front of body seen sideways; 1 h, fore tarsus, male; 1 i, ditto,
female; 1k, middle tarsus, male; 1 /, ditto, female; 1 m, hind tarsus, male ;
1 n, ditto, female.

of the Species of Popillia. 35

The normal form of Popillia, as exhibited in P. bipunctatus, the
Trichius bipunctatus of Fabricius, is peculiar to the old continent,
and seems to be nearly confined to the intertropical regions. ‘The
aberrant form, as exhibited in Popillia sticticollis, appears to be
exclusively Mexican.

I have divided this genus into groups, assigning to each cha-
racters for which I claim no higher importance than that of
convenience ; and I wish it particularly to be understood, that I
attach to these characters no value whatever, for I doubt not
that I may be detected in having dismissed similar ones as of too
little weight, even for the establishment of a species. Still that
they are useful, will not, I think, be disallowed, and any guide
to the ready discrimination of species I have always found
acceptable.

* Asiatic Group.

Striz of the elytra typically 13; four striz on each side of
the suture, are distinct and uninterrupted; the elytra have no
dorsal excavation; terminal segment of the abdomen glabrous
and immaculate ; the legs are comparatively slender.

1. Porr. Recina.

Omnino leie viridi-enea, glabra, splendidissima ; antenne nigre ;
elytra profunde striata, lateribus medio impressis ; striis punctis
1°; 2°, 3°, 4°, T°que integris, ceteris interruptis ; mesosternum
valde productum, curvatum. (Corp. long. *7 unc., lat. +4 unc.)
Colour.—This brilliant insect is entirely of a resplendent green

colour, with black antenne.

Sculpture. —Head thickly punctured anteriorly; the prothorax
has some very minute scattered punctures on its disk, and
others deeper and more conspicuous near its margin: each
elytron has thirteen striz, of these the four nearest to the
suture are uninterrupted ; the fifth is imperfect and inter-
rupted, it occupies the summit of a raised space between the
fourth and sixth, which last is imperfect towards the apex of
the elytron; the seventh is nearly entire; the remainder are
variously interrupted,

Received from the Nilghery Mountains, in the East Indies.

» 2

36 Mr. Newman’s Descriptive List

** African Group.

Striz of the elytra typically eleven; one stria on each side of
the suture distinct; the elytra have no excavation dorsally ; the
terminal segment of the abdomen has constantly two conspicuous
spots, composed of white hairs ; the legs in this group are very
robust.

2, PoPl. DORSIGERA.

Nigro-cenea, elytrorum fascid mediand transversd communi fulvé ;
podex brunneus, pilis albis bisignatus ; elytra striata, striis punc-
tas, et, 1° excepto, abbreviatis. (Corp. long. *75, lat. :4 unc.)

Colour.—Head and prothorax deep metallic green, approaching
to black; elytra nearly black, and having a transverse ful-
vous fascia common to both, and nearly equidistant from
their base and apex; the terminal segment of the abdomen
is brown, with two conspicuous white spots; the legs are
brown, with a metallic tint.

Sculpture.—Head thickly punctured ; prothorax thickly punc-
tured anteriorly and laterally, but somewhat more sparingly
towards the posterior margin; scutellum punctured thickly
at the base, more sparingly towards the apex; the elytra are
striated, but the first or sutural stria is the only one which -
reaches the apex of the elytron; the others cease at about
two-thirds of their length ; the second is composed of scat-
tered punctures.

Inhabits Africa, whence it was brought to England by Captain

Tuckey. I believe this insect to be unique in the cabinet of the
British Museum.

3. Port. BRUNNEA.

Nigra; clypeo, antennis, elytris pedibusque castaneis, metatarsis
pices ; podex pilis albis bisignatus ; elytra striata, striis 1°, 2°,
4°que subintegris. (Corp. long. 65, lat. +4 unc.)

Colour.—Black, with the clypeus brown, and the antennz testa-
ceous ; the elytra are brown, with the suture and margins
nearly black; the legs are brown, but of a lighter shade than
the elytra ; the terminal segment of the abdomen is brown,
with two conspicuous white spots.

Sculpture.— Head thickly punctured ; prothorax thickly punctured
anteriorly and laterally, but perfectly glabrous posteriorly ;
scutellum sparingly punctured; elytra with five tolerably per-

of the Species of Popiliia. o7

fect punctate strize on each, viz. first, third, fourth, fifth and
sixth ; the site of the second stria is occupied by an irregular
series of scattered punctures.

Inhabits Africa. From the cabinet of the late Mr. Haworth.

4, Port. /ENEAsS.

Olivaceo-viridis antennis pedibusque brunneis, metatarsis piceis ;
podex pilis albis bisignatus ; elytra striata, stris P. brunnee.
(Corp. long. °65 une., lat. *375 unc.)

Colour.— Olive green, with the antenne and legs of a clear brown,
approaching testaceous ; the hind tarsi piceous ; the terminal
segment of the abdomen above is deep olive green, with two
conspicuous white spots ; its extreme point is testaceous.

Sculpture.—Head, prothorax and elytra are punctured as in P.
brunnea, but the striae are somewhat deeper and more dis-
tinct.

Inhabits Africa. From the cabinet of the late Mr. Haworth.

5. Port. RUFIPES.

Nigra ; clypeo sordideé, antennis pedibusque late castaneis, metatarsis
piceis ; podex pilis albis bisignatus ; elytra striata, stris fere P.
brunneze. (Corp. long. °55 unc., lat. *35 unc.)

Cetonia rufipes. Fabricius, Syst. Eleu. 11. 139.

Cetonia 4-punctata. Olivier, Vol. i. No. 6, p. 80 and p. 101;
Cetonia, Tab. X. Fig. 93.

Colour.—Black, with the clypeus piceous, the antenne and legs
brown, the hind tarsi piceous ; the terminal segment of the
abdomen above has two conspicuous white spots.

Sculpture. —The head, prothorax, scutellum, and elytra, are
punctured as in P. A’neas, the same distinctions in the strize
of the elytra being observable.

I have no doubt that this is the Cetonia rufipes of Fabricius, and
the Cetonia 4-punctata of Olivier. The description of both authors
agree in every particular with the specimen before me, but Olivier’s
figure is very bad. Should it turn out that I am mistaken in this,
the name will still stand, as there is no other insect described
under the name of Popillia rufipes.

Inhabits Africa. From the cabinet of the late Mr. Haworth.

The close resemblance between the three insects above de-
scribed leads me to fear that they may be varieties of a single
species ; but in the total absence of any evidence on this subject,
and also of all accurate or precise knowledge of their habitat and

38 Mr. Newman’s Descriptive List

geographical range, it would be presuming tvo far to describe
them as such, particularly as their facies is so entirely different.
A difficulty of this kind must always occur in instances like the
present, in which single individuals only are accessible to the de-
scriber.

6. Popr. pipunctata.—Plate 3, fig. 1, and details.
Nigra, nitida, elytris testaceis, pedibus nigris ; podex pilis albis
bisignatus ; elytra striata, striis fere P. brunneee. (Corp. long.
°55 unc., lat. °325 une.
Trichius bipunctatus. Fabricius, Syst. Eleu. ii. 132.
Melolontha bipunctata. Olivier, i. 5. Tab. VI. Icon. 69.

Colour.—Head, prothorax, scutellum, legs and abdomen black,
with an obscure metallic tint; elytra testaceous; terminal
segment of the abdomen above with two conspicuous white
spots.

Sculpture.—Head thickly punctured; prothorax thickly punc-
tured anteriorly and laterally ; elytra with ten striz ; the first
stria is entire ; the second is very obscure, being nothing more
than an irregular series of punctures ; the third to the sixth
are tolerably regular; after that all are more or less inter-
rupted towards the base.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, and appears not to be un-
common.

7. Popi. OLEA.

Olivaria, luce varians ; antennis elytrisque testaccis, fulgore metal-
lico nitidis ; pedes testacei fulgore cupreo nitidi ; podex pilis albis
bisignatus ; elytra 11-striata, striis punctis et (2° interrupto
10°que abbreviato exceptis) integris. (Corp. long. *5 unc., lat.
*3 unc.)

Colour.—Olive green, varying in tint with a varied position of
light ; the antennz and elytra are testaceous, but have a re-
fulgent metallic greenish gloss ; the legs are testaceous, with
a coppery gloss; the terminal segment of the abdomen above
is coppery green, with two conspicuous white spots.

Sculpture.—The head and prothorax are thickly punctured, the
scutellum sparingly so; the elytra have eleven punctate
strie, of which the second from the suture is composed of
scattered punctures, the tenth is abbreviated, the remainder
are nearly entire.

Inhabits Africa.

of the Species of Popillia. 39

*** Asiatic Group.

The striz typically ten; the second stria from the suture differs
but little from the rest ; each elytron has a deep excavation dor-
sally ; the two spots on the terminal segment of the abdomen are
occasionally, not constantly present.

8. Port. MUTANS.

Castanea, fulgore metallico mutanti nitida; antennis pedibusque
concoloribus ; podex haud signatus ; elytra striata, utrinque
prope suturam profunde foveata, (Corp. long. *45 unc., lat. °875
unc.)

Colour.—Brown, but completely covered with a varying bronzy
lustre ; the antenne and legs are concolorous with the other
parts.

Sculpture.—The head is thickly punctured; the prothorax is
punctured anteriorly and laterally ; the scutellum is punctured
sparingly and variously in different specimens; the elytra are
nearly flat; the striae are punctate, the second stria is situ-
ated very near the first, but is scarcely less entire ; on each
side of the suture, just below the scutellum, is a deep and
conspicuous fovea.

Inhabits the East Indies.

9. Pogr. cutorion.

Obscuré viridis, nitida; antenne picee ; pedes chalybeo-ngri ;
podex pilis albis bisignatus ; elytra striata, utrinque prope sutu-
ram profunde foveata ; striis haud punctis. (Corp. long. *4 unc.,
lat. *25 unc.)

Colour.—Dark bottle green, shining; antenne and legs black,
with a steely blue reflection; the terminal segment of the
abdomen above has two white spots.

Sculpture.—The head is thickly punctured; the prothorax is
punctured anteriorly and laterally ; the elytra are striated,
but the striz are not punctured ; on each side of the suture
is a deep transverse fovea, just below the scutellum.

Inhabits the East Indies. Received from Madras.

10. Porr. cyANEA.
Leté chalybeo-cyanea, pedibus concoloribus ; antenne nigre ; podex
nullo modo signatus ; elytra striata, prope suturam utrinque pro-

40 Mr. Newman’s Descriptive List

Junde foveata, strus punctis. (Corp. long. ‘4 une., lat. 25
unc.)
a Popi. cyanea. Hope, Zoological Miscellany, p. 23.

5 Popi. beryllina. Hope, Preecedenti affinis; supra tota viridi-
cyanea. Sine dubio eadem species.

y Popi. somnulosa. Obscurior, latior ; elytrorum fovee minores at
profundiores cetera P, cyanee@ a.
Received from the Himalaya Mountains in Thibet by Mr.
Spencer, and presented to me by that gentleman.

Colour.— Uniform beautiful dark blue, the legs being of the
same colour, and the antenne black; the terminal segment
of the abdomen is without spots.

Sculpture.— The head and prothorax are punctured, but on the
latter the punctures are very sparingly scattered posteriorly ;
the scutellum is sparingly punctured; the elytra are striated,
and the strize deeply punctured; on each side of the suture
is a deep transverse fovea, just below the scutellum.

Inhabits the East Indies. Communicated by the late General
Hardwick.

11, Porr. ADAMAs.

Nigro-cyanea, nitida, pedibus concoloribus ; antenne nigre ; podex
pilis niveis bisignatus ; elytra striata, utrinque prope suturam
profunde foveata, stris punctis. (Corp. long. *45 unce., lat. +25
unc.) .

Colour.—Dark shining indigo colour, with black antenne and
legs, the latter exhibiting blue reflections; the prothorax has
a margin of white hairs, and the terminal segment of the ab-
domen has two conspicuous white spots.

Sculpture.—The anterior part of the head is thickly punctured ;
the prothorax is very sparingly punctured, particularly near
the centre and posterior margin; the scutellum has about
thirty punctures ; the elytra are striated, and the striz are
punctured, but not very deeply; on each side of the suture
is a deep fovea, just below the scutellum.

Inhabits the East Indies.

12. Port. comMPLANATA.

Caput, prothorax et scutellum viridi-enea ; clypeus castaneus, an-
tenne castunee, capitulo mgro; elytra testacea, complanaia,
puncto-slriata, utrinque prope suturam vage foveata ; pedes castanet,

of the Species of Popillia. - 41

fulgore metallico nitidi ; podex nigro-eneus, pilis albis bisigna-

tus. (Corp. long. *45 unc., lat. *275 une.)

Colour.—Head metallic green, with the clypeus brown; prothorax
and scutellum metallic green, the lateral margins of the for-
mer clothed with grey hairs ; elytra testaceous ; the terminal
segment of the abdomen is black, with a cupreous metallic
tint, and has two white spots ; the legs are brown, with me-
tallic tints ; the tarsi piceous.

Sculpture—Head thickly punctured, especially between the eyes ;
the disk of the prothorax sparingly and slightly punctured,
the lateral margins punctured more coarsely ; the elytra are
very flat, they have punctured striz, between the first and
second is a series of punctures extending from the base
nearly half the length of the elytra, on each side of the
suture is a very evident but not deep fovea, just below the
scutellum.

Inhabits the East Indies.

13. Pori. Lucipa.

Chalybeo-cenea ; antenne picee ; elytra testacea; pedes castanei,
fulgore metallico nitidi; podex pilis niveis bisignatus ; elytra
striata, utrinque prope suturam profunde foveata, striis punctis.
(Corp. long. *3 unc., lat. *2 unc.)

Colour.— Dark chalybeous blue, or metallic green, with piceous
antenne ; the prothorax has a margin of white hairs, and the
terminal segment of the abdomen has two white spots.

Sculpture.—The head is thickly punctured, especially between
the eyes; the prothorax is deeply punctured, with the exception
of its posterior margin, and the punctures are more profound
than in the preceding species ; the scutellum is very shining,
and sparingly punctured ; the elytra are striated, and the
striz punctured ; between the first and the second striz are a
few scattered punctures near the scutellum.

Inkabits the East Indies.

14. Port. minuta.

Sordidée enea; antenne nigre; pedes ngro-cenei; elytra testacea,
marginibus suturaque nigro-eneis ; podex pilis albidis bisignatus ;
elytra striata, prope suturam utrinque profunde foveata ; strus
punctis. (Long. corp. *3 unc., lat. *2 unc.)

Popi. minuta. Hope, Zoological Miscellany, p. 23.
Colour.—Head, prothorax and scutellum metallic green, with a

42 Mr. Newman’s Descriptive List

coppery or rosy tinge; antenne and legs nearly black, with
a varying metallic lustre ; elytra testaceous, with the suture
and margins nearly black, but tinged with a metallic lustre ;
the terminal segment of the abdomen above has two whitish
spots. ;

Sculpture.—The head and prothorax are deeply and coarsely
punctured, much more so than in any previously described
species of this group; the elytra are striated, the striae regu-
larly punctured ; between the first and second striae, near the
base, are twelve or fourteen scattered punctures; on each
elytron near the suture is a deep transverse fovea, just below
the scutellum.

Inhabits the East Indies.

eee “Asiatic Group,

The striz typically 10; the second stria from the suture inter-
rupted or wanting; the elytra have no dorsal excavation; the
terminal segment of the abdomen above has constantly two con-
spicuous spots composed of white hairs.

15. Popi. cupRico.tis.

Cupreo-cenea ; antenne nigre ; pedes nigro-enei ; tarsis aterrimis ;
elytra testacea, fulgore metallico nitida ; podex pilis albis bisig-
natus ; elytra striata, strus punctis. (Corp. long. *425 unc.,
lat. *325 unc.)

a P. cupricollis. Hope, Zoological Miscellany, p. 23, vide supra.

PB P. suturata. Elytra testacea sutura wnea ; cetera P. cupricollis.

y P. formosa. Hope, Zoological Miscellany, p. 23. Elytra

purpurea, fulgore metallico nitida; ceetera P. cupricollis.

0 P. smaragdula. Hope, Zoological Miscellany, p. 23. Elytra

viridi-eenea, fulgore metallico nitida.

Colour.—a P. cupricollis, the normal appearance. Head, pro-
thorax and scutellum golden green; antennee black;
elytra testaceous ; legs bronzed ; tarsi very black ;
the terminal segment of the abdomen above is golden
green, with two conspicuous white spots.

B P. suturata differs only in having the region of the
suture of the elytra of a bright golden green.

y P. formosa differs only in having the elytra purple,
with a beautiful metallic lustre.

of the Species of Popillia. 43

Sculpture.—Head_ thickly punctured ; prothorax punctured
throughout, but the punctures smaller and more distant near
the posterior margin; the prothorax moreover has in some
specimens two deep discoidal fovez ; these vary in each in-
dividual, but their site is always observable ; the scutellum
is punctured anteriorly, but smooth posteriorly ; the elytra
are striated, and the striz punctured; the first stria is very
distinct, the second and third are composed of scattered
punctures, and unite before reaching the apex of the elytron ;
the other dorsal strize are tolerably distinct, the lateral ones
are more interrupted.

Inhabits the East Indies. Communicated from Nepaul, by the
late General Hardwick.

In this species the impressions on the prothorax would appear
to indicate a higher distinction than a mere variety ; but on look-
ing over a series of Anisoplia, a closely allied genus, I find in the
same species individuals not only possessing prothoracic fovee,
while others are entirely without them, but some have a deep
longitudinal sulcus on the prothorax, while in others not a trace
of this sulcus can be found.

16. Porr. Jaronica.

Cupreo-enea ; anlenne picee, capitulo nigro; pedes viridi aut
cupreo-cenei, tarsis nigris ; elytra testacea, suturd marginibusque
nigro-eneis ; podex pilis albis bisignatus ; elytra striata, striis
punctis. (Corp. long. *45 unc., lat. *275 unc.)
Colour.—Coppery-golden green ; antennze piceous, with black

lamellz; elytra testaceous, with black suture and margin;
the legs are of a dark metallic coppery or green colour, vary-
ing in tint in different positions; the tarsi are extremely
black; the terminal segment of the abdomen is more elon-
gate and pointed than in the preceding species, and is marked
with two white spots.

Sculpture-—The head is thickly and coarsely punctured; the
prothorax is coarsely punctured throughout, but rather more
sparingly posteriorly; the scutellum is punctured except at
the apex ; the strize of the elytra are deeply punctured; the
second stria is imperfect, terminating considerably before the
apex of the elytra.

Inhabits Japan.

44 Mr. Newman’s Descriptive List

17. Port. virEscEns.
Lete enea, mtidissima ; elytra testacea, fulgore metallico nitida ;
antenne testacee, capitulo mgro; pedes brunnei, fulgore cupreo
micantes, metatarsis piceis ; podex ceneus, pilis albis bisignatus.
(Long. corp. °45 unc., lat. 3 unc.)
Popi. virescens. Hope, Zoological Miscellany, p. 23.
Colour.—Golden green, very brilliant ; antennz testaceous, with
black lamelle ; the elytra are testaceous, with a beautiful
metallic splendour ; the legs are brown, with splendid metal-
lic tints, the hind tarsi are piceous ; the terminal segment of
the abdomen above is golden green, with two white spots.

Sculpture.—T he head is thickly punctured ; the punctures of the
prothorax are scattered and very minute ; the scutellum is
nearly impunctate ; the strize of the elytra are punctured, the
punctures are distant and irregular.

Inhabits the East Indies. Communicated from Nepaul, by the
late General Hardwick.

18. Port. MARGINICOLLIS.

Late enea nitidissima ; clypeo, antennis, prothoracisque marginibus
testaceis ; elytra testacea, suturad ened ; pedibus testaceis, fulgore
metallico nitidis ; elytra striata, strus punctis; podex @NCUS,
pilis albis bisignatus. (Corp. long. *45 unc., lat. 275 unc.)

Popi. marginicollis, Hope, Zoological Miscellany, p. 23.
Colour.—Bright golden green, with the clypeus, antennze and

margins of the prothorax testaceous ; elytra testaceous, with
a green suture; legs testaceous, with a metallic tint; the
terminal segment of the abdomen above golden green, with
two conspicuous white spots.

Sculpture—Head thickly punctured ; prothorax thickly punc-
tured, but the punctures so minute as only to be visible
under a lens of high power ; scutellum with a few scattered
punctures; the striz are much more regular than in the pre-
ceding species of this group.

Inhabits the East Indies. Communicated from Nepaul, by the
late General Hardwick.

19. Popi. BIGUTTATA.

Lele enea; antenne nigre ; elytra testacea, sulurd ened, apice
late nigro ; pedes enei, tarsis nigris ; podex eneus, pilis albis
bisignatus ; elytra striata, striis punctis. (Corp. long. *35 unc.
lat. ‘2 unc.)

of the Species of Popiliia, 45

Melolontha biguttata. Wiedemann, in Germar’s Magasin der
Entomologie, tom. iv. p. 136.

Colour.—Bright golden green ; the antennz are black; the elytra
are testaceous, with a golden green suture and a black band
at the apex, which is prolonged nearly half the length of each
exterior margin; the legs are golden green, and the tarsi
black ; the terminal segment of the abdomen is golden green,
with two white spots; the legs are golden green, and the
tarsi black.

Sculpture.— Head anteriorly thickly punctured, posteriorly nearly
smooth; prothorax punctured, but the punctures are exces-
sively minute, and only visible under a lens of high power ;
the scutellum has numerous large scattered punctures: the
punctures of the striaz are deep and distant, the second stria
terminates considerably before the apex of the wing.

Inhabits the Island of Java.

20. Pop, DIFFICILIS.

Lele enea; antenne testacee, capitulo nigro; elytra testacea ;
pedes castanei, fulgore metallico nitidi ; podex ceneus, pilis albis
obscure bisignatus ; elytra striata, strus punctis. (Corp. long.
*325 unc., lat. °175 unc.)

Colour.—Bright golden green ; the antenne are testaceous, with
black lamellee; the elytra are testaceous, with a metallic
splendour ; the legs are brown, with a metallic splendour ;
the terminal segment of the abdomen is golden green, with
two somewhat obscure grey spots.

Sculpture.—The head and prothorax are regularly and rather
deeply punctured; the scutellum is very sparingly punc-
tured; the elytra are striated, and the stria are nearly entire
and coarsely punctured.

Inhabits the East Indies.

eats “Asiatic Group.

The strize are typically 11; the second stria from the suture is
not different from the others; the elytra have no dorsal excava-
tion ; the terminal segment of the abdomen is immaculate.

21. Port. NITIDA.
Late anea; antenne, elytra, pedesque testacea, fulgore metallico

46 Mr. Newman’s Descriptive List

nitida; podex pilis cinereis tectus, nullo modo signatus ; elytra

striata, stris dorsalibus punctis integris. (Corp. long. *475 unc.,

lat. *25 unc.)

Popi. nitida. Hope, Zoological Miscellany, p. 23.

Colour.—Golden green, shining, with the antennz, elytra and
legs testaceous, and tinged with a metallic splendour ; the ter-
minal segment of the abdomen is golden green, and clothed
with grey hair. ;

Sculpture.—The head is thickly punctured, except posteriorly ;
the prothorax is thickly punctured on the sides only; the
scutellum has a few minute scattered punctures; the striz of
the elytra are very regular, and deeply punctured.

Inhabits the East Indies. Communicated from Nepaul, by the
late General Hardwick.

22. Popl. NASUTA.

Cuprea ; antenne picee ; clypeus elongatus, recurvus, haud acutus ;
elytra testacea; pedes nigro-cenei, cupreo-varii, tarsis nigris ;
podex eneus, nullo modo signatus; elytra striata, striis dorsa-
libus punctis integris, mter 1° et 24 stria abbreviata puncta.
(Corp. long. °45 unc., lat. °275 unc.)

Colour.—Bright copper colour, with piceous antenne and testa-
ceous elytra, the latter having a fine coppery refulgence ;
the terminal segment of the abdomen is bright golden green,
and perfectly immaculate ; the legs are nearly black, with a
varied coppery refulgence.

Sculpture.—The clypeus is prolonged, and slightly recurved, its
anterior margin is much narrower than in any preceding spe-
cies; together with the head, it is coarsely punctured; the
prothorax is very finely punctured; the striz of the elytra
are punctured, regular, and entire; between the first and
second, at the base, is an abbreviated stria, or rather an ab-
breviated series of scattered punctures.

Inhabits the East Indies.

23, Port. ACUTA.

Lete cupreo-enea ; antenne castanee ; clypeus elongatus, recurvus,
acutus ; elytra pedesque testacea, fulgore metallico nitida ; podex
eneus, nullo modo signatus; elytra striata, striis dorsalibus
punctis integris. (Corp. long. *45 une., lat. *275 une.)
Colour.— Bright coppery green, with brown antenne and testa-

ceous elytra and legs, both of which have a brilliant metallic

of the Species of Popiltia. 47

splendour; the terminal segment of the abdomen is golden
green, and immaculate.

Sculpture.—The clypeus is elongated, slightly recurved, and very
acute, and, together with the head, is thickly and uniformly
punctured; the punctures of the prothorax are very minute;
those of the scutellum larger, but very few in number; the
elytra are precisely as in P. nasuta, to which species it very
closely approaches.

Inhabits the East Indies.

24, Popt, RUGICOLLIS.

Caput viride, clypeo antennisque testaceis ; prothorax rugosus viridis,
marginibus testaceis ; pedes testacei ; elytra testacea sulcata, sul-
cis punctis; podex nigro-eneus, pilosus, nullo modo signatus.
(Corp. long. *375 unc., lat. *2 unc.)

Colour.—Head green, with testaceous clypeus and antenne; pro-
thorax green, with the lateral and posterior margins testaceous;
scutellum green; elytra and legs pale brown; abdomen nearly
black, the terminal segment above is clothed with grey hairs,
and is perfectly immaculate.

Sculpture.—Head coarsely punctured ; prothorax very rugose ;

scutellum irregularly but deeply punctured; elytra sulcated,

sulci 11, punctured.

Inhabits the East Indies.

95. Pori. FIMBRIATA.

Nigra; antenne testacee, capitulo nigro; caput et prothorax
obscure virescentia ; elytra chalybea, vage puncto-striata ; podex
pilis albis transverse manifeste 1-lineatus. (Corp. long. *3 unc.,
Jat. °175 unc.)

Colour. —Nearly black ; antenne testaceous, with the lamellz
black ; head and prothorax dark green; elytra dark indigo blue;
legs nearly black, with green and blue shades; the terminal
segment of the abdomen has a distinct linear fringe of white
hair on its upper margin at its junction with the apex of the
elytra.

Sculpture.—Head thickly punctured, prothorax punctured not so
thickly as the head, but more deeply, and very regularly ;
elytra with eleven interrupted series of punctures.

Inhabits the East Indies.

48 Mr. Newman’s Descriptive List

FKKKEK Mexican Group.

The elytra are without either impressed striae, or dorsal exca-
vations, but have series of punctures generally arranged in lines;
the terminal segment of the abdomen is immaculate.

26. Port. sTICTICOLLIS.

Testacea ; capitis macule duce postice, prothoracis macule dis-
coidales 2, marginesque anticus et posticus, scutelli margo, elytro-
rum sutura margoque lateralis versus apicem mgra. (Corp. long.
*45 unc., lat. *25 unc.)

Colour.—Testaceous, with the posterior part of the head where
received into the prothorax black. This colour extends for-
wards near each eye, beyond the anterior margin of the
prothorax, thus looking like two detached spots. On the
prothorax are two detached spots, elongate longitudinally ;
the anterior and posterior margins are also black: the scu-
tellum has a black margin ; the suture of the elytra, and the
posterior half of the external margin uniting with the su-
ture, are also black ; the entire sternum is black, the femora
piceous and the tarsi black. The terminal segment of the
abdomen above is perfectly immaculate.

Sculpture.—The head is punctured with tolerable regularity ; the
punctures are large, but not deep ; the prothorax is punc-
tured rather more sparingly than the head; the elytra have
no impressed striz, but have twelve series of punctures, at
nearly regular intervals ; of these, the second is very diffuse
and ill-defined, and seems to be composed of two series of
punctures intermixed.

Inhabits Mexico.

27. Port. VIDUA.

Nigra, glabra ; antenne testacee, capitulo nigro. (Corp. long.
*425 unc., lat. °25 une.

Colour.—Black and shining ; the antennz are testaceous, with
the lamellae black; the terminal segment of the abdomen
above is perfectly immaculate.

Sculpture.—As in the last.

Inhabits Mexico.

of the Species of Popillia. 49

28. Popi. SEMIRUFA.

Ferruginea ; antennarum capitulus, capitis vertex, prothoracis discus,
elytra tota, protibie omnino, metatibiarum apices, tarsique
undique omnes nigra. (Corp. long. °425 unc., lat. -25 unc.)

Colour. —Clypeus ferruginous, crown of the head black; antennz
ferruginous, with the lamella black; prothorax black in the
centre; the lateral margins broadly ferruginous; elytra
entirely black; the under side is entirely ferruginous; the
legs also are ferruginous ; the fore tibiz, the apex of the
hind tibize, and all the tarsi, being black. The terminal seg-
ment of the abdomen above is perfectly immaculate.

Sculpture.—As in P, sticticollis, and P. vidua.

Inhabits Mexico.

The extreme similarity in the sculpture of these three species

leads me to suspect the invalidity of the distinctions, which I have
derived from colour only.

eeereee Mexican Group.

Strie of the elytra 9, very deep, sulciform, the two nearest the
external margin sesquialterous ; the terminal segment of the ab-
domen above is pilose, but perfectly immaculate.

29. Pops. Castor.

Castanea; prothoracis discus rugosus, margines ochracei; elytra

; mi . 5 5 y “2 ; y
sulcata, sulci profundé puncti, elytrorum humeri nigri. (Corp.
long. °28 unc., lat. :175 unc.)

Colour.—Head and antennz brown; the prothorax brown, with
a slender margin of pale yellow completely surrounding it ;
the scutellum-is brown, with a green margin; elytra pale
ochraceous, with the shoulders black; at the suture, and
also towards the apex of each, is a darker shade; the under
side is piceous, and very hairy; the legs are brown, with
piceous tarsi.

Sculpture.—Head thickly and regularly punctured; prothorax
completely rugose, with large, deep and confluent punctures ;
scutellum with deep, but not crowded punctures; elytra
with nine deep punctured sulci, the two on each side nearest
the margin being sesquialterous,

Inhabits Mexico.

VOL. Ill, E

50 Mr. Newman’s Descriptive List of Popillia.

30. Pori. Pottux.

Nigro-cenea; prothoracis marginibus elytrisque totis testaceis ;
pedes brunnei, tarsis piceis ; elytra sulcata, sulcis profunde punc-
tatis. (Corp. long. ‘27 unc., lat. +16 unc.)

Colour.—Head nearly black, with a metallic tinge; prothorax
golden green, with a slender margin of pale yellow com-
pletely surrounding it; scutellum golden green; elytra pale
testaceous, with the shoulders concolorous, and the suture
brown: the legs are brown, and somewhat metallic; the
tarsi dark.

Sculpture.—Head thickly punctured; prothorax deeply and re-
gularly, but not very thickly punctured ; scutellum with deep
but not crowded punctures; elytra with nine deep punc-
tured sulci, the three on each side nearest the margin being
sesquialterous.

Inhabits Mexico.

[Descriptions of two additional Assamese species have been pub-
lished by Mr. Newman in the Magazine of Natural History for
July, 1839, under the names of P. varia and P. gemma. A
figure of the latter species has since been published in the
Linnean Transactions, vol. 18, pl. 40, fig. 4. ‘Three other spe- -
cies, from the Philippine islands, have also been described by
Mr. Newman in the * Entomologist” for December, 1841 ; and
another, from the Nielgherries, by M. Guérin Méneville, in
the Revue Zoologique for February, 1840.—Serc. E. S.]

Description of a new Strepsipterous Insect. 51

V. Description of a new Strepsipterous Insect. By Robert
Templeton, Esq., R.A.

{Read 5th March, 1838.]

Havine, whilst at Rio Janeiro, caught a Sphex in whose abdo-
men was inserted the full grown pupa of a Xenos, I placed it in
spirits with the intention of examining it on my arrival at Colombo.
Many things combined to make me regard this little treasure with
peculiar interest. I heretofore had only met with an Llenchus
found in Ireland, and with that which I discovered in the island of
Mauritius, described in a former volume of these Transactions,
and its minute size threw a veil over many interesting particulars,
but I had now hopes of clearing these up to my satisfaction, from
the large dimensions, comparatively speaking, of the present spe-
cimen; and as the genus was as yet meagre in species, though its
congeners, thanks to British industry, were now including very
respectable numbers, I was pleased at the prospect of adding an-
other. Besides, Latreille had grounded his change of the name
of the order on the details of this very genus, and most possibly
some peculiarity of form, some development which we had not
found to pertain to Stylops or Elenchus, might have appeared to
sanction it, or at least account for the difference of opinion. I
need not say how much I was gratified in perceiving that there
was no grounds whatever for the alleged anterior origin of the
elytra, even with the latitude which Kirby himself admitted;
and in fact, instead of even an approximation to the assigned
position, that a wide membranous space intervened, cutting off
all immediate connection with the anterior coxz, so that their
origin as elytra must be considered perfectly normal: one thing
I was struck with in my contemplation of these little rudimentary
bodies, how singularly happy was Kirby’s name of the order, as
expressive of the appearance they present in this genus, the
twisting being in fact their most peculiar character. They are
not so broadly spatulate, in proportion to the stipes, as in our
English genera, but each appears like a short ribbon, the one end
of which was twisted over at right angles to the other. I remem-
ber when I first saw them in Elenchus, being puzzled to conceive
how the twisting could have been selected by Kirby as a dominant
quality sufficient to fix the name of the order, but here it is re-
markably apparent and expressive; and as every one must be
satisfied that the prior name was on the continent too hastily re-
E2

52 Mr. R. Templeton’s Description

jected, its restoration may be confidently expected with the first
good monograph which appears from our foreign fellow-labourers
in this branch of scientific research.

I found nothing among the oral appendages which bore the
slightest resemblance to a lip, but near the rostrated part beneath
is obviously the opening into the pharynx; when the Xenos lay
upon its back I saw plainly down into it, parts of the interior
rising into view as I elevated the platform of the microscope; the
edges were corrugated, as if the orifice was capable of considera-
ble change of size and form, and resembled much the mouth of
the polypi. I was much struck with the thinness and lancet-like
appearance of the mandibles, and with their peculiar articulation,
with the lateral plate descending from the ocular pedicle. The
whole inferior surface of the head, from the rostrum to the fore
legs, was found to be membranous, and to be thrown into folds in
various motions of the head.

An error seems to have arisen and been repeated by every one
who regarded these little creatures through Mr. Bauer’s eyes and a
compound microscope ;—it consists in supposed vesicles cushion-
ing the tarsus, or a ‘ vesicular membrane capable of being in-
flated,” and the quaint appendix of Kirby, of “ the fact of their
inflatibility not being ascertained,” appears likely to rank some
time longer among desiderata. ‘The fact is, all the joints, but
especially the terminal, are lobed; and when seen from above, a
membrane is observed to extend itself some way in advance of
the lobated extremities, and being thin and transparent, suggested,
when the outlines became mellowed in the field of a compound
microscope, the idea of a vesicle ; but when viewed laterally, the
truth becomes at once apparent ; besides being lobed, the joints
are arched transversely; and from within the concavity, and I do
believe from an articulation, an appendage of very similar form,
not however lobed, passes in advance of the joints; it is very thin,
its edges carrying strong spinelike hairs, which also cross the
hollow inferior surface in rows, and it is on these the animal is
sustained in the quiescent state.

There appeared to me no sufficient reason for the division of
the antitrunk into distinct collars or rings, which I think I re-
member to have seen in sketches from dead specimens; the plates
are not continuous round the trunk, but are separate, and united
by a tough leathery-looking membrane, in many places thrown
into folds, which are not permanent, but made to disappear on
moving the head or adjoining plates.

When I proceeded to the examination of the pupa, I disen-

of a new Strepsipterous Insect. oo

gaged with a little force the case from between the abdominal
rings, a very soft but intimate union having subsisted between it
and the sheath in which it was placed; when removed, it was
about 23 tenths of an inch in length, almost exactly cylindrical,
the inserted extremity rounded, flocculent, and pale yellowish,
that exterior, reddish brown, and slightly corrugated, as if from
desiccation; when torn asunder, I found the little creature’s head
occupying this portion, the abdomen having been inserted in the
sphex, and the whole body enveloped in a fine transparent mem-
brane, which was closely attached to the thorax and abdomen,
and sent off loose processes to give covering to each of the legs,
antenne, palpi and trophi. This membrane exteriorly was rough,
as if papillated, but did not seem to lie in immediate contact with
the case ; and I ain led to believe that it contained an albuminous
fluid, in which the animal was swimming, for on opening it a slight
coagulation ensued when the contents came in contact with the
weak spirits. The animal was now exposed, and seemed in ex-
cellent condition, and from its appearance gave me no reason to
infer that any difference could exist between it in its then state
and the perfect insect, with the exception of the undeveloped
state of the wings. As you will, from my sketches, at once ob-
serve, it has little specifically in common with Xenos Pechkii, which
is the only one with which I can here compare it, and must be
still less closely allied to Xenos Rossii, if what Dr. Leach states in
the Zoological Miscellany be correct, since the abdomen in my
insect is not pedunculate, though sensibly lessened in diameter at
the base, and most assuredly there are not five joints to the
tarsus. I have therefore little hesitation in believing that I have
hit upon an undescribed species. In the hope that it may prove
so, I take the opportunity of testifying my regard for my learned
and indefatigable friend, the Secretary to the Entomological So-
ciety, and of ushering into the world my little Xenos with a name
which will ensure it consideration and respect. I have named it

Xenos Westwoontt.

The head is small, and carries anteriorly two cupped tuber-
cles (C,o), separated by a small interval, from whence arise the
antenne, which are rather stout, in proportion to their other
dimension. The first joint (C,p) is short, subcylindric, a little con-
tracted immediately beyond the base, but dilating towards its
articulation with the succeeding joint, beyond which it extends
internally, so that when seen from beneath it presents a some-
what triangular appearance. The second joint (7) is very minute,

54 Mr. R. Templeton’s Description

a little longer than broad, and constricted in the middle, beneath
appearing as a little cup, from the concavity of which arises the
third joint. These two joints are thickly covered with short rigid
hairs, in this particular differing essentially from the two suc-
ceeding (rs), whose entire surface is tessellated, in tolerably regu-
lar transverse rows, the tessera (C ¢! and C¢) preserving nearly the
same size and form, about 7-12 in each cross row, the intervals
filled with minute, scarcely elevated, rigid hairs. In form, the
third joint (rv) is flat, elongate, dilated in the middle, rounded at
the apex, and at the base turned suddenly off at right angles,
forming a little cup, the convexity of which rests in the hollow of
the second joint, and the concavity supports the fourth joint (s),
which lies behind and above the prolonged part of the third joint,
exceeding it in length about one-fourth part, and, like it, dilated in
the middle, and a little at the base posteriorly.

The eyes (Ba) are supported on short thick tubercles, are
hemispheric and compound, the facets, ten or twelve, in the
longest row, subpentagonal, amount to about seventy, certainly
not less than that number, and are separated by narrow spaces,
filled with dense, minute, black cillee.

Beneath the head presents anteriorly a rounded orifice (b)
leading into the pharynx, the margin slightly corrugated, and on.
each side of it lie the inner edges of the elongate, narrow, slightly
arched mandibles (e), which arise on each side beneath the irre-
gular elevated edge of a horny plate (d), that stretches inwards
from the root of the ocular peduncle; they pass inwards and for-
wards, and end with an extremely sharp incurved apex. Imme-
diately behind the mandible, and from beneath the same plate,
which curves a little inwards, in forming the articulating surface,
is found the root of the triarticulate palpus (f); the first joint
minute, the second large, tumid, and a little curved backwards ;
the apical small, cylindric, and densely covered with minute
hairs.

The adjoining part of the neck (g) is membranous, and thrown
into folds, in the motions of the head. Posterior to this part, we
find the antipectus (A), a transverse horny plate, elevated in the
middle, from behind which originate the coxa (7) of the forelegs.
This plate, like all the succeeding, does not form a ring, encircling
the trunk, but terminates at the side, where it has merely a mem-
branous connection, with the posterior division of the prothorax,
an arched plate seen from above immediately behind the ocular
peduncles. Between the antipectus and the medipectus (n’), to
which on each side the coxa (k) of the second pair of legs is

of a new Strepsipterous Insect. 55

attached, the body (/) is again membranous, and transversely
plicated, preserving this character externally until it meets with
the mesothorax, the narrow dorsal plate next in succession, and
a cordiform one (m) placed obliquely, the apex resting in a hollow
of the anterior margin of the medipectus, and the rounded
anterior lobe concealing and articulated with the base of the
elytron (n): a small interval exists between the base of the elytron
and the mesothorax, which is quite membranous and plicated.
The postpectus is a single shield, with a narrow dark line dividing
it posteriorly into two parts,

The metathorax is as enormously developed as the prothorax
and mesothorax are contracted in dimensions; it is divided into
two parts by a narrow transverse plate, the anterior subpenta-
gonal, and subdivided dorsally into four smaller parts, of which that
in the middle line and farthest forward is the smallest, and five-
sided ; that resting against the narrow transverse plate, triangular ;
the lateral trapeziform, and beneath the outer angle of them the
wings arise. The posterior of the two parts of the metathorax
is triangular, the base in contact with the narrow transverse plate ;
the apex rounded, and extending over the dorsal parts of the first
four abdominal rings: similarly formed plates cover the lateral
portions of the first two rings.

The legs are not cylindric, varying very much in appearance
according to the position from whence they are viewed; the fore-
legs shortest and most slender; the coxa is short, tumid, and
curved; the femur rather longer and subtriangular; the tibia
elongate, clavate (wu); the tarsus (v!, v', vil, viv) composed of four
joints, of which the first (v') is longest, the remainder diminishing
successively in size, all bilobed, and transversely curved, send-
ing off from the concavity a thin transparent appendage, re-
sembling the joint itself, but unlobed, the inferior surface having
rows of strong hairs, which also crown the margins. There are
no vesicles.

The elytron arises, as we have shown, from the anterior lobe of
a cordiform plate, which joins the medipectus, and which is ele-
vated and rounded to admit of the articulation. The base of the
elytron is a little bulb or ball, a neck very apparent anteriorly
joining it to the thin elongate ribbon-like part, which curved
backwards and upwards on itself, forms the exposed part of the
elytron viewed from above ; the anterior edge is thickened.

The abdomen is soft, sessile, incrassate, of nine segments,

56 Description of a new Strepsipterous Insect.

whose distinction is in some places very obscure, at the sides
tolerably strongly marked: the last segment is excavated, with
two segments of an anal apparatus protruding, but not capable of
greater exsertion than is represented in the drawing.

Not being able in this place (Colombo in Ceylon) to determine
whether the Sphex in which the Xenos was detected be previously
described or not, I subjoin the following short description and
provisional specific name.

SPHEX AUROCAPILLUS.

Body black, covered with golden hair, especially at the margins
of the thoracic plates and of the forehead; antennz black; wings
pale brown; the posterior margin of each wing with a broad
dark band; legs ferruginous ; abdomen rufous, with the apex
darkish.

At Rio Janeiro, the fourth segment distorted by the insertion
of the pupa of Xenos Westwood.

Plate IV. fig. A. Xenos Westwoodii.
B. Portion of the head and anterior segments of the thorax be-
neath. :
C. Antenna. C tand C?!. Portions of ditto more highly magni-
fied.
D. Foreleg from above. viii and viv two of the tarsal joints.
E. Sphex aurocapillus, and details. Eb. Spatulate hairs.

Descriptions of two Hymenopterous Insects. 57

VI. Descriptions of two H: ymenopterous Insects from North-
ern India. By W. W. Saunders, Esq., F.L.S. &e.

[Read 7 January, 1839.]

Tue two insects which J am at present about to describe were
collected in the northern provinces of India by Lieut. J. Camp-
bell of the Bengal Artillery, and form part of a small collection
sent by him a short time since to this country. The first is a
very interesting insect allied to Myrmica, but from which it ap-
pears to differ in the neuration of the wings, the two-jointed
pedicel to the abdomen, and in the articulations of the antenne,
and I therefore propose forming a new sub-genus for it which I
shall term “ Myrmicaria,” and thus characterize.

Myrmicaria.

Head transverse, with the ocelli placed in a triangle on the
vertex. Hyes lateral, small, oval and prominent. Antenne fili-
form, inserted in the front of the head in a line drawn between
the eyes, rather longer than the thorax, distinctly thirteen-
jointed ; the first joint as long as the second and third ; the second
very small; the fourth to the thirteenth smaller than the third,
and gradually decreasing in length to the terminal joint, which is
nearly as long as the third. Mandibles small, almost concealed.
Thorax ovate, very convex, prominent in front. Scutellum semi-
ovate, prominent, forming, with the metathorax, an abruptly in-
clined plane. The superior wings with the stigma strongly
marked, one cubital and one discoidal cell complete, and three
cells on the apical margin sub-complete ; the radial, discoidal, and
sub-discoidal nervures nearly reaching the apical margin. Legs
long and slender, with the posterior tarsi elongate. dbdomen
subcordate, petiolate ; the two first joints inversely clavate and
forming the petiole ; the terminal or seventh joint minute, and
provided with two projecting valves.

M. Brunnea. (Plate V. fig. 2.)

Shining chesnut brown, hairy ; eyes black ; posterior margins
of the five terminal segments of the abdomen dark brown ; wings
lightly tinged with brown, the nervures and stigma the same co-
lour as the body ; femora and tibia somewhat darker.

Length -° inch, width ;8, inch,

58 Descriptions of two Hymenopterous Insects.

From the collection of Mrs. T. Prinsep.

[Fig. 2a, head seen from above; 2b, antenna; 2c, fore wing; 2d, hind wing ;
2e, apex of abdomen. ]

The second insect is a new species of the Fabrician Genus
Proneus, the description of which is as follows.

Proneus Campbell. (Plate V. fig. 1.)

Light reddish brown; shining eyes; ocelli and apical joints
of the palpi dark brown; tips of the mandibles black; wings of
a light burnt-sienna colour, with a broad dark band on the apical
margins, reaching nearly to the internal angle in the under wings
and gradually running to a point; nervures of the same red-
brown as the body; abdomen dark chalybeous purple, very po-
lished, the pedicel red-brown.

In the collection of Mrs. T. Prinsep, and in my own.

Length 1-2, inch, width 1-8, inch.

I have named this magnificent species after Lieut. Campbell an
active Indian Entomologist.

[Fig. 1a, head seen from the front; 16, antenna; 1c, apex of fore wing; 1d,
foot.]

Descriptions of four new Dipterous Insects. 59

VII. Descriptions of four new Dipterous Insects from Cen-
tral and Northern India. By W. W.Saunvers, Esq.,
Bela. 9.ccC.

[Read 2 December, 1839.]
Family TABANID.

New Genus. GAsTRoxIDEs.

Head transverse, with three ocelli placed in an equilateral tri-
angle on the vertex ; proboscis straight, inclined downwards, about
as long as the head. Antenne rather longer than the head, three-
jointed —first joint cylindrical, twice as long as the second, which
is longer than broad—third joint a little longer than the two
first, with four distinct rings dividing the joint into five divi-
sions, the first of which is as long as the four following, and pro-
duced at the base on the superior part into an acute spine point-
ing forwards—the four last divisions equal in length. Thorax
oval, rather broader than the head. dbdomen seven-jointed, ovato-
conical, terminating in an acute point. Legs long and slender.

Gastroxides ater, mihi. (Plate V. fig. 4.)

Coal black, hairy ; the wings of a black-brown, with a yellow-
ish irregularly oval spot crossing the middle of the disk, and a
smaller spot of the same nature towards the ape Expansion
one inch, length 3 inch.

From centr fal dia In my own collection.

Obs.—This genus approaches nearest to Tabanus, but differs
in having geels a in the antennz, and in the shape of the abdomen.
Its approach to other genera of the family Tabanide is also evi-
dent, but it differs from all the genera that I am acquainted with,
and therefere I have made it the type of a new sub-genus under
the name of Gastroxides, in allusion to the shape of the abdomen,
which is unusual in the family to which the insect belongs.

[Fig. 4a, head sideways ; 4b, antenna; 4c, wing. ]

Family ANTHRACIDA.
Anthrax ruficollis, mihi. (Plate V. fig. 5.)

Dull black, hairy, with a rufous margin of hairs on the anterior
part of the thorax, and two large round pure white spots, one on
either side of the third joint of the abdomen; wings hyaline, with
the base black, and a broad black band running nearly across the
middle of the disk, which on the anterior margin is produced into

60 Mr. W. W. Saunders’s Descriptions

a point towards the apex, and joins posteriorly with the black
colouring of the base, the intervening part of the costa being also
black.

Expansion 1-9, inch, length +, inch.

From central India. In my own cabinet and that of the Rev.
F. W. Hope.

I am indebted to my friend J. Prinsep, Esq., Secretary to the
Asiatic Society, for this beautiful Anthrax, as well as for the
Gastroxides just described.

Obs.—This may be the Anthrax collaris of Wiedemann (Ex.
Dip. vol. 1, page 271), but he gives that species as much smaller
and as probably coming from the Cape. He describes the wings
as ‘“alis nigris, guttula, excisura, apiceque limpidis,” which I
cannot reconcile with the wings before described, and therefore I
have made a new species of it.

Family SYRPHIDE.

CerIA EUMENIOIDES, mihi. (Plate V. fig. 6.)

Head transverse, as broad as the thorax, yellow, with the eyes
black, and the antenne and ocelli of a light reddish-brown.
Thorax reddish-brown, with a yellow spot on either side on the
anterior margin above, a yellow transverse line just before the
insertion of the wings, terminated by yellow spots, below which,
down the sides, is a broad vertical yellow band. Scutellum black,
broadly margined with yellow. Abdomen petiolated, somewhat
broader than the thorax, the petiole of a single joint ; first joint
very attenuated in the middle and enlarged at both ends, as long
as the head and thorax, reddish-brown, margined behind and be-
fore with yellow ; second joint rich dark-brown, broadly mar-
gined with yellow; third joint dusky brown, black at the base and
with a yellow margin, which enlarges along the sides, and forms
two large oval spots—apical joint yellowish brown.

Expansion one 1 -3, inch, length -8, inch.

From northern India. In a collection sent to this country by
Lieut. J. Campbell of the Bengal Artillery, and now in my cus-
tody.

[Fig. 6a, antenne ; 6b, wing; 6c. leg; 6d, extremity of tarsus.]

Family MUSCID.

New Genus. Dasynerura.

Head transversely ovate, nearly as broad as the thorax, with
three ocelli placed in a broadly based triangle on the vertex, and

of four new Dipterous Insects. 61

three shallow cavities on the interior margin of the eyes, from
which arise single bristles. Antenne placed in front, approximat-
ing at the base, three-jointed, the two first joints inversely conical,
short, the third long, declining, ovato-conical, with a plain seta
arising from the base, which is rather longer than the joint.
Thorax broadly ovate, obtuse in front, with the scutellum consi-
derably produced. Abdomen subrotund, about the length of and
a little broader than the thorax. Legs moderate. Wings, with
the anal nervure very much incrassated.

[Fig. 3a, head in front; 36, antenna; 3c. foot; 3d, wing.]

Dasyneura zonaTa, mihi. (Plate V. fig. 3.)

Reddish-brown. Head yellowish-brown, with the eyes darker,
and having four long upright bristles on the hinder margin.
Thorax bristly, with a spot on either side in front, two longitudi-
nal streaks on the upper surface, a vertical band down each side
just before the insertion of the wings; the scutedlum, and another
vertical streak just below the scutellum, yellow. dbdomen with
the first segment margined with yellow, and the base of the se-
cond dark brown; the fourth segment lighter, with a dark line
down the centre of the upper surface, and a dark spot on each
side.

From central India. Expansion 3 inch, length } inch.

For this insect I am again indebted to my friend J. Prinsep,
Esq.

Obs.—This interesting little insect does not enter into any of
the present established genera of Tephritides, as far as I am ac-
quainted, and I have therefore formed it into a new sub-genus
under the name of Dasyneura, in allusion to the thick nerve at
the base of the wings, a character which will at once distinguish
it. This thick nerve seems to be the result of the soldering to-
gether, as it were, of two nerves, which in several genera of
Tephritides closely approach each other, but here they are so
close to each other as to form one thick broad nervure.

62 The Rev. F. W. Hope’s Description

VIII. Description of some new Lamellicorn Coleoptera
from Northern India. By the Rey, F.W. Horg, F.R.S.

&c.
[Read 1 July, 1839.]

Evcirrvus, Dupont.
Eucerrus Griffithu, Hope.

Obscuré testaceus, thorace cinereo, elytris fere glabris; sub
lente forte sparsim punctulatis. Corpus pedesque albo-squa-
mosa.

Caput fuscum, postice auratis capillis obsitum; clypeo subre-
flexo, subemarginato. Thorax obscurus, cinereo-squamosus,
lateribus ovatis. Elytra obscuré testacea, sub Jente sparsim
punctulata, albis capillis e medio punctorum surgentibus.
Nodus albidus pilorum, fere apicalis, in singulo positus.
Anus fere trigonus cinereo-squamosus. Corpus infra fuscum,
pedibus concoloribus, albo-squamosis.

Long. lin. 24, lat. lin. 12.
Habitat in Assam.

This is the largest Melolonthideous insect which has fallen under
my notice, being two inches in length. The type of the genus is
Eucirrus Melli, the characters of which will be found detailed in
Guérin’s Magasin de Zoologie, published in 1832.

It must be remarked that the third joint of the palpi is not so
long as in the typical species. Instead of forming a sub-genus,
I retain Guérin’s original name, as it cannot be ranged with Mr.
Kirby’s genera Lepidiota or Holotrichia, both of them covered
with granulated scales. In the form and smoothness of its elytra,
and in the prominent tubercle of white hair placed near the apex
of the elytra, the above insect agrees with Lepidiota. I have
named it in honour of Mr. Griffith, an indefatigable Botanist, who
captured it with other specimens in the Assamese territories. It
is, I believe, only the second species of Eucirrus yet described ;
a third, if I am not mistaken, is in the Vigorsian collection, now
in the possession of the Zoological Society.

Ruomporuina, Hope.
Rhomb? Cantori, Hope.

Affinis Rhomb. Hardwicki, Hope, at latior.
Nigra, clypeo cornuto, femoribus tibiisque miniatis, anticis uni-

of some new Lamellicorn Coleoptera. 63

dentatis. Totum corpus supra atro-violaceum, subtus nigrum.
Clypeus antice excavatus, postice cornutus, cornu elongato ;
posteriori parte capitis protenso, antice abrupte truncato.
Thorax elytris latior, sub lente subtilissimé punctatus. Elytra
glabra, nitida, vix striato-punctata. Corpus infra nigrum,
femoribus et tibiis miniatis, tarsis geniculisque nigris.

Long. lin. 13, lat. lin. 7.

This insect I lately received from my friend Dr. Cantor. It
was taken in the territories of Assam. It approaches in its cha-
racters 7'rig. Hardmicku. ‘The clypeus has only one horn. It is
considerably broader, and probably might by some be thought to

~ be a female of the above species. It is, however, quite distinct.
Many specimens are in the collection made by Mr. Griffiths.

Rh, Hyacinthina, Hope.

Corpus supra nigrum, clypeo purpurascenti; infra atrum; pec-
tore, femoribus et tibiis violaceis seu hyacinthinis, tarsisque
atro-piceis.

Clypeus violaceus, antennis piceis, lamellis externis pallidioribus.
Thorax sparsim punctatus. Scutellum fere glabrum. Ely-
tra crebrissimé punctulata. Corpus infra nigrum, nitidum ;
femoribus et tibiis hyacinthinis, punctatis et pilosis.

Long. lin. 13, lat. lin. 63.

It inhabits Assam. It is difficult to describe accurately the
colour of the above insect, which is a blue, evidently inclining to
a purple or violet. I have consequently called it Hyacinthina.

The spines on the posterior tibiz are unusually small, when
compared with other species belonging to this genus.

Rh. distincta, Hope.

Affinis R. Mell, at minor. Corpus supra viride, subtus con-
color, segmentis abdominis postice nigricantibus, femoribus
et tibiis lete viridibus tarsisque nigris. Caput viride, oculis
nigris. Thorax sparsim et subtilissimé punctulatus. Scu-
tellum glabrum, impunctatum. Elytra crebrissime punctu-
lata. Corpus infra viride, nitidum, pectore opalino colore
tincto. Femora cum tibiis late virescentia tarsisque atris,

Long. lin. 14, lat. lin. 63.

Habitat in Assam.

The above insect is closely allied to AR. Mell in size, form,

64 The Rev. F. W. Hope’s Description

sculpture, and in colour. It differs considerably from it however,
and appears to have been unknown to the continental authors.

Rhomborhina Japonica, Siebold.

Opalino-viridis, pedibus obscure virescentibus. 'Totum corpus
supra opalino colore tinctum, subtus concolor. Clypeus
quadratus, subreflexus, antennis palpisque piceis, maxillis
apice fulvo-penicillatis. Thorax punctulatus. Scutellum gla-
brum, nitidum. LElytra crebrissimé punctulata. Pectus
infra flavo colore tinctum, quatuor segmentis basi abdominis
obscuré violaceis, penultimo aurato et ultimo virescenti.
Pedes supra nigro-virides, infra femoribus_ pallidioribus
tarsisque piceis.

Long. lin. 13, lat. lin. 6.

This beautiful opaline insect was sent to me by Professor De
Haan, of Leyden. It was obtained from Japan by the celebrated
Siebold, and is here described, as it appears to have been un-
known to the monographers of the Cetoniade.

CoryrHeE, Gory.
Cor. jucunda, Hope.

Affinis Cetonie lete, Fab., at major. Viridis, nitida, thorace
punctato; elytris punctis nigris striatis. Clypeus antice sub-
cornutus, viridis, sparsim punctatus; oculis nigris antennisque
piceis. ‘Totum corpus supra et infra viride, nigro puncta-
to-striatum, segmentis abdominis antice violaceis. Femora
cum tibiis fere rectis, externe unidentatis, interne fasci-
culatis. ‘Tarsi nigri et picei.

Long. lin. 12, lat. lin. 53.

This species inhabits Assam. It is allied to Cetona leta of
Fabricius, but is evidently distinct. No author seems to have
remarked the peculiarity of C. leta having curved femora and
tibize, especially in the males. In many other points, in sculp-
ture, &c., C. jucunda differs from the Fabrician species.

Cor. amena, Hope.

Flavescens, thorace viridi, punctato; elytris flavis, punctis nigris
striatis; tibiis czeruleis tarsisque nigro piceis. Clypeus subre-
flexus, emarginatus, cornu medio apice acuto. Thorax viridis,
sparsim punctatus. Elytra flava, striato-punctata, punctis

of some new Lamellicorn Coleoptera. 65

obscuré brunneis. Corpus infra viride, numerosis punctis
atris notatum; femoribus et tibiis ceeruleis tarsisque nigri-
cantibus.

Long. lin. 8, lat. lin. 33.

Habitat in Assam.

Described from Mr. R. Horsman Solly’s collection.

Campsiura, Hope.
Campsiura nigripennis, Hope.

Nigra, clypeo et marginibus thoracis flavis, pectore utrinque
flavo-maculato, abdomine pedibusque nigris.

Clypeus flavus, angulis lateralibus postice nigris, puncto atro
utrinque conspicuo.

Thorax sparsim subtilissime punctatus, flavus, macula magna
media binisque aliis utrinque ad margines impositis.

Elytra nigra, nitida, substriato-punctata, apicibus vermiculatis.
Anus fere transverse ovalis, niger, linea longitudinali elevata
binisque tuberculis notatus.

Corpus infra nigrum, pectore flava macula utrinque posita
Pedes atri.

Captured in the territories of Assam by Mr. Griffiths. Messrs
Perchéron and Gory, in their monograph of Cetoniade, have
classed the typical species of this genus (which was named by me
C. xanthorhina) under the genus Macroma of Mr. Kirby, not
aware that Macroma is a division of Schizorhina. They have
also changed the specific name which I originally gave the latter
insect, in describing General Hardwick’s insects. The genus was
named by me Campsiura, from the Greek.

The drawing of the typical species, which they call C. bi-
color, in the above quoted monograph, is wretchedly bad, and
does not give an idea of the insect. The description is meagre,
and cannot convey to the Entomologist any thing like its real
form. Campsiura scutellata, VYab., and confusa, Hope, both of
them belonging to Africa, are represented in the East Indies, by
C. Xanthorhina and Nigripennis. It is probable that Macroma
Javanica, G. and P. may belong to the same genus.

Mimeta, Kirby.
Mimela Princeps, Hope.

Tota supra viridis, aurata, nitida, lateribus thoracis foveis notatis,
femoribus et tibiis luteo-brunneis tarsisque bronzeis.
VOL, Il, E

66

The Rev. F. W. Hope’s Description

Caput clypeo viride pallidiore colore.
Thorax sparsim punctatus, lateribus utrinque puncto fere medio,

fossula obliqua impressis.

Elytra nitida, punctato-striata, punctis inter strias sparsim punc-

tulata. Pygidium glabrumn, nitidum, fossula utrinque fortiter
impressum.

Corpus infra nigro-viride, femoribus et tibiis luteo-brunneis

tarsisque cupreo-eeneis.

Long. lin. 10, lat. lin. 6.

It inhabits Siam, and is in the collection of Mr. Horsman
Solly.

Mimela decipiens, Hope.

Totum corpus supra opalino-viride; subtus smaragdinum,

nitidum, pedibus concoloribus. Clypeus integer, capite sub-
tilissime punctulato. Thorax fovea utrinque impressus,
marginibus lateralibus elevatis. Elytra viridia, fulvo-trans-
lucentia, lateribus undique elevatis.

Long. lin. 104, lat. lin. 5.

Inhabits Assam. Sent to me by Lady Jones, with other insects
from that country.

Mimela Pyroscelis, Hope.

Affinis M. splendenti, Hope, at minor; nitida, femoribus et

tibiis igne micantibus, antennis piceis tarsisque nigricantibus.
Caput sparsim punctatum. Thorax nitidus, glaber, sub
lente subtilissimé punctulatus. Elytra viridia, inaurata,
subrugoso-punctata, sulcis versus apicem fortiter impressis.
Corpus infra nigro-azneum, segmentis abdominis testaceo
colore variegatis. Femora cum tibiis roseo colore nitida,
tarsisque cum unguiculis nigro-piceis.

Long. lin. 63, lat. lin. 34,

Habitat in agro Assamense.

This elegant species was given to me by Dr. Cantor, who ob-
tained it from Assam. As Ihave previously written a monograph
on Mimela, and have already described two other species from
the same locality, I take the opportunity of introducing another
nondescript.

of some new Lamellicorn Coleoptera. 67

Mimela glabra, Hope.

Glabra, supra viridis obscura, subtus eneo-viridis aurata et
nitida, pedibus virescentibus. Caput cum antennis viride,
capitulo nigricanti. Thorax utrinque binis punctis im-
pressis. Scutellum subauratum. Elytra viridia; pygidium
zeneo-viride, nitidum, pectus auratum punctatum griseisque
capillis obsitum. Segmenta abdominis purpurascentia, trans-
versa serie punctorum impressa. Pedes cum tarsis vires-
centes, femoribus et tibiis fortiter punctatis.

Long. lin. 7, lat. lin. 33.

This insect, at first sight, might be considered as a small speci-
men of Euchlora bicolor. On examination it turns out to be a
Mimela. It is the only species of my acquaintance that is without
the punctures, so remarkable in the genera Mimela and Euchlora.
It was given to me by Dr. Cantor, who obtained it from the
territory of Assam.

IX. Notes on a Species of Stylops. By G. H. K.
Tuwairtes, Esq.

[Referred to in the Journal of Proceedings, 4 June, 1838.]

On the 3rd of May, 1838, one of my brothers brought me two
specimens of Andrena convexiuscula, from both of which I ob-
tained a Stylops, which circumstance induced me to make imme-
diate search for more of these bees, and I succeeded in capturing
several, almost all either containing the larva of Stylops, or
showing evident signs of a Stylops having escaped from them,
but none with the perfect insect. However, on May Cth, I had
the good fortune to capture a Stylops flying; and on the Tues-
day following saw at least twenty flying about in a garden at
Kingsdown, near Bristol, but so high from the ground that I
could capture only about half a dozen. Since that time they
have become gradually more scarce, and to-day (May 12th) I have
not been able to see one.

The little animals are exceedingly graceful in their flight,
taking long sweeps, as if carried along by a gentle breeze, and

68 Notes on a Species of Stylops.

occasionally (which, however, I have only observed in the first
I caught) hovering at a few inches distant from the ground.*
When captured they are exceedingly active, running up and
down the sides of the bottle in which they are confined, moving
their wings and antenne very rapidly. Their term of life seems
to be very short, none of those I have captured living above five
hours; and one I extracted from a bee in the afternoon, was
dead the next morning.

All the stylopized bees, both ¢ and @, I have taken, have
manifested it by having underneath the fourth (invariably) upper
seoment of the abdomen a protuberance, which is scale-like,
when the Stylops is in the larva state, but which is much larger
and more rounded when the Stylops is ready to emerge. A bee
gives nourishment generally to but one Stylops ; but I have occa-
sionally found two, and once three! larvee in one bee.

* Their expanse of wing and mode of flight give them a very different appear-
ance to any other insect on the wing.

New Species of exotic Coleopterous Insects. 69

X. Descriptions of some new Species of exotic Coleopterous
Insects. By J. O. Westwoop, F. L.S., Sc.

{Read 5 June, 1837. ]

Section HETEROMERA.
Genus. Birrusa, Westw. (Bdéreca, aspiciens.) Plate IIT. fig. 3.

Genus singulare. Cistelides cum Conopalpo, &c. conjungere
videtur.

Corpus oblongum, postice attenuatum, rigidum.

Caput (fig. 3a) mediocre, postice in collum contractum. Oculi
maximi, capitis partem majorem occupantes, supra fere con-
nexi, et anticé convergentes. Labrum (fig. 3 b) transverso-
quadratum, angulis anticis rotundatis, et in medio subemar-
ginato; margine subsetoso. Mazille (fig. 3c) lobis duobus,
externo majori quasi articulato, apice rotundato piloso,
interno tenui apice setoso. Palpi maxillares 4-articulati, arti-
culis Imo et 3tio brevibus, 2do longiori ad apicem paullo
crassiori, 4to maximo transverso securiformi. Mentum
(fig. 3d) parvum urniforme, angulis lateralibus acutis. Labium
menti fere magnitudine, lateribus rotundatis et ciliatis. Palpi
labiales breves 3-articulati, articulo ultimo magno securiformi.
Antenne graciles filiformes, sub latera producta capitis, prope
oculos, inserte ; articulo Imo brevi, 2do minutissimo, 3tio
reliquis parum longiori.

Thorax transversus, capite fere duplo latior, lateribus irregulariter
rotundatis, margine postico in medio rotundato producto,
dorso subdepresso. Scutellum parvum. Llytra oblonga,
postice attenuata, basi thorace paullo latiora, costata. Pedes
robusti, femoribus crassis, tibize longiores, tarsi 4 antici 5-arti-
culati, articulis intermediis subtus membranaceo-productis,
integris. Ungues basi subtus dilatati, dentibus 4 vel 5 armati
(fig. 3e).

This singular genus serves to connect in a very interesting
manner some of the tribes of which Latreille has composed his
division of the Heteromerous Coleoptera named Stenelytra. It
agrees with some of the Cistelid@ in the serrated structure of the
ungues, whilst the singular form of the palpi serves to show a
much nearer relation with Conopalpus, Nothus, §c. It appears
nearly allied to Allecula, and especially to Lobopoda of Solier.
(Ann. Soc. Ent. d. France, 1835, p. 233.)

VOL. Ul. G

70 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description of

Sp. 1. Blepusa costata, Westw.

Nigra, nitida, thoracis margine postico punctato, elytris striato-
punctatis et costatis, tarsis pices.

Long. corp. lin. 6.

Habitat in Mexico? D. Cuming.

In Mus. Dom. Norris, M. E. 8S.

Caput nigrum, leve, nitidum, oculis pallidis lutescentibus ;
palpis, labro et antennarum articulorum apicibus piceis.
Thorax levis, nitidus, subconvexus, lined impressa longi-
tudinali, lateribus margineque postico tenue marginatis, hoc
foveis duobus intra angulos posticos margineque ipso punc-
tato. Pedes nigri, tibiarum apicibus tarsisque piceis. Elytra
nigra, nitida, in singulo striae 9 punctorum impressorum, cos-
tisque elevatis tribus (sc. inter strias 2 et 3, 4 et 5 et 6 et 7,
e sutura); strid altera abbreviatd versus scutellum.

This interesting insect is from the rich collection of T. Norris,
Esq., of Redvales, Lancashire, to whom I am indebted for an
opportunity of examining and describing it. He obtained it from
Mr. Cuming, but is not aware of its precise locality. It is, how-
ever, most probably from Mexico, or some adjacent part of South
America, from which other allied species described by M. Solier
have been received.

Section TetramMeERA, Latreille.
Sub-Section Lonaicornes, Latreille.

Genus. Ruipipocerus, Wesiw. (‘Puric, flabellum, et xepac, cornu.)
Plate IIT. fig. 2.

Genus singulare, inter genera Phenicocerum et Polyozam,* quasi
intermedium.

Corpus oblongum, depressum.

Caput (fig. 2a, e latere, 2, subtus visum) thorace minus, facie
depressa. Mandibule (fig. 2d, 2e) parve, cornee, subtri-
angulares, interdum dente minuto ante medium armate,
denteque altero laterali. Labrum (fig. 2¢) parvum, trans-
verso-triangulare, ciliatum. Maxille (fig. 2) parve, mem-
branacez ; lobo interno fere obliterato, lobo externo elongato,
curvato, ad apicem longe setoso. Palpi maxillares brevissimi,
4-articulati, articulis 1 et 3, 2 et 4 aqualibus. Mentum (fig. 2 ¢)
parvum, transversum, antice angustatum, truncatum. Labium

* Phenicocerus Dejeanii, Latr=Psygmatocerus Wagleri, Perty ; but the insect

figured in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, under the former name, is the Polyoza La-
cordairei, Serville.

some new Species of exotic Coleopterous Insects. 71

membranaceum, emarginatum, ciliatum. Palpi labiales bre-
vissimi, 3-articulati, articulo basali minuto. Antenne in
utroque sexu corporis longitudine, 11-articulate, articulo
basali reliquis crassiori, 2ndo minuto, 8 proximis in mare,
postice longé flabellatis, striatis, ultimo longo, flabellum ter-
minante; in foemina vero simplicibus, 8vo, 9no, et 10mo,
antice paullo productis, (fig. 2, caput et pronotum 9.)

Thorax transversus spina laterali utrinque armatus. Elytra sub-
depressa, sericeo-punctata, apicibus integris. Pedes mediocres,
simplices.

This genus is not only interesting on account of the beautiful
structure of the antennze of the males, of which the genera Psyg-
matocerus and Pheenicocerus, alone* in the vast tribes of the Lin-
nean Cerambyces, offer any analogous instance, but also from the
geographical situation which it occupies, being an inhabitant of
New Holland, whereas the two genera above mentioned are from
Brazil. In the structure of the mouth it approaches nearest to
Anacolus, In some respects, however, it seems allied to Lamia,
whilst the peculiar appearance of the very minutely punctured
elytra most nearly resemble some of the Cerambyces and Stenocori.

Sp. 1. Rhipidocerus Australasia, Westw.

Obscuré viridis punctatissimus, luteo-subsericeus, antennis mascu-
linis brunneis, foemininis fulvis apicibus articulorum nigris,
pedibus brunneo-fulvis, femorum apicibus obscurioribus.

Long. corp. 6 lin. 8; g lin. 15.

Habitat. in Australasia.

In Mus. Soc. Linn., Lond., et P. Walker, Eq. [nunc Hope. ]

* Mr. Newman has recently described another Jongicorn genus with flabellate
antenne, also from New Holland, under the name of Petalodes laminosus.—
Entomologist, p. 9. Still more recently (June, 1842) I have seen in the col-
lection of M. Reich, at Paris, another flabellated species from New Holland,
which may be thus concisely characterized :—

Piesarthrius? Hope, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 55.

P. Reichii, Westw. PP. capite et pronoto obscure fuscis, varioloso-punctatis et
fulvo-pilosis ; elytris piceo-rufis, macula magna discoidali communi ante medium,
antice bifida, strigisque duabus posticis luteis ; pronoto subquadrato ; antennis fla-
bellatis, articulis longitudine crescentibus ; elytris apice rotundatis et ad sutura
breviter aculeatis.

Long. corp. lin. 10.
Habitat Sydney, Nov. Holl.
Mus. D. Reich, Parisiis.

G2

72 Mr. W. Sells’ Observations

XJ. Observations on the GEstride. By the late
W. Sexts, Esq.

Part I.—[ Read October, 1837.]

Ir having appeared to me desirable to extend the observations,
and to verify the facts which are detailed in Mr. Bracy Clark’s
valuable Essay on the Bots of Horses and other Animals, which
was published in 1815, I took steps, in the spring of this year,
for procuring larva of the Gasterophili from a horse-slaughterer
and several horse-keepers who live in my neighbourhood ; and as
my applications to them have not been altogether unprofitable, I
beg leave to submit to the notice of the Society these first results
of my pursuit of this interesting department of Entomology.

It being of considerable importance that in all inquiries into
the economy of insects, respecting which our present state of
knowledge is imperfect, we should, as much as possible, give the
precise dates connected with the periods of their transformations,
both as useful facts in themselves, and as guides to those who are
led to take up the same course of observation, I will first give a
copy of the entries in my journal which have reference to this
subject.

May 12, 1837.—Received a specimen of a nearly full grown
larva of Gasterophilus hemorrhoidalis, or red-tailed Bot fly ;
it was found in recently dropt dung, was active and lively,
showing no little muscular power by making a considerable
spring from the desk on which it was placed for the purpose
of being drawn while in a living state.

May 16.—Received three dozen of apparently full grown larvee
of Gasterophilus equi; but it is probable they are all dead,
in consequence of their close stowage in the pill-box provided
for their reception (as afterwards proved to be the case):
also one larva of hemorrhoidalis, which had been plucked
from the verge of the anal passage.

June 25.—Received three larvae of hemorrhoidalis which appear
full grown, and will most likely go into pupa; the man who
sent them said there were two more adhering to the horse’s
rectum, which he had tried carefully to pull off, but their
heads were separated in the attempt, the others had dropped
in the dung.

June 27.—Received a larva which I considered at the time to
be one of G. equi, but it turned out afterwards to be G. vete-
rinus, and a female.

on the Qtstride. 73

June 29.—Received two larvee of hemorrhoidalis and one of
equi: after this date I did not obtain any further contribu-
tions of larve which had traversed the intestines of the
horse. The whole of them were placed in some damp mould
in a garden pot, which was tied over with gauze, and on
August 3rd two females of hemorrhoidalis came out of pupe,
and also a beautiful female of G. veterinus.

August 13.—Two male flies of hemorrhoidalis appeared.

August 14.—One more specimen of hemorrhoidalis came out,
being a very fine male, and the valvular openings of its pupa
case are not detached, as generally happens with one or both
of them.

As the number of larvee which completed their transformations
corresponds with that of those which were received upon, and
after, the 25th of June, and which were all, except two, of G.
hemorrhoidalis, 1 conclude that those brought on May 12th and
16th, and which were nearly all presumed to be G. equi, might,
in addition to injury from pressure, have passed prematurely from
the stomach of the horse, owing to some accidentally disturbing
cause ; therefore, the time of these creatures quitting their seat of
nurture is about the last week of June, and as they appeared in
the fly state from the 3rd to the 14th August, the intervening
period was about seven weeks.

The following entry appears in my journal under date of
June 1:—“ Received from Mr. H. two pieces of the stomach of
an old horse, which he killed to-day by order of the owner, as,
notwithstanding it had been turned out at pasture for some time,
it was unable to perform any work.” One of the portions, which
is entirely of the villous structure of the stomach, contains a
cluster of forty-eight larvae of Gast. hemorrhoidalis, and the other
portion, which is half cuticular and the remainder villous, has six
larvee attached to the former and twenty-four upon the latter sur-
face, in all thirty, of the larger kind of Gast. equc; the whole are
nearly full grown and all alive, upon detaching one of them it
speedily refixed itself.* The villous portions of the stomach to
which the bots fixed themselves are much altered in organization,
being generally thickened, somewhat inflamed, and discoloured in
patches with blood, several spots are ulcerated, forming cavities

* In order to keep the parts sweet, and cleanse them from some particles of
vegetable matter and a gocd deal of mucous, they were, in the first instance, and
that immediately, put into strong salt and water for a day or two, when it was
found that even this pickling had induced but very few of them to relinquish their
hold.

74 Mr. W. Sells’ Observations

dipping into the muscular tissue, with raised callous edges, con-
taining a kind of lardaceous matter; at most of the points where
the insect has imbedded its head and part of its body, a circular
warty enlargement appears, and upon squeezing the surrounding
hardened portion where a larva is deeply lodged, some of the
thick white substance alluded to was forced out, but without
compelling the bot to quit its hold: on the other hand, the cuti-
cular portion which had been attacked exhibits but slight com-
parative injury. The preceding observations, in connexion with
the physiological views which could hardly fail to present them-
selves, have led me to a conclusion quite at variance with the
opinions of Mr. B. Clark as to the mode in which the bot is
nourished, but which it may not unfairly be presumed has been
long since modified by that gentleman’s further consideration and
enlarged experience.

The horse’s stomach is a large macerating bag for the vast
quantities of vegetable food of which it is the recipient, and where
its digestion is but partially accomplished, that process being com-
pleted in the expanded head of the colon. Now Mr. Clark’s idea
of the bots feeding either upon the gross vegetable substances, or
the watery juices obtained from them in union with the secretions
of the stomach, (and which, when in a state to be allowed to pass
out of it by the pylorus, is called chyme,) is, to my mind, entirely
erroneous. The bot, when once fixed by the peculiar cross-locking
of its tentacles, rarely quits its hold until full grown and ready to
pass into pupa, and no doubt is mainly supported by sucking
fluids from the vascular structure of the horse’s stomach, and im-
bibing matters secreted in consequence of the wound it inflicts
upon the coats of that organ, and where, as a foreign body, it
proves a constant irritant; this will account for the common
failure of attempts made for the removal of bots by the adminis-
tration of large doses of opium, tobacco, aloes, calomel, or castor
oil, as these several substances do not in that case become mixed
with the proper food of the insect.

As regards the probable effects of the Gasterophili upon the
health of the animals which they inhabit, the opinion which I
shall venture to advance on this matter will tend to prove that I
have not been able to take quite so favourable a view of the inno-
cence, and, indeed, positive salubrity, of these inmates of the
digestive apparatus of the horse, as we find in Mr. Clark’s Essay ;
where, in addition to many sensible and scientific remarks, the
author gives some interesting illustrations of the importance of
counter-irritants, as the happily provided means of preventing

on the Gistride. 10

some diseases, and of retarding the progress of others ; of the
former, he gives us an example from Linnzas, “ that the gnaw-
ings of lice in the head prevent coughs, wheezings, blindness, &c.,”
and of the latter he instances ‘ the benefit derived from a copious
breeding of worms in children of cachectic habits.’ Mr. Clark
appears to include bots in the above class of remedies, and con-
siders that they are not only not injurious in themselves, but that,
through the stimulus they impart to the stomach in the discharge
of its function, they prove really salutary—as the harmless sub-
stitutes for actual disease. I have no doubt that where bots are
in moderate numbers, and attached to the cuticular coat of the
stomach, they interfere little or nothing with the digestive process,
or in any way affect the health or vigour of the horse, as, after a
certain time, they take their departure, when the self-adjusting
vital powers of the organ will speedily restore to a perfectly sound
state the parts of it to which these parasites had so long been
living appendages. On the other hand, when large quantities of
them are found congregated upon the villous coat, especially if
located near the distal or pyloric opening of the stomach, which
is the most sensible and irritable part of it, and there produce
such effects as have been described in a former part of this paper,
it becomes impossible to consider them otherwise than injurious,
and that they must, under such circumstances, impair materially
the health and condition of the animal whose organ of nutrition
is thus formidably attacked. Mr. H., an old veterinarian, an in-
telligent man and of very extensive experience in the diseases of
horses, assures me that in two instances where he had opened the
bodies of horses which had died from internal causes, he found
the coats of the stomach perforated by bots, so that he could pass
the tip of his little finger through the opening, and through which
a portion of its contents had escaped into the cavity of the abdo-
men. Bots were present in great numbers, and must in these
cases (if his statement be true) have, most undoubtedly, been the
immediate cause of death; at the same time, it must be remem-
bered, that such a fact is not in accordance with the usual pro-
cesses of nature during the progress of disease affecting internal
organs.

76 Mr. W. Sells’ Observations

Part I11.—[Read 1 October, 1838.]

Wiru the return of the proper season this year, I resumed my
attention to the economy of the Gasterophili, and extended my
observations to the proceedings of Gstrus bovis, the only species
of that genus respecting which I was at all likely to be successful,
as all my inquiries concerning Wstrus ovis, among intelligent
butchers, were answered by saying that since the very general
preference of the breed of polled sheep, the maggot formerly
found internally near the origin of the horn had become very un-
common.

The Entomological campaign of the current year, as respects
the insects under consideration, having now nearly terminated, I
beg leave to submit such results of the same, in that department,
as are in my hands, to the notice of the Society.

As regards the Gasterophili, between the middle of May and
the end of July, I received many specimens of Hemorrhoidalis,
which made their appearance in the fly state at corresponding dates
up to the end of August. ‘These larvee were chiefly removed by
the finger of the collectors from the verge of the anus of the
horse, and may thus be easily ob‘ained, while those of G. equi
are far more difficult to procure, as they drop with the dung, and
are frequently picked up by poultry. I received one specimen of
the latter as late as August 8th, which buried itself in the mould
nearly two inches, but not having come out has most likely
perished.

On August 27th a fine specimen of G. salutiferus (var. 3 Clk.)
came forth, but owing to the vessel which contained it being incau-
tiously exposed to a powerful sun before the wings were quite
dry, the insect, being very vigorous and active, damaged them
considerably during my absence from home.

I will now give my observations upon @strus bovis in a con-
densed form, according to the order in which they appear in my
journal.

May 4.—Early in this month I commenced my walks among
the farms in my neighbourhood, and visited several dairy
establishments, and lost no time in selecting the more promis-
ing cases for practising the method recommended by the able
author of the Essay on Bots, for the capture of the full
grown larva. I had the cestral tumours, at various periods,
on several cows, carefully shaved and dressed in the most
approved Clarkyan mode, but, although the operation was
performed “ secundum artem”’ with great care, and the plaster

on the Qistride. rar

was powerfully adhesive, it did not, in any instance, prove
successful; owing, chiefly, to the cows being turned out at
night, when, from some disturbing cause or other, the plastered
leather became gradually detached, and I failed to bag my
game in the little muslin pouch provided for its reception.
Having foreseen that the chances of failure in this way were
very great, and as it was evident that the vulgar mode of
squeezing or popping out the larva through the small opening
in the hide, by which the insect obtains air for respiration,
must prove fatal to it, I determined to enlarge the orifice very
freely by means of a director and probe-pointed bistoury,
and then pressing the sides of the sac firmly and carefully
the safe delivery of the insect was easily effected: by this
plan I have been fortunate enough to obtain, as will appear
in the sequel, seven specimens of the fly. ’

May 11.—The larve removed to-day were most of them of
premature growth, being of a beautiful pearly white, and
others of a very pale tawny colour with darker patches.

May 24.—Several specimens of full growth were removed
during the last fortnight, and I noticed for the first time, the
collapsed state of the swellings from which the insects had
taken their departure.

June 7.—The preceding two weeks have procured me many
specimens, some quite white and others dark tawny.

July 23.—Continued procuring larve up to this day; with the
exception of a few remaining in two or three cows, they have
all quitted their snug warm quarters in the midst of plenty,
to hazard the many casualties of a new state of existence.
The greatest number I noticed in any one animal was about
100; they were in a heifer which had been much turned out ;
I succeeded but in one instance to obtain a specimen, which
had come out spontaneously ; the larve were placed on fine
mould, kept slightly damp, in a garden flower-pot, and
covered with gauze, the perfect insects appeared at the fol-
lowing dates :—

July 10.—A male, the shell from which it came forth contained
a good sized drop of a limpid, brownish, purulent fluid.

July 16.—A very fine male.

July 25.—A female.

August 2.—A female.

August 20.—A female, the larva of which having been put
aside by itself on July 11 proves the intermediate stage to
have been exactly forty days.

78 Mr. W. Sells’ Observations on the Gistride.

August 27.—A fine male.

And same day raised the operculum of another, and found
the imago perfect, and shrouded within a very delicate
thin membranous pellicle, interposed between itself and
the inside of the strong shell which is formed by the desic-
cation and hardening of the thick cutis of the larva.

The resemblance of the front or face of the head of Zstrus
bovis, particularly in the female, to the countenance of the monkey
tribe, is very curious and striking; the short setaceous antenne
proceed from two hemispherical naked shining bodies, whose
lighter colour in the circumference, and darker hue in the middle,
completely simulate a pair of eyes, placed in hollows not unlike
sockets ; immediately below these prominences the face is denuded
of hair, and has the appearance of a monkey’s skin; then there
is a naked ridge which rises in the medial line proportionally
higher than the upper part of the nose in the monkey; all the
lower part of the face is very hairy.

The telescopic structure of the ovipositor in the female was
beautifully distinct, especially in a recent state; it consists of two
highly polished cylindrical joints, of an osseous structure, con-
nected one with the other, and the larger to the apex of the
abdomen by a strong ligamentous tissue: at the aperture of the
tube there protruded a soft papilla, being the termination of the
muscular and membranous apparatus enclosed within the horny
tube, and through which the ova pass securely to the destined
place of deposit, which is doubtless, by the infliction of a wound,
in the skin of the animal.

My specimens confirm the correctness of Dr. Leach’s conjecture
that the insect he took on the heath near Plymouth, and first
named @strus ericetorum, is, as he afterwards believed it to be,
the male of @strus bovis.

Mr. W. Bainbridge on the Bolboceras. 79

XII. On several Species of Bolboceras, Kirby, from New
Hlolland, in the Collection of the Rev. F. W. Hope,
F.R.S., &. By the late Mr. Witt1am BaineripGe,
Assistant Curator to the Entomological Sociely of London.

[Read 3 June, 1839.]

M. le Comte Laporte de Castelnau, in the third volume of the
‘* Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés,” makes mention
of about twenty species of Bolboceras, a genus of lamellicorn
beetles allied to Geotrupes. It is remarkable that only one of
them is described as occurring in New Holland, namely the Bol-
boceras Australasia. Observing in the collection of the Rev.
F. W. Hope several new, large, and singular species, I solicited
his permission to describe them, and now offer them to the En-
tomological Society of London.

Sp. 1. Bolboceras Kirbii, Bainbridge.

Testaceus, thorace nigricante, punctatissimo seu varioloso-punc-
tulato, antice fortiter retuso, capite obtuse carinato ¢.

Long. corp. lin. 103, lat. lin. 6.

Corpus subrotundatum, totum supra testaceum, subtus pubescens.
Caput medio cornutum, apice inciso, antice truncatum, angulis
externis fortiter interne incisis; margine inflexo, Thorax
antice retusus, postice rotundatus et punctulatus. -EFytra
striato-punctata. Corpus subtus concolor, pubescens ; tibize
anticee dentatee, ultimo minuto, serraturis nigris; calearia
tibiarum longissima.

This species was received from Melville Island.

I add to the short Latin description a more detailed one in
English.

Entirely of a castaneous brown, the head and punctulated part
of the thorax and scutellum of a darker colour. Head elongate-
quadrate, in the middle is an elevated carina, with the anterior
angles circularly recurved, and descending to the margin; from
whence arises another keel, ascending higher than the first, with
the apex furcate, the intermediate spaces being closely rugulose-
punctate. Thorax convex, very broad behind, anteriorly trun-
cate, roughly punctate in the middle, and very glossy in front,
with two circular perforations near the anterior margin; in the

80 Mr. W. Bainbridge on

centre is a deep, broad, coarsely punctate channel, with a smooth
shining space on each side, the hinder part smooth and shining,
with a line of punctures along the posterior margin. Elytra
convex, glabrous, punctato-striate, shoulders elevated. Body
beneath paler than above, and beset with tawny hairs.

The female of this species is shorter and more convex than the
male, in other points they are very much alike.

Sp. 2. B. latus, Bainbridge.

Castaneus, thorace punctatissimo, antice retuso, capite externe
denticulato.

Long. lin. 9, lat. lin. 55.

Corpus rotundatum, totum supra castaneum, subtus pubescens.
Clypeus irregulariter truncatus, medio incisus. Caput late-
ribus utrinque denticulatis. Thorax sparsim punctulatus,
antice lined transversa elevata irregulari notata, marginibus
serratis. Elytra striato-punctata. Corpus subtus pubescens,
rufo-testaceum, capitulo antennarum flavo.

This species was received from Captain Roe, of the New Set-
tlement of Swan River in Australia.

Entirely of a castaneous brown colour. Clypeus and head
closely punctured, the latter with an undulated carina, with the
ends produced into short horns ; a luniform impression behind.
Thorax broad, retuse, and very much punciate in the front; with
an undulated carina and two punctate impressions at the posterior
angles: smooth and glossy at the base. Scutellum convex,
smooth. Elytra punctato-striate. Legs and body beneath pale
castaneous, beset with tawny hairs.

This species appears to be a female, the male of which is not
known.

Sp. 3. BL. serricollis, Bainbridge ¢.

Castaneus, capite antice dentato; thorace antice retuso, bicornuto,
nigro.

Long. lin. 83, lat. lin. 5.

Totum corpus supra castaneum, infra piceum. Clypeus lune-
formis, angulis externis antice subcornutis. ‘Thorax antice
retusus, In medio prominentia elevata insignis, lateribus
externis serratis, sparsim punctulatis. Elytra striato-punc-

several Species of Bolboceras. 81

tata. Corpus subtus rubro-piceum, pubescens; femoribus
pallidioribus.

Received from Captain Roe, from the Swan River.

Castaneous brown. Head elongate, quadrate, with two lunu-
lated horns, and a lunate impression behind. Thorax very broad,
punctate in the middle, with an elevated carina having an angular
notch in the centre, and .a very large and deep fovea near each
anterior angle, very glossy at the base. Elytra punctate-striate,
shoulders prominent. Body beneath dark castaneous, beset with
tawny hairs. Anterior tibize with five teeth.

The female of this species is very like the male, but is smaller,
and the thorax more truncate anteriorly, which is generally the
case with the females of this genus. ‘The fovea at the anterior
angles of the thorax, so remarkable in the male, are much less
distinct in this sex.

Sp. 4. B. hastifer, Bainbridge.

Piceus, thorace retuso cornuto, elytris nigricantibus; corpore
subtus flavo et tomentoso.

Long. lin. 8, lat. lin. 44.

Clypeus antice emarginatus, capite in medio cornu suberecto ;
binis dentibus utrinque armatus, postice levis. Thorax
antice retusus, postice carinatus, cornu erecto e medio disci
thoracis surgente, apice incrassato. Elytra striato-punctata,
nigricantia. Corpus infra flavum, tomentosum ; oculis atris
nitidis ; tibiis anticis sex-dentatis, serraturis nigris.

This insect was sent to England by Captain Roe, from the Swan
River in New Holland.

Head and thorax castaneous brown. Clypeus broad emarginate.
Head smooth behind, punctate in front, with a short horn at the
apex, and two elevated tubercles on each side near the eyes.
Thorax broad, sparingly punctate, with an upright horn in
the centre with the apex dilated, and surrounded by a nearly
semicircular carina, behind the horn is a deep fovea; the scutellum
is punctate, the disc smooth. Elytra dark brown, deeply punc-
tate-striate; body beneath and legs pale castaneous, clothed with
coarse hairs, Anterior tibize with six teeth.

Sp. 5. B, 7-tuberculatus, Bainbridge.

Totum corpus supra castaneum, infra testaceum et tomentosum,
capite tuberculato.
Long. lin. 8, lat. lin. 43.

82 Mr. W. Bainbridge on

Clypeus emarginatus, capite 5-tuberculato seu dentibus quinque
armato, dente antico robusto, quatuor aliis fere equalibus,
binis lateralibus minutis. Thorax retusus, in medio fovea
fortiter impressus. Elytra striato-punctata. Corpus infra
flavum et tomentosum ; tibiis anticis 6-dentatis, serraturis
nigris.

This insect is also from the Swan River, New Holland.

Castaneous brown. Clypeus with five elevated tubercles, four
at the base and one at the apex. Thorax punctate, with a nearly
semicircular carina, and a large, deep, smooth fovea in the front,
also with a short tubercle in the centre. Scutellum punctate, de-
pressed and anteriorly rugose. Elytra shining, punctate-striate.

Body beneath, and legs, pale castaneous, and clothed with coarse

hairs. Anterior tibize armed with six teeth.

Sp. 6. B. fissicornis, Bainbridge.

Castaneus, capite quinque-dentato, thorace cornuto medio inciso,
corpore subtus flavescenti tomentoso.

Long. lin. 7, lat. lin. 4.

Clypeus subemarginatus, quinque dentibus armatus, dente antico
majori robusto, apice nigro; binis aliis utrinque minoribus.
Thorax retusus, medio cornutus, apice fortiter inciso, seu
melius dentibus binis armatus. Elytra striato-punctata,
nigricantia, humeris pallidioribus. Corpus infra flavum,
valdé tomentosum, femoribus testaceis; oculisque atris et
nitidis.

From the Swan River Settlement.

Castaneus brown. Clypeus punctate, with a short horn at the
apex, and two tubercles on each side at the base. Head smooth
and glossy. Thorax very short, shining, punctate, with a bifid
horn in front, behind which is a deep fovea surrounded by a semi-
circular carina. Elytra pitchy brown, punctate-striate, with the
scutellum, suture, and basal angles, of a paler colour, Body
beneath pale castaneous, and clothed with yellow hairs. Ante-
terior tibiae with six teeth.

Sp. 7. B. trituberculatus, Bainbridge.

Casianeus, capite quinque-dentato, thorace subretuso trituber-
culato.

Long. lin. 7, lat. lin. 45.
Corpus subtus flavo-tomentosum. Clypeus quadridentatus, medio

several Species of Bolboceras. 83

emarginatus. Caput quinque-denticulatum, dentibus fere
zequalibus. Thorax subretusus, medio ternis tuberculis
armatus, interno minori. Elytra striato-punctata, corpus
infra flavum et valdé tomentosum.

From the Swan River.

Castaneous brown. Clypeus quadridentate. Head punctate
in front, smooth behind, with five nearly equal tubercles. Thorax
very shining, sparingly punctate, with three horns in the centre,
the middle one shortest, the lateral ones recurved, behind there is
an oblique glossy space, encircled with an irregular carina. Scu-
tellum glossy, punctate. Elytra pitchy brown, punctate-striate.
Anterior tibize with five teeth.

Mr. Kirby’s species, B. Australasia, described in the Trans-
actions of the Linnean Society (Vol. XII.), is a female, and from
its pale chesnut colour I should consider it as immature. The
male does not appear to be known.

Note.—M. Guérin Meneville has published the descriptions
of two species of this genus, from Swan River, in the
Magasin de Zoologie. (Insectes du Voyage de la
Favorite, p. 50, 51.)—Sec. E. S.

84 Mr. Adam White’s Description

XIII. Description of some Hemipterous Insects of the Sec-
tion Heteroptera. By Apam Wuire, Esq., M.E.S. As-
sistant in the Zoological Department of the British
Museum.

[Read 3 December, 1838.]
Fam. SCUTELLERIDA, Leach. Scutati p. Burm.

Augocoris olivaceus.

A. nitidissimus, fusco-olivaceus, maculis septem cerulescenti-nigris
thorace antice, scutello macula magna basali, miniaceis.
Hab. in America meridionali (Buenos Ayres).

I am indebted to Edward Newman, Esq. F.L.S. for an oppor-
tunity of describing this fine species, as well as Callidea bifasciata,
noticed below.

The next species I shall describe is the tthe

Tectocoris (Pecilochroma*) Childrenit. White, in Charlesworth’s
Mag. of Nat. Hist. Nov. 1839, p. 542. (Plate VII. fig. 1).

T. luteo-fulvus ; thorace antice maculisque 4, ‘scutello maculis 11,
atris ; subtus nigrescenti-purpureus ; pedibus viridibus.

Long. 84 lin., lat. tho. 54 lin.

Hab. in Nepalid. In Mus. Brit.

Head (including eyes, antennz and beak) black, distinctly mar-
gined, ocelli yellow. Thorax yellowish fulvous, in front black,
the black colour extending in a narrow line along the slightly
raised lateral margin; with four transverse black spots, the two
dorsal ones larger and rather square. Legs green. Scutellum
obtuse, of same colour as thorax, with eleven black spots, three
at the base, the central one triangular and largest, two behind
these, four in the middle (the two inner largest), and two near
the tip. Hemelytra black, somewhat shining. Body beneath
purplish black, sides of abdomen with four transverse yellow
lines, sometimes confluent at the base and forming a yellow patch,
end of abdomen green.

Note.—The scutellum in front of the third range of spots is
depressed, but whether this be constant or accidental cannot be
determined.

* I would suggest the separation of this division from the group containing
cyanipes and Banksii, retaining Hahn’s name, Tectocoris, for the latter, and giving

the name of Pecilochroma to the genus of which Cimea Drur@i was the first
described species.

of some Hemipterous Insects. 85

It is of the same formas 7’. Drurei (L.) Hardnickii, affinis,
&c. of Hope, which differ from 7’. Banksit and cyanipes, in hav-
ing the head shorter and squarer in front, the joints of antennze
are also broader and more compressed ; by H. Scheffer it would
be regarded as a Pachycoris. Named in honour of John George
Children, Esq. F.R.S. &c., late president of this society, to whom
I am indebted for innumerable acts of kindness.

Callidea (Calliphara Germ.) bifasciata.

C. luteo-aurantiaca, antennis, capite, thoracis fascid posticd trans-
versd, scutelli maculd dorsali, fascidque subapicali transversd
tabisque cerulescenti-viridibus.

Long. lin. 7. (?)

Hab. in Insulé Maris Pacifici. Dom. D. Wheeler. In Mus.
Dom. Eduardi Newman.

Callidea (Calliphara) parentum, White, |. c. p. 542.

C. supra ochracea, maculis 12 nigris ; pectore, abdominis maculis
lateralibus, pedibusque nitidis, nigro-violaceis.

Long. lin. 83, lat. thor. lin. 43.

Hab. in Australasid? In Mus. Brit.

Head dark shining violet, with two rather long triangular red
marks in front of the eyes; ocelli reddish (antennz wanting in
the Museum specimen). ‘Thorax unarmed, dark ochraceous,
with two dorsal black spots, having each a small black one in
front and towards the side. Legs deep shining purple. Scutellum
ochraceous, the edges tile red; with eight black spots, five at
base, two behind the middle, and one near the tip. Breast dark
shining violet, posterior margin of prothorax beneath red, abdo-
men red, at the end green, sides with dark shining violet spots.
Of the same elongated form as C. dispar.

Note.—It would perhaps be advisable to change the name of
this genus, which comes too near Callidium, not only in sound,
but in signification. Hahn's name, Chrysocoris, might perhaps

be used.

Callidea examinans. (Scutellera examinans, Burchell MSS.)

C. thorace scutelloque testaceo-purpurascentibus, lined dorsali, ma-
culisque utrinque 6, hoc insuper lined tenui laterali, apiceque
cerulescenti-nigris.

Long. lin. 5—6}.

Hab. in Africa austr. (Dom. Burchell). In Mus. Brit.

VOL. III. H

86 Mr, Adam White’s Description

Of the same form as C. 12-punctata, from which it may be at
once known by the slender black margin of the scutellum.

In some specimens the head is entirely of a blueish black, the
basal joints of antenne testaceous, the beak is black, at base red.
In some specimens the three lateral spots on each side of the
dorsal thoracic line are confluent, and in one small sized specimen
(a g ?) the spots and dorsal line are connected in front. ‘Thorax
beneath cobalt blue, lateral margin (above and beneath) and
middle red. Femora red and ciliated, as are the blueish black
tibiz and tarsi. Body beneath testaceous.

Callidea fascialis.

C. punctatissima (leviuscula) lutea, maculis fascidque scutelli trans-
versd, nigris ; abdominis lateribus subtus coccineo-tinctis ac
viridi-maculatis.

Long. lin. 5.

Hab. in Ind. Orient.? In Mus. Brit.

Head short, in front rather blunt, with a large pinkish violet
spot on the side of the two impressed preocular lines, the space
between these being green. Antenne, first joint, testaceous at
base, green at tip. Beak reaches to base of hind legs, black at
tip, at base yellow. Thorax with seven black spots ; two distant
anterior ones in front connected by a narrow slightly curved
black line ; five posterior ones, the central largest and square, ap-
parently connected together at base by an obscure band, which
has a slight pinkish hue on the posterior blunt angle of the thorax.
Legs yellow, femora at tip blueish green, tibize rufescent ciliated.
Scutellum convex, posteriorly bent down, blunt at apex, with a
semicircular impression at base, deepest on the back; at base
there is a narrow transverse black band, sinuated on the posterior
margin; a little before the middle there is another transverse black
band, broadest in the centre, beyond which are three spots, one
of them subapical. Abdomen beneath yellow, sides tinged with
pink, each segment being marked laterally with a black spot, the
inner sides of which are tinged with green.

Callidea Morgani, White, in Charlesw. Mag. u. s., p. 542.

C. pilosiuscula ; cerulescenti-viridis ; thorace maculis 6, scutello 7,
linedque abbreviatd dorsal, atris ; subtus cerulea, plagd medid
luted,

Long. lin. 9, lat. thor. lin. 4.

Hab. in Afric. trop. (Fantee, Sierra Leone), in Mus. Brit.

of some Hemipterous Insects. 87

Head blueish green, throat yellow, ocelli rufous, having a small
spot in front black, as is the space between the impressed lines
on crown of head. Beak and antenne black. Thorax in front
with a slight transverse groove, blueish green, with six black
spots, the posterior three largest; there is also a small one on
the obtuse posterior angle. Legs blueish green, femora, except
at tips, coxee and trochanters orange. Wings black, hemelytra
shining. Scutellum golden green, with seven black spots, (2, 2, 2, 1,)
and a black dorsal line extending longitudinally from the base to
beyond the second pair of spots. Abdomen beneath blue, with a
large yellow space in middle, sides with two ranges of black
spots, the inner ones largest, penultimate segment beneath green,
with a large three-lobed mark at base. ‘Two specimens of this
species, along with a large and fine collection of Sierra Leone
insects, were presented to the British Museum by the Rev. D. F.
Morgan, to whom this beautiful species is dedicated,

Note on the genus Petroruora.

In 1826, I believe, M. Guérin published, in the Entomological
part of the “ Voyage de la Coquille” (Insectes, Pl. XI. fig. 7), a
figure of one of the Scutelleride, remarkable for its antennee having
an elongated and slightly curved second joint, the third being minute
and punctiform; he named it Scutiphora rubro-maculata. In 1828,
the Rev. Wm. Kirby, in the third volume of his joint-work with
Mr. Spence (p. 516), apparently alludes to this species, when he
refers to a Scutellera from New Holland, in which the second joint
of the antennz “ is nearly as long as all the rest of the joints
taken together ;” from this circumstance he gives it the name of
Sc. pedicellata. M. Laporte, in his ‘“ Essai,” &c., published in the
volume of Guérin’s Magasin de Zoologie for 1832, characterizes
Guérin’s genus Scutiphora (p. 71), adding, that one species only
is known, anative of New Guinea. Dr. Burmeister, in the second
volume of his Handbuch, published in 1835, perhaps not impro-
perly alters Scutiphora to Peltophora, and tells us, that the third
joint of the antennz is one-third or one-twelfth shorter than the
second. He describes two species from New Holland, existing in
the Berlin collection, the last described of which is also found in
New Guinea: the first he characterizes as having the third joint
of the antennz eleven times less than the second—this is the Pelt.
rubromaculata figured by Guérin, as mentioned above ; the second
species is described as having the third joint of the antenne three
times less than the second. ‘This latter species of Burmeister,

H 2

88 Mr. Adam White’s Description

from analogy and examination of many specimens, I believe to
be the female of the other. Dr. Burmeister, on the authority of a
letter, quotes the Scutellera corallifera of Macleay as synonymous
with the rubro-maculata. In the Appendix to King’s Voyage,
vol. 11. p. 466, this species is described ; and if not the same as
the Scutellera dux, Kirby (Linn. Trans. xii. p. 474), and Se.
basalis, G. R. Gray, (Griff. A. K. Ins. ii. p. 233, pl. 92), it is a
very closely allied species. Had Dr. Burmeister ever seen Mr.
Macleay’s description, he would not have been led into this mis-
application of the synonyme.

Cotzoticuus, White, in Mag. Nat. Hist. u.s. p. 541.

Tetyra costata of Fabricius seems to me to have characters
entitling it to the rank of a genus, which might be placed between
Tetyra as restricted by Burmeister (EKurygaster, Laporte) and
Pachychoris, to a species of which it has a considerable degree of
resemblance. If no name has been previously assigned it, I
would suggest that of Coleotichus. Its characters are as follows:

Head somewhat square, in front triangular, eyes prominent.
Beak four-jointed, reaching to base of hind pair of legs, joints
neatly of equal length, the second the most slender, received in a
sternal groove, the walls of which project between first pair of
legs, behind which they gradually diminish in height, increasing
in thickness as they approach the second pair, beyond this they are
very broad, and in front surround the trochanter of hind pair of
legs. (Pl. VIL. fig. 2.) Antenne rather short (situated on underside
of head about midway between eye and beak, the base concealed
from view by the projecting flap of underside of prothorax), five-
jointed, first, third and fifth nearly equal in length, second shortest,
and fourth rather the longest, all the joints cylindrical. Thorax
nearly as long as broad, much rounded posteriorly. Scutellum
as long as abdomen (which it entirely covers), with a slightly
raised dorsal line. Body above depressed, beneath considerably
flattened.

Coleotichus costatus was first described from a specimen in the
Banksian Cabinet, and is still preserved there. Donovan figured
this specimen, but his figure is bad. This species does not seem
to be common in collections, and is apparently unknown on the
continent.* The British Museum collection contains two muti-
lated individuals from New Holland.

* T have just seen Germar’s Monograph of the Scutelleride, published in his
‘« Zeitschrift fiir die Entomologie;” he arranges this insect in the genus Tetyra,
as restricted by some authors, but he has evidently not seen the species, as his

of some Hemipterous Insects. 89

The next species to be described comes near the beautiful Scu-
tellera lineata, by far the most beautiful of all the European
Scutelleride. It may be characterized as follows.

Scutellera (Trigonosoma, Burm.) interrupta,
Gaphosoma interruptum, White, |. c., p. 41.

S. migra, thorace lineis tribus, dorsali solum elongatd, parlisque
posterioris arcubus ochraceis ; scutello lineis tribus margineque
tenui ochraceis, capite acuminato.

Long. lin. 6}.

Hab. in Ins. Teneriffe. In Mus. Brit.

This differs from the Sc. lineata in having a more pointed head,
with a dorsal red line ; and instead of the thorax having, as in that
species, five distinct and continuous longitudinal lines, it has only
three, an elongated dorsal, and two abbreviated yellowish red
ones, reaching from the anterior margin to beyond the middle.
On each side near the posterior angle of thorax is an incurved
elongated spot, the anterior lateral margin slightly, and the pos-
terior more broadly, edged with yellowish red as in lineata. The
scutellum has three red lines, the central one not reaching the
apex, the lateral ones gradually diminish in thickness as they
approach the middle, where they become very obscure, but at
length dilate on the margin, and reach almost to the apex; the
side of scutellum is slightly margined with the same colour. The
upper projecting part of abdomen is black, and not spotted with
red as in lineata; the sides beneath are also very obscurely spotted
with black. Legs yellow, with a black ring in front of the apex
of femora. Note.—The yellowish red colour may in life be as
bright as in the corresponding Sc. lineata and semipunctata.
(Since this paper was read I have described another allied species,
brought from Persia by Sir John Mc Neill, under the name of
S. (G.) Wilsont, Mag. of Nat. Hist., Nov. 1839, p. 540.)

The Rev. Mr. Hope’s Podops spinifera seems to be syno-
nymous with the Telyra spinosa of Fabricius, who described it
twice under different names, in the Supplement to his Ent. Syst.

M. Laporte’s generic name Oxynotus has been pre-occupied by
Mr. Swainson in Ornithology, and must consequently be altered ;
Cyrtocoris might not improperly be applied to it.

description is merely a translation of that of Fabricius. In my opinion it comes
close to the genus Sulenosthedium of Spinola (Essai, &c. p. 360; 1837), with
which Celoglossa of Germar (Zeitsch. Xc. p. 130; 1839) is synonymous. (1840,)

90 Mr. Adam White’s Description

The Plataspis punctatus of Westwood, Canopus punctatus of
Leach, described and figured by Mr. G. R. Gray in Griffith’s
Animal Kingdom, was first described by the late Dr. Leach, in
the Appendix to Bowdich’s Travels. (In “The Entomologist” for
July, 1841, I described a species sent from W. Africa by the
late Mr. Ridley, under the name of P. Bucephalus; from an
oversight of my own, the subgeneric name of CERatocoris was
omitted, which I now apply to it, the type being C. Bucephalus
(Entomologist, p. 136), in the Museum Collection. July, 1842.)

CoripLatus, White.

The next insect described seems to me to belong to a genus
distinct from any yet characterized, though possibly it might be
placed by some authors in Sciocoris, by others in Empicoris, Dini-
dor, or Dryptocephalus. 1 propose for it the generic name above
mentioned.

Head very flat, oblong, in front emarginate, eyes slightly pe-
dunculated, having a spine in front, ocelli distant. Beak long,
second joint longest. Antenne five-jointed, situated on the
underside of head, close to the margin at the base of the spine
joints nearly equal in length, first thickest. Thorax broader than
long, highest behind, on the forepart in the middle rounded for
reception of head, lateral margin with three lobes, the central

thickest and rounded at tip, the other two sharp. Scutellum -

nearly if not as long as abdomen, not covering hemelytra, at base
broad, lateral margins angulato-sinuate, rounded at tip, membra-
naceous part of hemelytra apparently with six somewhat forked
veins. Abdomen serrated, scarcely broader than hemelytra, much
depressed. I only know of one species from South America,
which I call

C’. depressus. (Plate VII. fig. 3.)
C. flavus, mgro-punctatus, antennis pedibusque nigro-variis.
Long. lin. 53.
Hab. in Demerara. In Mus. Brit.

Yellow, with many impressed black dots, in some places grouped
together, giving the insect a greyish appearance. Antenne an-
nulated and spotted with black, legs spotted with black, femora
at base beneath yellow.

Dryptocephalus ? (Cephaloplatus,) Pertyi.
D. punctalissimus, ferrugineo-luteus, capite bilobo, hemelytrorum
parte membranaced, venis maculisque nigris.
1 jal
Long. lin. 54.

Hab. in Brasilia. In Mus. Brit.

of some Hemipterous Insects. 91

This differs from the Dryptocephale Brullec (Storthia livida
Perty), asperula and cydnoides (Storthia) Perty, in having the head
only two-lobed; the eyes are much larger than in D. Brullei. I
have given it the subgeneric name of CEPHALOPLATUS.

A mutilated insect, from the Congo expedition, in some re-
spects coming near the description of the lie lanceolata and
hastata of Fabr, and Megarhynchus acanthurus Hope, has the long
rostrum of Atelocera, but, instead of an oblong second joint to
the antenna, has it cylindrical. I describe it under the name of

Asha? gracilis.
A. punctatissima, pallide virescens, capitis margine, thoracis parte
anticd linedque submarginal abbreviatd nigris.
Long. lin. 7, lat. 24.
Hab. Congo. In Mus. Brit.

Head much acuminated, indistinctly cloven for nearly half its
length, beak pale green, four-jointed, reaching to base of hind
pair of legs, second joint longest, the fourth black, antennz (mu-
tilated). ‘Therax widest behind, in front with two abbreviated
submarginal black lines, and a small smooth space on each side
of them, having a black spot on the inner angle. Scutellum
somewhat pointed, half the length of abdomen. Hemelytra
(membranaceous part) with seven rather straight veins, and indis-
tinct ones between them. Abdomen somewhat serrated on the
margin, gradually narrowing towards the tip, palest beneath in
the middle and on the margin, which has also five black spots.
Legs pale yellow, the tibize slightly ciliated.

Ailia (Megarhynchus, Laporte) c@nosa.

AEl. sordidé brunnea, scutello subtusque pallidioribus, capite fisso,
acuminato, thoracis parte posticd in spinam validam porrecta ;
antennarum apicibus fulvis.

Long. lin. 8-83.

Hab. Gambia. In Mus. Brit.

Head cloven, black. Antenne black, five-jointed, first short,
second, third and fourth nearly equal, fifth rather longer, fulvous
at tip. Thorax in front slightly serrated, punctato-rugose be-
neath, with an interrupted lateral palish line. Scutellum rounded
at end, pale brown, with three longitudinal rows of unequal ele-
vated points. Membranaceous part of hemelytra with black spots
on the sides of the seven rather straight nerves.

This insect is not uncommon in collections from the Gambia,
and may prove a dark coloured variety of Megarhynchus mar-
ginellus, Hope.

92 Mr, Adam White’s Description

Spartocerus ? erythromelas.

S. pilosiusculus, aterrimus, thoracis lunuld, hemelytrorum basi, ma-
culdque medid, miniaceis.

Long. 10 lin., lat. thor. 43 lin., abd. 53.

Hab. Brasilia. In Mus. Brit.

Beak reaches to base of hind legs. Head cloven, black, cheeks
and line over eye red, beak and antenne black, ocelli rather dis-
tant, clear. Thorax black, with a semicircular red line, exteriorly
notched behind, beneath red, with a broad black band in centre,
reaching the sides in front. Scutellum small, black. Hemelytra
black, base of coriaceous part, as well as a spot near the internal
margin, red, Sides of abdomen projecting above, red spotted
with black.

Spartocerus dorsalis.

S. ochraceo-ruber, antennis, thoracis maculd, scutello, hemelytrorum
parte membranaced, pedibusque nigris.

Long. lin, 8-10.

Hab. Mexico. Dom Taylor. In Mus. Brit.

Derepteryx, White, Mag. Nat. Hist. Nov. 1839, p. 542.

The genus Cerbus of Habn, appearing susceptible of division,
one of its sections may be characterized under the above
name, as follows:—Abdomen in both sexes extending beyond
hemelytra, the posterior part of thorax very much dilated, the
dilated portion extending forwards beyond head, first joint of the
antennz longest, second rather longer than third, and the fourth,
which is slightly curved, being rather shorter than third. Beak
reaches beyond base of first pair of legs. Hemelytra with four
principal veins, which are much forked. Tarsi three-jointed, first
joint strong, longer than second and third put together, hairy,
under side densely clothed with short hair.

Cerbus (Derepteryx) Grayii. (Plate VII. fig. 4.)

C. (D.) fuscus, thorace supra verrucoso, marginibus serratis, tibiis
omnibus compressis membranaceis. & femoribus valde incrassatis,
subtus spinosis, tibiis posticis ad apicem interne dente valido
mstructis.

@ femoribus paulo incrassatis, tibiis posticis basi lobo rotundato.

Long. lin. 134, lat. thor. lin. 7.

Hab. in Nepalid. In Mus. Brit. Named after J. E. Gray, Esq.
F.R.S. Keeper of the Zoological Collections of the British
Museum,

of some Hemipterous Insects. 93

Cerbus (Derepteryx) Hardnickii.

C. (D.) thorace serrato, dorso satis levi, transverseque rugoso, tibiis
(in femina saltem) simplicibus.

Long. lin. 12, lat. thor. lin. 62.

Hab. in Nepalia. In Mus. Brit.

This handsome insect is dedicated to the late indefatigable
General Hardwicke, who bequeathed his valuable collection of
Natural History and Drawings to the British Museum.*

In both species there is a compound tooth at the apex of all
the femora.

Cauuiprerss, White, Mag. of Nat. Hist. Nov. 1839, p. 543.

The species here to be described seems to form a distinct
genus among the Capsini, and has some interesting points of ana-
logy with some of the other families. It is of an oblong elliptical
form. Head small, with a distinct neck, in front slightly three-
lobed, Antennze (mutilated) situated on a slightly projecting
lobe’ on the upper side of head, in front of the eyes, which are
very prominent, first joint not so long as head and thorax, ciliated,
cylindrical, rather thickest at tip. There is a depression between
the eyes, which narrows and is continued to the back part of
head, the narrowed part being impressed on the sides, no ocelli.
Beak short, not reaching far beyond first pair of legs, apparently
three-jointed, second joint longer than first and third. Thorax
semicircular, not so broad as hemelytra, somewhat truncated be-
hind, in front emarginate, and margined as are the slightly sinu-
ated distinctly ciliated sides. Scutellum as long as head and
thorax together, pointed. Hemelytra large, reaching beyond ab-
domen, the membranaceous part seven-veined, the two interior
almost united at base, the two exterior united at tip. Legs
slender, hairy. Tarsi three-jointed, first joint as long as second

* In 1814 Dr. Leach described in the Zoological Miscellany, vol. i. tab. 40, a
New Holland species of Coreide, under the name of Mictis crucifera. It seems
to be identical with the Lygeus profanus, Fabr. Syst. Rhyng, 211.33. Anisoscelis
profanus, Guérin, Iconographie, pl. 55, fig.9. Burmeister regards it as synonymous
with the Lygeus sanctus of Fabricius, and places it in his genus Crinocerus, the
name he applies to that division of insects, separated from Lygeus of authors by
Palisot de Beauvois, (and described by him in his ‘ Insectes recueillis,’ &c. p.204,)
under the name of Acanthocerus. Mr. Macleay subsequently applied the name
to a genus of Trogide (Hore Ent. i. p. 136), so that the name of the latter
must be altered, and if no other has been given it, | would propose that of Cera-
TOCANTHUS, the type being the North American C, eneus (Macl. 1. c. p. 137.)

94 Mr. Adam White’s Description.

and third together, claws furnished with pads. Abdomen flat
above, slightly convex below, margined.

For this I propose the name Calliprepes. The species comes
from Nepaul, and is named after George Robert Gray, Esq.

C. Grayii.

C. virescenti-luteus ; thorace maculis 2 dorsalibus deltoideis rubris,
scutello maculis 2 basalibus rubris ; hemelytrorum parte mem-
branaced lined basali obscurd, coriaced, apice lined viridi
transversd.

Long. lin. 7, lat. thor. 23.

Hab. in Nepaliaé. Mus. Brit.

I may perhaps add, that the beautiful genus Eucerocoris of Mr.
Westwood, the locality of which at its publication was unknown
to its author, (Ent. Trans. ii. p. 22,) comes from Sierra Leone,
and that a second species exists in the Museum collection, which
appears to be distinct from the mgriceps. Should it prove a
distinct species, I propose for it the name of

Eucerocoris Westwoodii.

E. flavido-testaceus, capite, thoracis lobo postico supra, scutelloque
nigerrimis, thoracis parte antica abdomineque flavido-testaceis,
hemelytris fuscescentibus lucidis ; antennis, rostro pedibusque
obscure ochraceis.

Long. lin. 34.

Hab. in Sierra Leone Africae, Dom. Morgan. In Mus. Brit.

On the Wings of the Hemiptera. 95

XIV. On the Wings of the Hemiptera. By R.J. Asuton,
TO Ry sins DOSEN

[Read 6th November, 1837.]

At a meeting of this Society, some months ago, I exhibited an
insect (Centrotus cornutus) as affording an instance of the con-
nection of the anterior and posterior wings during flight, in an
order (Hemiptera) in which I believed it was not known to exist.
I was not, at that time, aware of the fact which I have since
ascertained, viz. that the possession of a connecting apparatus
in the wings is not peculiar to the insect adduced, but is common
(I believe without exception) to the whole order of Hemiptera,
or to the allied orders of Hemiptera and Homoptera, of some ento-
mologists. This has struck me as involving a somewhat curious
circumstance, inasmuch as one of the orders of insects is founded
principally on this character, and derives its name (//ymenoptera)
(see Note 1) therefrom; it is not a little strange, therefore, that
its occurrence throughout another order should not have been
long ago noticed, as it renders the name Hymenoptera inappro-
priate as the designation of the order so named.

The existence of a peculiar uniting apparatus in some of the
nocturnal Lepidoptera is indeed an old observation, but there it is
not an universal, nor indeed an usual character, being found in
very few instances.

As I believe that the structure by which this union of the
wings is effected in the Hemiptera has never been described, I
may perhaps be excused for offering a description of it.

I have discovered two distinct organizations whereby the wings
are united in the majority of instances, and I conceive that what-
ever variations may exist in the structure in particular insects
from the types I am about to describe, are merely modifications
of one or the other of these forms.

In Notonecta Glauca there is found, at the hinder margin of
the under side of the anterior wing, two small corneous projec-
tions, curved and inclined at the top towards each other, leaving
merely a small slit or opening between them above, and forming
together a short cylindrical groove or socket parallel to the hinder
edge of the wing. (See Plate VII. fig.5 a,b.) At the point which
answers to this in the posterior wing (fig. 6 z), the membrane at
the anterior margin is turned up and slightly backwards, and the
edge is thickened so as to form a prominent and moderately

96 Mr. R. J. Ashton on the

thick rib. This rib, when the insect unites its wings, passes
through the narrow slit above mentioned, and thus catches and
is retained in the groove during the insect’s flight. Of the efficacy
of this simple contrivance for the purpose in question, any one
may satisfy himself by the difficulty experienced in disengaging
the wings of one of these insects when united. I must not omit
in this place to mention the instance exhibited here of the perfec-
tion usque ad imum with which all the creations of Omnipotence
are endowed; for although the apparatus I have thus endeavoured
to describe is so minute as to require an exceedingly high micro-
scopic power to examine it, yet is the interior of the groove dis-
covered to be lined with a pubescence apparently similar to that
beneath the tarsi of many insects, doubtless principally for the
purpose of protecting the membrane of the wing from abrasion or
injury by friction whilst inclosed in it.

The other form of the structure to which I have above alluded
is the following. In the insects so constituted, a small portion of
the anterior edge of the hinder wing is turned upwards, and from
it a simple corneous process projects backwards, the general form
of which is represented at fig. 8, as it occurs in the above men-
tioned insect, Centrotus cornutus. This process does not occur
upon the principal nervure of the wing which runs along the
anterior margin, but rather on the (generally narrow) portion of
membrane found anterior to that nervure, and quite at the edge
of the wing. This tooth or process of the posterior wing catches
into a corresponding recess formed in the hinder margin of the
under side of the anterior wing, the edge of which, at that point,
is bent down and reflected forwards, forming a small channel for
the reception of the above process. (Fig. 7.) I have ascertained
that the under side of the process above described is finely
dentated, and have little doubt that there is a corresponding in-
dentation in the recess, which considerably strengthens the union
of the parts when joined.

The point at which the wings unite is, in all cases that I have
examined, situated at the apical extremity of the hinder nervure
of the anterior wing, and where that wing possesses a membra-
nous piece at its extremity, as in Notonecta, is just at the point of
division between the corneous and membranous points ; conse-
quently the point of union varies according to circumstances
connected with the form, &c. of the wing, in some being pro-
portionably nearer to, and in others further from the base of the
wing.

From the examination I have made amongst insects of this

Wings of the Hemiptera. oa

order, I incline to the opinion that the structure first described
is the peculiar characteristic of the Heteropterous division of the
Hemuptera, and that that last described is peculiar to the Homop-
terous division of that order. I think I am justified in estimating
the former structure as the more perfect, and consequently more
difficult to disengage of the two. Iam perhaps incorrect in the
view I now advance of the occasion for a different structure in
the two divisions of this order, but the difference which presents
itself in the nature of the wings in those two divisions naturally
suggests it. May not the more homogeneous texture of the upper
and under wings, and the comparatively firmer and more compact
structure of the lower one in the Homoptera, require a less intimate
fastening of the two together than in the Heteroptera? in which the
wings, from the lower one being comparatively thinner and more
membranous. in its texture, and its structure being adapted for
folding up when at rest, (which necessarily detracts from its com-
pactness and firmness when extended,) are probably more exposed
to accidental disturbances during flight, and more difficult to re-
engage when separated, thus requiring a comparatively more per-
fect and inseparable connexion.

By the detection of the above described apparatus, the true
alary nature of the hemelytra in this order is established, which
hitherto appears to have been more or less a subject of doubt
amongst entomologists.

The difference between the simple structures I have above
described, and the more complex series of hooklets which con-
nect the wings of the Hymenoptera, is interesting.

I apprehend that were the wings of the latter not actually
united along the greater part of their length, they would not,
from their membranous texture, present one firm and air-tight
surface to act on the air, which I conjecture to be essential in
both these orders. This, in the Hemzptera, is effected by the
more firm texture of the upper wing, and the peculiar relative
forms of the two wings when united.

I cannot conclude without drawing attention to the circum-
stance, that the Hemiptera, in possessing this apparatus, appear
to occupy the place of transition (as respects the wings) from the
Coleoptera, in which the upper wings are simply organs of pro-
tection, to the Hymenoptera, in which they are purely organs of
flight; those of the Hemiplera partaking in about equal degree
of both these characters, the texture of the upper wing also being
actually divided, so that about a moiety nearly approaches to
each of the two orders in question, and the connecting apparatus

98 Mr. W. Spence’s Observations on the

appearing also (as I submit) of a rudimentary or intermediate
nature. (Note 2.)

Note 1.—I am aware that ‘ du)v” also signifies “ membrana,”
but assume that the word was elegantly used, originally, to denote
the peculiar feature of the wings of the Hymenoptera, which the
yoked-connection or union (quasi matrimony) between them pre-
sented, because used in the former sense of ‘‘ membrane,” it is
quite as applicable to the Homoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, &c.
which would deprive the name of its significance. In either case,
however, it is now equally inappropriate.

Note 2.—Linnzeus appears to have propounded an observation
nearly approaching the above, when he says, ‘‘ Hemelytra media
quasi alas inter et elytra” (Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. 534), though he
was unacquainted with the existence of the uniting apparatus
between the wings, which is the ground of the above proposition.

XV. Observations on the Destruction of the Apple Crop by
Insects. By W.Srence, Esq., F.R.S., &c.

[Read August, 1838.]

Arter spending five weeks very pleasantly at Cheltenham, we
bent our course, about three weeks ago, to this charmingly ro-
mantic watering place (Malvern), where, being close to the great
cider districts of Herefordshire and Worcestershire, my attention
has been so strongly attracted by the deplorable failure of the
apple crop, and the apparent probability of its being caused by
insects, that I cannot help addressing you to suggest whether it
might not be desirable that the Entomological Society should
institute an investigation into the cause of the mischief, which
(as by all accounts it extends to Devonshire and throughout the
kingdom, the cider growers declaring that where they usually
made fifty casks they will not this year make five) will evidently
cause a very serious loss, of which, in every point of view, it
would be creditable to us at least to attempt to ascertain the
cause; and this, it strikes me, might be best effected by calling
upon such of the members as reside in the apple districts to com-
municate their observations, and to make inquiries as to the facts
of the case.

I have of course made inquiries of the farmers near here, who
gave me just the answer I expected—* Oh, a blight, caused by

Destruction of the Apple Crop by Insects. 99

the frosty nights in May.” But that mere direct frost was not the
cause, seems proved by their own distinct statement, that the
blight took place before the full expansion of the blossom, which,
it is well known, will bear a very severe cold before being unfolded.
From such observations as I have been able to make, I am strongly
inclined to suspect that the real cause of the “ blight” is a pinkish
coloured Aphis, of which I have invariably found swarms in the
few leaves immediately surrounding the dead calyxes of the abor-
tive tufts of blossom, or their most abundant exuviz, when the
leaves being completely killed and blackened, were deserted for
more succulent pasture. Of their number an idea may be had
frorn the fact that on one single apple leaf at the base of a tuft of
dead blossom, I found nine pupze of Coccinella bipunctata, which
had evidently in their larva state found ample food from the
Aphides close to them.

Now it is in this way that I conceive the mischief has been
done. The few leaves accompanying a tuft of apple blossom are
but half or one-third expanded when the blossom unfolds; but
still there can be little doubt that they furnish the supply of sap
(whether in its first or elaborated state, the vegetable physiologists
must decide) which is to forward and complete the expansion of
the blossom. If, therefore, this sap be intercepted by numerous
Aphides just before the blossom is about to open, nothing can be
more likely than that the blossom should not expand at all, but
die and become abortive, as has actually taken place. And this
supposition seems strongly confirmed by what I have repeatedly
observed as to the fruit, viz. that whenever a single apple or
cluster of two or three, as are now and then seen, have their full
size and a healthy aspect, they are always accompanied by healthy
and fully-expanded leaves, without any appearance on them either
of Aphides or their exuvie; whereas in the cases, which also
occur occasionally, of one or more apples having survived in a
tuft whose leaves have been attacked by Aphides, they are in-
variably deformed and not one-fourth of their proper size—in fact,
mere abortions, Why the attacks of this Aphis have been so
much more general and fatal this year than usual, may, I think,
be explained by the very backward spring; owing to which,
broods of young Aphides were hatched before the leaves were
out, and probably subsisted on the sap of the buds of the apple
trees, and were thus able in full force to assail the leaves the
moment they expanded, and at once drain them of all their fluid ;
just as I observed, this spring, the tinged buds of sycamores, a
full week or more before a single leaf was out, to be covered

100 Mr. W. Spence’s Observations, Sc.

with a numerous brood of very young Aphides, which subse-
quently I saw had transferred themselves to the leaves when they
appeared.

I throw out these hasty ideas just as they suggest themselves,
without at all considering them as leading to any conclusive result,
which can only be obtained by far more extensive and minute in-
quiries than I have had an opportunity of making, and especially
by observations began on the spot from the earliest commence-
ment of the mischief, the communication of which I conceive
might be obtained in the way already suggested, and which may
very probably show that other causes have been concerned. It is
very probable that this subject has already received the attention
of the Society, but it so often happens that one errs by taking
matters of this sort for granted, that I thought it best to run the
risk of making a superfluous suggestion. Every thing connected
with cider becomes now of additional interest, if what has been
lately stated in a Devonshire paper in bewailing the failure of their
apple crop be correct, that there is now a considerable and in-
creasing export of it to Turkey, those good casuists, the Mussul-
mans, having found out that, not being wine, it cannot come under
their prophet’s prohibition.

Hops, in Worcestershire, are as complete a failure as apples.
In addition to the hosts of Aphides, a Haltica has riddled the
leaves like network.

Mr. W. Sells’s Entomological Notes. 101

XVI. Entomological Notes. By the late W. Seuts, Esq.,
M.E.S.

My pear Sir, Norbiton, March 23, 1839.

On the other side is the little sketch of my plan for arranging
Entomological illustrations which I promised you, and perhaps
you may be able to prevail upon some of the young and active
among the lovers of Entomology, to devote their diligent attention
to working out some of its compartments; as by giving a rational
and useful character to the pursuit, we add so materially to the
interest, as well as promote the dignity, of the science which we
cultivate.

Believe me always, dear Sir,
Very faithfully yours,
WitiiaM SELLs.

To J. O. Westwood, Esq.

A Plan for Arranging a Cabinet containing Illustrations of the
Habits and Economy of Insects.

A CABINET of insects, intended to contain illustrations of the
habits and economy of the different tribes, and to be of a com-
prehensive nature, should consist of not less than sixteen or
eighteen ordinary sized drawers, with two sufficiently deep for
the larger sized nests, &c., and two more of an intermediate
depth. Table-cases for public institutions (e. g. the British
Museum) are of course preferable.

The subjoined scheme is that which I have mainly followed in
my own arrangement.

TRANSFORMATIONS—as showing the several conditions of insect
life.

Ist. SepaRATELY—Ova, or eggs, arranged according to the dif-
ferent orders; egg-shells ; egg-cases, as of Mantis and Blatta,
and sections to show the interior of the same.

2nd. Larve, according to the different orders, with specimens
showing the several moults of particular insects.
3rd. Pupe, according to the orders.
Ath. Shells, or exuvize of pupe.
5th. Cocoons and nests.
Comsinep—-Showing interesting examples from the various orders
VOL. III. I

102 Mr. W. Seils’s Entomological Notes.

where the several changes are exhibited together, under one
view ; for instance, in the case of the bot among the Diptera.
a. Horsehairs upon which the ova have been deposited ;
b. larvee in the several stages of growth; c. the pupa;
d. imago of both sexes.

Tue Economy oF Particutar Insects.

Ist. Bees; showing the numerous and beautiful facts apper-
taining to this race of creatures ; as comb, nests, parasites,
&c., &c., in the honey, mason, carpenter, upholsterer, and
other bees, including the Bombi.

2nd. Wasps illustrated in a similar manner.

3rd. Hornets ditto.

4th. Silkworms, and other silk-spinning larvee.

5th. Gall insects.

6th. Spiders ; their nests, egg-cases, silk, &c.

SexvuaL Distinctions; exhibiting the more striking instances in
the several orders.
Moysrrosities ; hermaphrodism and imperfect development of
parts.
ANALoGiIEs between insects of different orders.
Position oF WINGs, in repose.
PARASITES ; a most interesting department.
Contrasts, as of insects, with the other classes of insects, viz.,
magnitude and minuteness.
Insects InJuRIoUs TO Man; directly, to his person,
indirectly, as attacking animals, viz. the horse, cow, sheep, &c.
as attacking vegetable substances, viz. the turnip,
hop, sugar-cane ; the wood-borers and timber-
feeders; the destroyers of wool and furs; with
specimens of the injured material.
Insects usrruL To Man; as cochineal, gall, silkworm, &c.
Dissections of insects.
MIscELLANEOUS.

Notes.—Eggs should be punctured with the finest of needles,
when they will dry without shrivelling ; hot water destroys colour
and makes them contract.

Larvee that have been long immersed in spirits, and thereby
much hardened, admit of being opened, stuffed with cotton, and
dry very successfully.

Good illustrations of the principal digestive organs and parts
of generation in insects, may often be procured from even old
and otherwise damaged specimens, by immersing them in boiling
water for a minute or two; and although the more delicate

Mr. W. Sells’s Experiments on Honeycomb. 103

parts, as the hepatic vessels, may not be shown, the oesophagus,
stomach, and intestinal canal, also the ovaries, &c. will often be
very perfect.

Experiments nith portions of old Honeycomb.
[Read 3rd June, 1839.] .

Aprit 2. Subjected 30 grains of old honeycomb-cells, free from
pollen, repeatedly to the action of boiling water by macera-
tion, stirring them frequently ; the little wax remaining at
the outward edges of the cells became melted, and the cells
separated from one another ; when perfectly dry they weighed
27 grains, having lost only three grains in weight.

April 5. Weighed 24 ounces of comb, and boiled it in water for
10 minutes ; strained the fluid, and obtained about 3 drams
of wax; dried the remainder during 6 hours in an oven,
when it weighed 14 ounces.

April 10. Placed 24 ounces of comb in an oven for 8 hours, it
yielded only about 2 drams of wax ; and the comb, although
so long exposed to such considerable heat, weighed near 2
ounces.

The greater reduction of weight in the second experiment
proves that much soluble matter had been taken up by the water
in boiling.

April 15. Exposed a quantity of the comb which had been
acted upon by boiling and then dried, to the heat of a coal
fire, in a shovel placed over the same; as soon as it was
quite exsiccated, it inflamed and burnt to carbon, each cell
retaining its original form.

This change of the original waxen cell into a substance of so

very different a nature is a curious and interesting fact, and not

undeserving of further observation.

Note respecting the Egg-cases of Blatte.
{Read October Ist, 1838.]

Havine lately received from the Island of Jamaica, among other
things, many specimens of the egg-capsules of three species of
Blatte, I was induced to examine their internal structure, and, as

I o

~

104 Mr. W. Sells on Egg-cases of Blatte.

the results are somewhat interesting to the entomologist, they
appeared to me to be not unworthy of being submitted to the
notice of the Society.

The egg-cases of Kakerlac orientalis, or common house cock-
roach of Jamaica, is longer and flatter than those of the other
species, having twenty-two to twenty-four teeth along the thin
serrated edge, which corresponds with the number of eggs con-
tained within. The latter are lodged in two layers placed trans-
versely, twelve in a row; there is a septum, or partition, running
the whole length of the case, and separating the rows of eggs;
each egg has its own distinct recess.

The cases of Slaberus Madere, commonly called knocker in
Jamaica, are shorter than the former, but much wider, and have
sixteen dentations at the edge ; one of these contained ninety-six
specimens of a small species of Chalcidide, and another is filled
with the pupz (I apprehend) of a similar insect.

Those of another species, which I cannot designate, have a
curved reniform figure, with very minute dentations.

Most of the cases were found empty, and the fissure where the
young Blatte had come forth was slightly open; others had a
round perforation through the side of the capsule, at which the
parasitic Chalcidide had made their exits.

Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description of Insects, &c. 105

XVII. Description of some Insects which inhabit the tissue
of Spongilla Fluviatilis. By J. O. Westwoop, F.L.S.

[Read 3rd December, 1838. ]
(Plate VIII. fig. 1—12.)

PERHAPS no more complete proof could be adduced to prove the
superiority, in the present state of zoological science, of analytical
over synthetical inquiries, and the evident impossibility, from our
present materials, to construct a perfectly harmonious and com-
plete natural system, than some recent inquiries which have occu-
pied the attention of the Academie des Sciences during the past
autumn. Thus, whilst one set of naturalists have been at vari-
ance whether the remains of the Amphitherium, Phylacotherium,
or Botheratio-therium, as it has been termed, be those of a reptile
or an aquatic or terrestrial mammalian, others have been direct-
ing their attention to the opposite extreme, in order to ascertain
whether the family of the sponges belong to the animal or vege-
table kingdoms.

By Cuvier the latter productions were placed at the extremity
of the animal kingdom: ‘ ot l'on n’a pu encore observer de
polypes ni d’autres parties mobiles. On a dit que les éponges
vivants éprouvent une sorte de frémissement ou de contraction
quand on les touche, que les pores dont leur superficie est percée
palpitent en quelques sorte, mais ces mouvements sont contestés
par M. Grant, et MM. Audouin et Milne Edwards adoptent
Yopinion de M. Grant.”* (Ann. des Sc. Nat. xi. pl. xvi.)

Recently, however, Messrs. Laurent and Dujardin have re-
affirmed the animality of the Spongilla flaviatilis, in memoirs read
before the Academy, and in the Atheneum of last Saturday
(December 1, 1838) it is stated that, in addition to the discovery
of dilatation and contraction in the vesicles of the Spongilla,
M. Dujardin has observed another character in support of his
theory of animality,—it is, that they are furnished with exceed-
ingly fine filaments, the undulations of which influence the move-
ment of the water around them.

On the other hand, John Hogg, Esq., F.L.S., &c., has recently
made a series of observations on the common English Spongilla
fluviatilis, which he proposes to communicate to the Linnzan
Society at the meeting of to-morrow evening; and having con-
stantly found the Spongilla inhabited by minute insects, clothed
with exceedingly fine and long seta, he is induced to believe that
the undulations and movement of the water is chiefty attribu-

* Reégne Animal, 2d, ed. p. 322.

106 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description of some Insects

table to these insects, and not to any animal principle in the body
of the sponge itself.

These insects, which he has placed in my hands for examination
and description, are as anomalous as the substance they inhabit.
They are of a small size, not exceeding one-seventh of an inch in
length, of a soft membranous consistence, and of a pale greenish
colour, which is more vivid in the legs. They are depressed, and
of an oblong-oval shape, (fig. 1 upper, 2 underside, magnified,)
and composed of thirteen joints, the first of which, forming the
head, is small, having a black patch on each of the posterior angles,
wherein are several large granular shining ocelli (fig. 3 under, 4
lateral view of the head). The antenne (fig. 5) are nearly half
the length of the body, arising from a thickened basal joint in front
of the eyelets; the terminal part of the antenne is exceedingly
slender, cylindrical, and very indistinctly articulated. The upper
side of the head is furnished with several long setze ; its underside
is very convex; the lower lip being of moderate size, and termi-
nating in a transverse line, behind which are two short oblique
darker spots ; the sides of this lip are greatly widened towards the
base. On each side of the sides of this lip another line extends in
an oblique direction to the lateral anterior angles of the lip, and
from this spot on each side arise two long and exceedingly delicate
setee, as long as the antenna, and constantly porrected, having a
small space between them at the base, where they are directed up-
wards. One in each side of these two pairs of sete is darker-
coloured and stronger than the other. They are entirely destitute
of articulation. Such is the entire structure of the mouth, as far
as I am able to perceive it ; thus there are no rudiments of labrum
nor palpi; the mandibles and maxilla are represented by the four
porrected seta, and the lower lip is destitute of ligula and palpi*.

The thorax is composed of three segments, of which the pro-
thorax is the smallest. To each of these three segments a pair
of rather long, slender legs (fig. 8) is attached, composed of a
strong coxa, short trochanter, robust femur, elongated tibia, and a
two-jointed tarsus, destitute of any terminal unguis; the legs are
sparingly furnished with long, slender, rigid hairs. The upper
surface of these segments indicate not the slighest appearance of
wings, or their rudiments. ‘The nine terminal segments cf the
body constitute the abdomen; the first of these is smaller than
the metathorax, and the remainder become gradually smaller ; they
are furnished at each side with a small setigerous tubercle, which
is larger in the terminal segments (fig. 9), and in which the sete,

* We might, perhaps, consider two of these seta to be the labial lobes, and
two to represent the maxille, the mandibles being obsolete.

which inhabit the Tissue of Spongilla Fluviatilis. 107

with which it and the sides of the body are furnished, are very
greatly elongated. On the underside (fig. 2) each of the seven
basal segments of the abdomen is furnished on each side with a
long and slender, flattened filament, destitute of cilize, and which is
directed, first, inwardly, and then backwards. These filaments,
fourteen in number, are articulated,* and have much the appear-
ance of weak legs, but they are evidently organs of respiration,
one or two slender tubes being easily perceivable running through
them, and terminating ina point. The articulations do not appear
of equal size throughout these appendages (fig. 10, 11, 12).
The eighth abdominal segment is destitute of these filaments, but
is furnished with larger setigerous lateral tubercles than the pre-
ceding joints, and the terminal segment is small and simple, in one
specimen it was much larger and conical. Each of the abdominal
segments is furnished with a pair of leathery darker coloured
patches, emitting from its posterior margin three long sete (fig.
On):

The inquiry as to the relations of this insect and the order and
family to which it belongs, is attended with great difficulty, from
the anomalous characters which it possesses.

Its small size, green colour, structure of the mouth, and form
of the legs seem to indicate a relation with such families as the
Aphide and Coccide, which possess species which never acquire
wings. Coccus, as I have discovered, possesses a mouth, con-
sisting of four exceedingly long and_ slender sete, although
Mr. Curtis, in this month’s number of his British Entomology,
states that it consists only of three sete; but these insects are
aquatic, and are furnished with external elongated organs of
respiration, which exist in no known imago. If regarded, then, as
larvee, the question is still more perplexing ; the general struc-
ture of the insect, and the particular structure of its mouth,
prevents it from being considered as Coleopterous, Orthopterous,
Lepidopterous, Hymenopterous, Strepsipterous, or Dipterous.
It will not enter, as a larva, into any Hemipterous or Homopterous
family, so that there only remains the Neuroptera, amongst which
we are to trace its relations; and it is in this order that we find
external organs of respiration in the aquatic larve. But the
structure of the mouth prevents our associating it with any group
of which the larvae are aquatic, and known. The Perlide, E’phe-
merida, Libellulide, Sialide, and the order Trichoptera, are well
known in the larva state, whilst Boreus and Panorpa are the only

* The respiratory filaments of Sialis are also articulated, being the only known

instance, according to M. Pictet, in which such a structure has been observed to
exist. No known Ephemerideous larva is destitute of the three anal filaments.

108 Mr. F. Holme on the Habits,

genera belonging to the order whose transformations are unknown;
and the observations of Stein and Macquart upon the pupe of the
latter are sufficient to prove that these aquatic insects cannot be
the larve of Boreus. ‘There remains, however, to be noticed the
anomalous genus <Acentropus, respecting whose order entomo-
logists are so much at variance. It is barely possible that they
may be the larve of that genus. Without, however, deciding
that these insects have not arrived at their perfect state (in which
case the name Branchiotoma Spongille may be applied to them),
it may perhaps be the most advisable course to regard them as
larvee of some extraordinary group not hitherto detected, and, at
the same time, to express a hope that persons having an oppor-
tunity of examining the Spongilla will endeavour to trace the
transformations of this perplexing species.

XVIII. Rough Notes on the Habits, Manners, &c. of some
of the British Brachelytra. By F. Houme, Esq., M.E.S.

{Read 5th March, 1838.]

Tue division Coleoptera Brachelytra of Latreille, (corresponding
nearly with the old Linnean genus Staphylinus,) is one of the
most curious and interesting groups, in the variety and singularity -
of its forms, and the various localities and pabula frequented by
its different genera, which our Coleopterous Fauna comprises :
while in the number of its indigenous species it far exceeds any
other British division of equal rank among the Coleoptera ; its
strength in this respect nearly equalling the united forces of the
Geodephaga and Rhynchophora, the two groups which most nearly
approach it in point of numbers. The metropolis, indeed, of the
Brachelytra is said by Kirby and Spence to be, “ as far at least
as we can judge from our present catalogues, within the temperate
zone, particularly in Britain.” Dejean, in his catalogue, gives
only 434* species: while Mr. Stephens, whose cabinet might
contain in 1828, according to the supposition of Kirby and Spence,
above 600 species, enumerated no less than 852 in his invaluable
Systematic Catalogue published in 1829, which he increased to
892 in the second edition of his Nomenclature, published in 1833.
Notwithstanding this vast increase from the numbers of Marsham,
who in 1802 could record only eighty-two species under the

* In the edition of 1833, Dejean gives 789 species, European and exotic. —
Entom, Edin.

Manners, Sc. of some of the British Brachelytra. 109

Linnzean genus Staphylinus, almost every cabinet of any extent
contains Brachelytrous species unnoticed by Stephens: and the
recent discovery of such singular forms as the genus Pseudopsis *
of Newman, and the anomalous genera Centroglossa and Deinopsis,
detected last year by my friend A. Matthews, Esq., are indications
of the novelties which may be expected from researches in this
quarter. Still, the Brachelytra have not hitherto met with that
degree of attention from British Entomologists which might have
been expected: the minuteness of many of the species has occa-
sioned their being overlooked, and the want of a good English
monograph, with magnified figures, and outlines of the trophi of
each genus,} combined with the small size of the insects, and the
great number of closely allied species contained in some genera,
has attached a discouraging degree of difficulty to the investiga-
tion of these insects, and in too many instances has caused the
drawers containing the Brachelytra to be left a confused crowd of
specimens, without any attempt at nomenclature or arrangement.
It is to be hoped that the daily increasing zeal with which Ento-
mology is now cultivated in these islands will soon remove from
our naturalists the stigma of having neglected a group which its
geographical distribution places so especially under their charge.

The habits, food, and localities frequented by the various genera
and species of this extensive division, present so much diversity,
that I trust I may be excused by the Entomological Society for
submitting to their notice the following rough Notes on such
points as have fallen under my own notice in my entomological
rambles, in the course of which I have always paid particular
attention to the manners of these insects. I do not flatter myself
that my remarks will contain much new matter, but I shall be
amply satisfied if they give an impulse in the same path to the
curiosity of some more keensighted observer. I have arranged
my remarks in the order of genera given in the last edition of
Stephens’s Nomenclature.

The minute species composing the curious family Pselaphide
seem, as far as my observation on them extends, to be the most
retiring and subterraneous in their habits of all Brachelytra, being
rarely found fairly above ground, or even immediately under

* A second specimen of the Pseudopsis has been taken by Mr. Matthews at
Shotover Hill, near Oxford.

+ The beautiful figures of Curtis, as far as they go, leave nothing to be wished
for in this respect; but unfortunately they include but few genera, and among
these but a small proportion are from the minute Aleochare and Stenide, which
most require illustration.

110 Mr. F. Holme on the Habits,

stones, &c., but generally imbedded in the loose earth at the roots
of grass, or lurking under wormeasts and in the midst of thick
damp clusters of moss. They seem to affect the neighbourhood
of ants’ nests, and I found once a species (I think Arcopagus
bulbifer) torpid among a conglomerated lump of ants: a curious
circumstance, since, if I remember right, Messrs. Kirby and
Spence mention the fact of the rare Atemeles strumosus having
been found in a similar situation. The species, according to
Stephens, all prey on acari: but it is not impossible that they
may also commit occasional depredations on the larve of the ants.
The history of the Pselaphide shows remarkably the progress
made of late years in the knowledge of the minute forms: only
a single species, Huplectus minutus, was known to Marsham:
Stephens, in 1833, enumerated thirty-two: and several have been
since discovered.

The history of the two first genera of the Tachyporide,
Autalia, and Falagria, which form the link between that family
and the Pselaphide, appears to be somewhat imperfectly known.
Most of the species are considered, probably from their small
size, to be scarce or local: several new species have been detected
since Stephens described them, and it is probable that on a fresh
revision Falagria will require sub-division, as some of the species
differ greatly from others in the form of the thorax.

Hygronoma dimidiata, which was almost unique when Stephens
described it in his Illustrations, now seems to occur not uncom-
monly in various parts of the country: several specimens have
been taken by Mr. Matthews at Weston-on-the-Green: it runs
excessively fast.

Notwithstanding the common occurrence of Astilbus canalicu-
latus, 1 do not remember to have seen the fact of its being
apterous anywhere noticed: I detected this at first accidentally,
and verified it by the examination of numerous specimens. I
think it has been stated by Mr. Stephens, though I am unable to
find the passage, that Acheniwm depressum is in some specimens
winged, in others apterous: but I believe the present is the only
Brachyletrous species in which the wings are constantly absent.
Its gait is also singular, as it runs constantly on tip toe, at the full
stretch of its limbs, like the Goérius olens when throwing itself
into an attitude of defiance.

I have a specimen of Alemeles acuminatus which was taken
some years since near Penzance in Cornwall, running on the stem
of a nettle: I mention this because I have heard it spoken of as
occurring only under stones and in similar situations,

Manzners, &c. of some of the British Brachelytra. 111

The species formerly comprehended under the genus Aleochara,
notwithstanding the numerous subdivisions into new genera lately
adopted, still present great difficulties to the student, in the way
cf specific distinction, from their generally minute size and close
resemblance. I must confess, also, that in this part of Mr.
Stephens’s work, where the descriptions of most of the species
are abridged from Kirby’s MSS., I do not find the same facility
in naming species by their aid, as where Mr. Stephens has relied
on his own powers of description. As many of the species vary
greatly in size, (I have a series of Polystoma obscurella varying
from a line and half to nearly three lines in length,) and the seg-
ments of the abdomen in preserved specimens are often so much
retracted within each other as sensibly to diminish the length, it
is evident that measurements will not afford the same assistance
as in most families: while the differences of shade in the colour-
ing of allied species, though obvious to the eye, are not easily
marked by words, and this difficulty is increased by the fine and
changeable pubescence with which most of the species are more
or less clothed.

Many of the smaller species feed on decaying fungi and other
vegetable matter, as well as on the acart and other animalcula
contained in them: I have often seen them in great numbers on
the heaps of or-weed on the Cornish shore, (which give shelter
to innumerable minute insects,) and have ascertained by close
inspection that they were feeding on the vegetable juices of the
decaying weed. Several species (I remember particularly the
pretty Aleochara Cursor) when disturbed, by bending the head
under the thorax, raising the abdomen, and protruding their long
slender legs straight forward, assume so completely the appear-
ance of a ragged scrap of or-weed, that until my eye detected
them in the act of metamorphosis, I was often at a loss to know
what had become of the specimen which I had marked as the next
victim for my bottle. In these situations they are much preyed
on by the Cafi, which in their turn fall victims to Broscus cephalotes
and Creophilus maxillosus.

The small natural group formed by Bolitochara carbonaria,
B. subpubescens, B. foveola, &c. appears to be a maritime one; at
least it is only on the seashore that I ever found them in any
numbers; and the bulk of the maritime specimens considerably
exceeds the dimensions assigned to each species by Stephens :—
of B. carbonaria (which I distinguish from its allies by the pale
tip of the elytra), not one, out of several specimens I lately re-
ceived from Cornwall, falls short of 14 line, and some are more,

LZ Mr. F. Holme on the Habits,

Stephens’s measure being only a line :—B. foveola, which Stephens
notes as rare, but which is the commonest of the group on the
Cornish coast, varies from 1} to 24 lines; Stephens’s dimensions
being from 13 to 12 lines.

Bolitochara inquinula, said by Stephens to be rare, is not un-
common in Gloucestershire and Lancashire, in putrid fungi, in
autumn.

Bolitochara atriceps, said by Stephens to be ‘not very common,”
I found in abundance in decaying fungi in Winstanley Park, near
Wigan in Lancashire, in September: it is an extremely pretty
species, bearing great resemblance in the disposition of its colours,
as well as in its habitat, to the Bolitobu, though differing altogether
in form.

The rare and beautiful Bolitochara collaris is taken occasionally
at Weston-on-the-Green by the Rev. A. Matthews.

Oxypoda alternans occurs in fungi in September, not very un-
frequently, near Mersey Hampton, in Gloucestershire.

Gyrophena fasciata is found occasionally near Mersey Hampton,
but not very common, though I once swept a considerable number
out of an agaric. The posterior edge of the thorax is rufous in
immature specimens, and the abdomen and disk of the elytra
nearly testaceous. Besides the two thoracic punctures noticed by
Stephens, there are two other lateral ones nearly equidistant. I
had at first difficulty in identifying the species, as Stephens (pro-
bably from inadvertence) assigns to it a length of only three-fourths
of a jine; but on reference to Marsham, whose SJ. fasciatus is
quoted by Stephens as a synonym, I there find the correct dimen-
sions, 1} line given.

Gyropheena polita, said by Stephens to be “ rare near London,”
is common near Mersey Hampton in autumn. The two larger
punctures at the back of the thorax, usual in the genus, are
observable in this species, though somewhat obsolete, and not
noticed by Stephens. In one of my specimens, apparently imma-
ture, the base and apex of the abdomen are dull piceo-rufous, but
the intermediate space deep black, thus showing a tendency to the
belted abdomen of the other species.

Aleochara erythroceras. ‘This species, which, from being
marked + in Stephens’s Illustrations, (though not in the last
edition of his Nomenclature,) I conclude to have been considered
at that time extremely rare, I took in some plenty in Winstanley
Park in September. My specimens differ from Stephens’s de-
scription in being a trifle larger; the rufous suture is also very
narrow near the scutellum, but expands towards the apex, and the

Manners, §c. of some of the British Brachelytra. 113

elytra are narrowly tipped with dull rufous: the mouth also is
conspicuously rufous like the antenne.

Aleochara fuscipes never fell under my notice in Lancashire: I
should have concluded it to be a southern insect, but the Entom.
Edinensis states it to be as common in Scotland as it is in Eng-
land.

Pella funesta 1 took in the Scilly Islands: from Stephens’s
account it appears to be a very rare insect.

Is Callicerus Spencit common in any English locality? I have
heard that it is more common on sandy shores in Ireland, and
some years since I availed myself of a calm to land from a yacht
in Dundrum Bay, county Antrim, for the express purpose of
hunting for it, as it is said to occur there; but I had no success.
For my own specimens I am indebted to the Rev. G. T. Rudd..

In the two first species of Mycetoporus, I should have been
glad if Mr. Stephens had given some additional characters for
discrimination, beyond the different proportions of the terminal
joint of the antennee, as this appears to vary greatly in individuals ;
and, judging from my own specimens alone, most of which are in
this respect intermediate between Stephens’s two descriptions in
the proportions of this joint, I should feel tempted to agree with
Gravenhorst against Stephens, in considering Myc. rufipennis a mere
variety of Myc. analis: ‘‘sed non nostri tantas componere lites.”

The beautiful genus Bolitobius affords, in some of the species,
a remarkable illustration of the extent to which the length of the
specimen is often affected by the retraction of the joints of the
abdomen within each other after death. The blue-black tip of
the abdomen in the two first species is intersected by a ring of
yellowish white, which is sufficiently obvious while the insect is
alive and in motion: but after death it is so completely withdrawn
into the preceding segment, as to be rarely visible in a cabinet
specimen, unless carefully stretched in setting.

I may observe that in Gloucestershire and Lancashire, where
I have principally collected in autumn, the relative frequency of
B. lunulatus and B. atricapillus is the reverse of that given by
Stephens for the metropolitan district, the latter being extremely
common, and the former so rare, that I have only a single speci-
men in my cabinet, which was taken some years since in Glouces-
tershire. Perhaps, as B. lunulatus is said by Mr. Dillwynn to be
“ not common near Swansea,’ it may be a southern species
relatively to the other, though the Entom. Edin. says that both
species are ‘‘ not unfrequent” there, and occur in company.

I doubt whether all the species described by Mr. Stephens may

114 Mr. F. Holme on the Habits,

be truly distinct, as the testaceous margins of the abdominal seg-
ments appear to be become suffused when mature: and in those
in which the thorax is testaceous during life, it often becomes so
much suffused in a few hours after death, that it appears to be
dark piceous with testaceous margins. The delicacy of the
colouring in these insects probably occasions this rapid change,
which I ascertained by examining specimens minutely when alive,
and dividing them afterwards from the others: but having no
works on Entomology with me at the time, I was unfortunately
unable to note the species.

I have nothing to add relative to the remaining genera of the
Tachyporide except a few localities, which I have already com-
municated to the Society in the catalogue of Penzance Coleoptera.

‘With reference to the magnificent Velleius dilatatus, hitherto
unique* as British, which stands at the head of the Staphylinde
proper, it may not be amiss to mention that I was informed some
time since, I think by a continental naturalist, that in addition to
haunting hornet’s nests for the purpose of preying on the larve,
as noticed by Mr. Stephens, it frequents the holes perforated in
trunks of trees by Longicorn and Lepidopterous larvae, on which
it feeds; issuing from this concealment only at night, when it has
been occasionally taken on the trees in mothing: this may not be
a new fact, but I think whatever may tend to facilitate the acqui-
sition of so fine an insect in Britain is worth noticing.

Creophilus maxillosus. ‘The variations in bulk of this con-
spicuous and well-known species may serve as an obvious example
how little the mere dimensions are to be regarded as a rule of
specific distinction among the Brachelytra, as I have above hinted
in my remarks on the Aleochare. Of the specimens standing in
my own cabinet, all from the same locality, (the Cornish coast, )
the largest measures, with the mandibles, full 13 lines long; the
smallest barely 63 lines, or not quite half the other: and the
variations in the relative proportions of the heads and mandibles
in the different species are not less obvious. Some specimens
also are so completely denuded as to present scarcely a trace of
pubescence on any part of the body, while others are thickly pu-
bescent except on the head and thorax: the colour too of the
pubescence varies, the lighter parts being in some white, in others
greyish, and in old specimens partaking of a griseous brown. All
these variations, if observed in an Aleochara a line long, would
probably have caused its division into three or four species.

* Since this was written, a second specimen has been taken at Southend by the
Rev. F. W. Hope, in the autumn of 1840.

Manners, &c. of some of the British Brachelytra. 115

I think this species, though nowhere uncommon, abounds more
especially in the west of England: on the Cornish coast it occurs
in hundreds under every heap of seaweed,* and in Devonshire I
have found numerous specimens dividing the possession of a dead
mole or other small carcase with Necrophori and other Sil/phide.
It differs, as is well known, from most of its allies, in coiling itself
up and remaining motionless, instead of assuming a hostile atti-
tude, when disturbed: in this position the polished thorax and
head are nearly concealed, and the general aspect is more that of
a hairy caterpillar than a Coleopterous insect.

The three pubescent species from which Mr. Stephens has
formed his genus Trichoderma, appear to frequent a somewhat
different pabulum to their near allies the true Staphylini, occurring
more frequently in dung, particularly cowdung, than in carcases,
while the Staphylini frequent carcases, the dung of horses, &c.
and prey frequently on living worms, &c., but are rarely found in
cowdung, the favourite haunt of the Trichoderma. The Sta-
phylini, also, are often seen on walls and pavements basking in
the sun, and one species at least, St. erythroplerus, climbs trees
with readiness, running along the branches in search of Lepidop-
terous larve, &c. on which I have frequently found it feeding :—
while the 7richoderme affect situations and habits more in unison
with their sombre colouring, and rarely expose themselves to view
unless when on the wing from one feeding place to another.
The colour of the wings also varies in the two groups ; those of
the Trichoderme being dirty ash-grey, of the Staphylini trans-
parent iridescent fulvous: and though a distinction drawn from
such a circumstance may appear trivial, I have noticed that similar
tints in the membrane of the wing pervade natural groups so
generally, throughout the Coleoptera, as to afford no bad diagnosis.

The Trichoderme appear essentially monogamous; one pair,
male and female, is generally found in possession of a mass of
cowdung: the Goérius olens I have remarked to be equally so ;
and it is probable that a similar propensity pervades the Staphy-
linide, but from the gregarious habits of most of the species, it is
less easily ascertained than in the Trichoderme and Goéru, which
mostly live in solitary pairs.

The pile or pubescence in the 7’richoderme appears to be re-
markably fixed and close: I never remember to have met with a
denuded specimen.

The species composing the genus Staphylinus, as now restricted,

* In Scilly, however, I took only a single specimen.

116 Mr. F. Holme on the Habits,

appear to arrange themselves into several smali natural groups,
each consisting of two or three species closely resembling each
other in form and colour. The first group comprehends four
species, S. erythropterus, S. castanopterus, S. stercorarius, S. ericeps :
the first of these abounds everywhere; the others, as far as my
own experience goes, are rare. Stephens speaks of St. stercora-
rius as ‘common ;”’ the only locality where I ever found it so was
the Look-out Hill, by Weymouth, of which it appeared to have
exclusive possession, as I never found either of the others there.
In Gloucestershire I have taken only a single specimen: it appears,
however, to be pretty generally, though thinly, distributed through-
out England.

Most of the specimens placed in cabinets as St. castanopterus
are nothing more than highly coloured individuals of erythrop-
terus ; the true castanopterus, as may be ascertained by an inspec-
tion of Kirby’s specimens in the collection of the Entomological
Society, is a smaller and slender insect, with the abdomen more
gradually attenuated, independent of the aureous scutellum,
(which is black in the other,) and other minute distinctions.
St. ericeps, judging from my single specimen, stands in the same
relation to stercorarius which castanopterus bears to erythropterus,
being smaller and of a much more slender habit: in my example,
also, the femora are black, and the pubescence on the wnder side
of the abdominal segments aureous, that on the upper being dull
silvery.

I believe it is an unnoticed fact that any Coleopterous insect preys
on the wing; but I once observed a specimen of St. erythropterus,
which I had taken in my hand on the wing and released, while it
flew off in the bright sunshine; and I distinctly saw it make re-
peated darts at the gnats, as it rose in the air in spiral circles :—
whether it caught any I could not perceive.

The three following species, St. chalcocephalus, St. eneocephalus,
St. eneicollis?, form a very natural and closely allied group :—
they are much more slender, in their general proportions, than
those of the preceding section; and show an affinity, in their
shorter and less powerful mandibles, smaller and more rounded
heads, indistinct necks, and in the metallic gloss of the head and
thorax, with the species standing at the head of the genus
Quedius : and their approximation to this and the following genera
is still further indicated by the rows of larger punctures on each
side the thorax, which are more or less visible in all the three
species, and particularly obvious in St. chalcocephalus. As I am

Manners, &c. of some of the British Brachelytra. 117

not quite certain of the correctness of my nomenclature, and as
in many cabinets the three are confounded under the common
name of ceneocephalus, I shall add short characters of them as
they are named in my own collection :

St. chalcocephalus: the broadest and stoutest of the three; a
slightly raised concolorous shining line between the antenne ;
‘head and thorax brassy, finely punctured, with very delicate
pubescence, the latter glossy, with two rows of larger impressions,
and four still larger on the lateral margin;” elytra red-brown,
with delicate brown pubescence ; abdomen clothed with a very
delicate pale brown pubescence, with darker dots and longitudinal
lines; antenne dark rufous.

St. eneicollis? the narrowest of the three; antenne pitchy-
brown, inclining in some to ferruginous; a raised brassy-yellow
line between the antenne ; head and thorax blackish brass, punc-
tured, with two irregular rows of somewhat larger punctures on
the thorax; elytra deep pitchy ferruginous, paler at the suture
and margins; abdomen clothed with a short close brown pubes-
cence, paler at the base of each segment, and with traces only of
pale longitudinal lines.

St. eneocephalus: shorter than the others, and intermediate in
width; nearly uniform brassy-brown, pubescent, the abdomen
obscure. The St. sericeus of Marsham, under which name a pair
stand in Mr. Vigors’s cabinet now in the possession of the
Zoological Society; but one of these (a broken specimen) is,
unless I mistake, St. chalcocephalus. Each species, it should be
observed, has a narrow line down the middle of the thorax free
from punctures.

My attention was first drawn to this subject by capturing at
Ryde, in August, 1835, what I supposed a remarkably high
coloured specimen of St. eneocephalus, but which I found on
examination to agree closely with Mr. Stephens’s description of
chalcocephalus : 1 considered this a great prize, as chalcocephalus
was then marked + in the “ Illustrations,” but shortly after I picked
up another in the streets of Bath, and on re-examining numerous
Cornish specimens then standing in my cabinet as eneocephalus,
they all proved to belong to either chalcocephalus or eneicollis? ;
while on my subsequent visit to the Scilly Isles, I was unable to
detect either of those species, though what I consider the true
eneocephalus abounded in all parts of the group. All my speci-
mens of @neicollis? are Cornish, but I have been shown several
taken near Oxford : chalcocephalus appears to be found throughout

VOL. Ill, K

118 Mr. F. Holme on the Habits,

the country; I have taken it in Kent, Essex, Lancashire, Glou-
cestershire, Oxfordshire, and Ireland, besides the localities noticed
above.

St. brunnipes is apparently an autumnal species; it is very
common under stones in September and October, but I scarcely
ever took it earlier in the year. To the same section with it
would belong a species which appears to be undescribed :

St. semipolitus mihi. Length 73 lines; black; head small,
rounded, and, as well as the thorax, very glossy and polished, and
somewhat distantly punctured, but on closer examination numerous
minute punctures are seen interspersed with the larger ones ; vertex
of the head and dorsal line of the thorax nearly smooth; elytra
dull brassy, with a few long hairs, minutely strigose-punctate,
with a single very large puncture on the disk towards the apex,
and one or two others towards the base; abdomen dull black,
strongly margined, the penultimate segment narrowly edged with
whitish ; punctured, with two large punctures on each side of
each segment; mouth and antennz piceous-black ; palpi rufo-
piceous; femora and tibiz brassy black, with a slight aureous
pubescence ; tarsi, especially the anterior, bright piceo-rufous.—
I have taken three specimens, two in Christ Church Meadow,
Oxford, and the third at Kemp-Town, near Brighton ; it approaches
nearest to S. cantianus, but is distinguished by the colour of the |
tibiae: Mr. Waterhouse pronounced it decidedly new to England.
I have not however had an opportunity of consulting the works
of Gravenhorst or Mannerheim.

Britain has been considered by Messrs. Kirby and Spence to be
the metropolis of the Brachelytra: and this is in some degree
corroborated by the fact that the Goérius olens, which may pro-
bably be considered as the typical species of the whole division,
though so abundant in Britain, is by no means equally common in
any part of the European continent, and in Sweden, according to
De Geer, is so rare that he never took a single specimen: and
Linnzeus was even led by its rarity to doubt its rank as a species,
considering that it might be a variety of Creophilus mazxillosus,
and denuded of its pubescence by age! Its habits are too well
known to require any remark, and it carries its sanguinary dis-
position even into captivity, destroying its fellow prisoners without
mercy if placed in the collecting bottle. I have frequently had
occasion to remark the tacit homage paid to the prowess of this
and even smaller Brachelytra by the Harpalide and other pre-
dacious families, which invariably take to flight at their approach ;

Manners, §c. of some of the British Brachelytra. 119

the only exception to this which I remember to have witnessed
was given by the maritime species Broscus cephalotes, which I have
seen defend its prey stoutly against Creophilus maxillosus.

The Goért are monogamous: a pair is frequently found in a
crevice, in the side of a quarry or gravelpit, with their broad
heads occupying the entrance of their den, ready to dart out on
any hapless insect which may fall from the top.

None of the other Goérii appear to be very common: four or
five years ago, when a tyro in Entomology, I took a remarkably
fine specimen of G. cyancus, near Broughton Hall, in Staffordshire,
but unfortunately gave it away:—the only other species I ever
met with are G. punciulatus and G. morio, neither of which are
very uncommon in the west of England, particularly the Scilly
Isles: these two species appear very closely allied, but those to
which I have affixed the name G. morio are somewhat slenderer
than the others, have narrower heads, and less blue gloss on the
elytra. I found both species together, in company with Ocypi,
on the shore, and often under coarse mould on the cliffs close to
the sea.

The Ocypi are more elongated in form than any of the preced-
ing genera, and their long abdomen has a serpentine lateral motion
in running, which resembles that of a worm more than an insect.
The species resemble each other very closely in form, and different
specimens of the same species vary greatly in dimensions: my
smallest specimen of O. similis is scarcely 44 lines long, my largest
nearly 8 lines. O. picipes differs from it in little that I can dis-
tinguish except its somewhat greater breadth and bulk, larger
head, and somewhat more glossy hue. O. compressus, of which I
have a Cornish specimen, is distinguished by its bright ferruginous
legs: O. angustatus, and O. pheopus, the two other species de-
scribed by Mr. Stephens, I never met with.

Microsaurus lateralis, the Quedius lateralis of Stephens’s ‘“ Tlus-
trations,” is apparently a very rare British insect, as he mentions
only two indigenous specimens as being then known: I took,
however, a fine specimen out of horsedung, in Gloucestershire, in
September last. My specimen is scarcely five lines long: it is an
insect of a remarkably short, broad, thickset figure, with a large
head, powerful jaws, and very large eyes; the abdomen is short
and broad, like that of Emus hirtus, but diminishing somewhat in
breadth towards the apex: in my specimen there is a large punc-
ture or foveola on the occiput, which is not mentioned by Mr.
Stephens; and the deflexed edge of the elytra is not ‘ pale

kK 2

120 Mr. F. Holme on the Habits,

testaceous,” but deep clay-colour, which colour does not appear on
a vertical view.*

The Quedii, though closely allied to the Philonthi, have suf-
ficient differences in habit to enable a practised eye to distinguish
them at once; for, exclusive of the difference in the anterior tars1,
&c., their broader and rounder head, less distinct neck, and more
attenuated abdomen, at once mark them. ‘Their habits, too, differ
from those of Philonthus; for, though some of the species are
occasionally found in dung or decaying animal matter, the exclu-
sive pabula of the Philonthi, the majority are found under stones,
at the roots of grass, and frequently under loose bark on the
branches of trees, where they prey on earwigs, woodlice, &c.
Most of this genus, and also of the Philonthi, are much on the
wing when the sun shines. As I have nothing of interest to
mention relative to the habits of this genus, I shall proceed to
give a few localities of the species noticed by Stephens as among
the less common.

Quedius gracilis: Gloucestershire and Lancashire ; not uncom-
mon in dung.

Q. pyrrhopus : Gloucestershire, under stones ; not common.

Q. hoemorrhous: under bark of trees, near Southend, and in
Kent. I took many at Brome Park, the seat of Sir Henry
Oxendon.

Q. heemopterus : with the last, but less common; also in Glou-
cestershire, where I never found the other; the red on the elytra
in both these species is much more vivid when alive than after
death,

Q. suturalis: I have several specimens of this not very com-
mon insect, most of which were taken, if I remember right, in
Cornwall and Devonshire, in dung, though I do not find it men-
tioned in my local catalogues. I have also taken it in Gloucester-
shire.

Q. erythropterus: in Lord Bathurst’s park, near Cirencester,
Gloucestershire.

The genus Philonthus is one of the most numerous, both in
species and individuals, of the larger Brachelytra: they occur in
profusion in every heap of dung throughout the summer and
autumn, preying voraciously on the 4phodiand other coprophagous
genera, and apparently destroying more than they require for food,

* Since writing this I have seen Mr. Curtis’s beautiful figure: it appears that
it has now been takenin many places; but it is to be regretted that Mr. Curtis
should have selected it as an example of Quedius, since, even if we reject the
genus Microsaurus, its figure differs considerably from that of the typical Quedii.

Manners, §c. of some of the British Brachelytra. 121

as I have often found ants carrying off the mutilated bodies of
small Aphodit, nearly or quite severed, at the junction of the
thorax and elytra, as if by the bite of Ph. splendens, or some one
of the larger species, but otherwise untouched. The mention of
ants in this place recalls to my mind a curious scene which I wit-
nessed in the summer of 1833, near Sydenham, in Devonshire: a
number of the large horse-ant, (I do not know the scientific name, )
common in the west of England, were passing along the top bar
of a gate, and in the midst of the procession appeared two or
three ants carrying between them a living Philonthus politus,
whose struggles for liberty appeared utterly fruitless; for what
purpose he was thus secured, or how the ants had succeeded in
capturing an insect so well provided with means both of defence
and escape, I had no means of ascertaining.

Some of the Philonthi are variegated with lively colours on the
elytra, and nearly all the species are distinguished by the brilliant
metallic polish of the head and thorax: they are active and lively
insects, running with great rapidity, and flying well, mostly in
sunshine. Some of the pilose species are infested by 4earz. They
all appear to be gregarious, and the different species are found
together: the Jarvee are equally predacious with the parent insects,
which they greatly resemble in general form: that of Ph. politus
has been figured by Mr. Westwood, in the Zool. Journal, vol. ui.
pli2:

The two first species, Ph. laminatus and Ph. eneus, are con-
sidered by Mr. Stephens to be probably the two sexes of the saine
species; the only difference I have been able to detect is that
Ph. eneus is usually a trifle larger, and wants the prolongation,
observable in the other, of the ante-penultimate abdominal seg-
ment :—Ph. chalceus is also placed within brackets in the “ Syste-
matic Catalogue” as a possible variety of the same species ; but
this I think is distinct : though nowhere common, I have taken it
in Gloucestershire, Lancashire, and Cornwall. It is a smaller and
more compact looking insect than the other, with the thorax
rather more convex, and the sides of the head and thorax rounder ;
and, when alive, the head and thorax show a rich rosy-copper
gloss, not observable in the other.

I have a variety of Ph. splendens in which the head and thorax
are glossed with rich steel blue instead of copper, and another in
which the disk of the elytra is piceo-ferruginous, probably from
injury in the pupa, as the insect appears fully mature. The
number of thoracic punctures also in each series, on which Mr.
Stephens has founded his sub-divisions of the genus, sometimes varies

122 Mr. F. Holme on the Habits,

in an anomalous manner: for instance, in a specimen of Ph. politus
in my cabinet, instead of a double quadripunctate series, there
are six punctures on one side, and only two on the other. I have
an extraordinary monstrosity of this last species, with a raised
tubercle in the centre of each elytron: this insect, which I took
in Gloucestershire, stood for some time in my cabinet as a new
species by the name of Ph. mucropennis ; but on showing it to
Mr. Stephens, he pronounced it merely a variety of Ph. politus.

Most of the localities which I possess of this genus have been
already given in my catalogue of the Penzance Coleoptera: I shall
here therefore only remark that the species with spotted elytra,
(Ph. lituratus and its allies,) which do not usually make their
appearance in the midland counties till the middle of August, are
found in abundance near Penzance in June: the mildness of the

_ climate in Cornwall probably occasioning their earlier exclusion
from the pupa. Ph. bimaculatus and Ph. aciculatus are much
rarer than the other species of this section: the latter I have
never taken; of the former I found a few specimens near Pen-
zance, and in the autumn of 1835 I took in Christ Church Mea-
dow, Oxford, an insect, pronounced a variety by Mr. Stephens, in
which the elytra had no regular spot, but.a strong gloss of dull
red pervading the apical half in some lights.

Ph. micans, which Mr. Stephens notices as. rare, is taken not
uncommonly in Christ Church Meadow, Bagley Wood, and the
neighbourhood of Oxford: generally: some specimens greatly
exceed the length of 23 lines assigned by Mr. Stephens.

The beautiful species comprised in the genus Raphirus bear so
much greater affinity in habits and general appearance to Quedius
than to Philonthus, that I am surprised the latter genus should
have been interposed between them; for it appears to me that the
chain of affinity in forms would be more obvious and complete, if
the Raphiri were made the link between the smaller Quedi and
the more slender species of Philonthus, as Ph. marginatus, litura-
tus, micans, &c., now placed at the end of the genus, while the
species with broad heads, as Ph. eratus, puncticollis, sericeus, &e.,
would more naturally conduct to the Bisnii, Cafii, and other large
headed genera arranged towards the end of the Staphylinide :—
but this suggestion is made with all due deference and submission
to the opinion of more scientific entomologists.*

The great attenuation of the abdomen, (resembling that of the

* The above was written before the appearance of Mr. Stephens’s ‘‘ Manual,”
in which Raphirus is placed between Quedius and Philonthus.

s

Manners, &c. of some of the British Brachelytra. 123

Tachypori, &c.,) and the changeable gloss of the pubescence,
render this genus distinguishable at the first glance: none of the
species appear to be numerous in individuals, and different speci-
mens vary considerably in size and brilliancy: one of my specimens
of R. semiobscurus is nearly 53 lines in length.

R. boops has been several times taken near Oxford by my friend
A. Matthews, Esq.

R. rufipennis 1 took in ‘the Scilly Islands, the only species of
the genus which I found there during my short stay: the golden
gloss of the pubescence gave the insect a most beautiful appear-
ance when alive.

R. semieneus 1 have taken in Gloucestershire, and I think in
Cornwall also, but I do not find it in my local catalogue.

The Bisnii, though found, as remarked by Mr. Stephens, as
well under dung as under fuci, seem never to occur at any
distance from the coast: I never took a single specimen inland.
B. cephalotes I found in considerable plenty at Southend, in July
last.

The different species of Cafius occur in great plenty under sea-
weed, in all parts of the coast, but are so exclusively maritime in
their locality that I never saw a single one beyond the limits of
the sea-beach. They are highly predacious, and are well fitted
for rapine by their broad heads and long jaws armed with powerful
dentations: on turning up a heap of sea-weed, they may fre-
quently be seen, particularly when the sun shines, to spring into
the air after the flies thus disturbed, aiding their dart by a mo-
mentary expansion of the wings. Their voracity does not even
spare their own species: the larger specimens prey on the smaller
without mercy, and I have seen two leave a common prey un-
touched while they fought for its exclusive possession. ‘They
burrow with great agility under the loose sand when alarmed,
their flattened body, and expanded and pilose anterior tarsi, being
admirably adapted for making their way through this loose mate-
rial: though they frequently content themselves with merely
thrusting their heads under a pebble and remaining motionless,
apparently thinking, as popular belief attributes to the ostrich,
that they are thus effectually concealed.

The distinguishing characteristics of the different species in this
genus have somewhat perplexed me, from the great variation
observable in different specimens: the first species, C. fuczcola, I
have never been able satisfactorily to identify among my speci-
mens: and I have sometimes doubted whether the two next,
C. xantholoma and C. laéeralis, might not in reality form a single

124 Mr. F. Holme on the Habits,

species, as the anterior puncture in the thoracic series, which is
one. of the distinctive characters insisted on by Mr. Stephens,
varies so much in size and position as to be but a doubtful
criterion: and of the frontal punctures on the head, the apparent
presence or absence of the external one seems to me to depend
on the greater or less elevation of the scape of the antenna, which,
when it stands out much in relief, as it does in some specimens,
gives the appearance of a large puncture or foveola on the mner
side; while in others it scarcely rises above the level of the head.
The general dimensions, and the relative proportions of the heads
and mandibles, vary in different individuals as much as they do in
Creophilus maxillosus: and it is possible that all my specimens
may truly belong to one species, and that I may not yet have seen
an authentic specimen of the other.

The two other supposed species, C. littoralis and tessellatus, are
certainly mere immature varieties, as Mr. Stephens has placed
them in the “ Illustrations :” I have observed them in all the inter-
mediate stages of colour: and should my preceding views as to
the identity of C. xantholoma and lateralis prove correct, I suspect
that the former, from the general darker colour and obsolete
pubescence, will be found to be the old specimens.

Of the Gabri I have only to add a locality for G. pallipes,
which is common in Christ Church meadow, and elsewhere, near
Oxford. A. Matthews, Esq., lately informed me that he has
detected an entirely new form, which will take its station near
Gabrius, but differs in having the tarsi greatly dilated, and in
other characters: but I have not seen the insect.

The larger Gyrohypni appear to affect by preference maritime
situations: even the commonest species, G. cruentatus, does not
occur in any great numbers inland, while on the shores of Mount’s
Bay I found it swarming under horsedung on the beach, and
decidedly more common than any other of the large or middling
sized Brachelytra: it occurred in equal profusion at Ryde, Wey-
mouth, and Portland Island: in the Scilly Islands I did not meet
with it, but I should feel little doubt of its occurring there. The
Cornish specimens of G. tricolor almost equalled the above-men-
tioned species in size.

Mr. Curtis, in the late volume of the British Entomology, has
figured the snpposed variety of Lathrobium quadratum, with a red
dot at the apex of the elytra, as a species, by the name of L. ter-
minatum, of Gravenhorst, indicating it, however, as probably only
a variety of L. quadratum. I never took this insect myself, but
Andrew Matthews, Esq., who takes it in considerable numbers at

Manners, §c. of some of the British Brachelytra, 125

Weston-on-the-green, tells me that he has no doubt of its being
merely a variety of L. quadratum, both insects occurring together
in the same situations and in nearly equal numbers, and never
being found separately. May not the dot be a sexual distinction ?
The dotted specimens given me by Mr. Matthews appear a trifle
broader than the undotted ones taken by myself.

The following species of this genus, indicated by Mr. Stephens
as among the less common, are found in Christ Church Meadow,
and elsewhere, near Oxford: ZL. punctulatum, longulum (rather
common), and fovulum.

I have never seen any notice of the singular manner in which
the common little species Astenus angustatus carries its antenne
in running: they are bent almost into a semicircle, the tips
almost touching each other, and incessantly vibrating as in the
Ichneumon tribe: I have not noticed this peculiarity in any of the
neighbouring genera.

I have seen some specimens of Pederus littoralis in which the
mandibles were piceous instead of red, probably old insects: it
may always however be recognized by its more slender figure,
smaller head, and oblong thorax, as well as by its somewhat
brighter colouring, from its nearly allied congener P. mparius.
In habits also it appears to present some difference, as I found it
in Cornwall running on the stems and leaves of osiers, &c. in con-
siderable numbers, whereas P. riparius is seldom found except on
the ground. I have a specimen, apparently belonging to P. ripa-
rius, but so nearly intermediate in form, colour, and proportions,
that I was for some time puzzled where to place it. ;

Of the rare and elegant P. fuscipes I took a single specimen, in
August 1835, on the sands near Ryde, in company with riparius
(not littoralis’, but the difference in habit and general aspect was
obvious at a glance. I never met with either P. ruficollis or
P. sanguinicollis in England: but I have received several speci-
mens, agreeing closely with Mr. Stephens’s description of the
latter, from Denmark and Norway, by the name of P. collaris :
one specimen was marked Kiel, and I believe it is common in
Sweden. I may mention that I have often seen the Pederi
engaged in wiping the palpi, inside of the mandibles, base of the
antenne, &c. with the claws and dilated tarsi of the fore feet,
with as scrupulous care as a cat washes her face: I have also seen
Staphylinus erythropterus similarly employed.

The determination of specific titles in the genus Stenus is nearly
as difficult as among the Aleochare, from the great number of
species, and their general similarity of colouring. Most of them

126 Mr. F. Holme on the Habits,

are gregarious: St. nigriclavis, rufitarsis, &c. are found in great
numbers in winter, collected together in loose earth at the roots
of trees in Christ Church meadow.

Stenus flavipes, St. pubescens, and St. Kirbii, are taken by Mr.
Matthews at Weston-on-the-green: the last named species I my-
self took at Southend and Sheerness last summer; when I had an
opportunity of verifying a fact mentioned in the “ Entom. Edin.”
on the authority of Mr. Bainbridge, that ‘ individuals thrown on
the water dart like Velia or Gerris eighteen or twenty inches along
the surface,” a mode of escape which I saw St. Kirbu voluntarily
have recourse to.

The following of the less common species I have taken in
Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire: geniculatus, lineatulus (not un-
common), buphthalmus (here less common than the preceding),
cicindeloides, unicolor (not common), similis, and picipes. S. bigut-
tatus is also taken at Weston by Mr. Matthews.

On the succeeding genera of the Stenide I can only add a
locality or two; but I cannot omit to notice the inveterate mis-
spelling which has [much] obtained in this country of the name of
Mannerheim’s genus Platystethus, which, in defiance of its obvious
derivation, zAarve, broad, ozyfoc, breast or thorax, seems to have
naturalized itself in England as Platysthetus, a name expressing
nothing in Greek, or, as far as I am aware, in any other language :
the universal adoption of this error is really a slur on the classical
knowledge of [some of ] our Entomologists.

Pl. immunis, and Pl. foveatus, occur in autumn in Gloucester-
shire.

Pl. pallidipennis is taken by Mr. Matthews at Weston-on-the-
Green: in recent specimens the pale part of the elytra is nearly
white, and its boundary well defined; the shoulder is always
dusky, joining the other colour in a diagonal line: in old speci-
mens there is only an indistinct pale patch in the middle of the
elytron, surrounded on all sides by dark piceous.

Oxytelus picipennis is not uncommon in Gloucestershire.

Mr. Stephens speaks of the Platystetht and Oxyteli as occur-
ring “at all times, especially in the spring and early summer
months:” it would appear that their exclusion from the pupa
takes place about the beginning of autumn, as they make their
appearance in dung in multitudes towards the end of September,
when the numbers of the Philonthi begin to diminish; they are
the latest of all coprophagous Coleoptera to disappear at the
approach of winter, and the earliest in their re-appearance in

Manners, &c. of some of the British Brachelytra, 127

spring, except perhaps Aphodius testudinarius : from June to Sep-
tember they are seldom seen.

Trogophleus arcuatus occurs near Oxford, and I believe others
of the genus, but many of my specimens are yet unnamed.

Evesthetus scaber is found near Oxford, but not common; my
specimens are not black as described by Mr. Stephens, but rather
testaceous brown with glossy black elytra.

Lesteva impressa is taken by Mr, Matthews at Weston: the
specimens vary much in intensity of colour, from brown or pitchy
black to dull testaceous yellow.

Since the above notes were written, some additional remarks
have occurred to me, which I shall here append.

Many supposed species have been reduced in Mr. Stephens’s
new “ Manual” to the rank of varieties: and an inspection of the
original specimens on which many of the species were founded,
in Mr. Kirby’s collection now possessed by the Entomological
Society, convinces me that this reduction requires to be still further
extended. Many of these typical specimens are obviously only
immature states of well known species; but the notes which I
made on this point were unluckily lost. Gabrius ventralis I how-
ever remember is an immature specimen of one of the common
species, with the segments of the abdomen much extended in
setting.

Quedius atriceps, Q. Lathburii, and Q. inquanatus, have occurred
near Oxford.

Raphirus nigricornis mihi. Length barely two lines; antennz
rather thickened, black ; head and thorax shining glossy black ;
head suborbiculate; thorax with two punctures placed obliquely
on each side the disk, and a few others, connected together, close
to the outer margin; elytra pubescent, pitchy brassy-black, the
apex reddish; abdomen pilose, obscure black, edges of the seg-
ments reddish, and of the penultimate one white; legs black;
tarsi piceous. This appears to be distinguished by the colour of
the legs and antennz from all others of the genus, except perhaps
R. fuscipes, which differs in size and other particulars.

Philonthus cyanipennis. 1 purchased a pair of insects which
appear to correspond with this species at Mr. Swainson’s sale, on
which the habitat was marked New York. Dr. Leach’s only
specimen was taken near Swansea, and the examples in the
British Museum are from France and Switzerland,

128 Mr. F. Holme on the British Brachelytra.

Philonthus coruscus. In his description of this species, Mr.
Stephens omits to notice that the scutellum, suture, and base of
the elytra narrowly, are brassy black; and the occurrence of these
distinctions in the specimens which I took in Scilly, led me to
doubt whether my insects might not be distinct, till I ascertained
their identity by comparison with Mr, Kirby’s specimens.

Gabrius villosulus has occurred near Meysey Hampton in Glou-
cestershire, where I have also taken Gyrohypnus tricolor of even
larger size than the Cornish specimens.

I find that I was wrong in supposing that Mr. Rudd lad taken
the insect which I characterized in the Ent, Trans. ii. 64, as
Remus sericveus, on the coast of Yorkshire: his specimens were
from the Isle of Wight, and I am indebted to him for the know-
ledge of a sexual distinction—the male having the last abdominal
segment notched beneath. Mr. Shuckard (Elements of Ento-
mology, 1. 116) considers that it “ differs too slightly from Cafius
to constitute a distinct genus ;” and with Cafius he accordingly
places it: but independent of the differences in the trophi, &c., I
think the contrast between the polished thorax of Cafius with its
double row of large punctures, and the closely punctured one of
Remus with its dorsal callus, too great to admit of their being
placed together: and Mr. Stephens (in the “ Manual’’) has sanc-
tioned its establishment as a genus, placing it between Heterothops
and Othius. Mr. Rudd had distinguished the specimens which
he placed in the British Museum by the MS. name of Menapius
grisescens.

I have noticed that most of the Lathrobia, in alarm or death,
double the long flexible end of the abdomen under the body
instead of over it.

Omalium mesomelas mihi. Size and dimensions of O. sordidum,
of which it may possibly be a very high coloured variety; bright
rufous ; head black; disk of elytra suffused with deep cyaneous.
It resembles in colour O. zopterum, but is a much wider insect.
Near Meysey Hampton, Gloucestershire, in a rotten oak-stump,
Sept. 1838.

Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations, &c. ie

X1IX.— Observations respecting various Insects which at dif-
ferent times have afforded Food to Man. By the Rev.
F. W. Hops, F.R.S. &c.

[Read 4th December, 1837. ]

I rink it necessary to state at the commencement of this paper,
that I confine my inquiries at present solely to insects, passing
by the Crustacea.* It will, no doubt, after an investigation be
generally admitted, that insects in very early days were eaten as
an article of food; as it may however be doubted by some indi-
viduals, it will be better to clear up this point before we enter
more minutely into the main object of our inquiry.

Perhaps the earliest account we have of edible insects is that
which is mentioned by Moses, the Jewish lawgiver, where insects
are noticed in the catalogue of animals permitted for food, (vide
Lev. xi. 21, 22), “ These ye may eat, the locust after his kind, and
the bald locust after his kind, and the beetle after his kind, and
the grasshopper after his kind.” Without attempting at present
fully to explain this passage, which has afforded ample matter for
discussion to the commentator as well as the naturalist, I merely
remark in alluding to it, first, that at the time the above passage
was written, it may fairly be inferred that locusts had long been
eaten as food; and secondly, that in defining the different kinds,
the object might be partly to deter the Jews from eating other
msects, which experience had proved to be injurious, while the
locusts, which were a wholesome food, might be eaten with im-
punity, and therefore were they more especially recommended to
notice. The next authority I have to advance in support of
insects eaten as food, is that of Herodotus, the father of history.
Speaking of the Nasamones he states, they regaled on locusts,
The translation of the passage is as follows: “They hunt for
locusts, which having dried in the sun, they reduce to powder and
eat, mingled with milk.” vid. Herod. Melpomene, chap. 72.

Diodorus Siculus also mentions a race of Ethiopians who were
so fond of eating this food, that they were called acridophagi, or
locust eaters (vid. lib. 24, ch. 3). Instead of bringing forward
at present a cloud of witnesses of ancient as well as modern

* An account of the different edible species of Crustacea may at some future
period be added to the present, should such a memoir be thought worthy the
attention of the Society.

130 ~~ Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations respecting

writers in attesting the well-authenticated fact of locusts eaten as
food, I shall merely insert in tables at the end of this paper the
names of different nations and people mentioned as. feeding on
such diet, and cite the several authors who have recorded them.

Before investigating the genera and species which have severally
ministered to the wants of the wild African and Australian’ bush-
man, or to the luxurious Roman or more modern Epicurean, it
may here be stated, that almost all the insects alluded to live on
vegetable matter; some on the outer bark, a greater portion on
the saccharine alburnum, the pith and inner coatings of trees,
while a great number of others thrive on leaves, twigs, and the
delicate fibrous roots buried beneath the soil. It appears then
from the above brief statement, that insects live on cleanly diet,
and consequently afford us more wholesome food than some of
the animals that are usually served at our tables. It is not my
intention here to recommend insectal food to nations living in
northern climates, although I am aware that there are naturalists
who have done so; the supply in summer accidentally might be
abundant, but in winter certainly always must be scanty and pre-
carious. I see no reason, however, why in the warm and well
wooded regions of the world they should not be eaten, as the
supply there is generally abundant. The New Hollander, or
even the European settler in those parts, may derive much benefit
by adopting the larvee of insects as food, for the very worms
regaled on, if left to themselves, in time might multiply so as to
endanger the crops of future years, entailing ruin on the grower,
and perhaps famine on the settlement. In case of scarcity in our
own country, and certainly in milder regions of the world where
famine has been known to spread over the land, insectal food
may be adopted. It is probable that want and hunger may have
been the original cause of introducing to notice several of the
insects which have been taken as food, although I am unable at
present to adduce any particular instance to substantiate the fact.
Insectal food, which I here recommend in case of necessity, will
certainly not be so revolting to man as the animal gelatine of
pulverised old bones, or even as insipid as sawdust bread, recom-
mended by the French in similar emergencies.

To proceed, however, it is time to investigate the species of
insects which have been eaten at different times. I shall com-
mence with the Coleoptera, and run through the remaining orders,
explaining, as far as is possible, the genera and species to which
they may belong.

Insects that have afforded Food to Man. 131

Scarabeus sacer, Linn.

The first insect to which I shall direct your attention is the
Scarabeus sacer, which is frequently eaten at the present day by
Egyptian women, in order that they may become prolific, (vid.
Dr. Clarke’s Travels, vol. iv. ch. 1, p. 9), where it is denomi-
nated Sc. pilularius, or rolling beetle. ‘The samé he mentions is
often met with sculptured on the obelisks and other monuments
of the country. The above writer observes, but I know not on
what authority, that this beetle served as food for the Ibis, and
its remains are sometimes met with in the earthenware reposi-
tories of the embalmed birds which are found at Saccara and
Thebes. Lane, in his account of the modern Egyptians, cor-
roborates the testimony of Dr. Clarke. He states, “that the
Egyptian women generally make use of perfumes, such as musk
and civet, &c. and often of cosmetics, and of several preparations
which they eat and drink, with the view of acquiring what they
call a proper degree of plumpness. One of the preparations is
extremely disgusting, being chiefly composed of mashed beetles.”
In a note appended to the above passage (vid. vol. i. p. 237),
Lane argues, that these insects were eaten by the Jews (see Levit.
xi. 21, 22), “Of these ye may eat, the beetle after his kind; but
we cannot suppose that they derived this custom from the Egyp-
tians, who regarded the beetle as sacred.” In our translation of
the Bible, the Hebrew word chargol is rendered beetle, which
ought to have been rendered locust, vid. Bochart in loc. In
another passage, in a note, the same author states, ‘‘ Some women
add another ingredient, but for a particular purpose, which is to
make them fat ; they broil and mash up a number of beetles in the
butter, and then add honey,” &c.

Lepidiota, Kirby.

Lep. Hypoleuca, Wiedemann. Wiedemann mentions that he
found on the waron tree, in the Island of Java, Melolontha Hypo-
leuca in great abundance. This species is as common there as
Mel. vulgaris is in Europe. He adds, the inhabitants of the
mountains collect them as an article of food. Vid. Westermann
and Wiedemann in Germar’s Magazine, vol. iv, 419.

Rhisotrogus Pini.

The inhabitants of Moldavia and Wailachia are mentioned in
some authors as eating the larvee and perfect insects of Rhisotro-

132 Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations respecting

gus Pini: the author’s name I have unfortunately omitted to
transcribe.

Anophlognathus viridieneus.

Mr. William Sharpe Mac Leay has stated, in the “ Hore Ento-
mologice,” that he is inclined to think that the larvee of Anophlog-
nathide are the grubs which the New Hollanders use as an article
of food ;* in corroboration of this opinion, I can add the testi-
mony of an individual who resided some years back in different
parts of Australia, who assured me that the white grubs} which
are eaten turned into golden beetles, and pointed them out in the
box of insects which he had to dispose of. The species alluded
to was Anophlognathus viridieneus, and there can be little doubt
that the white grubs of various other species are often mistaken
for them and eaten. Should this opinion be further substantiated,
and the food prove palateable and wholesome, the settler, from
policy, should patronize as food these dainties which are so
highly prized by the wild Australian, and thereby secure the
crops of future years by feeding on the insects capable of destroy-
ing them; and certainly no reason can be adduced why the grubs
of New Holland may not rival in delicacy the palm-worm of the
Eastern world, or the cossus of Europe, which the Roman epicure,
in the days of Pliny, so highly esteemed. .

Oryctes Owariensis.

Another insect which is eaten at the present day is a species of
Oryctes, named Owariensis by Palisot Beauvois. It is eaten by
the nations inhabiting Cape Coast, and there can be little doubt
that many other species of this genus, as well as of Xy/otrupes,
may be eaten with impunity. It is not improbable that Reaumur
was aware of a species of Oryctes being eaten by the Africans,
since he recommends the larve of Oryctes Nasicornis of Europe
to especial notice. My gallant friend, Captain Downes, a resi-
dent some years at Fernando Po, who, although unable to specify
the insect, mentions that at Sierra Leone the natives roasted and
ate a palm-tree worm. He informs me also, that beetles and their
larvee are eaten on various parts of the western coast of Africa.

* Mr. Cunningham states, ‘‘ Our wood grub is a long soft thick worm,
much relished by the natives, who have a wonderful tact in knowing what part
of the tree to dig into for it, when they quickly pull it out, and gobble it up with
as much relish as an English epicure would an oyster.”

t+ Vide Two Years in New South Wales, by P. Cunningham, vol. i. p. 329.

Insects that have afforded Food to Man, 133

Lucanus cervus.

Scopoli records his opinion, that the larva of Lucanus cervus
was probably the Cossus of Pliny, and it seems probable that
this opinion was correct.

Tenebrio, Fabricius.

The celebrated Niebhur states in his travels, that the women of
Arabia and Turkey make use of a species of Tenebrio, which is
found amongst the rubbish of their gardens. As plumpness is
thought a beauty in the east, the women, in order to obtain this
beauty, swallow every morning and every evening three of these
Tenebriones fried in butter.—Vid. Niebhur’s Travels, vol. ii. p. 339.
It will perhaps be remarked, that the name of the species is not
mentioned. I think it is likely that a Pemelia of the present day
is intended, and not a Tenebrio. As the larve of Tenebrionide,
commonly called meal-worms in England, chiefly live on flour,
might they not in times of scarcity be resorted to? they abound
in bakehouses and granaries, and often in our kitchens live under
the hearth-stones. Lane distinctly states that true Scarabeus is
eaten; probably, therefore, other genera and species are regaled on.

Prionus coriarius, Linn.

The larve of this insect, with those of Lucanus cervus, were
eaten by the Romans under the name of Cossus (vid. Amoreux,
p- 154), and if it is allowable to add other species which were
probably confounded under the same name, I should mention
Hamaticherus heros, Lamia textor, and Morimus tristis, all in-
habiting southern Europe, and tolerably abundant in Italy at the
present day.

Stenodontes Damicornis, Linn.

The larvee of this beetle are eaten in Surinam, in America, and
in the West Indies, both by white and black people. It is con-
sidered an exquisite relish, and is called by the natives the Ma-
cauco, or Macokko beetle. Linnzeus, in his Mantissa Plantarum,
published in 1771, gives us a short list of insects, where, under
the name of the above species, he adds the following remark :—
“ Habitat in Jamaica, larvee in obsoniis sapidee.”

Montac Beeile.

This is the larve of one of the Prionide ; it is eaten at the Mau-
ritius when dressed, and is named the Montac grub; the whites as
well as the negroes eat it greedily. Vid. St. Pierre’s Voyage.

Vol, Ill. L

134 Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations respecting

Macrodontia cervicornis, Linn.

Linnzeus, writing on this insect, states: ‘ Habitat in America,
ligno Bombacis larvae quee exempte edulis in deliciis.”

Omacantha gigas, Fab.

According to Smeathman this insect, when roasted, forms an
article of food in Africa.

Lamia rubus ?

The larve of Lamia rubus? Fab. are eaten in the island of
Ceylon, and I have heard also, that the Burmese are partial to
these beetle grubs, probably a closely allied species of Lamia.
One species I have seen, it appeared longer than rubus, but it
was in too mutilated a state to speak with certainty. It may
here be added, that under the name of rubus there are several
species of Lamia confounded together.

Lama 8-maculata.

The above insect is reported to be eaten in India. Is this the
destructive insect named Carian by Heyne, which he states is —
not so prejudicial to the cocoa-nut trees in the Mysore as it is
on the coast? Before concluding with the Longicornes it may be
mentioned, that many others of the Prionide, and Lamude and
Cerambycide, are probably eaten, and, from the account of various
travellers, beetle grubs appear to be rich and delicate eating.

Calandra Chinensis ?

The historian lian mentions the circumstance of an Indian
king treating some of his Grecian guests with the larve of an
insect instead of fruit. This probably was a grub of a species of
Calandra, and not unlikely that of Cal. Chinensis, which is widely
spread over a large portion of the Asiatic continent. It is abun-
dant in China, on the Tanesserim Coast; at Calcutta, Ceylon,
and also in the Concan.

Calandra palmarum.

This insect is also a species of palm-worm, but certainly dis-
tinct from that of India. It is called in the West Indies, where it
abounds, Grugru. According to Madame Merian they are roasted

Insects that have afforded Food to Man. 135

by the natives, and are esteemed, when properly cooked, rich and
delicate eating. Linnzeus also, in a remark relating to this species,
adds, “ Larva assate in deliciis habentur.”—Vid. Linn. System.
Nat. p. 606.

In terminating the Coleopteral order it may be here stated that
there can be little doubt that various other species of grubs of the
genus Calandra are eaten by different nations in the widely sepa-
rated regions of the globe.

OrTHOPTERA,

1. Locusta migratoria, Linn.

Locusts, as I have before stated, were eaten in the early stages
of the world, and it is only by critical commentators that this point
seems to have been disputed.

The well authenticated fact of various nations eating locusts
as food, determines a question concerning which commen-
tators on the Bible have long disputed, namely, whether the
Acrides of John the Baptist were locusts according to the literal
sense of the word, or whether axpidec was a term given to the
pods of a species of cassia. The first, in my humble opinion, is
the only correct interpretation of the word. The hypercritic
argues that locusts are an unnatural food, forgetting that they
were allowed to be eaten by Moses, the Jewish lawgiver. Now,
if they were eaten in early days, and are eaten at present by
people frequenting the very same desert which John the Baptist
inhabited, what reason have we to think that they were ever aban-
doned in his time? None whatever! Locusts will still continue to
be eaten, and critics still endeavour to refine, but all their acumen
and learning will never convert an insect to a fruit.

The first species I allude to is the Locusta migratoria, commonly
eaten in the Crimea: it is often the precursor of Loc. Tatarica.
Under the name of migratory locust, there are undoubtedly se-
veral species confounded. The trivial name of migratoria is
characteristic of many of the species, and has probably been the
cause of the confusion. Occasionally they visit various parts of
Europe, and sometimes England, migrating chiefly from the
Crimea,

2. Locusta Tatarica, Linn.

This insect is eaten commonly in the Crimea. When these
animals arrive in swarms, the whole vegetable produce disappears.
Nothing escapes them, from the leaves of the forest to the herbs

L2

136 ~~ Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations respecting

of the plain; fields, vineyards, gardens and pastures, every thing
is laid waste; sometimes the only appearance left on the naked soil
is a revolting heat caused by their putrifying bodies, the stench of
which too often produces a devastating pestilence.

3. The Muken, or Red Locust.

I am in doubt what name to attribute to this species. The
Egyptians and Arabians esteem it as the fattest and most delicate
of the locusts. —Vid. Niebhur. At Bassorah, the Arabs call this
locust, which they are extremely partial to, Muken; when fat and
full of eggs it is esteemed a very strengthening food for men ; the
male Muken is lean, and therefore is not much eaten.

4, The Light Locust.

Another species eaten by the Arabians is called the light locust:
it appears to be unknown to our European entomologists ; this,
when it arrives, is lean, and after it has lived well for a time is
called the Fat Locust.

5. The Dubbe Locust.

This species is by no means in request in Arabia, and is scarcely
deemed esculent, because it tends to produce diarrhoea. Reesel
tells us, that eating locusts is unwholesome, and produces winged
dog lice, or dog flies. This opinion, however, is disputed, and is
now not credited by travellers.

6. Locusta gregaria, (Forskal, Gerrard,) or Red Skipper.

This insect is considered as one of the most destructive to vege-
tation, and is most probably the Acridium of the ancients. An inte-
resting account relating to this species will be found in Blaquiere’s
Travels. It is probably also the locust described by Belzoni, who
says they devour every thing. The natives eat them fried; they
are about two inches in length, and are generally of a yellow or
gold colour, but there are some red, and some green.——Vid. Bel-
zoni. Colour is no criterion of species with respect to this locust,
and probably the remark will apply to others. When young it is
green; as it grows it assumes a yellow hue, and lastly becomes
brown and red. There is an indifferent drawing of one of the
above insects in James Grey Jackson’s Travels in Morocco, Vid.
third edition (1816), p. 102.

Insects that have afforded Food to Man. 137

7. Locusta Cernensis, Hope.

This species, which is apparently undescribed, is eaten by the
natives of Madagascar, and preferred by them to their finest fish.
Their method of dressing them is to strip off their legs and wings
and fry them in oil. I have given it the name of L. Cernensis,
derived from the ancient name of that island, which I prefer to
Madagascariensis, used by French writers,

8. Locusta devastator, Lichtenstein.

This destructive insect is mentioned by Lichtenstein as devas-
tating Southern Africa. ‘They are greedily devoured by the Bos-
jesmans or Wood Hottentots, who, not content with catching thern
by handsful, dig long and deep trenches, and capture them by
thousands. Adamson mentions, moreover, in his voyage that
various tribes of Africa eat locusts.— Vid. p. 161.

9. Locusta pupa, Linn.

I have somewhere read (Rosenmiiller ?) that this species is eaten
occasionally, but do not recollect the reference.

10. Locusta cristata, Linn.

Linneeus, in his “Systema Nature,” under the name of Locusta
cristata, mentions in a note that this species is eaten by the Arabs,
** Hic Arabicus esculentus est.”

There are different methods of preparing locusts. The Arabs
throw them on the fire, and when sufficiently fried, they pluck
off the legs and head, and eat the remainder. Some dry them
in ovens, and others grind them to powder in handmills, or
pound them in stone mortars; the powder is then mixed with
water, and made into a cake, and baked as common bread.
Others, again, boil and eat them with salt. The taste is compared
to shrimps, and by Rosenmiiller they are reported to be nearly the
same in flavour as the smoked Agaric eaten in Holstein. Ano-
ther authority for their peculiar flavour is “Joseph de S. Ange, de
Toulouse, dans son Gazoph. Pers. sous le titre Locusta, raconte
qu’en Arabie tout le monde (tutti quanti), pauvres et riches, man-
gent les sauterelles avec beaucoup de l’appetit, et qu’en effet elles
sont bonnes (e che veramente sono buono), et ont le gout d’ecre-
visses. D’autres disent qu’elles ont plutot le gout de hareng frais.”
—Vid. Scheuchzer, vol. ii. p. 111.

138 Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations respecting

11. Locusta viridissima.

This species has occasionally been eaten. It is seldom found
in great numbers, and is reported not to possess the flavour be-
longing to the migratorial species.

12. Locusta Mahrattarum.

When a cloud of locusts visit the Mahratta country, the common
people salt and eat them; probably they have long been accustomed
to such food; as it is evidently distinct from any African species,
I suggest the name of Locusta Mahratiarum.

Meer Hassan Ali tells us, that the Mussulmauns in India eat
locusts. Speaking of a cloud of them, he proceeds as follows : “The
main body of the army of locusts must have occupied thirty mi-
nutes in passing over my head, but my attention was too deeply
engrossed to afford me time to consult my watch; stragglers there
were many, separated from the flight by noises made by the ser-
vants and people to deter them from settling, some were caught
and were converted into currie for a Mussulmaun’s meal. They
say it is no common delicacy, and is ranked among the allowed
animal food.”—Vid. Meer Hassan Ali’s History of the Mussul-
mauns, p. 165. :

As I have heard Englishmen who have been in the East Indies
state that the natives of India do not eat locusts, I quote another
authority which speaks on the point generally without alluding to
any particular species. Paxton gives us the following passage :
“‘ Many nations in the East, as the Indians in the Bushee Islands,
the Tonquinese, and the inhabitants of Madagascar, make no
scruple to eat locusts, of which they have innumerable swarms,
and prefer them to their finest fish.”—Vol. i. p. 327.

The next authority I quote of people eating locusts is Ludolphus;
in his History of Ethiopia we find the following quaint passage : “ The
Habessines for sometime support themselves by feeding on locusts,
which they greedely eit, as well to satisfie their hunger as in re-
venge, for it is a very sweet and wholesom sort of dyet, by means
of which a certain Portuguez garrison in India, that was ready to
yield for want of provision, held out till it was relieved another
way ; and therefore it is not to be doubted but that St. John the
Baptist fed upon these locusts in the wilderness.”’—Vid. chap. 13,
p:67-

13. Locusta Persarum, Morier.

Morier informs us of a flight of locusts which visited Persia.

Insects that have offorded Food to Man. 139

They were not, he says, of a predatory kind, and differed from the
red locust which destroys vegetation ; they were three inches long,
the body and head were of a bright yellow. ‘The Plain of Bushire
was covered by the poorer inhabitants, men, women, and children,
who came out to gather locusts, which they eat; they dry and salt
them, and afterwards sell them in the bazaars as the food of the
lowest peasantry: when boiled the yellow ones turn red ; they eat
like stale and decayed shrimps.

Forbes states in his Oriental Memoirs, “It is well known that
locusts there are an article of food in Persia and Arabia at the
present day; they are fried until their wings and legs fall off, and
in that state are sold in the markets, and eaten with rice and dates,
sometimes flavoured with salt and spices.” —Vol. 1. p. 82.

As to the modern Arabs, they eat locusts when fresh, and esteem
them, when salted, a great delicacy ; the flavour is similar to that
of fried herrings, but more delicious.*— Vid. Horneman’s Travels
in Fez.

It would indeed be easy to multiply modern authorities re-
specting locustal food; one more authority shall suffice, from which
it will appear that the Arabs make a sort of locust bread. Mad-
den, in his interesting travels, tells us, ‘‘‘The Arabs make a sort of
bread of locusts; they dry them and grind them to powder, then
mix this powder with water, forming them into round cakes, which
serve for bread,” —Vid. vol. ii, pp. 31 and 218.

* Burkhardt more particularly details the method of dressing locusts in Arabia,
‘«* All the Bedouins of Arabia and the inhabitants of the towns of Nedgd and
Hadjaz are accustomed to eat locusts. I have seen,” he says, ‘‘ at Medina and
Tayf, locust shops, where these animals were sold by measure. In Egypt and
Nubia they are only eaten by the poorest beggars. The Arabs, in preparing
locusts as an article of food, throw them alive into boiling water with which a
good deal of salt has been mixed, after a few minutes they are taken out and dried
in the sun. The head, feet and wings are then torn off, the bodies are cleansed
from the salt, and perfectly dried ; afrer which process, whole sacks are filled with
them by the Bedouins. They are sometimes-eaten broiled in butter, and they
often contribute materials for a breakfast, when spread over unleavened bread
mixed with butter.’”—Vid. Burkhardt’s Notes on the Bedouins and Wahatays,
vol. il. p. 91.

Salt also, in his voyage to Abyssinia, p. 172, writes as follows: ‘ During our
stay in this quarter a large flight of locusts came over to one of the islands, and
in a few days destroyed nearly half the vegetation upon it, not sparing even the
bitter leaves of the rack tree. These locusts are called Jarad in Yemen and Anne
in Dankali, and are commonly used as food by the wandering tribes of both these
nations, who, after boiling them, separate the heads from the bodies, and devour
the latter in the same manner as Europeans eat shrimps and prawns.’’—Vid. Salt’s
Voyage to Abyssinia, p. 172.

140 Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations respecting

14. Locusta Onos, Pallas.

The celebrated traveller Pallas, in the fourth volume of his
Voyages, in the Appendix, informs us that Gryllus Onos is eaten
by the Mongols and other Indians, ‘ Mongolia insectum, Sinen-
sibus edule.”—Vid. p. 678. ‘The description of the species is
more fully detailed in his Spicilegiorum Zoolog, fascicul. 9, p. 17,
where there is an exact figure, vid. table 2, fig. 1.

15. Acheta Smeathmanni.

From the information furnished to Mr. Drury by Mr. Smeath-
man, we learn that the children in Africa are, at the proper season,
very busily employed digging out of the ground the females, when
full of eggs, of a species exactly resembling Acheta membranacea
of Drury, on which they make an agreeable repast, roasting gene-
rally the whole animal, but eating only the eggs, which are con-
tained in a bag—they resemble part of the roe of the fish—
deeming it very delicate food. —Vid. Westwood’s Edition of
Drury’s Exotic Insects, vol. ii. p. 91.

A species closely allied to the above ravaged the Burmese ter-
ritories, and was eaten, I understand, by the people there, after
roasting them.

Before concluding my observations on locustal food, I think I
may here be allowed to suggest some methods calculated to coun-
teract and mitigate the injurious effects they too often occasion.
First then, the legislative powers in the countries where the locusts
abound, should recommend them generally as an article of food ;
more effectual means, however, would be to employ the people
and children in hunting for their nests and eggs, which they might
ina great degree destroy; when the young make their appearance,
they may be employed again, and if the insects prove too abundant
for them, the police and military of the aistrict should be called in
to aid in the work of their destruction. On the arrival of over-
whelming swarms, when famine is likely to be caused by their
devastation, | would recommend a levée-en-masse of the popu-
lation to sally forth and collect them by thousands: as many as
may be required for food may be prepared for future use, the rest
should be buried in deep trenches. To attain this end, a poll tax
of a bushel of locusts (or any other measure deemed advisable),
might be required from each inmate of a house, and thus, by con-
siderably reducing their numbers, future famine and pestilence
(too often the sad effects of their visitations), might in some

Insects that have afforded Food to Man. 141

instances undoubtedly be prevented. In alluding at present more
particularly to one country, namely, the Crimea, I think that some
good might there be effected; the descriptions relating to the
sufferings of those people by the desolating armies of locusts are
harrowing to read, and must excite the attention of the philan-
thropist as well as of the naturalist.

That unfortunate country almost annually suffers from this
dreadful scourge, which devastates their lands; and when we
consider it is not merely the yearly crops of corn and pasturage,
but all that can be denominated vegetation, which is annihilated,—
that it is not the whole crops of one year’s growth only, but that of
several succeeding years rendered comparatively unproductive by
their attacks,—I cannot but repeat again the above recommendation
of a levée-en-masse, and I am sure it will not be deemed _ prepos-
terous when the result must prove decidedly beneficial.

HeEMIPTERA.

1. Tettigonia Antiquorum.

Tettigonia, Tettigometra, Tettix,and Cicada. Under these several
names in the different stages which this insect passes through, we
learn that it was eaten by the Greeks ; as it is probably unrecog-
nized by moderns, I give it the provisional name of 7’, Antiquorum.

2. Tettigonia Parthorum.

According to Pliny, the Parthians regaled on a species of Telti-
gama ; 1 merely adda specific name to distinguish it from any that
possibly were eaten as food in Greece.

3. Tettigonia Septendecim.

A species to which the above name is given is eaten by the
American Indians at the present day, who pluck off the wings
and boil them.

3. Tettigonia Bennetii, Hope.

Mr. George Bennett, in his Wanderings in New South Wales,
states that the Aborigines used as food the Tettigonia or Frog-
hoppers, which they call Galang, first stripping them of their
wings ; as the species is apparently unnamed, I have added that
name, Benneti, in honour of that enterprising traveller.

142 Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations respecting

I now proceed with the remaining orders, first having com-
bated an objection raised against locusts eaten in India. My sole
authority was that of Major Moore, mentioned by Messrs. Kirby
and Spence, in their Entomology; that authority has been ques-
tioned. From inquiries made of my friends, Colonel Burke and
Major Robinson, officers well acquainted with India, I have since
been informed, that it is no unusual custom of the Sepoys to
make a locust curry; both the above individuals have at times
tasted them, and describe them as little adapted to an European
palate. Another authority is a communication received from my
friend E. T. Downes, Esq., I give an extract of the letter sent to
me: “Respecting your Entomological inquiry, I do not think
that natives of any cast eat any insect save the locust, which they
make into a curry. The Kunjars and no caste Hindoos eat the
flesh of the gosamp, and a lizard called the Sanne, but I have
never heard of them eating any insect besides the locust.” From
the same authority I also state, that in 1833, at Allahabad, an
immense flight of locusts fell at that station; they were collected
by the natives and eaten as curry when they wanted them: they
were collected in earthen vessels, in which they were kept ready
for use.

LEPIDOPTERA.
1. Larve of Papihonde.

In this order I am able to add little additional matter, except
that which may be gathered from the mine of information, the
invaluable “ Introduction to Entomology.” Sparrman mentions,
that the caterpillars of some of the Papilionide are eaten by the
Bosjemans. Lander also, in the records of Clapperton’s last
expedition to Africa, in speaking of the food of the Yaribeans,
mentions Elio, a celebrated fat eunuch, who held some of the
highest offices of state under a black majesty. ‘He came to
me,” says Lander, “ paunch and all, and boasted that he could
procure any delicacy he might want, for he had only to hint his
wishes, when a bowl of dogs’ or asses’ flesh, a dish of fried cater-
pillars, or a saucepan of ants or locusts was smoking before him
in a moment.” In another page of the same work it is stated,
« As with the ancient Romans, caterpillars are in very high esti-
mation among the people of Yariba.—Vide vol. ui. pp. 201, 205.

2. Sphinx Larve.

According to Sir George Staunton, the Chinese eat the larve
of a Sphinx ; the species, I believe, still remains unknown.

Insects that have afforded Food to Man. 148
3. Cossus ligniperda.

Two celebrated naturalists, Ray and Linnzus, suppose the
caterpillar of Cossus ligniperda, to be the identical Cossus which,
in Pliny’s time, delighted the Roman epicures.

4. Bombyx mori.

The Chinese, when they have unwound the cocoons of the
celebrated silk-worm moth, serve up the chrysalides at table,
taking care to retain a sufficient number for propagating the
species. T'achsius informs us also, that the Bombyces were eaten
as food ;* while Schroeder says, that they were dried or reduced
to powder, and administered as medicine, in order to cure vertigo
and convulsions, vid. Pharmacop. Medico-Chym. lib. v. p. 883.
I add another authority, in corroboration of the above remarks.
Mr. Favand, a missionary in China, states, that during his long
residence in that country, “he has often seen the chrysalides of
silk-worms used as food. He has himself partaken of them, and
found them at once strengthening and cooling. After having
wound the silk off the cocoons, they are dried in the fryingpan,
when the envelop will come off, and they appear like yellow
masses, resembling the eggs of carp. They are fried in butter,
lard, or oil, and moistened with broth. When they have been
boiled in this for five minutes, they are stirred well, and crushed
with a wooden spoon. The Mandarins and rich people add the
yolk of eggs, in the proportion of one yolk to a hundred chry-
salides. The poorer people are contented with salt, pepper, and
vinegar, or, after stripping them, in cooking them with oil.”

5. Nycterobius MacLeayi.

The natives of Australia eat the caterpillars of a singular spe-
cies of moth, which are taken at night while feeding. The name
of Nycterobius has been given to it by Mr. William Sharpe
MacLeay.

6. Euplea hamata.

The Aborigines of Australia congregate together in the months
of November, December, and January, in order to collect a spe-
cies of moth which they call Bugong. The bodies of these

* «« Non vestimentis modo, sed et aliis, Bombyces inservire usibus, certissimum.
Pro cibo nonnullis fuisse Sachseus Gammarol. lib. 1, tradidit, et vivos eos virum
quendam sanitatis ergo deglutuisse retulis Borellus, Hist. et Obser. Var. Medico-
Phys. Cent. 3.”

144 ~— Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations respecting

insects are large, and contain a quantity of oil, resembling in
taste a sweet nut; they are sought after as a luscious and fatten-
ing food, and from various accounts, these bugong moths appear
to be more prized by the Australian than any sort of food what-
ever.

HYMENOPTERA.

It is reported of the inhabitants of Cumana that, along with
other insects, they were accustomed to eat bees. Knox asserts,
in his history of Ceylon, that they are also eaten in that island ;
and from the description of the latter writer, the bees in question
probably belonged to the genera Xylocopa or Bombus. Among
the social insects we also find bees and ants, which at times have
afforded food and sustenance to man; and the above writer tells
us, “ When the natives meet with any swarms of bees hanging on
trees, they hold torches under them to make them drop, and so
eatch them and carry them home; they boil and eat them, esteem-
ing them excellent food.” —Vid. Knox’s Ceylon, 1817.

Apis Mellifica.

Dr. Halley, in the “ Miscellanea Curiosa,” informs us, that the
Moors esteem honey a wholesome breakfast, and he adds, “ and
the most delicious is that which is in the comb, with the young
bees in it, before they come out of their cases, whilst they still
look milk white, and resemble (being taken out) gentles such as
fishers use; these I have often eat of, but they seemed insipid
to my palate, and sometimes I found they gave me the heart-
burn.” The above author elsewhere speaks also of Moors eating
the young bees as an usual custom.-—Vid. Philosop. ‘Trans. and
Miscell. Curiosa, vol. i. page 382.

Ants.

Pinto makes mention of a sect of people who were accustomed
to eat ants of various kinds, Piso gives us the names of two
species inhabiting South America, which are in great request
there, and the latter authority is corroborated by the celebrated
Humboldt. Mr. Consett, in his Travels in Sweden, asserts, that
in that country, ‘‘ ants are distilled along with rye, in order to
give a flavour to the spirits in use among the people, and there
can be little doubt that formic acid is likely to be found far less
injurious than the vitriolic acid, with which the gin of this country
is so copiously adulterated.” Another authority is Caldcleugh,

Insects that have afforded Food to Man. 145

who, in his travels, states, that at St. Paul’s, in the Brazils, there
is a species of large ant, which when fried, forms a food by no
means contemptible in the eyes of the inhabitants. Richard
Lander, in speaking of the food of the Yaribeans, mentions that
they eat black ants* just as they are able to fly. “ They are
stewed,” he says, “and eaten with yams and tuah, and are con-
sumed by all ranks with the most astonishing avidity.”—Vid.
Lander’s Records of Clapperton’s Last Voyage, page 205.

By Callaway it is stated, “ Swarms of ants are abundant in
Ceylon. The Sepoys attract them by burning a torch, which,
scorching their wings, they drop to the ground. After picking
them up and frying them with rice, the mess is divided and sent
round to their friends as a delicacy.’ +

NEUROPTERA.

The present order affords us little additional matter, and is
confined entirely to the genus Termes, commonly known under
the name of the white ants. They yield, however, an ample
supply of food to various nations.

i. Zermes fatale.

Lichtenstein informs us, that the Termes fatale is a very fa-
vourite food of the Bosjesmans or Wood Hottentots; and he
particularly mentions their eggs, which are in very great repute.

2. The Indian White Ant.

In the East Indies, according to Smeathman, the natives eat the
white ants, raw as well as boiled. ‘They take them in great quan-
tities, mixing them with flour into a sort of paste, which they sell
to the poor at a reasonable rate. ‘The Mahrattahs are reported
to be extremely partial to them. Forbes, in his Oriental Me-
moirs, supports the authority of Smeathman. ‘ He states that
the white ant is about the size of a small grain of rice, has a
white body, appearing like a maggot, and a very strong red head
armed with a powerful forceps. It has four short legs. They
are an article of food among some of the low caste in Mysore,
and the Carnatic.—Vid. vol. i. page 232. Buchanan informs us

* Lieutenant H. Sayers (lately returned from Africa) informs me, that
amongst many other delicate viands particularly prized by the natives in the
vicinity of Sierra Leone, black ants are sought for and eaten with avidity.

t Vid. Callaway’s Oriental Collections, 1834, p. 61.

146 Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations respecting

also, that one common article of food among the Chensu Carira
of India, is the white ant, commonly called Termes.

8. Smeathman’s Ant.

Smeathman also tells us, that several African tribes eat white
ants, roasted, boiled, and raw ; and then adds his opinion, derived
from personal observation, that the individuals living on them
soon get into good condition, from feasting on this nutritious
food.

4. Termes arborum.

Before concluding my remarks on the order Neuroptera, it may
here be mentioned, that not only the insects themselves, but
part of their domiciles, are sometimes taken, not as food, but as
medicine. Koster informs us, that portions of the nest of the
Copim (of a species named Termes arborum) is taken in the state
of a solution in South America, in agueish disorders.— Vid. Kos-
ter’s Travels, vol. ii. page 50. May we not here take a hint
from the South American, and as we have not the Termes, why
not try and ascertain if portions of the nests of our British ants
are efficacious in checking the same complaint? It is worthy of |
remark, that the grand specific for ague is bark and sulphnric
acid, in short, quinine. Whence, I ask, originated this specific ?
probably it originated in the very country which gives us the
Peruvian bark, What then is quinine? it is a remedy attempted
to be assimilated to that of Copim. The next question that arises
is, what is Copim ? as far as is known, it appears to be an extract
of wood acted upon by termitic acid. What is quinine? nothing
more than bark acted on by sulphuric acid, and made more effi-
eacious by that acid. I throw out these remarks purposely to
promote inquiry, and J take the present opportunity of stating,
that Copim appears to me to contain the concentrated virtues of
the tree on which the insects feed; and I have little doubt, that
insects may eventually afford us medicines more powerful than
those of trees and plants, and certainly less deleterious than those
derived from minerals.

Diptera.

In Pinto’s Voyage there is a notice of a sect of people who
used flies as an article of food. Scopoli, in his “ Entomologia,”
mentions the larvee of Musca putris as a dainty. The jumping
maggots frequently met with in old cheese, turn to a fly denomi-

Insects that have afforded Food to Man. 147

nated by Mr. Kirby Tyrophagus caseus. Cheese lovers are
particularly partial to cheese attacked by them; and I have heard
it asserted by such persons, that flies never attack a poor cheese.

Since this paper was read, I have received an anonymous note
from some kind Entomologist, with a valuable reference, which
I take the liberty of adding, and at the same time beg leave to
thank the nameless individual for his communication.

In Arundel’s discoveries in Asia Minor, there is a remarkable
passage attesting the utility of the levée-en-masse, when called
out to destroy locusts.

“In May 8th, 1827.—Left Bainder at seven o'clock, accom-
panied by all the great Turks, and armed from head to foot with
muskets, pistols, and yatagans, in grand procession, to extermi-
nate the locusts. I was awoke at a very early hour by the
Turkish tambour, which was beating a summons for the entire
population, Turk, Christian, and Jew, to rise en masse and sally
out to destroy these destructive insects ; arrived on the field of
action about eight o’clock, the hedges were darkened by the
masses of locusts, though not of more advanced growth than a
large fly. Hundreds of people were to be seen, Turks, Jews,
Greeks, and Armenians, grouped in all directions, brushing the
locusts together in immense heaps with bushes, &c. at the beat of
the tambour, and then with a thundering hurrah jumping upon
the heaps and killing them. Other parties took a different mode
by sweeping the masses into a small stream, where, like immense
swarms of bees clustered together, they sank to the bottom.” —
Vid. vol. ii. p. 290, Discoveries in Asia Minor, by F. V.J. Arun-
del, British Chaplain at Smyrna.

In addition to the above passage referred to by my anonymous
friend, I quote another remarkable passage from Thornton,
wherein he states that locusts are dispersed by report of cannon
and smoke of powder. ‘ The locusts,” he relates, “ the curse to
which countries are most exposed, where nature has been most
prodigal of her gifts, sometimes infest and spread desolation over
this delightful region(Moldavia). They even pass the lofty ridge
of the Carpathian mountains and light upon Transylvania, where
a provident government has called out its regiments to disperse
and destroy them with the report of cannon and the smoke of
gunpowder.’-~Vide Thornton’s Turkey, vol. ii. p. 326.

148 Rev. F. W. Hope's Observations respecting

INDEX OF SPECIES, WITH AUTHORITIES.

COLEOPTERA.

Genus. Sprcigs. Country. Aurnonririts,
SCARABEUS ...++eee+-Sacer, Linn. ......+ ep ea sieieiel ores -» Dr. Clarke Lane.
Leriprora, Kirby . . Hypoleuca, Wied.....Java .........+.+- Wiedemann, and Westermann.
ANOPLOGNATHUS, M. ihe Viridieneus ...... ‘ Ney Holland ....MacLeay, Cunningham,
ORYCTES coc. cecccese le Owartensis ...+0 Cape Coast ......Mr. Palin, Mr. Hope.

2. Boas, Fabs — sieoe Sierra Leone...... Lieut. Sayer.

dem Monocenos Oliver elke Dem eiacisterleiete Hope, and Palin.
TUUGANUS, TD fejoeas: 0 CETUUS | re.c'eesjorsie sie ele Europe .......-.-.Scopoli.
Tenesrio, Lin. ....--(Sp. unknown) ......Egypt ......-.--Dr. Clarke, Niebhur.
IPRIONUS [icc siccsiece + COMATIUS Tocleseiei » Europe. .essceee Amoreux.

§ Lady Merian.
*@ Sir John Forey.

§ 1. Damicornis

STENODONTES «eee. ‘ Surinam ...

or Macauco Grub §

2. MontacGrub......Mauritius...... ..St. Pierre.
MACcRODONTIA oo seeeee Gems Sfele isin oie @ UINETICAM eicneeres LN Neuse
CORTAGCANTHAvavel eletevee oteroil ILD ULUSisteveieteteteravareleye IALTICA cts feretaveveteiie Smeathmann.
§ 1. 8-maculatu...... Uy . § Hope, Heyne.
LAMIA oo ee ee ceeees 02. Rubus, Fab. .... § East Indies .. ** U Hope, De Saram.
CATANDIDAUL en clereisteiniers Lei CHUNENSIS Mine serucre oUMGIa © uerieerayercterers Elian.
2. Carian Insect ....Mysore, East In... Heyne.
§ 3. Palmarum...... a § Linneus.
Q@ or Grugru Grub.. ; Mysore, East In. ¢ Lady Merian.
ORTHOPTERA.
LOCUSTA cccsccccsece 1. Mipratovia ceo. +sCTUMGdss sos ceo Linneus, Dr. Clarke.
De Tatarica,, sistas: ee OLIN clei <alcin ete . Dr. Clarke and others.
3. Muken..-...- ... Egypt and Arabia. Niebhur, Herodotus.
4. Light Locust ....Arabia.........- Niebhur, Hasselquist.

5. Dubbe Locust ....Arabia..........Niebhur, Salt.

6. Gregaria, Forskal .Arabia ..........Aristotle, Blaquiere, Belzoni,
Grey, Jackson.

7. Cernensis, Hope .. Madagascar......Ives’s Travels, p. 15.

8. Devastator, Licht. S.Afr., Bosjesmans Lichtenstein.

9. Pupa, Tans <<\5... Africa ..........Adamson, Rosenmiiller, Ludol-
phus.
10. Cristata, Lin. .... Arabia ..... ....--Linneus, Shaw, Ives.
par eem § Mahrattas, Ba- } Major Moor, Forbes, Dam-
11. Mahrattar um, Hope) shees, Tonquinese pier. g
12. Viridissima ...... burOpelejerieliertore Major Moor, Forbes, Dampier.
18. Persarwm...+.++- Persia, Acridophagi Morier.
14. Locusta Onos, PallasMonguls, Indians. . Pallas, Zool.
15. Acrydium.....-+»Parthians ......+- Diodorus Siculus, Pliny, Lobos,
Abyssinia, page 86.
ACHETA sossoeeeeessSmeathmanni oe+e..-+Africa ...++++++-Smeathman, Drury.
HEMIPTERA.
IREWTIGONDA\ sie. sie's.c:s +a ANLIGUONUNE voiele sic Greece ........+-Plutarch, Aristotle, Atheneus,

Aristophanes, A®lian.

2. Parthorum.... 2... Parthia. os. e'e eb Nye

3. Septendecim. ......American Indians . Collinson. :

4, Galang Pupa......Australia.....+».Bennett, Sir J. Mitchell,
Lhojtsky.

Insects that have afforded Food to Man. 149

LEPIDOPTERA.
Genus. SPECIEs. Country. AUTHORITIES.
PapiLionss,
HAAPITIO. isveja.cie 00 sree MiaLvce Of; vis clereter ste Hottentots ......Sparrman.
BERELUN Ser ee oie svete’ OVLArve OF «stasoa ve Chitiese ..sis.. . Sir G. Staunton.
BIOSSUSis\00 0 cs « Soanee 3. Ligniperda........Romans ..,.....Ray and Linneus, Sachsius,
Schroeder, Favand,
MOMHYX cngwti sere code Mord ccctvaccs PeAOHIMa | beret 68s 0 6 Kirby and Spence.
Nycrerozius ........5.Sp. unknown......New Holland ....MacLeay.

6) Hamata : «cece

E Petcecs ve
UPLEA . ; Bugong Moth...-

‘ Australia ......+.W.Sharpe MacLeay.

CATERPILLARS .... } 7. Bee ae oe § Wi anib aversive clers .. Lander.
NEUROPTERA.
INERIMES). tf clececle ou «6 hia tale. «sis che chejelets @Affraria cn ee . .- Lichtenstein.
2. Sp. unknown...... East Indies ......Smeathman, Buchanan, Forbes’
Oriental Memoirs.
3. Smeathmanni.....- I MIKEY BAGO BOODaS Smeathman.

4. Arborum .....+..-South America.... Koster.

HYMENOPTERA.
‘Mtr ooncoopaducocoac le WUnknowny «rte e's Cumana.
BomBus ?....22.500e- 2. Unknown ........ Ceylon ...+..es0. Knox.
ABBY: dopo SuacD00gbe 3; Unknown <0 ..<i.06 Ceylon .:........ Knox.
APIS..20e0+005-+0+--4. Mellifica ........ Western Barbary..Dr. Halley.
FORMICA .ceesceses .-1. Sp. unknown...... South America.... Pinto.
OUP imate tele aera etele South America.... Piso.
Os HAMAF CUNT: saleisie.ces LITAZILY .\e/cle'eie cee e Piso.
4. Sp. unknown...... South America.... Humboldt.
5. Sp. unnamed...... Sweden........-- Consett.
6. Sp. unnamed...... St. Paul, Brazil ..Caldcleugh.
7. Sp. unknown......Ceylon.........-Callaway.
Yariba.......... Lander, Lieut. Sayers.
ee ; Boschmans ...... Sir James Alexander.
DIPTERA.
Musca ......+.-+..++1. Unknown ...... ..- South America... . Pinto.
2. Larve ...... +s..Murope...-s2+- ..Scopoli.
[PYROPHAGUS ..--.+0- GnSCtinater eieleleis'se(a/eieiej« England ........ Kirby.
ARACHNIDA.
AR ANEA ?. tle oie sieve e's 1. Sp. unknown......African Boshjes ..Sparrman.
PA JOHNS BaCUa OUT . New Caledonia ..Labilliardiére, Rosel.
SOGOU ofhoac .....European........Reaumur, Shaw, Leland,
Spence.
APTERA.
DIRO os oes sie oeiaa evel CUCCSEMMLILC Es aie wletalauhtettals dee sie se) ln byoand Others.

VOL, Ill, M

150 Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations, §c.

,

Nations described as Eating Locusts, &c., with the
Ancient Authorities attached to them.

1. Parthians ...... Vid. Pliny, 11, 29; Pliny, lib. 2, ch. 29, lib. 9, c. 29, 35;
Plutarch (in Symp.)

2. Aithiopeans .... Vid. Pliny, 6, 30; Strabo, Leo Africanus, lib. 16, ch. 8.

3. Acridophagi .... Vid. Herodotus, Strabo, Agatharcides, 5, 272 ; Diodorus,
Bibliot. 3, 11.

4, Syrians ..... .-. Teste Scaliger, contra Cardanum, 639.
OD» Ley biansyeerelectorere Leone teste in descriptione Africa, Artemidorus,
GGreeks Gi%isjctc'e 6 Aristophanes, Acham, act 4, scene 7; (Plutarch, in Symp.)
Atheneeus, lib. 4; Pliny, 11, 26; Alian, Hist. 13—26.
7. Hebrews........ Moses, Levit. ch. 11, v. 21, 22, and the Talmudic Tract
Cholin, ch. 3, fol. 65; Heros Nedarum, fol. 40, 42.
GepigeTSIANSivie elejelel eve Tavernier.
9. Chaldeans...... Tavernier, Itiner. Pl. fig. 67.
10. Nasireans ...... Saubeitus, Actis Erudit. 1694, p. 57.
Wile SiMEWIS Gogeodoc Gonsalvus Oviedus apud Vossum, |. c. cap. 78; Dapper,

Descript. Africe, page 396.
12. Arabians ......Leo Africanus, lib. 9; Agatharcides, lib. 5, c, 27.
13. Nasamones ....Eustathius in Dionysium.

Modern Authorities.

le HEYA. onnennoooD Clenard in Epistolis, 1541.

ZaUCWS cells «oie -++Origen ; Chrysostom; Jacobus de Vitriaco; Hermolaus
barbarus in Dioscoride, Beda, Kirstenius, in his Notes of
St. Matthew, lib. 9; Euthymus in Mattheum, lib. 9.

eyATADS ie ciers ouere ats Kirstenius, Hieronymus, Scaliger, Russell, 4odmon, Hassel-
quist, Forskal, Damir.

4. Lybians ........Dioscorides, 256 ; Porphyrius, Hieronymus in Jovin, lib. 2,
chap. 6.

OuDalDary s=\- 02 Solinus.

6. Acthiopians and ee Itiner. Acthiop. lib. 1, p.73 ; Ludolphus, A’thiopia,

Abyssinians.. ch. 13, p. 67; Lobos’ Voyage, p. 86.

7. Egyptians ...... Russell’s Aleppo, p. 26; Forskal.
8. Mussulmans .... Abdallah.
Oo TurkSiser., siete eee Ludolphus, p. 6.
10. Chinese .......- Niebhur’s Descript. Reg. Sinar. p. 377. If other authorities

are required I refer the reader to the Physica Sacra, of
Scheuchzer, vol. 2, p. 111, for various other names un-
mentioned,

11, Madagascar ....Ysbrand in Relat. de India Orientali.

Mr. F. Smith’s Notes, Sc. 15}

XX. Notes on the Habits of various Species of British
Ants. By Mr. Freperick Smiter.

[ Read September, 1839.]

Berne desirous of becoming acquainted with the natural history
of different species of British ants, I began by examining the nest
of Formica rufa on the 4th of February. The structure which I have
before seen raised as high as two feet from the ground was then
nearly level with it. I dug to the depth of about a foot and there
found hundreds of neuters in a torpid state; I carried home a
bag full of ants, materials, &c., and by carefully examining them
found eight females: after being a short time in a warm room
they began to show signs of life, and by placing some in a box
near the fire they soon recovered their wonted activity; one of
the females had part of a wing remaining. I visited the nest on the
14th February, a remarkably warm and beautiful day, and found
a few stragglers running about the nest enjoying the sunshine,
but not apparently disposed to rebuild or collect materials for the
nest. I also saw several individuals of the species PF’. fuliginosa,
or jet ant. A succession of cold rainy weather followed, but on
visiting them the first week in April I found they had commenced
their labours, and by the 28th had again raised their peopled
dome; on removing the upper portion of it I found several
masses of eggs about two inches from the surface; these masses
were about an inch and a half in length, and must, I should think,
have been deposited in that situation by the females, as the eggs
were attached together as if by some gummy substance; a card
with some on will be found in the box of specimens, but they
have dried up so as to leave no appearance of any thing resembling
eggs. I amused myself by watching the movements of these
creatures, some carrying pieces of grass, leaves, sticks, &c., others
portions of dead beetles, flies, &c., or dragging, not only truants
of their own species, but making captives of individuals of even
other species and genera—for I observed in more than one instance
Myrmica rubra made prisoner ; about twenty had seized upon a
large spider and were pulling him along with amazing perseverance,
while another swarm were refreshing themselves by devouring the
remains of an unfledged bird. Observing these things with some
attention, I saw a small Staphylinus issue from the nest and run
down the bank, at the top of which the nest is situated; I cap-
tured it, and it proved to be Afemeles acuminatus, 1 searched in
M 2

152 Mr. F. Smith’s Votes on the

vain for more, and I have never met with it in the nest of Formica
rufa since, but I attribute this to the nature of the materials ren-
dering it difficult to detect it. I left this nest and examined that
of F. fusca, in it I found three specimens of Atemeles, and while
observing the various occupations of the ants I noticed one about
to enter with an insect in its mouth ; I captured it, and it proved to
be the same Staphylinus. In about an hour anda half I secured by
the same means about ten specimens; one or two I saw endeavour-
ing to make their escape, but they were seized upon by the ants
and carried back again, I should observe, that the ants carry to
their nest individuals of the genus Pella,—having taken from
them several specimens of Pella humeralis; I have also found
them alive in the nest. These observations naturally lead to the
question, for what purpose are they carried there? (and having
frequently found them there alive, and seen them detained when
endeavouring to escape,) I feel convinced that it is not for food.
I should, from what I have observed, feel inclined to believe, that
during the larva state of the ants, they perform some function, or
assist in so doing, for although I have searched most diligently I
have not in a single instance found one since that time. I allude
to the larva state of the males and females—can they perform
any office which causes the development of those sexes? this is
mere conjecture, arising from my not having found them since
the period of their development.

To resume my observations on Formica rufa.—-May 10th, I ex-
amined the nest and found plenty of pup, g and 9, having no
appearance of legs or wings at that time, in any which I examined.
May 18th, rudiments of both legs and wings were observable ;
from this time up to the end of the month they gradually became
more perfect in their development, for by the 30th both males and
females were easily distinguished when extracted from their pupa
cases, as will be seen in my box of specimens. On the 5th of
June TI found both g and ¢ in the winged state, in the nest; I
collected a quantity of cocoons, and several both of males and
females came out of their cases in my boxes: about two o’clock
I saw several take wing from the nest, wheeling round in their
flight and rising high in the air—several pairs fell in a state of
copulation into a pond near the nest. Up to the fifth of June I
searched in vain for pupee of neuters; but on the 18th of June I
found them in abundance, at which time nearly all the males and
females were developed, and, had there not been cold turbulent
weather since the 5th, I have no doubt they would all have taken
flight. On the 18th I also found eggs in abundance, of course of

various Species of British Ants. 153

neuters, as since that time there has been no pupa of the other
sexes. From all which I have observed the following appears to
be the history, at least in part, of Mormica rufa; and the other
species agree in all particulars excepting time of appearance,
some being later.

About the middle of February, should the weather prove mild,
they begin to rouse from the torpid state in which they pass the
winter ; the neuters, and a few females having remained in the
nest during that period, the latter being impregnated the previous
summer, as I found them on dissection in the first week in April,
full of eggs, about which time the labour of constructing the nest
commences, and by the end of the month it is finished, and eggs
of males and females laid; but whether those eggs differ from the
eggs of neuters I cannot say. At the beginning of May larve are
found, which change to the pupa state by the 10th; by the 18th
legs and wings begin to be observable, and by the end of the
month the sexes are easily distinguished. About the 4th of
June the perfect insects appear, at which time no pupe of neuters
are to be found; but by the 18th they are found in numbers, by
which time all the males and females are developed, after which
the neuters continue to appear up to the end of the season, as I
found plenty of pupe on the 5th of August. So that it appears
the eggs of males and females are first laid, or if laid at the same
time as the neuters are more quickly developed ; the females when
impregnated do not deposit their eggs until the following spring,
or if they deposit the first year, all the progeny are neuters, as no
males or females will be found in the nest after June or the be-
ginning of July, and then only an odd one or two will be met
with; the impregnated females pass the winter in the nest in a
torpid state, and are the young of the previous year, as I found
one with part of the wing remaining; and all the males perish
after the season of copulation. It has been stated, that the neuters
liberate the perfect insects from the pupa cases ; they may indeed
in some instances assist, but that the insects can liberate themselves
I have had several proofs. These observations, I am aware, are
but imperfect, but further observation I hope will enable me to
fill up some of the blanks remaining in the history of these
laborious and interesting communities.

In the box of specimens two or three species have no names
attached, not having had time to determine them satisfactorily ;
but the sexes are placed together correctly, as each species was
taken from its own nest. ‘There is one from Hampshire which I
suspect to be J’, sanguinea. I could only find a single female, being

154 Mr. F. Smith’s Notes, &c.

late in the season, August 5th—late, I should say, for that species,
as it is just the time for others.

F. rufa and fuliginosa appear the earliest in the perfect state ;
about a month after which follows F. flava, F. pubescens, &c. 1
should state that the species, which I imagine to be F. sanguinea,
had formed its nest by excavating a bank of turf and clay plas-
tered together, forming an inclosure to a plantation.

XXI.— Some Remarks on Wireworms which seriously
damaged the Potatoe Crops of Shropshire, Worcester-
shire, and Herefordshire, in 1838. By the Rev. F. W.
Hope, F.R.S. &c.

[Read 1 April, 1839.]

Wireworms have too often disappointed the hopes of many a meri-
torious and aspiring horticulturist. They have in repeated instances
injured the hops in the counties of Kent, Worcestershire, and
Herefordshire, and I now have to record the result of my observa-
tions on the potatoe crops of last year, which have been reduced,
in many localities, to less than one-third of the annual produce.
The disease of the potatoe, which in some parts of England is
called the Curl, I attribute to the wireworm. On observing
several potatoe plants just above the ground in a drooping sickly
state, (without an Aphis on them,) I was induced to dig them up.
In many instances I found the wireworm at work, and adhering
to the slices which had been planted; others apparently had been
partially eaten, were abandoned, and in a forward state of corrup-
tion. Where the plants did not come up, which was the frequent
occurrence in 1838, I am inclined to think the slices were entirely
eaten, as not a vestige of them could be found. This same
disease, which I propose to call the Rootworm disease, in prefer-
ence to the Curl, attacks the potatoe chiefly at two periods; the
first 1s, when the slices are first committed to the earth: the
second attack is frequently apparent when the haulm is consider-
ably grown, ‘To remedy this serious evil in the first of them, I
recommend the adoption of my late friend Mr. Andrew Knight’s
plan of planting whole potatoes, and not slices. It is true the
wireworm will attack the whole potatoes, but they comparatively

Rev. F. W. Hope’s Remarks on Wireworms. 155

do them little damage. With regard to the crops of potatoes I
find, on inquiry, that those which are sown early are generally
abundant, those which are sown late are generally deficient in
quantity. There are, however, many exceptions to both rules.
Much depends on the nature of the soil, much on the mildness
and severity of the season. Ground lately broken up or obtained
from woodland generally abounds at the second crop with wire-
worms. The same land also, if planted with potatoes two suc-
cessive years, is sure to yield them in abundance. A common
saying in the county of Salop respecting potatoe crops is, change
the seed or change the soil; to the latter opinion I am inclined to
agree, and certainly do not place much reliance on the former.

The Curl, or rather Rootworm disease, which takes place when
the haulm is well grown, may be occasioned by the wireworm
feeding on the wiry fibrous roots of the potatoe, which I have
occasionally observed to be eaten, affecting the plant by robbing
it of its natural juices. In the counties of Salop, Worcester, and
Hereford, the failure of the crops of 1838 was very considerable,
the real cause of it being little suspected or understood: I feel
no hesitation in ascribing it almost entirely to the wonderful in-
crease of wireworms. In some instances I have, during the years
1836 and 1838, taken twenty and even thirty wireworms feeding
upon a single turnip-root. Handpicking appears the simplest and
most effectual remedy for eradicating them. Let us look for a
moment to the natural enemies of wireworms, and see if some
good may not be derived by encouraging them. Among the
natural enemies of the wireworm, I mention the poor persecuted
mole, that raises his unsightly hillocks on our lawns and grass-
plots. It is while in quest of them that he forms his tunnels, his
viaducts, and mounds.

I may here perhaps be allowed to state, en passant, that there
is probably no animal which man esteems injurious but it repays
us in some way or other for the damage it occasions. We are at
liberty to check the redundance of species, but are not allowed to
attempt extermination. Let us proceed with other enemies of the
wireworm, The harmless toad, too often wantonly trodden
underfoot, plays his part in diminishing their numbers. Among
birds, poultry, pheasants, and hosts of the smaller tribes, con-
tribute to thin them; the invaluable rooks are unceasingly in
quest of them; they boldly follow the plough-tracks for their oft-
repeated daily meals, and will glut themselves to satiety in the
infected turnip-field. The English farmer would act wisely did
he always encourage and protect the rooks. If on the one hand

156 ~~ Rev. F. W. Hope’s Remarks on Wireworms.

they occasionally rob him of some ripening grain, or stock his
wheat up, let him consider, on the other hand, the good they do
him by destroying the tens of thousands of the wireworm, and
the countless myriads of noxious insects which every where
abound. Of the various schemes adopted for destroying the
wireworm, the most successful is Sir J. Banks’s plan of burying
slices of potatoe at the roots of the infected plants in order to
entice the worms. If potatoes happen to be scarce, other baits
may be successfully used, such as mangel-wurzel, beet, carrots,
as well as cabbage-stalks and lettuces, &c., and even the parings
of turnips and potatoes. The baits should be regularly examined
and the wireworms handpicked from them. When these pests
abound in the wheat field, Lord Albermarle’s method may be tried,
in which he recommends rape-cake as a manure to the ground
drilled for wheat. It was sown with rape-cake in powder across
the field. This plan, although reported to be successful in saving
the forthcoming crop of the year, is not in my mind satisfactory,
as it does not follow necessarily, because the crops sown with the
above manure are unattacked, that therefore the wireworms are
destroyed. The evil, in my opinion, is only deferred for a period ;
it is certainly not eradicated. From the above short observations,
I trust that sufficient matter has been adduced to prove that
agriculture may derive valuable assistance from the science of
Entomology, and | feel fully convinced that we can scarcely do
a greater act of kindness, or be of more service to the farmer,
than by pointing out the nature and habits of those insects which
destroy his crops. If one of the avowed objects of this Society
is the attempt to preserve the crops of the country, we may pro-
bably gain the support of the agriculturist. Institutions like ours
do not necessarily command success; by our measures however
we may richly deserve it.

Mr. R. J. Ashton’s Note, &c. 1S

~)

XXII. Mote on the Metamorphosis of Caterpillars.
By R. J. Asuton, Esq., F.L.S. &e.

[Read 5th November, 1838.]

On that interesting part of the physiology of insects, the meta-
morphosis, an extraordinary discrepancy has hitherto existed
between the statements of some of the most eminent investigators
of this department of creation. I say extraordinary, because, for
a matter capable of such easy and satisfactory elucidation as is
the subject of this dispute, to have been the theme of such
contradictory assertions from a considerable time back down to
the present hour, as this has been, cannot but appear extraordi-
nary. The point in difference is this:—Swammerdam, the most
assiduous and expert Entomologist and one of the acutest ob-
servers that perhaps ever lived, made the discovery of a fact,
which certainly deserves to be ranked among the most marvellous
operations which are exhibited in nature :—viz. that at the same
time that the moult of the external integument of the caterpillar
takes place, the mucous tunic of the intestinal canal is also stripped
off and rejected through the anus, and not only that, but each
of the attenuated and delicate ramifications of the air vessels, invi-
sible, or nearly so, as they are to the naked eye, sheds its internal
lining, which, to the number of some hundreds, are withdrawn
through the spiracles, thus leaving the animal completely reno-
vated as it were both within and without, with increased capacity
or wholly altered form. This observation was corroborated by
Bonnet, a naturalist no less celebrated in this branch of science
than the former. On the authority of such eminent men the fact,
prodigious as it must appear, was generally received, until Herold,
a very able physiologist, asserted, that the inner skin of the intes-
tinal canal is never cast, and as respects the trachea, such moult
is confined to the large main trunks, none taking place in their
smaller ramifications. Thus a complete and irreconcileable dis-
crepancy existed between these acute physiologists, the only dif-
ference in the nature of the observations, upon which their state-
ments were professedly grounded, being, that Swammerdam
appears to have made his on the larve of beetles (Oryctes Nasi-
cornis, et al.), whilst Herold’s appear to have been made on the
caterpillars of the Lepidoptera. Later writers on this subject*
appear to have been contented to discuss the question on the

* Kirby and Spence, Burmeister, &c.
VOL. It. N

158 Mr. R. J. Ashton’s (Vote

relative merits and credibility of the before mentioned investi-
gators, and thus the question remains at the present moment
unsettled, though capable of the easiest and most conclusive
ascertainment imaginable. Such being the case, I take the liberty
of stating the observations which I have lately made on this sub-
ject, and which in fact drew my attention to the dispute I have
just detailed. Happening to detect a caterpillar of Sphinx Li-
gustri in the act of changing Jts skin, I made it go through the
operation in my hand, so as to watch its progress more minutely.
As soon as the external integument was, after much writhing and
contortion, completely slipped off, as I found it still adhered
loosely to the insect, I touched it with my penknife to cause it to
separate from it, when I found that it was yet connected with it
in some essential manner, and, on a closer examination of the
cause, I perceived at once that it was occasioned by the mucous
coat of the intestinal canal, which was in the act of being gradually
passed out at the anus, and being in intimate connexion with the
recently shed external integument, or, according to Burmeister,
merely a prolongation thereof, occasioned that attachment of the
old skin to the caterpillar which at first had perplexed me. ‘To
this observation I may add, that 1 have since discovered the
moulted colon in the skin of a caterpillar of the same species cast _
off on assuming the pupa state, lying folded up at the posterior
end thereof, exactly as described by Swammerdam. As this my
testimony, slightly as it might be thought of by itself, directly
establishes the accuracy of such illustrious observers as Swam-
merdam and Bonnet, I trust it will be received as a satisfactory
affirmation of the fact of the moult of the lining of the intestine, so
unwarrantably denied by Herold. Then as to the moult of the
smaller ramifications of the trachea, 1 am able to give quite as
conclusive evidence of the correctness of Swammerdam’s account
in every particular, and consequently of Herold’s inaccuracy.
Quite apart from any consideration of the conflicting statements
of the above naturalists, I happened to be examining the skin
cast by a caterpillar of Sphinx Ligustri on changing into the pupa,
when my attention was attracted to the very conspicuous thick
whitish bands, which appear, one on each side of the body, nearly
its whole length. On a close examination, I perceived that these
bands were divided into a certain number of equal lengths, one
end of each of which was intimately connected with a spiracle,
whilst the other end was free and unattached, but from the cir-
cumstance of their all lying down in the same direction (viz. from
the posterior end towards the anterior), and being of sufficient

on the Metamorphosis of Caterpillars. 159

length to reach from one spiracle to another, it occasioned the
appearance of what I at first took for a continuous band as above
mentioned. On reflection it at once appeared to me that these
must be the exuvia of the trachie, which, as described by Swam-
merdam, ‘‘ being collected into eighteen thicker and as it were
compounded ropes, nine on each side of the body, when the skin
is cast, slip gently and by degrees through the eighteen apertures
in orifices of the pulmonary tubes before described, having their
tops directed upwards towards the head.”* To ascertain this
beyond a doubt, I gently moved one of the portions of the band
above mentioned about in water, when I had the satisfaction of
seeing it immediately separate into those minute filaments, which
proved the exact correspondence of my observation with Swam-
merdam’s statement. It was so late in the season when my atten-
tion was drawn to this subject, that I had no opportunity of ex-
amining the moults previous to the change into the pupa, but I
entertain no doubt that precisely the same operation is undergone
in the former moults, and that because Swammerdam states such
to be the case, whose testimony on this head has never been im-
pugned but by Herold, whose statement I trust I have abundantly
shown to be quite unfounded.

I must not omit to mention that the correctness of Swammer-
dam is likewise confirmed by Burmeister, inasmuch as he relates +
that he had himself witnessed the facts described in the moulting
of the Libellule, from all which circumstances it is apparent, that
this eternal moult, as described by Swammerdam, is universal
throughout the class of insects, being thus shown to exist in the
Coleoptera by Swammerdam, in the Neuroptera by Burmeister,
and in the Lepidoptera partly by Bonnet and more fully in the
present paper. How so eminent a man as Herold could fall into
such an unfounded delusion as regards this matter, and in defiance
too of the express declarations of such an accurate observer as
Swammerdam, is a mystery. For myself, I have had no object
in bringing forward the subject except to confirm the truth,
careless as to whose reputation might be confirmed or affected
thereby.

* Biblia Nature (Hill’s Eng. Translation), vol. i. p. 135.
+ Shuckard’s Translation, p. 428.

160 Mr. 8. 8. Saunders’s Description

XXIII.-- Description of a Species of Mygale, from Ionia,
with its Nest. By Sypney Smirn Saunpers, Esq.

[Read 2 September, 1839.]
Mygale Ionica.

TuHorAx subcordiformis, postice depressus.

Oculi rotundi, anteriores quatuor linea feré recté, intermedii
vix retrorsum, jacentes; posteriores inter se remoti, duplici
serie semel dispositi; anteriores duo externi majores, reliqui
sex magnitudine subzequales.

Mandibule articulo primo magno subhemispheerico, dentibus
plurimis subtus, spinisque anticé sex (quorum tres magni)
armato; unguibus simplicibus.

Pedes hirsuti, posticis longioribus, reliquis longitudine feré zquis.

Tarsi obtusi bicuspidati, anteriores quatuor spinis mobilibus
armati, reliqui vix spinosi: ungulis basi dentatis.

Palpi articulis extremis utrinque spinosis.

Habitat Insulis Corcyre et Zacinthi.

Long. corp. 7—9 lin.

Differt a Mygalis Fodiens, Cementaria, Carminans, Cellicola,
et Ariana(?) dictis, oculorum dispositione.

Confert hactenus cum M. Sicula ; sed differt eAdem pedum arma-
turd, et mandibularum unguibus simplicibus.

In the Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (vol. ii.
part 1), M. Audouin has recorded a series of observations upon
the nests of certain mining spiders, and in particular upon those of
Mygale fodiens, Walck.

During a short excursion to Zante, having noticed a number of
nests differing somewhat in their construction, and belonging as it
would seem to a new species (if not to the M. Ariana, Walck., to
which I was at first inclined to refer it), I was induced to take up
several for the purpose of examination, which has enabled me to
lay before the Society the following details.

These nests were found close round the roots of the olive trees
in a somewhat elevated situation, and were generally observed
two or three together about the same tree. ‘The soil was a sort
of sandy clay, of a light ochraceous colour, very different from the
“terre argileuse d’une rouge de brique,” described by M. Au-
douin. The upper portion of the nests was also partially raised

of a Species of Mygale. 161

above the surface of the ground; but this may have arisen from
the washing away of the surrounding earth during the heavy
autumnal rains, the more especially as from the coating of moss
which showed itself in many cases upon the upper surface of the
operculum, they could not have been of very recent construction.

The form and structure of this operculum were also peculiar,
for, unlike those of the Mygale fodiens, which are represented as
closely assimilated to the surface of the soil, and for the opening
of which the only facility (according to M. Audouin’s observa-
tions) consists in the numerous inequalities of the exterior cover-
ing of the lid, by means of which the insect is enabled to secure a
sufficient hold; the opercula of those which I met with at Zante
were all more or less provided with an elevation of the posterior
margin directly above the hinge (as shown at fig. 9) to the extent
in some instances of one third of the diameter of the lid. The
object of this projection could not be mistaken, for, acting as a
lever, the slightest pressure upon it would suffice to raise the
operculum, and afford the readiest ingress. This elevation ap-
pears to be produced by a gradual lengthening in the direction of
the hinge of the respective layers of which the lid is composed.

The readiness with which the opening of the lid is effected by
this ingenious contrivance of the lever, might lead one to suppose
that an extra degree of care would be displayed in regard to the
means of firmly closing the same from within, in the event of out-
ward attack. The M.cementaria and the M. fodiens are reported
to cling to the door of their habitations for this purpose ; and in
the nests of the last-mentioned species, a number of minute holes
have been observed around the inner side of the operculum,
which M. Audouin ascribes to the purpose of enabling the occu-
pant to secure a firm hold with its claws on such occasions. No
such provision, however, is made in the case of the Zante Mygale.
I have also in my possession the nest of another mining spider
(of the species of which I am ignorant, from not having secured
the occupant), where the series of holes alluded to is disposed all
round, and not merely in front of the operculum on its interior
surface, as minutely described by M. Audouin. This nest was
from Corfu, and the construction appears in many respects to
resemble that of M. fodiens. The length of the tube is about
four inches, and its lower end is slightly oblique. The Mygale
Tonica, however, is also met with not unfrequently at Corfu, as I
am informed by my friend the Rev. Charles Kuper, a diligent
Entomologist, who has been for some years resident in that
island.

162 Mr. 8S. 8. Saunders’s Description

The hinge of the nests prepared by this species is apparently
different from that of the nests which came under the observation
of M. Audouin, although the same object of providing for the
self-closing of the valve is effected by the web, which connects
the tube with its coverlid, being in some degree extended on
each side of the hinge, thus giving at the same time greater ap-
parent width to the hinge itself, but leaving the web sufficiently
loose on each side, so that, in conjunction with its elasticity, it
should just admit of freely opening the valve as far as the vertical
line, or thereabouts, without risk of injury.

The nests of an undescribed species of mining spider from New
Granada, figured by M. Audouin in the “ Annales des Sciences
Naturelles,” for April, 1837, appear to be furnished with a hinge
somewhat upon this principle: the underside of the valve is also
divested of the series of holes before alluded to; but it differs
from the Ionian one in other respects. The insect in question
did not accompany the nest, and was not known to M. Audouin.

The interior lining of the tube of MM. Jonica appears, from all
the nests which I have seen, to be of a less perfect consistency
than that of M. fodiens, and divested of that circumference of
macerated earth, or exterior walls of a more solid consistency than
the surrounding mass, which in those of the last-mentioned spe-
cies give strength to the work and facilitate the separation of the
tubes from the mass in which they are imbedded. In attempting
such separation, the tubes of the Zante Mygale invariably broke
asunder, although this effect may be in some measure attributed
to the excessive dryness of the earth at the time of excavation,
and perhaps in part also to the circumstance of the glutinous
matter, with which this description of tissue is usually provided,
being dissolved and wasted, at a former period, from the action
of the same causes to which I have ascribed the appearance of the
nests above the surface of the soil.

The length of these tubes might be about four and five inches.
Those of Mygale cementaria (as described by M. Léon Dufour,
in the Annales des Sciences Physiques) are stated to be about
two feet deep: those, however, of MM. carminans (the supposed
male of c@mentaria), are, according to the observations of the
Abbé Sauvages, not more than seven inches long: while those of
M. fodiens, in the Paris Museum, although cut off within about
three inches of the surface, are supposed by M. Audouin to have
been possibly of considerable length, for, in alluding to a slight
obliquity observed towards their lower extremity, he says, “ peut-
étre méme se recourbaient-ils davantage en se prolongeant beau-

of a Species of Mygale. 163

coup plus avant dans la terre.” Iam however inclined to infer,
from the similarity of one of the Corfu nests already noticed, that
the length of the tubes constructed by MW. fodiens probably does
not exceed those of M. Jonica.

Having now arrived at the lower part of the nests, it remains
for me to notice a very remarkable peculiarity which presented
itself in this portion of some of those which came under my obser-
vation at Zante, the extreme end within the ground being formed
somewhat upon the same model as the top, that is to say, being
provided with a second operculum of greatly diminished size, and
opening downwards as shown at figs. 12, 13, and 14.

The only conjecture which I would hazard as to the use of the
moveable process referred to, which I should mention only oc-
curred in some nests, is, that it may possibly have answered the
purpose of a drain to the bottom of the nest; for in no other way
can I account for the construction of these singular portals in a
situation where, to all appearance, they were destined to remain
closed throughout the whole period of their existence. In any
case, however problematical the advantages to be derived from
this operation may at first sight appear, I feel no hesitation in
affirming, that the result of further observation will convince us
that the ordinary sagacity of these ingenious miners has not been at
fault, or deserted them in this particular instance. (See Art. XXIV.)

It should be added, in order to avoid all possibility of miscon-
struction upon the subject, that although the nests figured are
presented as nearly as possible of natural size, I cannot affirm,
nor do I believe, that the parts represented, or either of them, are
portions of one and the same nest; but simply that, from a num-
ber of nests extracted, the top of one, and the bottoms of two, are
here produced, the originals of which I have also brought for
inspection at the present meeting.

In closing this communication I may observe, that it is recorded
of a species of mining spider mentioned in Brown’s History of
Jamaica (page 420, Tarantula, No. 2), that its nests are con-
structed with a double doorway; the second valve, however,
appearing in this case to have been at the top, and placed in con-
junction with the ordinary one, so as to have had but one hinge
in common. Brown also gives a figure of the nest (Tab. 44, fig.
3, and 3—6) with, to use his own words, “ both its valves, which
are so well contrived, and so strongly cemented, that whenever
they are forced open, the native elasticity of the ligaments that fix
them, restore them immediately to their usual position.” Another
nest, mentioned by Olivier (Encyclop. Méth. vol. i.(?) page 230),

164 Mr. S. 8. Saunders’s Description, Sc.

as being found in Guadaloupe, is stated to have two valves of
unequal size, playing in like manner upon a single hinge, the
larger one taking its rise from the hinder part of the smaller, and
being so adapted that it would seem to cover this latter as well as
the margin of the orifice itself. Baron Walckenaer, alluding to
these nests, in his remarks under the head of M. nidulans, in the
‘Suites a Buffon,” infers, that the insect by which they were con-
structed was probably different from the ordinary species observed
at Jamaica, of whose economy some further details have recently
been laid before this Society by Mr. Sells. At all events the de-
scription of Olivier so strongly coincides with the appearances
presented by Brown’s figure, that there can be little hesitation,
I think, in referring them to the same species. ‘The length of the
nests also appears to correspond, Brown’s figure measuring 43
inches, and not 33, as through some inadvertence stated by
Baron Walckenaer.

On my return to the Mediterranean, I hope to have further
opportunities of observing the habits of the Mygale [onica, and
perhaps of detecting the insect in the act of building, which may
enable me hereafter to lay before the Society some additional
particulars connected with the construction of these ingenious
retreats.

The accompanying figures upon Plate IX., for which I am in-
debted to the kindness of Mr. W. W. Saunders, exhibit—

1. The insect, of natural size.

2. The eyes.

3. External view of right mandible, magnified.

4. Internal view of ditto.

5. Hooked process of ditto, apart.

with a, the small hole from which the poison is sup-
posed to issue.
. Portion of fore leg, magnified.
Portion of hind leg, magnified.
. Bicuspidate process of tarsus, with claws.
9. Upper portion of nest, with lid partly open (side view).
10. Ditto ditto (front view).
11. Longitudinal section of ditto, and of operculum.
12. Lower portion of nest, with smaller valve open.
13. The same (side view).
14, Lower portion of another nest reversed, the valve closed.

ana

Mr.S.S. Saunders’s Observations. 165

XXIV. Additional Observations on the Habits of Mygale.
By 8.8. Saunpgrs, Esq.

[Read 4th July, 1842.]

Havine obtained several nests which were taken from the ground
in the month of October, and incased in some of their natural
earth within a small box the top of which was closed with bars of
wood, I placed this box out in a balcony, where it remained
neglected and unopened until the month of April following, when
the spiders were all found alive and well, clinging to their oper-
cula in order to prevent the same from being opened. ‘This was
effected by the bulb of the coverlid being firmly grasped with the
four anterior feet and palpi, the remainder resting low down upon
the posterior walls of the tube, while the porrected mandibles
were firmly inserted in the front part of the tube near the top,
thus offering a powerful resistance, greater than would have been
effected by the mandibles acting upon the valve as mentioned by
M. Audouin in his observations on M. fodiens.

The upper portion of two of these nests, which broke in the
process of extraction, were then placed in an open flower-pot,
with a sufficient quantity of the same earth well moistened and
compressed, so as to form a compact body in imitation of the soil
itself, the spiders clinging all the while to the coverlid without
regard to their temporary exposure through the broken part of
tube. Thus imbedded, it remained to be seen whether they would
construct a new bottom to their nests, and whether such bottom
would be closed where the tube now terminated, or be carried
further down into the earth according to the usual depth.

A third spider was placed in the same pot, with his tube top in
a reversed position, the operculum being buried to the depth of
about three inches, and the open part of the tube, where broken
off, being placed on a level with the surface, in order that the
insect might be tempted to adapt a new door to this part in the
actual emergency.

Fearing, however, that the spider might escape before the
necessary steps could be taken to cover the pot with some trans-
parent substance to observe the work, the hour being also late, a
strong paper stopper was fixed in the top of the tube to await
until the following day. This remained undisturbed up to eleven
o'clock at night; but on my return in the morning I found this
stopper lying aside, and the top of the tube closed with a single

166 Mr. 8. S. Saunders’s Additional

layer of web and earth, offering but slight resistance to the touch,
although by no means transparent; the side destined for the
hinge (as marked by the circumference being here interrupted by
a straight line), being on a level with the surrounding earth,
whereas at the opposite part, where the lid would open, the new
cover was lowered about one quarter of an inch.

The danger of disturbing the occupant in this stage of the work
induced me to refrain from any attempt to open the new lid; but
in order to ascertain whether the next layer would be added from
without or from within, I dropped a certain portion of flour on the
outside to whiten the top, The next morning, on examining the nests,
I found to my great surprise that the new door had been entirely
cut away, and was lying by the side of the tube, which in the place
thereof was now found covered with a strong texture of whitish
web. The next remained in the same state from the 26th of April
to the 2nd of May, when it occurred to me that the spider had
been compelled to discontinue its work in consequence of the
earth not being any longer sufficiently moist for the purpose ; and
had therefore had recourse to the temporary expedient of closing
its habitation in the way alluded to until another opportunity,
when, supposing the nest to be in its natural site in the open
ground, the necessary moisture should have afforded the required
facilities. I gave the earth therefore a good watering, without
however disturbing the web, allowing a slight sprinkling to fall
thereon as a sort of warning notice; and the next morning on
visiting the nest I found a new door perfectly formed, which,
having marked with flour as above, was observed to remain un-
altered froin the 3rd to the 13th of the month, when, considering
the work finished, I extracted the nest, which now presented an
operculum at each end, both revolving on their hinges and com-
plete in every respect.

The spider, mindful of the necessity of providing a rim for the
support of the new valve, yet unable to regulate the process as it
might have done in an ordinary case, had had recourse to the
expedient of stretching in some degree beyond its natural dimen-
sions the upper part of the web with which the tube is lined,
making the surrounding earth give way in a like proportion.

Some explanation is thus afforded of the singular fact noticed
on a previous occasion of some of the nests found at Zante being
provided with an operculum at bottom as well as at top, the lower
one being formed to open downwards in such a manner that it
was obviously of little or no use to the occupant in its then state
from its immovable position in the earth. The nests in question

Observations on the Habits of Mygale. 167

being constantly exposed to the danger of becoming thus reversed
in the process of opening the ground around the olive trees (an
operation annually performed), the occupants in such cases might
not improbably have recourse to a like expedient of closing the
inverted tube with a new door.

The circumstance of the lower operculum being smaller than
the upper one, would naturally occur in a nest so reversed, since
the tubes are usually somewhat more spacious towards the bottom,
so that when inverted and broken off, the new valve would of
necessity be of greater dimensions than the original one. Still,
however, the appearance of the lower operculum in the Zante
nests was such as to lead me to entertain some remaining doubts
whether this could have been the original entrance to the nest ;
perhaps the inconvenience experienced in those cases had only
proved a partial one, self-adjusted subsequently by the gradual
subsiding and settling of the clods.

With regard to the other two nests which I had placed in the
same flower-pot with the one reversed as aforesaid, (these having,
as already observed, no bottom to their tubes,) I had subsequently
placed the pot in the open garden, finding that the domesticated
habits of these spiders retained them to their homes, and wishing
to afford them an opportunity of obtaining their natural food in
accordance with their ordinary habits. After the lapse of some
weeks however I became aware that the gardener had been in
the habit of regularly watering this in common with other flower-
pots; and seeing that the doors were nearly closed with the
washings of the earth, I concluded that the inmates had fled;
when, taking up the nests, I found the lower end much the same
as when first placed in the pot, and the tubes themselves untenanted.
Upon further search however I found both spiders embedded in
the earth at a greater depth; whether or not they had been intent
on prolonging their nests I cannot say, but at all events no
tapestry had been produced for the lining of this portion of their
mansions.

‘These tubes being now spoilt, I removed one of the spiders to
the abode of one of it congeners, which was vacant and consisted
of the bottom only, to see whether it would readily adapt itself
to this change of domicile; and a new door was found finished
the next morning with the same course of proceeding as in the
former case, accompanied with the rejection of a paper stopper,
the only difficulty experienced being in inducing the spider to
enter the nest, which is equally witnessed on restoring one to its
own abode after having extracted it, this being occasioned doubt-
less by the fear of molestation from within. I may add, that

168 Mr. S. S. Saunders’s Additional

there appears at all times a dulness of perception about these
insects when abroad (however much kept from the light), which
ill comports with their wonted sagacity at home. Indeed, during
a long course of observation, I have never, under ordinary cir-
cumstances, seen one of these spiders quit its nest of its own
accord (which is evidently a rare occurrence), or even to have its
door open, whether by night or by day.

I have not been able to observe sufficiently the process of con-
structing a nest ab initio, although I had desired to do so, and
for this purpose placed one of the spiders in a glass jar, with a
sufficient quantity of its natural earth, after the required precau-
tion of moistening, &c. By the next day no work had apparently
been done beyond a partial disarrangement of the surface in one
or two parts. The jar was placed in a corner of the room and
completely shaded from the light, but no further progress was
made during the day or evening. The subsequent morning,
however, I found my spider partially imbedded in the earth, in
which state it remained quiet throughout the day, and the follow-
ing morning it had disappeared; when after close inspection, [
observed an indistinct circular mark in one part near the side of
the vessel, which proved to be the door of a new nest, as I as-
sured myself a few days after by extracting the same, it having
however only been carried down an inch or thereabouts into the
earth, and being therefore still in progress of construction.
Hence it appears, that it is not requisite to finish the tube in the
first instance, the primary object being that of defence from with-
out; neither did I observe that any portion of the soil had been
thrown out in the process of excavation, the earth being probably
got rid of in the formation of the compressed mass, known as the
exterior walls of these habitations.

After having thus provided a variety of occupation for these
little labourers, and obtained several nests with varying modifi-
cations, (and among these one which leads me to suppose that
the double valves of the West Indian nests, described by Brown
and Olivier, were probably the result of a new operculum being
substituted for a damaged one, the old valve still remaining
attached; or otherwise originated in the separation of the outer-
most layer of one of these valves, warped by tropical heat), |
found that a new process had been adopted for the purpose of
more effectually precluding further disturbances, the opercula
being in two or three instances retained close shut by means of a
firm texture of web; which having obliged me to tear away the
whole top of one tube in the course of opening, I determined to

Observations on the Habits of Mygale. 169

examine another with greater precision from within. This being
effected by cutting off the top of one of these nests at about the
depth of an inch, I found the inside perfectly secured ; not, as I
had supposed, by an assemblage of threads connecting the front
of the valve with the lining of the tube, but by a complete tapestry
thrown over the whole orifice of the tube in connexion with the
operculum, so that the interior more resembled the top of a
thimble, the texture being at the same time of the most delicate
whiteness, and firm as that usually presented by the bulbous
interior portion of the opercula.

{ cannot say that the patience of these spiders had not been
exhausted by my repeated experiments, although from a similar
circumstance having taken place about the same time in several
nests, the inmates of some of which had been comparatively less
inconvenienced, I am rather disposed to attribute this proceeding
to the ordinary inspirations and habits of their race.

I now determined to notice during how long a period this
seclusion might last, the more especially as the powers of absti-
nence of these insects had already attracted my attention, not
only from having never observed these spiders in quest of food,
but from the very position in which six or eight of these nests
had all along remained, deep in a box which had stood for six
months on an elevated ballustrade upon the first floor, where, at
all events, the supply of food must have been exceedingly limited,
without any apparent effect, however, upon the usual corporature
of the inmates.

It was not until the end of October that the valves were set
free, at which period I again cut off the top of one which re-
mained closed, and found it in the state before described, the
spider being in perfect health, and presenting the usual plump-
ness of aspect. I did not, however, find any progeny in either of
the nests.

Other six months have since elapsed, the box occupying the
same place as before, and on observing the nests, I find four still
tenanted, with the spiders in good condition, the opercula being,
however, in a somewhat defective state from frequent handling,
although the required preparations will doubtless be readily
effected, so soon as the earth may be brought to a convenient
state by proper watering, the covered position of the box having
protected it from the ordinary atmospheric influences.

It cannot be doubted, that very many circumstances connected
with the habits of these extraordinary insects still demand fur-
ther inquiry, and in apologizing for the imperfect state in which

170 Mr. 8.8. Saunders’s Additional Observations, &c.

this notice is presented, it may be considered as the not unfre-
quent result of investigating the wonderful workings of instinct,
that the more we direct our attention to the subject, the more we
feel the want of more diligent research, and the insufficiency of
our attainable results.

XXV. Observations on the Species of Spiders which in-
habit cylindrical Tubes covered by a moveable Trap-
door. By J. O. Wesrwoopn, F.L.S. &e.

[Read January, 1840.]

Or all the habitations constructed by annulose animals for their
own abodes, those cylindrical retreats lined with silk and fitted
to the size of the creature’s body, are amongst the most inge-
nious. These are of two kinds: Ist, those which are moveable,
the creature generally weaving various extraneous materials into
the texture of the web, and often with the greatest regularity,
(amongst which I may particularly mention the nests made by
the caddice worms and the caterpillars of various Lepidoptera) ;
and 2ndly, those which are fixed, being formed either in wood
or the earth. Instances of the latter are afforded by various
species of wild bees and wasps, but they are of a comparatively
rude construction compared with the cells of the trap-door spi-
ders. The interest excited by the accounts of these spiders has
been kept alive since the middle of the last century, when M.
Sauvages published his account of an “ Araignée magonne,” in the
Mémoirs de |’Academie des Sciences, for 1758. This species
was the Wygale cementaria of Walckenaer, respecting which
M. Dorthes published some additional particulars in the second
volume of the Transactions of the Linnzean Society of London.
Another South European species, M. fodiens, Walck., 4. Sauva-
gest, Rossi, has afforded to M. V. Audouin materials for a very
interesting memoir, published in the “ Annales de la Sociéte En-
tomologique de France,” vol. ii. pl. 14. These species have been
separated from the genus Mygale by Latreille, under the name
of Cteniza, but M. le Baron Walckenaer, in the first volume of
his “ Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Aptéres,” has reduced them
again to a family of the genus Mygale. Our valued member,
S. S. Saunders, Esq., has laid before this Society the details of
the economy of another species, from Albania, which constitute one

Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations, &c. 171

of the most interesting communications hitherto published in our
Transactions: (See the preceding Arts. XXIII.and XXIV.) Mr.
Shipster has also exhibited, at a former meeting of this Society, a
nest received by him from New Holland, remarkable for having the
trap-door of the orifice scarcely more than semicircular.* Another
nest from New Granada, with a circular trap-door, has recently
been figured by M. Audouin, in the “ Annales des Sciences
Naturelles.” As the architect of this nest was not observed, it
is imposible to say whether it was the trap-door spider, the his-
tory of which has been detailed to us by our excellent member,
W. Sells, Esq., whose personal knowledge of the subject has
enabled him to give to his details an interest, which those whose
descriptions are founded only upon preserved specimens can
never hope to attain. This insect is an inhabitant of Jamaica,
and apparently of other parts of the new world, and was first
described by Brown, in his “ History of Jamaica” (p. 420,
No. 2, pl. 44, fig. 3), and has been referred to the genus Mygale,
without the expression of any doubt by Latreille, as well as by
Olivier and others, including Walckenaer, who places it at the
head of his section Les digitigrades mineuses, or the genus Cteniza.
The last named authors had evidently, however, never seen the
insect in nature, and Latreille had only seen a specimen of it
casually in the collection of the Linnzean Society of London.

The account given of it by Brown is very short, being as fol-
lows: ‘ Tarantula 2. Fusca major subhirsuta, sub terram nidulans.
The black Tarantula. This sort is represented of the natural
size, as well as its nest and both its valves, which are so well con-
trived, and so strongly connected, that whenever they are forced
open, the native elasticity of the ligaments that fix them restore
‘em immediately to their usual position. It is most frequently
in the loose rocky soils, and nestles under ground.”+ Brown’s
figures correspond very well with the spiders brought home by
Mr. Sells, so that we should consider his insects as the same as
that described by the former. This is the more necessary to be
decided, because Brown’s figure of the two valves at the orifice

* Mr. Bennett has shortly described the nest of a species of trap-door spider
frequently observed about the plains in New South Wales; he however gives no
description of the insect by which it is made (Wanderings in New South Wales,
vol. 1. p. 328, quoted in Entomol. Mag. vol. iii. p. 215).

+ Brown’s figure represents the regular trap-door partly opened, having a larger
and looser flap attached to its base at the hinge above, and falling backwards ;
and a specimen of the nest in the Linnean Society’s collection is furnished with
a short lax membranous appendage on the outside of the trap-door immediately
behind the hinge.

we Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations

does not at all correspond with Mr. Sells’s figure of one of his
nests, and leads us to conclude either that some inaccuracy exists
in Brown’s observations, or that Mr. Sells’s insect is not speci-
fically identical with Brown’s, or else that the species occasion-
ally forms two valves to its nest, as indeed the observations both
of Mr. Sells and Mr. Saunders seem to prove is the case. La-
treille also described a nest which he had received from Jamaica,
(forwarded by an Englishman, Mr. With, to M. Royer, see
“Cours d’Entomologie,” p. 508), with a single valve, as identical
with Brown’s species, noticing at the same time the difference
between it and the description and figure of Brown (Latr. Vues
générales sur les Araneides a quatre pneumo-branchies, in Nouv.
Ann. du Muséum, t. 1). The Baron Walckenaer, however, ques-
tions whether the single-valved nest be that of Brown’s spider,
observing, “il est permis de croire que Latreille a decrit le nid
d’une espéece de Mygale mineuse différente de celle de Brown, et
qui est peut-étre le méme que celle qui au rapport d’Olivier, a
été observée a la Guadaloupe par M. Badier,’ who considered
his nest from that island as identical with that of Latreille, al-
though it was described as having two valves, which were not
‘‘ opposées mais superposées, et ont une charniére commune; la
plus grosse et la plus large est soudée dans la moietié de la partie
postérieure de l’autre et doit la recouvrir ainsi que les margelles
du trou.”’—(Hist. Nat. Ins. Apt. 1, 234.)

It thus appears questionable, whether there are not two species
of American trap-door spiders, which differ in the mode of form-
ing the valves of their nests.*

Let us now endeavour to trace the nomenclature of the Trans-
atlantic species.

Linnzus proposed the name of 4. venatoria for a spider far too
concisely described, referrmg, as above mentioned, to Brown’s
forty-fourth plate, but to the second figure on that plate, whereas
the nest with the double trap is figure 3, 3a, 3b, on the same
plate, to which Linnzus has nowhere referred; neither has Lin-
neeus described any spider under the name of 4. nidulans, as
quoted by Latreille in his Memoir on Mygale above referred to.
We find this last name first and for the only time employed by
Fabricius, in the “ Mantissa Insectorum” (vol. i. p. 343), as the
name of a spider in the collection of Sir J. Banks, from the
American islands, and to which description he added a reference

* It may be mentioned in connexion with this observation, that there are
several distinct American species now known, belonging to the same genus as
Mr, Sells’s Jamaica spider.

on the Species of Trap-door Spiders. 178

to Brown’s plate 44, fig. 3. In his subsequent work, however, the
“‘Entomologia Systematica,” vol. ii. p. 409, he incorrectly gives
his 4. nidulans as synonymous with the A. venatoria, Linneus,
retaining his reference to Brown’s plate 44, figure 3, although
Linnezeus had referred to fig. 2 only. It fortunately happens
that the identical copy of Gronovius which belonged to Linnzeus
is now preserved in the Linnean Society’s Library, and as Lin-
neeus had written the name venatoria opposite to the description
of the spider given by Gronovius under No. 938, it is clear that
this Linnean description is intended for the species described by
Gronovius, which belongs to a totally different family, which does
not make tubular cells, but carries its egg-case beneath its body,
as correctly described by Gronovius, Merian, and Sloan, the first
three Linnzean authorities for the species ; of which also the spe-
cific name implies a different economy. The spider, however,
figured by Brown in his 2nd figure of plate 42 is a true Mygale,
and Linnzus had written, opposite to its description, in his copy
of Brown’s work, “ araneus avicularius,” but he does not cite it in
his account of that species, but incorrectly refers it to the Grono-
vian spider. The Baron Walckenaer is, therefore, correct, when
he says that Linnzeus incorrectly cited Brown’s figure 2 as a
synonym of the Gronovian species; but he is in error in stating
that Linnzeus referred to Brown’s figure of the M. nidulans, Lin-
neeus having no where noticed the figures given by Brown of the
trap-door species.

Kirby and Spence, Koch and others, following the later nomen-
clature of Fabricius, have described the trap-door Jamaica species
under the name of Mygale or Aranea venatoria. That specific
name, however, has been shown to belong to Gronovius’s species,
which Latrielle gives as a Thomisus, and Walckenaer as an Olios.
The latter author, however, although citing Linnzeus correctly,
prefers adopting a specific name of his own, O. Leucosius, which
must be rejected in favour of the Linnzan name.

We know not what authority Fabricius had for giving Sir Joseph
Banks’s insect as the architect of the nest figured by Brown in his
third figure, but we know that Latreille’s description of his M.
nidulans is derived from the very same specimen described by
Fabricius, Sir Joseph Banks’s collection being now in the possession
of the Linnean Society.

Supposing the existence of two species differing in their modes
of forming the valves of their nests, it is evident that if Fabricius
be correct in giving the reference to Brown’s figure 3, under his
A. nidulans, Latreille must clearly have erred in considering the

VOL, III. oO

L74 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations

nests with a single trap-door as of that species, as we are led to
the conclusion, that 4. nidulans makes a double valve, similar to
that figured by Brown in his 3rd figure, and described by Olivier,
from M. Badier’s Guadaloupe specimen, whilst the single-valved
nest is the work of a distinct species ; and, as Mr. Kirby, in his
«“ Bridgewater Treatise,” has figured the single-valved nest of the
Jamaica insect, whilst another figure of the nest and spider, from
specimens in the British Museum, has been published in Griffith’s
«Animal Kingdom,” Arachnida, p|.7, under the name of Mygale
nitida, without any reference to the two species noticed above,
we may adopt this name for the single-valved species, until it shall
be determined (as I have no doubt will be the case) that the dif-
ference in the formation of the valves is the effect of accidental
circumstances.

There are also figures of the single-valved nest and its architect
in the “ Naturalist’s Miscellany” of Shaw and Nodder, pl. 614.

At the period when Latreille made his examination of the
Banksian collection, the genus Mygale had not undergone any
dismemberment; consequently the large Jamaica species was re-
tained by him under Fabricius’s name of nidulans in that genus,
and as he observed that the insect ‘‘se rapproche de la Mygale
pionniére de M. Walckenaer,” it has been placed without further
comment in the subgenus Cteniza, with the Mygale pionniére (M.
fodiens) and M. magonne(M.cementaria), by all subsequent writers.

An examination of Mr. Sells’s specimens has however convinced
me that they belong neither to the sub-genus Cteniza, nor yet to
the genus Mygale, being referable to the genus Actinopus of Perty,
(Sphodros of Walckenaer or Pachyloscelis, Cratoscelis, and Acti-
nopus of Lucas) ; and most probably identical with the Sprodros
Abbotit of Walckenaer (Hist. Nat. Ins. Apt. 1, p. 247), so named
in honour of the Georgian entomologist, Abbot, who has illus-
trated it in his drawings under the name of the purse-web spider,
(No. 36 of the 14th vol. of his Collections of Drawings in the British
Museum Library, No. 7956, Plutarch 126 E.) It is also probably
identical with the Mygale truncata of Hentz, (Boston Journal of
Nat. Hist. vol. iv. No. 1. “Descriptions of Spiders of the United
States,” Species 1). Mygale nidulans, Fab., Walck., if distinct from
that of Latrielle, is also most probably a species of the same genus
Actinopus, which comprises several other species whose economy
has not been observed.

Another species of trap-door spider remains to be described,
which was forwarded to this Society from Barbary by Mr. Drum-
mond Hay, together with its nest, which likewise belongs to the

on the Species of Trap-door Spiders. 178

same genus as Mr. Sells’s Jamaica species, to which it is so closely
allied as scarcely to present any specific distinction beyond that of
size. ‘The nests which I have seen have been about four inches
deep, slightly curved within, about three-quarters of an inch in
diameter; the valve at the mouth not being circular, but rather of
an oval form, one side, where the hinge is placed, being straighter
than the other. The valve is formed of a number of layers of
coarse silk, in the upper layers of which are imbedded particles
of the earth, so as to give the cover the exact appearance of the
surrounding soil, the several successive layers causing it, when
more closely inspected, to resemble a small flattened oyster-
shell. The mouth of the nest is shelved off at the edge, so that
the valve, which is also’ shelved off at the edge, falls into and
upon the orifice, and shuts it far more completely than if the
edges of the valve had been cut straight. The inner lining of the
nest and of the valve is pure white. The architect of this nest
I propose to name

Actinopus cedificatorius.

Piceo-niger, nitidissimus, subtus, cum pilis maxillaribus palli-
dioribus, abdomine obscuro, fusco sericeo, subtus ad basin
maculis 4 luteis, cephalo-thorace in parte postica semicir-
culariter valdé impresso, pedibus fere equalibus. ¢

Long. corp. lin. 12—14.

This spider is of a pitchy black colour, and (with the exception
of the abdomen), very shining and polished ; the abdomen (which
is considerably larger than the cephalo-thorax and greatly elevated
and gibbose), is obscure, very finely sericeous, and of an uniform
dull brown black colour: the legs are clothed with hair and fine
bristles of various lengths, and the various joints are connected
together by a very pale whitish membrane, which gives them the
appearance of being annulated ; these limbs are nearly of equal
size, but variable in thickness; the palpi are also of considerable
length, and have all the appearance of a pair of feet, at least in
the female, which is the only sex I have seen either of this or the
Jamaica species.

The cephalo-thorax is of an oval form, truncated behind, with
a slight elevation in front where the eyes are placed, and a very
deep semicircular impression behind the middle, open in front, the
part which is behind the impression being lower than that in front
of it; the eyes, eight in number, form two lines, four in each, the
anterior curved with the eyes at about equal distances apart,
the outer pair being largest, the posterior line is longer than the

02

176 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations

anterior, the two middle eyes being much wider apart. There is
also an impression on each side of the cephalo-thorax, above the
base of the third pair of legs, as well as some slighter ones running
towards each lateral anterior angle. The chelicere are very strong,
very much polished above at the base, but very rugose, with sharp
short points and hairs on the apical half; the extremity is slightly
produced within and rough; the hook is very acute, and falls,
when at rest, into a groove armed at the sides with about six
pairs of acute short tubercles, gradually diminishing to the tip.
The maxille are slightly produced on the inside, where they are
very hairy and armed with many small pointed rugosities; the
palpi are long and pediform, the first joint has a transverse ele-
vation across the middle on the inside, which gives it the ap-
pearance of a distinct joint; the second joint is very much
compressed and bent, and is the longest of all the joints; the next
is short; the fourth twice as long as the preceding, compressed,
broader, and armed at the edges with hairs and minute but strong
pectinations ; as is also the fifth joint, which is much shorter and
gradually narrowed to the tip, where it is armed with a simple
single unguis, having a minute tooth at the base. The first and
second pairs of legs are very similar in their structure to the
palpi, except that the fifth joint, which corresponds with the
fourth joint of the palpi, is succeeded by two joints agreeing
unitedly in shape and armature with the fifth joint of the palpi,
but terminated by two ungues, each of which has a strong tooth
near the middle. The third pair of legs, on the contrary, is of a
structure quite unlike the preceding, being very robust, the third
joint being very much thickened and swollen beneath, the fourth,
fifth and sixth joints being especially thickened at the tips, in no
wise flattened but armed with strong short acute tubercles, as is
also the terminal joint, which is armed at the tip with two ungues
agreeing in structure with those of the fore-legs. The hind pair
of feet is also different in its structure from any of the others,
being more regularly cylindrical and less powerfully armed than
the third pair; the terminal joints especially are more slender, but
the ungues are similar to those of the other feet. All the legs
have the terminal joint thickly clothed with short hairs, but these
do not prevent either the short acute tubercles or the ungues
from being seen. ‘The sternal plate is somewhat oval, flat, and
highly polished, its anterior part having the labium (languette,
Latrielle), attached to it, which is distinct, horny, semi-ovate,
hairy and obtuse in front; this fits exactly between the base of the

gn the Species of Trap-door Spiders. lied

maxillze, and between it and the base of the chelicere I observed
a minute oblong deflexed tonguelet of a membranous texture,
which seems analogous to the hypopharynx of insects; it is of a
membranous texture, and was observed without dissection or the
slightest difficulty. I presume this is the part which Latreille
names the camerostome. It is impossible on examining the loco-
motive appendages of this insect not to be struck with the con-
viction that the maxille are but a modified pair of feet. If we
examine the hind pair of feet, for instance, we find a short piece
articulating with the sternum, which is analogous to the coxa of
insects; this is succeeded by a still smaller piece, which is as
evidently the trochanter; then comes the most powerful joint
of the foot, which is the femur ; then is there another short joint
which seems to constitute, with the following, the tibia ; and these
are followed by an apparently two-jointed tarsus, thus making
seven joints in the foot, the number ordinarily assigned to the
legs of the Arachnida. In the system of M. Savigny the names
given to these joints are as follows :-—
e——Tavhanehie. “escyefers sishers ate tere te eee ceisti== the. Conair

2.—La exinguinal § the Trochanter

3.—Le fémoral . U the Femur .... of the feet of

j )
as ee oi ‘ composing la jambe = , the Tibia .... Insecta.
Hiak ee weg ; composing le pied = } the Tarsus ....

Now the maxille and their palpi, as indeed Savigny has long ago
shown, are but a pair of modified legs. If we therefore consider
the maxillz as the basal joints or the coxe of a fore foot, we shall
find that the first and the four following joints of the palpi cor-
respond, joint for Joint, with the same joints of the foot, in extent
of development. ‘The difference takes place in the palpi having
a joint less at the end than the feet; by comparing, however,
the palpus and the first foot of this insect, it is quite evident that
the last joint of the palpus is composed of the two terminal joints
of the foot soldered together.

We thus arrive at the following correspondence between the
joints of these two members :—

FEET. PALPUS.
@oxas or Bees cee corse ua hauche; Sav. >... Maxijla-

Trochanter, or .-.....-L’exinguinal, Suv. . . Ist joint( Article sous axillaire, Sav.)
ANNI Wroadaqo vous Le fémoral, Sav... 2nil joint (Humeéral, Sav.)

Ist joint of the Tibia ..Le génual, Suv. ..3rd joint (Cubital, Suv )

2nd joint of the Tibia .. Le tibial, Suv. ....4th joint (Radial, Suv.)

Ist 2 joints of the § Lemetatarse,Suv. Q

. past 4 : { ai
2nd § Lars @ Le tarse, Suv. .. § Sth joint (Digital, Sav.)

178 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations

Such is the correspondence between the feet and the palpi of
the females of this genus, but the males form a remarkable ex-
ception to the general character of the class, being in fact the
only spiders which have six joints in the palpi, in addition to the
maxilla, or seven in all, as shown by M. Lucas in his valuable
memoir on this genus (in the *‘ Annales de la Société Entomologique
de France,” 1837, p. 379). The same author, in his memoir on the
genus Hersilia (in Guérin’s Mag. de Zool. class 8, pl. 12 and 13),
also showed that that genus was anomalous in possessing eight
joints in the feet, instead of seven, the usual number, the tarsi
being composed of three joints instead of two. He consequently
gave to this extra joint of the tarsus the name of Le mesotarse,
placing it (as its name indeed implies) between the metatarsus
and the tarsus, and in order to establish the correspondence be-
tween the joints of the foot of Hersilia, and the joints of the
palpus of Actinopus 6, he proposed the following modifications :—

PALPI. PIEDS.
Machoire correspondant ala ........Hanche.
Art. sous axillaire (Sav.)....+.++++.-A Vexinguinal (Sav.)
Huméral (Sav.) ..22-.00+ee-..-2--Au femoral (Sav.)
Cubital ((Savi)in. clectes ce so cesicise we Au génual (Sav.)
Radial (Sav.) ....- BS GOOODOUUTS oboe suiMaeMl (Sah),
Metadigital (Tucas)) *.106s 016 «ics es .» Au mesotarse (Lucas.)
Dipital (Sas-))iiole, cia aje » «is elsiceieiees .. Au tarse (Sav.)

I cannot, however, exactly agree with M. Lucas that it is “ facile
de voir que les articles qui composent les organes de la mandu-
cation correspondent entiérement a ceux de la locomotion,” there
being eight joints in the feet of Hersilia, and only seven in the
palpi of Actinopus 8. M. Lucas has indeed added ‘le meta-
digital correspond au mesotarse et enfin le digital sur le dernier
article (of the palpi) est le correspondant du tarse, qui se compose
ordinairement de deux articles, le metatarse et le tarse;” thus
increasing the difficulty by placing his new joint, the mesotarse,
or middle joint of the tarse, before the basal joint, or the meta-
tarsus.

By taking a more generalised view of the matter I have no
doubt but that we shall arrive at a very different conclusion from
that obtained either by Savigny or M. Lucas. The structure of
the female palpus, as above stated, evidently corresponds with
that of the feet, the two terminal joints of the feet being soldered
together in the palpi of the female. ‘This supposition receives
full corroboration, by the fact that the male palpi have the two
terminal joints distinct, as stated by M. Lucas.

on the Species of Trap-door Spiders. 179

Now it will at once be perceived that the number and form of
the joints of the palpi, thus developed by the addition of another
joint, exactly correspond with the ordinary condition of the feet
of the spider, that is, in possessing seven joints. We have, there-
fore, to inquire into the anomaly of the genus Hersilia, and I
think I shall have no difficulty in proving that that genus has but
the typical number of joints. In carefully examining the ungues
of Actinopus while alive, I observed arising at the base of and
between the ungues a separate single minute spur, moveable with
them, and arising from a distinct moveable fleshy joint at the end
of the last joint of the foot. Thus the mode of insertion of these
ungues is totally different from that of the ungues of, for instance,
a beetle; since here they have a united motion, for by touching
the basal spur alone they are set in action. Here then we have,
as it appears to me, the analogue of the additional joint of the
foot of Hersilia, which instead of being a mesotarsal joint, as at
first supposed by M. Lucas, or as preceding the metatarsus as
subsequently considered by him, is shown to be an additional
terminal joint. The following summary of these analogies and
** concordances”’ will therefore place the subject in a clearer light,
and get rid of all the supposed anomalies both in the palpi of
Actinopus and feet of Hersilia.

Foor. Foor. Foor. PaLrus.
Neu Goxatete very ce sisi or Hanche, Sav.. see ee rere ee Maxilla.
2. Trochanter. ...... 27" Sire Ue aye ah Art. axillaire.
SPLCTOUL coe, ete ctePere OF Les femoral jab) ii boi ol) Huméral.
SaVsc. oe od
4, Ist joint . 2 of the § or Le génual, Sav. ; eehetcte Meri steate Cubital.
5. 2d joint. . § Tibia, or Le tibial, Sav. $..........-- Radial.

sates Lu-

cas, in Guér. | Metadigital, Lucas,
Mag. de Zool. | ordinarily soldered
Mesotarse,do., 7 with the digital,
in Ann. me but separated in

Mesotarse a
cas, in Guér.

or Le Metatarse,

6. Ist joint . Siiihawec es

Entom. Actinopus @.
France.
7. 2d joint. . ob or Le tarse, Sav. Mag. de Zool. > Digital, Sav.

Metatarse, do.,

in Annales .

Pseudo - digital,
Westw., always
concealed in the
females, but pro-
bably transformed
into the exciting
organ of the male.

or Pseudo-tarsus,
Westw, ordi-
narily conceal-
ed, but deve-
loped in Her-

Stlig ane

Tarse, Lucas,
in Guer. Mag.
de Zool. and
in Annales.

8. 3d joint. .

180 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations

The correctness of these views seems to be confirmed by the
circumstance that the palpi of the male Actinopi, in addition to
the extra or seventh joint, noticed by Messrs. Perty and Lucas,
have the male exciting organs developed at the extremity of this
seventh joint, under the form of a globular joint and hook, as
represented by Lucas in his figure 5, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. t. vil.
pl. 13), which figure is alone sufficient to lead us to the conclu-
sion, that K and K constitute an additional joint, armed with a
single hook, answering perfectly to the short fleshy unguiferous
joint of the feet of the female Actinopi, or to the terminal deve-
loped joint of the foot of Hersilia.

There still remains to notice another anomalous genus de-
scribed by Mr. MacLeay, under the name of Otiothops, as an
example that the feet may, on the other hand, occasionally assume
the ordinary number of joints of the palpi, the fore legs of that
genus having only six joints instead of seven: it is always difficult to
reduce these remarkable forms to the typical structure, but judg-
ing from the figure of the foot detached, it would appear that the
coxa and trochanter have become soldered together, the second joint
being represented as very large, and having all the appearance of
a femur.

A few remarks upon the habits of the Antinopus edificatorius
will conclude this memoir. These will be confined to the slight
observations I have been able to make upon the individuals
since they have been in the possession of this Society. I regret
that these observations must necessarily be scanty, owing to the
lateness of the season when they arrived. Two nests were
forwarded, each of which contained a living female. Flies were
given to them, or rather were placed in the nests by raising the
valve, which the spiders devoured. Occasionally it required con-
siderable force to raise the valve, in which cases it was found that
the inhabitant had seized it with the hooks of the chelicerz, the
ungues of the palpi, and of the four fore legs. On examining the
undersurface of the valve, its surface presents many minute ele-
vations, but there are none of the minute impressions arranged
in a semicircle, as described by M. V. Audouin on the underside
of the valve of M. fodiens. Our spider contented itself with
thrusting the acute points of its cheliceral hooks and ungues into
the meshes of the very fine silk, neither did the insect apply
the rugose extremity of the cheliceree to the undersurface of the
valves, and with all deference to M. V. Audouin, I do not be-
lieve it possible that M. fodiens can introduce into the “ trous de

on the Species of Trap-door Spiders. 181

son couvercle les épines et les crochets cornés dont sont munies
ses machoires.” ‘The extremely powerful and rugose structure of
the third pair of feet immediately suggests the idea, that whilst
the preceding feet are employed in holding down the valve, this
pair of feet is used in holding the spider at the upper part of its
nest, their strong muscles, by being forced downwards, prevent-
ing the spider from being drawn upwards ; and hence it is of much
greater importance that this pair of feet should be strong rather
than the hind pair. Sometimes after disturbing the spider I
found that it spun itself in its nest by fastening the loose side of
the valve to the lining of the cell. After some time I found a
number of young in one of the nests; these were of a very pale
colour, their motions were very slow, and they were constantly
observed upon the inner lining of the nest, and never on the back
of the spider.

P.S. (July, 1842.) The Baron Walckenaer, in his supplement
to the second volume of his “ Histoire Naturelle des Insectes
Aptéres” (p. 440), after noticing the identification established
by me in the preceding article (an abstract of which appeared in
the “ Annals of Natural History” shortly after it was read before
the Entomological Society) between Mygale nidulans and the
genus Actinopus (or Sphodrus, Walck.), and the probable identity
which I suggested might exist between the M. nidulans and the
Sphodros Abboti, both being natives of new world, adds, however,
‘‘ mais nous sommes surpris de trouver une T’héraphose de ce
genre en Barbarie. N’y ait-il pas erreur dans la provenance
pour cette derniére espéce? ou est-il bien vrai qu’elle apparti-
enne au genre Sphodros ?”

The description given in the preceding memoir of my new spe-
cies will, I think, sufficiently answer the latter of these questions
in the affirmative. ‘The former will, perhaps, be best answered
by transcribing the original letter forwarded to this Society with
the living insects themselves.

“7th October, 1839.
cs Sir,

« Mr. Drummond Hay, H. M.’s Agent and Consul-general at
Tangiers, has requested me to present the Entomological Society
with two specimens of the mason spider, with their nests. I have
every reason to believe that these insects are alive, but of course

182 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations, §c.

they will require feeding with flies ; but great care must be taken
in doing this, in opening the door of their cell.

‘© T have the honour to be, Sir,

‘Your most obedient servant,
« W. G. CHapMan.”

“The Secretary of the Entomological
* Society.”

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE X.

Fig. 1.—Actinopus edificatorius of the natural size.
2.—The same seen sideways.
3.—The front of the body with the legs cut off at the base.
4.—The mandible and front of the cephalo-thorax with the legs removed to
show the parts of the mouth.
5.—The front of the body seen from above.
6.—The chelicera seen from beneath.
7.—The maxilla and basal joints of the palpus.
8 & 9.—The terminal joint of the palpus seen in different positions.
10.—The underside of the front of the body.
11.—One of the first and second pair of feet.
12.—The ungues of these feet.
13.—The third pair of feet.
14.—The terminal joints of this foot.
15 & 16.—The ungues of these feet in different positions.
17.—The fourth pair of feet.
18.—The ungues of these feet.
19.—The abdomen seen from above.
20.—The abdomen seen from beneath.
21.—A minute membranous flap between the base of the spinnerets.
22.—The outside of the orifice of the nest, with the door closed.
23.—The underside of the trapdoor.
24,—The top of the nest, with the trapdoor partly open.
25.—The same, with the spider pulling the door down.

Mr. Newport on the Habits, §c. 183

XXVI.—On the Habits, and on the Structure of the Nests
of Gregarious Hymenoptera, particularly those of the

Hive Bee and Hornet. By Grorce Newport, Esq.,
Vi, PLES.

[Read Ist April, 1839. ]

Tue frequent discussions that have arisen at the meetings of the
Entomological Society, on the habits as well as on the structure
of the nests of the Hymenoptera, have induced me to detail the
results of my own observations on these interesting insects; and,
although some of the facts I am about to communicate on the
hive bee have already been observed by Huber, Bevan, and others,
I trust that they may still merit attention, from the testimony
which they bear to the general correctness of the observations of
those distinguished naturalists.

Of the Honey Bee.—On the 27th May, 1836, one of my hives
threw a swarm. During the few days immediately preceding this
occurrence, there had been a continuance of cold and brisk
easterly winds, and there were no signs of swarming on the
morning of the present day, although there had been symptoms
of such an occurrence during some warm weather about ten days
previously. At ten o’clock in the morning the temperature of
the atmosphere was 61.5 Fahr., and that of the hive only 92 Fahr.
But the weather was then rather cloudy, with light easterly
winds, and occasional glimpses of sunshine. At midday it was
fine, but windy, and the males and many bees were flying around
the hive, but there was nothing more remarkable on this occasion
than on some preceding days. At two o’clock in the afternoon
the wind had subsided, there was a dead calm, and the sky was
perfectly clear. At half-past two the bees swarmed suddenly,
but after hovering for a few minutes in the air, settled on a branch
of an espalier apple tree, about thirty feet from the hive, and from
which they were immediately taken into a glass hive prepared to
receive them. The temperature of the hive which the swarm had
just left was then only 96 Fahr., and at sunset at eight o’clock on
the same evening it had sunk to 85 Fahr. At that time the new
swarm was perfectly quiet, and the bees were suspended in a great
cluster from the top of the glazed hive, which I then removed to
the bee house. At the expiration of an hour all was still quiet,
and there was not a single insect ventillating at the entrance hole
or in any part of the hive, every bee having jomed the cluster.
At half-past six on the following morning, May 28th, I again

184 Mr. Newport on the Habits and Structure

visited the swarm, but not a single bee was yet engaged in the act
of ventillation, either within the hive or at its entrance. They
were still hanging from the top in a great cluster of festoons, the
whole being gently agitated by a constant, uniform, wavy, or pen-
dulous motion, and were perspiring very copiously. ‘The tempera-
ture of ,the external atmosphere was only 52 Fahr. Not a single
bee had yet left the swarm since it was hived. At seven o'clock
the first bee came to the entrance hole, and, after examining it
attentively, left the hive. Having taken two or three circular
flights around the bee house, at a little distance in the air, as if to
survey the spot, it flew entirely away. A few minutes after this
another bee Jeft the hive in a similar manner; but, after flying
around the bee house two or three times, flew directly to the spot
where the swarm had settled on the preceding day. Several other
bees left the swarm in like manner, and flew to the same spot,
and many of them continued flying around in the air for a con-
siderable length of time. In about ten minutes one of the bees
returned to the swarm, and having surveyed the entrance hole,
flew to the entrance hole of the next hive in the same bee house,
reconnoitred it, returned again to the swarm, and back again to
the entrance of the other hive, and then again departed. From
this and similar proceedings of these insects, I was led to the
inference that it is by means of vision chiefly that the bee dis-
covers its way back to the hive it has left, and distinguishes its
own hive from others; and this opinion is further supported by
the fact that bees occasionally mistake one hive for another, within
the first few days after swarming, or when the hive has been re-
moved to alittle distance from a spot on which it has originally been
placed, as was the case with many bees of this swarm, which
entered the adjoining hive, apparently by mistake. ‘This occurred
frequently during the first two days after swarming, and the result
of this error on the part of the swarmed bees was that there was
much fighting before the hives, on this and the following day,
until the intruders had ceased to mistake the proper entrance to
their own dwelling.

Although I was unable as yet to discover any comb within the
hive which contained the swarm, owing to the crowding of the
bees around it, I was satisfied that a portion of comb had already
been made, since a number of bees were continually separating
themselves from the cluster with little transparent scales of wax
in their mouths, and, forcing their way into the mass, were quickly
lost sight of. At eleven o’clock there was much activity in the
swarm, and one or two bees were now for the first time engaged

of the Nests of Gregarious Hymenoptera. 185

in ventillation at the entrance hole, and many others were busily
employed in removing from the floor of the hive a quantity of
coarse brown sugar, which I had strewed over it, thinking that in
the event of unfavourable weather it would be acceptable to them ;
but this was not the case, they were evidently annoyed by its
presence, and laboured very hard in removing it from the hive, so
that on the following day the ground beneath the alighting board
was thickly strewed with little masses of the ejected sugar. At
nine o’clock on the following morning, May 29th, having con-
stantly watched the swarm. during this and the preceding days, I
first saw a bee enter with pollen; thus giving further proof that
the combs were in some state of forwardness, and that the queen
had probably begun to deposit her eggs in them ; and on the after-
noon of the present day I had the satisfaction of observing a
large piece of comb suspended from the upper part of the hive,
upon which the bees were working very assiduously. In the
afternoon of the first of June, exactly four days after the swarm
was hived, I observed two large pieces of comb, of the most
delicate whiteness, suspended side by side from the middle of the
hive, from which the bees were hanging in great clusters. The
quantity of comb continued daily to increase, and on the 17th of
June, exactly three weeks from the hiving of the swarm, there
were five beautiful combs, which nearly filled the interior of the
hive. The middle comb was the largest, the two outer ones the
smallest, and the others of an intermediate size, between the
middle and outer ones. It was thus evident that the formation
of comb had commenced in the middle of the hive, in the centre
of the clustre, and that the foundation of the combs on each side
took place subsequently to that of the middle one. As the combs
were constructed at right angles with, and their edges afterwards
made to touch, the glass window at the back of the hive, I had
an excellent opportunity of observing the progress of the work.
Although I have never seen the actual foundation of a comb,
owing to the crowding of the bees, I have constantly observed
the manner in which new cells are commenced adjoining others
which are in the course of formation. Whenever the bees are
about to form a new cell, they commence by extending the base
or partition between the cells of the two sides of the comb. In
doing this I have usually observed a bee at work on each side,
one bee extending the base of a new cell on one side of the comb,
and another employed in like manner on a portion of that on the
opposite side. That portion of the wall of the future cell which
is nearest to the comb is then a little elevated, while other bees

186 Mr. Newport on the Habits and Structure

are at work deepening the cells already partially formed, by the
addition of new materials around the edges of the walls. Thus
the comb is always edged with little shallow cups, the basis of
new cells, which are either only partially or completely formed,
between which and the completed cells there are always one or
more rows in an unfinished state; that wall of each cell which is
nearest to the centre of the comb being the most finished. It is
thus evident that the bees always work from the centre to the
circumference of the combs, and the cells on one side regularly
correspond with those on the other. But it sometimes happens
that two portions of comb are commenced at a distance from, but
in a line with, each other, and cells are added to each until the
two are united together. When this is the case it usually happens
that one of these pieces is nearly completed before the other is
hardly commenced, and the rows of cells in one of them differ in
direction from those in the other, so that where the two pieces are
united (as in the combs now produced) there are necessarily some
irregularly formed and imperfect cells, some of them being much
smaller, and others much larger, than usual. In one of these
specimens the enlargement of one or two cells results from the
union of two unequal portions of a cell in each piece of comb;
and in the other instances in which the form of some of the cells .
is pentagonal, and even quadrate, that it results from the space
between the two pieces of comb to be united being too small to
admit of the formation of perfect cells. It also happens occa-
sionally that the rows of cells on one side of a comb have a dif-
ferent direction from some of those on the opposite, although
there is scarcely any difference in the size of the cells on the two
sides. This occurrence I believe is exceedingly rare, and gives
rise to a curious circumstance which is well shown in one of my
specimens, namely, the formation, not of the usual rhomboid
pyramidal bases to the cells, nor of any of the transitionary forms,
which occur in combs when the large male cells are constructed
near the common sized ones for working bees, but of perfectly
jlattened bases to many of the cells, without the slightest angle.
In these cases the walls of the cells on one side of a comb exactly
correspond to those on the other. Some of these circumstances
have already been noticed by Huber, Dr. Bevan, and others, but
they are exceedingly curious and merit further investigation.
When a comb is constructed at right angles with the glass
window of a hive, it affords an excellent opportunity of witnessing
the manner in which the bee unites the new wax to the old, when
enlarging or founding a cell: and when the bee is working in a

of the Nests of Gregarious Hymenoptera. 187

cell, one side of which is made to abut against the window, and
is in such a position as to expose the under surface of its body,
the whole of its proceedings are easily watched. It first reduces
into small pieces the little transparent scale of wax which it
brings in its mandibles, and mixing these with a quantity of saliva
makes a soft and opaque mass, and then immediately begins to
unite this new material with the wax of the cells, by kneading it
like dough with its mandibles, and, as this new wax becomes more
ductile, it draws it through them in the form of a thin riband, as
noticed by Huber and Dr. Bevan, until it is sufficiently softened
for use. It then spreads it out, and moulds it into form with its
flexible labium and maxille ; and during the whole time it is thus
engaged the bee constantly employs its antennz in feeling, as it
were, the shape of the kneaded mass, and ascertaining the progress
of the work. At the moment of spreading it out the new wax is
often so much softened by its admixture with saliva as to form a
kind of thick paste, which appears to dry rapidly. This has been
noticed by Bevan, and any one may satisfy himself of the fact on
inspecting a cell that has one of its sides formed by the glass
window; he will then also observe that in the angles formed by
the approximation of the bases of the cells of the two sides of
the comb, there is usually a little interspace, which is not filled
up, and in which the wax that forms the basis of the cells has a
roughened appearance, like unfinished plaster-work. This cir-
cumstance leads at first to the opinion that every cell is formed of
distinct walls, as formerly stated by Dr. Barclay ; but this opinion
has been disputed, on the fact that it is only in old combs that the
cells are distinctly separable, and in those it is believed to arise,
not from the actual existence of distinct walls to each cell, but
from the accumulation within them of the cocoons spun by the
larvee. But whether the walls of the cells be indeed double or
single I have always found the interior of the cells of a new made
comb, in which no larve have been hatched, perfectly smooth,
like those which have contained larve, and also lined with a deli-
cate pellicle. The combs I have examined were those of a maiden
swarm, every cell of which was lined with a distinct membrane,
not excepting even those cells which were unfinished, on the edges
of the combs, and in which, of course, no larve could ever have
been developed. In order to assure myself of this fact, I cut off
one row of unfinished cells, and one row which was only just com-
menced, and placed them in hot water, in which they were allowed
to digest for at least a couple of hours, at a temperature very little
‘below 212 Fahr. The wax of the cells became completely dis-

188 Mr. Newport on the Habits and Structure

solved, but many remnants of the membrane floated on the surface
of the water. The experiment was repeated with great care, and
the result in each instance was precisely the same. I have not yet
examined a piece of comb immediately after it has been formed,
but, from the results of these experiments, am inclined to believe
that new comb as well as old will always be found to contain a
membrane in each cell, made by the bee herself, before the cell is
finished, the use of which probably is to give additional strength
to the wax, and to the whole comb. Dr. Bevan and others have
remarked, that before the cells are finished the bees give them
additional strength by thickening their edges “ and covering their
whole surface with a peculiar kind of varnish, which they collect
for the purpose.” It is probable that the varnish noticed is, in
fact, this lining membrane. This is a subject of considerable
interest, but it is not without its parallel in the economy of other
species. ‘The mason bee plasters round the interior of its cell
with a secretion of its own, before it collects pollen and honey as
food for the future larva; and the sand bees, Colletes, as is known
to every Entomologist, form in their burrows a succession of
transparent, membranous, cylindrical cases, which are stored with
pollen before the eggs are deposited in them. This is an addi-
tional circumstance in support of the opinion, that each cell of the
honey-comb is lined with a distinct membrane.

Of the Hornet.—The proceedings of the hornet, Vespa crabro,
in constructing its nest, are somewhat different from those of the
hive bee. The whole base of a cell appears always to be com-
pleted by the insect before the sides are begun to be raised upon
it. On the 24th of June, 1828, I discovered a hornet’s nest that
had just been commenced between the lining and weather-boarding
of the side of an out-house, in such a situation as enabled me, on
removing a portion of the latter, to examine the interior of the
nest, and watch the proceedings of the insect. The nest of the
hornet, like that of the wasp, is always founded by a single indi-
vidual, and is commenced by the formation of two or three cells
attached to a pedicle. The nest in question was formed of only
one comb of hexagonal cells, arranged in a circular horizontal
plane, suspended by its pedicle. There were fifteen cells, either
completed or in different stages of forwardness, and also the basis
of five others, on the edges of the comb, just commenced. The
whole was inclosed by an outer wall or covering, about the size
of a large orange, but open on the under surface. In each of the
four middle cells was a large larva, apparently about four or five
days old, and in the outer cells either a newly hatched larva or

of the Nests of Gregarious fymenoptera. 189

an egg. The insect was very assiduous in her attentions to the
nest, and was quite unassisted in her work, none of her progeny
having yet passed the state of larvae. She appeared to be most
engaged in deepening the cells in the early part of the day. The
material made use of for this purpose was rotten wood, which I
constantly observed her collecting from a rotten wooden paling
which was so decayed as to have been completely reduced to
touchwood. On one occasion, when she bad returned with a
quantity of material, she was busily employed in the nest for nearly
an hour, during which time I was engaged in watching her pro-
ceedings. She first passed her head into each of the cells that
contained the largest larve, as if to feed them, and then, having
examined the others, began to increase the depth of the two outer-
most cells by applying new material to their edges. Finding the
comb unsteady on its pedicle, she passed to the top of the nest,
and was hidden from view for a long time, occupied, as I sus-
pected, from the subsequent greater steadiness of the comb, in
strengthening the pedicle. When she had been thus employed for
about twenty minutes, she returned to the surface of the comb,
and was engaged for a much greater length of time in deepening
the two or three outer cells, to the extent of at least a line each,
which was effected by the addition of the masticated wood reduced
to a pulp, and applied in thin layers to the edges of the cells.
When she had finished these she began to work in a similar
manner upon the edges of the outer covering of the nest, adding
layer after layer, but more irregularly, and of coarser materials,
so that her mode of proceeding was particularly evident in this
structure. On the following morning at ten o’clock the celis had
been still further enlarged. A larva had also been hatched in
one of the outer cells during the night, and in the course of the
day three new cells were commenced. On the merning of the
28th the number of cells had been increased to thirty-two, and the
old ones had been much deepened. ‘The larve in the middle cells
were now more than treble their size when | first saw them, and
afforded me an opportunity of observing the manner in which they
maintain themselves in their cells; which are suspended vertically,
with the open mouths downwards. ‘They do this by a constant
vermicular or turning motion of the body, so that each larva is
incessantly changing its position in the cell. When this motion
has carried it towards the entrance or mouth of the cell, the larva
makes a sudden longitudinal contraction of its whole body, by
means of which it is carried backwards and upwards, and thus
regains its position at the base of the cell, from which its constant
VOL, Ill, P

190 Mr. Newport on the Habits, &c.

vermicular motion is tending to remove it. I was now prevented
from pursuing my observations any further, the parent insect being
accidentally killed. I had, however, observed enough of its pro-
ceedings to feel assured that in this instance at least the partition
between the cells is not double, but that the walls of one cell
are common to all that surround it. Whether the hornet lines
the interior of its cells with a membrane, as is done by the hive
bee, I have had no opportunity of observing.

On examining the nest of that interesting little tree wasp,
Vespa Britannica, it is evident that it is formed in exactly the
same manner as that of the hornet. Very distinct layers of mate-
rial are seen in the outer coverings, and the walls of the cells are
so thin that its structure can hardly be questioned. From an ex-
amination of the cells of the common wasp, some months since,
I was disposed to think that they were formed of several distinct
layers, which are easily separable; but from the fact that this is
not the case in the cells of the hornet, or of the tree wasp, the
appearances then observed were perhaps occasioned by the
cocoons left by the larve, which may easily be mistaken for
separate walls. Respecting the kind of material employed by the
common wasp, in the construction of its nest, there appears to be
some difference of opinion. Reaumur states that the wasp pro-
cures its material from decayed timber, like the hornet; but
White, of Selbourne, and Kirby and Spence, assert that hornets
alone obtain it from rotten or decayed wood, while the wasp pro-
cures it from sownd timber. From my own observations I can
state most positively that the wasp procures, at least, some portion
of the materials it employs from rotten wood, as I have many
times witnessed during the last summer. I saw both the common
wasps, and the hornet upon which I made the above observations,
busily engaged at the same moment in obtaining materials from
the same piece of rotten wood. The wasps even penetrated into
the soft wood in several places to procure the material. But I
have also seen the wasps, as many others have done, procuring it
from the solid wood of a window-framing; although it must be
remarked that the wood in this instance also has been that which
was somewhat affected by the weather.

Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations, Sc. 191

XXVII.— Observations on some Mummied Beetles taken
from the inside of a Mummied Ibis. By Rev. F. W.
Hoprg, F.R.S. &e.

{ Read March, 1840.]

Tue fragments of mummied insects taken from the inside of a
Mummied Ibis, and sent to me by Sir Gardner Wilkinson, and
which I have carefully examined, belong to two genera. The first
is Pimelia pilosa of Fabricius, or, according to a more modern
arrangement, a T'rachyderma of Latreille. The second is evi-
dently the body of Akis reflexa, Fab. ; both the above insects are
met with at the present day in Egypt in great abundance. Of
the former species there are nearly two entire specimens, with the
exception of the antenne; there were also found the thorax of
other individuals, with sundry limbs of other insects. I may
here remark, that this is not the first time I have met with the
occurrence of Trachyderma pilosum; there was in the British
Museum, a year back, a specimen of this insect fastened to the
case of an Egyptian mummy, and most likely it may still be seen
in statu quo, unless some of our friendly indigenous insects have
devoured it, tempted by such an unusual exotic luxury. I must
here note, that both species of beetles are invariably black when
arrived at maturity; consequently the reddish pitchy colour which
is apparent by day is attributable to the medicaments used in
embalming, and not to immaturity; and the present instance,
therefore, may be taken as corroborative evidence of what I have
previously stated when describing the mummied insects which
Mr. Pettigrew kindly submitted to my inspection.

With respect to Akis reflexa, this is the first time I believe it
has ever been recorded as found in a mummied state ; from its
abundance in Egypt at the present day (as I have repeatedly
received it in different collections from that locality) we may con-
ceive it to have been equally abundant at the period when these
specimens were embalmed.

It is not my intention here to enter into the dispute relating to
the identity of the Ibis; Hasselquist regarded it as an Ardea,
while Baron Cuvier calls it a Numenius: it appears to be satis-
factorily ascertained that there are two species of Ibis which are
met with in an embalmed state, and both, I believe, belong to
Numenius. ‘The Ibis is reported to feed on serpents, and devours
voraciously reptiles and insects; probably, therefore, it was wor-

shipped partly on account of its useful services in destroying
P2

i92 Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations

such animals, when the waters of the Nile decreased, but chiefly
perhaps because it was one of the signs of the zodiac, and, like
other asterisms, was venerated accordingly. With regard to the
above-mentioned insects found in the body of the mummied Ibis,
I suspect they were devoured whole by the bird when living, and
that it happened to be killed before they were decomposed ; I
cannot for a moment think the beetles were separately embalmed,
and then placed in the inside of the Ibis. Had the beetles been
found in a vase, or together with the bird in cases of wood or
stone, or in the envelopes which swathed the sacred animals—in
all which states Mr. Pettigrew informs us the Ibis is found—there
would have been some reason for thinking that the insects were
separately embalmed. I may here add that Baron Cuvier states,
that he found in an embalmed Ibis the remains of serpents, of
which the skin and scales had not been digested; and why, I ask,
may not undigested insects, as well as relics of reptilia, be found
in the intestines of the Ibis. It is remarkable that the passage
which I have quoted from Cuvier is disputed by the learned
Savigny, the latter endeavouring to prove that the Ibis does not
feed on serpents, deducing his conjectures partly from the struc-
ture of the beak and tongue of the Ibis, and from the food of
other birds of allied species, which feed on shell-fish, worms, fish,
and aquatic insects. I have only here to remark, that the Ibis
feeds on insects, terrestrial as well as aquatic, and that I side with
Cuvier in preference to Savigny. On referring to Dr. Clarke’s
Travels for information relating to the Ibis, the following passage
will be found, which, with a short comment, will conclude these
observations :—‘ Upon the sands around the city of Rosetta we
saw the Scarabeus sacer, or rolling beetle, (as it is sculptured on
the obelisks and other monuments of the country,) moving before
it a ball of dung, on which it deposits an egg. Among the
Egyptian antiquities preserved in the British Museum there is a
most colossal figure of this insect. It is placed upon an altar,
before which a priest is kneeling. The beetle served as food for
the Ibis. Its remains are sometimes discovered in the earthen-
ware repositories of those embalmed birds which are found at
Saccara and Thebes. With the ancients it was a type of the sun,
and we often find it among the characters used in hieroglyphic
writing. As this insect appears in that season of the year which
immediately precedes the inundation of the Nile, it may have
been so represented as a symbol of the spring, or of fecundity,
or of the Egyptian month anterior to the rising of the water.”
Now, without entering into a disquisition on the various points

on some Mummied Beetles. 193

above stated, I will merely notice that Dr. Clarke thinks that Scara-
beus sacer was the food of the Ibis, and that his remarks seem
confined to that insect. We have, however, now sufficient grounds
for asserting that the Ibis fed on other insects besides the Scara-
baus sacer, for, on examining the insects submitted to me by Sir
Gardner Wilkinson, other species have been recognized. Instead,
therefore, of applying the above passage to the Scarabeus sacer,
we must consider that the Ibis fed on various beetles, and not on
one particular species. My chief reason for recommending this
interpretation of Dr. Clarke’s remarks is to prevent an error
which might otherwise become general. I have heard it asserted,
in direct terms, that the Ibis in a domesticated state fed on the
Scarabeus sacer. 1 do not pretend to be learned in Egyptian
wisdom. I venture, however, to express an opinion, that it seems
most improbable that an Egyptian priest would feed one sacred
animal with another considered nearly as sacred; one, at least, in
high esteem and veneration throughout the ancient Egyptian
empire.

XXVIII.— Notice of the occurrence of Hybrid Individuals
occurring in the Genus Smerinthus. By Mr. Henry

Hovusz. Ina Letter addressed to W. Rapvon, Esq.
{Read 6th November, 1837. ]

Durdham Down Nurseries, Sept. 29th, 1837.
Sir,
In compliance with your’s of to day, I beg to state, that the idea

of an hybrid between Smerinthus ocellatus and popult originated
in my mind about ten years ago, and from that time till the
present I have adopted every method that my fancy could devise
to bring about my experiment; at length, wearied with unsuc-
cessful effort, I determined if I did not succeed this season I
never would try again.

You know I always keep my subterraneous chrysalides in large
garden pots, filled within about two inches of the brim with light
sandy loam, hooped over the top with wire, and covered with
gauze, leaving a space of eight or ten inches from the mould to
the top of the wires. When S. ocellatus began coming out,
(having them in one of those pots, and ,S. populi in another, ) I every
evening, before dusk or twilight, took out the females of S$. ocellatus,

194 Mr. Henry House on Hybrid Individuals.

one or two, not more, and put them in the pot with male Populi, and
vice vers, and then placed the two pots close side by side in the
garden or window for the night, so that the female of each species
formed an attraction to its own male, while the male could only
gain access to the female of the other species. By this treatment
I obtained five broods of eggs of Populi impregnated with Ocellatus,
and one of Ocellatus impregnated with Populi; only about thirty
eggs of one of the former broods hatched, about the middle of
June last. Nineteen caterpillars I reared to perfection, which went
under ground in about a month or five weeks after; and in August
last twelve of the moths came out perfect, the other seven are
still in the chrysalis, and will, in all probability, come out in May
next. The insects thus obtained are as near alike each other as any
species that I am acquainted with, and are as nearly intermediate
as we can conceive. The power of reproduction is completely
lost, as they appear to be as near intermediate between the sexes
as between the species; they evidently partake of the nature of
both sexes: as proof, every insect of the genus Smerinthus, on
touching, discharges copiously a fluid, which in the male is pure
white, in the female of a yellow or ochre colour. This insect dis-
charged, at the same motion, first the white and then the ochre
fluid quite distinct, and this compound discharge was quite uniform
in every specimen, which is never the case in any true species or
sex. I have often indulged in fanciful ideas respecting this pro-
duction, but I never conceived of such an unfinished painting as
it is; this is not nature improved by art, but nature sadly defaced
by art, as the beauty of both species is in a great measure lost.

I took care to provide myself with eggs of both species that
should hatch at the same time as my hybrids, for the sake of
comparison; in their infant state no difference was observable
between them and Populi, very little in their second stage, still
more in the third, and finally more like Ocellatus than Populi ; the
chrysalis was as much different from either, and yet as much
resembling both, as the moth. Whether such a production has
ever been obtained before or not I am totally ignorant, as I have
never had the advantage of studying any work on Entomology.
I have also several other varieties of similar origin in contempla-
tion, but my leisure time is very limited; and I shall be very glad
to hear that some gentleman of leisure has produced a brood
between a male Populi and female Ocellatus by this day twelve-
month.

Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description, Sc. 195

XXIX.— Description of a Hybrid Smerinthus, with Re-
marks on Hybridism in general. By J. O. Wustwoon,
F.L.S.

{Read Ist January, 1838.]

Tue account given by Mr. House in the preceding article, of the
production of hybrid specimens by a forced union of Smerinthus
ocellatus ¢, and Populi g, is especially entitled to observation, as
being the first recorded statement of any satisfactory result arising
from such an adulterous marriage, as this unnatural union between
two distinct species of insects has been not unaptly termed, in
this class of animals.

The following is a precise description of the appearance of one
of these hybrids, which, in conjunction with the figure of it, which
I beg to offer to the Society, exhibiting the upper and under view
of the wings, will give an idea of its peculiar relations to each of
its parents. (See Plate XI. fig. 1.)

The two specimens which I have examined would, from the
form of the body and the pectination of the antenne, be regarded
as male insects. The expanse of the wings in both is three inches.
In the outline of the wings the character is intermediate between
the two species, the external margin being nearly similar in its
general figure to that of Ocellatus, but being notched, although far
less strongly, than in Populi. The markings of the fore wings
are almost identical with Popul, the outer margin of the dark
discoidal central broad bar is more irregular, and is succeeded by
two waved fasciz, the first of which is less conspicuous than the
other. The markings of the hind wings, on the contrary, more
nearly resemble Ocellatus ; the pink colour of the base is however
exchanged for the dark ferruginous colour as in Populi, extending
more generally over the wing than in the latter species. In the
place, however, of the beautiful and clearly marked grey, silvery,
blue, and black eye of Ocellatus, there is a large indistinctly suffused
black patch, in which is an obscurely defined dark leaden coloured
eyelet. On this pair of wings are no traces of the transverse bars
of Populi. On the under side the markings of all the wings re-
semble those of Ocellatus more nearly than those of Populi, there
being four waved fasciz across the disc of the posterior pair.
Moreover the basal half of the fore wings is, as in Ocellatus, of the
same colour as the base of the hind wings above, being of a dark
ferruginous hue, which is far more strongly coloured in one than

196 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description

in the other specimen. ‘The thorax on the upper side is marked
with a large oblong dark mark, but which is neither so dark
coloured nor so large as in Ocellatus. In Populi there is no trace
of this mark.

Hence we see, that with the exception of the markings of the
anterior wings, there is a far greater tendency to Ocellatus (the
male parent) than to Populi in these hybrids.

In the higher animals the occurrence of hybrids is so frequent
as to leave no doubt as to the power of generation between
two distinct but allied species of animals: the only question
being, whether these hybrids are or are not fertile? a question
to be solved only by experiment, and a very careful compara-
tive investigation of the structure of the organs of generation.
It is the general opinion that hybrids are not productive, but if,
as in the case of the moths under observation, the individuals
exhibit all the external characters of one or the other sex, the
non-possession of the power of generation must originate in some
organic internal deficiency which requires investigation. Instances,
it is true, are upon record, of fertile hybrids between the common
gander and the Chinese goose (which hybrids had bred between
themselves), between the Chinese boar and the common pig, and
between two species of geese (Anas boschus and A. acuta). ‘These
instances were mentioned by various naturalists at the Bristol
Meeting of the British Association, August, 1836; but they
appear to have been considered to have originated in some mis-
take or oversight. (See Atheneum, 1836, p. 634.)

Mr. Eyton, however, in a more recent communication, published
in the Magazine of Natural History for July, 1837, has clearly
substantiated some of these, but leaving it in doubt whether or
not this fact did not prove that the supposed parent-species ought
only to be regarded as varieties rather than species, but leaning
to the contrary opinion.

Mr. Eyton has since informed. me that he has succeeded in
breeding from the hybrids between the common and Chinese geese
for three generations.

The same gentleman, on the 12th May, 1835, read some account
before the Zoological Society of a hybrid bird, between the cock
pheasant, Phastanus Colchicus, Linn., and the grey hen, Tetrao
perdix, Linn., and of which he had made an anatomical investiga-
tion. In this instance the specimen, although a female, is ex-
pressly stated to have the left oviduct very imperfect, the ovaries
very small, the eggs scarcely perceptible and very few in number ;
the plumage of the bird was also very curious, some parts of it

of a Hybrid Smerinthus. OR

resembling either sex of both black game and pheasant. It
would be very interesting to ascertain whether such a hybrid as
this would breed, or whether, unlike the hybrids between the
common and Chinese geese, it would be sterile; this information
would, in fact, give a further clue to the decision of the question,
whether the theory of John Hunter be or be not correct? Still
in the vertebrated animals it remains to be proved, after admitting
that fertile hybrids may be produced between two closely allied
but distinct species, what are the limits to the production of sterile
hybrids? Copulation may, from some untoward circumstance or
other, take place between two animals widely separated in their
natural relations, but there must be some, although yet unascer-
tained, limits to the production of hybrids.

Thus there are already numerous instances on record in which
insects of different species, genera and even orders, have been
coupled together, and there have been opinions given upon the
subject by eminent Entomological physiologists, to each of which
it will be interesting to recall the attention of the Society.

In the fourth volume of Germar’s Magazin der Entomologie
(p. 404-—409, translated in Silbermann’s Rev, Ent. No. 3,) an
account is given, from the observation of Rossi, (published in the
Memorie della Societa Italiana, tom. viii. p. 119,) of a connexion
between Telephorus melanurus g and Elater niger 9; likewise,
from the observation of Miller of Odenbach, between Chrysomela
polita ¢ and Ch. graminis 9, and Donacia simplex g and Apoderus
Coryli 9.

Treviranus, also, (Vermischte Schriften, vol. i. p. 22,) cites
Voigt’s Magazin (f. d. Neusten Zustand der Naturkunde, book ix.
st. 3, s. 232) for a similar connexion between a male Melolontha
agricola and a female of Cetonia hirta.

Linneeus, in the last edition of the “Systema Nature,” p. 587,
states, that Miiller had observed Chrysomela graminis and Chry-
somela enea in copulation together, and that he had himself seen
Chrysomela cenea and Ch. (Adimonia) alni similarly situated.
Miller, however, in his work on the Hydrachne, (Introduction,
p. xx.) states, that Linneeus had been mistaken in the former
assertion, and that the species which he had thus detected were
Chrysomela nea and alni. And that he had, moreover, found
Hipparchia jurtina and janira (which at that period were regarded
as distinct species, but are now ascertained to be the sexes of the
same species) similarly coupled.

Mr. MacLeay also detected a species of Chrysomela in con-
nexion with a Galeruca. Marsham observed a similar circum-

198 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description

stance between a Coccinella and a Chrysomela. And Mr. Yates
thus found Spilosoma erminea and lubricipeda together. The three
last named observations were communicated to me by the late
Mr. Haworth.

Gistl has also recorded (in the Isis for 1827, p. 625, cited in the
Bulletin des Sciences Nat., February, 1828) a similar occurrence
between two allied species of Chrysomela, Ch. menthe and Ch.
polita, which he is thence induced to consider as the legitimate
sexes of one and the same species; but this cannot be the case,
as one of these species, Ch. polita, is sufficiently common in this
country, whilst the other has never been detected.

Mr. Hope stated at the meeting of this Society, on the 4th
January, 1836, that a similar occurrence had been observed
between Blaps fatidica and Akis reflexa.

M. le Comte Saint Fargeau communicated to the Académie
des Sciences a notice concerning the genus Volucella, the species
of which appear, according to this author, to have a kind of
binary relationship together, not only in the habits of the larve,
and in the general appearance of the insects, but also in the fact
of their being not unfrequently found united together. Thus he
exhibited instances of this occurrence between V’. bombylans and
V. plumata, ‘‘ ou les deux sexes de ces espéces jouoient un réle
inverse dans cette action,” (Enc. Méth. x. p. 784). He did not
succeed in tracing the result of this occurrence, but he mentions
that a specimen which he possessed of a Volucella, resembling
V. plumata in the colour of the anterior part of the body, and
V. bombylans in the terminal segments of the abdomen, seemed to
have been the result of such an union, and to prove the fecun-
dating power of the insects under such circumstances.

In the first volume of the Annales de la Société Entomologique
de France, various observations are recorded upon the coupling of
species hitherto regarded as distinct. Thus, M. Rambur con-
siders that Sphinx vespertilioides is a hybrid between Sph. vespertilio
and Sph. hippophaes, and that Sphinx epilobi is a hybrid between
Sph. vespertilio and Sph. euphorbie. M. Lefebvre also has re-
corded the observation of two species of Tortricide@, supposed to
be specifically distinct, in the act of copulation, but which he is
induced from thence to regard as the legitimate sexes of the same
species. The same author also mentioned an observation, com-
municated to him by Treitschke, in which Zygena filipendule 9
was found coupled with a yellow variety of Z. ephialtes ¢, which
had been observed by Treitschke, who was thence induced to
regard the red variety of Z. ephialtes as the result of this union,

of a Hybrid Smerinthus. 199

especially as he had not noticed the union between the red and
yellow specimens of Z. ephialtes, nor between the red ephialtes
and filpendule. M. Treitschke had also observed Saturnia
carpint and S. spini coupled, and had procured three caterpillars
from the eggs, which (the caterpillars) were very nearly similar
to those of carpini, but which he did not succeed in rearing.

M. Villiers also, in the same volume, p. 422, mentions that
having found Z. minos and filipendule coupled, the female pro-
duced eggs, from which larvee were hatched, which the author
placed in the retired part of a forest where he had never observed
any Zygene, and in the hopes of finding the progeny in the fol-
lowing year, at which time however he found many specimens,
but all proved to be Z. filipendule. These he nevertheless con-
sidered to be the result of the observation of the preceding year,
although it is evident that no decided opinion could be given upon
the circumstance.

M. Stein also, in Oken’s Isis for 1835, p. 343, has described a
bastard butterfly as he regards it, which he had captured, and
which he considered to be the production of an union between
Hipparchia Pamphilus and Iphis.

M. Boksch communicated to the Natural History Section of the
German Meeting of Naturalists, held at Breslau in 1833, an
instance in which Melontha hippocastaneus and M. vulgaris had
been found coupled. (Trans. Ent. Soc. vol. i. p. iv.)

In the Transactions of our Society (vol. i. Journal of Pro-
ceedings, p. 83) instances are mentioned, on the authority of Mr.
Shuckard, of specimens of Osmia and Chelostoma thus found
united ; and, on the authority of Mr. Hope, of a Donacia and
Crioceris, and of a Buprestis and Elater ; whilst we were assured
at the same meeting, by Mr. Scales, of his having observed an
attempted copulation between one of the small dragon flies and a
Vanessa urtice.

Still more recently Mr. H. Doubleday has noticed the singular
occurrence of a copulation between a male Sphinx higustri and a
female Smerinthus ocellatus, although there were several other
individuals of both sexes of the two species at the same time in
the breeding cage. (Entomologist, August, 1842, p. 357.)

Such are all the facts which I have been able to discover on
record relative to this curious subject. We will, therefore, now
notice the opinions which have been given by various Entomo-
logical physiologists relative to it, and which not only affect the
physiological question of the generative powers of these insects,
but also the nature of the claims of many insects, hitherto re-

&

200 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description

garded as distinct species, to be considered as such. The cele-
brated physiologist, Spallanzani, in 1768, published a Memoir,
containing suggestions for the instituting of experiments for the
production of hybrid insects, with a view of solving the grand
problem of generation, which at that period attracted a great
share of attention amongst philosophers. His memoir is entitled
‘‘ Invito a intraprendere sperienze, onde averre muletti nel popolo
degl’ insetti per tentar di scogliere il gran problema della gene-
razione.’ A copy of this scarce tract is in the library of the
British Museum.

Burmeister (Manual, p. 515) observes, that “ it is uncertain whe-
ther such mixtures as those detailed above have been productive, but
from analogy with the superior animals we might say no; should,
however, the copulation of closely allied species actually produce
young, these would not be able to unite productively, as is proved
by the general rule of analogous instances in the superior animals,
yet this, even, is not without an exception. Hence, Gravenhorst’s
opinion, that from such bastard copulations of allied species many
new forms originate, must be totally rejected, exclusive of the
view that in case of such a course in nature its beautiful regu-
larity and order would speedily terminate in illimitable confusion,
of which, however, there is not the least proof.” Now the circum-
stances recorded by Mr. House enable us to see the extent to
which these observations of Dr. Burmeister are applicable. We
thus perceive that the copulation of two distinct species of insects
is productive—and not abortive—that the progeny of such an
union, between two closely allied species, partakes of the specific
characters of both species, but that the sexual power is ren-
dered obsolete, and that it is not, except by some rare accident
against nature, that such an union takes place. Marsham, how-
ever, observes, in the Entomologia Britannica (p. 169), “ Ex
coitu Coccinellarum inter omnes familias promiscuo, varietates
plurimas ortz sunt;” whilst M. Boisduval, on the other hand, in
his Monograph in the Zygenide (p. 5), states, that he had often
found Zygena filipendule in copula with Z. peucadani, and Zygaena
trifolii with Hippocrepidis, that the females had subsequently laid
eggs, but these had never hatched, (a circumstance contrary to
the observation of M. De Villiers, cited above). He adds, how-
ever, “ il est possible cependant que quelques uns éclosent dans
la nature.” In like manner M. Audouin instituted various ex-
periments upon Coccinella bipunctata and C. dispar, which are often
found coupled, but the eggs produced by the female have always
proved sterile, a circumstance which he had noticed as many as

of a Hybrid Smerinthus. 201

six different times. Hence, M. Audouin considers that the result
of an accidental copulation between two species is most commonly
that the female is unfecundated, and, hence, that nature by this
regulation maintains the constancy of the species. (Ann. Soc.
Ent. d. France, vol. i. p. 233.) But as Smerinthus populi and
ocellatus are not more nearly united together by affinity than are
Coccinella bipunctata and dispar, it must be evident that some
other circumstances, rather than a want of fecundation, caused the
eges of the latter to be unproductive. Nature will, of course,
throw every obstacle in the way, not only of the fecundation of
the female during such an act, but also of the development of the
young in cases where fecundation has even taken place. More-
over, should the latter reach the imago state, the facts before us
will, I think, sufficiently warrant us, even without reference to the
analogy of the higher groups, in considering that the powers of
reproduction are not possessed by the results of such copulation.
The dissection, however, of such an individual in a recent state,
especially with reference to the condition of its generative organs,
and those of its parents, will most clearly settle this question.

With respect to the effects which these observations will neces-
sarily have upon the question of the specific right of many insects
to be regarded as distinct species, the subject is of too extensive
a nature to be discussed in all its bearings in so short a paper as
the present. One thing however is clearly proved thereby,
namely, the decided insulation, except on some unnatural occa-
sion, of the various species of insects. We have heard it asked,
whether it was to be supposed that a pair of Carabi, for instance,
previous to coupling, stopped to count the number of punctures
or of striz upon each cther’s elytra to ascertain that they were
the proper individuals between which such an act ought to take
place; but we learn that by the law of nature it is only between
those particular specimens which constitute the same species that
in a state of nature copulation takes place. There are, doubtless,
many insects in our cabinets which have remained unique, and it
does not now appear improbable that they may have been the
result of a copulation between allied species, which a careful in-
vestigation would, as in the case of the red and yellow winged
specimens of Zygena ephialtes mentioned above, enable us to
detect, so far at least as conjecture would permit.

I may further observe, that this question is quite distinct from
that of the existence or non-existence of permanent varieties
induced by climate or geographical distribution; and that I trust
that as the facility for observations has been clearly shown to exist

202 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description, &c.

by Mr. House, some person having leisure will follow up the
subject, and by a few well planned experiments still more de-
cidedly prove whether these hybrid productions be or be not
sterile, and if not in what manner the generative power is lost.

I have only in addition to notice the singular circumstance,
that Smerinthus populi, one of the insects which has produced the
hybrid now under consideration, is likewise the species most noto-
rious for its hermaphroditism. A notice of the various accounts
recorded of the latter fact will clearly prove that the generative
organs of this insect (upon which in the early state of existence I
apprehend both hermaphroditism and hybridism are dependant)
are liable to great aberrations from their normal condition of
specific exclusiveness or unique sexuality in the individual.

Cramer figures an hermaphrodite Smerinthus popult, Pap. Exot.
tom. iv. pl. 398, fig. A.; as does Fischer, in the Oryctographie
de Moscou, pl. 11, fig. 1. ‘The specimen was bred in 1809, and
destroyed by fire in 1812; the right side was male and the left
female. The entire body, “ainsi que les parties génitales,” being
divided down the middle.

Godart, in the Encyclop. Méthodique, states, that he had found
two of these monstrous Sm. populi in the neighbourhood of Paris,
vol. ix. p. 66.

Dr. Klug, in the Jahrbuch der Insectenkunde, minutely describes
another similar specimen of the same insect (vol. i. p. 257), in
which the right side was male and the left female.

Curtis also describes one, presented to him by C. K. Sheridan,
Esq., in which the right side was also male and the left female,
(Brit. Ent. pl. 482); and Mr. Weaver reared three similar speci-
mens, one of which is now in the possession of Mr. Stevens, and
is also masculine on the right side and feminine on the left.

Thus there are no less than nine hermaphrodite specimens of
Smerinthus populi on record, a much greater number than of any
other species; and in all, which have been sufficiently described,
the male sexuality has been developed on the right side of the
specimen.

Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description, &c. 203

XXX.—Description of a Case of Monstrosity occurring in
a Specimen of Dyticus marginalis, in which a portion of
the external marks of Sexual Distinction are abortive.

By J. O. Westwoop, F.L.S.
[Read 2nd July, 1838.]

Ir has been remarked that the careful examination of animals in
a monstrous state of development, whether of excess or default,
is more serviceable in teaching the true nature of animal organ-
ization than the investigation of individuals in the normal state.
The case of monstrosity now under consideration appears to con-
firm, in some degree amongst the invertebrata, a theory hitherto
founded upon circumstances observed only in the vertebrata.
The insect in question is an individual belonging to the species
Dyticus marginalis, and, judging from the majority of its external
characters, is evidently a male insect. It was captured by the
Rev. F. W. Hope, in whose collection it is preserved, and to whom
I am indebted for an opportunity of examining it.

The external marks of distinction of the male Dytict consist in
the dilated structure of the four anterior tarsi, the anterior pair
of which are moreover furnished with two large and many minute
cup-like organs on the under side or sole of the foot, which latter
occur also on the sole of the basal joints of the middle feet ; and in
the smooth and polished surface of the thorax and elytra, the latter
of which exhibit also three longitudinal rows of very minute im-
pressed dots. ‘The females have the four anterior tarsi simple
and unfurnished, with larger or smaller cups, the sides of the
soles being provided with short strong spines; the surface of the
thorax is covered with small impressions, and each of the elytra
is deeply impressed with ten deep longitudinal furrows, the surface
of the elytra being also generally covered with minute punctures,
and moreover exhibiting the three rows of larger dots also noticed
in the male elytra.

In addition to the sexual distinctive characters mentioned above,
there are various others exhibited by the feet of a less important
character, which it will be serviceable to notice, especially as I find
no completely correct description of them by preceding authors.
Mr. Curtis being silent respecting them in his work illustrating
the characters of the British genera, and Dr. Erichson (whose
otherwise excellent Dissertation, entitled “ Genera Dyticeorum,”

204 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description

has been of great service in the classification of this family of
water-beetles, and contains numerous observations on the structural
distinctions between the sexes of the types of most of the genera
of which it is composed) having overlooked several of these dis-
tinctive marks. The anterior tibize of the males are much dilated
and curved at the base, the inferior external margin from the
middle to the tip being flattened, the edges being ciliated and the
under edge near the tip and opposite to the large sucker being
furnished with a single spur, as represented in my Modern Classi-
fication of Insects (vol. i. p. 95, fig. 5,6). In this respect the
genus Dyticus agrees with Cybister, and differs from Hydaticus,
Eunectus, and Acilius. The anterior tarsi in this sex are termi-
nated by two spurs equal in size, and each mith a small tooth at
the base within, In the female the fore tibia are straight, not
dilated at the base, and furnished with two spurs at the tip. The
ungues at the extremity of the tarsi are scarcely smaller than, and
formed as in, the males. The middle feet have the ciliation,
ealcariz and ungues equal and alike in both the sexes, the tibia
having the upper edge strongly, and the inner scarcely, ciliated,
the calcariz of unequal size, and the ungues equal, with a small
tooth near the base of each. The hind feet are alike in both
sexes, except that in the males both the upper and lower edges
of the tibia and tarsi are ciliated with fine yellow hairs, whereas
in the female the upper edge alone is ciliated.

In Mr. Hope’s insect the three basal joints of the anterior tarsus
on the right side are dilated, but these are not more than three-fifths
of their ordinary width, the joints are of nearly equal size and form,
being together a kind of five-sided figure. On the underside the
basal joint is destitute of cups, except one of moderate size and
imperfect structure at the internal angle, the second joint has
about four very small ones placed near the sides, but the third
joint is more copiously furnished with little cups, but not to the
extent nor of the size of the normal individuals; moreover the
extremity of each of the three joints is furnished on the underside
with a pair of short strong spines; the intermediate tarsus on the
right side is of the ordinary masculine structure, except that the
three basal joints are narrower than those on the opposite side.
On the left side of the insect the anterior tarsus is nearly of the
normal form and structure ; the three basal joints are however not
so broad nor so uniformly oval as in normal specimens, and on the
underside the small cups are not so numerous nor so regularly
placed, especially on the internal part of the basal joint. The large
basal cup, and the moderate sized lateral cup, are of the ordinary

of a Specimen of Dyticus Marginalis. 205

form and structure. The left intermediate tarsus, on the other
hand, has the basal joints rather broader than the right opposite
foot, but the small cups on the underside are not so numerous as
in the right middle foot. The tibiz in both of the fore feet are
dilated at the base, but each is furnished with two spurs at the
tip, as in the female; the ungues in both fore feet are of equal
size, and notched at the base within. The upper edge of the
middle tibize is furnished with long cilize, the under edge is also
very slightly ciliated; the calcariz are of unequal size in the
middle feet, and the ungues are of equal size and toothed at the
base. The hind feet are of the normal form, with the upper and
under edges of the tibize and tarsi ciliated.

Thus, in respect to the sexual distinctions exhibited by the legs,
we find the masculine structure to exist, although not in its full
state of development; this imperfection being more especially
noticeable on the right side, in which indeed the fore tarsus mani-
fests an approach to the female structure in the short spines on
the underside of the basal joints at the tips, and the removal of
the little cups from the centre to the sides, so that if the sides
of the three basal joints of the fore tarsus on the right side were
removed we should have a tolerable representation of the female
anterior tarsus. I need scarcely say that this would not occur by
treating the ordinary male tarsus in the same manner.

On examining the fore tibize, as well as upper surface of the
thorax and elytra, we however find more evident proofs of the
assumption of the female characters. ‘The thorax is indeed glossy,
but an examination of it under a lens shows that its anterior
margin is on each side finely punctured, whilst the left lateral
margin is also punctured ; punctures of the same size are also irre-
gularly scattered in little groups over other parts of the thorax.

The right elytron is impressed close to the suture with four lon-
gitudinal furrows extending to the ordinary length of the furrows
of the female elytra; the first nearest the suture is broken near
its posterior extremity by several raised parts; the second has
one break near the tip; the third is the shortest, and is interrupted
in the middle; and the fourth is very irregular: the interstices
between these furrows are punctured as in the female. The re-
mainder of the right elytron is masculine.

The left elytron has two short furrows near the suture; that
next the suture is very short and is several times interrupted, and
the second, which is longer, has two long interrupted spaces ; near
the lateral margin there also exists a deeper furrow much inter-
rupted.

VOL, Ill. Q

206 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description, &c.

The under side of the abdomen and its extremity are similar
to those of the ordinary males.

The theory which this individual appears to authorise us in
entertaining is this, that an imperfection of the sexual characters
of an individual are occasionally compensated, pro tanto, by the
assumption of the characters of the opposite sex. And the cir-
cumstance of the assumption of the male plumage by the females
of some kinds of birds at an advanced age, and the growth of the
beard on the chin and upper lip of aged females, afford some sup-
port to this theory. It is true, however, that in these cases the
female character which has been lost is supplied by male charac-
ters, whereas the contrary takes place in Mr. Hope’s Dyticus. It
is also true that the neuter hive bee does not support the theory,
the neutrality of those individuals being produced by the loss of
certain of the characters of the true females, (the inhabitants of
the hive having the power to convert a neuter grub into a perfect
female or queen bee,) the individuals not assuming any of those
of the males. This is, however, an instance of the normal opera-
tion of the laws of nature, whereas, perhaps, it would be proper to
apply the theory only to true monsters ; but if we are to suppose
that the theories to be deduced from the study of monstrous pro-
ductions affords a clue to the real nature of normal productions,
such a result ought not to occur, and it is, therefore, with the greater
hesitation that I have ventured to suggest it, although the insect
in question most clearly warrants it, so far as it is concerned.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XI.

Fig. 2. The insect above described of the natural size.

2 a, upper, and 2 6, under, side of the anterior tibia and tarsus on the
left side.

2c, upper, and 26, under, side of the anterior tibia and tarsus on the
right side.

2e, upper, and 2 f, under, side of the tarsus of the left middle foot.

2g, upper, and 2h, under, side of the tarsus of the right middle foot.

2i, under side of the anterior tibia and tarsus of the normal male.

2k, under side of the anterior tibia and tarsus of the normal female.

Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Description, &c. 207

XX XI.— Description of a Sub-Genus of Coleopterous Insects,
closely allied to the Genus Carabus. By G. R. Warrr-
HOUSE, Esq., Curator to the Museum and Assistant
Secretary for the Scientific Department of the Zoological
Society.

[Read June, 1840.]

A Most interesting carabideous insect from St. Helena having
been placed in my hands by the Rev. F. W. Hope for the purpose
of publication, I beg leave, by his desire, to exhibit it to the
Members present, to point out its characters, and at the same
time to apply to it as a specific name that of its discoverer—the
celebrated African traveller—Mr. Burchell.

The principal characters of this insect may be thus expressed :—

Family CARABID/.
Genus Carapus.
Sub-Genus AritorHorax.*

Caput satis grande.

Antenne longe, et crassiuscule.

Mandibule breviuscule, robustz, ad basin subbidentate.

Labrum angustum, transversale, anticé emarginatum.

Mentum profundé emarginatum, et dente centrali armatum.

Thorax parviusculus, absque marginibus reflexis, vel foveis, postice
angustatus.

Elytra oblongo-ovata, subdepressa, ad apicem rotundata.

Pedes perlongi—femoribus crassiusculis.

This insect is very nearly equal in size to the Procrustes coriaceus,
and in its general form approaches that group of Carabi of which
C. depressus may be regarded as the type. In the general struc-
ture of the mouth, the great length of its tarsi, the sculpturing of
the elytra, and in possessing simple notchless anterior tibia, it
agrees with the true Carabi, but it differs from Carabus proper in
the simple structure of its thorax, which is smooth and convex
and has no reflected margins nor foveze in the posterior angles ;

* This name has reference to the simple form of the thorax.
Q2

208 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Description

its antennz are jong, and instead of being thick at the base and
gradually attenuated towards the apex, as in Carabus, are incras-
sated in the middle; the third joint of the antenne is longer than
in Carabus, and is indeed nearly equal to the fourth and fifth taken
together, the terminal joint is short. The head is large, and but
little narrower than the thorax, which is cordiform, truncated
before and behind, has the anterior and posterior angles rounded,
an extremely faint dorsal channel, and a smooth and glossy upper
surface; its greatest width is near the fore part, and behind it 1s
considerably contracted. The elytra are ample, depressed, rounded
at the apex, broadest in the middle, and somewhat suddenly con-
tracted near the thorax: they are rather delicately punctate-
striated, and punctures are observable between the third and fourth,
and seventh and eighth, striz ; these punctures are confluent with
those of the striz, and divide the interspaces of the striae, where
they occur, into small compartments like the links of a chain, as
observable in very many of the true Carabi. The region of the
suture is somewhat raised, and there is a slightly elevated but
broad ridge running parallel with, and at a little distance from,
the outer margin of each elytron. The strize of the elytra are
very close together, and so are the small punctures of which these
striae are composed—they are less deep than in Carabus monilis.
The legs are much longer than usual in Carabus proper, and the
femora of all the legs (more especially those of the anterior pair)
are stout: the tibize of the anterior legs are considerably dilated
at their apex, and present a concavity on the under side of this
portion: those of the hinder legs are densely clothed with velvet-
like hairs on the innerside of the apical half, and the four basal
joints of the anterior pair of tarsi are provided with velvet-like
cushions on the underside.* The maxillary palpi are unfortu-
nately imperfect; the terminal joint of the labial palpi is trun-
cated, but not dilated at the extremity as in Carabus.

By those Entomologists who regard Procrustes and Procerus as
genera, the present insect would no doubt be also considered as
constituting a genus, but as the nature of the characters which
serve to separate these minor groups from Carabus I cannot think

* The fact that in Carabus proper, as well as Procerus and Procrustes, the
females are distinguishable, among other characters, by the absence of these
velvet-like pads, leads us to suppose the present insect is a male; and if so,
the anterior tarsi not being dilated, furnishes an additional distinguishing character
between the present sub-genus and Carabus. In the male Procrustes there are
but three of these padded joints.

of a Sub-Genus of Coleopterous Insects. 209

are of sufficient importance to constitute genera, I can but regard
them as off-sets as it were of the great genus Carabus.*

Aplothorax Burchellu. (Plate XII. fig. 1.)

Aploth. niger ; thorace cordiformi, anticeé et postice truncato, an-
gulisque anticis et posticis rotundatis, supra levi et convexo; elytris
punctato-striatis, striis punctisque crebris at non profundis; iter
strias tertiam quartamque, et 7-mam et 8-vam, punctis grandioribus
cum illis striarum confluentibus.

Mus. Dom. Hope. Habitat apud St. Helenam.

The total length of this insect is........ i 33
NNO COMO ECE CL Vth ay sues 9 st2,6siclesess's.o,c)a si OL. OF
Tene Gh Ob Head i... .taccsre.c a yiahs Soe “sin Oo
NAS aL AYa) 0 EV Pe Ree ee Oe Ouis
VOOM OU st NORA tats in clare. 5; celal uote liao = 0 3}
Wild theote thongs cycle oe eels init c:2 siscecicn i ioe

Plate XII. fig. 1. Aplothorax Burchellii of the natural size.
la, labrum; 26, mandible; 1c, and 1 d, upper and under side
of the maxille;+ le, mentum, labium, and labial palpus;
1f, antenna; | g, fore foot.

* The relative number of species, together with their geographical distribution,
furnish physiological characters which will hereafter in all probability be taken
into consideration, when the value of groups is to be determined.

t+ [This is the only instance hitherto observed in which such a structure of the
apical portion of the maxilla as is exhibited by this insect exists. 1 was particular
in noticing that both maxilla agreed in this formation.—J. O. W.]

210 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Description of

XXXII. Description of anew Genus of Carabideous Insects.
By G. R. Warernovse, Esq.

[Read May, 1841.]

THE insect about to be described was sent me for this purpose by
A. Melly, Esq., who obtained it from the west coast of Africa, in
the Gambia district. As the specimen is unique I shall not have
it in my power to dissect the parts of the mouth, most of them
however are tolerably well displayed.

The head is elongated, has an almost spherical neck behind,
being constricted close to the eyes, which are prominent; the
upper surface in front of the eyes is flat, dilated immediately in
front of the eyes, so as to hide a part of the basal joint of the
antennz, which is placed in a deep socket, but is contracted again
anteriorly ; two grooves, each having two or three impressed points,
are observable between, and slightly in front of the eyes; these
two grooves, which are rather deep, converge in front, where they
are joined by two slightly marked grooves which diverge anteriorly
and form the posterior boundary of the clypeus, which is broadest
behind, and has a distinct impressed point on each side; the
anterior margin is indistinctly emarginated—in fact, nearly
straight; the labrum is tolerably broad, but in anterio-posterior
extent it is very short; it is rather deeply emarginated in front,
and the lateral projecting lobes are rounded, and each have a
largish puncture. The mandibles are long, tolerably stout, and
but slightly curved; they have each two, somewhat obtuse, teeth.
The mentum is broader than long, and emarginated in front; the
labial palpi are large ; the basal joint is moderate, the second joint
is longer than the first, and the terminal joint is very large and
nearly in the form of an equilateral triangle. The maxilla appear
to be rather obtusely pointed, and have the usual series of spines
on the inner side; the outer maxillary palpi have the basal joint
long, rather slender and somewhat curved; the second is short,
and the terminal joint is the same triangular form as that of the
labial palpi, but not quite so large; the internal maxillary palpi
(or galea) are slender, the terminal joint is somewhat curved and
rather long. The antennee are long, thick, and compressed ; the
basal joint is long and very stout; the second is moderate, but
shorter than the other joints; the third joint is about equal in
length to the first; the following joints are very nearly equal in

a new Genus of Carabideous Insects. Zit

length, and do not sensibly diminish in width at the tip. The
thorax is very nearly spherical, but rather longer than broad, its
upper surface is remarkably convex, and presents a faint dorsal
channel; there is also a longitudinal groove on each side marking
the place where the lateral reflected margin is usually found; near
this lateral line are two largish punctures. Between the chief
portion of the prothorax and the abdomen is a slender cylindrical
neck, or peduncle, which widely separates these parts, as in the
Scaritide ; this neck is in fact formed of a constricted portion of
the prothorax, which meets and joins a similar produced part of
the mesothorax ; the prosternum is produced between the anterior
pair of legs. ‘The elytra are remarkably convex, of an ovate
form, and enclose the sides of the abdomen; they are very deeply
striated throughout; the striz are distinctly punctured, and the
interspaces are very convex. The scutellum is long, pointed,
and very narrow. The legs are long and moderately stout; the
anterior femora are very thick and much arched above; the
anterior tibiz are long and rather slender, deeply notched on the
inner side, the notch situated rather below the middle, the spine
in this notch is very small, the apical portion of these tibize is not
dilated nor are there any distinct spines on this part. The anterior
tarsi (the specimen being a male) are slightly dilated; the four
basal joints are nearly equal in size, furnished with a series of
minute bristles at the sides, and with a spongy substance beneath ;
the claw bearing joint is long and stout. The tarsi of the middle
pair of legs are not dilated, they have the sides furnished with
minute bristles, but no spongy substance beneath. ‘The posterior
tarsi as usual are longer and more slender than the others; like
the tarsi of the other legs, they are equal in length to about two-
thirds of that of the tibize to which they are joined. The whole
insect is of a glossy black colour, with the exception of the seven
apical joints of the antenna, which are brown, and the palpi, which
are somewhat pitchy and pale at the extremity.
Its principal characters may be thus expressed :—

Genus. DispnHericus.

Caput elongatum; labrum brevissimum, antice emarginatum ;
labium apice subemarginatum ; palpi articulo extimo obtri-
angulari; antenne longe, subcrassiores.

Thorax valde convexus, fere globosus.

Femora antica crassiora; tibie intus emarginate.

D2 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Description of

Disphericus Gambianus. (Plate XII. fig. 2.)

Disph. ater, nitidus; thorace globoso, dorso canaliculato ; elytris
ovatis, valdé convexis, profundé striatis, striis punctatis,
interstitlis convexis.

Long. corp. lin. 8, lat. 3.

Habitat in Gambia Africee tropic. Mus. Dom. Melly.

Plate XII. fig. 2. Disphericus Gambianus, slightly magnified.
2a, front view of the head; 26, fore leg.

This insect presents such a curious combination of characters
that I find it difficult to satisfy myself as to the situation in which
it should be placed among the Carabide. Mr. Melly considers it
allied to Cychrus, in which opinion I coincide to a certain degree,
but it differs from the species of that genus in several important
particulars ; in the first place, the anterior tibiee are deeply notched
on the inner side, and this notch is far removed from the apex of
the tibize, the tarsi are stouter and the anterior pair are rather dis-
tinctly dilated in the male. The head and mandibles, although
long, are nevertheless shorter than in Cychrus; the mandibles
mors curved, stouter, the point is more obtuse as well as the
internal teeth, and the inner portion does not appear to be mem-
branous and furnished with a series of short bristles as in the
species of that genus. The labrum is short, whilst in Cychrus it
is long, and the same difference is observable in the mentum: the
palpi are shorter and the terminal joint is more truly triangular.
{n the form of the thorax, and in many other parts of its struc-
ture, the present insect differs much from Cycarus. In the form
of the head it is intermediate between that genus and Eurysoma
(or Brachygnathus); its antenne more nearly resemble those of
the latter genus, being stout, but are proportionately longer. In
the structure of the anterior tibize, and in the incrassated form of
the anterior femora, I find characters in which the present genus
approaches very near to Apotomus, which has the same peduncu-
lated thorax. On the whole I think this new genus should be
placed between Apotomus and a group of Carabide, which may
include Teffus, Pamborus, Eurysoma, Panageus, and some other
genera, Closely allied to which on the one hand is Cychrus, and on
the other Carabus. These insects, with their large palpi, appear
to me to be all nearly allied, though by some naturalists they are
separated; I believe chiefly owing to the circumstance of the
anterior tibiae being notched internally in some and not in others.
We find, however, on examination, that the difference consists

a new Genus of Carabideous Insects. 213

rather in the situation of the notch,* with its accompanying spine,
than in its presence and absence; an examination of the anterior
tibize of Tefflus and Pamborus will show this to be the case, inas-
much as we here find in the anterior tibiz a structure intermediate
between that observed in Carabus and that which is most common
in the geodephagous insects. In Carabus the groove is longitudinal,
and the spine corresponding to that, situated in the emarginated
portion of the tibize of most other carabideous insects, is terminal,
or very nearly so; in Tefflus and Pamborus the groove is oblique
and the spine is removed from the apex of the tibia, and in
Brachygnathus we find the notch still very low down: indeed I
can scarcely perceive any difference between the structure of the
anterior tibiz in the last mentioned genus and in Tefflus. Now,
in most classifications of the Carabide, Tefflus and Pamborus are
placed near to Carabus, these genera being considered nearly re-
lated ; but if in nearly allied genera such variations in the anterior
tibiae are formed, we cannot give that weight to the character
before mentioned which we otherwise should do, and should not
consider ourselves justified in removing the present new genus
from among the insects with which I propose to place it on account
of the notch in the anterior tibize being situated high up. The
structure of the head and palpi I regard as of higher importance.
For the present insect I propose the generic name Disphericus, in
allusion to the almost spherical form both of the thorax and
abdomen ; and the specific name of Gambianus, to denote the part
of the world in which it is found.

* T do not give these observations as new, the following lines by Latreille in
the Regne Animal are to the same effect: —‘* Nous passerons maintenant aux
carabiques dont les jambes antérieures n’ont point d’échancrure au coté interne,
ou qui en offrent une, mais commengant tres pres de l’extrémité de ces jambes, ou
ne s’avan¢ant point sur leur face antérieure et ne formant qu’un canal oblique et
linéaire.”’

214 Mr. W. Bainbridge’s Observations on

XXXIIT. Observations on Osmoderma and some new Species
of Cetoniade. By the late Mr. Witt1Am BainsRripGE,
Curator to the Entomological Society.

[Read March, 1840.]

Osservine in Mr. Hope’s magnificent collection of Lamellicorn
beetles various undescribed insects, I expressed a wish to be
allowed to describe some of them; and if the present paper
meets with the approbation of the Society I shall gladly attempt
other groups, as I feel persuaded, from the rapid increase of the
collection above named, it is impossible for one individual to
attempt to describe the novelties daily accruing, and I the more
readily undertake the task as I am aware that Mr. Hope is
actively engaged in describing other groups, as well as employed
in finishing the last Fasciculus of the Coleopterist’s Manual, which
will, I have no doubt, shortly make its appearance.

Osmoverma of Lepeletier and Serville.
The type of the genus Osmoderma is the Scarabeeus Eremita of
Linnzeus. Messrs. Gory and Perchéron, in their Monograph of
Cetoniade, have mentioned only three species.*

OsMoDERMA.
Section 1.—Elytris parum scabris, subrugosis sub lente minutis-
sime punctulatis.
Sp. 1. Osmod. Eremita .... Linneus .... Europe.
BY — Eremicola .. Knoch...... North America.

* [This is hardly correct, for Messieurs Gory and Percheron (Mon. Cet. p. 77,
and pl. 8, fig. 2), in their description of Osmoderma scaber, have confounded two
species together, considering them as sexes of one insect ; describing as the female
a specimen (evidently the one contained in the collection of Mr. Hope from Lee’s
Cabinet, labelled Africa equinoviali, which was sent over to Paris by Mr. Hope
for their examination) as distinguished by “ l’absence des rebords du chaperon,
et par ses carénes dorsales, peu senties; sa couleur, du moins dans Vindividu que
nous avons sous les yeux, est plus foncée.” Their figure 2 is evidently taken
from this individual, as it agrees exactly with Mr. Hope’s specimen in size and
shape. The sexes of the true North American species differ however in the wider
form of the clypeus and thorax, both sexes however agreeing together in colour as
well as in having the front of the clypeus elevated; one sex moreover has the
elytra evidently narrowed in front. Mr. Kirby appears to have described the Osm.
scabrum under the name of Trichius (Gymnodus) foveatus in the Fauna Boreali
Americana, p. 140, where he has described another species under the name of
Trichius (Gymnodus) rugosus.—J. O. W.]

Osmoderma and some new Species of Cetoniade. 215

Section 2. Elytris scabrosis, striato-punctatis.
Senos DEQUUOISIO. 61.56.10 .- Hope ...... Equin. Africa.
4, Scabrum .......... Pal. Beauv... New York.

As there cannot exist a doubt as to the species of the first
section, I do not re-describe them. The following descriptions of
the two remaining, with their measurements, will sufficiently dis-
criminate them.

Sp. 3. (1.) Osmoderma Beauvoisu, Hope.

Nigrum, clypeo convexo, thorace fortissime punctato seu vari-
oloso, Jateribus externe subserratis, linea media longitudinali
parum impressa. Elytra thorace multo latiora, depressa,
striata, striis fortiter insculptis. Corpus infra nigrum et
nitidum,

Long. lin. 9—11, lat. lin. 6.

I have named this species after Palisot de Beauvois. The
locality is equinoctial Africa, and not North America; the speci-

men in Mr. Hope’s collection was contained in the collection of
Mr. Lee.

Sp. 4. (2.) Osmoderma scabrum, Pal. de Beauv.

Syn. Trichius scaber, Pal. de Beauv. p. 58, Col. Pl. IV. fig. 2.

Cupreo-zneum seu bronzeum, clypeo valde reflexo, posticé
foveato. Thorax hexagonus, crebrissime punctulatus, sulco
longitudinale lato fortiter impresso. Elytra depressa thorace
parum latiora, striis rugoso-punctatis. Corpus infra bronzeum
punctulatum.

Long. lin. 9—10, lat. lin. 5.

The above description, as well as the locality, point out this as
a distinct species; it differs in various other minute points, which
it is scarcely necessary to mention, as the species is well known.
It has been taken near New York, in tolerable profusion, by Mr.
E. Doubleday.

Sp. 3. Gnathocera Iris (Fabricius, Gn. amabilis, Bainbridge, olim).

Forma fere ut Gnath. nigritarse, Hope. ‘Totum corpus supra et
infra smaragdinum, nitidum, pedibus roseo-opalino colore
micantibus. Caput clypeo emarginato, antennis nigro-piceis,
gula aurantiis capillis obsita, ‘Thorax trigonus, antice trun-
catus, lateribus marginatis, punctis atris sparsim dispositis.
Corpus infra opalino-viride, et punctatum. Pedes femoribus

216 Mr. W. Bainbridge’s Observations on

tibiisque micantibus, roseoque colore tinctis et quasi vermibus
erosis.

Long. lin. 10, lat. lin. 4.

Habitat in Sierra Leona. In Mus. Dom. Hope.

The head and clypeus are elongate, quadrate, and punctate ;
the margins are reflexed; the anterior angles rounded, and
slightly sinuated in front. ‘Thorax broader than long, more punc-
tate at the sides than on the disc. The lateral margins reflexed,
the reflexed margin ending before it reaches the base of the
thorax. Elytra not much wider than the thorax, and punctate-
striate, each elytron has two elevated and abbreviated ridges.
Body beneath punctate. Legs slightly clothed with tawny pubes-
cence, and marked with numerous vermiculate lines.

This fine species is entirely of an emerald green colour, shaded
with black. [Vid. Arcan. Ent. pl. 19, fig. 2, and p. 107. ]

Sp. 4. Diplognatha nigrita, Bainbridge.

Totum corpus supra et infra nigrum. Caput clypeo quadrato,
dente breve utrinque armato, lateribus elevatis. Thorax
hexagonus, variolosus. Elytra thorace parum latiora, antice
scabra, postice laviora, in singulo ad apicem tuberculum
elevatum et insignitum. Corpus infra nigrum punctatum,
pedibus atropiceis.

Habitat in Sierra Leona.

The above undescribed species was brought to this country by
Mr. Strachan, lately returned to England. I cannot consider any
of the insects figured in Messrs. Gory and Perchéron’s Monograph
to be the same species; it is to be regretted that many of the
descriptions of the species in that work are very deficient, and
some of the plates are so bad that it is impossible to make out the
species intended by those authors. The present species is very
closely allied to the Diplognatha variolosa of Latreille.

Sp. 5. Diplognatha holoserica, Bainbridge.

Totum corpus supra nigrum, thorace subtilissime punctulato,
elytrisque striatis, lineis aliquot elevatis, punctis inter strias
dispositis. Corpus infra nigrum, nitidum, pubescentia aureola
aspersum. Abdomen linea media longitudinale rubra im-
pressa, pedibus ciliatis.

Long. lin. 93, lat. lin. 53.

Habitat in Sierra Leona.

Osmoderma and some new Species of Cetoniade. 217

I have given the name of holoserica, signifying velvety, to this
species, as it expresses well the character of the insect, holosericea
is quite another word.

The clypeus is quadrate and punctate, with the margins reflexed
and slightly produced at the anterior angles. The thorax is hex-
agonal and very convex, the surface resembling velvet, of a black
colour, and punctured. Scutellum rather large. Elytra dull black,
with elevated ridges, and striated, the interstices punctate. Body
beneath shining black, the breast and legs clothed with tawny
hairs.

The above fine species was brought to England by Mr. Strachan.

Sp. 6. Diplognatha rama, Hope’s MSS.

Similis Cet. hebree, Oliv., at differt. Rufescens, thorace elytris
purpureo-variegatis, clypeo rotundato. Corpus infra nigrum
et nitidum, sterno rotundato, et rubro. Pectus utrinque
macula lata rubra insignitum ; externis segmentis abdominis
femoribusque posticis rubro-maculatis, lateribus quasi vermi-
bus erosis.

Long. lin. 83, lat. lin. 43.

Habitat in Japonia. In Mus. Dom. Hope.

For the present [range this species under Diplognatha, to which
genus it is certainly nearly allied, although I believe no Diplog-
natha has yet ever been described from the East Indies; I think
it right therefore to state the cause of my doubt, and add some
other characters. The head and clypeus are quadrate and punc-
tate, with the anterior margin rounded and reflexed, and not
sinuated as in Cet. hebrea. The thorax is hexagonal, with the
corners rounded. The surface is sparingly punctate at the sides,
The elytra are broader than the thorax, and but little attenuated.
The entire surface of the insect is of a testaceous red, thickly
variegated with bluish black markings. The apex of the sternum
is dull red. The sides of the breast, and the apex of the inter-
mediate and posterior femora, together with the sides of the
abdomen, are spotted with the same colour.

Sp. 7. Diplognatha pectoralis, Hope’s MSS.

Corpus supra fusco-rubrum; clypeo 2-dentato, pectore infra
flavo maculato, segmentis abdominis utrinque flavo-notatis,
pedibusque piceis.

Long. lin. 73, lat. lin. 4.

Habitat in Sierra Leona.

218 Mr. W. Bainbridge’s Observations on

This insect is closely allied to Diplognatha ; it appears to be a
form uniting Campsiura of Mr. Hope and Diplognatha of Messrs.
Gory and Perchéron. The following characters distinguish it
from both.

The head and clypeus are elongate and quadrate, the sides are
elevated and produced into two small teeth at the anterior angles.
The thorax is hexagonal, and the spaces between the angles are
subsinuate, a few large variolose punctures appearing at the sides;
the thorax is depressed and much produced towards the scutellum.
The elytra are broader than the thorax, and much narrowed at
the apex, with the surface uneven. The shoulders are elevated
and impressed, deeply concave near the scutellum, and punctato-
striate; the striz are indistinct and imperfect. The colour above
is pitchy red and very glossy; beneath it is somewhat of a lighter
colour. The epimera are yellow, and the breast on each side has
a broad yellow spot, with a smaller one near the margin of the
elytra. The first four segments of the abdomen are also spotted
with yellow. ‘The hexagonal sub-sinuated form of the thorax,
and the colours beneath, well characterize this species from any
other yet described. It may probably be considered the type of
a new genus.

Sp. 8. Strepsipher ambiguus, Hope’s MSS.

Totum corpus supra et infra nigrum pubescentia aureola asper-
sum. Caput nigrum, clypeo antice porrecto seu nasuto.
Thorax punctatissimus, antice rotundatus, postice subsinu-
atus, lateribus angulatis. Scutellum magnum, punctulatum.
Elytra thorace latiora, parum convexa, lineis quatuor elevatis
longis, alidque abbreviata ad marginem posita. Corpus infra
nigrum, pubescentia flaveolé aspers4.

Long. lin. 64, lat. lin. 23.

Habitat in Sierra Leond.

This remarkable insect at some future time will be the type of
a distinct genus, it is closely allied to Stripsipher of Gory, and
for the present may be ranged with that genus. It was brought
to this country by Lieutenant Sayers.

Sp. 9. Cetonia Withillu, Bainbridge.

Cuprea, thorace binis maculis albis minutis, fere in medio disci
positis, elytrisque flavo-maculatis. Corpus infra roseo-cu-

Osmoderma and some new Species of Cetoniade. 219

preum nitidum, pectore et abdomine variis maculis aspersis,
pedibusque cupreis.

Long. lin. 123, lat. lin. 9.

Habitat in India Orientali.

This magnificent Cetonia was brought to England by Colonel
Withill, and I retain the name applied to it, after that indefati-
gable collector, in Mr. Hope’s cabinet.

The body is large and quadrate; the clypeus nearly square,
anteriorly reflexed, and slightly punctate. ‘Tbe thorax is convex
and rather broader than long, and as narrow as the head in front ; it
is much dilated and deeply sinuated behind, with two minute white
spots near the disc and a small white spot at each posterior angie.
The elytra are convex, broad at the base, slightly attenuated, and
rounded at the apex; the sutural angles are produced into an
acute spine, the sternum being short and rounded. The upper
surface of this beautiful Cetonia is of a dark copper colour, with
six yellow spots on each elytron, four at the margin and two near
the suture. Body beneath of a rich shining copper colour, with
the breast and abdominal segments spotted with yellow.

Sp. 10. Cetonia Saundersiu, Bainbridge.

Affinis Cet. alboguttate, Vigors, at differt. 'Totum corpus
supra aurato-viride, alboguttatum ; antennis tarsisque nigri-
cantibus. Corpus infra viride, nitidum, segmentis abdominis
utrinque albomaculatis.

Long. lin. 8, lat. lin. 4.

Habitat in India Orientali, forsitan e regione Assamensi.

This insect was given to Mr. Hope by W. W. Saunders, Esq.,
who has named it after him. The following differences distinguish
it from the alboguttata of Vigors.

Head and clypeus punctate, with the anterior angles rounded
and the margin reflexed. Thorax as long as broad, trigonate and
punctate. Elytra broader than the thorax, striate-punctate.
Colour shining green, the thorax with eight small round white
spots. Epimera green, with a white spot. Elytra golden and
brilliant green, with seven white spots on each. Body beneath
shining green, very much punctate, with a few white spots. In
various other respects this insect differs considerably from the
alboguttata of Mr. Vigors, that species being a dull green colour
and impunctate, with white spots on the head and clypeus ;
Cetonia Saundersii is of a shining green and very much punctured,

220 Mr. W. Bainbridge’s Observations on

the white spots are fewer in number and differently located, and
the elytra do not terminate in a spine.

Sp. 11. Amphistoros affinis, Bainbridge.

Affinis Cet. elate, Fab., at differt. Nigra, thorace lineis tribus
albis. Elytris flavis, ad apicem albo-punctatis, anoque utrinque
macula alba rotundata insignito. Corpus infra nigro-piceum,
medio abdominis concolori, lateribus albo-maculatis.

Long. lin. 7, lat. lin. 4.

Habitat in Sierra Leona.

It is with a doubt I describe this as a new species; I shall there-
fore state at length the difference between what I have named
afinis, and the Cetona elata of Fabricius, and the varians of
Messrs. Gory and Perchéron. In markings and in colour it cannot
agree with the former, and with regard to varians it is shorter and
broader than that species, and differs very considerably in its
sculpture and markings ; its leading peculiarity is, that the centre
of the abdomen is pitchy black, without the usual row of spots.
I mention this as I believe it to be a sexual difference, the same
variation occurring in the species named elata by Fabricius. It
appears, therefore, that this species must be compared with varians
of Gory and not with elata; it differs from the former, in the
markings of the thorax, in the absence of the two round spots at
the apex of the elytra; the podex 1s also differently marked, having
a small round white spot on each side, whereas in varians it is
almost entirely white. There is probably another species allied
to affinis, which I do not attempt to describe till I ascertain the
opinion of those who are competent to judge on the matter. I
believe no entomologist has yet mentioned any thing concerning
the sexes of this genus.

STETHODESMA,” Hope.

Forma Gymnetidis. Clypeo fisso sicut in Lomaptera. Thorax
trigonus, antice abrupte truncatus, postice disco protenso
ut in Gymnetide. Elytra gradatim basi ad apicem attenuata,
medio acuminata. Sternum valde prominens, oblique fissum,
apice antice elongato. Pedes anteriores femoribus bispinosis,
reliquis inarmatis.

* So named from ornbadecpzo¢, a bandage of the breast.

Osmoderma and some new Species of Cetoniade. 221

Stethodesma Strachan, Hope.

Totum corpus fere nigrum, marginibus externis rubris, Elytris
atris, postice albis punctis insignitis, apicibusque rubris.
Corpus infra rubro-piceum, segmentis abdominis duplice
serie macularum notatis.

Long. lin. 123, lat. lin. 6.

The above remarkable insect is named in honour of P. 5.
Strachan, Esq., one of the most indefatigable entomologists that
ever visited Sierra Leone. As I have formed it into a genus I
may, perhaps, be allowed to dilate more fully in English details
than I have in the Latin.

Clypeus elongate, smooth, and deeply emarginate in front.
‘Thorax very convex, lateral margins rufous. Scutellum not
visible, the base of the thorax being produced into a projecting
lobe, as in Gymnetis. Elytra rather broader than the thorax, with
indistinct elevated ridges, and five small yellowish white spots
near the apex, which is rufous, Body beneath pitchy red. Sternum
large, projecting. The abdomen is marked with yellowish white
spots; the upper surface of this fine insect of rich black velvet.
In size and form it resembles Lomaptera, while in its large epimera
it approaches Cetonia, and, as above noticed, the basal lobe of the
thorax connects it with Gymnetis ; its superficies being like the
South American species named Murmorina by Mr. Kirby.

VOL, Ill. R

222 Mr. W. E. Shuckard’s Description, &c.

XXXIV. Description of Scolia fulva. By W. E.
SuuckarpD, Esq.

[Read March, 1840.]

Scouia FuLya. (Griffith’s Animal oe vol. xv. page 516,
plate 71, 1.)

Tuts insect was described in the Biswine words in the work
above quoted :—‘“ Of Scolia we have figured a species which we
call fulva. It is black, but entirely clothed with fulvous hairs ;
the basal segment of the abdomen and posterior femora black,
the former shining. It is from South America.”

There are some particulars in this description omitted and others
erroneously stated, and all the deficiencies I am enabled to supply
through the kindness of the Rev. F. W. Hope, our president, who
has placed both the sexes in my hands for the purpose of describ-
ing them. The species belongs to the first section of Scolia, with
three submarginal cells and two recurrent nervures, It is very
rare in coloured Scolie that the sexes are alike, but here we have
a complete resemblance, except in structural details peculiar in
the sexes. The following is their description :—

Head, thorax, base of abdomen and thighs black, the head
and thorax covered with a dense fulvous pubescence, remainder
of abdomen, antenne, tibia, and tarsi of a rich fulvous red. The
wings are fulvous, with their margin obscure.

In the female the abdomen has a black spot on each side of the
second, two spots in the centre of the third, and an abbreviated
interrupted transverse black band on the fourth, segment, and the
male has the margin of the second segment black.

These insects, instead of being from South America, are fronr
New Holland and its vicinity; the female is from Melville’s
Island, and the male from some part of New Holland which is
unnamed. I am able thus to show foreign Entomologists what the
insect is that has thus previously been incorrectly described,
although well figured, especially in the coloured copies of the
above work.

Mr, J. O. Westwood’s Description, &c. 293

XXXV. Descriptions of some new Species of Exotic Hy-
menopterous Insects. By J. O. Westwoop, Esq.,
EOL: S., &e.

[Read December, 1840.]

Section. ACULEATA.
Familia. SPHEGIDA.

Trirogma, Westn.

Genus Hymenopterorum novum et eximium, characteribus insolitis
distinctum et ad sectionem Aculeata Fossoria pertinens.
Corpus subelongatum, punctatum, czelureo-coloratum, et pilis
longis piceis undique villosum; thorace antice attenuato,

abdomine thorace haud longiori.

Caput mesothorace paullo angustius, supra subdepressum ; clypeo
brevi, subdeclivi, supra tuberculo armato, in quo insident
antenne. Oculi magni, angulos laterales et anticos capitis
occupantes. Ocelli 3 in triangulum dispositi et inter oculos
positi.

Antenne ¢ fere corporis longitudine, egraciles, filiformes, 13-arti-
culata, articulis apicalibus multo brevioribus, tenuoribus et
paullo curvatis. Clypeus transversus. Labrum minutissimum,
setosum, exsertum, obovatum, depressum, membranaceum.
Mandibule valid curvate, apice acute, intus dente latissimo
(cujus angulus basalis valde prominens est et acutus), externe
villosee, Maxille parvee lobo apicali in medio plaga coriaced
media instruct. Palpi maxillares 6-articulati, articulo 1mo
minuto, 2bus proximis majoribus, ultimis tribus elongatis et
gracilioribus. Mentum compressum, medio longitudinali
corneo. Labiwm retractum, lobis duobus lateralibus mem-
branaceis instructum. Palpi labiales 4-articulati; articulo
basali longiori, 2do breviori.

Thorax oblongo-ovatus, antice attenuatus. Collare mesothorace
multo angustius, antice angustum, lateribus rotundatis, supra
impressione longitudinali in lobos duos supra angulatos
divisum. Mesothorax latus, tegulis magnitudine mediocri.
Scutellum breve. Metathorax subconicus, lateribus ex medio
in tuberculum angulatum productis.

R2

224 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description of some

Ale antice stigmate mediocri; cellula unica marginali; tribus
completis alteraque inchoata submarginalibus, harum cellula
Ima elongata accipit, versus apicem, venam primam recur-
rentem; cellula 2da minori antice angustata accipit, pone
medium, venam secundam recurrentem, 3tia majori sub-
quadrata.

Pedes graciles simplices, femoribus ad basin clavatis, tarsis longis
gracilibus, unguibus bifidis terminatis.

Abdomen subovale e segmentis tribus supra et infra formatum,
petiolo breve, segmento primo convexo, lateribus rotundatis
et postice coarctato, 2do subquadrato, subconvexo, lateribus
rotundatis, 3tio subconico, apice rotundato.

I ereatly regret that I have only had an opportunity of ex-
amining the male sex of this insect, for the reception of which I
have proposed the present genus, especially as it is not to be
doubted that the female would exhibit as many remarkable
features as the male above described, which indeed offers a
combination of characters which we nowhere else meet with
amongst the fossorial //ymenoptera. Vhe great length of the
antenne, the insertion of the same organs upon a frontal tubercle,
the very minute size of the labrum, the angular projections at the
sides of the metathorax, the bifid ungues, and especially the
existence of only three segments in the abdomen, may all be
mentioned as proofs of the anomalous character of the genus.

In respect to the natural situation of the genus it appears to
me that it ought to be placed in the family Sphegida, in the
neighbourhood of Dolichurus, which has also the antenne inserted
upon a frontal tubercle. It is, however, separated from that
genus by many characters. In other respects, especially in the
form of the head, collar, bifid ungues, and the construction of the
male abdomen, which in Chlorion ¢ has the terminal segments
almost obsolete, it also nearly approaches Chlorion, from which
however it is widely distinguished as a genus. In the minute
size of the labrum it resembles Sapyga, with which, as well as
with Z¢phia and some other Mutillideous and Scoliideous genera,
it also agrees in the bifid ungues. In Z%iphia also the first and
second submarginal cells respectively receive a recurrent vein,
but this character exists in several other genera belonging to
different families; from all these, however, Trivogma is distin-
guished by the arrangement of the other cells of the wings. |
know no other fossorial Hymenopterous insect which has only

new Species of Exotic Hymenopterous Insects. 225

three segments in the abdomen, and I have therefore selected that
character as the best suited for affording a generic name.

Trivogma cerulea, Westw.

Tota cerulea, punctata, griseo-villosa ; antennis, tibiis tarsisque
nigris, alis hyalinis, stigmate venisque nigris, metathorace
utrinque supra lined elevatd obliqnaé aredque media basali
notato,

Long. corp. lin, 63; expans. alar. lin. 93.

Habitat in partibus septentrionalibus India orientalis.

In Mus. Dom. W. W. Saunders.

I beg to express my best thanks to W. W. Saunders, Esq., for
an opportunity of examining this and other novelties in a splendid
collection of insects which he has lately received from Northern
India, collected by Lieut. Campbell; a collection exceedingly inte-
resting in a Entomo-geographical point of view, combining the
peculiarities of the Himalayan and more tropical Indian forms,
and comprising an unusual number of novelties, not only of
species but also of genera, in all the orders of insects, and which,
as a whole, may be considered as one of the most characteristic
collections which has yet been brought to England from the East
Indies.

Plate XII. fig. 3. Trirogma carulea g¢ magnified.
3.a, front of clypeus and base of antenne ; 3b, mandibles and
labrum; 3c¢, maxilla; 3d, labium; de, ungues,

Apnetotoma, MVestw.

Genus novum ex ordine Hymenoplerorum et familia Sphegedarum
Chlorioni afiine.

Caput latum facie depressa, antice haud tuberculata, parum pro-
ducta et paullo ante oculos recte truncata. Labrum hori-
zontale, mediocre oblongo-subquadratum, angulis anticis
rotundatis, margine antico longe ciliato. Mandibule ¢
erassee, versus basin subito constrictee, apice acute, dente
interno parvo acuto armate. Maville basi corneze, lobo
apicali mediocri supra rotundato. Palpi mavillares 6-arti-
culati, articulis duobus basalibus brevibus, fere cequalibus ;
Stio longiori et paullo crassiori; 4to longiori, graciliori, duobus
ultimis zequalibus, gracilibus, /entwn corneum compressum.
Labium membranaceum productum integrum, lobis duobus

226 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description of some

lateralibus munitum. Palpi labiales 4-articulati; articulo
1mo longo, 2do breviori crassiori, duobus ultimis gracilioribus
subzequalibus. Antenne breviores, subfiliformes, articulo
Imo longo, 3tio longissimo.

Collare conicum dorso in medio plano, angulis posticis rotundatis.
Metathorax obconicus postice subtruncatus, angulis posticis
haud productis. Abdomen segmentis quatuor basalibus sub-
eequalibus; 1mo et 2do nitidis, leevibus, reliquis obscurioribus.
Ale breves, antic vix thorace longiores ; cellula unica mar-
ginali apice haud appendiculata; cellulisque quatuor sub-
marginalibus; 1ma majori, (in medio ad apicem appendiculata, )
venam primam recurrentem excipiente; 2da parva, antice”
attenuata; 3tia sebquadrata et venam secundam recurrentem
versus basim excipiente; 4ta ad apicem ale currente. Pedes
g elongati, omnino inermes et ciliis destituti. Zarsorum
articulo penultimo simplici. Ungues in medio subtus dente
parvo instructi.

It is difficult to speculate on the habits of this interesting
insect. The entire absence of ciliz in the legs might lead to the
idea that it was a parasite; but we now well know that this cha-
racter offers no criterion as to the working or parasitic habits of
the fossorial Hymenoptera. In the aberrant species of Sphex, S.
lobata, §c. we find very strongly ciliated feet, and in the still
more closely allied types of the genus Chlorion (C. compressum,
§c.), the legs, although not strongly ciliated, are compensated by
the dilatation of the penultimate tarsal joint, and by the produced
angles of the preceding joints. The type of Chlorion is well
ascertained to attack the cock-roaches, which it buries, as the
support of its progeny. The slightly produced clypeus and the
short strong dentate mandibles of Aphelotoma, are other charac-
ters which prove a distinct economy from that of the true species
of Chlorion.

The only species of Aphelotoma which I have hitherto seen is
a native of Van Diemen’s Land, and has been communicated to
me by Mr. Ewing.

Aphelotoma tasmanica, Westw.

Nigra, pedibus rufis ; alis fuscis, anticis fascia medid albd,
Long. corp. lin. 4, expans. alar. lin. 6.

Habitat in Terra Van Diemenii.

In Mus. nostr. Communicavit Dom. Ewing.

new Species of Exotic Hymenopterous Insects. 227

Caput nigrum, opacum, sub lente striolis levissimis notatum,
impressione semicirculari ante antennas clypeum simulante ;
antenne nigre, articuli 4ti apice, 5to toto, 6to fere toto rufes-
centibus. ‘Thorax niger. Collare nigrum compressum, dorso
tamen planiusculo linea tenui media longitudinali impressa.
Metathorax supra planiusculus, carinis duabus_ elevatis
utrinque, dorso lineis circiter 10 irregularibus longitudinalibus
elevatis, striis transversis connexis. Abdomen nigrum elongato-
ovale, segmento Imo ad apicem parum constricto nitido; 2do
paullo majori nitido; 3tio fere equali subopaco; 4:to minor ;
5to minuto; 6to attenuato acuto rufescenti. Pedes rufo-
fulvi, tarsorum apicibus paullo obscurioribus. Alze anticz
fuscee, fascid hyalina transvers4 ante stigma notate ; postice
hyaline,

Plate XII. fig. 4. Aphelotoma tasmanica, magnified.
4a, front of head with the labrum removed; 40, labrum ;
4c, mandible; 4d, maxilla; 4e, labium; 4g, ungues.

Chlorion, Latr.

The genus Chlorion was established by Latreille in the third
volume of the “‘ Histoire Générale, &c. des Insectes ;” wherein it
formed the first genus of the second section of the Sphegime,
characterized by the straight maxilla and tongue (not bent as in
the first section of typical Spheges and Ammophile), the maxillary
palpi much longer than the labial, with irregular shaped joints
(instead of being regularly shaped, and nearly of equal length
with the labial palpi, as in the first section). The only species
given as the type of the genus in this volume is the Sphex lobata
of Fabricius; but as the characters of that species do not accord
either with the sectional or generic characters of Chlorion, it is
necessary to determine what insect Latreille had in view in the
establishment of the genus. We accordingly find in the thirteenth
volume of the same work, published in 1805, that another species
is added as a second type, namely, Sphex compressa of Fabricius—
an insect generically distinct from the former, and which agrees
with Latreille’s characters of Chlorion. The short maxille and
palpi, the pointed tip of the labial palpi, the short tongue, the
truncation of the extremity of the thorax, the constricted form
of the extremity of the basal segment of the abdomen, the small
size of the posterior caleariz, the posterior tibize and tarsi almost
destitute of cilize or bristles, are all characters of Sphex compressa

228 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description of some

and not of Sphewx lobata. It is true, however, that Latreille has
added a character which does not agree with the female of S. com-
pressa although it accords with that sex of .S. lobata, namely, the
mandibles furnished with a ‘‘ dent remarquable.” This character
is however found in the male of $. compressa, although not in the
female, at least the mandibles of the male of that species have a
strong acute tooth on the inside, of which the females are destitute,
whilst the females of S. lobata have a truncated tooth in the same
situation; so that it seems to me not improbable that Latreille
had taken this character from S. lobata and had added it to the
rest taken from 5. compressa. We find the character of unidentate
mandibles given in the thirteenth volume of the “ Histoire,” &c. ;
and in the ‘ Genera Crustaceorum,” &e. vol. iv. p. 56, Chlorion is
formed with Proneus into a section of the Sphegime, having the
mandibles internally furnished with a strong tooth or process ;
the two species above mentioned being still given as the types of
Chlorion. In all his subsequent works the genus is treated in a
similar manner, except that in the second edition of the “ Régne
Animal” Sphex compressa is given as the first, and S. /obata as the
second, species, and the genus is characterized from the position
of the recurrent veins of the wings of .$. compressa (those of S.
lobata differing in this respect).

We are thus warranted in considering the Sphex compressa as
the true type of the genus Chlorion, although Latreille at the first
gave only the S. lobata as its type. It unfortunately happened,
however, that during the interval which elapsed between the pub-
lication of the third and thirteenth volumes of the “ Histoire
générale,” Fabricius published his “Systema Piezatorum,” wherein,
referring to Latreille’s third volume, he adopted the name Chlorion,
giving, as Latreille liad done, the Sphea lobata as its type, with
the oral characters of the genus derived from that species ; but
also inserting in the genus the Sphex compressa, and another
species congenerous with that insect (S. sibirica), as well as various
species of Sphex and Proneus. Shortly afterwards Jurine pub-
lished his System of the Hymenoptera founded on the variation of
the veining of the wings, and accordingly, following Fabricius in
considering the Sphea lobata as the type of Chlorion, he sunk the
genus into Sphex, with which that species agrees in the veining of
the wings; but finding that the Sphea compressa possesses a dif-
ferent character in this respect, he formed for its reception a new
genus named Ampulex, adding a second species, A. fasciata, from
the south of Europe, of which (as possessing more interest) he

new Species of Exotic Hymenopterous Insecis, 229

gave a figure in illustration of the genus. As subsequently men-
tioned, however, this species differs in several slight respects from
C. compressa, especially in the incomplete veining of the wings
forming the submarginal cells. The specimen of 4. fasciata,
figured by Jurine, is a female, and the mandible represented by
its side is that of a female being destitute of an internal tooth.
Jurine, however, in his generic character, noticed the sexual dis-
tinction occurring in the armature of the mandibles.

In the ‘Genera Crustaceorum,” which appeared soon after
Jurine’s work, Latreille gave Ampulex as a synonyme of his
Chlorion ; but in his later works (“ Familles Naturelles” and “Régne
Animal,” second edition) he gives the two genera as distinct,
placing them in different sections of the family Sphegid@, having
the mandibles internally simple or dentate, thus overlooking
Jurine’s correct notice of this difference being only sexual. It is
thus evident that Latreille regarded the Ampulex fasciata as the
type of the genus Ampulex, and as generically distinct from his
own genus Chlorion, with which he states that Ampulex agrees in
the veins of the wings, thus further proving that Sphea compressa
was his real type of the genus Chlorion.

It remains to be noticed that Panzer, in his ‘ Entomologischer
Versuch die Jurineschen Gattungen,” has pointed out the differ-
ences which exist between Sphex lobata and compressa in their
cibarian characters, and that Messrs. Serville and Saint Fargeau,
in the “ Encyclopédie Méthodique,” have given a long generic cha-
racter of Ampulex with Sphex compressa as its type, (erroneously,
however, stating that the mandibles are internally destitute of
teeth in both sexes,) and adding that they consider it doubtful
whether Jurine’s Ampulex fusciata belongs to this genus. They
have also adopted as distinct the genus Chlorion, dividing it into
two sections, the first corresponding with the genus Proneus of
Latreille, and the second given as the “ genre Chlorion, Latr.”
including Chlorion lobatum and two new species. Lastly, M. Guérin
has lately figured a new species congenerous with Sphex compressa
as an example of the genus Ampulex.

From what has been stated above [ consider, Ist, that the genus
Chlorion was always characterized by its founder from Sphea com-
pressa, which must be regarded as its real type; 2nd, that Fa-
bricius adopted an error of Latreille in giving Sphew lobata as
the type, and described a genus under the name of Chlorion
distinct from that of Latreille, and consequently that a new generic
name must be given to Sphewx lobata if indeed it be generally dis-

230 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description of some

tinct from Latreille’s Proneus ; 3rd, that Jurine’s genus Ampulex
is synonymous with Latreille’s genus Chlorion.

I am sorry that these conclusions will have the effect of sinking
the genus Ampulex, which Jurine must certainly have the credit
of having first clearly distinguished, and will be at variance with
the nomenclature of recent French Hymenopterologists.*

There are several fine species of Chlorion in the cabinet of
the British Museum which I have not yet had an opportunity
of describing. I, however, take this occasion of describing a
congenerous insect in my own cabinet, which is by far the most
minute species I have yet seen of the genus, in addition to the
description of the two allied genera above characterized.

Chlorion cyanipes, Westw.

Parva mgro-cerulea, rude punctata, mesothoracis dorso in medio haud

longitudinaliter impresso; pedibus cyaneis 2.

Long. corp. lin. 33, expans. alar. lin. 53.

Habitat apud promontorium Bone Spei.
In Mus. nostr.

* Since the preceding was written, the volume upon Insects in the Cabinet
Cyclopedia has been published, in which Mr. Shuckard expresses his surprise that
the Ampulicide should so long have been allowed to remain incorporated with the
Sphegide, as they present so many distinctive characters, instancing the formation
of the abdomen, the remarkably sculptured metathorax (which is stated to be
armed at its extremity with a couple of spines), the nose-like clypeus, and the
formation of the penultimate joint of the tarsi. It is added that one genus of
them is found in all quarters of the world, and a genus from New Holland is
mentioned (by name only) Conocercus, which, like Dolichurus, is of a black colour.
“* Chlorion, distinguished for its metallic colours,” is given as a genus belonging
to the next family, Sphegide.

T need not recapitulate the arguments | have already brought forward in the be-
ginning of this paper to prove that the insects above alluded to, as forming the types
of a distinct family, are entitled to the name of Chlorion and not to that of Ampulex.
Neither shall I make any further remark upon the proposed establishment of a
distinct family for these insects, than that the characters insisted on by Mr.
Shuckard occur only in the typical genus : Dolichurus, Trirogma, and Aphelotoma,
the only other genera belonging to the group hitherto described scarcely possessing
more than one of the assigned characters, whilst that which is considered the
“most remarkable,’ namely, the form of the tarsi, occurs in none but the type.
Of their geographical range none have hitherto been described as inhabitants of
the New World. Of the New Holland genus, indicated by name only, I presume
from its name and locality that it is identical with my genus Aphelotoma, As, how-
ever, it had stood in my cabinet as a new genus for several years before it existed
in any other collection, I trust that my name and the very detailed description and
figure given of the insect at the last meeting of the Society, before even the name
Conocercus had appeared, will be received with the courtesy which is given to
memoirs read. before scientific bodies.

new Species of Exotic Hymenopterous Insects.. 231

Nigro-czerulea, rude et vage punctata. Mesothorax dorso antice
haud linea media Jongitudinali impressus, parapteris laterali-
bus tamen distinctis. Metathorax ut in C. compressa striatus,
angulo apicali utrinque in tuberculum parvum acutum pro-
ducto. Abdomen concolor, rude punctatus, apice griseo-
villosum. Pedes cyanei, femoribus magis ceruleis; tarsis
nigris, articulo 4to lobato, minori tamen quam in speciebus
reliquis. Alze fuscescenti-hyalinee, nubila subapicali obscu-
riori in cellula marginali, 2a et 3a subapicalibus et ad
angulum analem extensa.

Another species received from the banks of the river Gambia
by the Rev. F. W. Hope in great numbers, appears to have been
figured by Guérin under the name of Ampulex compressiventris,
in the Iconographie du Régne Animal.

The typical species, 4m. compressum, is, I believe, identical with
the Sphex rufilumbis of Lichtenstein.

The European species figured by Jurine ought evidently to con-
stitute a distinct subgenus ; the armature of the head, the different
arrangement of the veins of the wings as figured in outline by
Jurine, and the elongated and apparently simple feet, are charac-
ters distinct from those of the true species of Chlorion proper.

XXXVI. Description of anew Genus of Apterous Hexapod
Insects found near London. By J.O. Wersrwoop, Esq.,
F.L.S.

[Read February 7, 1842.]

Ar the November meeting of this Society in 1840, I exhibited
drawings of a minute wingless insect, which, as it would not
accord with the larve of any known group of insects, I was in-
duced at the time to think might possibly constitute a new genus
of myriapodous insects in an undeveloped state. I had found this
insect, which is scarcely a quarter of an inch long, running very
quickly amongst the roots of flowers at a little distance below
the surface of the ground, in which situation I had also detected
immature Lithobii, Juli, and other Myriapoda; and, moreover,
finding in this insect a number of minute appendages arranged in
pairs on the under surface of the abdominal segments, I at once

932 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description of a

compared it with the immature Lithobii, whose developement I

was then investigating, and which, in the very early states of their

existence, also presented traces of subabdominal appendages
similar to those of my new insect, which appendages are subse-
quently developed into abdominal legs.

Want of opportunity to examine the entire insect, not having
since found another individual, joined with other investigations,
induced me to lay aside my drawings and notes until a future
opportunity occurred of reinvestigating the insect in nature. The
elaborate memoir, however, which Mr. Newport has recently
published in the Philosophical ‘Transactions, on the development
of the Myriapoda, (and which the Royal Society have done honour
both to themselves and to its author by selecting as the Bakerian
Lecture,) has recalled my attention to the subject, and has con-
vinced me that the insect in question cannot be a myriapodous
Jarvee, because there are no fewer than seven of these minute
subabdominal appendages; and further, because these minute
appendages are succeeded by a pair of elongated anal filaments
nearly half the length of the body, whereas in the Myriapoda the
number of slightly developed feet at any one period is much
smaller, and because the anal appendages do not appear until the
feet are fully developed. Another reason which induces me to
reject the idea of this insect being myriapodous consists in the
structure of the mandibles, which, as noticed in the Journal of
Proceedings of the meeting in question (p. 14), are short, broad,
and 4-dentate at the extremity, which is oblique.

Rejecting, therefore, the idea of its myriapodous nature, we
have therefore now to determine to which class and order of
annulose animals the insect belongs. ‘To do this it will be proper
to detail its structural characters.

Corpus elongatum parallelum, depressum, molliusculum, apterum,
13-annulatum. Caput obovatum, distinctum, horizontale.
Antennze duze capite duplo longiores, ad partem anticam
capitis inserte, multi-(ultra 15-)articulate, submoniliformes,
articulo basali majori obconico, setose. Os inferum man-
dibulis minutis planis latis, apice 4-dentatis. Partes reliquee
oris deteritee. Thorax e segmentis tribus proximis constans ;
segmento Imo brevi, 2ndo, 3tioque multo longioribus et
latioribus, singulo pari pedum instructo, pedibus (fere dimidii
corporis longitudine) e coxa, trochantere, femore, tibia et
tarso articulato formatis. Abdomen 9-annulatum, segmentis
fere equalibus et transyversis, segmento basali subtus ad
apicem utrinque appendiculo brevi lato, ovali plano exarticu-

new Genus of Aplerous Hexvapod dnsects. 233

lato instructo, segimentis sex proximis subtus ad apicem
utrinque seta brevi tenui pilosa instructis, segmentoque anal
setis duabus valde clongatis setosis munito.

Were it not for the multiarticulate antenne and the subab-
dominal appendages this insect would be to all intents the larva
of a Staphylinus, and hence | propose for it the name of Campodea
Staphylinus, founded on this striking resemblance.

Its colour is of a creamy white, and it is exceedingly active in
its motions, running with great agility.

Several of the characters which I have described above will be
sufficient to separate this insect from the larvee of all Coleopterous,
Lepidopterous, Dipterous, Hymenopterous, Strepsipterous, Or-
thopterous, and Hemipterous insects. ‘There is indeed consider-
able resemblance between it and the larvee of the Forficulide, but
these are not only well known but also disagree with the present
in the structure of the anal appendages and in the want of the
subabdominal ones. ‘There only remains therefore to compare it
with the larvee of Neuroptera, some of which have multiarticulate
antenne and anal as well as subabdominal appendages, but wherever
this is the case these appendages are instruments of respiration
serving to separate the oxygen from the water in which such
larvee reside: such is the case with the Ephemerideous, Phryga-
nideous, and Sialideous Jarvee. ‘The larva of Ascalaphus, it is
true, is furnished with lateral abdominal filaments ; but these are
only prolonged processes of the common integument of the body.
I am compelled therefore to reject the idea that the insect is the
larva of any hexapod metamorphotic insect, and am thence com-
pelled to refer it to the classes of Annulosa, which do not undergo
transformations. ‘The Crustacea and Arachnida, from the number
of their feet and the general structure of their bodies, are at once
distinguished from this insect; and the Myrtapoda have already
been rejected, so that there only remains the orders Anoplura and
Thysanura into which it can possibly enter. These are hexapod
groups, the former being distinguished by the non-possession of
elongated anal sete and by the structure of the legs, which are
short and strong and well adapted to a parasitic life. Some of
the Thysanura, on the other hand, are furnished with elongated
anal seta, long multiarticulate antenne, and long cursorial feet.
And M. Guerin has recently discovered in Machylis polypoda a
series of small subabdominal appendages similar to those in my
insect, and which he has illustrated in his [conographie du Regne
Animal. ‘The Podure and allied genera, on the other hand, are
cylindrical, with an inflexed fork at the end of the body, whilst

234 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description, 8c.

in the genera allied to Lepisma the body terminates in slender
elongated filaments. In these however the number is more than
two, and the form of the mandibles is also distinct; but froma
review of the general characters of Campodea I think it certain
that notwithstanding these minor differences it must be considered
as a new genus, more nearly allied to Lepisma and Machilis than
it is to any other group of annulose animals. :

P.S, On showing my drawings of this insect to M. Gervais
he immediately recognized it as one which he had found in the
garden of his residence in Paris, further stating that he had dis-
covered a second species of the same group.

Can this insect be Lithobius pusillus* of Van Heyden (Mus.
Seck. Bd. 2, 1837, p. 305) ?

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES.

Plate VIII. fig. 14, upper, and fig. 15, under, side of the insect magnified ;
fig. 16, under side of the head; fig. 17, apex of antenna; fig. 18,
labrum; fig. 19, mandible; fig. 20, an undetermined part of the
mouth ; fig.21,22, maxille ; fig. 23, portion of base of abdomen
beneath; fig. 24, 25, apex of legs.

XXXVII. On two Species of Cremastocheilus from Northern
India. By W.W.Savunvers, Esq., F.L.S., President
of the Entomological Society, &c.

{Read Ist November, 1841.]

Sp. 1. Cremastocheilus Campbell. (Plate XIII. fig. 1.)

Length =6 inch. From the north of India.

In my own collection,

Head large, depressed, elongate-quadrate, slightly emarginate
in front, rounded on the anterior angles, and excavated on the
sides to receive the eyes and antenne. Antenne situated close to
and just in advance of the eyes; ten-jointed, the first joint large,
elongate, triangular, the six following small, transverse, and the
three terminal ones forming an ovate club when closed. ‘Thorax
orbicular, truncate posteriorly, with aslightly depressed longitudinal
line down the centre, the upper surface closely and deeply punc-

* « Weiss, kurz, behaart, am letzten segment zwei horizontale hornchen.
Lang 23 bis 3 lin, Frankf, in feuchten erde.”

Mr. W. W. Saunders on Cremastocheilus. 235

tured; metasternum prolonged into a robust straight spine,
covered with long bristly hairs, pointing downwards just before
the anterior pair of legs. Scutellum large, elongate, triangular,
punctured. Elytra rather broader than the thorax, elongate, the
upper surface deeply punctured, rounded at the apex, and deeply
excavated laterally behind the shoulders. Legs long, somewhat
slender; the anterior tibia with two strong teeth on the apex
exteriorly. ‘T'arsi five-jointed, the first joint nearly concealed, the
terminal joint the most slender; the joints grooved on the upper
surface. Claws short, nearly straight.

This species is entirely of a jet, somewhat glossy, black, the
antenne and trophi inclining to piceous.

Sp. 2. Cremastocheilus brunneus. (Plate XIII. fig. 2.)

Length =; inch. From Upper India.

In my own collection.

Head depressed, subquadrate, narrowed in front, rounded on
the anterior angles, excavated for the insertion of the eyes and
antenne; black, with the upper surface rugosely punctured.
Thorax orbicular, with a depressed longitudinal line down the
centre, thickly and deeply punctured on the upper surface, very
dark pitchy brown, shining ; mesosternum terminating in a strong,
somewhat curved, hairy spine, pointing downwards, just before
the anterior pair of legs. Scutellum large, elongate, trigonate,
pitchy brown, slightly rugose. Elytra a little broader than the
thorax, elongate; the apex angular, deeply excavated laterally
behind the shoulders, slightly punctured, shining, of a rich dark
brown, darker on the shoulder. Wingsample. Body underneath
dark brown, shining, the region of the metasternum deeply punc-
tured and covered with long silky hairs. Legs long, slender,
pitchy brown, the anterior tibia with two strong teeth on the
apex externally. ‘Tarsi five-jointed, the first joint nearly concealed,
terminal joint the most slender. Claws short, nearly straight.

The two species I have just described were collected by Lieut.
G. Campbell, of the Bengal Artillery, in the north of India, but
exactly in what part I am unable to say. They are nearly allied
species, but abundantly distinct; the latter, besides differing in
colour, has a rounder thorax, the apex of the elytra not rounded,
and the mesosternum covered with a silky pubescence. The
genus Cremastocheilus, as it now stands, contains species very dif-
ferent in structure and must be divided, in which case the two
species now described will form a good sub-genus, which may be
distinguished by the orbicular thorax, the produced metasternum,

236 Mr. W. W. Saunders on Cremastocheilus.

and the somewhat long and slender Jegs. ‘his is merely thrown
out as a hint to any Entomologist who will revise the various
species of Cremastocheilus and distribute them inte natural sub-
genera.

[P.S. Mr. Saunders having placed in my hands the two insects
above described, with a view to the examination of their trophi
and the investigation of their generic characters, with reference to
the Monograph of Dr. Burmeister recently published upon the
Cremastocheil in Dr. Germar’s ‘*‘ Zeitschrift fiir die Entomologie,”’
the following remarks have been rendered necessary :—In their
narrow mentum, exposing the base of the maxille, the elongated
body, rounded sides of the prothorax (which is narrowed before
and behind), in the channelled mentum, in the galea and mando
of maxillze being bidentate, in all the tarsi being bidentate and
longer than the tibie, these two species come into Burmeister’s
new genus Cenochilus} (Germar’s Zeitschr. vol. ili. p. 250, 268) ;
but all the species of that genus are from South Africa. From
Genuchus they differ in having the bidentate galea and mando, the
mentum not tubercled, and the tibia not 3-dentate; and from
Centrognathus (Guérin, an Indian genus formed of a single species)
in the mentum not tubercled, and the galea not 1-dentate ; from
the other Cremastocheilides they differ in having the mentum nar-
rowed at the base. See also Burmeister, Handb. d. Ent., vol. tii.

p. 667.—J. O. W.]

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES.
Plate XIII. fig. 1. C. Campbellii.
}a, mandible; 16, maxilla; |c, apex of antenna; Id, under
side of front of head, * base of antenna beneath ; |e, fore foot ;
1 /, hind foot.
fig. 2. C. brunneus.
2a, apex of maxilla.

t C. Paulus, G.& P.; Maurus, I. ; Suleatus, B. (Maurus G.& P.) ; Ventri-
cosus, Sch. (Bron G.& P.); Senegalensis, G. & P.; Lugubris, I.

Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania, Sc. 237

XXXVIII. On Evania and some allied Genera of Hyme-
nopterous Insects. By J.O. Wxstwoop, F.L.S. &c.

[Read November 7, 1836, and February 1, 1841.*]

Tue family Evaniade of Leach, or the Evaniales of Latreille,
comprises a group of parasitic insects of but small extent, but
which exhibits several very remarkable variations of structure.

The typical genus Evania was established by Fabricius in the
“ Systema Entomologiz” in 1775, having the Sphex appendigaster
of Linnzeus as the type, but comprising, as a second species, an
insect of this country belonging to the genus Ceropales, observed
by Fabricius in the collection of Sir J. Banks. Subsequently
Latreille instituted another genus, which, in his early works, he
named Gasteruption, but Fabricius having in his ‘‘ Systema Pieza-
torum” established the same genus under the more pleasing name
of Foenus, Latreille subsequently adopted the latter name. The
last mentioned author also at the same time proposed another
genus, Pelecinus, founded upon a remarkable insect inhabiting
North America. Jurine added a fourth genus, 4ulacus, established
upon an European species, and Latreille, in the ‘* Familles Natu-
relles” and “ Régne Animal,” second edit., introduced a fifth genus,
Paxylloma, founded upon a French species, but of which the cha-
racters were very slightly indicated. In addition to these, the
raising of one of the sections of the genus Hvania into a distinct
genus, under the name of Brachygaster, by Dr. Leach, (and
under that of Hyptia by Mlliger,) and the establishment of the
Australian genus Megalyra by myself in “ Griffith’s Animal King-
dom,” comprise all that has hitherto [1836] been done relative to
the generic distribution of this group.

In the “ Histoire Naturelle, &c.” vol. xiii. Latreille placed this
family amongst the “ 7r?piles,” between the Ichnewmonide and
Cynipide, or Gallflies; but in his “ Genera Crustaceorum et
Insectorum” he placed it at the head of the Pupophaga, imme-
diately preceding the Jchneumonide, in which situation it is re~
tained in all his subsequent works.

Jurine divided the Hymenoptera into three principal sections,
the first having the abdomen sessile, comprising the Tenthredinde
and Siricide ; the second having the abdomen pedunculate, “ petiolo
supra thoracem infixo,” containing the genera Evania, Foenus,

* Note. In the lists of species of the different genera described below, the
still more recent additions, up to the present time, so far as I am acquainted there-
with, have been introduced.—J. O. W., July 12, 1844.

VOL, Ill. Ss

238: Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Aulacus, and Stephanus; and the third having the abdomen pe-
dunculate, ‘‘ petiolo poné thoracem infixo,” comprising the re-
mainder of the order.

By Nees von Esenbeck, however, this family was placed at the
end of the Ichneumones adsciti and immediately preceding the
Chalcidide, with the observation “ Familize Evanialium verus
character non tamen in oris et alarum fabrica, quam in abdominis
insertione querendus, cui quidem et alii characteres respondent,
tum in oris, tum maxime in alarum structura et textura obvil.
Ale in Evania genere, nervis deminutis, ad eas Pleromalinorum et
Proctotrupinorum propius accedunt.”—(Hym. Mon. 1, 302.)

Mr. Haliday, in some observations upon the distribution of the
Pupivora (Ent. Mag. vol. i. 343, note i), thinks it would be rash
to divide this family into families, [as Mr. Shuckard,* and Mr.
Haliday himself, but less extensively,{ have since proposed, ] the
chain being so much interrupted from the small number of genera
comprised in it; adding, “ the family besides, is, in its present
form, far too convenient a receptacle for all stray articles to be
lightly resigned. I am obliged to enrich it further, at the ex-
pense of the Jchneumones, with two genera—Stephanus and Plancus
[ Paxylloma|—which Pelecinus and Feenus seem respectively to
reclaim: of the latter I am more doubtful; for the other I have
the authority of Jurine and Spinola.” Which latter observation
he again repeats in the third volume of the same work, p. 22.

The investigation of the characters of these two genera subse-
quently detailed will enable us to judge of the propriety of this
suggestion.

It is impossible to examine the structure of the insects of which
this family is composed without arriving at the conclusion that it
is evidently an osculant group, combining in itself not only the
representatives of several other families, but also several distinct
and anomalous forms. The paucity of species in the family, the
strong variations which occur in various essential organs—as the
antennee, palpi, neuration of the wings, and especially the ovipositor,
and the singularity of structure exhibited by various of the less
important organs, as the elongation of the abdomen in Pelecinus,
its singular position in Lvania, the curious striation of the thorax
in Aulacus, the form of the mandibles in Feenus, and of the labial
palpi in Evania,—all tend to prove that in comparison with the
Ichneumones genuini the Evaniide are essentially an aberrant
group.

Acting therefore upon the rule laid down by Mr. Mac Leay in
* Entomologist, p. 119. + Hym. Synops. in Suppl. Mon. Alysia, 1839.

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 239

the ‘“‘ Horze Entomologice” relative to such groups, I do not here
propose to detail any character for the family, and shall therefore
only observe, that generally the antenne are composed of only
thirteen or fourteen joints, the abdominal peduncle is inserted at a
considerable elevation upon the posterior part of the thorax, and
the mandibles are toothed internally.*

From the various families of which the section Pupivora of
Latreille is composed, with the exception of the Ichneumones
adsciti, the Evaniide are easily distinguished. Thus the neuration
of the wings will distinguish them from the Chalcidide ; the same
character and the paucity of joints in the antenne will separate
them from the Ichneumones genuini, and the structure of the
ovipositor from the Cynipide, Proctotrupide,} and Chrysidide.
From the Jchnewmones adsciti however, at least from the most
aberrant species of that group, the line of demarcation is less
evident, since we find some of the 4phidii in that family possessing
antennze with not more than fourteen joints, and the genus Paxyl-
loma, under its various names of Plancus and Hybrizon, has been
placed both amongst the Evaniide and the Ichneumones adsciti.

With these preliminary observations I proceed to a review of
the genera Evania and its allies, proposing to insert, under each,
descriptions of such new species as have occurred to me, com-
mencing with those genera which have the abdomen destitute of
an exserted ovipositor.

Evan, Fabr.

The chief character of this genus consists in the very small
size of the abdomen, which is greatly compressed, of a triangular
form, and attached to the thorax, rather above the centre of the
metathoracic scutellum (and not at its posterior extremity as in
most other Hymenoptera), by a peduncle about as long as the

* T have not made use of the number of joints in the palpi as a character of
the family, since it is evident, from analogy with the aberrant Ichnewmonide, that
variation in their number is a necessary consequence of such aberration ; a remark-
able proof of this occurs in Evania, some species of which, even in its restricted
state, possess apparently only five joints to the maxillary palpi and others six.
Vide Lat. Gen. 3. 251. 2.

t The relationship of Pelecinus to Proctotrupes will be considered in the ob-
servations on the former genus.

¢ This peculiarity, although it appears at first sight anomalous, is dependent
upon the excessive development and thickness of the metathorax, of which the
prescutum is reduced to a very slender dorsal piece, having the posterior wings
attached at its sides ; the metascutellum and postscutellum being confluent, although
the limits of the metascutellum are indicated (of a triangular form and small size,

s2

240 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

remainder of the abdomen. The ovipositor is not exserted. The
antennee are thirteen-jointed in each sex, the basal joint in the
females being more elongated, so as to form, with the remainder,
a considerable elbow. Jurine describes the antenne as being
thirteen or fourteen-jointed according to sex, but incorrectly.

The species of this genus were discovered (as we learn from
Kirby and Spence* ) to be parasitic upon the species of Blattide.
The correctness of this statement has been confirmed to me by
Mr. R. E, Lewis, who has found them on board the ship in which
he sailed to Van Diemen’s Land, and which was much infested
with Blatta orientalis ; and hence the Evanie minuta and fulvipes,
having been found in situations where the indigenous Blatta
Lapponica abounds, are alone regarded by Mr. Stephens as strictly
entitled to be considered indigenous; the typical species Lvania
appendigaster, which is attached to the Blatta orientalis, being
considered an imported insect.—(Illustr. of Brit. Entomology,
Mand. vol. vii. p. 118.)

Latreille introduced two primary divisions into this genus,
founded upon the distinctness or obliteration of the apical nerves
of the wings and the length of the second and third joints of the
antenne. These divisions Dr. Leach regarded as generic, and
accordingly, in the Edinburgh Encyclopedia, gave the name of
Brachygaster to the second section, having the Lvania minuta as
its type. (In the British Museum Cabinet the genus however
stands under the name of Coranila of Leach’s Manuscripts.)
This genus Brachygaster has been retained by Mr. Stephens.
Illiger, however, in his edition of Rossi, had previously named it

terminating at the place of insertion of the abdomen) by an impression ; the meta-
postscutellum being exceedingly developed. (Mod. Class. of Insects, vol. ii.
p. 134, fig 74, 4. and 5.) The metasternum is also very remarkable, terminating
in a strong furcate process, of which the points are recurved and fitting into the
posterior coxz.

* In the third volume of the Introduction to Entomology (p. 580) it is stated,
that ‘* the history of Evania, the parasite of the Blatte, had been traced by Dr.
Reid, who did not however live to give his discoveries to the world ; it was how-
ever hoped that they would not be lost, being in most able hands.”” In the fourth
volume of the same work (p. 216) it is however stated, that ‘‘ the late Dr. Arnold,
whose tact for observation with regard to the manners and economy of insects has
rendered his loss irreparable, discovered that the remarkable parasitic genus
Evania F. was appropriated to the all-devouring Blatte : whether it attacked it in
its egg or larva state the author had not been informed. This little benefactor is
here extremely rare, at least in the country ; perhaps in towns where the cock-roach
abounds it may be more common.” I am however indebted to Mr. W.S. Mac Leay
for the information that it is within the egg-pouch of the Blatte that the Evania is
parasitic.

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 241

Hyptia. Dr. Nees von Esenbeck has however regarded its cha-
racters merely as specific ones.

Evania, in its restricted state, comprises several species very
closely allied together, and the name of Lvania appendigaster
having been indifferently applied to them, much confusion has
been thereby occasioned. Latreille endeavoured, but unsuccess-
fully, to rectify the error, which was accomplished by Illiger.
Mr. Curtis however, followed by Mr. Stephens, has again renewed
the confusion, by giving the fuscipes of Nliger (appendigaster,
Latr.) under the name of flavicornis—(describing it as possessing
rufous antennz)—and by giving the levigata of Latreille as
identical with the Linnzean appendigaster ; whilst the Marquis
Spinola has reversed the synonymy, by giving fuscipes and ap-
pendigaster as identical, and levigata as distinct. Fabricius
gives, as the localities of Hvania appendigaster, Southern Europe,
Cape of Good Hope, and New Holland; and Mr. Curtis adds
America, Jamaica, the Isle of France, Spain, and England, evi-
dently confusing the true levigata and appendigaster, and proba-
bly several other species.

Sp. 1. Hvania appendigaster, Linn. (Sphexa.). Mliger, N.ab Esen.,
Curtis, Stephens, nec Latreille nec Spinola.

In the Linnzean cabinet the specific ticket of E. appendigaster
is attached to a black insect, with the face neither punctured nor
striated ; the mesothorax nearly smooth, with only a very few
punctures scattered about the scutum, with an impressed oblique
line on each side, and a shorter straight one between it and the
base of the wings; the peduncle of the abdomen is also slightly
contracted before the tip, the sides immediately in front of the
contraction being slightly flattened out. It is also smooth, being
neither punctured nor striated.

I have carefully examined specimens from England, Germany,
the Island of Mauritius, Mozambique, and Brazil, amongst which
I cannot perceive any character to warrant their specific separation.

Sp. 2. Evania levigata, Latreille, Olivier, Illiger.

The Marquis Spinola gives Mexico, New Orleans, Brazil, the
Cape of Good Hope, Egypt, Greece, Sardinia, Coromandel, and
New Holland, as places from which he has received E. levigata.

Sp. 3. Evania fuscipes, Mliger.

Syn. Lv. appendigaster, Latreille, Oliv., Jurine, Panzer.
Lv. flavicornis, Curtis, Stephens.

242 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Closely allied to the two preceding species are the two follow-
ing :—

Sp. 4. Evania Cube, Guerin, Icon. R. An. Ins. pl. 65, fig. 1.

Inhabits the island of Cuba, but of which the description is
not yet published. The abdomen of the male is figured of a more
ovate form, and terminated by a small conical appendage, whilst
that of the female is much less strongly securiform.

Sp. 5. Hvania Desjardinsi, Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins. vol.iv. p. 299.

Inhabits the Isle of France, ‘ le seul caractere” consists in the
abdomen, which ‘n’est plus complétement sécuriforme, mais il est
beaucoup moins large et presque cylindrique, quoique toujours
trés fortement comprimé lJateralement.”

Sp. 6. Evania princeps, Westw.

Tota nigra, facie argenteo-sericea longitudinaliter striata, thorace
rude punctato, alarum anticarum vena radiali ad apicem
recurvo ¢ 9.

Long. corp. lin. 7, exp. alar. lin. 103.

Habitat in Nova Hollandia.

In Mus. Dom. Hope, Newman et nostr.

Gigas in genere. Tota nigra. Caput, thorax et abdominis
petiolus rudé punctata, metathorace areolato, facie longitudi-
naliter striata et lateribus capitis thoracisque argenteo-sericeis.
Mandibule intus 3-dentatz, palpi labiales articulis simplici-
bus. Ale infuscatee, vena radiali ad apicem recurvata. Furca
metasterni brevissima recta. Abdomen valdé compressissi-
mum, subtriangulare. Differt mas facie minus striata.

Sp. 7. Evania Abyssinica, Westw.

Nigra, thorace et petiolo abdominali rufis, pedibus piceis, facie
punctata 9.

Syn. Evania thoracica, Klug. MSS., nec Ev. thoracica, Blanchard.

Long. corp. lin. 33, exp. alar. lin. 64.

Habitat in Abyssinia.

In Mus. nostr. Communic. cel. Dom. Klug.

Magnitudo Ev. appendigastris. Antenne longe nigre, subtus
piceze. Caput nigrum, facie parum argenteo-sericea, punctis
parvis impressis, haud confluentibus, carinaque abbreviata
mediana sub antennas. Mandibule nigre, apice piceo. Palpi
piceo-rufi. Thorax ferrugineus, tenue punctatus, metathorace

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 248

areolato; petiolus abdominis ferrugineus, haud punctatus,
utrinque striola tenui longitudinali. Abdomen nigrum, com-
pressum, nitidum, fere rotundatum. Pedes quatuor antici
picei (femoribus subtus ferrugineis), postici nigri, trochan-
teribus basi piceis, Ale fere hyaline, venis nigris, vena
marginali (cellulam marginalem formanti) ad apicem fere
recta et cum margine apicali ale fere parellela.

Sp. 8. Evania dimidiata.

Syn. Evania dimidiata, Spinola, in Ann. Ent. Soc. de France,
tom. vil. p. 439, and Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 247.
Habitat in Hgypto.

Obs. This species appears to differ from EL. Abyssinica in its
smaller size (23 lin.), black antenne and legs, pale palpi, slightly
punctured face, ferrugineous mandibles, and punctured peduncle.
They are however stated by the Marquis Spinola, in the Rev.
Zool. 1842, p. 190, to be identical.

Sp. 9. Evania Tasmanica, Westw.

Nigra punctatissima, facie tenuiter longitudinaliter striata, furca
metasterni brevi rectd, petiolo striato 9.

Long. corp. lin. 45, exp. alar. 8.

Habitat in Terra Van Diemenii.

In Mus. Dom. Hope.

Tota nigra, rude punctatissima. Facies sub antennarum inser-
tionem leviter striata. Petiolus abdominis striatus. Abdomen
compressissimum, triangulare. Ale hyaline, area marginali
sub-ovata, venis cubitali et discoidali fere obsoletis. Antenne
et pedes nigri. Mandibulz intus obtuse 3-dentate. Palpi
labiales articulo 3tio apice dilatato ovato.

Sp. 10. Evania punctata.

« E, nigra albido-villosa, capite striato, vertice thoraceque crasse
punctatis, alis subhyalinis, nervis nigris; antennarum basi,
palpis, et pedibus quatuor anticis fere omnino pallide fuscis,
abdominis petiolo valde rugoso. Long. corp. 9 millim.”

Habitat in Morea.

Syn. E. punctata, Brullé, in Exped. Scient. de Morée, p. 378,
No. 833.

Obs. This species appears scarcely to differ from E, fuscipes.

244 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Sp. 11. Evania fascialis.
Syn. Lvania fascialis, Spinola, in Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 188.
Habitat in Mexico.

Sp. 12. Evania Chilensis.

Syn. Evania Chilensis, Spinola, in Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 189.
Habitat in Chili.

Sp. 13. Evania antennalis, Westw.

Nigra, antennarum articulis 3 et 4 luteis, facie longitudinaliter
striata, petiolo oblique rugoso, metasterno parum furcato.

Long. corp. lin, 3.

Habitat in India Orientali, Bombay. Dom. W. Elliott.

In Mus. Britann.

Nigra, antennis crassiusculis et breviusculis; articulis 3 et 4
luteis, facie genisque longitudinaliter striatis, illa carina
mediana instructa; fossulis duabus pro receptione articuli
basalis antennarum distinctis latis, at parum_ profundis ;
thorace punctato, metathorace hexagonaliter areolato, griseo-
pubescenti; petiolo abdominis elongato, oblique rugoso ; ab-
domine compressissimo, laté ovato, apice acuto, metasterno
brevi, parum furcato; trochanteribus magnis, glaberrimis,
tibiis anticis, tarsisque 4 anticis piceis; alarum venis fere ut
in £, levigata cellula marginali postice vix angulata.

Sp. 14. Evania compressa, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 178.
Habitat in America Meridionali.

Sp. 15. Evania ngricornis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 179.
Habitat in America.

Sp. 16. Evania caspia, Eichwald, in Reise auf d. Casp. Meere, &c.
Bd. 1, Abth. 1 and 2.

Sp. 17. Evania affins, Le Guillou, in Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuvierr.
1841, p. 322. 7

“ F. appendigastre affinis, sed minus pilosa, atra; lamella longi-
tudinali et triangulari supra thorax; unguiculo terminali
ultimi tarsi bifido et fulvo; thorace profundé punctato ;
abdomine levi et rufo.”

Long. corp. 73 mill.

Habitat Hamoa (Arch. des Navigateurs).

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 245

Sp. 18, ELvania (Hyptia) minuta, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2, 194, Coq.
plot Vs fow 9:

Habitat in Europa.

Sp. 19. Evania (Hyptia) petiolata.

Syn. EF. petiolata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 242.
Habitat in Insulis Americe.

Sp. 20. Evania (Hyptia) rufipes.
Syn. E. rufipes, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 179.
Habitat in America Meridionali.

Sp. 21. Evania (Hyptia) pygmea.
Syn. EL. pygmea, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 180.
Habitat in America Meridionali.

Obs. The last three species are now preserved in the Royal
Museum of Copenhagen, and have been lately examined by Dr.
Erichson, who has been so kind as to supply me with notes
respecting them as well as numerous other Fabrician species.

Sp. 22. Evania (Hyptia) Javanica, Westw.
Tota nigra punctata, petiolo oblique striato, brevi; alarum venis
cubitali et discoidali obliteratis 9.
Long. corp. lin. 3, expans. alar. lin. 5.

Habitat in Insula Java.
In Mus. Dom. Hope.

Tota nigra, capite mesothoraceque punctatis, metathorace
areolata. Facies punctata, punctis irregularibus et plus mi-
nusve confluentibus. Scutum wesothoracis utrinque linea
oblique impressa, ex angulis anticis ad medium fere ducta,
conjunctim litteram V fere formantibus. Furca metasterni
brevis, fere recta. Petiolus abdominis brevis (vix tertiam par-
tem abdominis longitudine zquans), paullo curvatus, oblique
striatus. Abdomen triangulare, compressissimum, segmentis
apicalibus dorso parum villosis. Ale hyaline, stigmate venis-
que nigris, harum cubitali et discoidali omnino obliteratis.

Sp. 22. Evania (Hyptia) ruficornis.
Syn. Evania ruficornis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 179.
Habitat in America Meridionali.

246 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Sp. 24. Evania (Hyptia) fulvipes.
Syn. Evania fulvipes, Curtis, Brit. Ent. pl. 257.
Habitat in Anglia.

Obs. This species is apparently very closely allied to E.
(Hyptia) minuta.*

Sp. 25. Evania (Hyptia) bicolor, Westw.

Ferruginea, abdomine piceo-nigro, antennis pedibusque nigris.
Long. corp. lin. 23, expans. alar. lin. 53.

Syn. Coranila thoracica, Leach, MSS. in Brit. Mag.

| Hyptiam thoracicum, Shk. Entomol. p. 120.]

Evania thoracica, Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins. vol. iv. p. 299.

Ferruginea, punctata, abdomine levi nitido. Caput piceum,
vertice rufescenti. Antenne in medio crassiores, nigree, apice
articuli basalis piceo. Thorax ferrugineus, postice pilis
argenteis vestitus. Pedunculus abdominis niger, apice piceo.
Abdomen piceo-nigrum. Ale leviter tincte, stigmate
nigro, vena cubitali alteraque brachiali abbreviata, cellulis
destitute. Pedes nigri, geniculis piceis.

Obs. I believe it is this species which Abbot has delineated in .
the twelfth volume of his unpublished drawings in the British
Museum Library, Number X. 75, from a specimen taken on the
27th August in Oakwoods, in Burke County. He figures it as
being 33 lines long by 5 in expanse, and of a red brown colour,
with the legs and antenne darker.

Sp. 26. Evania (Hyptia) reticulata.

Black, first joint of the antenne and anterior pairs of feet
piceous.—(Say, in Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Boston, 1836, vol. i.
p. 223, Brachygaster r.)

Inhabits Indiana.

“ Body black, reticulate with large punctures ; antenne not longer
than the trunk, with close set subequal joints ; first joint subclavate,
piceous, longest; second joint not longer than broad, shortest,
about half the length of the third; punctures on the posterior
face of the metathorax, more dilated than those of the thorax ;
wings hyaline, nervures fuscous; petiole about as long as the

* Indeed, according to the Marquis Spinola, it would appear to be only a
variety of that species.

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 247

abdomen, punctured ; abdomen orbicular, polished, unpunctured ;
feet, two anterior pairs, piceous.”
Length about one-fifth of an inch.

Sp. 27. Evania (Hyptia) Xanthops.

Syn. Brachygaster Xanthops, Shk. in Entomologist, p. 120.
Habitat in Brasilia.

Sp. 28. Evania (Hyptia) ruficeps.

Syn. Hyptiam ruficeps, Shk. in Entomologist, p. 121.
Habitat in Brasilia.

Sp. 29. Evania (Hyptia?) animensis.
Syn. Evania animensis, Spinola, in Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 247.
Found in gum anime. The fusiform antenne, and presence of
radial and cubital cells, seem to separate it from all the other
known species. Mr. Kirby also mentions an Evania observed by
“him in gum. Introd. to Ent. iv. p. 556. I also possess a distinct
species in gum anime, but cannot determine its characters.

Sp. 30. Hvania (Hyptia) crassicornis.
Syn. Evania crassicornis, Spinola, in Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 189,
Habitat in Colombia.

Obs. Evania tincta, fasciata, histrio, maculata, punctum, ruficollis,
sessilis, and variegata, of the early works of Fabricius, belong to
the genus Ceropales.

Prvecinus, Latreille.

This genus is at once distinguished from Evania, with which it
agrees in the hidden ovipositor, in having the abdomen greatly
elongated, that of the females being at least six times the length
of the head and thorax, slender and cylindrical, the basal joint
being the thickest. In the opposite sex (Pl. XIV. fig. 1) the
abdomen is about twice the length of the head and thorax, and
gradually clavate, the basal joint being very long. Latreille, unaware
of this sexual diversity, gave the male, as a distinct species, under
the name of Pel. clavator. The abdomen is attached to the meta-
thorax much lower than in Evania, and the posterior tibiz are
remarkably dilated in the females into an elongate ovate mass.
In the opposite sex they are more slender. The basal joint of the

248 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

two posterior tarsi is very short, the fourth also is short and some-
what dilated, the terminal joint being inserted before the extremity
so as to sit obliquely. The antennz, which are described by
Fabricius (Syst. Piez. p. 111) as 12-jointed, and by Latreille
(Gen. Cr. 3, 255) as 13-jointed, are distinctly 14-jointed in each
sex, the basal joint being short and thick, the second much shorter
and cup-shaped, and the remaining twelve long, very slender, and
cylindric. In both sexes they are annulated with white near the
extremity.

The parts of the mouth of this genus not having hitherto been
figured, I have thought it might be serviceable to add figures of
them, more especially as it will be seen that the descriptions given
both by Fabricius and Latreille in the works above quoted (and
copied by Saint Fargeau and Serville into the Encyclopedie Mé-
thodique, vol. x. p. 29) do not at all correspond with my figures.*
Thus Fabricius describes the mandible as ‘ intus tridentata, apice
acuta.” Latreille states the maxillary palpi to be 6-jointed, and the
labial 4-jointed, whilst Fabricius describes the same organs as being
respectively 5-jointed and 4-jointed; whereas they are in fact re-_
spectively} 5-jointed and 3-jointed. (Plate XIV. fig. 2a, represents
the head of the female seen in front ; 2b, the same seen side ways ;
2c, the labrum; 2d, the mandible; 2e, the maxilla; and 2/f, the
Jabium and its palpi.) The neuration of the wings in this genus —
is very unlike that of any other Hymenopterous genus, as will be
seen from my figure; in which the parts dotted are only very
slightly indicated, and can be séen only by shifting the wings in
various directions. With the view of exhibiting the manner in
which the variation in the position of the veins in this and several
allied genera is effected I have given a figure of the wing of
Pelecinus, Pl. XIV. fig. la, and have added figures of those of
Monomachus (P|. XIV. fig. 5a), Foenus (Pl. XV. fig. 2), and
Proctotrupes (P]. XIV. fig. 10); the last named genus being con-
sidered by Dr. Erichson as brought into close relation with Pele-
cinus by means of Monomachus. The analogous veins in the figures
of the wings are similarly lettered. That Proctotrupes is indeed
closely allied to Pelecinus is perhaps unquestionable; { and, in

* Of the correctness of these figures I will only observe, that they have been
made from an examination of many female specimens of Pel. politurator, and
from actual dissection of two individuals.

+ It appears to me that Latreille has mistaken a slight swelling near the base
of the fourth joint for an articulation.

¢ Mr. Haliday (Hym. Synops. 1. in Hym. Brit. Alysia) has formed Pelecinus

into a family of the Oryura, separating it from the Evaniade on account of its
trochanters being exarticulated.

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 249

retaining the latter genus in the present family, I have, perchance,
been too much influenced by the authority of Latreille, and have
too much relied upon the general resemblance exhibited by the
veining of the wings and singular hind feet of Pelecinus and
Feenus, which may prove but analogous relations, although Lvania
proves to us that the veins of the wings even in the typical genus
may be subject to become obsolete. In one character, indeed,
Proctotrupes differs from Pelecinus, the former having only four
joints to the maxillary palpi, whilst they are 5-jointed in the
latter.*

The tarsal ungues are entire in Pelecinus. The male differs
only from the female in the structure of the abdomen, as noticed
above; unlike the latter, in which the segments are of nearly
equal length, the basal joint alone equals three-fourths of the
entire length of the abdomen. The basal portion is slender and
cylindric, but about the middle of the segment there is a kind
of knot which has the appearance of an articulation, and beyond
this knot the segment is gradually incrassated. The four remain-
ing segments are very short.

This genus was instituted by Latreille in the ‘“ Bulletin de la
Société Philomatique,” No. 44 (1797—1801), and was adopted
by Fabricius in his ‘ Systema Piezatorum,” from the third volume
of Latreille’s “* Histoire Générale,” &c. p. 329.

“ Sp. 1. Pelecinus polituraior.

The typical species was originally figured by Drury + under the
name of Ichneumon polyturator, the latter name being evidently a
misprint for politurator, being intended to apply to the highly
polished appearance of the insect. This name was however
changed by Latreille and Fabricius into the unmeaning title poly-
cerator, which must of course be rejected. It was described by
Fabricius under the name of—

Ichneumon polycerator, Fabr. Sp. MS. 1, 430, No. 63; Mant.
Ins. 1, 265, 75; Gmelin, p. 2691, 141.

Pelecinus polycerator, Latr. Fabr.

Drury received his specimen from Jamaica, but Fabricius gave

* Mr. Curtis figures them in Proctotrupes as 5-jointed, but in his description
he expresses his doubts as to this being their true structure. My dissections
(Introd. to Mod. Class. vol. ii. p. 167, fig. 78, 4) agree with the description of
Latreille, Haliday, and Nees von Esenbeck.

+ Illustr. Exot. Ent. vol. 11. pl. 40, fig. 4.

¢ Latreille, Hist. Nat. 13, 195, refers to Linneus, probably by mistake for
Gmelin.

250 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

India as the locality of this species, from the information of Dr.
Fothergill. This, however, is incorrect, it and all the other species
of the genus being inhabitants of America.

The following is a description of the male, from specimens in
the collection of the British Museum, and which is represented in
PLOXDV. fiat 1:

Black, shining; four anterior tibize and tarsi brown; two basal
joints of posterior tarsi black, the remainder dirty white; the
wings having the costa and apex brown, the costa being the darkest
part.

Length 7 lines, expansion of wing 103 lines.

Specimens of the males are also preserved in the Royal Museum
of Berlin, where, upon the authority of Dr. Klug, they are ticketed
Pel. clavator, Latr., of which the following is the description :—

“ Pelecinus niger, antennarum articulo 10mo_tarsorumque
duorum posticorum articulis intermediis albidis, abdomine clavato.”
—Latr. in Dict. d’Hist. Nat. edit. 2.

As, however, the habitat given is Brazil, it is perhaps the male
of another species. The specific name is at all events inappro-
priate, being applicable to the males of all the species both of this
and the following genus.

I have received many specimens of Pelecinus politurator from
North America, and Dr. Harris has introduced it into his cata-
logue of the insects of Massachusets, as well as Pel. clavator. It
is also figured by Say in his American Entomology, vol. i. pl. 15,
who states that it is not uncommon in various parts of the United
States.

Since this memoir was prepared, the Baron de Romand has
published a note on this genus in Guérin’s Magasin de Zoologie,
1840, Ins. pl. 48 and 49, figuring the males of two supposed
species under the names of P. polycerator and polyturator (not
perceiving their identity and relying on the different spelling of
the name, as I had written the latter name on the sketch of the
male which I gave him when in London).

Dr. Klug, in his description of the species of this genus in the
Berlin collection, describes three varieties of P. politurator varying
in the punctation of the scutellum and metathorax, from North
America, Mexico, Columbia, and Brazil.

In the “ Delectus Animalium,” &c., of Drs. Spix and Von
Martius, Dr. Perty has described three species as belonging to
this genus, the third of which, however, is referable to Mono-
machus. The following is the description of the two other
species :-—

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 251

Pelecinus tibiator, Perty, Del. An. Art. Bz. p. 131.
(Pel. polycerator, id., pl. 26, fig. 8.)

*«‘ Niger, abdomine longissimo filiformi, alis albidis, stigmate
‘et margine antico brunneis, tibiis posticis incrassatis,
“ antenne annulo albo.
“ Long. corp. lin. 173, abd. 143, lat. 113.
“A Pel, clavatore, Latr., differt preter alias notas etiam mag-
nitudine.”’
Note.—Dr. Klug gives this as identical with P. politwrator.

Sp. 2. Pelecinus dichrous, Perty, loc. cit. Klug, in Germar, Zeitsch.
d. Ent. iii. p. 383.
“ Alis pellucidis, venis longitudinalibus et stigmate brunneis,
*‘thorace pedibusque sordide sanguineis, abdomine nigro,
“ tibiis posticis clavatis. Magnitudo Pel. tibiatoris.”
Syn. Pel. clavator 9, Spinola, in Guér. Mag. de Zool. 1842, pl.
93, fig. 1.

Sp. 3. Pelecinus Guerini, De Romand, in Guérin, Mag. de Zool.
1840, fig. 2 9, pl. 93, fig. 2 ¢.

Sp. 4. Pelecinus rufus, Klug, in Germar, Zeitsch. d. Ent. ii. 384,
tab. 2, fig. 2, 3.
Habitat in Brasilia.

Sp. 5. Pelecinus thoracicus, Klug, in Germar, Zeitsch. d. Ent.
ili, 384, pl. 2, fig. 5.
Habitat in Mexico.

Sp. 6. Pelecinus annulatus, Klug, in Germar, Zeitsch. d. Ent.
iii, 384, pl. 2, fig. 4.
Habitat in Monte Video.

Sp. 7. Pelecinus Duponchellit, De Romand, Guér. Mag. d. Zool.
1842, pl. 86, fig. 1, 1b.

Sp. 8. Pelecinus Spinola, De Romand, in Guér. Mag. d. Zool.
1842, pl. 86, fig. 2.

202 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Mownomacuus, Klug, MSS.

No characters of this genus have been hitherto published, nor
am I aware that any of the species have been described, except
the one mentioned above by Perty. In the elongated form of the
abdomen, the concealed ovipositor of the female, and the clavation
of the abdomen of the males, it approaches Pelecinus ; but in the
structure of the head, antenne, posterior tibize, and tarsi, and the
neuration of the wings, it is very distinct from that genus. I
have not had an opportunity of examining the trophi. The fol-
lowing are its principal characters :—

Caput crassum, genis plus minusve dilatatis (Pl. XIV. fig. 3a,
caput maris; 4a, caput feminee). Mandibule magne, valide,
intus I-dentate. Palpi graciles. Antenne elongate ¢,
14-articulatee, corpore toto longiores (fig. 56), articulo basali
parvo crasso, 2do minuto, reliquis cylindricis elongatis, longi-
tudine equalibus; 9 15-articulate (fig. 4b), articulis versus
apicem gradatim crassioribus et brevioribus. Thorax oblongo-
ovatus. Collari valde conspicuo obtrigono. Ale (fig. 5a)
nervis distinctis, ce!lulé unicd marginali parva elongato-
triangulari, cellulisque duabus submarginalibus, quarum prior
grandis, altera ad apicem extendit, cellulis discoidalibus dis- -
tinctis. dle postice nervis distinctis. Pedes sat graciles,
postici formee ordinariz. Abdomen g capite cum thorace
duplo Jongius, segmento 1mo pedunculiformi, gracili, cylin-
drico, dimidii abdominis longitudine, segmentis reliquis 5
clavam elongato-ovatam formantibus, basalibus majoribus ;
@ (fig. 4c) capite cum thorace fere quadruplo longius, gracile,
curvatum, in medio subinflatum et ad apicem valde acumi-
natum, (oviductu occulto,) 7-annulatum, segmento 2do
latiori.

Genus Brasiliense.

Sp. 1. Monomachus Klugu, (Plate XIV. fig. 4).

Ferrugineus, abdomine piceo nigro, pedunculo ferrugineo, alis
pallidé tinctis, cum macula fused terminali, genis valdé dila-
tatis, antennis fuscis pedibusque rufescentibus 9.

Long. corp. lin. 103, expans. alar. lin. 10.

Mon. lanceolatus, Klug, MSS.

Habitat in Brasilia.

In Mus. Reg. Berolinensi. —

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 253

Sp. 2. Monomachus lateralis, Klug, MSS. (PI. XIV. fig. 3.)

Niger, tenue punctatus, abdomine subpiloso, mandibulis luteo-
fuscescentibus, pedibus 4 anticis (cum coxis pallidé albidis)
luteo-fuscis; femoribus in medio obscurioribus; pedibus
2 posticis cum coxis nigro-fuscis; abdomine luteo-marginato ;
alis hyalinis immaculatis g.

Long. corp. lin. 53, expans. alar. lin. 83.

Habitat in Brasilia. Sello.

In Mus. Reg. Berol.

Sp. 3. Monomachus segmentator.

Obscuré flavescens; capitis vertice fusco variegato, collare
macula sublunaté fusca; mesothorace fusco, metathorace
nigro, punctato, pedunculo supra nigyro, infra flavido, segmentis
reliquis abdominalibus piceis, marginibus maculaque cuneata
ad basin segmenti 3tii utrinque flavidis; abdomine setis
tribus minutis terminato; capite thoraceque subtus articulisque
basalibus pedum obscure flavidis, pedibus posticis fuscis ;
antennis corpore longioribus, filiformibus, articulo 1mo crasso,
2ndo minuto, reliquis longitudine equalibus. g. (Fig. 54,
ala, 5 b, antenna, ¢.)

Long. corp. lin. 6, expans. alar. lin. 6.

Habitat ———?

In Mus. Britt.

Sp. 4. Monomachus JSuscator.

« Brunnescenti-niger, pedibus et abdomine parum dilutioribus,
“hoe ad medium inflato, ad apicem acuminato ; antennis
* unicoloribus, ad apicem perpaullum crassioribus ; alis
** minime infuscatis, tibiis posticis parum incrassatis” 9.

Long. corp. lin. 7.

Habitat in Brasilia.

Syn. Pelecinus fuscator, Perty, Delect. Animal. Art. Braz. No. 3.

Sp. 5. Monomachus gladiator, Klug, MSS. (spec. indescr.)

Habitat Bahia. Gomez.
In Mus. Reg. Berol.

Sp. 6. Monomachus apicalis, Klug, MSS. (spec. indeser.)
Habitat in Bahia Brasiliz, M. Von Winthem.
In Mus. Reg. Berol.
VOL: Ill,

rei

(NS)
cn
TS

Mr. J. O. Westwood on Fvania and

Sp. 7. Monomachus falcator, Klug. MSS. (spec. indescr.)
Habitat St. Joan del Rey. Sello.

Obs. C. Darwin, Esq., brought home a species of this genus,
which has for some time past been in the hands of W. E. Shuckard,
Esq., for description,

The three following genera are at once distinguished from the
preceding by having the ovipositor long and exserted.

Fanus, Fabricius.

Tuis genus is remarkable on account of several peculiarities which
it exhibits. The strongly dentated mandibles, the minute tongue-
like labrum, the antennze composed of thirteen joints in the male
and of fourteen in the female, the elongated prothorax forming
a long neck, the singular posteriorly dilated parapsides of the
mesothoracic scutum (giving the appearance in some species of a
separate subsegment), the insertion of the abdomen close to the
mesoscutellum, the clavate hind legs, and the curious arrangement
of the veins of the wings (Pl. XV. fig. 2), are all exceedingly
characteristic, and render this one of the most isolated genera.
1 have illustrated the majority of these characters with figures in
the “Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects,”
vol. il. p. 134.

Latreille appears to have dissected a female, since he describes
only the mandibles of that sex ; and Mr. Curtis, who dissected
F. assectator, figures these organs as of a different form in the
two sexes. In all the specimens of F. jaculator, australis, and
unguiculatus, which I have dissected, including males and females,
they were alike in form, all having a very strong and acute basal
tooth within, which appears wanting in the male of assectator.

The labium also in F. jaculator and unguiculatus was much
longer than in Mr. Curtis's figure.

The inferior wings are destitute of cells, the veins being almost
obsolete.

The following is a monograph of all the species of the genus

some allied Genera of Hymenopierous Insects. 255

hitherto described, or which 1 have met with in various collec-
tions :—

Sp. 1. Meenus jaculator.

Niger, mesothorace transversé striolato, abdomine medio rufe,
oviductu longitudine corporis, vaginis apice albis, tibiis posticis
basi macula alba notatis.

Long. corp. cum terebra 9 lin, 1i—13, (103 Dahlb.)

Habitat per totam Europam.

Syn. Ichneumon jaculator, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 406, 1626;
Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 2, p.177; Foenus jaculator, Faby. Ent. Syst.
Suppl. 240; Syst. Piez. p. 141; Nees ab Esenb. Hym. Mon. J,
307; Dahlbom, Exere. Hym. pars 6, p. 76; Westwood, Introd.
Mod. Syst. 2, p. 134, fig. 74, 8—16; Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp.
p- 408.

Obs. Fabricius tibias posticas “ basi apiceque albis”’ describit,
et Neesius et Curtisius easdem partes nigras basi albas
(annulo albo, Curt.), tarsis fuscis, posticorum Imo articulo albo,
sed de diversitate sexuum in colore harum partium tacent.
Dahlbomius tibias et tarsos pedum posticorum in utroque
sexu annulis basalibus albis describit, et Zetterstedtius “ tibias
posticas basi szepe etiam articulum primum tarsorum annulo
albo instructo.” Specimina plurima utriusque sexus ipse
cepi, omnia inter se (secundum sexum) congruentia, in quibus
tibiae posticee omnium maculam albam in facie interna tibi-
arum posticarum (nec vero annulum) exhibent, articuloque
basali tarsorum posticorum in foeminis (basi excepto) albo,
in maribus vero tarsis omnino nigris. Differt foemina abdo-
minis colore rufo obsoleto ; talem descripsit Geoffroius (Hist.
Ins. Paris, 2, p. 328, Ichneumon, No. 16).

Sp. 2. Feenus assectator.

Niger, mesothoracis tergo subtilissime varioloso, abdomine latere
rufo maculato, tibiis posticis interdum basi albidis ; mandibulis
nigris, apice rufis; oviductu tibiarum posticarum longitudine
vaginis nigris.

Long. corp. ¢ circiter lin. 5—7, lin. (83—42, Dhlb.)

Habitat per totam Kuropam.

Syn. Ichnewmon assectator, Linn, Faun. Suec. p. 407; Meenus
affectator, Fab. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 240; Esenb. Hym. Monogr.
1, p. 308; Feenus assectator, Curtis, Brit. Ent, pl. 423 9; Dahlb.
Exerc. Hym. p. 77.

2.

256 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Sp. 3. Feenus Esenbeckii, Westw.

Piceo-rufus, mesothoracis tergo evidentius rugosulo; antennis
rufis, articulo Stio fusco ; mandibulis rufis, apice nigris ; alis
lutescenti-hyalinis, areolA minutad discoidali subconicd; ovi-
ductu abdomine quadruplo breviori ¢.

Long. corp. (absque oviduct.) lin. 4, oviduct. #.

Habitat in Germania, prope Sickershausen.

Syn. Feenus affectator, var. (3 N. ab Esenb. Hym. Monogr, 1,

p- 309.

Certe ¢ I’. assectatore species distincta, coloribus sculptura et
forma areola discoidalis diversa; caput rufum, vertice piceo,
antice albo-sericanti, macula piced subtus insertionem anten-
narum ; mandibule rufé, apice nigra; antenne rufz, articulo
tertio et apicali fuscis; collum nigrum, mesothoracis tergum
evidentius rugosulum, nigro-piceum; pectus nigrum, latera
thoracis et metathoracis rufa; abdomen fuscum, segmentis
intermediis apice fulvis; oviductus abdomine quadruplo
brevior, vaginis nigris; coxe nigra; pedes rufi, femoribus
4: anticis medio piceis; ale flavido-tinctee, areol4 minuté dis-
coidali versus apicem evidenter angustiori (in FP. assectatore
fere parallela).

Sp. 4. Faenus erythrostomus, Dahlbom.

Niger, sericeo-micans, tergo mesothoracis subtilissime coriaceo ;
mandibulis totis abdominisque medio ferrugineis, tibiis posticis
albo-annulatis, oviductu fere abdominis longitudine, vaginis
apice albis 9.

Long. corp. lin. 45.

Habitat in West Gothia, Smolandia, et Ost Gothia, Dahlbom.

F.assectatorirobustior, fere ut gaculator. Corpus nigrum, sericeo-
micans, mandibulis totis fesrrugineis vix summo apice nigri-
cantibus ; mesothorax tergo subtilissime coriaceus; abdominis
segmenta 2dum et 3um tota, 4-tumque macula laterali ferru-
gined; oviductus 2} lin. et abdomen 2? lin. longitudine,
terebra rufo-testacea, vaginis nigris, apice albis. Pictura
pedum F’, assectatoris.

Syn. Feenus erythrostomus, Dahlbom, Exercitationes Entomo-

logicee, Pars vi. p. 78.

Obs. Individua nonnulla olim vidi in Muszo D. Ingpen, mense
Julio, prope ‘“ Highgate” capta, oviductum fere quartam
partem unciz longitudine habentia, An hae species ?

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 257

Sp. 5. Foenus hastator, Fabricius.

Rufus, antennis (articulo Imo excepto) nigris, abdomine rufo,
basi fasciaque fuscis; oviductu brevi nigro, pedibus rufis, tibiis
posticis incrassatis atris.

Statura omnino F’ assectator.

Habitat in Barbaria.

Nunc in Mus. Hafniz.

Syn. Feenus hastator, Fabr., Syst. Piez. p. 142.

Teste Cl. Erichsonii (qui notas plurimas collectionis Fabriciane

collegit mecumque illas benevole communicavit), descriptio Va-
briciana abdominis vitiosa, coloris flavi nullis vestigiis apparentibus.

Sp. 6. Maenus Capensis, Serville.

Species mihi ignota, a Guérino in “ Iconographie du Regne
Animal,” Insectes, pl. 65, fig. 4, delineata. Descriptio ejus
nondum edita.

Sp. 7. Moenus irritator.

Hec species, Americz Septentrionalis incola, mihi etiam ignota,
a Cl. Harrisio in Catalogo Insectorum Massachusettensium nomine
tantum indicata.

Sp. 8. Feenus Guildingu, Westw.

Gracilis, niger, thoracis et abdominis lateribus rufescentibus ;
oviductu fere corporis longitudine, vaginis et terebra apice
albidis, tibiis et tarsis 4 anticis albis ¢ 9.

Long. corp. (absque oviduct. 9) lin, 53, oviduct. lin. 5, expans.

alar. lin. 5.
Habitat in Insula St. Vincentii, D. Guilding.
In Mus. Dom. Hope.

Species valde elongata et attenuata; caput nigrum, albo-sericans ;
antenne nigra, apice piceee aut rufee; collum elongatum
nigrum, lateribus sericantibus ; pectus et latera meso- et meta-
thoracis rufa, tergum nigrum punctatum; abdomen valde
elongatum, piceo-nigrum, segmentis intermediis lateribus
lutescenti-rufis; oviductus longitudine abdominis et thoracis
piceus, apice albido; coxz 4 antice rufe, posticee 2 nigree ;
trochanteres et femora nigra; tibiae et tarsi 4 antici albi, illis
lined tenui internd nigricanti et horum apice fusco; tibiae
posticee nigrae, basi interne macula alba ; tarsi postici nigri,
articulo basali in g annulo albo; areola minuta discoidalis
apice angustior, in 9 triangularis.

258 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Sp. 9. Feenus gracilhmus, Westw.

Tenuissimus, capite levi, collo valde elongato, thoracis dorso
punctato, antennarum articulo basali subtus, ore, pedibus 2
anticis, coxisque intermediis fulvis ; tibiis tarsisque 4 anticis
albido-lineatis ; pedibus posticis omnino nigricantibus ; seg-
mentis abdominalibus ad apicem fulvis.

Long. corp. lin. 6, expans. alar. lin, 6.

Habitat in Demerara.
In Mus. Brit. D. Latham.

Sp. 10. Feenus dorsalis, Westw.

Ferrugineus, capite supra, medio mesonoti scutelloque nigris ;
abdomine piceo, segmentis apice rufescentibus; pedibus piceo-
rufis, femoribus tibiisque 4 anticis in medio obscurioribus 9.

Long. corp. lin. 5, expans. alar. lin. 43.

Habitat in Hispania. D. Latreille.

In Mus. Britann.

ferrugineo-rufus, capitis vertice obscuro, facie sericea; antennz
piceze; scutellum et medium mesonoti nigra; metathorax
ferrugineus; abdomen longum, piceo-nigrum, segmentis
apice rufescentibus; pedes piceo-rufi, femora 4 antica in
medio tibiaque anticz picea; oviductus segmento ultimo
abdominis haud longior ; alee parum fusco-tincte.

Sp. 11. Feenus terminalis, Westw.

Niger, thorace levi opaco, lateribus rufo-piceis ; tibiis 4 anticis
albis, lined interné nigra, posticis nigris clavatis, annulo basali
albo ; tarsis albis, apice fuscis ; oviductu longitudine corporis,
vaginis apice late albis ¢.

Long. corp. lin. (oviductu excluso) 93, expans. alar. lin. 103.

Habitat in Nova Hollandia et Terra Van Diemenii.

In Mus. Dom. Hope et Newman.

Species gracilis; caput nigrum opacum, antice et postice albo-
sericans; antennee nigrze; mesothoracis tergum lave opacum ;
latera thoracis versus tergum et tegulz ferruginea; pectus
nigrum aut piceum, albo-sericans ; abdomen valde elongatum
gracile, sensim incrassatum ; oviductus longitudine abdominis
et thoracis ; terebra ferruginea, vaginis nigris apice late albis ;
coxe 4 anticee rufee aut piceee, femoribus rufis aut piceis, tibiis
tarsisque albis, illis lined tenui interné nigra, horum apice
fusco; femora 2 postica nigra; tibice clavate nigra, basi annulo
albo; tarsi albi, basi et extremo apice nigris; ale hyaline,
stigmate nigro, areola discoidali parva apicem versus paullo

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 259

latiori. Variat capite antice, lateribus mesonoti, femoribus et
parte infera abdominis rufo-piceis.

Sp. 12. Feenus australis, Westw.

Piceo-niger punctatissimus, thorace varioloso, capite antice,
thoracis abdominisque lateribus corporeque toto subtus
piceo-ferrugineis ; antennis nigris, pedibus piceo-ferrugineis,
femoribus supra linea nigra notatis ¢.

Long. corp. lin, 7}, exp. alar. lin, 9.

Habitat in Nova Hollandia.

In Mus. Westwood.

Syn. Feenus australis, Westw., in Proc. Zool. Soc. April 14, 1835.

Mandibule elongate, similiter dentate (fig. 1), dente valido
interno basali, dentibusque tribus parvis ante apicem positis ;
alee vix colorate, apicibus nonnihil infuscatis ; tarsi postici
compressi, ad basin lati.

Sp. 13. Feenus unguiculatus, Westw. (Pl. XV. fig. 1.)

Niger, rufo-piceo varius, areola minuta discoidali obliterata,
unguibus tarsorum maximis (in pedibus posticis dimidium
tarsorum longitudine equantibus) ¢.

Long. corp. lin. 53, expans, alar. lin. 8.

Habitat in Nova Hollandia ?

In Mus. Dom. Hope.

F. australi affinis, Caput nigrum, subtilissime coriaceum, facie
albo-sericanti; mandibulz piceae, dente magno truncato ante
apicem alteroque magno acuto nigricanti versus basin, interne
armatee (fig. 1a); antennz piceo-nigre, articulo lmo basi et
apice ferrugineo; mesothoracis tergum antice et ad latera et
scutellum in medio nigra; latera thoracis piceo-rufa; abdo-
men brevius, sensim clavatum, piceum, basi nigrum, seg-
mentorum marginibus magis rufescentibus ; pedes piceo-rufi,
coxis fernoribusque supra obscurioribus, tibiis posticis parum
clavatis, calecaribus elongatis; tarsi postici breviores com-
pressi; ungues tarsorum quam in reliquis speciebus multo
longiores, presertim in pedibus posticis, in quibus dimidium
tarsorum longitudine fere equant; ale hyaline, areola
parva discoidali obliterata, scil. areola 1ma submarginali cum
illa effusa.

Sp. 14, Feenus Darnini, Westw.
Piceo-niger, rufo-varius, pedibus rufo-fulvis, areola discoidali
magna ¢.
Long. corp. lin. 2, expans, alar. lin, 43.

260 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Habitat in Nova Hollandia. Dom. Darwin.

Parvus, forma fere FP. unguiculati.

Caput piceum, punctatum, margine oculorum et clypei mandi-
bulisque rufescentibus, his apice nigris; antennze piceze, subtus
pallidiores, articulo Imo magis rufescenti; thorax brevis,
rufus; tergum punctatum, macula magna antica, alterisque
duabus Jateralibus scutelloque in medio nigris; abdomen
rufo-piceum, segmentis apice nigricantibus ; pedes piceo-rufi,
tarsis gracilibus obscurioribus, tarsis posticis articulis externe
ad apicem acute productis; ala hyaline, stigmate nigro,
areola discoidali quam in congeneribus multo majori conica.

Sp. 15. Feenus rufus, Westw.

Totus rufus, alis hyalinis ¢.

Long. corp. lin. 53, expans. alar. lin. 63.

Habitat in Australia occidentali, D. Gould.

In Mus. Hope.

F. australi etiam affinis. Totus rufus; caput et thorax punctata,
spatio parvo antico mesothoracis transverse striolato ;_ man-
dibulz apice extremo picez ; ale hyaline, stigmate in medio
lutescenti, areola discoidali magnitudine mediocri; thorax
lateribus parum sericantibus.

Sp. 16. Feenus Senegalensis, Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins. vol. iv. p. 300.

Habitat in Senegallia.
In Mus. Reg. Paris.

Sp. 17. Feenus Brasiliensis, Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins. vol. iv. p. 300.

Habitat in Brasilia.
In Mus. Reg. Paris.

Autacus, Jurine.

This genus, founded by Jurine, differs from Feenus, in having
the veins of the wings disposed in the ordinary manner, and in
the slender hind legs and shorter abdomen, in which respects it
assumes much of the ordinary appearance of some of the /chneu-
monide. Like Feenus it has the ovipositor long, and formed as in
that genus, and the antennz are composed of thirteen joints in the
males (PI. XIV. fig. 8a) and of fourteen in the females (fig. 8b).
No figures of the Trophi having hitherto been published, I have
added the details of the mouth of 4. Patratz, taken from a male
specimen; but as that was the sex dissected by Latreille * (vide

* In the details of the mouth of this genus, as well as of Fanus, Esenbeck

has relied upon Latieille’s description, copying it almost verbatim without ac-
knowledgment.

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 201

Gen. Crust. 4, 385), and as Jurine’s figure of the mandible of
A, striatus (taken from his unique female) differs in the toothing
from my dissections and Latreille’s description, I considered it
probable that the difference might be sexual; having, however,
also dissected a female of 4. ater I find that its mandibles (fig. 9a)
are short, with a rather broad obtuse apical tooth, and three others
smaller and more obtuse within. In the males of 4. Patrati they
are, as described by Latreille, ‘‘ corneze breves crassiusculz, latere
interno tridentato, dente apicali acutiore, paullo longiore, inferis
duobus obtusis” (fig. 8d); in one mandible however the apical
tooth was furnished with a slight acute process within, like
the rudiment of another tooth (fig. 8e) The labrum (Pl. XIV.
fig. 8c), overlooked by Latreille and Esenbeck, is very minute
and membranaceous, subtriangular, with the angles rounded and
the sides rather emarginate. The maxillary palpi are 6-jointed
(fig. 8f), and the labial ones 4-jointed (fig. 8g). ‘The abdomen
is implanted on the tergum of the metathorax, at a much greater
distance from the scutellum than in Feenus. The fore wings have
one large marginal cell and three submarginal ones ; the first of
which generally receives the first recurrent vein, although in some
species this vein extends to the place of union of the first trans-
verso-cubital vein with the cubital one, so as in fact to become
continuous with the first transverso-cubital. In 4. compressus
the first recurrent vein is inserted in the second submarginal
cell. The first transverso-cubital vein is very oblique, the
second is generally obliterated in the middle so as to give the
appearance of the second submarginal cell being outwardly in-
complete, this second submarginal cell receives the second recur-
rent vein, but at a short distance before its insertion the cubital
vein itself is seen to be slightly angulated with a slight thickening
at the angle, indicating, as it were, the obliteration of an inter-
mediate transverso-cubital vein, which could extend to the upper
extremity of the first of these transverse veins. The third sub-
marginal cell extends to the extremity of the wing; the veins of
the hind wing are almost obsolete. The legs are slender, the bind
ones not incrassated, as in Stephanus and Foenus; the ungues of
the tarsi are acute at the tip, with two teeth within (fig. 7c).

On reviewing the characters of this genus we find them agree-
ing with none of the Jchneumones genuini. With Alysia, however,
they present a much nearer relationship, especially in the broad
dentate mandibles (although the position of these organs at rest
is quite different in the two genera), the labrum, maxillae, labium,
and palpi. With the exception of the second recurrent vein being

262 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

obsolete in Alysia, the veins of the wings of the two genera are
nearly identical. ‘The number of joints of the antenna, and the
mode of insertion of the abdomen, thus become almost the only
material characters to separate this genus from some of the Jch-
neumones adsciti ; indeed, Nees von Esenbeck introduces it into his
family Ichneumonides, with the observation “ locum inter Sigal-
phum et Feenum jure meritoque tenet, utrique affinis ;”* but in
Sigalphus the mandibles have the characters of those of the
genuine Jchneumons. The relationship of 4ulacus to Feenus, on
the other hand, is far more strong, especially in the two family
characters mentioned above, namely, the number of joints of the
antenne and the insertion of the abdomen, as well as in the ex-
serted ovipositor and number of joints of the palpi. No figure
of the male of this genus having been hitherto figured, I have
added a representation of that sex of 4. Erichsonii.

The following is a description of all the species of the genus
with which I am acquainted :—

Sp. 1. Aulacus striatus, Jurine.

Niger, pedibus totis abdomineque rufis, coxis posticis petioloque
nigris, capite levi, antennis nigris, thoracis dorso transversim
sulcato, alis hyalinis immaculatis, nervis et stigmate fuscis 9.

Long. corp. lin. 32 (in fig. Jurin.).

Habitat in Helvetiz Montosis, Jur., etiam in Lapponia, prope
Caput Boreale, Esenbeck.

Syn. Aulacus striatus, Jur. Hym. p. 90, pl. 7, G. 3; Esen-
beck, Insecta Lapponica, p. 407; nec Latr. Gen. Cr. et Ins. iv.
p. 336.

In Mus. Berol. vidi.

Variat, secundum D. Servilleum, ore margineque antico et
postico oculorum testaceis.

Sp. 2. Aulacus gloriator.

Ater, abdomine medio pedibusque rufis, coxis trochanteribusque
nigris, tibiis 2 posticis fuscis, tarsis flavidis, alis macula stig-
maticali apiceque fuscis.

Long. corp. lin. 53.

Habitat prope Viennam, N. ab Esenb. Gartz. Pomerania, Mus.
Berol.

In Mus. Univers. Bonne et Reg. Berol.

* Insecta Lapponica, p, 408.

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 263

Syn. Bassus gloriator, Fab. Syst. Piez. p. 99 (teste Erichson,
MSS. in Mus. Berol).
Aulacus flagellatus, Dahl, N. ab Esenb. Hym. Mon. 1,
305,

In individuo Neesiano petiolus abdominis manifeste brevior est
quam in A. Patrati, et ale flavido (presertim ad costam)
tincte, striola etiam mesothoracis dorsi minus profunde et
numerosiores.

Sp. 3. Aulacus Patrati, Serville.

Niger, abdomine medio pedibusque rufis, femoribus omnibus
tibiisque posticis (basi et apice exceptis) nigro-fuscis, geniculis
rufis, antennis nigris ; capite levi; alis hyalinis, stigmate et
macula a stigmate descendenti fasciam abbreviatam con-
stituente, fuscis, thorace reticulato rugoso.

Long. corp. ¢ (absque terebra) lin. 5 (Serville), lin, 54 (Esen-
beck), lin. 44 (indiv. nostr.) ; 43 @.

Habitat in Europa Media.

Syn. Adulacus Patrati, Serville, in Ann. Soc, Ent. de France,

1833, p. 412, tab. 15, fig.c; Esenb. Hym. Monogr. Suppl.
vol. i. p. 320.

Aulacus Latreilleanus, Nees ab Esenb., Hym. Ichn. Affin.
Monogr. vol. i. p. 304, 1834,

Aulacus striatus, Latr., Gen. Cr. et Ins. iv. p. 386; Serville
and St. Farg., Encycl. Méth. x. p. 31, cum preecedenti
confusus.

Aulacus sagittator, Pallas, MSS. in Mus. Berol.

‘‘ In pinetis Vasconiz,” Latreille. ‘ Environs de Tours,” Ser-

ville. ‘* Prope Sickershausen,” Nees ab Esenbeck.

g in Mus. Westwood. D. Klug communic.

Obs. In individuis Neesiano et Servilliano, vena prima recur-
rens in aream lam submarginalem ascendit spatio brevi ante
initium ares 2dze submarginalis. In individuis Latreilleo
descriptis, ut et In nostris utriusque sexus, vena prima recur-
rens ad angulum lateris inferi et secundze areze submarginalis
initium ascendit. Confer etiam observationes sub dulacum
compressum.

Sp. 4. Aulacus obscuripennis, Westw., 9.
Niger, capite lavissimo, thorace antice irregulariter transverse
striato, postice rugoso, abdomine medio rufo; alis hyalinis,

9

~~

64 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Mvania and

nubila parva media, fascia substigmaticali apiceque tenui
fuscis.
Long. corp. lin. 53 (absque terebra), expans. alar. lin. 93.
Habitat in Polonia (Waga).
In Mus. Reg. Berol.

Praecedentibus major.

Coxe et femora nigra, geniculis rufis; tibiee et tarsi 4 antici rufi,
tibiae posticze nigree, basi et apice rufee; tarsi rufi. An dulaco
Patratt vere distinctus ?

Sp. 5. Aulacus Lrichsonii, Westw. (PI. XIV. fig. 6.)

Gracilis, niger, antennarum articulo Imo subtus fulvo, abdominis
dimidio basali (petiolo nigro) rufo, fascia tenui transversd
nigra, apice nigro; coxis nigris, pedibus 4 anticis flavido-rufes-
centibus, femoribus 2 posticis fuscis, tibiis obscuris, apice
rufescentibus, tarsis omnibus albidis, alis nubild substigmaticali
apiceque parum fuscis ¢.

Long. corp. lin. 53, expans. alar. lin. 9.

Habitat prope Berolinum, D, Erichson.

In Mus. Reg. Berol.

Sp. 6. Aulacus compressus, Spinola.

Niger, abdomine medio rufo, alis immaculatis, stigmate venisque
nigris, mandibulis 3-dentatis, pedibus nigris, tibiis tarsisque
anticis piceis ¢.

Long. corp. lin. 8.

Habitat in Montibus Orerii (Liguria) Spinola.

Specimen unicum a Spinola capta. Latreillius autem dicit
* Aulacum compressum forsan precedentis [ Mul. striati seu
Aul. Patrati, Serv., Aul. Latreilleani, Esenb.| varietatem a
Dom. Spinola accepi. Alae Aulact compressi simili modo re-
ticulatz,” ut in individuis suis dul. Patrati (striati, Latr.).
De hac re Neesius inquit, ‘ nostrum non est has lites dirimere,
cum dul. compressum, Spin., videre non contigerit, forsan
duarum hic commiscentur specierum individua, sed quoniam
vir acutissimus 4ulaco compresso disertis verbis tribuit nervas
recurrentes duos mediam areolam cubitalem petentes et alas
immaculatas esse perhibet donec res accuratius illustretur
speciel propriz esse hune 4ulacum a cl. Spinola inventa non
dubitamus.” Contra sententiam Latreillii magnitudo insecti,
color pedum et alae immaculate insuper speciem distinctam
indicant.

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 265

Sp. 7. Aulacus thoracicus, Klug, MSS.

Niger, collari et mesothoracis dorso sanguineo, striato, alis costa
areola marginali et Ima submarginali fuscis ¢ 9.

Long. corp. lin. 5, expans. alar. lin. 9.

(abitat apud Promont. Bonz Spei, Krebs.

In Mus. Reg. Berol. et nostr.

Oviductus 9 brevior; scutellum g nigrum, g rufum; tarsi
2 postici 9 articulo basali albo.

Sp. 8. dulacus Stephanoides, Westw.

Niger, capite et antennarum articulo basali luteis, abdomine
elongato gracili, oviductu abdomine duplo longiori, terebra
rufa, vaginis nigris apice albis, alis apice parum fuscis 9.

Long. corp. lin. 7, oviduct. lin. 11, expans. alar. lin. 11.

Habitat in Brasilia, Virmond.

In Mus. Reg. Berol.

Alee hyalinze, stigmate nigro, vena 2dA transverso-cubitali per-
fecta et fere recta; mesothorax antice bilobatus.

Sp. 9. Aulacus hyalinipennis, Westw.

Niger, facie et articulo Imo antennarum fulvis, alis hyalinis,
stigmate nigro apice fusco, pedibus 4 anticis fulvis, femoribus
posticis fuscis, tibiis rufescentibus, tarsis fulvis g.

Long. corp. lin. 5, expans. alar. lin. 6.

Habitat Mexico.

In Mus. Reg. Berol.

Species gracillima; caput parvum, facie et partibus infera et
postica fulvis; antennze nigra, articulo basali fulvo; collum
elongatum nigrum, subtus fulvum; thorax et abdomen nigra,
hoe compresso; alz valde hyalinze, apice fusco, stigmate
nigro; pedes postici coxis et femoribus fuscis, geniculis fulvis,
tibiis rufescentibus, tarsis fulvis, apice fuscis; palpi fusci.

Sp. 10. dulacus ater, Westw.

Totus ater, alis pallidé fuscescentibus, areolA externo-medid
plaga parva posticd, alteraque minuta cum stigmate connexd
fuscis 9.

Long. corp. lin. 7, expans. alar. lin. 113.

Habitat in Nova Scotia.

In Mus. Reg. Berol. et nostr.

Syn. Aulacus niger, Shuckard, in Entomologist, p. 124,

266 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Caput et thorax pubescentia grisea parum induta; oviductus
corpore fere longitudine equalis; terebra picea; meso-
thorax transverse striatus; ale fuscescenti hyaline, apice
parum obscuriores, stigmate nigro; striga minuta in parte
postica areola externo-mediz et macula parva sub stigma
apicem areolz Imze submarginalis occupante.

A variety of this species, with a red fascia across the middle of
the abdomen, is figured amongst Abbott’s drawings in the British
Museum, vol. xii. fig. 18.

Sp. 11. Aulacus? fasciatus, Say.

Alis violaceis, fascia media hyalina.

Long. corp. lin. 6.

Habitat ad Ohium fluvium, Amer. Septentr.

Syn. dAulacus fasciatus, Say., Contrib. of the Maclurian
Lyceum, 1, p. 69, Jan. 1829; Serville, Ann, Soc. Ent. France,
1833, p. 412; Nees ab Esenb. Hym. Mon. 1, p. 320.

Sp. 12. dulacus Abbottu, Westw.

Niger, abdomine versus basin rufo; pedibus rufis, alis strig4
parva versus basin maculaque pone stigmata fuscis 9.

Long. corp. lin. 7, oviduct. lin. 8, expans. alar. lin. 11.

Habitat in Georgia Americe.

In Mus. Britann.

Caput tenuissimé punctatum, pubescentia grisea parum indutum ;
palpi et antennze nigri; mesothorax transverse striatus, striis
anticis magis distantibus; abdomen nigrum, segmenti Imi
apice et 2do (apice excepto) rufis; terebra rufa, vaginis
nigris apice piceis; pedes rufi, coxis nigris, trochanteribus
posticis fuscis, alis pallidé flavido-hyalinis, striga tenui versus
basin apiceque areole Imz submarginalis fusco, stigmate
nigro.

Sp. 13. dulacus rufus, Westw.

Rufus, antennis (basi excepto} et abdominis basi nigris, alarum
apice fusco.

Long. corp. lin. 8, expans. alar. lin. 14.

Habitat in Terra Van Diemenii.

In Mus. Hope.

Caput nitidum; mandibule apice nigra; antenne nigre, articulis
duobus basalibus rufis, 3tio piceo; thorax transverse striatus,

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 267

lobis lateralibus et anticis valde distinctis ; petiolus abdominis
elongatus, niger, nitidus; terebra rufa, vaginis nigris; alz
hyalinz, apice fusco-tincte, stigmate nigro, areola costali,
apice fusco.

Sp. 14. Aulacus cingulatus, Westw.

Rufus, antennis piceis, articulo 7mo albo 9.
Long. corp. lin. 53, expans. alar. lin. 11.
Habitat apud Fluvium Cygnorum, Nov. Holl.
In Mus. Hope.

Caput rufum, leve; mandibule apice nigre ; antenne picex,

articulis basalibus rufis, 7mo albo, r fines magis nigricantibus ;
thorax rufus transverse striatus, tegulis albidis, lobis anticis
mesonoti valde elevatis; abdomen ovatum petioli brevi,
rufum nitidum, basi supra nigrum ; pedes rufi, tibiis 2 posticis
in medio piceis; oviductus abdomine fere triplo longior ;
terebra rufa, vaginis nigris ; alee valde hyaline, iridescentes,

stigmate et venis nigris, nubildque minuta apicali fusca.

Sp. 15. Aulacus lateritius.

Lateritius: abdominis et alarum basi, antennarum apice nigris
articulisque 7 et 8 flavo-albidis, alisque ad apicem macula
parva fused, tibiis tarsisque posticis extus fuscis.

Syn. A. lateritius, Shuckard, in Entomologist, p. 125.

Long. corp. lin. 83, expans. alar. lin. 16.

Habitat in Nova Hollandia.

Sp. 16. dulacus congener, Westw.

Rufus, abdomine nigro, antennis, tibiis, tarsisque obscure piceo-
rufis; alis pallidis, fere dimidio basali, area anali nubildque
apicali fuscis, cost4 crassd, stigmateque angustiori nigris ¢.

Habitat ?

Long. corp. lin. 9, expans. alar. lin, 123.

In Mus. Britann.

Sp. 17. Aulacus apicalis, Westw. (Pl. XIV. fig. ha)

Rufus, capite abdomineque nigris, hoc lunuld versus basin fla-
vescenti, alarum apice lato nigro 9.

Long. corp. lin. 5, expans. alar. lin. 103.

Habitat in Nova Hollandia.

In Mus. Dom. Hope and Shuckard.

Syn. Aulacus variegatus, Shuckard, in Entomologist, p. 1 hip

268 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Species insignis, brevis; caput nigrum, nitidum; antenne breves,
crassiores, nigree, articulis duobus basalibus rufis, 10—14 albis
(dimidio apicali ultimi nigro excepto); thorax rufus, striatus,
lobis anticis mesothoracis valde elevatis; pedes rufi, tarsorum
articulo ultimo fusco; ale hyaline stigmate apiceque lato
nigris ; abdomen breve, ovatum, petiolo brevi, nigrum, nitidum,
lunuld versus basin flavescenti; oviductus abdomine vix dimidio
longior, fere erecta (fig. 7a); terebra rufa, vaginis nigris.
Fig. 7b, caput et prothorax, ex latere visa ; 7b, ungues.

Sp. 18. Aulacus signalus.

“ Niger, scapo antennarum pedibusque + anticis rufo-testaceis ;
“ alis hyalinis, macula ad stigma brunned.” Shuckard in
Entomologist, p. 124.

Long. 53 lin., exp. alar. 93 lin.

Habitat Ceylon.

In Mus, Shk.

On comparing the characters of the preceding genera together
we find that in effect they present but little uniformity, inter se,
if we except the number of joints of the antenna and the unusual
place of insertion of the abdomen.

The upper lip of Feenus and Evania is nearly alike, but those
of Pelecinus and Aulacus materially differ from the preceding, as
well as from each other; the mandibles offer a better character in
their very strong, broad and dentate form, but those of Pelecinus
resemble those of the majority of the Jchnewmonide. The
maxillary palpi, although generally 6-jointed and the labial
4-jointed, are respectively only 5- and 3-jointed in Pelecinus.
The veining of the fore wings offers no uniformity, except in the
presence in all of a distinct costal cell, by which they are sepa-
rated from all the Jchneumonide, in which the cell is obliterated
by the union of the postcostal vein with the costa. Moreover, in
the hind wings the veins are almost obsolete in all the genera yet
reviewed. The form of abdomen, the length of the ovipositor,
and the form of the feet, afford no uniform characters ; neither is
the toothing of the ungues constant, being simple in Faenus and
Pelecinus.

There are, however, several other genera which are so closely
allied to the preceding groups that I consider myself authorised
in regarding them as equally belonging to the family.

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 269

Mecatyra, Westw.

Corpus cylindricum, fere parallelum., Caput thoracis latitudine
fere globosum (PI. XV. fig. 3a, caput ¢, ex latere visum ;
fig. 3b, facies 4; fig. 3e, caput et thorax ¢). Ocelli inter
oculos positi; antennee versus os (sub carinam semicircularem
clypeum cingentem) insertae. Labrum breve, triangulare,
setosum. Mandibule breves, crasse@, cornes, apice acute,
dentibusque duobus internis eequalibus intus apicem armate.
Mazille \obis duobis apicalibus margine membranaceo. Palpi
maxillares 5-articulati; 1mo brevissimo, 2do et 3tio brevibus,
obconicis ; 4to et 5to longis, gracilibus. Mentum angustum,
corneum, semitubulosum. Labsam membranaceum, ovatum.
Pali labiales articulis 3us fere equalibus (fig. 3f, maxilla
et labium in situ). Antenne gracillime, in utroque sexu
14-articulatee. Prothorax minutus, in collum haud productum,
Mesothorax margine antico truncato et ad marginem posticum
capitis applicato. Mesoscutum fere quadratum. Scutellum
magnum. Metathorar parte anticd thoracis vix augustior,
apice truncatus, lined media in duas partes divisus. Abdomen
subsessile (petiolo nullo) in apicem metathoracis insertum,
oblongo-ovatum (fig. 3d ¢), fere thoracis latitudine. Oviductus
longissimus (fig. 3g, apex abdominis 9 infra; 3h, lateraliter
visus; 3k, apex terebre lateraliter; 3/, supra visus), Ale
anticee vena postcostali e costa remota, stigmate inconspicuo,
areola und marginali, duabus submarginalibus, vend trans-
versd has separantibus indistinct (venis longitudinalibus in
parte colorata multo crassioribus (fig. 37); vend unica obliqua
in alis posticis). Pedes longitudine mediocres, femoribus
parum crassioribus, tibiis tarsisque simplicibus, illis apice
ecalcaratis in pedibus 4 posticis; his articulo 4to subtus
setoso (fig. 3m). Ungues simplices, pulvillus parvus.

In this genus we have a still greater departure from the assigned
character of the family, the abdomen being implanted upon the
thorax in the ordinary position, We find, however, the broad
toothed mandibles, the 14-jointed antenne, the distinct costal cell
of the fore wings, and the indistinct veining of the hind wings,
which we have seen to be the predominating characteristics of the
family, whilst the number of the articulations of the palpi corre-
spond with those of Pelecinus.

The only known species of this curious genus is an inhabitant

of New Holland.*

* [P.S. Mr. Shuckard now possesses a second and larger species of the genus
from the same country. ]

VOL. III. U

270

Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Megalyra faserpennis, Westw. (Pl. XV. fig. 3 g.)

Nigra, pedibus rufis, alis fasciatis, capite thoraceque punctatis.
Long. corp. lin. 5—73 (oviduct. exclus.), expans. alar. lin.

9—123, long. oviduct. individ. majoribus lin. 28.

Habitat in Nova Hollandia.

In Mus. nostr, &c.
Syn. Megalyra fasciipennis, Westw., in Griffith An. Kingdom,
pt. 33, p. 419, Insects, pl. 66, fig. 4 9, pl. 106, fig. 4a-f, details.

Antenne nigra, basi piceze, articulo 1mo crasso, 2do minuto

A

reliquis gracillimis, 4to longiori; articulis 3—5 interdum
piceo-rufis; caput et thorax confertissime punctata, griseo-
pubescentia; abdomen in utroque sexu dorso 7-annulato,
segmentis duobus basalibus margineque postico segmentorum
sequentium in feemina nitidis, horum basi tenuissime et con-
fertissime puntatissimis, lateribus griseo-pubescentibus ; ab-
domen maris segmento Imo nitido, punctis nonnullis sparsis,
2do et 3tio punctatissimis, spatio brevissimo medio transverso
impunctato, 4to et 5to basi levibus apice punctatissimis, 6to
et 7mo parcius punctatis, hujus apice acuto; oviducttis terebra
rufo-picea, vaginis nigris; pedes rufi aut piceo-rufi; alz
fuscescenti-hyalinee, fascia lata fusca pone medium anticarum
apiceque nubila fuscescenti, venis in parte colorata alarum
nigris, reliquis piceo-rufis.

figure of the female of this insect having been published in

* Griffith’s Animal Kingdom,” the male is here represented; the
female differing from that sex only in possessing an exceedingly
long exserted ovipositor.

TRIGONALYS, Westw.

(Proceedings of Zool. Soc., April 14, 1835, No. 28, p. 53.)

Genus anomalum. Caput et antenne Lyde, abdomen Mutille,

alarum venz fere ut in Myrmosa dispositee. Caput magnum,
subquadratum, planum, antice paullo latius. Clypews margine
antico emarginato. Labrum minimum, apice attenuatum,
linguiforme, longe ciliatum, € membrana lata prodeuns (PI.
XV. fig. 4a). Mandibule (fig. 4b, 4c) magne, crassze, apice
acutissimze, uno dentibus duobus, altero vero tribus magnis
acutis internis. Mawille (fig. 4d) parvee, lobo apicali mem-
branaceo, rotundato, lobo interno minuto. Palpi maxillares
6-articulati, articulis longitudine inzqualibus; 1mo minuto,
Stio brevi crassiori. Mentum corneum, semitubulosum.

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 271

Labium (fig. 4e) parvum, membranaceum, lobis duobus
obtusis lateralibus membranaceis. Palpi labiales 3-articu-
lati; Imo longiori, 2do brevi obconico, 3to multo majori,
securiformi, setoso. Antenne (fig. 4f) inter oculos in medio
faciei insertze, capite cum thorace longitudine fere eequales,
25-articulatee ; articulo Imo crasso, 2do parvo, 3tio primi
longitudine, reliquis longitudine sensim decrescentibus, api-
calibus minutissimis et gracilibus. Collum breve. Thorax
ovato-obconicus ; mesothoracis tergo latiori, parapsidibus
distinctis. 4bdomen in parte infera apicali metathoracis in-
sertum (fig. 47), convexum, ovatum, antice et postice paullo
attenuatum, apice deflexo, petiolo nullo, tergo 5-annulato ;
ventre etiam 5-annulato, ano etiam apparente. Ale antic
forme et magnitudinis ordinarie ; antice longitudine thoracis
et abdominis; vena postcostali e costa remota, stigma
‘mediocre, cellula una marginali, 4 submarginalibus; lma
magna, apice acuminata, (vena prima recurrenti cum vend
1ma transverso-cubitali continud,) 2da parva, elongato-tri-
angulari, 3tia parva quadrata venam secundam excipient,
4ta apicem ale attingente. Ale postice venis distinctis.
Pedes graciles, longitudine mediocres ; trochanteres biarticu-
lati (fig. 4g), in pedibus anticis longi. Tibie 4 postice
apice bicalcarate. Tarsi graciles, unguibus apice bifidis
(fig. 4h).

This extraordinary genus exhibits so many discordant charae-
ters that its real affinities must remain at present undetermined.
Were the antennz broken off it would at first sight be regarded
as a male Mutille, of which it has completely the habit, whilst
the veining of the fore wings is very similar to that of Myrmosa ;
in fact, in this character, both in the fore and hind wings, we have
a complete fossorial insect, none of the Pupivora exhibiting so
perfect a development of the veins of the wings, especially of the
hind pair. The form of labrum exhibited by this insect is found
also in Vespa, as well as in Sapyga, which last genus also strik-
ingly agrees with 7'rigonalys in the form of the mandibles, and
also nearly in the veins of both fore and hind wings. With such
characters we might almost be justified in regarding the insect as
belonging to the Aculeata, and as an anomalous form of the
Mutillide, or Sapygide, more especially as we know that in the
clavate antennee of Sapyga, and the flabellate ones of Psammo-
therma, the antennz of that family are liable te anomalous modi-
fications of form, whilst many Coleoptera teach us that an increased

U2

272 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

number in the joints of the antennz is one of the most ordinary
of the anomalies which those organs exhibit.

On more minutely examining the insect we find, however, that
an equally strong relation with the Pupivora is possessed by it,
founded upon other characters, in addition to that of the antenne,
which in their multi-articulate structure are represented by those
of various Tenthredinide, and more especially by the Ichneu-
monde.

The structure of the trochanters, and the irregularity in the
number of the joints of the palpi, (6 and 3 instead of 6 and 4,)
joined to the number of segments in the abdomen, of which there
are only 5 (instead of 6 or 7, as in the sexes of the aculeate
Hymenoptera), are reasons which appear sufficient to warrant us
in placing the genus amongst the aberrant Hymenoptera, amongst
which we will now inquire its place.

The nonsessile abdomen at once removes the genus from the
Tenthredinide, whilst the veining of the wings, the comparative
fewness of the joints of the antennz, and the 6-jointed maxillary
palpi, remove it from the /ehneumones genuini. We must there-
fore refer it either to the adscitous /chneumonideé or to the Eva-
niide, which are the only other families to which it can be con-
sidered as allied. [t is amongst the Alysiides, and especially in
Alysia, that we find the most complete veining of the wings
united with very strong and dentate mandibles, and 6-jointed
maxillary palpi; but no adscitous Jchneumon possesses two recur-
rent veins, nor has the costal areolet distinct. Now these two
characters, which with the broad toothed mandibles we have found
to be so characteristic of the Hvanide, are found in this genus ;
moreover, in Lvania we have the minute labrum, strong toothed
mandibles, 6-jointed maxillary palpi, irregular shaped labial palpi,
bifid ungues, and elongated anterior trochanters of T'rigonalys.
Feenus also presents us with the minute labrum, strongly toothed
mandibles, and 6-jointed palpi; whilst by minutely examining the
direction of the cubital vein of Aulacus we find evidence of the
obsolete existence of a transverse cubital vein, which, were it
present, would render the fore wings of the two genera absolutely
identical, although the hind wings are, it is true, very differently
veined ; nevertheless, if the veins be traced, they will be found
nearly to correspond with those of the hind wing of Trigonalys.

We thus learn that the fewness of the joints of the antenne,
as well as the mode of insertion of the abdomen, are no longer
characteristic of the group or family typified by Lvania.

The genus is named in allusion to the triangular form of the

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 273

second submarginal cell, which is sometimes petiolated. The re-
current veins also vary somewhat in the place of their connection
with the submarginal cells, sometimes being separate from, and
sometimes inosculating with, the veins which separate these cells.

Sp. 1. Trigonalys melanoleuca, Westw. (Pl. XV. fig. 4.)

Nigra punctata, subpubescens, capite antice, et pone oculos
maculisque duabus minutis verticis, metathoracis lunulis
duabus segmentoque l1mo abdominis albis, alis pone medium
fuscis.

Long. corp. lin. 4, expans. alar. lin. 7.

Habitat in America Meridionali. Bahia.

In Mus. Britann. et Westwood. Communic. Dom. Turner.

Caput et abdomen nitida, thorax obscurus, totum corpus griseo-
pubescens; metathorax albus, in medio linea tenui nigra,
postice subito dilatata; abdomen punctatum, segmento Imo
nitido, segmentis 2—5 lateribus albo-maculatis ; pedes nigri,
griseo-villosi, coxis, trochanteribus femoribusque albo-variis ;
alze hyalinze, dimidio apicali fusco, versus angulum analem
pallidiori.

Sp. 2. Trigonalys Servillei, Westw.

Nigra, parte postica thoracis et abdominis basi pallidé luteis,
alis immaculatis hyalinis.
An Celius Servillei, Lepell. de St. Farg. Guér. Rev. Zool.
1842, p. 84? Magnitudo T’r. melanoleuce.
In Mus. Dom. Serville, Parisiis. An varietas pracedentis ?

Sp. 3. Trigonalys obscura, Westw.

Nigra obscura, capite plano nitido, abdomine segmento Imo
margine postico luteo, alis obscuré fuscis.
Long. corp. lin. 7, expans. alar. lin, 13.
Habitat in Surinamia. Cordua.
In Mus. Reg. Berol.
Syn. Sphex depressa, De Geer Mem. vol. 3, pl. 30, fig. 7, teste
Dom. Erichson.

Antenne et pedes nigri fusco-sericantes, tibiis tarsisque apice
fuscis; abdomen fusco-pubescens, segmento Imo ad apicem
obscure luteo, subtus omnino luteo; ale antice obscure
fuscee, versus angulum analem magis hyalina, vena penul-
tima transverso-cubitali intus ramum parvum, apice fuscatum,
emittit.

274 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Sp. 4. Trigonalys Leprieurii, (Seminota Lepr. Guér. Mag. Zool.
1840, pl. 41.)

Habitat Cayenne.

Sp. 5. Trigonalys Hahniu, Spinola.

Omnino nigra, alis anticis fascia obscura.
Magnitudo precedentis, sed gracilior et pedibus longioribus.
Habitat in Germania, Gallia et Anglia.
In Mus. Dom. Serville, Guérin, Spinola, Shuckard.
Syn. Trigonalys Hahnii, Spinola, in Guér. Mag. Zool. Ins.
1840, pl. 50.
Trigonalys nigra, Westw., in hoc op. olim.
Trigonalys Anglicana, Shuckard, in Entomologist, p. 122.
Abastus Macquarti, Lepell. de St. Farg. ined.

Sp. 6. Trigonalys pullata.*

Syn. Lycogaster pullatus, Shuckard, in Entomologist, p. 124.

STEPHANUS, Jurine.

This is another anomalous genus whose true situation has
equally perplexed systematists: Jurine, the founder of it, placing
it with the Evanide on account of its relation with Frnus, * soit
par la maniére de tenir son abdomen presque verticalement, soit
par le reuflement de ses jambes postérieures.” Latreille, on the
other hand, placed it with Xorides, at the head of the genuine
Ichneumons, regarding it and Aulacus as the connecting links be-
tween them and the Hvaniude, observing “ Stephani antennis et
abdominis insertione cum Jchneumonidibus omnino conveniunt, et
ad tertium ordinem methodi Jurineane potius quam ad secundum
[scil. Hvaniide | cui inscribuntur, pertinent.” —(Gen. Crust. 4, p.4.)
It is chiefly on account of the number of joints in the palpi de-
scribed by Latreille, and all subsequent authors who have treated
upon the genus, (namely, five in the maxillary, and four in the
labial,) that this relationship with the genuine /chnewmons has been
founded; but in Stephanus Brasiliensis, which I have very care-
fully examined, the maxillary palpi are unquestionably 6-jointed ;
which characters, as well as the recurrent vein, at once removes
the genus from the genuine Ichneumons: indeed, Esenbeck,
and Messrs. Serville and St. Fargeau, influenced by other con-

* T consider Lycogaster pullatus, Shuckard, to be the male of another species
of Trigonalys.

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 275

siderations, removed Stephanus to the Adsciti, the latter authors
observing “ Le genre Stephane doit constituer a lui seul une sub-
division dans les Braconides avec ce caractére, palpes maxillaires
de 5 articles, les labiaux de quatre ”—(Encycl. Méth. 10, p. 488);
whilst Esenbeck regards Stephanus as the connecting link with
Alomya, between the Braconoidet and the Ichneumones genuini.—
(Hym. Monogr. 1, p. 6.) Lastly, Mr. Haliday, in his “ Hyme-
nopterorum Synopsis,” has formed Stephanus into a family distinct
from the great family Ichnewmonide, with the character “ Pro-
thoracis collum elongatum ?” between Agriotypus and the Eva-
niad@ characterized “* abdomen metathoracis dorso annexum.”

In S. Brasiliensis® the labrum, which does not appear to have
been previously described, is small, transverse-quadrate, with the
anterior angles rounded, and setose; the mandibles’ are nearly
triangular, with a very slight tooth on the inside near the tip;
the maxillary palpi are distinctly 6-jointed, and the labial 4-joint-
ed; the antenne have between thirty and forty joints; the tergum
of the prothorax is strongly developed, and extends at the sides
to the squamulz; in front it is suddenly contracted and formed
into a distinct neck transversely striated; the metathorax is as
long as the mesothorax. The veining of the fore wings is almost
identical with that of such of the Alysiides as have only two sub-
marginal cells; the postcostal vein is not confluent with the costa;
the hind wings offer only two distinct longitudinal veins. The
remarkable structure of the tarsi has not been before noticed,
these parts in the four fore legs are very slender and long, but
much shorter and thicker in the hind legs, especially of the
females. In all the feet, however, the fourth joint is produced
into a long lobe beneath, having the fifth joint inserted quite at
its base, so as to cause the fourth joint from above to appear
scarcely distinct. The tarsal ungues are entire. The abdomen
of the female is represented at Pl. XV. fig. 5.

On reviewing the characters of the genus, it appears to me that,
notwithstanding the extended limits assigned to the family, Sfe-
phanus ought not to be considered as belonging to it, but must be
placed amongst the /chneumones adsciti near Alysia, (instead of
Bracon, Esenbeck’s insertion of it amongst the Braconoidei being
founded on his erroneous character of the maxillary palpi,) from
all which however it is absolutely isolated. In fact, the distinct
costal cell, and the slight veining of the hind wings, seem to be

* The details of the mouth of this species are figured in the “ Animal King-
dom,” Insects, pl. 106, fig. 2e—2h.

276 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

the only characters amongst those which we have seen to be con-
stant amongst the Evaniide, which would unite Stephanus with
that family, although several of its other characters accord with
those of Pelecinus and Feenus.

Sp. 1. Stephanus serrator.
Brecon serrator, Fab., Ent. Syst. Supp]. 224; Syst. Piez. p. 108.

Stephanus coronatus, Jurine.
Habitat in Europa.

Sp. 2. Stephanus coronator.
Pimpla coronator, Fab., Syst. Piez. p. 1183; Serville and St.
Fargeau, Enc. Méth. 10, 489.
Habitat in Amboina (Fabricius); Java (Serville and St. Far-
geau, in Enc. Méth.).

Sp. 3. Stephanus frontalis, Klug., MSS.

Species adhuc inedita, in Mus. Reg. Berolinensi conserv.
Habitat Caput Bone Spei.

Sp. 4. Stephanus Brasiliensis, Westw.
Westwood, in Griffith, An. Kingdom, Insects, pl]. 66, fig. 5, g
pl. 106, fig. 2a-h, details.
Habitat in Brasilia.

Sp. 5. Stephanus furcatus, Serv. and St. Farg.
Serville and St. Fargeau, Enc. Méth. 10, 489; Guérin, Icon.
R. An, Ins, pl. 65, fig. 5 9, and 5a 3, details.
Habitat in Brasilia.

Sp. 6. Stephanus acutus, Serv. and St. Farg.

Serville and St. Fargeau, Enc. Méth. 10, 489,
Habitat in Brasilia.

Sp. 7. Stephanus bicolor, Westw.

Piceo-niger, capite thoraceque rufis rugosis, oviductu fascia lata
alba ante apicem ¢.

Long. corp. (oviduct. exclus.) lin. 93, expans. alar. lin. 10.

Habitat in Georgia, Americe.

In Mus, Soe, Linn. Lond. Dom, W. E. Hooker.

some allied Species of Hymenopterous Insects. 277

Caput ferrugineum punctatum, postice lineis transversis brevibus
elevatis in medio notatum, he linez in verticem sunt magis
curvate, fronte tuberculis nonnullis acutis, alteroque in
medio faciei inter oculos et sub ocellum intermedium posito ;
antenne et palpi picei; thorax ferrugineus, transverso-
striatus ; metathorax obscurior et rude punctatus; abdomen
piceum, petiolo longitudine mediocri; oviductiis valvule
nigra, fascid lata alba ante apicem ; pedes 4 antici picel,
tarsis paullo pallidioribus, pedes postici valde robusti et
breves, tarsis posticis brevissimis crassis et ferrugineis,
articulo basali maximo; ale fusco-luteo tinctee, venis dis-
tinctis stigmateque nigris.

This species is apparently figured amongst Abbot’s drawings in
the British Museum, vol. 12, fig. 19.

Sp.? 8. Stephanus diadema.
Foenus diadema, Fabricius, MSS., in Mus. Kiliz.

I am unfortunately unable to determine whether this unde-
scribed insect be specifically different from the last; the notes
which I made at Kiel simply stating that the Feenus diadema of
the Fabrician Cabinet is a Stephanus with a red head.

Sp. 9. Stephanus Indicus, Westw.

Niger, gracillimus, antennarum basi rufo, tibiis tarsisque basi
albidis, petiolo longissimo, venis discoidalibus obsoletis g.

Long. corp. lin. 63, expans. alar. lin. 7.

Habitat in India Orientali.

In Mus. nostr. &c.

Caput globosum, vertice piceo, tuberculis nonnullis conicis in-
structo; facies lineis tribus albidis notata, linedque brevi
alba sub oculos; palpi maxillares et antenne gracillimi fusci,
basi rufo; collare valde elongatum ; petiolus abdominis tenu-
issimus, fere longitudine capitis et thoracis conjunctim;
femora 4 antica picea; tibie et tarsi pallidiores, basi albidi;
pedes postici valde incrassati, nigri; ale hyalinze, venis dis-
coidalibus obsoletis (venis postcostali, externo-mediana et
anali, recurrenti-mediana et Ima recurrenti-submediana et
radiali tantum relictis), stigma hyalina quartam partem
costz occupat.

Var. 9 caput rufum, facie flavo-lineatum, mandibulis fulvis,

278 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania, &c.

apice nigris, valvulis oviducttis piceis, longitudine thoracis et
abdominis conjunctim. (Habitat nm Malabaria. Communic.
Dom. Newman.)

The obsolete veining of the wings of this insect will be regarded
as a generic character by those who adopt the genera separated
from Lvania.

Paxytiomma, Brebisson.
Plancus, Curtis. Hybrizon, Esenb. (partim), Fallen.

This curious little genus, in its 13-jointed antenne and long
slender abdomen, attached higher than in the ordinary Ichneu-
monide, as also in the elongated and compressed hind legs, offers
a certain degree of relation with some of the above genera
The form of its mandibles, however, the shortness of its 4-jointed
maxillary and 3-jointed labial palpi, and especially the union of
the postcostal vein with the costa of the fore wings, sufficiently
indicate its relation with the adscitous /chneumonide,—the position
of the submarginal cells of the fore wings is anomalous, the
second of these cells, being obliterated; but Microdus (Bassus
calculator, Curtis) and Microgaster show us that this cell is liable
to a diminution of size. The number of joints of the antenne is
greatly diminished in some of the most aberrant of the Adsciti, -
there being not more than eleven in some of the species of
Aphidius. The form of the abdomen, and more especially the
place of its insertion on the metathorax, we have seen, affords no
exclusive character of the family Hvaniide. So that I think we
are justified in rejecting Paxylloma from that family.

I have represented the typical species P. buccata in my “ In-
troduction to the Mod. Classif. of Insects,” vol. ii. p. 134, fig. 74,
17, 18, from a specimen kindly sent me by M. Wesmael.

Rev. F. W. Hope on Lamellicorn Beetles. 279

XXXIX. On some nondescript Lamellicorn Beetles. By
the Rev. F. W. Hope, M.A., F.R.S., &e.

[Read 5 July, 1841.]

Sp. 1. Nigidius grandis, Hope.

Arrinis Figulo verveci, D. J., at multo major. Niger auricu-
latus, mandibulis brevibus robustis, externe in cornu luni-
ferum elevatis. Caput postice dilatatum. Thorax sparsim
excavato-punctatus, elytris fortiter sulcatis, pedibus tibiis
externe serrato-spinosis.

Long. lin. 10, lat. lin. 33.

This species is apparently the largest hitherto discovered ; it
was taken at Sierra Leone, by Mr. Strachan. It must here be
added, that Figulus vervex, of the catalogue of the Baron de Jean,
is in reality a Nigidius.

Sp. 2. Lucanus Burmeisteri, Hope. (PI. XIIE. fig. 3.)

Niger, mandibulis capite thoraceque longioribus, dentibus ar-
matis, binis ad apicem minoribus, tertio fere in medio multe
fortiori, apicibus furcatis et interne denticulatis. Caput luni-
forme, antice elevatum, fronte valde excavato ; oculis promi-
nentibus. ‘Thorax longitudine capite aequalis, lateribus in
medio acuminatis. Elytra castanea, ad basin nigro triangulo
variegata, sutura nigricanti. Pedes concolores, femoribus
tibiisque inermibus.

Long. corp. mandibulis inclusis 3 une. 4 lin., lat. lin, 11.

In Mus. Dom. Hope.

This magnificent insect was lately sent to this country from
the Mysore, and I have much pleasure in naming it in honour of
Dr. Burmeister, who has so materially increased our information
on the subject of the Lamellicorn beetles. 1 regard this insect as
the type of a new genus, which I name Anoplocnemus, from having
all its tibice unarmed.

Sp. 3. Dorcus Darwin, Hope.

Affinis D. Eschscholtzii, at minor. Atro-fuscus, mandibulis den-
tatis nigris. Caput postice latum subspinosum. Thorax disco
medio elevato, lateribus depressis, valde punctatis. Elytra
convexa multipunctata, Corpus infra nigrum, Pedes femo-

280 Rev. F. W. Hope on

ribus piceis, tibiis binis anticis denticulatis, quatuor posticis
in medio unispinosis.

Long. lin. 73, lat. lin. 23.

Habitat in America Meridionali.

In Museo Dom. Hope.

The above insect I have lately received from Chili. It is
named in honour of Charles Darwin, Esq., who has greatly con-
tributed to our acquaintance with the Entomology of Valparaiso,
Chili, and other parts of the South American continent.

Sp. 4. Valgus argillaceus, Hope.

Fuscus, capite flavo-tomentoso, thorace antice fere cornuto,
denticulato, postice angulis rotundatis. Elytra thorace
multo latiora et abdomine breviora humeris rotundatis, ano
granulifero, tomento asperso. Corpus infra argillaceum,
femoribus robustis, tibiis binis anticis dilatatis, externe
denticulatis, quatuor posticis mediocribus, unispinosis et
tomentosis, tarsisque piceis.

Long. lin. 33, lat. lin. 13.

Habitat in India Orientali.

This remarkable species of Valgus I have lately received from
the Mysore, eventually it will be regarded as the type of a new ~
genus.

Sp. 5. Gnathocera Natalensis, Hope.

Smaragdina, capite fere quadrato, marginibus elevatis nigris.
Thorax viridis variolosus, lateribus marginatis. Scutellum
leeve, sparsim punctatum. Elytra viridi-opalina crebrissime
punctulata, humeris prominentibus, marginibus elytrorum
nigro-elevatis. Podex viridis, postice aureo colore tinctus.
Corpus infra viride, femoribus tibiis compressis tarsisque
piceis, abdomine in medio fortiter impresso.

Long. lin. 7, lat. lin. 4.

This insect was received lately by me from Natal, in Africa,
and hence its specific name. [Arc. Ent. vol. i. pl. 46, fig. 4. ]

Sp. 6. Dicheros ornatus, Burmeister, MS.

Affinis Dicher. bicorni, Lat.

Niger, caput antice clypeo emarginato, medio excavato, postice
tridentato. Thorax convexus, niger, fasciad obliqué rubra
fere interruptd notatus, marginibus concoloribus et elevatis.
Scutellum magnum. Elytra nigra, macula lata flava con-

some nondescript Lamellicorn Beetles. 281

spicud; basi, apice, suturdque nigricantibus. Corpus infra

punctatum, binis ultimis segmentis abdominis rubris. Ster-

num porrectum. Pedes nigri, femoribus rubro-corallinis.
Long. lin. 8, lat. lin. 33.

This new species of Dicheros received lately from the Mysore,
and Dr. Burmeister in his MSS. has named it ornatus. [Are.
Ent. vol. i. pl. 36, fig. 7.]

Sp. 7. Ceelorhina concolor, Burmeister, MS.

Smaragdina, aut viridi-opalina, clypeo antice valde emarginato.
Thorax convexus, punctulatus, marginibus lateralibus ele-
vatis. Elytra concoloria, striato-punctata, humeris nigrican-
tibus. Corpus infra viride, segmentis abdominis medio
opalinis, pedibus concoloribus. [Arc. Ent. vol. i. pl. 19,
fig. 3.

Long. lin. 12, lat. lin. 5.

The above species from my Cabinet is named concolor in Dr.

Burmeister’s MSS. : it inhabits Sierra Leone.

Sp. 8. Schizorhina succinea, Hope.

Flava, capite antice luteo, postice nigricanti punctulato. Thorax
fusco-flavus, maculis duabus nigris in medio disci positis,
scutellum atromarginatum; elytra flava, seu succineo co-
lore tincta, podice concolore. Corpus infra pectore nigri-
canti tomentoso, abdomine flavo. Pedes femoribus. com-
pressis, flavis ; tibiis tarsisque atro-piceis.

Long. lin. 93, lat. lin. 5.

Habitat in Nova Hollandia.

Sp. 9. Cetonia Indra, Hope.

Rubro-punicea, capite fere quadrato, clypeo subemarginato,
Thorax convexus, concolor, quadrimaculatus ; binis maculis
atris lateralibus parum distinctis, duobus aliis ante scutellum
positis. Elytra acuminata, atro-punicea, macula irregulari
ochraceo-flava in medio disci notata, secunda minori fere ad
externum angulum conspicua. Scutellum satis magnum,
sutura elevata ad apicem spinosa. Corpus infra rubro-puni-
ceum, pectore segmentis abdominis utrinque ochraceis ma-
culis insignitis. Pedes concolores et ciliati.

Long. lin. 12, lat. lin. 63.

This species inhabits Manilla, and was brought to this country
by Mr. Cuming, the Conchologist.

182 Rev. F. W. Hope on

Sp. 10. dAgestrata Withillii. 4

Nigra, nitida et glabra, clypeo utrinque spinoso. Thorax
subconvexus, binis foveis parum distinctis fere ad scutellum
positis. Elytra nigra, marginibus elevatis. Corpus infra
atrum nitidum, pectore segmentisque abdominis aurantiis
maculis insignitis.

Long. lin. 19, lat. lin. 8.

The above insect was received from the vicinity of Bombay, by
Col. Withill, in whose honour it is named. Some of the speci-
mens vary greatly in colour, and possess a bronzy metallic splen-
dour which I have not remarked in other Cefoniade.

Sp. 11. Agestrata gagates, Hope.

Totum corpus supra nigrum nitidum, clypeo fere quadrato,
lateribus in spinam productis. Thorax lobatus, subeonvexus
et glaber. Elytra elongata, sutura, marginibus externis ele-
vatis. Corpus infra atrum nitidum, segmentis abdominis
utrinque aurantiis maculis insignitis.

Long. lin. 16, lat. lin. 63.

Habitat in India Orientali, circa Travancore.

Sp. 12. Macronata Vittigera.

Nigra, capite valde emarginato, lined media aurantia insignito.
Thorax trivittatus, vittis aurantiis. Elytra 2-vittata, vittis
concoloribus ante apicem terminatis. Podex in medio niger,
lateribus flavis. Corpus infra atrum, nitidum, segmentis ab-
dominis utrinque aurantiis maculis notatis. [Arc. Ent. vol. 1.
pl. 28, fig. 6. ]

Long. lin. 13%, lat. lin. 53.

This magnificent insect I have lately received in a collection
from the Mysore country; it appears to be unique, and is closely
allied to Macronata Budda, described by me, from the island of
Java.

Pacuytricua,* Hope.

Pachytricha castanea, Hope. (Pl. XIU. fig. 4.)

Piceus, capite valde acuminato seu melius subcornuto. Thorax
antice utrinque spinosus, marginibus elevatis et punctatus.
Scutellum lzve, postice rotundatum, piceum. Elytra cas-

* From waxutetxos, qui crasso pilo est.

some nondescript Lamellicorn Beeiles. 283

tanea, postice acuminata, podice triangulo defiexo brunneo.
Corpus infra valde pilosum; capillis cinerascentibus. Pedes
picei et ciliati.

Long. lin. 15, lat. lin. 54.

Habitat in Nova Hollandia.

This remarkable insect is from Australia, and appears to be a
genus mediate between Glaphyrus and Chasmatopterus. Below
follows its generic character.

[Corpus magnum, obesum, convexum. Antenne 10-articulate.
Labrum magnum, porrectum, bifidum (fig 44, front of head; 4 6,
the same within the mouth), Mandibule rectz, apice obtusz
(fig. 4c, 4d). Maxille apice valde penicillatee (fig. 4). Men-
tum apice valde emarginatum. Labium é lobis duobus constans.
Palpi labiales brevissimi 3-articulati (fig. 4). Pedes crassi,
unguibus omnibus intus dentibus duobus appendiculoque bise-
tigero instructis. (Fig. 4,¢).—J. O. W.}*

* [Dr. Erichson, in a short notice of the characters of this genus, which appeared
in the Journal of Proceedings of this Society, published in the Annals of Nat.
Hist. viii. p. 303, observes, —‘‘ Ich finde bei dem ex. unsrer Sammlung die Man-
dibeln klein, schuppenformig, die Spitze hakenformig einwarts gebogen. Die
vorgestreckte Leftze und die Form der Mandibeln entfernt diese Gattung von den
Melolonthen und schliesst sie vielleicht naher an Euchirus.” It is remarkable
that Dr. Erichson, having cited the relation with the Glaphyride mentioned in Mr,
Hope’s observation, should have taken the pains to prove that it was not related
to the Melslonthide, from which the far more important character of the penicillate
edentate maxilla at once removes it. The mandibles in two specimens which I
have dissected, instead of having the extremity hook-shaped and curved inwards,
as Dr. Erichson describes, have the outer margia thick and quite straight, and the
inner margin very thin, and with the apex obliquely truncated, thus quite dis-
agreeing with the Melolonthe. The relationship suggested with Euchirus is of
great interest, existing in the form of the mandibles, dilated hind feet and denti-
culated ungues, accompanied by a setigerous appendage, but the porrected bilobed
labrum, edentate maxilla, and deeply emarginate mentum, are characters of too
high importance to allow this relation to prevail over that which it evidently pos-
sesses with some of the Glaphyride.—J. O. W.]

284 Mr. W. W. Saunders’ Description of a Species of

,

XL. Description of a Species of Moth destructive to the
Cotton Crops in India. By W. W. Saunpvers, Esq.,
F.L8. &e:

[Read 6 June, 1842.]

I pec leave to lay before the Entomological Society an account
of a very destructive Lepidopterous insect, which has committed
great ravages in the cotton plantations at Broach, in Western
India. Cotton being of so great importance in a commercial
point of view to our East India possessions, I thought any infor-
mation relative to the insects which blight the hopes of the cul-
tivator, would be interesting both to the Society and those
concerned in the cultivation of the plant.

I am indebted to my friend Dr. Royle for permission to exa-
amine and describe this insect, he having received the specimens
from Dr. Barn, Superintendent of the Government Cotton Plan-
tations at Broach, with an account of the transformations of the
insect.

The following is an extract of the letter which accompanied
the specimens. —“* The inclosed is an insect which was very de-
structive to the American cotton which was sown here (Broach),
on light alluvial soil. The egg is deposited in the germen at the
time of flowering, and the larva feeds upon the cotton seed until
the pod is about to burst, a little previous to which time it has
opened a round hole in the side of the pod for air, and at which
to make an exit at its own convenience, dropping on the ground,
which it penetrates about an inch, and winds a thin web in which
it remains during the aurelia state. Curious enough, the cotton
on the black soil was not touched by it. The native cotton is
sometimes affected by it.”

The materials | have had to work upon in making this communi-
cation are not very satisfactory, the specimens being much broken
and rubbed; hence the description must be only taken as the
nearest approximation to the truth which I am able to give. The
description of the insect, which belongs to the family Tinede,
genus Depressaria, as far as I can gain from the specimens, is as
follows, and as I can find no species of the above family described
as being destructive to the cotton plant, I shall treat the species
under consideration as a new one, giving it the specific appellation
of Gossypiella.

The species is nearly allied to D. applana.

Moth destructive to the Cotton Crops in India. 285

Depressaria Gossypiella, mihi.

Dark fuscous brown, the head and thorax somewhat lighter in
colour. Anterior wings with an undefined round blackish spot
on the dise a little above the centre, and a fascia of the same
colour crossing the wings a little above the apex, which itself is
black. Under wings of a silvery grey, darker towards the hinder
margin. Legs and tarsi black-brown, with the joints light.
Length 4-10 inch.

The larva in the dried state is about 4-10ths of an inch long,
largest just behind the head, of a dull red colour, with the head
dark brown.

In the foregoing extract from Dr. Barn’s letter it is interesting
to remark, that the cotton grown from American seed is attacked
in preference to any other, and that the cotton plant when grown
upon ‘black soil” remains free from injury. The former fact
may be accounted for by the American cotton being of a different
species to that usually grown in India, and probably offers seeds
which are more suitable to the development of the larva. The
latter fact, however, I cannot account for, but it is of much
interest, and I trust Dr. Barn will throw some light hereafter on
the subject. Where there is disease, it is natural to look for a
remedy, and if any member present could suggest one in the pre-
sent case, which is likely to be effectual, I should feel much
obliged. The case is evidently attended with much difficulty, but
could any plan be hit upon to destroy the moths before the eggs
are laid, a cure might be effected, but how to manage this on a
large scale I must leave to more practical Entomologists, seeing
no remedy which would be within the means of the cultivator.

VOL. Ill. Xx

286 Rev. F. W. Hope on the

XLI. Monograph on the Genus Campsosternus of Latreille.
By the Rev. F. W. Hops, F.RS., &c.

[Read 2d August, 1841.]

Latremie, in the “ Annales” of the Entomological Society of
France, first separated Elater fulgens of Fabricius from other
Elateride, and applied to it the name of Campsosternus. He
appears to have been unacquainted with other species, as no men-
tion is made of them, and from his short published characters it
might almost be inferred that he hesitated in detaching it from the
magazine genus Ludius, unless, perhaps, he intended at a future
time more fully to detail them. Of late years our acquaintance
with the East Indian forms of insects has greatly increased, and
amongst the numerous additions to the Coleoptera of that mag-
nificent continent, some £laters closely allied to fulgens of Fa-
bricius have enriched our collections. In my late visit to Paris
I observed some undescribed species, and possessing several
others of great beauty and metallic splendour, I now describe
and submit them to the notice of the Entomological Society.
Elater contrasted with Buprestis can scarcely pretend to vie with
the latter family in metallic splendour, or in the various colouring
of the species; in magnitude, however, Tetralobus surpasses the
former. With regard to the distribution of the species of Camp-
sosternus, it appears to be altogether an Oriental genus, and is
confined almost to China, the East Indies, and the neighbouring
islands. In the present monograph fourteen species are de-
scribed, and there can scarcely be a doubt that many others,
closely allied to those in the following pages, will yet be discovered
in the same regions. It is scarcely necessary to add, perhaps,
that little is known respecting the larvee of these gigantic insects;
and it is solely with the hope of directing the attention of our
English naturalists in the East to these magnificent insects, that I
have taken them up at present. Any information respecting
their habits is much wanted ; should they turn out upon investi-
gation only half as destructive as our wireworms in Europe, their
ravages would indeed produce most serious consequences. I am
inclined to consider them rather as living on the vegetation of
trees and shrubs, than on herbage. This point at present is not
satisfactorily ascertained, and any information respecting their
larvee and habits (which appear to be unknown) is much desired.
In concluding these brief remarks on the genus Campsosternus, I

Genus Campsosternus of Latreille. 287

think it necessary to detach it from Monsieur Latreille’s maga-
zine genus Ludius, and regard it as belonging to a family of the
Elateride, which is peculiar to the East Indies. After a short
period I hope to add various remarks relating to these insects, as
some valuable notes, written in India, on their general natural
history, are now on their way to me in England. At the same
time, also, I propose examining our rich metropolitan cabinets,
in order to make the monograph as perfect as possible ; a supple-
ment therefore will be forwarded to the Society as soon as pos-
sible.

If any gentleman present is acquainted with any undescribed
species belonging to the above genus, the loan of them is requested
for examination.

CAMPSOSTERNUS,* Latreille.

For the generic characters, see Latreille’s Memoir in the French
Entomological * Annales.”

The following short Latin characters may be added to those of
Latreille :—

** Scutellum reverso-cordatum, antice emarginatum, postice
latius truncatum. Thorax trapezoidalis elevatus, angulis
posticis obliquis, longitudine latitudini aequali. Prosternum
antice declive foved transvers4 impressum.”

Sp. 1. Type of the genus Elater fulgens of Fabricius.
E. cyaneo-nitidus, subtus cupreus, elytris acuminatis. Vide
Fab. Ent. Syst. 2, 220, 22.
Long. lin. 20, lat. lin. 53.
Habitat in China.
Elater fulgens, Oliv. Ent. pl. 4, fig. 43.
« E. violet, trés-brillant en dessus, cuivreux en dessous; cdtés
du corselet verts.”
E. supra violaceus nitens, infra cupreus, thoracis lateribus viri-
dibus. Elater auratus. Drury, Ill. of Ins. tom. 2, pl. 35, fig. 3.
Antenne nigre, filiformes, subserrate, thoracis longitudine.
Thorax levis, violaceus nitens, lateribus viridibus. Elytra
leevia violacea, apice acuta. Corpus subtus pedesque cuprei
nitidi.
* From xaprw and crepvov.

m2

288 Rev F. W. Hope on the

Sp. 2. C. sumptuosus, Hope.

Aurato-viridis, nitidus, capite antice subfoveo lato. ‘Thorax
marginibus elevatis, emarginatus, antice convexus, postice in
medio protensus, lobo ad scutellum extenso, linedque longi-
tudinali fortiter impressus. Elytra aurato-viridia, acuminata,
glabra, nitida, et punctulata. Corpus infra concolor, ultimo
segmento abdominis roseo colore tincto.

Long. lin. 14, lat. lin. 5.

Habitat in insula Javana?

The above species I described from the rich collection of
Monsieur Dupont at Paris, and although the locality mentioned
is the island of Java, I am inclined to suspect its true locality is
Manilla, as one specimen in the Parisian cabinet is labelled from
thence; its range however may be equally extensive with other
Coleoptera of the east.

Sp. 3. C. Aureolus, Hope.

Metallico-viridis, roseoque colore tinctus. Caput antice punc-
tulatum, antennis nigricantibus, articulis compressis. Thorax
vix subconvexus, parum depressus, lateribus elevatis, tenu-
issime punctulatus, postice lobo ad scutellum protenso.
Elytra viridia, acuminata, striato-punctata, striis haud fortiter
impressis- Corpus infra concolor subpubescens, pedibus
piceo-tomentosis, femoribus pallidioribus.

Long. lin. 144, lat. lin. 4.

Habitat circa Singapore.

A variety of this species, in M. Dupont’s collection at Paris, I
named Calanus. As I have since seen many other varieties, the
latter must be abandoned, as there cannot exist a doubt of its
identity with aureolus. The above species is named aureolus in
Griffiths’ “ Animal Kingdom,” and was figured from a specimen in
my cabinet; the locality, according to Dupont, is Java, which is
probably erroneous. Some individuals I have received from the
Tenasserim coast.

Sp. 4. C. Cantori, Hope.

Corpus supra et infra zneurn, thorace marginato et tomentoso,
elytris acuminatis nitidis. Caput inter oculos excavatum,
antennis palpisque nigricantibus. Thorax convexus, lateribus
elevatis et roseo-cupreis, disco tomentoso et subtilissime
punctulato, Elytra acuminata, cenea, substriata, sublente

Genus Campsosternus of Latreille. 289

tenuissime punctulata. Corpus infra zeneum, roseoque colore
tinctum, pedibus concoloribus.
; a ee
Long. lin. 223, lat. lin. 63.
Habitat in agro Assamensi.

The above insect appears to be the largest of the genus hitherto
received from the Kast Indies. It was brought to this country
from Assam by Dr. Cantor the erpetologist, and was presented to
me by that individual, with several other nondescripts from the
same locality: it is named in honour of that able zoologist.

Sp. 5. C. Latreilliz, Davaucel.

Purpureo-viridis. Caput antice excavatum. Thorax in medio
convexus, purpureus, lateribus utrinque subdepressis roseoque
colore tinctis, marginibus externis elevatis. Elytra viridia,
purpureo colore tincta, glabra, tenuissime punctata, Corpus
infra aurato-viride, nitidum, pedibus obscurioribus et sub-
tomentosis.

Long. lin. 15}, lat. lin. 5.

Habitat in Cochin China; e Museo Dom. Dupont.

The above insect was collected by Monsieur Duvaucel in his
voyage to China. The name of Latreille was probably given it
by the Baron De Jean. [A species thus named is described by
M. Guérin Méneville, in the Voyage of M. Delessert, p. 37. ]

Sp. 6. C. Wilsoni, Hope.

Aurato-viridis, lateribus thoracis subroseo-tomentosis, elytris
viridioribus. Caput inter oculos excavatum, pilosum, antennis
atro-violaceis. ‘Vhorax subconvexus, punctulatus et tomen-
tosus, medio viride, lateribus zneis, roseoque colore tinctis,
marginibusque elevatis. Scutellum aneum, postice rotun-
datum. Elytra viridia, acuminata, lateribus auro-fluentibus.
Corpus infra roseo-metallicum, mesosterno cyaneo, femoribus
et tiblis violaceo-zeneis, subpilosis et punctulatis, tarsis un-
guibusque cyanescentibus.,

Long. lin. 18, lat. lin. 33.

Habitat in Maderaspatana.

The above insect I have received from Madras and the Nilgherry
Mountains, it is probable also that its range extends far into
Bengal: it is subject to vary much in size; the largest specimen
of my collection is the one above described.

290 Rev. F. W. Hope on the

Sp. 7. C. smaragdina, Hope.

Viridis, preecedenti affinis, at minor. Caput inter oculos ex-
cavatum, subrugosum, antennis palpisque nigro-violaceis.
Thorax convexus, lateribus externis elevatis, angulisque
posticis valde acutis. Scutellum nigro-zneum, postice rotun-
datum. Elytra atro-viridia, sub lente subtilissime punctulata,
apicibus acutis. Corpus infra cyaneo-viride, femoribus tibiis
violaceis, tarsisque atro-piceis.

Long. lin. 14, lat. lin, 43.

Habitat in Maderaspatana.

In Mus. Dom. Hope.

The above species was received from Madras. It appears to
be unknown to the continental Entomologists, and is unique in
my collection.

Sp. 8. C. Guerin, Hope.

It is probable that this species will be described by Monsieur
Guérin under the name of Delesserti. I therefore do not give its
description at present. [P.S. It is now described under the latter
name by M. Guérin, in the Voyage of M. Delessert, p. 38. |

Sp. 9. C. Duponti, Hope.

Viridis. Caput subfoveolatum, punctatum. Thorax antice con-
vexus, lobo ad scutellum extenso, angulis lateralibus sub-
depressis. Elytra acuminata, viridia, tenuissime punctulata.
Corpus infra subaurato-viride, pedibus obscurioribus.

Long. lin. 12, lat. lin. 34,

Habitat in Agro Malabarensi.

The above insect was described by me from the collection of
Monsieur Dupont, during my late sojourn in Paris, and is named
after that zealous collector.

Sp. 10. C. rosicolor, Hope.

Puniceo-viridis roseoque colore tinctus. Caput antice exca-
vatum et punctulatum. ‘Thorax vix convexus, punctatus,
postice subprotensus, roseus. Elytra acuminata, striato-
punctata, striis punctisque fortiter impressis, sutura mar-
ginibus externis elevatis et roseis. Corpus infra viride,

Genus Campsosternus of Latreille. 291

punctatum, subroseo colore tinctum, pedibus flavo-testaceis,
tarsis obscurioribus.

Long. lin, 113, lat. lin. 3}.

Habitat in Java.

This elegant species was described from the rich collection of
Monsieur Dupont at Paris,

Sp. 11. C. Proteus, Hope.

Corpus supra et infra aurato-viride. Caput inter oculos sub-
excavatum, antennis nigricantibus. Thorax convexus, sub
lente subtilissime punctulatus, lateribus externis elevatis,
disco postice sublobato, versus scutellum protenso et parum
elevato. Scutellum antice et postice rotundatum., Elytra
aurata, splendida, lateralibus marginibus elevatis, sutura
violacea, apicibusque acuminatis. Pedes virides, tarsis un-
guibusque piceis.

Long. lin. 16, lat. lin. 5.

Habitat in Manilla.

The above species is very variable in size and colour, and
several specimens differ considerably in form: I have therefore
named it Proteus ; some of the varieties are blue, green, golden,
and bronzed; they were brought to this country from the Manilla
Isles by Mr. Cumming, and appear to be exceedingly abundant
as well as variable. It is probable that two or three species may
be confounded under the name of Proteus.

Sp. 12. C. Stephensii, Hope.
Long. lin. 14, lat. lin, 4.
Vide my description of this species in General Hardwick’s col-
lection, in the Zoological Miscellany.

Sp. 13. C. Leachii, Hope.

Chalybeo-viridis, thorace czrulescenti, elytrisque acuminatis et
zneo-virescentibus. Caput inter oculos subexcavatum,
antennis atro-violaceis. Thorax in medio parum convexus,
lateribus externis marginatis, angulis posticis acutis. Elytra
thorace convexiora, viridia, apicibus acutis, lateribusque
elevatis. Corpus infra caerulescens seu aurato-violaceum,
femoribus tibiis concoloribus tarsisque obscurioribus,

Long. lin. 17, lat. Jin, 53,

Habitat in India Orientali circa Singapore.

292 Rev. F. W. Hope on Campsosternus.

The present species diverges from the Latreillian type. It is
more robust in form and has the thorax and elytra considerably
depressed ; by some persons it would be regarded as a subgenus.
It has been in my collection some years, and was named in honour

‘of my friend Dr. Leach.

Sp. 14. C. Eschscholtzi, Hope.

Affinis preecedenti, at totum corpus supra et infra chalybeo-
violaceum. Caput inter oculos vix foveolatum, antennis
atro-violaceis. Thorax depressus, vix convexus, lateralibus
marginibus valde elevatis, angulis posticis parum latioribus
et acutis. Elytra chalybeo-violacea, splendida, sub lente
tenuissime punctulata, marginibus externe elevatis. Pedes
violacei, tarsis infra piceis capillis obsitis.

Habitat in Manilla.

The above species is named after Dr. Frederick Eschscholtz,
and is closely allied to Leachii ; it was brought to England by Mr.
Cuming the conchologist, and appears to be taken in Manilla in
extraordinary numbers.

Mr. F. Smith’s Wotes, Sc. , 290

XLII. Notes on the Parasites of the Genus Nomada and
on other Insects. By Mr. F. Suiru.

[Read 4 April, 1842.]

On the 18th of June, 1839, I discovered a colony of Eucera
longicornis, and having learned from Mr. Shuckard that the
“ Nomada Schafferella” was parasitic upon it, I watched the spot
some hours, and at that time succeeded in taking only two speci-
mens; I therefore concluded I was too late in the season for them,
finding the majority of the Eucere were torn in the wings and
their colours faded to light grey,

1840, June 2nd. I again visited the spot and found both
Eucera and its parasite abundant; even then I was rather late for
the males of the Nomada. I took but three specimens of the latter,
the male of which is the ““Nomada connexa,” Kirby. I observed the
Nomada entering the burrows of the Hucera, and sometimes even
jostling which should enter first ; the Nomada generally conquered,
and then the bee would fly off. ‘They appear to live in perfect har-
mony together; but if the parasite enters a burrow, and the bee
arrives before it has quitted the nest, she appears to discover its
presence immediately, and the moment she inserts her head into the
entrance, she stops short, and quickly retreating flies off. Being
now satisfied of the connection existing between the bee and its
parasite, I became anxious to attempt breeding them under my own
personal observation, and for that purpose, in August 1840, I dug
up several nests, which are formed thus :—the female burrows a
cylindrical hole to the depth of about six or seven inches, in a
stiffish clay, and then forms a chamber that would about contain
the cocoon of the silk worm; and having (as appears from the
polished surface) smoothed and coated the cell with gluten she
deposits at the bottom, to the extent of about one-fourth, a dark
coloured mixture, probably pollen and honey; then she stores
about two-fourths of the remaining space with a bright yellow
pollen, and the remaining fourth with a substance nearly white:
this I found to be the case in four nests which I dug up in June
1840. 1 was unsuccessful in my attempt to breed the insects ;
they all perished, I presume, for want of a sufficient degree of
moisture, as I did not place the nests in a sufficient quantity of
mould, nor keep them moist, as in their natural position.

1841, March 15th. I visited the spot, and after an hour’s
labour succeeded in digging out several cocoons containing bees
or parasites. I took a quantity home, and on opening the cells I

294 Mr. F, Smith’s Notes, &c.

was delighted to see two specimens of the Nomada fully developed
and active in two of the cells. The bees which I have examined
are in different states of development.

These observations are, I regret to say, far from complete, and
it will be for future observation to clear up several points in the
economy of these insects. I should observe, that the cells con-
taining the Nomade@ had a mere filmy coating or cocoon, closely
resembling goldbeater’s skin, in which the insect was found. I
should, therefore, suppose the parasite to be either hatched sooner
than the bee and to devour the provision previous to the develop-
ment of the latter, or that the parasite removes the egg of the
bee and deposits her own in its place; or, it may be, that the bee
having deposited a quantity of food previous to laying her egg,
the parasite deposits hers, and the bee then discontinues her
labours in that nest and commences another; for when the size of
the two insects is considered, the food required by the bee would
be, I should conclude, considerably more than what would be re-
quired by the parasite. ‘These theories I hope in time to clear
up; in the mean time I lay before the Society such information as
I am possessed of, and there being so much to unravel, I hope
those gentlemen who have more time to look after these things
than myself will be induced to attempt the solution of the diffi-
culty. I, for my own part, shall not be idle.

In April 1841 I found some specimens of the supposed larvee
of “ Meloe proscarabeus” in profusion, in the flowers of a wild
plant ; as many as twenty in some flowers. I might have col-
lected thousands. This was in Bishop’s Wood, Hampstead. My
reason for exhibiting them is, that in June of the same year I
found a similar insect or larvee attached to the underside of the
abdomen of Nomada Schéfferella. They are evidently distinct
species, different in form and colour, one being black, the other
yellow.

Having stated at a previous meeting of the Society that I had
bred the same species of parasite from several distinct species,
and even genera of insects, I now exhibit five specimens of a
species of Cryptus, three bred from the cocoons of Lpipone levipes,
the other two from the cocoon of T'richiosoma lucorum; they are
all females, and on the closest examination I believe them to be
the same species.

Mr. A. H. Haliday’s Contributions, §c. 295

XLIII. Contributions towards the Classification of the
Chalcidide. By A. H. Hatipay, Esq., M.A.

[Read 5th December, 1842.]

Ordo. HYMENOPTERA.
Familia. CHALCIDIDZ.
Sectio, PrnTAMERI.
Sub-sectio. I[somert.

Tribus. PrrentAni.

ANTENNE prope os insert, breves, 10-articulate. Caput
ovatum, nutans, fronte canaliculata. Thorax subdepressus,
leviusculus, scutelli axillis distantibus, metathorace brevi
obtuso. Abdomen g¢ compressum. ‘Terebra 9 compressi-
uscula, Alze metacarpo brevissimo subnullo,

Obs. £. Pteromalinis transitum in hancce tribum Gastrancistri
parant, metacarpo producto facilé distinguendi. Ex adverso hac
ad Spalangianos accedit.

Palpi maxillares 4-articulati. Oculi| distantes . . . Calypso.
& approximata . Macroglenes.

S-articulath: . . « » « « « « « iPurene.

i. CALyPso.
Palpi maxillares 4-articulati. Oculi distantes.
1. serratule. In floribus Serratule arvensis frequens.

ii. MacrocLenes, West.

Palpi maxillares 4-articulati. Oculi ¢ maximi vertice approx-

imati.

1. wmbellatarum. Antennarum articulis flagelli 2 prioribus bre-
vissimis perfoliatis, ¢ 9. In floribus Angelica sylvestris
sat frequens, etiam Senecionis Jacobee.

2. penctrans, Kirby. Articulis flagelli 3 prioribus brevissimis
perfoliatis, g¢ g. In floribus Spree ulmarie minus fre-
quens. In Cerealibus (Kirby).

3. microcerus. Articulis flagelli 4 prioribus brevissimis per-
foliatis, ¢ 9g. Synon. Q Pirene graminea, Ent. Mag. i.

296 Mr. A. H. Haliday’s Contributions

iii, PirEne, Ent. Mag. i.

Palpi maxillares 2-articulati. Labiales obsoleti.

* Antennarum articulis flagelli 5 brevissimis perfoliatis, mas
scapo ovato dilatato.
1. varicornis, Ent. Mag. i. Abdomine 9 compressiusculo, ca-
pitis thoracisque longitudine. In paniculis Anthoxanthi
odorati 9 frequens, g rarissime.
2. rubi. Abdomine 9 depressiusculo thoracis longitudine. ¢ 9.
In floribus Rubi fruticosi g copiosé, 9 infrequens.

chalybea, Ent. Mag. i. Abdomine ¢ thoracis longitudine,
vix compresso. Terebra brevi. g 9. In Cerealibus, etc.
non infrequens.

4. eximia, Ent. Mag. i. Abdomine 9 subcompresso, thorace
longiore ; terebra dimidii abdominis longitudine. 9. In
Cerealibus rarissime.

co

Subfam. Eulophini.

Tarsi 3-4-articulati. Tibize anticze calcari minutissimo subulato.
Palpi subeequales, breves, biarticulati, apice attenuati. Man-
dibulz apice denticulate. Ligula brevis, obtusa. Antenne
(prope os insertz) geniculate, 6-11-articulate.

A. Tarsi 4-articulati. Antenne articulis 7-11.
B. Nervus subcostalis leni flexuld costam appetens.

I. ELASMUS, Westwood.

Antenne 8-articulate. Ulna elongata. Nervus humeralis
integer.

Eulophus flabellatus, Fonscolombe.

II. EPICLERUS, Haliday.

Antenne 1l-articulate. | Mesothoracis parapsides discrete.
Scutellum integrum, transversé impressum. Abdomen pe-
tiolatum. Metacarpus productus. Radius brevis.

Entedon Parujas, Walker.

towards the Classification of the Chalcidide. = 297

II. EUPLECTRUS, Westwood.

Antenne 8-articulate. Mesothoracis parapsides discrete.
Seutellum sulco cinctum, axillis fere conniventibus. Abdo-
men petiolatum. ‘Tibize postice calcaribus binis elongatis.
Coxze postice magne. Metacarpus productus. Radius
longiusculus.

Pteromalus bicolor, Swederus.

IV. ELACHESTUS, Spinola.

Antenne 8-articulate. Mesothoracis parapsides discretze, raro
connate, postice leviter aut vix emarginate. Scutellum
sulco raro obliterato cinctum. Abdomen petiolo brevi.
Prothorax magnus. Tibiz postice calcari unico minutis-
simo. Metacarpus productus. Radius Jongiusculus.

Ichneumon rufescens, Rossi.

V. LOPHOCOMUS, Haliday.

Antenne mari 10-articulata, nodose verticillata. Fem. 9-arti-
culatee. Ulna mediocris. Radius longus.
Cirrospilus Anaitis, Walker.

VI. EULOPHUS, Geoffrey.

Antennz 8-articulate. | Mesothoracis parapsides connate,
postice emarginate, sinu profundo rotundato. Scutellum
integrum, Abdomen petiolo brevissimo seu inconspicuo.
Metacarpus productus. Radius ut plurimum longus, angu-
lum acutissimum fingens.

Diplolepis ramicornis, De Geer.

VII. CIRROSPILUS, Westwood.

Antenne 7-articulate. Scutellum lineis 2 elongatis impressum.
Abdomen subsessile. Radius longiusculus.
Cirrospilus elegantissimus, Westwood.

BB. Nervus subcostalis abrupte incrassatus et quasi infractus,
oblique costam attingens.

VIII. TETRASTICHUS, Haliday.
Antenne 9-articulate g, 8-articulate 9. Mesothoracis pa-
rapsides discrete, postice incise. Scutellum convexum,

298 Mr. A. H. Haliday’s Contributions

lineis 4 elongatis parallelis exsculptum. Abdomen subsessile.

Radius ab alee apice quam Jongissime remotus. Metacarpus
evanescens.
Cirrospilus Attalus, Walker.

IX. EUDERUS, Haliday.
Antenne 9-articulate, capitulo 3-articulato g. Mesothoracis
parapsides discrete, postice acute incisze. Scutellum inte-
grum. Metacarpus productus. Radius brevissimus. Alee

subglabree. Abdomen subsessile.
Entedon Amphis, Walker.

X. ENTEDON, Dalman.

Antenne 7-8-articulate.* Radius brevissimus. Mesothoracis
parapsides non nisi leviter emarginate.
Entedon Amanus, Walker.

XI. PTEROPTRIX, Westwood.

Antenne 7-articulate, clava 3-articulata 9. Radius a costa
vix disjunctus. Metacarpus obsoletus.
Pieroptria dimidiatus, Westwood.

AA. Tarsi 3-articulati.

XII. TRICHOGRAMMA, Westwood.

Antenne 6-articulate, Ale antic late. Radius. capitatus.
Metacarpus obsoletus,
Trichogramma evanescens, Westwood.

Genus AGAMERION, Haliday.

Corpus confertim punctatum. Caput anticé subrotundum,
subtus attenuatum ; vertex immarginatus. Oculi magni, sub-
tilissimé pubescentes. Ocelli in triangulum cequilaterum.
Antenne infra oculos et supra clypeum inserte, basi re-
mote; scapus dimidio flagelli equalis, in fovea lineari que
cum adversd concurret, superne foveam V formam profun-
dam ad verticem feré continuatam fingens et triangulum

* The minute joint often visible between the second and third is not counted,
nor the terminal spine.

towards the Classification of the Chaleidide. 299

acutum abruptum includens; flagellum validum, basi et apice
attenuatum, articuli continui oblongi, 1mus brevissimus, annu-
laris, 4us 20 major, sequentes parum decrescentes, capitulum
acuminatum articulo 10mo vix dimidio longius. Prothorax
sat magnus, transversus, parum angustatus. Mesothorax
antice rotundus, declivis; parapsides et axillee discrete dis-
tantes; scutellum rotundum, tergo planiusculum, apice
devexum; scutum transversé carinatum, medio productum,
obtusum. Metathorax brevis, sublavis, medio carinatus.
Petiolus brevissimus, annularis, levis. Abdomen ovatum,
depressum, thorace brevius et partim angustius ; segmentum
2um 3o dimidio longius, 3um et sequentia subzequalia. Te-
mora valida. Metafemora incrassata, margine infero versus
apicem obsoleté serrulata. Metatibiz valide, subrecte,
extus brevissimé ciliate, apice truncate, calcaribus 2 mag-
nis. Ale pubescentes; nervus costalis ulnd dimidio longior ;
radius ad alze trientem productus, oblique subarcuatus, apice
subdentatus ; metacarpus illo longior.
Sp. Miscogaster Gelo. Monogr. Chalciditum, ii. 27.

Genus LELAPS, Haliday.
Sp. 1. Lel. Sadales. Fem.

Niger, ferrugineo-varius, antennis fuscis, pedibus pallidis, basi albo
variis, proalis fumatis.

Merostenus Sadales, Walker, Monogr. Chal. ii. 93.

Niger, prothorace, antennis basi, squamulis abdomineque apice
ferrugineis. Pedes pallidiores, procoxis et mesocoxis omnino,
metacoxis apice femoribusque basi abidis. Caput confer-
tissimé rugulosum, opacum; frons setis paucis validis nigris
aspersus ; occiput marginatum. ‘Thorax confertissimeé rugu-
losum, opacum. Méesothoracis dorsum setis paucis validis
nigris aspersum; scutellum posticé confertissime striatum.
Metathorax rugosus, reticulatus. Antennce fusce ; articulus
3us lmo feré eequalis, 4to feré duplo longior ; articulus 2us
sublinearis, 4to feré eequalis. Mesofemora et metafemora
fusco-maculatis. Mesotibiae ante medium et metatibia prope
apicem obscuriores. Proalee fumatz, puncto costali ad nervi
costalis concursum et fasciis lunatis subconnexis ante alz
apicem fuscis densitis pubescentibus. | Metalae subhyaline.
Squamule flavescentes. Petiolus brevis, annularis, substria-
tus. Abdominis segmenta reliqua levissima; 2um longé
‘maximum, apice integrum; 3um et sequentia brevissima,

300 Mr. A. H. Haliday’s Contributions

linearia, transversa; 7um majus, apice ferrugineum; 8um
subulatum, ferrugineum. Terebra ferruginea, quarto abdo-
minis longitudine eequalis.

Sp. 2. Lel. pulchricornis, Haliday.

Nigro-cupreus, antennis fuscis albo-cinctis, pedibus flavis, alis
ferrugineo-variis.

Nigro-cupreus, transversé rugulosus. Clypeus feré testaceus,
apice subtridenticulatus. Palpi pallidé flavi. Maxille fere
testaceee. Antenne fusce, feré corporis Jongitudine; articulis
Imo et 2do, 3tio apice, 4to et capitulo albidis; articulus 3us
Imo equalis, 4us 2do dimidio Jongior. Mesothoracis scutum
posticé striatum ; mesopleure leves, nitidee, anticé conferté
punctulate. Metathorax reticulatus, rugosus; pleuree nigre.
Petiolus laevis. Abdomen leve, ceneo-nigrum, basi cupreum,
statura ut L. Sandalis, modd segmenta apicalia parim bre-
viora; terebra abdomine vix brevior, pallidé ferrugineum
apicibus nigricantibus. Pedes pallidé flavi; metacoxe trans-
verse substriate, basi fuscee. Ale fumato-hyaline, disci
macula magna oblongé, basi et apice ramulo nervi ulnaris
basin et radii apicem attingente, fusco-ferruginea; macula
alia orbiculata intra alee apicem punctum fuscum includens.

Taken in St. Vincent’s Isle, by the Rev. Lansdown Guilding.

Sp. 3. Lel. avicula, Haliday, mas.
Niger, pedibus ferrugineis, alis immaculatis.

Niger, subtilissime et confertissime rugulosus. Antenne gra-
cillimez, filiformes, corpore dimidio longiores, flagello piloso ;
articuli lus et 2us ferruginei ; 2us obconicus, 3us 1mo dimi-
dio longior ; 4us et sequentes paulatim decrescentes, omnes
discreti; annellus indistinctus. Clypeus ferrugineus. Man-
dibule ferrugineee. Prothorax fusco-testaceus. Scutellum
apice striatum. Metathorax rugosus, reticulatus. Petiolus
linearis, rugulosus;:,jmetacoxis triente brevior. Abdomen
leve, obovatum, de Mesavat nitidissimum. _Pedes _pallidé
ferruginel ; metacoxe transverse substriate, basi fusce.
Ale immaculate, obscuro-hyaline ; nervi fusco-ferruginel.
Squamule pallidé ferruginez.

Genus OPHELIMUS, Haliday.

Caput hemisphericum, fovea frontali antennarum scapum excipiente.
Antenne paullo infra mediam faciem inserte, 8 arliculate ;

towards the Classification of the Chalcidide. 301

clava crassa, 3-articulata, Prothorax perbrevis. Mesotho-
racis parapsides discrete, sinu postico rotundato, Scuiellum
elineatum. Abdomen subsessile. Proala humero subin-
fracto, ulnd breviuscula, radio mediocri, metacarpo tenuis-
simo. Tibiarum calcaria magna, numero 1, 1, 2.

Sp. 1. O. Ursidius. Eulophus Ursidius, Walker, Monogr. Chal. 11.

Viridi-zeneus, tibiis flavis, tarsis posterioribus fascia albida;
antennis thoracis longitudine, clava ovata.

Sp. 2. O. Sabella. Eulophus Sabella, Walker, Monogr. Chal. ii.
Viridi-zeneus, trochanteribus tibiis tarsisque flavis, tarsis apice
nigris ; antennis thorace brevioribus, clava obtusa,

Synon, Cirrospilus Prymno, \alker, M. C. ii.

Sp. 3. O. Vannius. Cirrospilus Vannius, Walker, Monogr. Chal. ii.

Viridi-zeneus, tarsis posterioribus et genubus albidis, illis apice
nigris ; antennis capitis longitudine, clava ovata maxima.

Eulophus Euryalus, Haliday.

E. Westwoodii affinis (articuli biramosi). Minor, gracilior, aneo-
nitidus, metathorace levi. Abdomen anticé macula fused,
pallida. Pedes flavi, coxis et metafemoribus fusco-viridibus,
Antenne articulus lus flavus, apice fuscus; reliqui fusci.
Ale hyalinze ; squamulze flavee ; nervi dilute fusei.

VOL. III. x

302 Mr. R. Templeton’s Memoir

XLIV. Memoir on the Genus Cermatia and some other
exotic Annulosa (in a Letter addressed to the Secretary).
By R, Tempuerton, Esq., R.A.

[Read 3 October, 1842. ]

(Plates XVI. and XVII.)

Colombo (Ceylon),
May 19th, 1842.
My pear WEstWwoop,

I srnp to you, “ per Tigris,’ a present for the Entomological
Society, which I hope will prove an acceptable one, though you
may be at first rather surprised to find that it is not a present
of insects. This it is.—In this country, along the marshy banks
of the large rivers, grows a large handsome tree, named Sonne-
ratia acida by the younger Linnzeus ; its roots spread far and wide
through the soft moist earth, and at various distances along send
up most extraordinary long spindle-shaped excrescences four or
five feet above the surface. Of these Sir James Edward Smith
remarks :—‘‘ What those horn-shaped excrescences are, which
occupy the soil at some distance from the base of the tree, from
a span to a foot in length, and of a corky substance, as described
by Rumphius, we can offer no conjecture.” Most curious things
they are, they all spring very narrow from the root, expand as
they rise, and then become gradually attenuated, occasionally
forking but never throwing out shoots or leaves, or in any respect
resembling the parent root or wood. ‘They are firm and close in
their texture, nearly devoid of fibrous structure, and take a mode-
rate polish when cut with a sharp instrument; but for lining insect
boxes and making setting boards, they have no equal in the world,
the finest pin passes in with delightful ease and smoothness, and
is held firmly and tightly, so that there is no risk of the insects
becoming disengaged: with a fine saw I form them into little
boards and then smooth them with a sharp case-knife, but the
London veneering mills would turn them out fit for immediate
use, without any necessity for more than a little touch of fine
glass paper. Some of my pigmy boards are two feet long by
three and a half inches wide, which is more than sufficient for our
purpose, and to me they have proved a vast acquisition. The
natives call them “ Kirilimow,” the latter word signifying “ root.”
The above may interest some of your botanical friends.

My professional engagements have prevented my doing more
than making myself acquainted with the habitats of insects I

on the Genus Cermatia; Se. 303

intend to capture, and, besides, I am never away from Colombo
where insects are by no means plentiful, so that I have as yet had
little cpportunity of making a collection. Of my old pets, the
spiders, I bottle up all I see, to be reserved for future examination,

On turning over Guérin’s “ Iconographie” some time ago, I was
much surprised at his drawing of Machylis polypoda ; it resembles
mine in no respect, though [ see that M. Milne Edwards, in the
new edition of Lamarck, unhesitatingly declares both indentical
with Lepisma polypoda of Linné. It shows how necessary
sketches are to accompany the descriptions of insects of obscure
tribes, and I have no doubt the sketches in question are taken
from essentially distinct animals. To be satisfied that they are
really distinct, compare the front views of the heads: in mine the
labrum (chaperon) is broadly developed, in his elongate ; in mine
the maxillary palpi and (in some measure) the labial are robust,
in his slender; similar differences in the antenne, and, if you
might judge from the basal portion of this latter, (figured 1a,
Guérin,) such an extraordinary difference is exhibited that one
would hardly imagine they belonged to the same genus; and still
more striking differences are discovered in the articulations of the
caudal sete. That neither one or other is Lepisma polypoda of
Linnd, I have no longer any doubt; the habitat of this latter every-
where given is “ littoribus lapidosis,” a locale f never met one in;
all that I have seen have been in dry stone fences, especially when
the interstices are overgrown with moss. Fabricius, in his ‘‘ Species
Insectorum,” quotes the Linnean habitat, and moreover adds
* aliam simillimam inveni cauda quintuplia,” which nearly satisfies
me that both are alluding to Leach’s Petrobius maritimus, to which
the latter observation correctly enough applies, since if a dozen
of them be caught such differences occur in the length and
appearances of the sete, that on a cursory examination you may
hold them as having five setee and be puzzled as to their relative
lengths.

To settle all these difficulties, it only remains for you to request
your Swedish correspondents to examine the Lepismide of their
stony shores, assume that Linné drew his description from those
found in the habitat he gives, and that they are the true Lepisme
polypode, and if they in no ways differ from Leach’s insect sink
his name and retain Machilis polypoda for Guérin’s, which must
clearly be Latreille’s, and call mine Machilis dispar. 1 met with
specimens in dry stone fences at Mr. Thompson’s seat, three
miles from Belfast, which I have a faint recollection of thinking
different from that I figured: I wish you would procure some and

¥2

304 Mr. R. Templeton’s Memoir

examine them. I wish I could persuade you to give us a mono-
graph of the whole tribe, describing all you can get hold of in
Britain or from your continental friends, and restoring the proper
generic names, As a retaining fee I send you one to be included
among the true Lepisme.

Lepisma niveo-fasciata. (Pl. XVI. fig. 1—7.)

Intensely black, with a broad white band along the posterior
margin of the first dorsal plate. Head with several diverging
bunches of yellow sete anteriorly and laterally. The margins of
the thorax similarly distinguished. A row of dots near the
posterior dorsal margin of each abdominal ring, having four or
five similar seta, two invariably projecting backwards, the rest
outwards. Body beneath silvery, the abdominal rings on each
side with two rows of diverging bundles of yellow sete. Legs,
antenna, and maxillary palpi yellow, caudal appendages fuscous.

The caudal appendages, (fig. 2,) compared with the length of
the body, are of variable length, composed of short thick rings,
each with numerous rather long stiff hairs directed directly out-
wards, and the apical margin crowned with minute hairs projecting
backwards, every third or fourth with long, strong, stiff spines
standing at right angles. .

The antennee, setaceous, arise with two naked joints, the first
short, the second rather long; beyond the basal third the antennze
presents a singular character, it would seem that every four united
to form one joint subdivided into three short and one long divisions,
the latter armed with bristles (fig. 3a, 3b, 3c): the same cha-
racter would seem to pertain to those nearer the head, but the
divisions are so short and hairy that I could not satisfy myself
that it was so.

The young differ so much from the mature insect that I took
them at first for a different species: they are fuscous or atrous ;
antenne, legs, and appendages very pale, the thoracic plates are
proportionally less broad, and the first is devoid of the white
marginal band.

When the little creature is moving rapidly the double pair of
auxiliary legs are dragged along.merely supporting the hind part
of the abdomen, but when it moves very slowly I have oceasion-
ally noticed an ambulatory movement, but nothing resembling that
of true legs; in fact, the terminal joint being clothed with an
irregular brush of minute hairs would seem to render it impossi-
ble that the animal could derive any advantage from it as such,

The old Dutch books in the libraries are infested with these
Lepisme, and suffer much from their inroads.

on the Genus Cermatia, &c. 305

The Lepismade should be separated most markedly from the
other division of the 7’hysanura with which they are usually asso-
ciated; the antenne, caudal apparatus, and more especially the
mouth, (and the habits of the animals,) having nothing in common.
The very name that Lamarck has imposed on the order is founded
inerror. They are not Arachnides antennées tracheales, and of this
you can easily satisfy yourself; detach the scales from the outside
with a sable-brush, divide the insect into two halves by a sharp
cut from the head to the tail, and under the microscope, by sepa-
rating the fleshy interim from the tegument of the bronchi, bril-
liant silvery unconnected tubes are seen running upwards and
forwards from near the posterior margin of each ring, throwing
off numerous branches in all directions, but without the slightest
appearance of trachee ; the spiracles are excessively minute pores
on the lateral parts of the belly, and only to be detected by throw-
ing the light through the plates after the scales have been re-
moved, and tracing down the bronchi to them.

As you have remarked, in your observations in the first volume
of the Society’s Transactions, Mr. MacLeay considered this tribe
as the analogues of the Orthoptera, on account of their saltatorial
powers; but I believe it has never been remarked how exceed-
ingly closely they are associated with one division of this order,
and of these most especially the Achetide. For instance, the
Orthoptera are distinguished by their want of trachee ; secondly,
compare the caudal appendages, and we find much to strike us of
close relationship: then the compound eyes and antenne, these
latter, in both the true Lepisme and Achete, arising by two naked
joints supporting long, setaceous, hairy, multiannular terminations ;
next the metamorphoses are similar ; and, lastly, the trophi formed
on precisely the same model. ‘urn to your sketches and descrip-
tion of Acheta domestica, at page 440 of your first volume,* and
compare them and it with the following description of the man-
ducatory apparatus of Lepisma (fig. 4, head and prosternum) :—

Labrum somewhat triangular, rounded at the angles,

Mandibles solid, with four strong, horny, transverse teeth

(fig. 5a, 56).

Tongue fleshy, filling up the space behind and between the

mandibles.

Maxille bilobed, the outer galeated, partly protecting the inner

lobe and carrying at its base the 5-jointed palpus. ‘The inner
shorter and surmounted by two strong incurved teeth (fig. 6),

* Introd. to Mod, Class. of Insects,

306 Mr. R. Templeton’s Memoir

Labium 4dri-lobed, the outer triangular, pilose, supporting the
8-jointed palpus, the inner somewhat square (fig. 7).

(Mentum leathery ; it seems like a collar closing the aperture of

the mouth posteriorly).

In short, it seems to me not unreasonable to imagine that on
further investigation these will again be associated with the true
insects, the only difficulty being the rudimentary organs thrown
out to compensate the want of support afforded by the hind legs,
or at least that they will be considered a completely distinct class
from the Myriapods and be divided into two orders, T’hysanura
and Podura. All this however merits consideration and careful
examination.

I see that Guérin has figured, under the name of Podura suc-
cincta, an addition to my subgenus Orchesilla. P. nitida, nigro-
maculata, albo-cincta, and grisea, Fab., must form a new subgenus,*
so must my cingula and fuliginosa ; stagnorum and arborea, Lin.,
another ; aquatica, Lin., fimetaria, Lin., ambulans, Fab., with dubius
and muscorum, another: and { wish the name I gave this last
changed from Achoreutes to Rathumouies.

I have now to direct your attention to some Myriapods. The
genus Cermatia of Illiger has been to me always a puzzle, but I
am at length satisfied of the existence of the following species :—
At the Cape I became acquainted with a considerable number of
a species of this genus, and I was struck with the constancy with
which the relative proportions of the various parts of the body
were maintained, and it gave me the clue to the unravelling of the
doubts and difficulties I had previously to contend with; some
minute characters derived from the dorsal plates likewise gave me
assistance. The species I consider distinct are the following :—

I, Those with the body elongate and decidedly increased in
breadth about the middle.

Sp. 1. Cermatia araneoides.

Julus araneoides, Pallas. Differs from all the others, as far as
we can trust to his figure and excessively minute description,
in the extreme narrowness of the body and in the equality of
length of the antennz and hind legs, both being nearly one half
longer than the body.

Length 1.33 inch,, relative proportions of body, antenne, and
hind feet, 1.0, 1.4, 1.4.

* Ptenwra, with long antenne of four articulations, the third not longer than
the fourth, which distinguishes them from Pod. plumbea.

on the Genus Cermatia, &c. 307

Sp. 2. Cermatia longicornis. Hardwick, Lin. Tran, xiv. p. 131,

Resembles the last very much, but has the antenne shorter and
the last pair of legs longer.
Habitat Bengal.

Length 1.25 inch., relative lengths 1.0, 1.2, 1.8,

Sp. 8. Cermatia nobilis, mihi. (Pl. XVII. fig. 1—4.)

This giant of the tribe has the head small, sub-ovate, with a
narrow black streak passing from the labrum along the edge of
the fovea of the antennz to the inner canthus of the eye; another
more diffused from thence to the back of the head; a minute
black line mesially imbedded in a brown patch, and with two
angular black marks near its middle. Antenne very long, slender,
brown. Body elongate, spindle shaped, being considerably broader
about the fourth scutellum, which is nearly square, dilated pos-
teriorly, margin waved and furnished with numerous strong teeth
or spines,—in this latter character the rest resemble it ; all are pale
brown, with a middle yellow line edged with brown, a dark longi-
tudinal fascia on each side, and an obscure transverse one across
the base. Legs long, successively lengthening, the last being:
very attenuated. Coxe yellowish brown, with a blue annulus
near the apex. Femora greenish, with two deep blue annuli.
Tibize yellow, faintly annulated. Tarsi dark reddish brown,

Habitat Mauritius and India.

Fig. 1. The animal of the natural size.
2. The sixth scutellum and twelfth leg.
3. One of the tarsal annuli.

4, The second auxiliary leg and part of the first on the
right behind it.

Length 2.0 inch., relative lengths 1.0, 1.6, 2.0.

Sp. 4. Cermatia coleoptrata.

Scutigera coleoptrata, Lam.

Cermatia livida, Leach.

Cermatia , Savigny, Egypt, pl. 1, fig. 5.

This I found very common at Gibraltar. It differs from the two
first in being much smaller; head more rotund, body more linear,
last pair of legs longer, and, from the next species, in the scutella,
the fourth being one quarter longer than broad, edges parallel and
slightly waved, with longitudinal rows of minute spines, and the

308 Mr. R. Templeton’s Memoir

margin with a double row of strong short spines of equal size ;
the antenne likewise are shorter.

Habitat South of Europe. .

Length 0.8 inch., relative lengths 1.0, 1.2, 2.0.

Pl. XVI. fig. 12. Fourth scutellum of Cermatia coleoptrata.
13. Margin of this scutellum exhibiting the spines.

Sp. 5. Cermatia Capensis. (PJ. XVI. fig. 8—11.)

Very common at the Cape of Good Hope, (my specimens were
hung up in a bottle and all their hind legs became detached, so
that I have merely sketched them, but I believe they are of the
accurate dimensions). Head smaller in proportion than in the
last species, pale yellow, the articulations marked with brown.
Body pale yellowish, with a narrow yellow central fascia and a
brown dash between it and the side; fourth scutellum sub-ovate,
with a row of minute marginal teeth or spines, every fifth or sixth
being longer and stronger than the others; the spines on the
dorsum of the scutellum nearly obsolete. Legs robust and yel-
Jowish, without dark annuli, or extremely faint on the coxe and
femora.

Length 1.0 inch., relative lengths 1.0, 1.7, 1.4?

Pl, XVI, fig. 8. Cermatia Capensis a little magnified.
9. Last leg of the sixth scutellum.
10. Fourth scutellum.
1], Edge of the fourth scutellum exhibiting the spines.
Pl, XVII. fig. 5. Magnified portions of the articulations of the joints of
the antenne, and the tip.

II. Body short and of nearly equal breadth,

Sp. 6. Cermatia longipes.
Scutigera longipes, Lam.
Scutigera araneoides, Guérin, Iconographie, 1, fig. 7.
Savigny, Egypt, pl. 1, fig. 6.

Clearly distinguished by the form of the body, shape of the
head, shortness of the anterior legs, and the exceeding length of
the posterior pair.

Length 1.2 inch., relative lengths 1.0, 1.7, 3.0.

Has not Guérin a joint too many at the base of the antenne,
Icon. 1, fig. 7a?

Note—the relative lengths are successively those of the body,
antenne, and last legs.

on the Genus Cermatia, &c. 309

[I discovered at Trincomalee a most beautiful species of crab
allied to Nephrops, but distinct in generic characters from it, which
I have not yet had time to particularly examine, but you shall
have it when I can get leisure to make the necessary sketches.
In the mean time, adieu,

Your’s, very truly,
R. Templeton.
Colombo.

N.B. It may interest some of your conchological acquaintances
to know.that Avicula radiata of Leach is the far famed pearl
oyster of Ceylon; | have got plenty of all ages destined for the
Belfast Museum. I send you a sketch of the fry which roves
about near the surface of the sea; it in scarcely any respect resem-
bles the full grown shell. Vide Nat. Mise. vol. i. pl. 43,

310 Mr, G. R. Waterhouse’s Descriptions

XLV. Descriptions of the Species of the Curculionideous
Genus Pachyrhynchus, Sch., collected by H. Cuming, Esq.,
in the Philippine Islands. By G. R. WateruovuseE, Esq.,
V.P. ELS,

{Read 1 March, 1841.]

Sp. 1. Pachyrhynchus venustus, Waterh.

Niger, laevis; capite macula una inter oculos ; thorace maculis
duabus supra, macul4que und ad utrumque marginem,
elytris viginti-duabus ovatis ornatis ; his e squami§ auratis,
vel aureo-cupreis, effectis.

Var. G3. Differt elytris maculis octodecim ornatis.

Var. y. Differt elytris maculis sexdecim ornatis.

Long. corp. 104—73 lin., lat. 44—3 lin.

This is the largest species of Pachyrhynchus I am acquainted
with: its form is more elongated than that of P. moniliferus.
The body is black and very glossy; on the legs there is often a
slight bluish or purplish tint. ‘The rostrum has an oblong shallow
depression, commencing at the base and becoming deeper, and
terminating in a transverse line opposite the base of the antenne ;
it is very delicately punctured. The thorax is equal in length and
width, and less swollen in the middle than in P. moniliferus ;
numerous very minute punctures are observable on the upper
surface. The elytra are about one-third broader than the thorax,
of an elongate-ovate form, and exhibit neither strize nor punc-
tures. ‘The metallic spots are disposed as follows :—one between
the eyes, and one on each side under the eye; a tolerably large
oblong spot on each side of the upper surface of the thorax, and
a broad longitudinal mark on the side near the insertion of the
legs. On the elytra the number of spots varies from sixteen to
twenty-two, and those which I believe to be the males generally
have less than the females; in. all the specimens there are two
spots on the suture, one on the middle of the elytra and one
between this and the apex; on the outer margin of each elytron
is a large oblong spot at the base, a second behind the middle,
and a third extending nearly to the apex—these two last spots
sometimes join; at the base of the elytra are two oblong spots
placed one on each side and at a short distance from the suture ;
besides these are four round spots, two on each elytron, situated
about midway between the suture and the outer margin and nearly

of the Species of the Genus Pachyrhynchus. 311

equidistant from each other and from the foremost sutural spot ;
between the hindermost pair of the four spots just mentioned are
sometimes two other spots, which are either large and oblong or
small and round. On the under side of the insect a small spot is
observable between the anterior legs ; the meso- and meta-sternum
have each a spot on either side, and on the base of the abdomen
are four spots. The legs have usually a small patch of scales on
the under side of the femur near its apex. The abdominal seg-
ments are very delicately and indistinctly punctured,

Sp. 2. Pachyrhynchus rufo-punctatus, Waterh.*

Niger, levis; capite maculis tribus; thorace maculis duabus
supra, maculdque una ad utrumque marginem ; elytris viginti-
duabus ornatis, his maculis e squamis rufis effectis.

aoe
Long. corp. 83 lin.

This species approaches most nearly to the P. venustus, but
differs in being smaller, of a less elongated form, and in having
the spots of a red, or pinkish red, colour, and very nearly destitute
of metallic lustre. Here the depression, which in P, venustus is
confined to the upper surface of the rostrum, extends backwards
between the eyes, so that in one species the forehead is distinctly
concave, whilst in the other it is flat or even slightly convex.
The elytra in the female of P. rufo-punctatus are shorter than in
P. venustus, rather less convex and more dilated in the middle.
The spots in these two species are disposed in the same manner.

Sp. 3. Pachyrhynchus gemmatus, Waterh.

Niger vel cupreus, levis ; capite supra maculis duabus ; thorace
supra tribus, infra duabus, et elytris sexdecim (duabus apud
suturam) ornatis; his maculis e congerie squamarum metallice
splendentium effectis ; squamis centralibus nitidée viridibus,
circumgirantibus aureo-rubris, et indé ocellos efficientibus.

Long. corp. 63—83 lin.

Var. 6. Differt elytris maculis viginti-duabus ornatis.

The general colour of this most beautiful insect is sometimes

black and sometimes of a most brilliant copper-like hue. The
spots are formed of metallic scales of various hues, but generally

* Descriptions of four species of Pachyrhynchus, viz. P. rufo~punctatus,
P. elegans, P. concinnus, and P. latifasciatus, have been added to this paper since
it was read in March, 1841. ‘These additional species were brought before the
Society in February, 1842, having been discovered in a portion of Mr, Cuming’s
Philippine Island collection, which had been previously overlooked.

312 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Descriptions

they are golden green in the central portion of each spot, and of
a gold or coppery hue on the outer portion. On the rostrum are
three of these most brilliant spots, one above and one on each
side, and the head has three spots disposed in the same manner.
The prothoracic ring presents six spots, three above, of which
two are towards the sides and about midway between the base
and apex of the thorax, and one is behind in the centre. ‘The
elytra have two round spots on the suture, and other spots—
sometimes seven on each elytron, and sometimes nine. The
meso- and meta-sternum are each adorned with brilliant scales at
the sides, and so are the abdominal segments, with the exception
of the terminal one, The femora have a subapical ring (generally
interrupted above) of brilliant scales. The rostrum has a large
and nearly semicircular depression, occupying nearly the whole
area of the basal half, and this is more or less confluent, with a
largish but shallow fovea situated between the eyes.

Sp. 4. Pachyrhynchus perpulcher, Waterh,

Niger, laevis; thorace maculis (subocellatis) supra quatuor, ad
latera duabus, elytris octodecim ornatis; his e squamis
metallicé viridibus et cupreis effectis.

Long. corp. 6—63 lin.

This species somewhat resembles the P. gemmatus, being
adorned with similar brilliant ocellated spots; it is however of
smaller size, has a proportionately larger thorax and the spots are
differently disposed, It is at once distinguished from that species
by the absence of sutural spots on the elytra, and by having four
spots on the upper surface of the thorax instead of three, as in
P. gemmatus.

Sp. 5. Pachyrhynchus Cumingii, Waterh.

Splendidé cupreus; elytris leviter punctato-striatis; rostro
nota transversa basali, capite maculis oblongis tribus, harum
una inter-oculari, una utrinque suboculari; thorace lineis
marginalibus, et supra lineis tribus, et una transversa inter-
rupta, notato ; elytris lined marginali, lineisque duabus longi-
tudinalibus dorsalibus, nec non linea transversa per medium
excurrente, atque lineis duabus abbreviatis et ad angulos
basales, et ad subapicales; his lineis maculisque pallidé
eyaneo-viridibus.

Long. corp. 6# lin., lat. 3 lin.

This beautiful species is rather larger than P. moniliferus ; the

of the Species of the Genus Pachyrhynchus. 313

rostrum is proportionately broader and rather shorter, the thorax
is also broader and rather less constricted before and behind, and
the elytra are proportionately narrower and more elongated : it is
of a rich copper-red colour, but presents a slight aneous tint in
parts and in certain lights. ‘Ihe rostrum is very delicately punc-
tured and has a shallowish transverse impression in a line with
the base of the antennz, there is also a broad and very shallow
oblong depression on the head—both these depressions are filled
with pale blue-green scales, and there is a patch of similar
scales on each side beneath the eye and another on the side of the
rostrum, The thorax is smooth, has a transverse blue-green line
in front and another behind, and these lines are joined by a broader
mark on the sides, which passes close to the femora; on the upper
surface are three longitudinal marks, and one central transverse
mark ; this latter is slightly interrupted, otherwise the disc of the
thorax would be divided into four areas. ‘The elytra are faintly
punctured, and the punctures form strize; on the apical portion
of the elytra the punctures are more distinct: a line of scales
borders the outer margin of each elytron, extending from the base
almost to the apex ; at the base it is recurved and runs up towards
the suture, but stopping at a short distance from the suture it
sends off a longitudinal line which extends very nearly to the
apex of the elytra and there joins the marginal line; this longi-
tudinal line is slightly interrupted in the middle of the elytra,
where there is a transverse band. Besides these lines, all of
which are formed of pale blue-green scales, there are two abbre-
viated longitudinal marks running from the base of the elytra on
each side, and two small spots situated on the apical half of each
elytron.

Sp. 6. Pachyrhynchus elegans, Waterh.

Splendidé cupreus ; capite maculis tribus, thorace maculis dua-
bus supra, maculdque und ad utrumque marginem; elytris
maculis duodecim ornatis ; his maculis magnis et subocellatis,
e squamis pallidé viridibus effectis.

ate Ape
Long. corp. 7} lin., lat. 34 lin,

This species is considerably larger and more elongated in form
than P. moniliferus. It is of a brilliant copper colour, and
smooth: the forehead and base of the rostrum are concave, and
the latter has a deep transverse impression ; on the head above is a
round spot, and under each eye is an oblong spot. The thorax
has two oblique patches above, and a broadish mark on each

314 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Descriptions

side. Elytra impunctate, with four largish spots at the base; in
the middle of each elytron is a transverse patch, which joins a
second longitudinal patch placed on the outer margin; behind the
middle are two sutural spots; and on each elytron is a spot very
near the apex, and another close above this: all these spots are
formed of scales of a very delicate green colour, those on the
elytra however have each a scaleless space in the middle. The
sides of the meso- and meta-sternum, and of the two first seg-
ments of the abdomen, are adorned with green scales.

Sp. 7. Pachyrhynchus speciosus, Waterh.

Splendidé cupreus, vel niger; elytris striato-punctatis ; capite
lineis tribus longitudinalibus ; thorace annulis tribus elongato-
ovatis; elytro utroque lineis duabus transversis humeralibus
ad maginem elytrorum externum confluentibus et prope
suturam; duabus centralibus et ad suturam et ad marginem
externum ductis nec non confluentibus; et lined aream
semilunarem circumdante apicali, ornato, his lineis viridi-
squamosis.

Long. corp. 63 lin.

About equal in size to the P. moniliferus. The ground colour
is usually like burnished copper, but sometimes black. On the
head is a broad and deep impression between the eyes, and this is
continuous with the usual excavation on the base of the rostrum.
The scales forming the markings are of a very pale green colour,
and almost destitute of metallic lustre. The head has three
longitudinal marks ; one central, and one under each eye. The
thorax is most indistinctly punctured, and has three elongated
oval rings, of pale scales, placed lengthways, one on each side, and
one dorsal, which encloses an area scarcely broader than the
encircling line. The elytra are rather more elongate than in
P. moniliferus: at the base of each elytron is an elongated oval
area transversely disposed, enclosed by a narrow band of scales,
and extending from the outer margin nearly to the suture; on the
apical portion is a curved area similarly inclosed, and besides
these markings are two narrow transverse bands, which become
confluent near the outer margin of the elytron and run backwards
to join the apical curved marks—sometimes the two dorsal bands
are joined also at the suture of the elytra. A line of scales on
the prosternum nearly encircles the base of the anterior legs: the
sides and central portion of the meso-sternum, nearly the whole
of the meta-sternum, and the sides of the first, second, third, and

of the Species of the Genus Prochyrhynchus. 315

fourth abdominal segments, are adorned with scales. The femora
have a subapical ring of similar scales, but it is more or less inter-
rupted on the upper surface of each femur.

Sp. 8. Pachyrhynchus Schcenherri, Waterh.

Splendidé cupreus; capite maculis tribus, earum un4 inter-
oculari, un& utrinque suboculari; thorace nitido, dorso
binotato, ad latera lineis duabus; elytris octodecim punctis
(duabus apud suturam) ornatis; his notis, lineis maculisque
pallidé viridibus.

Long. corp. 53 lin., lat. 23.

This species is rather less than P. moniliferus, and of a narrower
form, and so far agrees with P. Erichsoni: its thorax however is
much less globose, approaching somewhat to a cylindrical form,
though it is still swollen in the middle; the legs are decidedly
shorter and more slender; the elytra are impunctate, and there
are differences in the colouring and markings. The general
colour of the insect is brilliant copper-red. The rostrum is very
delicately punctured and has a somewhat shallow triangular fovea,
the base of which forms a transverse line opposite the insertion of
the antennz ; there is around spot between the eyes, and another
on each side beneath the eye, formed of brilliant green scales, as
are all the other spots on the insect. The thorax is impunctate,
and has a small spot above on each side situated midway between
the base and apex, and a second larger spot just above the inser-
tion of the femur. The elytra have eighteen smallish spots; four
of these are at the base, one on each side near the outer margin,
and one on each side at a short distance from the scutellum—
these spots are of an oval form: in the middle of the elytra is a
transverse row consisting of six round spots, and a little behind
the line of these spots is an oblong spot on each side placed close
to the outer margin and one placed on the suture; a second
sutural spot is observable near the apex of the elytra, and two
others on each side of this, two being placed rather above the
line of the last mentioned sutural spot and two below and more
near the tip of the elytra.

Sp. 9. Pachyrhynchus Erichsoni, Waterh.

Aineus; capite maculis tribus, earum una inter-oculari, una
utrinque suboculari; thoracis dorso binotato, lateribus bima-

316 Mr. G, R. Waterhouse’s Descriptions

culatis; elytris maculis sexdecim ornatis; maculis omnibus
flavo-squamosis.
Long. corp. 6 lin,, lat. 24 lin.

This species is about equal in size to P. moniliferus, but is of a
narrower form, and has the thorax more globose. It may be dis-
tinguished from either of the other species by its brass green
colour. The head and rostrum are impunctate; a slight central
longitudinal groove is observable on the hinder part of the latter,
and on each side of this are two shallow oblong fovez, these and
the central groove abut against the distinctly elevated anterior
portion of the rostrum; a small golden spot is situated under
each eye. The thorax is globose and more distinctly constricted
behind than usual; on the upper surface is a smallish round spot
on each side situated about midway between the base and apex of
the thorax, and there is another on each side just above the base
of the femur. On the elytra are sixteen tolerably large round
spots, these are nearly equi-distant and disposed as follows :—four
form a transverse row at the base of the elytra; near the middle
is another band of four spots, and between this and the apex of
the elytra is a third band of six spots, and, lastly, there is a spot
near the apex of each elytron.

Sp. 10. Pachyrhynchus E'schscholtzu, Waterh.

Ater, nitore violaceo; thorace maculis duabus ; elytris striato-
punctatis, maculis quatuor rotundatis ad basin; sex ad
medium, sex prope apicem, duabusque ad apicem, albes-
centibus.

Long. corp. 6$ lin.

About equal in size to the P. moniliferus; but the thorax is
broader and rather shorter than in that insect, and the elytra
rather more elongated. Rostrum with the basal half flat or
slightly concave above and with a longitudinally impressed line,
the fore part humped or elevated above the plane of the hinder
portion. Thorax impunctate, nearly globose, but truncated before
and behind, with two round spots above about midway between
the base and apex, and a patch on each side just above the inser-
tion of the leg. Elytra convex, ovate, with rows of distinct
punctures. On the elytra are twenty spots, four of which are
arranged in a transverse line near the base; six others form a
parallel row near the middle of the elytra; this is followed by a
band of eight spots; and, lastly, there is a spot on each elytron
near the apex. These spots are nearly round and of moderate

of the Species of the Genus Pachyrhynchus. 317

size, 1f we except four, which are small; these are the second
from the suture in each of the second and third bands. The
scales forming the spots have a slight golden hue, but are very
pale.

This species nearly resembles the P. Erichsoni, but differs in
having the thorax larger and more globose; the eyes are rather
larger and less convex, &c.

Sp. 11. Pachyrhynchus latifasciatus, Waterh.

Splendidé zneus; thorace fascia transversa; elytris seriatim
punctatis, fasciis duabus (in medio interruptis), maculisque
tribus ad apicem, ornatis; his fasciis maculisque e squamis
viridibus effectis.

Long. corp. 6 lin.

More elongated, and with the thorax larger and more globose
than P. moniliferus. Rostrum with an impressed longitudinal line
on the basal half, and with a Jarge but shallow triangular fovea,
the base of which is nearly in a line with the point of insertion of
the antenne ; in front of this line the rostrum is humped. Thorax
convex and considerably swollen in the middle; smooth, and
with a central transverse band which is much dilated on the
sides. Elytra ovate, with rows of small punctures ; a broad band
near the base, and a second near the middle; both these bands
are interrupted at the suture, and the second is curved on the
side of the elytra and runs backwards along the margin. Beside
these bands is an oblong dash on the apical portion of each elytron,
near to, and parallel with the suture, and there are moreover two
sub-apical spots. All the bands and spots are formed of pale
green scales, which have very little metallic lustre.

Sp. 12. Pachyrhynchus striatus, Waterh.

Ater; elytris profundé punctato-striatis ; capite macula inter
oculos; thorace supra trimaculato; elytris duodecim-macu-
Jatis; maculis aureis ; illis elytrorum ad basin quatuor, et ad
apicem quatuor clongatis, ad medium quatuor, scilicet duabus
externis rotundatis, et duabus dorsalibus transversis.

Long. corp. 6 lin., lat. 2¢ lin.

This species is rather smaller than /. moniliferus, and of a
narrower form. It is most nearly related to P. roseo-maculatus,
and very nearly resembles that insect in its markings, but here they
are of a golden hue, and instead of the cordiform spot on the

VOL. III. Z

318 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Descriptions

suture there are two transverse spots, one on each side, at a short
distance from the suture. The elytra are deeply punctate-
striated, On the upper surface of the thorax are three spots, one
behind, which is triangular, and one on each side; these last are
joined by a narrow subinterrupted transverse line. It is possible
this may only be a variety of the rosco-maculatus ; but the differ-
ence in sculpture and size, as well as there being two transverse
spots distant from the suture in lieu of the cordiform spot on the
suture, caused me to separate it. In the present group, however,
I have found considerable difference in the sculpturing of specimens
of the same species, and the markings in some are subject to
extraordinary variations; that is, if I am right in supposing all
those insects as varieties of P. orbifer which I have given as
such.

Sp. 13. Pachyrhynchus roseo-maculatus, Waterh.

Niger; elytris distincté punctato-striatis; capite macula inter
oculos; thorace supra trimaculato; elytris undecim-maculatis ;
his maculis roseis, plerisque oblongis; macula una suturali
obcordata,

Long. corp. 64 lin., lat. 2? lin.

This species is about the same size as P, moniliferus, but has
the elytra proportionately rather narrower, and much more dis-
tinctly punctate-striated. It is readily distinguished from other
species described, by the rosy hue and the peculiar form and dis-
position of the spots and markings. The head has the usual
mark between the eyes, and one on each side under the eye. The
rostrum is distinctly punctured and has a deep triangular depres-
sion, the lower boundary of which terminates in a line with the
antennze. ‘The thorax is impunctate, and has a triangular spot in
the middle behind, and a transverse spot about midway between
the anterior and posterior margins and running from the sides
where it is broadest towards the middle; each spot being pointed
on one side and having the point directed towards the centre of
the thorax: on each side just above the femur is a broadish longi-
tudinal mark, and a transverse line joins these marks on the under
side of the thorax: between the anterior femora is another line.
At the base of the elytra are four oblong spots, one on each side,
and one on each elytron between them and the suture; on the
suture, about midway between the base and apex of the elytra,
is a reversed heart-shaped spot, and opposite this (towards the
sides of the elytra) is another spot on each side which is nearly

of the Species of the Genus Pachyrhyncius. 319

round: near the apex of the elytra are four other large and oblong
spots, one on each side close to the outer margin, and one on each
side between these and the suture, The elytra are distinctly
punctured, and the punctures are disposed in striae,

Sp. 14. Pachyrhynchus jugifer, Waterh.

Ater; capite macula viridi inter oculos, et alteraé utrinque sub
oculos ; thorace in medio linea transversa, et pone hanc lined
longitudinali a transversd usque ad marginem posticum
thoracis excurrente, his e squamis purpureo-aureis effectis,
quibus latera quoque thoracis obtecta sunt; elytris striato-
punctatis, squamis purpureo-aureis indutis, area majusculd
rotundaté prope scutellum, et fascia transversd in medio
elytrorum, ad latera et ad suturam dilatata, nec non linea per
suturam a fascif transversa ad notam apicalem currente, his
notis denudatis

In size and form this species very nearly resembles the P. mo-
niliferus. Rostrum separated from the head by a faint transverse
impression, with a longitudinally impressed line on the basal half,
and with the anterior half (which is moderately punctured) dis-
tinctly humped or raised above the plane of the posterior portion.
On the head are three spots of golden green scales, one on the
vertex, and one under each eye. Thorax but little swollen in the
middle, clothed with scales, with the exception of three large and
nearly square denuded patches, one on the fore part and two
behind; these scaleless areas are separated from each other by
narrow interspaces in the form of a transverse band in the middle,
composed of green scales, and an oblong, nearly triangular, mark
in the centre behind, which is formed of reddish scales. Elytra
ovate, convex (less dilated than in P. moniliferus), punctate-
striated, and clothed with scales which have a pale copper-like
hue, exhibiting however but little metallic lustre; not unfre-
quently they have a purplish tint, and always those which border
the denuded patches are more brilliant, assuming sometimes a
green and sometimes a golden hue; immediately behind the scu-
tellum is a large round (but occasionally square) denuded area,
and rather behind the middle of the elytra is a transverse scaleless
mark extending nearly to the sides; the anterior outline of this
mark or band forms a gently waved line, but the lower boundary
is more or less strongly dentated, it is most dilated in the middle
and most contracted by the encroaching of the scales at a short
distance on either side of the suture. A narrow black or scaleless

Z2

320 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Descriptions

line runs from the transverse mark to the apex of the elytra, the
extreme points of which are also scaleless. In some specimens
the thorax has the sides, and a small triangular patch on the
hinder part above, adorned with scales.

Sp. 15. Pachyrhynchus phaleratus, Waterh.

Ater; lined transversé apud thoracis medium, ad utrumque
latus in duos ramulos divisé spatium inzequale cireumdantes ;
pone transversam, lined centrali longitudinali; elytris linea
mediA transversd, lineis duabus ad basin longitudinalibus, et
pone transversam tribus longitudinalibus ; his sic et margini-
bus externis et basalibus, aureo-viridibus.

Long. corp. 7# lin., lat. 32 lin.

This species somewhat resembles the P. chlorolineatus, but
differs in being much larger; the thorax has a_ transverse
metallic line in the middle, which towards the sides bifurcates,
and, joining with a line on the lateral margin, encloses an irre-
gular area: on the hinder half of the thorax above is a lon-
gitudinal line, and on the hinder margin is a transverse line:
on the thorax beneath is a longitudinal line between the legs, a
transverse line behind, and another in front; these, together with
that on each side of the thorax, enclose two nearly square areas,
and from the middle of each, one of the anterior pair of legs
has its origin. ‘lhe elytra have a transverse metallic line in the
middle, and another runs parallel with and close to the outer
margin as in P. chlorolineatus ; there is also a longitudinal line
extending from the base of each clytron, near the middle, (but
rather nearer the suture than the outer margin,) and extending
almost to the central transverse line, as in the species just men-
tioned ; and, on the apical half of the elytra, are two other longi-
tudinal lines, which extend from the central transverse line and
join the marginal one near the apex of the elytra, sending off a
small branch near the junction of the two; this line does not (as
in P. chlorolineatus) form as it were a continuation of the longi-
tudinal line on the basal half of the elytra, but is more removed
from the suture. Another difference consists in there being a
line along the suture on the apical half of the elytra in the present
species. I can perceive neither striz nor punctures on the elytra :
the thorax is also smooth, but appears to be slightly indented
where the metallic scales form lines. The rostrum is very broad
and nearly flat, but there is a tolerably deep transverse indentation

of the Species of the Genus Pachyrhynchus. 321

just above the line of the insertion of the antennze ; in this in-
dentation are some metallic scales: the rostrum moreover is very
indistinctly punctured,

Sp. 16. Pachyrhynchus decussatus, Waterh.

Ater, lined transversi apud thoracis medium et pone hane
lineis tribus longitudinalibus, nee non margine externo aureo-
viridibus ; elytris, linea centrali transversd, lineis quatuor ad
basin longitudinalibus, et pone transversam lineis duabus
longitudinalibus, his lineam parvulam incurvam lateralem
emittentibus; lineis omnibus sic et marginibus elytrorum
splendidé aureo-viridibus.

Long. corp. 73 lin., lat. 64 lin.

This species approaches most nearly to P. phaleratus and
P. chlorolineatus : it is, however, at once distinguished from the
first of these species, by there being no metallic line on the suture
of the hinder half of the elytra, and by there being two lines in
a longitudinal direction on the basal half of each elytron; the last
mentioned character also serves to distinguish it from P. chloro-
lineatus ; as well as there being a small curved line branching
out of each of the Jongitudinal lines on the hinder half of the
elytra, (which are, as it were, a continuation of the innermost
longitudinal line on the base of the elytra,) and three longitudinal
lines instead of one on the hinder half of the thorax. On the
head is a central longitudinal line of metallic scales situated in a
broad groove between the eyes, and a transverse metallic line
situated in a deep irregular groove between the antenne ; there
is moreover an oblong spot under each eye, and a patch of metallic
scales on each side of the rostrum, which is rather distinctly
though minutely punctured. The thorax has a transverse line
near the middle, which does not extend to the outer margin; a
line encircles the thorax in front, but is interrupted in the middle
above, and joining this line is a curved longitudinal band on each
side of the thorax, and a central mark beneath: on the hinder
half of the upper surface of the thorax are three longitudinal
lines ; all these lines, as well as some spots and markings on the
under side of the body, and the lines on the elytra, are formed of
brilliant golden scales, having a slight greenish hue. Besides the
lines on the elytra before noticed are two small spots, one on each
side near the apex. he elytra are very obscurely punctate-
striated.

322 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Descriptions

Sp. 17. Pachyrhynchus concinnus, Waterh.

Ater; elytris punctato-striatis; thorace in medio lined trans-
versa, et pone hanc linea longitudinali; elytris lined transversa
centrali, lineis duabus longitudinalibus et linea marginali;
his lineis pallidé viridibus,

Long. corp. 6—7 lin.

This species closely resembles the P. chlorolineatus, but differs
in being larger, in having the markings broader than in that
insect, and the rows of punctures on the elytra more distinct.
The longitudinal marks on the elytra are often interrupted near
the transverse mark.

Sp. 18. Pachyrhynchus multipunctatus, Waterh.

Ater; capite maculis tribus, earum una interoculari, una
utrinque suboculari; thorace nitido, dorso binotato, ad latera
lineis duabus; elytris punctis plurimis ornatis; his lineis
punctisque viridibus.

This species is equal in size to the P. moniliferus, but its form
is more elongated. Scarcely a trace of any punctures is observ-
able on the head and thorax. On the elytra are rows of very
minute punctures.

Sp. 19. Pachyrhynchus reticulatus, Waterh.

Niger; capite lineis tribus longitudinalibus notato; thorace
elytrisque lineis aureo-viridibus vel cupreis areas polygonas
circumdantibus reticulaté ornatis.

The P. reticulatus is equal in size to P. moniliferus ; its rostrum
is narrower, and the thorax is rather shorter, and the elytra less
globose. A tolerably broad groove is observable between the
eyes, which runs down on to the rostrum, where it terminates,
having become gradually broader, in a transverse line at the point
of insertion of the antennz: the fore part of the rostrum is
thickly and finely punctured. The thorax is impunctate. The
elytra are provided with rows of small but distinct punctures.
The markings are all in the form of narrow lines, of brilliant,
golden, green, or reddish gold scales. On the head is a longi-
tudinal line above, and another on each side beneath the eye. The
upper surface of the thorax is divided into five areas by coloured
lines,—two areas in front, which are more or less confluent, two
behind, and a small central one; and on each side of the thorax
there is moreover a large inclosed area. The elytra have the

of the Species of the Genus Pachyrhynchus. 328

metallic lines so disposed that each elytron is divided into nine
subequal polygonal areas, besides which there are two areas
which are common to the two elytra, one on the suture near the
base and the other subapical.

Sp. 20. Pachyrhynchus rugicollis, Waterh.

Ater; thorace distincté rugoso-punctato, punctis squamis viri-
dibus ornatis ; elytris rufo-piceis, vel piceis, leviter punctato-
striatis, et ad apicem quasi squamis viridibus pulverulentis.

About equal in size to P. moniliferus. The elytra are very

globose in this species, usually of a pitchy-red colour, but some-
times nearly black; they have rows of very small punctures.
The rostrum has a small but deepish triangular fovea.

Sp. 21. Pachyrhynchus moniliferus, Esch.

Sp. 22. Pachyrhynchus chlorolineatus, Waterh.

Ater ; thorace in medio linea transversa, et pone hanc linea lon-
gitudinali; elytris lined transversa centrali, lineis duabus lon-
gitudinalibus, et lined marginali, his viridibus, nonnunquam
splendidé aureo, vel cupreo-viridibus.

Long. corp. 6 lin.

In size and form this species closely resembles the P. monili-
ferus; but upon placing a number of specimens of each side by
side, it is evident that the P. moniliferus generally has the elytra
rather shorter and more globose; some specimens however could
not be distinguished in this respect from P. chlorolineatus, the
markings of which are not broken up into dots. In certain
situations all the specimens of chlorolineatus had the slender green
lines, with which they are adorned, quite destitute of metallic
lustre; whilst in other localities the specimens were all marked
with brilliant metallic lines, generally of a golden green colour,
and sometimes having a coppery hue. I do not find any specimens
which perfectly link these varieties; but in P. orbifer there is a
similar difference in the colouring of specimens from different
situations, and there are intermediate varieties.

Sp. 23. Pachyrhynchus orbifer, Waterh.

Niger; thorace in medio fascia transversa, et pone hance plaga
longitudinali a transversa usque ad marginem posticum
thoracis excurrente, his e squamis ceruleo-viridibus effectis ;

324 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Descriptions

elytris squamis ceeruieo-viridibus indutis, areis 7-rotundatis
denudatis.
Long. corp. 6 lin., lat. 3 lin.

In size and form this species closely resembles the P. monil-
Jerus. Head and rostrum with distinct scattered punctures, the
former with a longitudinal groove above, which runs into a large
triangular fovea on the basal half of the rostrum. The scales on
these parts are arranged so as to form a line on the head, in fact,
there filling up the longitudinal groove; a patch on each side
under the eye, and another on each side of the apical half of the
rostrum. Thorax subglobose; truncated before and behind, and
with very minute punctures, which are rather widely scattered.
The uncovered and the scaly parts of the thorax are about equal in
proportion: the markings formed by the scales may be described
as a broad, transverse, mesial band above,—a central broad mark
connecting this with the posterior margin, and a very broad band
covering the sides; or, a more accurate idea might perhaps be
conveyed by describing the thorax as covered with scales, with
the exception of an anterior central patch above,—more or less
divided behind by a slender line of scales; sometimes nearly
divided into two circles, and sometimes into two squares ;—-and
two quadrate large denuded patches behind. Elytra convex, sub-
ovate (generally less inclining to a globose form than in P. monil-
ferus), punctured in striae, the punctures for the most part distinctly
separated ; the surface of the elytra is covered with scales, with the
exception of two transverse bands, each composed of three round
(or nearly round) large denuded areas; the first of these bands is
situated near the base of the elytra, and the second rather behind
the middle; the three circular areas in each are separated by
narrow lines of scales, but between the outermost area of each,
and the outer margin of the elytra, there is a considerable space :
besides these areas there is a seventh at the apex of the elytra,
which is rather small, and generally throws out a short branch on
each side, which runs for a short distance along the outer margin
of the elytron. All the scales are of a greenish blue colour, but
those which are nearest to the denuded spaces are much paler
than the rest, and form conspicuous pale lines encircling the scale-
less parts. The femora have each two interrupted rings of scales.

Of this species Mr, Curning brought home an immense number
of specimens. ‘There were also in that gentleman’s collection
many specimens of each of several varieties (or rather what I
believe to be varieties) which I will proceed to notice.

of the Species of the Genus Pachyrhynchus. 325

Var. a. This agrees with the above description, excepting that
the scales, instead of being of a dull bluish colour, have a brilliant
metallic lustre, chiefly golden green, but intermixed are scales of
gold, copper, and azure colours.

Between this variety, and the specimens from which the descrip-
tion is taken, are others which are semi-metallic.

Var. (3. Differs from var. a, in having the denuded areas on
the elytra confluent; but the three forming the anterior band are
still distinctly separated from the posterior three. The scales on
the thorax, moreover, occupy less space than in var. a.

In this variety, the denuded spots on the elytra being larger
than in var. a, they necessarily contract the scaly portion, and
this, by a gradual increase of the naked parts, is by degrees con-
tracted (in a series of specimens I have before me) until the elytra
might be described as black, with a narrow band of brilliant scales
at the base, and running down the outer margin almost to the
apex, a second band in the middle, which is also very narrow, and
a subapical band interrupted at the suture. ‘The scales on the
thorax are here also confined to a narrow mesial transverse line,
a very slender longitudinal line connecting this with the hinder
margin, and a line on each lateral margin. Again, there are
specimens in which the metallic fascia on the elytra are extremely
narrow, and in parts interrupted; and, lastly, I find individuals
in which the central fascia is obliterated, and nearly all the scales
from the thorax are wanting.

All these varieties have brilliant metallic scales. There are
one or two others which are interesting. One, in which the
scales are brilliant metallic green, in which the fascize on the
elytra, especially the central one (which is moderately broad),
are broken up by narrow lines, in the region of the striz of
punctures, into oblong spots. Another like the last, but with
the fasciz narrower and less metallic. Again, in some speci-
mens the scales have less of the metallic lustre, are very narrow
and broken up into dots; and among these some have the scales
green and others blue; and these Jast completely run into, as it
were, the P. moniliferus: and even between moniliferus and
P. chlorolineatus there are intermediate specimens, viz. specimens
in which the little bead-like spots, arranged in lines, which cha-
racterize the P. moniliferus, are less distinctly separated, and
almost form uninterrupted lines as in P. chlorolineatus. But in
eases in which the fascia of the varieties of P. orbifer become
extremely slender, they are always distinguishable from the
P. chlorolineatus by these fasciz being dentated (not even, smooth

VOL. Il. AA

326 Mr, G, R. Waterhouse’s Descriptions

lines as in the insect last mentioned), throwing out little processes
here and there in situations where, if carried to a greater extent,
they would divide the denuded parts of the elytra into the circular
areas. Departing from the typical P. orbifer in another direction,
we find specimens in which nearly all the scales are obliterated,
excepting those paler scales which encircle the rounded areas ;
these varieties approach to the P. reticulatus. Lastly, there are
specimens in which there are no scales, and as these appendages
rub off, it might be presumed these scaleless individuals were old
specimens; a supposition which would be correct in some, but not
in all, instances. In some of the bottles full of these insects
brought home by Mr. Cuming, I found mixed with the P. orbifer
(and especially with the variety just described as approaching to
P. reticulatus) numerous specimens in which the scales had evi-
dently been rubbed off—a scale or two only being left here and
there ; but in one bottle there were a great number of specimens,
all of which were entirely destitute of scales, and among these
were some in which the elytra were quite soft and readily admitted
the pin, whilst generally the elytra were so hard that I was obliged
to bore a hole with a needle before I could pass the pin through
the insect; these black specimens, moreover, nearly always had
the elytra more globose and shorter than in P. orbifer: on these
specimens I founded the P. tnornatus.

I have said that in P. orbifer the elytra have rows of small
punctures which are distinctly separated; generally these punctures
are more distinct in the specimens from which my chief descrip-
tion is taken; in those with metallic colouring they are less dis-
tinct, and sometimes scarcely perceptible: in some of these, how-
ever, the punctures are even more distinct than in the type:
sometimes the elytra are sulcated, and have punctures in the
grooves. I have specimens before me even in which the elytra
are deeply sulcated; but these specimens are all more or less
crippled, perhaps by some accident while in the pupa state.

From the above observations it will be seen, that there is con-
siderable difficulty in arriving at a satisfactory discrimination of
the species of this genus; and as connected with this subject I
may mention, that the specimens as they were collected by Mr.
Cuming were thrown into bottles of spirit. They were collected
in the different islands of the Philippine group, but unfortunately,
by an oversight, the labels on the bottles indicating the localities
were not attended to when the specimens were mounted. But
this much I can affirm, that, generally speaking, those which I
have presumed to be varieties of P. orbifer, &c., were not mixed

of the Species of the Genus Pachyrhynchus. 327

together in the same bottle. There was not one of the metallic
varieties of P. orbifer, for instance, found in a bottle which con-
tained many hundreds of specimens having dull scales, and from
which the detailed description is drawn up. Again, the specimens
of P. chlorolineatus with dull green markings were not mixed with
those with marks formed of metallic scales. ‘Those varieties of
orbifer which approach so near to the P. moniliferus were not
found mixed up with the hundreds of specimens of that species
brought home by Mr. Cuming. TI recollect, moreover, perfectly
noticing that the varieties of P. orbifer having narrow metallic
bands were not in the same bottle as those in which the elytra are
covered with metallic scales, with the exception of seven circular
areas,—in fact, var. a.

On the whole I incline to the belief that P. chlorolineatus,
P. moniliferus, and P. orbifer, and the intermediate varieties
noticed, are distinct races of the same species—varieties produced
by some local causes: and this opinion was strengthened by my
finding somewhat analogous cases in some other species. After
mounting, out of various bottles, a number of specimens of the
Agestrata Luzonica (Kisch.), all of which were nearly of the same
size, I was struck with finding a number of specimens (in a
bottle by themselves) which were half as large again as those I
had previously pinned, Of the Pyrgops inops (Scho.), I found
all the specimens in one bottle destitute of any metallic markings,
whilst those in another were richly ornamented with golden
scales forming spots and bands.

LONDON: — bh
ROWORTH AND SONS, BELL YARD,
TEMPLE BAR. . ‘acgiat

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JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

( Continued.)

June 4th, 1838.
James Francis Stephens, Esq., President, in the Chair.

DonatTIONs.

Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 1837, Part 4.
Presented by that Society.

The Magazine of Natural History. New Series, No. 18. By
the Editor.

The Naturalist, No. 21. By the Editor.

The Athenzeum for May. By the Editor.

Nos. 1 and 2 of the Revue Zoologique. By M. F. E. Guérin.

No. 1 of an Introduction to the Modern Classification of In-
sects. By J. O. Westwood, F. L.S., Sec. E. S., the Author
thereof. .

A plate representing the natural history of the Cane-fly, De/-
phax Saccharivora, Westw. By John Wells, Esq., Pres. Agricul.
Soc. of Grenada. Presented by J. C. Johnston, Esq.

A Specimen of Stylops Dali, presented by Mr. Thwaites, ac-
companied by observations upon its habits, ina letter addressed by
W. E. Shuckard, Esq.

It was announced that the Society had purchased Curtis’s
British Entomology.

Busts of Reaumur and Latreille, purchased by the Society, and
which had arrived from Paris since the last meeting, were placed
as ornaments in the meeting room.

Sir Thomas Phillips, Bart.
Charles Lowe, Esq., of Liverpool, and
Alfred Tulk, Esq., of No. 2, East Brook Place, Dovor,
were elected Ordinary Members of the Society.
b

il JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

Memoirs, Exursitions, &c,

Mr. Strachan, late resident at Sierra Leone, exhibited several
beautiful Coleopterous insects collected at that settlement, includ-
ing a male of Goliathus Torquatus of Drury (another specimen of
which is in the Collection of Mr. Joseph Hooker), and which he
described as of very great rarity, not having been before noticed
by any of the collectors of insects resident there. The specimen
had flown into his room by night.

Dr. Cantor exhibited some splendid insects collected by him-
self in India, including F'ulgora clavata, West. ; an apparently new
species of the same genus allied to F. candelaria, a large new
species of Mantispa, several beautiful moths allied to Gymnauto-
cera, a new Macronota allied to M. philippinica, a new Mimela
and Campsosternus, &c.

Mr. Westwood exhibited a living specimen of the rare saw-fly,
Lyda inanita, captured on the 31st Vee in his garden at Hammer-
smith, and stated that for several years he had noticed it on that day,
or within a day or two of it. He also exhibited nests made of small
portions of rose leaves spirally arranged, found in his garden, and
which were formed by the larve of a species of Lyda, and which
he consequently regarded as those of L. znanita, no other species
occurring there.

He also exhibited a series of drawings illustrative of the natu-
ral history of Nematus Gallicola, Balaninus Salicivorus, and Eu-
lopeus Nemati, Westw. (a new species of Chalcidide), the latter
being parasitic upon the first-named insect. He also exhibited
drawings of various new and remarkable exotic insects, upon
which he made various observations. (Since published in the
Introduction to Entomology in the Naturalist’s Library of Sir W.
Jardine.)

Mr. Ingpen stated, in regard to the economy of Strex duplex
which he had brought before the Society at the last meeting, that
the joists of the house (from which alone the Szrea had been pro-
duced in immense profusion) were entirely of English timber.

Mr. Shuckard, in communicating the observations of Mr.
Thwaites upon Stylops Dalu, added that he had recently obtained
a species of Ammophila from Gambia, which had evidently been
infested by a species of Strepszptera, and that on examining an
American species of Rhygchium, which exhibited the heads a two
Strepsipterous insects protruding from between the rings of the
body, he had found the interior of the abdomen to be occupied by

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. lil

the larvee and perfect insects of a species of Diptera, which might
probably have been parasitic upon the Stylops.

In support of this compound parasitism, the Rev. F. W. Hope
stated the circumstances he had observed relative to Ripiphorus
paradoxus, the parasite of the common wasp, which is itself para-
sitically attacked by a species of Anomalon, which last is the prey
of one of the minute Chalcidide.

Mr. Westwood suggested, that as the Dipterous insects found
in the abdomen of the wasp by Mr. Shuckard were evidently spe-
cimens of a Z’rineura, Meig., in an imperfect state, the supposed
larvee being, in fact, their puparia; these insects, instead of being
parasitic on the Stylops, must have attacked the wasp after
death, it being the habit of some of the Trineure to reside in ill-
preserved collections of natural history, &c.

Mr. Stephens considered it probable that the eggs of the T'ri-
neurcee were deposited during the process of drying the wasp, as
he had noticed a British species of Libellula to be attacked by the
Trineure in a similar manner.

The Rev. F. W. Hope communicated a notice of a case from
the “ Stamford Mercury,” in which an old and infirm person had
been operated upon for an abscess in the mouth, on opening
which a brood of the “common house-clock” were dislodged.
The term black-clock being applied in Yorkshire to the larger
black species of Carabide, it was suggested that the insects in
question might have belonged to a species of that group, as the
Sphodrus leucopthaius had been found under nearly similar cir-
cumstances. The common cock-roach and the Blaps mortisaga
were also suggested as possibly being the insects intended.

The commencement of a memoir, entitled Dytiscide Darnin-
iane, by C. C. Babington, Esq., F. L.S., was read.

June 2d, 1838.
James Francis Stephens, Esq., President, in the Chair.

DownatTIONS.

Memoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de
Génevé, Vol. 8, part 1. Presented by that Society,
Die Kafer der Mark-Brandenberg, Vol. 1, part 1. By Dr.
Erichson, the Author thereof.
The Athenzeum Journal for June. By the Editor.
b2

lV JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

The Magazine of Natural History. New Series, No. 19. By
the Editor.
246 Species of British Chalcidide. By F. Walker, Esq.

M. Charles Aubé of Paris,
Professor Schwaegrichen of Leipzig, and
‘M. Kunze, also of Leipzig,

were elected Foreign Members of the Society.

Exuipitions, Memorrs, &c.

Mr. Westwood exhibited various insects from the Collection of
the Rev. F. W. Hope, presenting several remarkable physiological
peculiarities, namely :

A specimen of Curculio Reid, K. (see Plate VI. fig. 3), from
between the head and front of the prothorax of which a Dipterous
larva had protruded itself, and there died without being able to
extricate itself or assume the pupa state; two other smaller dead
Dipterous larve had also been found within the prothoracic cavity
on removing it from the body.

A specimen of a large species of Acanthocephalus (family
Coreide), from the scutellum of which a great number of filamen-
tous fungi had been produced, each being as long as the entire
body, (see Plate VI. fig. 7, and 7a, part of one of the filaments
magnified).

Two specimens of Euglossa (family Apide), from the basal
portion of the abdomen of each of which an elongated process had
been produced, which was bent backwards and rested on the dor-
sum of the abdomen; in one of the specimens the appendage was
divided at the extremity into two branches (see Plate VIN fig.1,
la, the appendage seen from above ; 1 }, ditto seen sideways) ;
and in the other it was dilated into two reniform lobes (see Plate
VI. fig. 2, 2a, the appendage seen from above; 26, ditto seen
sideways). Mr. Westwood considered it most probable that
these were vegetable substances in different states of development.

Mr. Evans presented a drawing of the New Zealand caterpil-
lar attacked by Spheria Roberts (Hooker, Icones Plantar. I,
pl. 11), of which he also exhibited a specimen (see Plate VI. fig.
4*), Mr. Westwood stated that he had examined the internal
appearance of one of these caterpillars, communicated to him by

* Plate VI. fig. 5, represents the Chinese caterpillar similarly infested by
Clavaria Entomorhiza, described in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Society
for the Ist March, 1841.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Vi

Dr. Buckland, and that the interior was filled with a hard dry
whitish matter like the kernel of a nut, and that a very slender
tortuous black line ran down the centre of the body, and on each
side the trachea was observed at some distance from the outside
of the body. Dr. Buckland considered that the substance found
in the interior of the body of this caterpillar was vegetable, burn-
ing with the odour of hay, without any smell of animal matter,
being, as he apprehended, analogous to the subterraneous plant (be
it stem or root or something between both) which produces for
its fruit the common mushroom.

Mr. Westwood also exhibited, from the Collection of Mr. Hope,
a large Lamellicorn larva from South America, from the pectoral
surface of the thoracic segments of which a long and slender
curved vegetable production was produced nearly equalling the
entire body in length* (see Plate VI. fig. 6.) He also noticed,
with reference to the disease to which the house-fty is subject, an
original article which had appeared in one of the late numbers of
the Athenzeum, wherein it was affirmed, from various observa-
tions, that the exudation was of an animal nature and the result
of plethoric disease, as indeed Kirby and Spense had regarded it.
Mr. Yarrell however communicated the following notice drawn
up by the Rev. Mr. Berkeley to the opposite effect.

“‘T have no doubt that the production about which you inquire
is Sporendomena musce, described first by Fries in his Systema
Muscologicorum, three years ago; it was most abundant here on
flies which attached themselves to the ceiling and there died.
You will find it noticed in Engl. Flor., Vol. 5, pl. 2, p. 350.
There is also a notice in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. Vol. 7, pp. 530,
582; and in Ann. des Sci. Nat. New Series. Vol. 5, p. 316. In
the Analysis of Memoirs presented to the Academy of Sciences
May, 1836, there is an observation upon it by M. Dumeril, who
is right in his view, which was called forth by M. Bassi’s ac-
count of the analogous complaint which is so injurious to silk-
worm establishments. ‘There is little doubt the fly is attacked
whilst yet living, but the parasite is not fully developed till after
death. Other instances are on record of fungi growing upon
living animals. You will find some noticed in the article “ Dry Rot”
in the Penny Cyclopedia. See Jardine’s Mag. of Zool. and Bot.
Vol. 2, p. 223; and Berkeley’s British Fungi, fasc. 3, Spheria
pedunculata and militaris.” [And see Trans. Entomol. Soe.
Vol. 2; Journal of Proceedings, p. Ixiv. and pl. 20, fig. 2.]

* Mr. G. R. Waterhouse possesses a nearly similar larva anne by the same
or an analogous fungus, but which is branched.

vl JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

Mr. Westwood exhibited a twig of lilac infested by the larvee
of Gracillaria Anastomosis (one of the minute Tineide), which in
the young state mine within the substance of the leaves, but after
the first moult they quit the interior of the leaf and become leaf-
rollers. The only analogous instance of such variation of habits
had been recorded by Mr. Lewis in the first part of the Transac-
tions of this Society.*

The following Memoirs were read :

“Description of a Case of Monstrosity occurring in Dyticus
marginalis, in which a portion of the external sexual marks of
distinction are abortive.” By J. O. Westwood, F.L.S.

“Notes on the Habits of the Strepsiptera.” By.G. H. K.
Thwaites, Esq., in a letter addressed to J. O. Westwood.

‘* At the beginning of last month (May) I captured a few bees
of the species infested, which were (with scarcely an exception)
females and contained Stylops, or showed evident signs of a Sty-
lops having escaped from them, the latter was generally the case
during the third week of the same month; the males made their
appearance in some numbers, but few of these Stylopized, and if
they were, the Stylops was in such an early stage of growth that
I could not get one from them, although I kept the bees alive for
three weeks. At the beginning of June I again observed the fe-
males of the same bee, but not one of these infested, so that the
Stylopized bees are at least a month earlier than the others; it
is therefore quite impossible that the Stylops, which appears to
live at the utmost eight hours, can lay its egg in the burrow of a
bee which does not make its appearance until nearly a month
afterwards. Is it not likely that the bees, in most cases, make
their cells in the old burrows? And may not the Stylops lay its
eggs in these burrows before the bee takes possession of it? I
can conceive no other possible mode of their introduction.

‘‘The abdomen of the only Stylops I extracted alive from a
bee was distended to a considerable size with a liquid of a muddy
colour, which is discharged very soon afterwards: I have not had
another opportunity of observing the same thing.”

“ Completion of a Monograph on the Genus Popillia.” By
Edward Newman, Esq., F.L.S.

The Rev. F. W. Hope stated that the specimen of Curculio
Reidii had;but recently come into his possession, and that it was

* Tt is this leaf-rolling larva which is devoured by a species of Ichnewmon, as
described by the late Mr. E. W. Lewis in the Mag. of Nat. Hist., Vol. 6, p. 414.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Vil

his opinion that the Dipterous larva had still more recently made
its appearance, as he had not observed it at first. Also that
when the Acanthocephalus first came into his possession, a con-
siderably greater number of the filamentous processes were at-
tached, but some had been accidentally broken off. Also that the
Euglosse were portions of a small number of that species, which
he had purchased in one lot, several others of which had also been
similarly infested, but that he had broken off some of the append-
ages, thinking these to be bits of yellow wax which had become
accidentally attached to the insect. He also mentioned that he
had seen a specimen of a Carabus in the Vienna Cabinet, which
was somewhat analogous to the Dyticus described by Mr. West-
wood, as well as a Calosoma, and that it was his opinion that in
such monstrosities there was in general a preponderance of male
characters. He had however seen a mackerel which contained
both hard and soft roe.

Mr. Yarrell stated that the latter circumstance had been previ-
ously observed in fishes, and added that from observations which
he had made, it was evident that the external marks of sexual
distinction were but of secondary importance, and consequently
that when the organs of generation themselves were injured or
undeveloped, there was a corresponding weakness or abortion in
the external characters. He had observed a female lobster, one
side of which was perfect, but on the other side the female or-
gans had collapsed, and the form of the body on that side had as-
sumed the narrowed form of the male body. He had however
observed another lobster in which the body was completely gy-
nandromorphous, the organs of generation on one side being of
one sex and inducing a corresponding change of external organs,
whilst those of the opposite side were of the opposite sex and
character.

In allusion to Mr. Thwaites’ suggestions as to the mode of ovi-
position of Stylops, Mr. Westwood considered it most improbable
that the Stylops would deposit its eggs at random in an old and
empty cell of an Andrena, the latter forming new cells for every
brood. And Mr. Shuckard stated, that the different species of
Stylops parasitic upon different species of Andrena probably made
their appearance at different times of the year according to the
term of appearance of the 4ndrena in the winged state, Mr. Rudd
having taken a Stylops as late as August or September.

vill JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

August 6th, 1838.
W. E. Shuckard, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

DonatIons.

The Journal of the Natural History Society of Boston, Vol. 1,
part 4, and vol. 2, part 1. Presented by that Society.

The Honey Bee. Second Edition. By Dr. E. Bevan, M.E.S.,
&c. By the Author thereof.

Systema Insectorum. Fasciculus ]mus ;

Enumeratio Coleopterorum Agri Monacensis ; and

Description of Mesoclastus paradoxus (Hypocephalus armatus,
Desm.) All presented by Dr. Johannes Gistl, of Munich, the
Author thereof.

Part 3 of an Introduction to the Modern Classification of
Insects. By J. O. Westwood, F.L.S.

Exuisitions, Memoirs, &c.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited a species of Callidium variabile, which he
had reared from the larvee which he had exhibited at the May
meeting of the Society, and which had been found in the prepared
stems of branches supporting a number of stuffed humming birds
in a case by Mr. Leadbeater.

He also communicated a letter from Lady de Grey, of Groby,
in which one of the common Elaterid@ was described as having
been observed to inflict an electrical shock which had been felt
from the hand to the elbow on suddenly touching the insect.

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a specimen of Eryx niger (one of the
Cistelide), one of the antennz of which was bifurcated.

Mr. Saunders exhibited a small collection of insects from the
Himalaya Mountains, some of which were interesting on account
of their resemblance to tropical Indian forms, whilst others were
European. Amongst the latter Mr. Shuckard noticed a specimen
of Larra ichneumoniformis, and the Rev. Mr. Taylor stated that
Himalayan specimens of Papilio. Machaon and Gonepteryx Rhamni
in the British Museum were identical with European ones.
Vanessa Atalanta was still more widely extended, but the Ame-
rican specimens, according to Mr. Stephens, constituted a different
species, distinguished by a minute white speck on the fore wings.

Mr. Bowerbank exhibited a living specimen of Cermatia — ?
found in the London Docks in a Ceylon ship; its movements
were exceedingly rapid, and it had been fed for some time upon

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. 1X

bread soaked in water. It was observed that upon a noise made,
it drew itself up, and held up one of its legs in the direction of
the noise. These limbs appeared to be but very slightly attached
to the body, as the insect had jerked off several, apparently in
one instance without cause.

Mr. Sells stated that the real cochineal insect had been raised
during the past and present summers in the hothouses of King
Leopold at Claremont. Mr. Westwood stated that it had also
been introduced into the stoves at the Jardin des Plantes, by M.
V. Audouin, and that fifty years ago its introduction into India was
attempted, a garden having been expressly formed for its growth,
of which a drawing is preserved in the British Museum. Mr.
Anderson of Madras was the projector of this attempt; and
Donovan states that ten species of Coccus had been introduced.
Mr. Saunders stated that the failure of this attempt was owing
to the employment of a species of Cactus, very closely allied to,
but specifically distinct from the true Cactus Coccinellifer, which
would alone support the true cochineal insect.

Mr. Holme communicated specimens of Anobium paniceum,
taken from the Arabic manuscripts in the Cambridge Library,
brought from Cairo by Burckhardt, to which they had done con-
siderable injury.

Mr. Westwood communicated a letter addressed to him by Dr.
Hairby, giving an account of the capture of Cantharis vesicatoria,
in immense profusion in Suffolk, and which was found upon ex-
periment to be equally efficacious with the exotic specimens.

He also communicated an extract from a letter which he had
received from Dr. T. W. Harris, of Boston, U.S., strongly urging
the propriety of the adoption of a fixed set of rules regulating
zoological nomenclature.

A letter was also read from W. Spence, Esq., F. L. 8., H. M.
E.S., &c., relative to the destruction of the apple crop during
the present season, which was chiefly attributable to the attacks of
Aphides before the flowers had expanded. Mr. Westwood stated
that he had particularly observed the destruction of the apple
crop at Hammersmith, some of the trees in his garden not having
a single apple left on them. In the spring, however, he had not
observed any peculiar increase of the Aphides, and in many cases
the unopened bloom had fallen without any attacks of insects.
At a later period he had observed the inside of the fruit infested
by the larvee of a species of Tenthredinida, a peculiarity hitherto
unnoticed in the economy of that family. The Rev. H. 8S. Taylor

x JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

believed that the failure of the flower-buds had in some parts
been attributed to the heavy fall of rain and continued cold in the
spring, which prevented the impregnation of the flowers; and
Mr. Saunders stated that it was well known in Britany that such
was one of the chief causes of the destruction of the crop. Mr.
Ingpen also suggested, that as in the preceding year there was a
superabundant apple crop, the barrenness of the trees in the pre-
sent season might be expected.

Mr. Holme stated that he had captured Onthophagus Taurus in
copula in the garden of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.

Mr. F. Smith stated that during a recent excursion in Colney
Hatch Wood, he had captured many specimens of Saperda po-
pulnea ; and that on examining the underside of one of them, he
distinctly saw a specimen of Megarthrus — ? (a small Staphylinide)
emerge from between two of the abdominal segments, and that on
examining some of the pill boxes in which he had placed the
Saperde, he found two other specimens of the Megarthrus.

The Rev. H.S. Taylor noticed the distinctions existing between
the Swedish specimens of Chrysomela sanguinolenta, Linn., and
the insects known under that name in England, which he consi-
dered as specifically distinct, although Fabricius and other subse-
quent writers had given the Linnzan name to them, and had
altered the specific character in order to make it accord with the
latter individuals.

‘He also stated that two specimens of Venilia 4-maculata had
been recently captured at Hampstead, one of which, having evan-
escent markings, it appeared to Mr. Stephens and himself that
that very rare species, as it had been considered, was only a variety
of Venilia macularia.

September 3rd, 1838.
G. R. Waterhouse, Esq., in the Chair.

DonatTIONsS,

L’Institut, Vol. 3. Presented by M. Arnault, the Editor
thereof.

The Atheneum Journal for August. By the Editor.

Die Aderflugler Deutchslands, Ister Band. Presented by Dr.
Theodor Hartig, the Author thereof.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Xl

Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 1838, Livrai-
son 1. Presented by that Society.

The Magazine of Natural History. New Series, No. 21. Pre-
sented by the Editor.

Enumeration des Buprestides, de la Collection de M. le Comte
de Mannerheim ;

Memoire sur un Nouveau Genre de Coleopterés de Mozam-
bique ;

Observations Critiques sur quelques Ouvrages Entomologiques ;
and

Revue Critique des quelques Ouvrages recemment parus. All
presented by M. le Comte de Mannerheim, For. M.E.S., the
Author thereof.

Exuisitions, Memoirs, &c.

Mr. Westwood exhibited a specimen of Claviger foveolatus,
captured by himself in the nest of Formica flava in Wychwode
Forest, Oxfordshire, at the end of the preceding month.

He also exhibited specimens of Calandra granaria, two species
of Latridius, a Silvanus, and Cryptophagus, together with Tinea
granella, all of which attack barley in granaries; and made some
observations on the larva of Cal. granaria, which differs from Cal.
Sommeri, Burm., in having the extremity of the body entire and
fleshy.

He also exhibited various nests of bees and wasps in different
states of progress.

Mr. Waterhouse made some observations on the mode adopted
by bees in the construction of the cells, in opposition to the theory
of some authors, that the cells are hexagonal in consequence of
the pressure of cylinders against each other; whereas Mr. Water-
house considered that the bees naturally work in circles; but as
the cells approached each other, the bees were compelled to form
the sides of the cells straight. This was sometimes very clearly
shown in the cells at the edge of a comb, the inner sides of which
would be angular, but the free sides round.

Mr. Bowerbank noticed a similar power of adaptation in the
shell of an Ostrea plana, attached to a Mytilus.

Mr. Westwood read a memoir on the modifications of form to
which the typical organs of the Diptera are subject.

X11 JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

October 1st, 1838.
J. F. Stephens, Esq., President, in the Chair.

DonatTIONS.

Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects, No. 6
By J. O. Westwood, the Author thereof.

The Athenzeum for September. By the Editor.

The Magazine of Natural History. New Series, No. 22. By
the Editor.

Mr. Tulk exhibited a specimen of the house fly, found on a leaf
near Dovor, completely invested with a fungus-like matter of a
white colour, the underside having the appearance of mould, and
the upper appearing to have an oily surface.

The Rev. Mr. ‘Taylor presented specimens of the different
sexes of a Vespa, inhabiting a large underground nest near trees,
together with specimens of Lprphorus paradorus, 8 and ¢, which
had made their escape from the small workers’ cells; he also ex-
hibited the pupa of this beetle.

Mr. Waterhouse entered into some further details relative to his
views of the hexagonal form of the cells of the hive bee, which he ~
considered did not result from the pressure of cylinders against
each other; on the contrary, he regarded the queen’s cell as
proving that a cylinder was the normal form of the cells, the dia-
meter of which was greater than as they appeared under their
hexagonal form; hence, as the bees commenced these cells close
together, the circumference of one cell would naturally intersect
the circumference of the adjacent cells, and hence, in order to
prevent the running of the cells into each other, the bees cut
away the wax, and left only a straight partition wall. He consi-
dered that this was proved by the many exceptions he had ob-
served to the hexagonal form of cells, some being pentagonal,
others quadrangular, and others circular on one side, not adjacent
to other cells, and angular on the opposite side. He had even
seen a comb which had been begun in a manner which prevented
the cells from receiving a hexagonal form, and the consequence
was that the irregularity was kept up throughout the comb.

Mr. Sells however objected that the ordinary form of the
queen’s cell was not cylindrical, but that of a Florence flask con-
siderably truncated. In the wasps, moreover, there are no cylin-
drical queens’ cells to serve as models.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Xili

Mr. Shuckard also considered that it would be necessary for
the support of Mr. Waterhouse’s theory, that the bee working in
its cell did not touch some of the sides at a time when the bees
working at the cells adjacent to those sides were absent. Mr.
Ashton suggested that the hexagonal form of the eyes of insects
confirmed in some degree Mr. Waterhouse’s views.

The following Memoirs were read :—

“Note on the Egg Cases of the Blatte.” By W. Sells, Esq.

** A few Words in reply to Mr. M‘Leay’s Remarks on the
Metamorphosis of the Crustacea.” By J. O. Westwood.

“ Further Observations on the Habits of the Gi stride. By W.
Sells, Esq.

November 5th, 1838.
J. F. Stephens, Esq., President, in the Chair.

The following additions were made to the by-laws, after Chap-
ter 18 :—

18*. Corresponding Members.

1. The corresponding members of the Society shall consist of
such persons, not resident in the united kingdom, as may show a
willingness to promote the objects of the Society, and who shall
be recommended and elected in like manner as honorary and
foreign members.

2. That the numbers of corresponding members shall be un-
limited ; and that their privileges as corresponding members shall
cease in case they should at any time subsequently become per-
manently resident in this country.

And by way of addition to the 13th chapter of the by-laws re-
lative to the election of members,—

That it shall be imperative on every newly elected English
member to pay his entrance fee and subscription for the current
year, and to be presented in due form to the president, at the
general meeting of the Society, upon his first appearance after
the election, whereupon he shall sign the signature-book of the
Society.

XIV JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

Donations.

The Magazine of Natural History. New Series, No. 23. By
the Editor.

The Athenzeum for October. By the Editor.

The Annual Report of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary
Society. By that Society.

No. 7 of an Introduction to the Modern Classification of
Insects. By J. O. Westwood.

G. H. K. Thwaites, Esq., of Bristol, was elected an Ordinary
Member of the Society.

George Newport, Esq., the Author of the successful Prize
Essay upon the Athalia centifolie being present, the President
announced to him that the prize of ten guineas offered by tlie
Society, and by the Saffron Walden Agricultural Association, had
been awarded to him, which he thereupon presented to him.

Exuisitions, Memorrs, &c.

Mr. Sells communicated the following passage from a review
of the works of Buffon, in the Edinburgh Review for June, 1822, -
relative to the construction of the cells of the bee, which appeared
to have anticipated Mr. Waterhouse’s theory,

«‘ A cell which one bee would make round, becomes hexagonal
by the mutual collision of seven.”

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited living specimens of a small spider,
and a large Lepisma found in a box of seeds from Java; also a
specimen of Catocala Fraximi, taken near Arundel in October.

Mr. Newport exhibited some cases in which Copris lunaris is
reared, and stated that he was able to assert that they had been
made by the parent insect, and not by the larva as had been sug-
gested.

The following Memoirs were read :—

** Notice of recent Entomological Captures.” By Frederick
Holme, Esq., M.A.

** Observations on the Construction of the Cocoon of the Goat
Moth, and on the Casting of the Coats of the Internal Organs by
Caterpillars during Moulting.” By Robert J. Ashton, Esq.,
F.L.S.

Mr. Newport confirmed Mr. Ashton’s statement of the trachea,

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XV

colon, and cesophagus being cast; he had, however, noticed the
remarkable circumstance that the mucous lining of the true ven-
triculus was not cast off with the rest, but was discharged with
the fecula. Mr. Sells also observed that in the Crustacea the
lining of the stomach was also cast at the period of moulting.

December 3rd, 1838.
G. R. Waterhouse, Esq., in the Chair.

DoNnaATIONS.

Transactions of the Zoological Society, Vol. 2, part 2; and

Proceedings of the Zoological Society, October, 1837—July,
1838. Presented by that Society.

Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 1838, Part 2.
Presented by that Society.

Réaumur, Mémoires pour servir a I'Histoire des Insectes. 6
vols. 4to.

Carus, Entdeckung eines Einfachen vom Herzen aus Besch-
leunigten Blutkreislaufes in den Larven Netzfluglicher Insecten.
Leipz. 1827.

Sprengel, Commentarius de Partibus quibus Insecta Spiritus
ducunt;

Berendt, Die Insecten in Bernstein ;

Burmeister, Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der Rankenfusser ;

Burmeister, Handbuch der Entomologie, Vol. 1. All presented
by Francis Walker, Esq., F.L.S., &c.

Zeitschrift fiir die Entomologie, Part 1. By Dr. Germar, the
Editor thereof.

The Magazine of Natural History. New Series, No. 24. By
the Editor.

The Athenzeum for November. By the Editor.

Part 8 of an Introduction to the Modern Classification of In-
sects; and

Observations on the Genus Cerapterus. Both presented by
J. O. Westwood, the Author thereof.

W. Spry, Esq., was elected an Ordinary Member of the
Society.

XVI JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

Exuisitions, Mremorrs, &c.

Mr. Westwood exhibited a new British species of Epipone (E.
melanocephala, Gmel.), communicated by Mr. Thwaites.

Mr. Bagster exhibited a twig of a greenhouse plant, the leaves
of which were discoloured by the punctures of a minute insect,
which had also spun a web on the underside of the leaf. (dcarus
telarius ?)

The following Memoirs were read :—

*‘ Description of a Minute Species of Insect which inhabits the
Common English Sponge (Spongilla fluviatilis).” By J. O. West-
wood, F.L.S.

** Descriptions of new Exotic Species of Heteropterous Hemzp-
tera. By Mr. A. White.

January 7th, 1839.
J. F. Stephens, Esq., President, in the Chair.

DonaTIONS.

Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou,
Nos. 7 & 8 of 1837, and Nos. 1, 2 & 3 of 1838. By that Society.

Annual Report of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club for 1838.
By that Society.

Genera Insectorum, Nos, 1 & 2; and

Handbuch der Entomologie, Vol. 2, part 2. Both presented
by Dr. H. Burmeister, For. M.E.S., the Author thereof.

The Magazine of Natural History. New Series, No. 25. By
the Editor.

Francis Bailey, Esq., Vice President and Treasurer R.S., &c.,
Captain Ducane, of Southampton, and
C. Lamb, Esq., of Beaufort, near Hastings,

were ballotted for, and elected Ordinary Members of the Society.

Exnisitions, Memorrs, &c.

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited portions of a very large wasp’s nest
from Ceylon, recently presented to the Zoological Society, being
seven or eight feet long, and two feet in diameter, with the view

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XVI

to show that the construction of the cells of the wasp was perfectly
analogous to those of the hive bee. In order to prove the great
tendency that these cells have when unconnected with each other
to assume a circular outline (which he contended was the normal
form of all cells’, one piece of comb was produced which had
been found in a detached situation consisting of three cells, of which
the outer part of each was circular, whilst the portions which
existed between the three formed three straight walls. He con-
sidered that the wasps never make a single cell at the commence-
ment of the comb, but proceed very slowly, forming the bases of
several together, whereby they assume the hexagonal shape,
which would not be the case if they built a single cell, which
would be circular; and he instanced the case of the single cells of
Osmaa atricapilla in proof of such argument.

Mr. Ingpen exhibited some cocoons of the common silkworm,
from which the moths had escaped without staining the cocoon,
by the emission of the meconium-like fluid, which had been sup-
posed to have the effect of dissolving the threads of the silk. Mr.
Waterhouse considered it questionable whether some dissolving
fluid had not been emitted in these instances from the mouth,
which he thought had the same effect, although colourless, the
fluid emitted from the anus staining the cocoon.

Mr. Bainbridge, on behalf of H. Le Keux, Esq., exhibited one
of the Ichneumonide (Campoplex?), together with the pendulous
cocoon from which it had been produced, and in which it had
remained for eighteen months before appearing in the winged
state.

Mr. W. W. Saunders exhibited an apparently new species of
Embia from India; also a specimen of Goerius olens, found
drowned in water, from the inosculations of the segments of which
a great multitude of minute slender white fungi had been pro-
duced.

XVill JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

January 28th, 1839, Anniversary Meeting.
J. F. Stephens, Esq. President, in the Chair.
In pursuance of the By-laws, the four following gentlemen were
removed from the Council :

J. S. Bowersank, Esq. C. Darwin, Esq.
J. G. Cuitpren, Esq. F, Warker, Esq.

and the four following gentlemen were elected in their stead :

T. Horsrietp, Esq., M.D. G. Newport, Esq.
T. Marsuatt, Esq. J. Warton, Esq.

And the following gentlemen were elected Officers for the
ensuing year :

MihetRieve) HP Wiel POPE ei wchcte «tothe President.
Wg S@Naisinin och eoetauen cgoaDo Treasurer.
IOP WESTWOOD! cls cisievetels calate stale Secretary.

Messrs. SHucKARD and Westwoop. . Curators.

Mr. Yarrell, on behalf of the auditors of the treasurer’s ac-
counts, read an abstract thereof.

The President then read his annual address upon the state of —
the Society, its views, progress, and prospects, whereupon a vote
of thanks was passed to him for the same.

February 4th, 1839.

The Rev. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.

DonATIONS.

Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis Walker, Esq. the Au-
thor thereof.

The Magazine of Natural History, New Series, No. 26. By
the Editor.

The Entomological Magazine, No. 25. By the Editor.

No. 10, of an Introduction to the Modern Classification of In-
sects. By J. O. Westwood, the Author thereof.

A large Collection of Insects from North America. Presented
by Mr. Smith.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. X1X

Sir Robert Kerr Porter, Baronet, resident in South America,
Mr. Ezra Downes, resident in the Himalayan Mountains, and
John Newman Tweedy, Esq. Swedish and Norwegian Vice-
Consul.in Hayti,
were elected Corresponding Members of the Society.

The President nominated the three following gentlemen to act
as Vice-Presidents :

T. Hors¥iztp, Esq, M.D.
Grorce Newport, Esq.
G. R. Warernouse, Esq.

Exuipitions, Memoirs, &c.

The Rev. F. W. Hope exhibited a few exotic Coleoptera, for-
warded to him by Dr. Burmeister, including a second species of
his genus Poznomeris (Eupyga Bescku, Mann.), from Mozam-
bique.

He also made some observations upon the nests of a species of
Termes, forwarded to the Society by Mr. Schomburgk, from
Demerara, together with specimens of the inhabitants thereof, and
of a Solpuga, which was parasitic in the nest. He also mentioned
that the nests of Termes, owing to their compactness, were de-
scribed by several travellers as being used as ovens for baking
food. This was the case in Caffraria and in Ceylon, and he
also believed in New Holland, as mentioned in Bennett’s work
on that country. He also considered it most probable that the
Chunam floors in India were composed of powdered Termes
nests.

Mr. Hope also made some observations upon a piece of fossil
wood, exhibiting the operations of insects brought from India by
Dr. Cantor, who communicated the following remarks to the
Society. ‘* The fossil wood was procured by Mr. H. M. Low at
Camillah, in the Decca district, and brought by this gentleman
with another piece of fossil wood (also Dicotylidinous), to Cal-
cutta. Both were found in the same locality ; the one before the
Society is siliceous, and bears marks of insects; the other, appa-
rently calcareous, has been perforated by a kind of Teredo; the
traces of which agree with those I have observed in the trees of
the Gangetic Delta, formed by Teredo navalis. Mr. Mac Clelland
has referred to these two fossils in his Reports upon the Coal and
Mineral resources of India, p. 29, note.”

Mr. Thwaites exhibited a small collection of insects, obtained

cz

XX JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

by Mr. Raddon and himself, from Indian corn imported to Bristol
in a vessel arrived from Bonny, on the coast of Africa, including
a species of Sylvanus, Murmidius ferrugineus, Leach ; a species
of Trogosita, apparently identical with 7. mauritanica, which fed
upon the receptacle of the wheat, and not upon the grain itself;
species of Cucujus and Cossonus, which devoured the seeds ; toge-
ther with several minute Hymenopterous parasites, belonging to
the families Chalcidide and Proctotrupide.

Mr. Westwood exhibited specimens of two British species of
Tephritis, T. Onopordinis and Artemesie, the larvee of which are
subcutaneous in the leaves of Chrysanthemum and Celery plants,
which latter are often greatly injured by the attacks of these in-
sects. (See Loudon’s Gardener’s Magazine, March, 1839, for a
memoir and figures of those two insects.)

The following memoirs were read :

‘** Notes upon the voracity of the Larvee of Dyticus marginalis.”
By A. Tulk, Esq.

‘« Notes upon the Habits of a Colony of Polistes gallica, imported
into this country from France.” By J. O. Westwood.

March 4th, 1839.

The Rev. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.

DonartIons.

The Coleopterist’s Manual, Part 2. By the Rev. F. W. Hope,
the Author thereof.

The Magazine of Natural History, New Series, for March.
By the Editor.

The Athenzum, for February. By the Editor.

Parts 9 and 11 of an Introduction to the Modern Classification
of Insects. By J. O. Westwood, the Author thereof.

A large Collection of British Coleoptera. By S. Stevens, Esq.

Exursitions, Donations, &c.

Notes relating to Bees and Bee husbandry. By W. Sells, Esq.
Mr. Ashton, in reference to the double sides of the cells of the
hive bee, noticed the analogy between these cells and the hexa-
gonal cells of the cellular tissue of vegetables, physiologists having

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XX1

discovered that each cell has its own proper walls. Mr. Newport
also stated that he had observed cells of wasps, which exhibited
similar double walls. Mr. Waterhouse stated that the cells in
question, described by Mr. Sells, were old cells, the separate lining
of which was composed of the cocoon of the larve previously
reared therein. ‘This was proved by immersing the cells in warm
water, when it would be found that the wax would be melted,
leaving the cocoon part of the cells entire.

A conversation took place relative to the appointment of a
Committee, as suggested by Mr. Sells, to superintend the publi-
cation of a tract, for distribution among cottagers, containing the
most approved modes of bee-culture.

April \st, 1839.

The Rey. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.

Donations.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1837, Parts
1 and 2, and 1838, Parts 1 and 2;

List of Fellows of the Royal Society for 1838 ;

Proceedings of the Royal Society, November, 1837—December,
1838; and

Address of H. R. H. the Duke of Sussex, President of the
Royal Society, read 30th November, 1838. All presented by
the Royal Society.

Nouveaux .Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et
Belles Lettres de Bruxelles, Tom. xi. 1838.

Bulletins de Académie Royale de Bruxelles, Ann. 1838,
Tom: ve

Annuaire de l’Académie Royale de Bruxelles, Cinquitme Année.
All presented by that Academy.

Monographie des Braconides de la Belgique; Suite; and

Monographie des Odyneres de la Belgique et Suite. Pre-
sented by M. Wesmael, the Author thereof.

The Athenzeum for March. Presented by the Editor.

The Magazine of Natural History, New Series, No. 25. By
the Editor.

XXil JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

J. Strachan, Esq. of Sierra Leone, and
Adam White, Esq. Assistant in the Natural History Depart-
ment at the British Museum,
were elected Ordinary Members of the Society ; and

John M‘Clelland, Esq. of the Bengal Medical Service,
William Griffith, Esq. of the Madras Medical Service,
Dr. Schomburgk, of Demerara, and
Robert Templeton, Esq. of the Royal Artillery, now resident
in Ceylon,
were elected Corresponding Members of the Society.

The Rev. F. W. Hope exhibited specimens of Chiroscelis
digitata, Fab., and other insects, recently obtained by him from
Sierra Leone.

Mr. Raddon exhibited some specimens of insects imbedded in
Gum Copal; likewise some photogenic drawings of plants, &c.
and pointed out the advantage of employing this mode of deli-
neating the veins of the wings, &c. of insects. Also some fir
cones attacked by a species of Cecidomyia. ;

Mr. Raddon also presented two proofs of the portraits of W.
Spence and J. G. Children, Esqs. recently engraved by him.

The following memoirs were read :

«© Some Remarks on Wire Worms which seriously damaged the
Potatoe Crops in 1838.” By the Rev. F. W. Hope.

“‘On the Habits and Structure of the Nests of gregarious
Hymenoptera, particularly those of the hive Bee and Hornet.” By
George Newport, Esq., which led to an extended discussion.

“‘ Sketch of an arrangement of a Cabinet of Insects, illustrating
their economy and structural peculiarities.” By W. Sells, Esq.

May 6th, 1839.
The Rev. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.

Donations.
Observations on the Lamellicorn Beetles (from the Magazine
of Natural History). By the Rev. F. W. Hope.

Part 1 of the Proceedings of the Botanical Society of London.
By that Society.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XXI1

The Athenzeum, for April. By the Editor.

Genera Insectorum, No. 3. By Dr. Burmeister, the Author
thereof.

Hymenoptera Britannica (Alysia and Oxyura.) By A. H.
Haliday, Esq. the Author thereof.

The Magazine of Natural History, New Series, No. 29. By
the Editor.

No. 12 of an Introduction to the Modern Classification of
Insects. By J. O. Westwood, the Author thereof.

Zeitschrift fiir die Entomologie, Vol. 1, part 1. By Dr. Ger-
mar, the Editor thereof.

Twelve Numbers of the Naturalist. By the Editor.

Various specimens of Macrourous Crustacea in spirits. ByS.S.
Saunders, Esq.

Exuisitions, Memoirs, &c.
?

Mr. Yarrell exhibited a large and hairy caterpillar, evidently
one of the Lepidoptera, picked up in South America by Captain
Blakeney, R.N., who felt, upon touching it, a sensation extending
up his arm similar to an electric shock, of such force that he lost
the use of the arm for a time, and his medical attendant considered
that his life was for some time in danger.

Mr. Hope exhibited a foreign Heteromerous beetle, which had
been in his cabinet four or five years, from the extremity of the
body of which a Filarza, still living, had very recently protruded
itself.

Mr. Shipster exhibited some photogenic drawings made from
engravings of insects; one of the plates of Pausside, in the So-
ciety’s Transactions, being very vividly reproduced.

Mr. Raddon also exhibited some photogenic drawings of in-
sects, both of the natural size, and magnified by the solar micro-
scope. He also exhibited specimens of Goliathus Drurii, Westw.
$, and G. regius, Klug. @ ; the latter taken on the west coast
of Africa at 5° north lat. near the island of St. Andrews.

He also exhibited specimens of one of the minute Tipulida,
reared from the gall upon fir-cones, exhibited at the last meeting,
with various species of parasites; and likewise the net-like
cocoon of Cerostoma porrectella, one of the Tineide, the larve of
which feeds upon the Garden Rocket.

The President read an extract from a letter from Strachan,
Esq. at Sierra Leone, announcing the capture of another specimen
of Goliathus (Ludicella) Morgam, White.

XXIV JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

The following memoirs were read :

‘** Description of a minute Strepsipterous Insect, found in Ire-
land.” By R. Templeton, Esq. R.A.

«Some Remarks on the Entomophagous Tribes of the Australian
Alps.” By Dr. John Lhotzky.

« Extract from an unpublished manuscript by H. K. Sayers,
Esq. Lieutenant 31st Regiment, relative to the Edible Insects of
the Western coast of Africa.” Communicated by the Rev. F. W.
Hope.

Mr. Ogilby, in allusion to Dr. Lhotzky’s paper, stated, that
the circumstance of a tribe of Australian aborigines being accus-
tomed to feed upon a species of moth at a fixed period of the
year, had been long well known; and he added, that its provin-
cial name (which, as well as a description of the insect, had not
been given by Dr. Lhotzky) was Bugong ; and that Mr. George
Bennett had given a detailed account of the insect, and the mode
in which it was collected and cooked by the natives, in his Wan-
derings in New South Wales. London, 1824, Vol. 1, p. 266—
272, (quoted in the Entomological Magazine, Vol. 3, p. 212).

The President also stated that the moth in question had been
formed by M‘Leay in the genus Nycterobius.

The President also communicated some extracts from Boteler’s
Voyage (1835, vol. 2, p. 474), relative to the attacks of cock-
roaches, whereupon Lieutenant Sayers stated that whilst at the
Bahamas, the flesh of his own fingers had been eaten down to the
quick during the night by those insects, and a brother officer had
his feet so severely bitten by them, that he was laid up for some
time. They do not, however, appear to attack Russia leather,
but will gnaw common leather and books, especially in places
where they have been in contact with the naked hands. Mr.
Raddon also mentioned a similar instance of the attacks of these
insects on the feet of sailors: they had also eaten their clothes.
He stated that fowls will greedily devour them.

June 3rd, 1839.
The Rev. W. Kirby, M.A., F.R.S., Hon. President, in the Chair.

DonaTIONS.

Part 1 of The English Agricultural Society. Presented by that
Society.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XXV

The Magazine of Natural History, New Series, No. 30. By
the Editor.

The Athenzeum for May. By the Editor.

Part 13 of Introduction to the Modern Classification of In-
sects. By J. O. Westwood, the Author thereof.

Part 1 of the Elements of British Coleoptera. By W. E.
Shuckard, Esq. the Author thereof.

Nos. 1 and 2 of British Coleoptera delineated. Presented by
Messrs. Spry and Shuckard.

Sir William Sarsfield Rossiter Cockburn, Bart.,
Dr. Kidd, Reg. Prof. of Botany, Oxford,
Mr. Edward Doubleday, of Epping, and
Mr. William Masters, jun. of Canterbury,
were balloted for, and elected Ordinary Members of the Society.

Exuisitions, Memoirs.

The Rev. F. W. Hope stated that having violently struck down
some worm-eaten carved wood with a hammer, a vast number of
the Anobia shortly afterwards made their appearance, whence he
considered this to be an excellent method of collecting these in-
jurious insects for destruction.

Mr. Saunders exhibited a very large Prionideous larva, found
by himself in Albania.

Mr. Fennell presented specimens of an Jxodes, found upon a
tortoise.

Mr. Westwood exhibited specimens of Tenthredo testudinea,
Klug, the females of which he had recently captured, whilst
hovering over and ovipositing in apple blossoms. In the pre-
ceding year the apple crop had almost entirely failed owing to
the attacks of this insect, the larvee feeding in the interior of the
young fruit. ’

Mr. Hope stated that he had received from Shropshire speci-
mens of a caterpillar which destroys the apple blossom, five or
six being found in a single flower.

The following memoirs were read :

« Experiments on old Honey Combs.” By W. Sells, Esq.

“ Some Account of the preparatory Stages of Xiphydria dromi-
darius, with Observations on its Affinities.” By J.O. Westwood,
F.L.S.

‘* Descriptions of some Species of Bolbocerus, from New Hol-

XXV1 JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

land, in the collection of the Rev. F. W. Hope.” By Mr. W.
Bainbridge.

In reference to the last memoir, Mr. Hope remarked upon the
singularity of such large Coprophagous insects being found in
New Holland, where no large quadrupeds (upon the dung of
which they are supposed to exist) were indigenous. He con-
sidered, however, that there was but little difference in respect to
the taste of these insects for decaying animal or vegetable matter.

Mr. Kirby also stated that he had observed Coprophagous in-
sects revelling in putrid carrion; and Mr. Hope stated that he had
found many Aphodi in a dead rabbit; whilst Mr. Marshall ob-
served, that he had detected Aphodius under putrid bark of trees.
Mr. Westwood also stated that it was, on the other hand, equally
common to find the large Necrophori in rotten fungi and mush-
rooms.

July 1, 1839.
The Rev. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.

DonatTIons.

Natural History Illustrations, No. 1, and

Magazine of Natural History, New Series, No. 31. Presented
by the Editor.

Instructions for collecting and preserving Insects, 2d edition.
By Mr. A. Ingpen, the Author thereof.

British Coleoptera delineated, No.3. By Messrs. Spry and
Shuckard.

The Atheneum for June. By the Editor.

Four specimens of Meloe cicatricosus. By Mr. W. Bennett,
who had observed this species covering the bank next the sea at

Pegwell Bay, at the end of May.

Robert Mitford, Esq. of Manchester,
was balloted for, and elected an Ordinary Member of the So-
ciety. And

Lieut. R. H. Sayers, 31st regiment, and

Dr. Cantor,

were elected Corresponding Members.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XXVII

Exursitions, Memoirs, &c.

Mr. Barraud exhibited a very minute wasp’s nest, found inside
a sparrow’s nest; the outer globular covering of which was about
one inch and a quarter long, and seven-eighths of an inch in
diameter, and appeared of a texture nearly resembling saw-dust
or fine sand. In the interior at the base were fourteen cells
commenced, each not being above two lines wide.

Mr. Raddon mentioned the arrival of three more specimens
of Goliathus regius at Bristol, brought by vessels trading to
Africa.

Mr. W. Bennett exhibited a living specimen of Calosoma
Sycophanta, captured between Ramsgate and Broadstairs on the
20th June ; the day was calm and fine, but not unusually hot;
it was slightly injured in the elytra; it had been kept alive by
feeding it with moths, and it was stated that Mr. Desvignes had
kept an Austrian specimen alive four months by feeding it on
caterpillars. Mr. Hope stated, that he had obtained sixteen spe-
cimens in one season, which were found at the roots of oaks in
the avenue leading to Eaton Hall. All these specimens were of
a green colour, and destitute of the coppery tint on the elytra.
Mr. Newport also mentioned the capture of a specimen in Herne
Wood, between Herne and Canterbury.

Mr. Westwood exhibited three species of a singular Mexi-
can genus of Malacoderm beetles, Chactas, the males of which
(contrary to the ordinary rule amongst insects) are much larger
than the females, and have the elytra singularly dilated; and
observed, that amongst cornuted insects, the males were also
generally larger than the females. Mr. Shuckard also men-
tioned, that in the genera Apis and Anthidium the same diversity
prevailed, although in the other genera of bees the females were
the largest.

Mr. Westwood also exhibited a species of the curious Orthop-
terous genus Hymenotes, W. (Proc. Zool. Soc.—Choriphyllum,
Serv.) from Manilla. <A species of this genus had been known
to Linneus and Fabricius, who, deceived by its analogy with the
Membracides, had described it as a species of Cicada. (See the
memoir on this genus subsequently published in the Magazine of
Natural History).

Mr. Hope read the descriptions of a portion of a splendid col-
lection of insects made in Assam by Mr. Griffith, and forwarded
to R. H. Solly, Esq., which were exhibited, and made some
verbal remarks upon others in the collection.

XXVIll JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

bth August, 1839.

The Rev. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.

Donations.

Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, Vol. 2,
part 3, and

Proceedings of the Zoological Society—August to November,
1838. Presented by that Society.

British Coleoptera delineated, Part 4. Presented by Messrs.
Spry and Shuckard.

Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Wurtemberg. Presented by
M. van Roser, the Author thereof.

Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou,
1838, Part 4. By that Society.

Journal of the Natural History Society of Boston, Vol. 2, Nos.
land 2. By the publishing Committee of that Society.

No. 32 of the Magazine of Natural History, New Series. By
the Editor.

The Atheneum for July. By the Editor.

Monographia Chalciditum, Vol. 2. By F. Walker, Esq., the
Author thereof.

Description of a New Species of Lamia, from the Swan River.
By the Rev. F. W. Hope.

Specimens of Tillus unifasciatus, captured near Camberwell.

By J. F. Stephens, Esq.

Exursitions, Memoirs, &c.

Mr. Raddon exhibited some new species of North American
Coleoptera, obtained from raw turpentine.

Mr. Hope exhibited some African insects, including several
Osmoderme, which had been hitherto described as American.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited a small collection of insects, made by
Mr. Whitfield at Sierra Leone.

Mr. Ogilvie noticed the great devastation in Epping and Hai-
nault Forests, caused by the Tortrix viridana, the insects being so
numerous as to fall from the trees when shaken like a sharp snow
storm, in consequence of which the trees spent all their vital
energy in repairing the loss of the leaves, instead of throwing out
fresh branches. Mr. Stephens had also observed similar devas-
tation in the woods of Surrey.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XX1X

Branches and leaves of the pear and manettia trees, infested by
two species of Coccus, were exhibited by Mr. Loudon.

Short notes upon the metamorphoses of a species of gall insect,
found at Neemuck, in Western India. Communicated by Capt.
Downes.

Notice of a mode of preventing Caterpillars, Woodlice, &c. from
ascending the trunks of trees. By Mr. Fennell.

Extract from a letter addressed to the Secretary by W. Knott,
Esq. M.E.S., containing an account of the occurrence of a cocoon
of the Emperor moth, which inclosed two pupe.

September 2d, 1839.

George Newport, Esq., Vice President, in the Chair.

Donatioxs.

Memoir on Cydippe pomiformis. By Robert Patterson, Esq.,
the Author thereof.

No. 33 of the Magazine of Natural History. New Series. By
the Editor.

Catalogue des Lépidoptéres de la Belgique. By M. De Selys
Longchamps, the Author thereof.

Description of the Crustacea and Insects taken during the Voy-
age of the ‘“ Favorite.” By M. Guérin Meneville, the Author
thereof.

Specimens of Micralymma Johnstone, Westw., presented by
Mr. A. White, accompanied by the following note of its habits,
and of those of Apus fulvescens.

“These specimens of A pus fulvescens and Micralymma John-
stone, are from a point of land about a quarter of a mile to the
west of South Queensferry, on the Frith of Forth, a locality for
the two species first found by Dr. Greville. In company with
his son I took these and several other specimens in August last ;
the Micralymma in great abundance creeping slowly over the thin
layers of black sandy mud which lie between the surface (laminz)
of slaty sandstone rock, of which the coast is composed. ‘The
Alpus is more scarce, though far from uncommon, its light colour
renders it at once distinguishable on the black ground over which
it runs with considerable rapidity. Dr. Greville has found the
Cillenum laterale in the same locality, but it seems to be very
scarce there, as only three specimens have occurred during a
search of twoor three years. It may be interesting to the British

XXX JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

collector to inform him that three specimens of the rare Pissodes
Fabricii have been taken in Dalmeny Park near South Queensferry,
by Mr. Robert Northmore Greville, two last year and one this.”

Mr. Ingpen exhibited a number of varieties of the common
Bedeguar upon the wild rose, also leaves of the Chrysanthemum
mined by the larve of a species of Tephrites, and stated that this
insect confines its attacks to the lower leaves, and not to those of
the younger upper branches, thus occasioning but little injury to
the plant.

Mr. Hatches exhibited a drawing of a singular variety of Hip-
parchia Hyperanthus, and Mr. Hope a large species of Phrynus
from Sierra Leone.

Mr. Westwood exhibited nine species of Pausside, and four
of Diopsis from the Collection of Mr. Westermann of Copenhagen,
(since described by him); likewise some singular Carabide from
New Holland, and a specimen of Hypocephalus armatus.

The following memoirs were read :

“Notes upon the Habits of various Species of British Ants.”
By Mr. F. Smith.

‘Description of a new Species of Mygale from Ionia.” By S.
S. Saunders, Esq.

October 7th, 1839.
The Rev. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.

DonatIons.
Part 4 of an Introduction to the Modern Classification of In-
sects. By J. O. Westwood, the Author thereof.
No. 34 of the Magazine of Natural History. New Series.. By

the Editor.
Nos. 5 and 6 of British Coleoptera delineated. By Messrs.

Spry and Shuckard.

John Beadnall, Esq., of Tottenham, was ballotted for and
elected an Ordinary Member of the Society.

Exuisitions, Memoirs, &c.
Mr. W. W. Saunders exhibited a species of Julus, which had
been very destructive in his garden at Wandsworth, especially de-
vouring the young shoots of heartsease just below the surface.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XXXl

Mr. A. White exhibited a drawing of a large and singular
wasp’s nest in the British Museum, and read some notes relative
to it and the nests of allied species. (See his Memoir since pub-
lished in the Annals of Natural History.)

Mr. Shipster exhibited a small collection of insects from South
Australia, including a large species of Mygale, which he consi-
dered to be the architect of the nest with a semicircular trap-door
exhibited by him at a former meeting.

Mr. Fortnum exhibited a living specimen of one of the large
Brazilian species of Mygale, captured alive in the London Docks.

A letter was read from Mr. W. G. Chapman, accompanying a
pair of living specimens of a species of Mygale, sent from Bar-
bary, by E. A. Drummond Hay, Esq., inclosed in their nests with
trap-door tops (Actinopus edificatorius, Westw., Journal of Pro-
ceedings, January 6th, 1840.) Mr. Waterhouse stated that seve-
ral of these spiders had been sent to the Zoological Society, which
he had kept alive by feeding them on blue-bottle flies.

Mr. Barnes presented a nest of a species of wasp attached to a
boarded ceiling, accompanied by a letter containing some account
of its construction.

Mr. Lane exhibited a specimen of Hipparchia Briseis, a species
not hitherto recorded as British, which he had himself reared,
having found the caterpillar in the middle of August last upon
grass in the neighbourhood of Newington.

Mr. Hope made some observations upon a migration of dragon-
flies recorded in the Magazine of Natural History of this month,
and stated that he had witnessed a nearly similar migration of the
same insects some years ago at Netley, and which he attributed
to the drying up of some large reservoirs of water. In this in-
stance several] distinct species were observed. A larva of one of
these insects had been brought to himas a strange kind of locust!

A few brief notes on sundry precautions efficacious in preserv-
ing furs and woollen articles from the attacks of moths, were
read by the Rev. F. W. Hope.

XXXil JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

November 4th, 1839.
George R. Waterhouse, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair,

DonaTIONS.

Specimens of Coccinella M. nigrum. By Mr. Rix.
Johannes Goedartius, De Insectis. Svo. 1685.
The Ordering of Bees. By John Levett, Esq., 1634.
A Treatise of Politicall Flying Insects. By Samuel Purchas,
1657.
A New Discovery of an excellent Method of Bee-houses. By
John Gedde, 1676.
Vinetum Britannicum, to which is added a Discourse teaching
the best way of improving Bees. By J. Worledge, 1678.
A further Discovery of Bees. By Moses Rusden, 1679.
The Feminine Monarchy, or the History of Bees. By Charles
Butler, 1704.
The true Amazons, or the Monarchy of Bees. By Joseph
Warder, 1726.
A volume containing the following tracts :
The Natural History of the Elephant. By T. O. Tennant,
1781.
Collateral Bee-boxes. By S. White, &c. 1764.
Essay on the Management of Bees. By John Mills, 1766.
A complete Guide for the Management of Bees. By Daniel
Wildman, 1775.
The Cocker’s Companion, By Wentworth, 1762.
Essay on the Herring. By J.S. Dodd, 1752.
Art of hatching Fowls. By Mr. Trembley, 1750.
New Observations on the Natural History of Bees. By Francis
Huber, 1821.
A complete Guide for the Management of Bees. By Daniel
Wildman, 20th Edit., 1819.
A Treatise on the Natural History of Bees. By James Bonar.
Edinb. 1796.
The Experienced Bee-keeper. By B. J. Bromwich. Lond.
1783.
Melisselogia, or the Female Monarchy. By the Rev. J. Thor-
ley, 1744.
Collateral Bee-boxes. By Stephen White, 1756.
Traité complet sur les Abeilles. Par Abbé de la Rocca. 3
vols. 8vo., 1790.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XXXill

A Treatise on the Nature, Economy, and Practical Manage-
ment of Bees. 1817.

A Treatise on the Breeding and Management of Bees. By
John Keys, 1814.

The Cottager’s Manual for the Management of his Bees. By
Robert Huish, 1820.

The General Apiarian. By J. Isaac. Exeter, 1799.

The Management of Bees. By Samuel Bagster, 1834.

The Natural History of Bees, translated from the French, 1744.

A short and simple Letter to Cottagers, from a Conservative
Bee-keeper. Oxford.

Hints for Promoting a Bee Society. London, 1796.

Spectacle de la Nature, translated from the French. 1783.

Observations on the Genus Cassida. (From the Annals of
Natural History.)

All the foregoing Works were presented by the Rev. F.
W. Hope, President of the Society.

Essai sur les Genres de Insectes appartenants a l’Ordre des
Hémiptéres et 4 la Section des Hetéropteres. Par M. le Mar-
quis Max. Spinola, the Author thereof.

The Article “ Insecta” from the Cyclopedia of Anatomy and
Physiology. By George Newport, Esq., the Author thereof.

No. 35 of the Magazine of Natural History. New Series. By
the Editor.

No. 7 of British Coleoptera delineated. By Messrs. Spry and
Shuckard.

Richard William Lack, Esq., 41, Weymouth Street, Portland
Place, was ballotted for and elected a Member of the Society.

Exuipitions, Memoirs, &c.

Mr. Trenchard exhibited a drawing of a remarkable variety of
Vanessa urtice, having the black costal spots confluent.

Mr. Hope exhibited specimens of Goliathus torquatus 9, Eudi-
cella Morgani, and other rare insects received by him from Mr,
Strachan at Sierra Leone. |

Mr. Newport exhibited a specimen of Scolopendra morsitans?
in which one of the legs on one side of the body was not more
than half the size of the corresponding leg of the opposite side,
and which he considered had been reproduced, the former limb
having been lost previous to one of the moultings of the animal ;
the limb, although so much smaller, nevertheless exhibited all the

d

XXXIV JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

ordinary joints. This, which was supposed by Mr. Newport to
be the only instance yet observed of reproduction amongst the My-
riapoda, led to an extended discussion as to the mode in which
this kind of reproduction either in insects or other annulosa is
effected.

Sir Thomas Phillips exhibited specimens of Cryptophagus cel-
laris, which had attacked some raspberry jam, and rendered it un-
fit for use.

Mr. Moore exhibited a small wasp’s nest built beneath the
projecting ledge of a window.

A paper in Latin by Dr. Imhoff of Basle was read, consisting
of critical observations upon Mr. Kirby’s Monographia Apum
Angle.

Mr. A. White communicated an extract from Sir A. Halliday’s
work upon the West Indies, relative to the migrations of Dragon-
flies.

December 2d, 1839.
George Newport, Esq., in the Chair.

DonarTIONS.

Manual of British Coleoptera. By James F. Stephens, Esq.,
the Author thereof.

British Coleoptera delineated, No. 8. By Messrs. Spry and
Shuckard.

No. 14 of an Introduction to the Modern Classification of In-
sects. By J. O. Westwood, the Author thereof.

Proceedings of the Zoological Society for May. By that So-
ciety.

No. 36 of the Magazine of Natural History. New Series. By
the Editor. )

The Athenzeum for October and November. By the Editor.

Exuisitions, Memoirs, &c.

Mr. G. R. Waterhouse exhibited the larva of a Lamellicorn in-
sect, from the body of which an elongated fungus or Spheria had
grown. Other instances of a similar kind were mentioned, in-
citaibe the growth of similar excrescences on great numbers of
North “American Cicade, by Mr. Stephens.

Dr. Calvert read a notice of the attacks of one of the Noctuide

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XXXV

upon the ears of standing corn, which led to a discussion, in
which it was suggested that the only advisable remedy against the
attacks of fresh broods of these insects, was to subject the land to
repeated ploughings after the crop had been got off, and the in-
sects gone into the earth to undergo their transformations, in
order to expose them to the rooks as well as to the action of the
atmosphere. Salt having been suggested as serviceable to be
strewn over the fields, Mr. Waterhouse objected that the salt-
marshes in the neighbourhood of the sea were productive of many
Insects.

Dr. Calvert also exhibited a cocoon apparently of one of the
Eggar moths, the interior of which was occupied by a great num-
ber of the minute cocoons of one of the Jchneumones adsciti,
closely arranged with great regularity ; and Mr. Westwood ex-
hibited various other nests of different insects, in which the co-
coons had been arranged in a similar manner in close connexion
together.

A Memoir by W. W. Saunders, Esq., was read, containing de-
scriptions of some new exotic Dipterous insects.

Mr. Ashton, in allusion to the Scolopendra exhibited by Mr.
Newport at the last meeting, made some observations with the
view of showing that the various instances on record of the repro-
duction of limbs by the annulose animals never took place ex-
cept at the period of moulting, and whilst the animals were con-
sequently in an imperfect state, and that the process was not
analogous to that which was going forward throughout the life of
the higher animals, whereby a partial reproduction took place ;
and Mr. Yarrell suggested that a material difference took place
in respect to the moulting of crabs, which occurred during the
entire period of their existence, and insects in which moulting
never occurred after their arrival at the perfect state.

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eer Palit: See aa

(> Exel)

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY

FROM THE Isr OCTOBER, 1840, TO 3lsr DECEMBER, 1848.

The Author .«......Agassiz (L.), Nomenclator Zoologicus, continens nomina sys-
tematica generum Animalium. Parts 1—4.
Royal Agricultural Society. See Journal.
Mr. Van Voorst ....The Naturalist’s Almanack for 1843.
Rev. F. W. Hope ..Amenitates Academice, and Supplement. 11 vols. 8vo.
The Society ........Amnnales de la Société Entomologique de France. 1839, 1840,
1841, and 1842, Parts 1,2, and 3. 1843, Part 1.
The Editor ........The Atheneum, a Weekly Journal of Literature and Science.
H. Milne Edwards ..Audouin (Victor), Funerailles de.
TD ittOlersteeere's Necrologie de.
Ditto... 6662006. ———-———- Catalogue of the Library of.
DittO0's oe seca =< and Brulle, Descriptions des Espéces nouvelles
des Cicindelétes.

The Society ........ Bavaria, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch Physikalischen Klasse
der Koniglichen Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Erster Band, 1832. Zw. B. 1837. Dr. B, Part 1, 1840.
Part 2, 1841.
WD) LOlereveys elolsiajeieie « Bulletin der Konig]. Akad. der Wissensch.
Rev. F. W. Hope ..Blumenbach, Elements of Natural History, by Gore.

MheyEditor <7». « «16 Bombay Monthly Times (No. 1).
The Society ........ Boston, Proceedings of the Natural History Society of.
DItEO error toner siete Natural History Society of. See Journal.
The Author ........Bourlét (M. Abbé), Memoire sur les Podurelles.
The Author .% ¢s560. Brandt, Recueil des Memoires relatifs a l’Ordre des Insectes Ni-
griapodes.
The Author......., Breme (M. le Marq. de), Reflexions sur la Classification des
TInsectes.
Ditto.... 2024-5 6.————_———-——— Essai sur les Cossyphides.
DEO Rosie ore sie tera} s/s Monographie de quelques Genres de

Coléoptéres Hétéromerés.

Rev. FE. W. Hope .. Browne, Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Syria.

MV Bralleo”. x12. .--Brullé (Lucas et Macquart), Animaux Articulés recueillis aux
Iles Canaries.

The Society ........ Bruxelles, Nouv. Mémoires de |’Académie Royale de. Vols. 13
and Vol. 14, Part2. Vol. 15, Part 1, pl. 2?

TD ittoareteysre ereteie ...-———— Bullétin de Académie. Tom. 7, Parts 1 and 2;

Tom, 8, Parts 1 and2. Vol. 9, Parts 1—6,

VOL. Ill, e

XXXVII ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY

The Society ........ Bruxelles, Annuaires de l’Académie.
Ditto .2....+...—————— _ Des Moyens de soustraire |’ Exploitation des Mines.
Ditto ee eeeeese+s———— Instructions pour l'Observation des Phénoménes Pe-
riodiques.
The Author ........ Burmeister (Hermann), Genera Insectorum. Nos. 6 and 7.
Ditto sescsesoes The Article “ Insect’’ from the Allgemeine

Encyclopadie.
Ditto ..........—_——— —— Handbuch der Entomologie. Vol. 3.

The Editor ........Calcutta Journal of Natural History. Parts 1 and 2, and 9 to 12,
Edited by Mr. MacClelland.

Rey. F. W. Hope ..Comptes rendus de l'Institut. A quantity of Numbers.

The Author ........Costa (Signor Achille), Monografie degl’ Insetti ospitanti sull’
Olivo e nelle Olive.

Ditto eee eee ~ Bulletino dell’ Accademia degli Aspi-
ranti Naturalisti. Anno Imo.

Ditto ...ee002..-————— Di una Specie di Henestaris.

Ditto 1.466600. ~ Ragguaglio delle Specie piu Interes-
santi di Emitteri-eterotteri.

IDG Sond bopon --——-— Esposizione sommaria delle Osservazioni

racolte duranto l’Anno 1842.

IDK nigh ocidcrcc —.—-— —- ——— Nuove Osservazioni intorno alle Cocci-

negtio ed ai loro pretesi Maschi.
The Author ........Curtis (John), Observations on the Natural History of Insects
infesting the Turnip. Part 1.
British Entomology (eighteen numbers, to com-
plete the Society’s copy ).

iurchased) “sie se.s.6 ee

Ditto ........-.Dejean, Catalogue des Coléopteres. 3d Edit.

The Author ........Edwards (H. Milne), Récherches pour servir a |’Histoire de la
Circulation du Sang chez les Annelides.

Ditto 2.220060 6. ————— -——- Recherches sur le Mécanisme de la
Respiration chez les Crustacés.

Ditto .....6....-———— —— Observations sur Jes Changemens de
Forme que divers Crustacés éprouvant dans le jeune Age.

Ditto ....0066..-——— —— Mémoire sur la Distribution Geographique

des Crustacés,
The Society ........Sixth Report of the Egyptian Society.
The Editor ........Entomologist (The). Edited by Edw. Newman.
The Author ........Erichson (Dr.), Genera et Species Staphylinorum. Vol. 2.

Rev. F. W. Hope .. Fabricius, Systema Entomologie.
The Author ........Fischer de Waldheim (Comte G.), Notice sur ]’Eurypterus de
Podolie et le Cherotherium.

Ditto ..........-———— ——— ———_———-__ Mémoire sur les Spectres.

Ditto 026.002... —— ——— —— ———-———- Catalogus Coléopterorum Si-
beriew Orientalis.

Ditto receiver svete - —— ———— Index Plantarum in regionibus

Altaicis.

MhevAMthor crac +

The Society .......

The Editor’ << «.0:.«
The Author.....

PD IGEO) seri eteiers)e.0

_ DTI" coo does
Dittmer ec csterevetotsi
J. E. Gray, Esq....

M, Guérin .. .--

The Author 2%.)
The Author s:s: seuss «

Rev. F. W. Hope
The Author......

.

sincE 1840. XXXI1X

. Gene (Guesippe), Memoria per servire alla Storia Naturale di
alcuni Imenotteri.

Geneva, Memoires de la Société de Physique et d’Hist. natur. de.
Tom, 9.

..Germar, Zeitschrift fiir die Entomologie. Vol. 3, Parts 1 and 2.
. ..Goodsir (H. D. 8.), Descriptions of some new Species of Pyc-

nogonide.

—— Descriptions of some new Crustaceous Ani-

mals from the Frith of Forth.

—— On Two new Species of Leachia.

. ——-——-— On a new Genus and six new Species of
Crustacea.

.Gray (J. E.), Phe Zoological Miscellany. Four sheets of Part 2.

. Guérin-Meneville et Perottet, Mémoire sur un Insecte et un

Champignon qui ravagent les Cafiers aux Antilles.

«Hagen, Synonymia Libellulidarum Europearum.
. Harris (T. W.), Remarks on Scarabeeus Goliathus.

.. Herbst, Krabben und Krebsen. Vols. 1, 2, and 3.
.. Hogg (John), On the Occurrence of Branchie in young Cecilix.

Mr. James Dickson.. Hope (Rev. F. W.), Lithographic Portrait of.

MherAuthor sts: « ore0'ee

DittOw <isse.Sheve cies
The Publisher.....
Purchased’ we cies <

IDSGY soridisieoemrc

DIG: “aseuvanse

The Society ......

The Society ......

fhe Baiton seiner

‘ThevAuthor. cs
Ditto

The Society .......

Rey. F, W. Hope

———--— Memoir on the Erotylide (from the Revue

Zoologique ).

= — Descriptions of some new Insects from
Western Africa.

- Humphreys and Westwood, British Butterflies and their Trans-

formations. Nos. 1-—4, 5, 6, 7.

- Insect Architecture. 12mo.
. Insect Transformations. 12mo.

. Insect Miscellanies. 12mo.

.. Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. Vol. 1,

Part.4. Vol. 2) Partsol.25 300 Viol. 3; Part le Vola4,
Pantie

.. Journal of the Natural History Society of Boston. Vol. 1,

Parts 1—4. Vol.2, Part 4. Vol. 3, Parts 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Vol. 4, Nos. 1 and 2.
.Journal of Meteorology. Edited by J. W. G. Gutch.

.. Lacordaire (Theod.), Monographie des Erotyliens.

; - _ Revision de la Famille des Cicindelites.
.Leeds, Annual Report of the Philosophical Society of, for
1838-9, 1839-40, and 1840-41.

.. Leeuwenhoeck, Epistole ad Societatem Regiam Anglicam.

xl ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY

The Author ........ Lefebvre (Alexandre), Pterologie des Lépidopteres.
Ditto stots’ cre ctete .—-—- ——— ——-— Communication verbale sur la Pterologie,
WDItO Wences ce es ——-—— Mémoire sur le genre Ascalaphus.
The Society.......- Lille, Mémoires de la Société Royale de. 1836. 1838, Parts
2and 38. 1839, Parts 1 and2. And 1840.
Mr. R. Taylor...... Lists of Meetings of Philosophical Societies of Londen annually.
Lucas. See Brullé.
The Society ........ Lyons, Annales dela Société Royale d’Agriculture de. Vols. 1,
2,3, 4.

The Author ........Mace Clelland (John), Memoir on the Indian Cyprinide.

The Author ....... - Maelen (Van der), Episténomomie.
THE -AUthOE ses oss Macquart, Diptéres exotiques. Tom.1,Partsland2. Tom.2,
Part 2.
————. See Brullé.

The Author.......-Mannerheim (M. le Comte), Mémoire sur la Récolte d’Insectes
Coléopteres en 1842.

Ditto ...e.065..——-—-——+—+-———. Description de quelques nouveaux
Espéces de Coléopteéres de Finlande.
Ditto ....+.....————-——-—-——_-—_ Notice sur la Collection de Colé-

optéres de M. Dejean. :
————--- Description d’une nouv. Esp. de

Ditto .c82 ss eees

Physodactylus.
Ditto ...0+2+-..——-—- ————_——-—. Observations relatives aux Sexes des
Coléoptéres Hydrocanthares.

————-——-— Beitrag zur Kafer Fauna der Aleu-
tischen Inseln.

Roy.Acad.of Bavaria. Martius (G. F. Von.), Die Kartoffel Epidemie.

Rev. F. W. Hope ..Martyn, Araner. Folio.

MIO sete nictote cites Martinet, Katechismus der Natur. 4 vols. 8vo.
The Author ..... ...Menetries, Essai d’un Monographie du G. Anacolus.
IDE corer oe ——-—- Catalogue d’Insectes recueilles entre Constantinople

et Je Balkan.

Ditto 6. .eeeee es Sur un n. Genre de Lépidoptére nocturne de Russie.
The Editor .-...... Microscopic Journal. No.1. Edited by Mr. Daniel Cooper.
The Society ........Microscopical Society of London, Transactions of. Part 1.
The Author ........ Montagne, Mémoire sur la Muscardine.

The Society .......- Moscow, Nouveaux Mémoires de la Soc. Imper. des Naturalistes.
Tom. 5. (1837.)
Ditto. 6608 -.060.—— Bulletin de la Soc. Imp. des Naturalistes de 1838, 1839,
5 Nos. 1840, Nos. 3 and 4. 1841, Parts 1, 2, 3, and 4.
1842, Part 1.

The Author ........ Newman (Edward), A Familiar Introduction to the History of
Insects,
The Author........Nordmann, Symbolz ad Monographiam Staphylinorum.

Rev. F. W. Hope .. Partington, Scientific Gazette.

sINcE 1840. xli

The Author ......++Passerini (Carlo), Osservazioni sulle Larve, Ninfe e Abitudine
della Scolia flavifrons.
Ditto ..........———— ——— Continuazione sulle Osservazioni sulle Larve
di Scolia flavifrons.
Ditto .....2...-———— Osservazioni sopra due Insetti nocivi (Lytta
verticalis et Apate 6-dentata).
ID iy | SoGomenecn —— Notizie relative a tre Specie d’Insetti nocivi.
The Author........Patterson (Robert), Natural History, a Branch of General Edu-
cation.
Ditto .:ee.ee6..—— —— Memoir on Bolina Hibernica.
Rev. F. W. Hope ..Pennant’s Zoology. 4 vols. 8vo.
Ditto ..........+Philips, A Voyage to Botany Bay.
The Editor .....,..Physiological Journal. No. 1.

The! Editor’ <i! cfolsie’ - Phytologist. Edited by Edward Newman. No. 1.
The Author ........Pictet (F. J.), Hist. Nat. des Ins. Neurop. Fam. Perlides.
ID he} aprons oe — -— — — — Ephenenides.

Parts 1 and 2.
The Editor ........Pritchard, List of 2000 Objects for the Microscope.

ThievAnthon sieie< siatere Quetelet (M.), Resumé des Observations sur la Métevrologie.

Rev. F. W. Hope ..Reaumur, Memoires pour servir a l’Histoire des Insectes.
Vols. 1, 2, and 3.
The Author ........Robinson, Refutation of Capt. Wellstead’s Attack.
Mh cAuthor sicie)s ef xe Romand (M. le Baron de), Mémoire sur le genre Pelecinus.
Ditto ...+.2+++. ——-——-——_-—_——__— Notice sur diverses Melliféres.
The Society .......+Royal Society, Philosophical Transactions of. 1839, Parts 1
and 2. 1840, Parts 1 and2. 1841, Parts 1 and2. 1842,
Parts 1 and 2.
Ditto ..........—-——-—— Proceedings of (continuation of).
Ditto ..........——-——-——- List of Fellows of.

The Author ........Schaum, Analecta Entomologica.

The Author........Schdnherr, Synonymia Insectorum. Vol. 6, Part 1. Tom. 7,
Parts 1 and 2,

The Author........Siebold (Ch, Theod. von), Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der

Wirbellosen Theire.
Ditto ...eee6+6.——-——-—-—_——-— Ueber die Faden-wurmer der Lnsekten.
Ditto ..........———_—-——-—_-—_— Observationes quadam de Oxybeto
uniglumi et Miltogramma punctata.
Ditto ....0+....————-——_—_——_-— Veber Strepsiptera.
The Author ........Spinola (M. le Marq.), Considerations of the Habits of the Genus
Sirex.

Ditto .....0.....—--——_—— Observations on the Natural Characters of
the Vesparia, Masaride, and Chrysidide.
——-— Considerations on the Natural Characters
of the Prionida.
Mr. A. White ......Synopsis of Contents of British Museum.
VOL, III. f

DD ibtO™ isiereisialenese

xl ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY SINCE 1840.

The'Author’...... --Tulk (Alfred), Memoir on the Anatomy of Phalangium.
The Author ..... ... Walckenaer (M. le Baron), Mémoire sur les abeilles solitaires
du G. Halictus.
Ditto ....+.+...——-——-——-—-——-— Mémoire sur une nouvelle Classifi-

cation des Araneides.
F. Walker, Esq. ....A set of Plates of Chalcidide, from the Drawings of A. H.
Haliday, Esq., published in the Entomologist.
The Author ........ Westwood (J. O.), Arcana Entomologica. Part 1.
Westwood. See Humphreys.
The Author ........ White (Adam), Notes of some Insects from King George’s Sound.

Ditto ..cseesees ———— Description of a South American Wasp which
collects Honey.

Ditto ...+.2...-————-—— Descriptions of new Insects from Congo.

Ditto ..scsecees —— Descriptions of new Species of Insects.

Rev. F. W. Hope .. Wilson, A Missionary Voyage to the South Pacific Ocean.

The Society ......--Zoological Society of London, Transactions of. Vol. 2, Part 5.
Vol. 3, Part 1.
Ditto ....00++..————-——-—_— ——_ ——_ Proceedings of. January to Sep-
tember, 1840. October, 1840, to January, 1842.— December,
1842.
Ditto ...6..+6¢6.———-——- ——_ ——-—— List of Fellows. 1843.
Ditto .....+0...————-——_-_—_ —_—— Report of the Council and Au-

ditors. April, 1843.
The Editor .......-The Zoologist. Nos. 1] and2. Edited by Edward Newman.

ADDRESS

ON THE

RECENT PROGRESS AND PRESENT STATE

OF

ENTOMOLOGY.

By J. O. WESTWOOD, F.L.S.

SECRETARY OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY GF LONDON, ETC,

Read at the Anniversary Meeting of the Entomological Society,
on the 2\st January 1835.

LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
BY RICHARD TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

SOLD BY LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, GREEN AND LONGMAN,
PATERKNOSTER ROW ;

AND J, B, BAILLIERE, 219 REGENT STREET, AND RUE DE LECOLE DE MEDECINE A’ PARIS,

1835.

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Me: tae i ‘i . ie on: 4

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stad i a, na a fing ae ‘ata aka
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Hae

ADDRESS

ON

THE RECENT PROGRESS AND PRESENT STATE
OF ENTOMOLOGY.

GENTLEMEN,

In rising, at the request of our late most excellent President,—whose
departure from the Chair this evening will, Iam sure, be regarded
with the utmost regret by every member of this Society,—whose
kindness, urbanity, and efficiency have afforded a most valuable
model to our future Presidents,—to lay before you a statement of the
recent progress and present state of Entomology, I must at the out-
set bespeak your kindness towards the attempt which I am about to
make, feeling fully convinced of my own inefficiency to do justice to
a subject of such extent as well as importance. I could, indeed, have
wished that notwithstanding the numerous avocations of our late Pre-
sident, he would still have found sufficient leisure for the task, feeling
equally convinced that in his hands ample justice would have been
done to the subject, founded upon the possession both of a magni-
ficent collection of insects and a splendid library, in which the neces-
sary materials for such a labour as I have undertaken are alone to be
found. As, however, the case is otherwise, and as he has been pleased
to place this subject in my hands, I know not how I can do better
than to select as my model the address delivered by himself before
the Zoological Club of the Linnean Society in the year 1827. Let
us hope that our Society may flourish as that Society has done which
originated in the assembly before which the address alluded to was
delivered; let us hope that whatever trifling feuds may have arisen
amongst entomologists,—for so long as “ humanum est errare,” so
long will there be presumed matters of offence, even where no
offence was intended,—let us hope, I say, that such will be allowed
to die away and sink into nothingness before the sacred cause of
truth and science. ;

It has always appeared to me that scarcely any kind of publication
surpassed in utility, annual or other periodical summaries, in which

AZ

4

are concentrated the various subjects which have, since the date of
the preceding report, occupied the attention of those persons who are
engaged, far and wide, in any particular branch of science. The
celebrated traveller Burchell, shortly after his return from South
America, where he had collected an immense number of zoological
objects, but especially of insects, complained to me that he had no
means of knowing what had taken place during his absence relating
to the various branches of zoology ; he could meet with no summary
in which the various publications upon its different sections were
brought into one view. To supply in some measure this want, as
relates to the domain of entomology, is the object of the present
address, although I fear that the execution will fall short of the con-
ception of the undertaking. As, however, it is some time since the
last address, by Mr. Vigors, was delivered before the Zoological Club,
and as it has appeared to me to be highly desirable to refer to the
invaluable publications of our continental, as well as native fellow la-
bourers, rather than to confine these observations to the proceedings of
our own Society, which must, toa considerable degree, be fresh in the
recollection of the majority of our members, I have enlarged my can-
vas, and instead of presenting you simply with a miniature of the per-
sonification of the Entomological Society of London, I have introduced
a sketch of the labours of entomologists throughout the entomological
world, placing in the centre of my picture, (if I may be allowed an
artistical idea,) hand in hand, the Entomological Societies of France
and London, on either side of which will be seen the representatives
of the scientific Societies and of the scientific men, our fellow-labour-
ers throughout the world, whilst the venerated and deeply lamented
names of Latreille and Cuvier, of Haworth and Guilding, and of Say,
shine in the clouds with a glorious radiancy, throwing around a light
of approval upon the ardent aspirers after science still left amongst us.

In the first place, indeed, the recent establishment of the Ento-
mological Societies of France and London is to be mentioned as of the
first-rate interest in respect to the progress of our devoted science.
England, it is true, led the way by the establishment of an Entomolo-
gical Society nearly forty years since, for the support of which the
best energies of Mr. Haworth were in an especial manner, and for a
length of time, devoted; but for the last twenty years nothing had been
done by it—the Bee, which it had selected as its emblem, had become
inert—until our present Society arose in its stead ; so that we may
very entomologically infer that the Bee of the old Society had been
Stylopized, and had at length given birth to the Stylops Kirba'. But
it is to the establishment of the French Entomological Society that
we may in some measure regard the rousing of the energies of our
own entomologists. And it is impossible to doubt that the honourable
rivalry which has thus arisen between us cannot but be of the greatest
service to the science which we cultivate.

The formation of these societies is likewise indicative of another
circumstance, dependent thereupon, which cannot fail to impart gra-

1 Engraved upon the seal of the present Entomological Society.

v

tification to the entomologist, namely, the very increased degree of
general attention now paid to the study of natural history, and espe-
cially to Entomology, and which, I think, may be now considered as
a powerful rival of ‘the sister science of Botany. Moreover, it is not
in England alone that this is the case ; in France and Germany, Italy
and Sweden, Russia, Austria, and America, we find the same energy ;
and now-a-days it is no easy matter even to keep au courant with the
proceedings of the numerous entomologists of those countries.

Mr. Vigors in his address to the Zoological Club in 1830, observed,
“It is one of the prominent features of the present times that natu-
ralists aim at a happy union of true science with popular attraction.
The principle of ‘ Gratior pulchro veniens in corpore virtus’ was never
more strongly exemplified than in these popular publications. When
I mention to you that copies of these publications” (referring to ‘The
Menageries’ and ‘Insect Architecture’, published by the Society for
the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge,) “have been disseminated by tens
of thousands, you may c: alculate not merely how many readers parti-
cipate in the delights of the study, but how many of them may be
induced from the perusal to become observers of nature, if not active
cooperators in the science.” If there were this cause for exultation
when only one volume devoted to insects was published by this So-
ciety, surely we have much greater grounds for gratification when
three similar volumes upon entomological subjects have been issued
by it, viz.— Insect Architecture’, ‘Insect Transformations’, and
‘Insect Miscellanies’; a similar volume by the Society for the Promo-
tion of Christian Knowledge, two volumes on the Natural History of
Insects in Mr. Murray's Family Library, two in Constable's Mis-
cellany, and one (on Beetles) i in Sir William Jardine’s Naturalist’s Li-
brary, besides numerous detached articles in those widely spreading
papers, the Penny and Saturday Magazines. The establishment like-
wise of several periodical works devoted exclusively to our science
in Germany, France, and England, are striking evidences of the cor-
rectness of this idea.

If we now descend a step in our views, we still find matters of equal
gratification in the practical nature of a considerable portion of the pro-
ceedings of our own Society. Need I mention the memoirs which have
been read before us upon the Domestic Fly by Mr. Spence; upon the
Nature of Resin and Amber Insects, by the Rev. F. W. Hope; the
memoirs upon Silk and Silk Insects, and upon the Ravages of Lim-
noria terebrans, by the same gentleman; the proposed establishment
of premiums for Prize Essays; the memoir upon Apple Blight, by
Mr. Lewis; or the proceedings of our committee upon the ravages of
the Cane Fly, &e.? In like manner the natural history and ceconomy
of various species of insects have been in an especial manner brought
before the notice of the Society, as in the memoirs of Lieut.-Col.
Sykes upon various East India Ants and other Indian Insects; that
of Mr. Shuckard upon the Fossorial Hymenoptera of our own
country ; that of Mr. Christy upon the Tamarind Beetle; that of
Mr. Saunders upon various species of East Indian Insects; that of
Mr. Waterhouse upon Faphidia, &e.

6

In these respects, indeed, a material difference exists between the
proceedings of the Societies of London and France, the latter being
especially marked by a greater degree of attention paid to the tech-
nical and descriptive details of various groups of insects, as in the
memoirs of Latreille upon the Sternoai, of Serville upon the Longi-
cornes, of Solier upon the Heteromera, &c.

The nature of the various publications which have recently ap-
peared in England is calculated to obtain a high degree of respect
both at home and abroad for the entomologists of this country. The
national work of Mr. Stephens! is proceeding onwards, notwithstand-
ing the numerous and almost insurmountable obstacles with which
its: talented author has had to contend, whilst his Systematic Cata-
logue ? is a work exhibiting the most astonishing exertion ; the highly
beautiful and invaluable work of Mr. Curtis >; 3) the completion of
Mr. Haworth’s ‘ Lepidoptera Britannica’ + ; thes Australian Ento-
mology’ * of Mr. George Gray, with its beautiful illustrations from
the pencil of Mr. Char les Curtis; the English Translation of the
Regne Animal, by Mr. Griffith and others °; ; and the work upon the
Lepidoptera of Java, by Dr. Horsfield 7 ; together with numerous va-
luable memoirs published in the Magazine of Natural History, the
Philosophical Magazine, Dr. Jameson’s Edinburgh Journal, the Lin-
nean and Zoological Societies’ Transactions, in the Entomological
Magazine, and last, but not least, in the Transactions of our own So-
ciety; all proving that the spirit of Entomology is rising strongly
amongst us, needing only to be directed into its proper and legitimate -
channels.

Of continental works of a general nature, one of the most valuable
is unquestionably the ‘ Iconographie du Régne Animal’ of M. Guérin ;

1 Tilustrations of British Entomology, or a Synopsis of Indigenous Insects, &c.
By J. F. Stephens, F.L.S., &c. Large 8vo. 1828—1835. In monthly parts, with
coloured figures, containing generic and specific descriptions of all the indigenous
insects.

” A Systematic Catalogue of British Insects, being an attempt to arrange all the
hitherto discovered Indigenous Insects in accordance with their natural affinities.
By J. F. Stephens, F.L. & Z.SS., &c. 8vo. 1829. 804 pp. Containing the syno-
nyms and references to about 10,000 species.

3 British Entomology, or Illustrations and Descriptions of the Genera of Insects
found in Great Britain and Ireland. By John Curtis, F.L.S., &c. Large 8vo.,
1824—1825. With coloured figures of the insects, and in many instances of the
plants upen which they are found.

4 Lepidoptera Britannica, sistens Digestionem novam Insectorum Lepidoptero-
rum que in Magna Britannia reperiuntur. Auct. A. H. Haworth, F.L.S. Lond.
1803—1828. 8vo.

5 The Entomology of Australia, in a Series of Monographs. By G. R. Gray.
Part I. Containing a monograph of the genus Phasma. Lond. 1833. 4to. With
coloured plates.

6 The Animal Kingdom described and arranged in conformity with its Organi-
zation, by the Baron Cuvier: with additional descriptions and other original mat-
ter, by Edward Griffith, F.L.S., and others. Lond. 8vo. Parts 28—36. Containing
the Insecta, Crustacea, Arachnida, and Annelida, with very numerous plates.

7 A Descriptive Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects contained in the Museum
of the Honourable East India Company. By Thomas Horsfield, M.D. F.R.S., &c.
Lond. 4to. Parts I. and II. 1828—1829. With plates. |

the utility of which has been already evinced by the republication of
it in this country in two or three different works.

The announcement likewise, and commencement of the publication,
of a series of works in Paris, in which each order of insects has been
undertaken by an author distinguished in his particular branch of
the science, forms a gratifying era in our science !.

It has been well said that the field of zoology is so extensive that
no one can with effect undertake the cultivation of more than a de-
tached portion. And this remark is not less foreibly applicable to
entomology alone. Hence, in proof of the justice of this observation,
numerous memoirs and monographs devoted to isolated groups of
insects have recently been published, which I now proceed to notice
as concisely as possible, premising that it is not improbable that, not-
withstanding all my exertions, many of these may not have come to
my know ledge, and that in an address like the present, only the more
material can be noticed, and that ina very cursory manner, and with-
out reference to the theories or doctrines which they may in some in-
stances elucidate. I need not say how much I shall feel obliged to
any gentleman who will have the kindness to supply any of the de-
ficiencies which must necessarily occur in my address. Perhaps it
will be more convenient to arrange these notices according to the
classification of the great groups of annulose animals, rather than to
bring under review, in the first place, the proceedings of our own
Society, and then to pass to the notice of English and foreign me-
moirs.

To commence therefore with the Crustacea.

This class of annulose animals, it is true, has not engaged so much
of the attention of modern entomologists as some of the other groups
of insects, but still its investigation has not been stationary amongst
us. The laborious researches of Messrs. Edwards and Audouin re-
lative to the internal anatomy of some of the larger species® are
amongst the most valuable works of the kind hitherto published. Nor
must the dissections of the Lobster by our own celebrated compa-
rative anatomist Mr. Owen, recently published’, be passed over in
silence. M. De Haan of Leyden has undertaken the description of
the Crustacea of Japan*, and the introductory portion of his work

1 Suites a Buffon, formant, avec les Giuvres de cet Auteur, un Cours complet
d'Histoire Naturelle, Collection accompagnée de Planches. 8vo. Paris, Roret. The
following are the names of the entomological authors, and their respective portions
of the work: Serville (Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Hemiptera), Boisduval (Lepido-
ptera), De Jean (Coleoptera), Lacordaire (Introduction), Macquart (Diptera),
Milne Edwards (Crustacea), Saint Fargeau (Hymenoptera), Walckenaer (Arach-
nida and other apterous insects). Each portion is complete in itself, and is no ways
connected with any ofthe works of Buffon.

2 Mémoires pour servir a 1’Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés. Par MM. Audouin
et Milne Edwards. Paris, 1829. 8vo. Being a collection of memoirs previously
published in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles.

3 In the Descriptive Catalogue of the Museum of the College of Surgeons. Lon-
don, 1834.

* Fauna Japonica, sive Descriptio Animalium que in Itinere per Japoniam col-
legit Ph. Fr. de Siebold. Auct. W. De Haan pro Invertebratis. Lugduni Bate-
yorum, 1833. Folio. With plates.

8

promises to be of great value, as regards the classification and dis-
tribution of the species, and in which the quinarian system is adopted.
The first part of a treatise upon this class by Milne Edwards! has
lately appeared in Paris, which will form a standard work of re-
ference when completed. The indefatigable Dr. Johnston of Berwick-
upon-Tweed has from time to time published isolated descriptions of
rare or unknown animals belonging to this class in the late numbers
of the Magazine of Natural History; whilst a valuable memoir upon
the natural history of that destructive animal the Limnoria terebrans,
from the pen of Mr. Coldstream, appeared in ‘Jameson’s Edinburgh
Philosophical Journal’ of last year. But the subject of the highest
interest connected with this class, is that of the transformations which
these animals have universally been asserted to undergo in their early
age, contrary to the generally received opinion that the Malacostraca
are not subject to metamorphoses. The singular facts relative to this
subject published by Mr. J. V. Thompson of Cork?, (amongst which
the most remarkable is the statement that some of the animals com-
posing the extraordinary genus Zoéa are in fact only the young of
the common edible Crab,) are sufficient, if the correctness of them
shall be established, to place this author in the foremost ranks of
science ; but it is to be observed, that the elaborate researches of
Rathke upon the development of the eggs of the Cray-fish® and of the
common Asellus aquaticus+, the observations of M. Milne Edwards
in the work above alluded to as well as in several of his detached
memoirs, and those of Mr. J. E. Gray lately read before the Royal
Society, relative to the transformations of the Cirripedes, tend to throw
some doubt upon the statements of Mr. Thompson. The subject was
considered worthy of a place amongst the zoological queries by the
British Association at Cambridge; and the Zoological Society of
Dublin have likewise adopted the same inquiry as one of the sub-
jects for the prize essays which they have proposed. It is to be ob-
served, however, that the correctness of Mr. Thompson’s observations
upon the transformations of the Cirripedes has found a supporter in
Dr. Burmeister °, who is thus opposed to Mr. J. E. Gray, and that Dr.
Nordmann has ascertained the transformations in that remarkable
group of animals the Lernee®. Mr. Thompson has likewise sub-

1 Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, comprenant |’Anatomie, la Physiologie et la
Classification de ces Animaux. Par M. Milne Edwards. Vol. I. Paris, 1834. 8yo.
With an atlas of plates, forming portion of the Suites 4 Buffon.

2 Zoological Researches and Illustrations on Natural History of Nondescript or im-
perfectly known Animals, in a Series of Memoirs, illustrated by numerous Figures.
By J. V. Thompson, Esq., F.L.S. 8vo, Nos. l—5. Cork, 1828—1834.

3 Untersuchungen uber die Bildung und Entwickelung der Flusskrebses. Folio.
Leipzig, 1829. With plates.

‘ Abhandlungen zur Bildungs ant Entwickelung Geschichte der Menschen und
der Thiere. 4to, Leipzig. 1832—1833. With plates.

5 Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der Ramkenfusser (Cirripeda). Von H. Bur-
meister. Berlin, 1834.

§ Mikrographische Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der Wirbellosen Thiere. Von
Dr. Alex. vy. Nordmann. Berlin, 1832. 4to. With plates.

Dr. Burmeister of Berlin has likewise published a valuable Memoir upon the

)

mitted to our Society an account of the larvee of Lepas anatifera, «
more detailed account of which has been laid by him before the Royal
Society. A valuable report by M. Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, upon a
memoir by M. Edwards, entitled ‘Observations sur les Changemens
en forme que lés Crustacés éprouvent dans le jeune age ',’ must also be
noticed.

Various isolated memoirs have also been recently published upon
this class of animals, as that of Latreille upon the genus Prosopistoma ?;
of M. Guérin upon the Notopoda’, a curious group of Crabs ; upon
Isea, a genus of Hermit Crabs; and upon the Glass Crabs Phyllo-
soma*; of M. Polydore Roux upon the Shrimp family Salicoques°; of
M. Edwards upon the order Amphipoda®; of M. Brandt upon the
Oniscide?; of M. Roussell de Vauzeme upon the Whale Louse,
Cyamus Ceti® ; together with the description of the curious osculant
genus Praniza, published by myself in the ‘ Annales des Sciences
Naturelles’®.

The extraordinary ceconomy and organization of the Opossum
and Brine Shrimps, Mysis and Artemia, have been detailed by
Mr. Thompson in different numbers of his ‘ Zoological Illustrations’.
And M.Savigny’s remarkable doctrine of the transformation of cer-
tain parts of the mouth into organs of locomotion, and vice versd, has
received fresh confirmation in the memoirs of M. Edwards upon the
genera Sergestes, Acetes, Sicyonia, and Thysanopoda. The same
author has also published no less valuable memoirs upon the remark-
able genera Glaucothoe, Pontia, Cuma, Nebalia, Thysanopoda, Am-
phion, and hea, in various numbers of the ‘ Annales des Sciences
Naturelles’, and the ‘ Annales de la Société Entomologique de France’.
The same author has more recently published a memoir on the struc-
ture of the mouth of the siphonostomous Crustacea ! ; and has also,
in conjunction with M. Audouin, described a very minute and _sin-
gular parasite found not uncommonly attached to the branchize of the
common Lobster, and to which they have given the name of Nicothoe
Astaci'', We are indebted to Dr. Gruithuisen for a memoir upon
the anatomy of Daphnia Sima'*. Dr. Leach has also published de-
scriptions of some new genera of Crustacea in the Transactions of
the Plymouth Institution for 1830; and Dr. Zeneker is the author of

Caligi and other Parasitic Crustacea in the last part of the Nova Acta Cesareo Leop.
Nature Curiosorum.

1 In the Ann. des Sc. Nat., December 1838.

2 In the Nouvelles Annales de Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Vol. II. 1834, 4to.

3 In the Annales des Sciences Naturelles for March, 1832.

4 In the Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, Vol. I. No. 3

5 Mémoire sur la Classification des Crustacés de la Tribu des Salicoques. Par
Polydore Roux. Marseille, 1831. 8vo. pp. 39.

® In the Annales des Sciences Naturelles for November 1830.

7 Conspectus Monographiz Crustaceorum Oniscodorum Latreillii, in the Bulletin
Soc. Imp. des Nat. de Moscou, Tom. VI. 1833, p. 170.

8 In the Annales des Sc. Nat. for April and May 18384.

9 In the same work for November 1832.

10 In the Ann. des Sc. Nat., January 1833, Tom. XXVIII. p. 87.

1 Tn the Ann. des Sc. Nat. for 1826, Tom. IX. p. 345.

' Tn the fourteenth volume of Nova Acta, &c. for 1828.

10

an elaborate treatise upon the Gammarus Pulex, in which the cir-
culation of the blood has been perceived '.

We look forward also with interest to Captain James Ross’s pub-
lication of the Crustacea brought home in the last Northern Expe-
dition, as well as to the result of Mr. W. Baird’s examination of the //n-
tomostraca of Berwickshire. Our own Society has not been entirely
destitute of observations upon this class; being indebted to Lieut.-
Col. Sykes and Mr. Sells for some verbal communications relative to
the natural history of the Land Crabs of the East and West Indies,
and I have submitted to you a memoir upon the characters and afhi-
nities of the osculant genus Arcturus of Latreille 2%.

The class Aracunipa has, in like manner with the former, met with
but little favour from the majority of entomologists, few having un-
dertaken its investigation; still our list is by no means destitute of
interest.

The classification of the great typical order of Spiders has recently
undergone revision by the most celebrated of arachnologists, Baron
Walckenaer’, whilst M. Dufour has described various species, natives
of Europe*, and M. Lucas, one of the zoologists employed at the
Jardin des Plantes, has published the descriptions of various curious
exotic species in different numbers of the ‘ Annales’ of the French En-
tomological Society. MM. Hahn has commenced the publication of a
work containing beautiful illustrations of the species of Arachnida °.
In England Mr. Blackwall has much increased the knowledge of the
habits of the indigenous groups, adding also various new genera and
species to our lists®; and an anonymous author in the Mag. of Nat.
Hist. has commenced the publication of a series of articles upon the
Spiders, in which great talent is displayed. The absence of this gen-
tleman from England has prevented the continuance of the publica-
tion of his researches, but as his return is shortly expected, it is to be
hoped that no further delay will take place, since his illustrations
(as I can affirm from an inspection of them,) are of a very high
character. M. Audouin has published an interesting memoir upon
the nest of one of the burrowing Spiders7; and Mr. Sells has had the
kindness to present our Society with a specimen of a similar nest
from the West Indies. Mr. W.S. MacLeay has likewise published a

1 De Gammari Pulicis Fabr. Historia Naturali atque Sanguinis Circuitu Commen-
tatio. Auct. J. C. Zeneker. Jenz, 1832. 4to.

2 Since this Report was read, several curious species, collected by Mr. Hailstone,
jun., on the southern coast of England, have been described in the Magazine of
Natural History for May 1835.

3 In the Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, Vol. II. No. 3.

M. Walckenaer has also lately commenced the publication of a work entitled ‘Les
Aranéides de France classées par leur Organisation’, &c. (L’Institut, No. 53) quoted
by Mr. Jenyns, Report on Zoology, p. 203.

4 Annales des Sc. Phys. Brux., Tom. IV.; Ann. des Sc. Nat., Tom. II. et XXII.

5 Die Arachniden-Getreu nach der Natur abgebildet und beschrieben. Von Dr.
Carl Wilhelm Hahn. Nurnberg, 12mo, in parts, 1831—1835. With coloured plates.

6 Linnean Transactions, Vols. XV. and XVI.; and London and Edinburgh
Philosoph. Mag., May 1833-34.

7 In the Annales de la Société Ent. de France, Vol. II. No. 1.

11

memoir! upon the gigantic Aranea avicularia, in which he has dis-
proved the statements of Madame Merian as to its capturing small
birds in its webs, being in fact a terrestrial species living in holes under
stones, &c. We are indebted to Latreille for a valuable memoir?
upon the genus Mygale, to which this insect belongs.

Mr. Spence has also published some observations upon the construc-
tion of the geometrical nests of spiders, in the Mag. of Nat. Hist.°.

The nature and properties of the immensely developed palpi of the
male spiders is a question still left in obscurity, being one of the
points of inquiry proposed amongst the zoological questions by the
British Association +.

Amongst the smaller and aberrant Arachnida, the memoir of
M. Dugés upon the Acari°® stands foremost, this author having
not only detailed and illustrated the structure of the entire group,
but also added considerably to our knowledge of the habits of the
various genera, and having, for the first time, described the sin-
gular transformations which many of the species undergo, and which
in the Water Mites is of so extraordinary a nature as to have de-
ceived Latreille and Audouin. It is in justice to be observed, that
Mr. Curtis had some time previously published a short notice relative
to the latter subject in the Mag. of Nat. Hist.°. M. Theis has also
published a monograph upon the Hydrachne, as well as one upon
the genera Chelifer and Obisiwm’.

The Rev. F. W. Hope has also read before the Linnean Society
the description of a most singular animal belonging to the family of
the Harvest Spiders, Phalangia,—remarkable for the extraordinary
elongation of its legs,—and which he has named Dolichoscelis Ha-
worthit ; and Dr. Perty has given a synopsis of the same family in
his account of the insects of Brazil collected by Spix and Martius,
in which numerous new genera are introduced.

Another subject connected with the Acari, which appears to have
excited a great degree of attention in Paris, namely, the real nature
of the itch insect, Acarus Scabiei, has very recently been elucidated
by the publicatiion of its description by the celebrated microscopic
observer M. Raspail®.

The recent publications and memoirs upon the other AprErous Iv-

1 In the Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, Vol. I.

2 Vues Générales sur les Aranéides 4 quatre Pneumobranchies, &c. ; published in
the Nouv. Ann. d’Hist. Nat., Tom. I. p. 61.

3 No. 30, for November 1832.

4 The curious question also as to the degree of value to be given to the characters
derived from the nature of the respiratory apparatus in the Arachnida (respecting
which see Mr. Jenyns’s Report, p.201,) has received fresh interest from a memoir
by M. Dugés, recently read before the French Institute, in which the genera Dys-
dera and Segestria are stated to have four spiracles, two of which are connected with
pulmonary and two with trachean organs.—See Guerin’s Bull. Zool., No. 2.

5 Recherches sur l’ordre des Acariens, Ann. des Sc. Nat., January 1834.

6 Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII. pl. 161.

7 Ann. des Sciences Naturelles, September 1832.

8 Mémoire Comparatif surl’Histoire Naturelle de I’Insecte de la Gale. Par F. V.
Raspail. Paris, 8vo, pp. 31. With plates.

12
sects of Linnaeus may be briefly noticed. Descriptions of numerous
species of Anoplura and Pediculi have appeared in Lyonnet’s post-
humous work, illustrated by beautiful figures!; whilst Dr. Leach
has published the descriptions of several new species, and a new ge-
nus named Ewopus, belonging to the Lulide?.

A valuable illustrated memoir upon the 7’hysanura of Ireland has
been read before our Society from the pen of Mr. Templeton, in
which many new objects are deseribed; whilst the same order of in-
sects formed the subject of one of the latest memoirs from the pen
of Latreille °.

Mr. J. E. Gray has published the descriptions of some new genera
of Julide in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom*; and a monograph by Dr.

Brandt upon the same group appeared in the last volume of the

Bulletin of the Natural History Society of Moscow °.

The genus Pulex, composing the order Aphaniptera of Kirby, has
formed ‘the subject of an elaborate memoir by M. Duges, by whom
the real analogues of two pairs of wings have been discovered. The
structure of the antennze of the different species has been noticed by
me in a memoir in the Entomological Magazine’.

On arriving at the great group of true Meramorrnotic WINGED
InsEcts, we find the subject to be so extensive as to require not only
a generalized view, but also one extending to each of the orders ; in-
deed it will be at once perceived how impossible it is to notice, even
in the shortest manner, many interesting memoirs containing the de-
scriptions of isolated species. This must be my excuse if I should
appear to have overlooked the labours of any author.

Various valuable works have lately appeared in which the organi-

zation and classification of insects in general have been detailed: of

these may especially be mentioned the works of Stephens and Curtis
above noticed; the 3rd and 4th volumes of the ‘Introduction to
Entomology’, by Messrs. Kirby and Spence; the 4th and 5th volumes

of the ‘Regne Animal’ (of Cuvier), from the pen of Latreille; the
‘Cours d’ Entomologie’ , by the same lamented author; the ‘ Intro-
duction a l'Entomologie’, ‘by M. Lacordaire, forming one of the vo-
lumes of the ‘ Suites 2 Buffon’; the ‘ Handbuch der Entomologie’,
by Dr. Burmeister’ ; the 10th volume of the ‘ Encyclopédie Métho-
dique’, The ‘ Genera des Insectes’, of MM. Guérin and Percheron,
and the ‘ Bulletin Zoologique’ of M. Guérin, are also works of much

! Recherches sur |’Anatomie et les Métamorphoses de différentes Espéces d’In-
sectes, ouvrage posthume de Pierre Lyonnet. Parts Land II. 4to. Paris, 1832. With
54 Plates. From the Mém.du Mus. d’Hist. Nat., Vol. XVIII. XIX. XX.

2 In the Transactions of the Plymouth Institution for 1830. 8vo.

3 In the Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Tom. I. p. 161.

API 135:

5 Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, Tom. VI. 8yvo.
1838, p. 194.

® In the Ann. des Sc. Nat., October 1832.

7 Vol. I. No. 4. p. 359.

8 Mr. Shuckard has commenced the publication of a very neat and cheap trans-
lation of this valuable work under the name of a Manual of Entomology, 8vo, Lon-
don, E. Churton: in monthly numbers, with plates.

13

value. The little Manual of Mr. Newman', as well as the ‘ Ento-
mological Cabinet’ of Mr. Samouelle, will also assist in calling the
attention of the public to our science.

The completion of the splendid work of Dr. Perty ? upon the in-
sects of Brazil, and that of Dr. Klug upon the insects of Arabia’, &c.
are also especially to be noticed, as well as the series of observations
upon the ceconomy of the insects of South America, published by
M. Lacordaire in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles’, ‘Annales de
la Société Entomologique de France’, and ‘ Nouv. Annales de Mu-
séum dl’ Histoire Naturelle’ ; the entomological portion of the great
national French work upon the Morea, from the pen of M. Brullé; and
the work of M. Boisduval upon the insects of Madagascar, New
Holland, and other islands of the Southern Ocean. ‘Two works are
in course of publication in Germany forming Supplements to Pan-
zer's great work +.

The general principles regulating the distribution of insects have
lately attracted considerable attention amongst us. Dr. Horsfield in
his * Lepidoptera Javanica’, and Mr. Stephens i in the Introduction to
his Systematic Catalogue, have proposed arrangements, founded upon
the views developed in that extraordinary work the ‘Hore Entomo-
logice’; whilst, on the other hand, Mr. Swainson has arrived at se-
veral conclusions differing from those of Mr. MacLeay, and which
he has especially illustrated in his Zoological Illustrations and the
introductory treatises to the Natural History portion of Dr. Lard-
ners Cabinet Cyclopedia. Mr. Newman also has adopted a still dif-
ferent series of ideas, which he has developed in his ingenious trea-
tise entitled ‘Sphinx Vespiformis’, which have, however, met with
some opponents, whose observations are published in the Entomo-
logical Magazine®.

The investigation of the natural history of insects, as illustrated by
their preparatory states, has attracted a considerable share of attention
amongst modern entomologists. A volume devoted exclusively to
this branch of the science has recently appeared in Germany from
the pen of M. Bouché®, in which the larve and pup of a very great
number of insects of various orders are described.

Much discussion has lately taken place amongst naturalists relative
to the circulation of blood in insects, of mieli remarkable fact, as
exhibited in the larvee of certain Newroptera, an announcement was
made by Carus at the German meeting of naturalists at Dresden in

' The Grammar of Entomology. By Edward Newman. 12mo. With 4 Plates.

*Delectus Animalium Articulatorum que in itinere per Brasiliam, annis 1817-
1820, colligerunt Spix et Martius digessit, &c. Dr. Max. Perty. Fasc. 1—8. Monachii,
1830. Folio. With coloured plates.

3 Symbole Physice, seu Icones et Descriptiones Corporum Naturalium ex itine-
ribus per African Borealem et Asiam Occidentalem. Berlin, folio. Insects, Dec.
1—4, 1828—1834.

* Fauna Insectorum Europe, Fasc. 1—15; Hale, 12mo: the early numbers were
published by Ahrens. And, Deutschlands Insecten von Panzer fortgezetz von Schaeffer,
12 livraisons, 12mo. Each with 24 plates.

5 Vol. I. p. 224.

° Naturgeschichte der Insekten, Berlin, 1834, 8vo. With outline plates.

14

1826'. A paper has appeared by Mr. Bowerbank in the Entomolo-
gical Magazine, vol. i. p.239; anda memoir by Mr. Tyrrel upon this
subject has also been recently read before the Royal Society.

Of works devoted to the anatomy, external and internal, of insects,
we have especially to notice the posthumous work of Lyonnet above
referred to, in which his great work on the Cossus is rendered complete
by the publication of the dissections of the pupa and imago. The
admirable work of M. Straus Durckheim® (second only to that of
Lyonnet) upon the Cockchafter, Melolontha vulgaris, is highly im-
portant, illustrating the Coleopterous order as that of Lyonnet does
the Lepidoptera’. The Hornet, as an example of the Hymenoptera,
has also been treated in like manner ; but an analysis only of the latter
has as yet appeared in the ‘Bulletin des Sciences Nat.’ for 1830%,
and in Cuvier’s ‘ Analyse des Travaux’ for the same year.

Mr. MacLeay also has published an elaborate memoir upon the
Structure of the Thorax, in the Zoological Journal’, which memoir
has since been translated into French and published by M. Audouin,
with additional observations, in the ‘Annales des Sciences Natu-
relles’®. Mr. Newman has also published some osteological sketches
in various numbers of the Entomological Magazine.

The numerous memoirs of M. Dufour (published chiefly in the
‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles’), Heroldt, Miiller, Carus, Suckow,
Treviranus, and others, as well as the important memoir of Mr. New-
port upon the internal anatomy of the Sphinx hgustri, published in
the Transactions of the Royal Society for the last year, are all of great
value, and cannot fail to place this intricate part of the subject upon
a firm basis.

I now proceed to the order CotroprEra, which has been more
extensively cultivated by modern entomologists than any other group
of insects.

Of works upon this order in general Dr. Klug has had the kind-
ness to forward to our Society a memoir published by himself, contain-
ing descriptions and numerous figures of the Coleoptera of Mada-
gascar?. The second edition of the C atalogue of the Collection of
the Count DeJean has been in part published ; ; and Dr. Perty has is-
sued a notice of the Coleoptera of the East Indies*.

1 See also his memoir in the Nova Acta Nat. Cur., Vol. XV. Pt. II.; his Entdeck-
ung eines Einfachen, &c. with 3 plates. Leipzig, 1827. And his memoir in the
Isis, 1828, p. 477.

* Considérations générales sur ]’Anatomie comparée des Animaux articulés; aux-
quelles on a joint l Anatomie descriptive du Melolontha vulgaris (Hanneton), donnée
comme exemple de l’organisation des Coléoptéres. Paris, 1828. 4to.

3 A full abstract of the general considerations and laws to which M. Straus has,
in his introduction, endeavoured to refer the different modifications of structure un-
dergone by the various organs in different groups of articulated animals, has been
given by Mr. Doubleday in the Entomological Magazine, Vol. I.

4 Tom. XXII. p. 347. ® Zoological Journal, No. 18. Vol. V. p. 145.

® January and February 1832.

7 From the Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu
Berlin aus dem Jahre 1832.

8 Observationes nonnulle in Coleoptera Indiz Orientalis. Auct, Dr. Max. Perty.
Monachii, 1831. 4to. With 1 plate.

15

The first portion of a work! containing the descriptions of the.
Coleoptera found in the neighbourhood of the Scottish capital has
been published. ‘The first part of the entomological portion of the
‘ Naturalist’s Library’ of Sir Wm. Jardine is in the press, in which
a great variety of showy Coleoptera are figured®. And the publi-
cation of Sturm’s alone little ‘Deutschlands Insecten Fauna’ has.
recently been recommenced.

The Rey. F. W. Hope has described, not only in our own Trans-
actions, but also in those of the Zoological Society, numerous remark-
able novelties belonging to this order. He has likewise published
an account of the various species of Beetles found in mummies’ ;
whilst Mr. Waterhouse has laid before the Society the descriptions of
numerous Sree larvee, a branch of the subject of the highest
interest. Mr. 8. S. Sanders has also described various remarkable
exotic Coleoptera at one of our meetings, belonging to various genera.

Carabide.—Following in the steps of the Baron DeJean, the com-
pletion of whose descriptions of the Carabide and Cicindelide* has
recently taken place, we find Messrs. Gory®, Laporte®, Brullé7, Klug 8,
and Chevrolat® giving descriptions of supplementary species of the
same family, w hilst descriptions of the Carabide of New Holland may
shortly be expected from the pen of Mr, G. R. Gray. Mr, Say has
also published a recent memoir upon the American species of these
two families '°. Descriptions and figures of the European species of these
families are in course of publication by Dejean and Boisduval!!. Zim-
merman also has published two monographs upon Zabrus and Amara

1 Entomologia Edinensis. By James Wilson, F.R.S., and Rev. James Duncan.
8vo. Edinburgh, 1834.

2 Since this Report was read, this work has been published with the title ‘Th
Natural History of Beetles, illustrated by thirty-two plates, numerous wood-cuts;
with memoir and portrait of Ray. By James Duncan, M.W.S. Edinburgh, 1835.’

3 In the History of Egyptian Mummies, &c. By Thomas Jos. Pettigrew, F.R.S.,
&c. London, 1834. 4to. With plates.

‘ Species général des Coleoptéres de la Collection de M. le Comte De Jean. Paris,
8vo, Vol. 1—5, 1825—1831.

5 Centurie de Carabiques nouveaux. Par M. Gory, Ann, Soc. Ent. Paris, Vol. IT.

. 168.

: ® Etudes Entomologiques, ou Descriptions d’Insectes nouveaux et Observations sur
leurs Synonymes. Par M. De Laporte. 1* et 2™® Livraisons. Paris, 1834-1835.
8vo. With Plates.

7 Observations Critiques sur fa Nomenclature des Carabiques in Silbermann’s
Revue Entomologique, Livr. 9; and in the 4th Vol. of Histoire Naturelle des In-
sectes. Par Messrs. Audouin and Brullé. Svo. With an atlas of plates. Paris,
Pillot, 1834.

8 Jahrbucher der Insectenkunde, von Dr. Fr. Klug. Erster band, 1834. 8vo.
296 pp. With 2 coloured plates.

® Coléoptéres du Mexique. Par A. Chevrolat. 2nd Fascicule, 1834. Strasbourg,
12mo.

10 Descriptions of some new North American Insects, and observations on some
already described. By Thomas Say, in the 4th Volume of the Transactions of the
American Philosophical Society, New Series.

11 fconographie et Histoire Naturelle des Coléoptéres d'Europe. Paris, Svo. With
plates. Published in Livraisons 1827—1835.

16

and their respective divisions '. The attention of our Society has
been called to the specific distinctions of various British species of
the genus Dromius by Mr. Babington.

Dyticide.—The family of the Water Beetles, Dyticide, has been
revised by Dr. Erichson*, who has added several new generic groups,
and also, together with the Gyrinide@, by M. Laporte in his ‘ Etudes
Entomologiques’ above mentioned.

Hydrophilide.—M. Solier has undertaken the revision of the Hy-
drophilide in the ‘ Annales’ of the Entomological Society of France:
and Mr. Waterhouse has published a monograph upon one of the ge-
nera, Hydrena, in which numerous new British species are described +.

The Brachelytra, or Linnean Staphylini, have been submitted to
a minute analysis by the Count De Mannerheim, whose memoir has
been published in the Transactions of the Petersburgh Academy °;
and Dr. Gravenhorst, one of our Honorary Members, has announced
to us his intention of again directing his attention to the same group.
M. Laporte has also published descriptions of various new exotic
genera and species in the 2nd part of his ‘ Etudes Entomologiques’.
The curious little family Pselaphide has formed the subject of a va-
luable and recent monograph by M. Aubé, published in Guérin’s
Magasin de Zoologie, in which highly magnified figures of all the
species are given®, forming a fit companion to Mr. “Denny’s mono-
graph upon the same family.

The Hist.ride have been revised by Dr. Klug in his Jahrbucher, and
not less than twenty-one genera have been proposed in the family, and
a very great number of species described. The family Lucanide has
recently received several splendid additions, including the Chiaso-
gnathus Granti of Mr. Stephens’, and several other new genera, of
which I have given characters in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Natu-
relles*’, accompanied by a synoptic table of the entire family. M. Per-
cheron has just published a monograph upon the exotic genus Pas-
salus®, containing not less than fifty species. Mr.W. aterhouse made
a verbal communication at one of our early meetings upon the habits
of the common Stag Beetle. Numerous ‘additions have been made
to the great Linnean group of Scarabeus, especially in the ‘ Ency-
clopédie Méthodique,’ vol. x. ; and Messrs. Gory and Percheron have

1 Monographie der Carabiden, von Zimmermann; Erstes Stuck: 8vo, Berlin
and Halle, 1831. Containing the Zabroides. The Amaroides form the subject of a
memoir in the first number of the Faunus, von J. Gistl, Munchen, 1832.

2 Genera Dyticeorum Dissertatio inauguralis. Auctore Dr. G. F. Erichson. Bero-
lini, 1832. 8vo, pp. 45.

3 Vol. III. Part IT.

4 Entomological Magazine, Vol. I. p. 292.

5 Mém. présentés a l’Acad. Imp. Se. St. Pétersbourg, Tom. prem. 5™¢ Livraison,
1831.

6 Plates 78—93.

7 Cambridge Phil. Soc. Trans., Vol. 1V. Pl. 9, 10.

8 2nd Series, February 1834.

° Monographie des Passales et des Genres qui en ont été separés, &c. Par A.
Percheron. Paris, 1835. With outline figures of all the species.

1

undertaken a beautifully illustrated monograph of the family Cefo-
nide', which is now in course of publication.

The splendid family Buprestide has been enriched with some sin-
gular species from Madagascar®, and has been revised by M. Esch-
scholtz? and M. Solier*, each of whom have added numerous generic
groups.

The Elateride have in like manner been revised by Eschscholtz°
and by Latreille®, whilst the hipiceride? and Lampyride® have
been submitted to similar treatment by M. Laporte.

M. Solier has undertaken the difficult task of illustrating the He-
teromera, and his first memoir, published in the Annals of the
French Entomological Society °, affords promise of great value. Esch-
scholtz likewise added many new genera belonging to the Melasoma
in the ‘ Zoologischer Atlas’ above noticed ; and M. Guérin has more
recently commenced the task of illustrating the same division in his
‘Magasin de Zoologie’. I need not do more than name the nearly com-
pleted work of Schénherr upon the Curculionide °, a family supposed
to be connected with the Cerambycide by a series of Xylophagous
insects, portions of which, belonging to the family Cucaide, I have
submitted to a minute examination, the result of which has been pub-
lished in the Zoological Journal !'.

Whilst, in the last place, the distribution of the Cerambycide given
by M. Serville in various numbers of the Annals of the French En-
tomological Society !? cannot fail to be of essential benefit.

SrrepsipTeRA.—Our attention has very recently been called to the
very rare and interesting group of parasitic insects Strepsiptera, of
which a very decided new species, named Stylops Spencit (in honour
of one of our distinguished honorary members), has been described,
and its habits detailed to us by Mr. Pickering. Two other new ge-
nera, Llenchus and Halictophagus, have been published in Mr. Curtis's
‘ British Entomology’.

Hymenoptera.—The highly interesting order Hymenoptera has
lately attracted much of the attention of entomologists, and it is un-
derstood that a general work upon the order by the Count de St. Far-
geau will shortly appear in Paris.

Dr. Klug has recommenced his memoirs upon the Tenthredinide in
the ‘Jahrbucher der Insectenkunde’ above noticed; whilst the great

! Monographie des Cétoines et genres voisin. Par Messrs. Gory et Percheron.
Paris, 1833—1835. 8vo. With coloured plates.

° Figured at the same time and under different names by M. Guérin in his Ma-
gasin de Zoologie, and by Dr. Klug in his account of the Madagascar Coleoptera.

3 Zoologischer Atlas. Von Dr. Fr. Eschscholtz. Erstes Hefte. Folio, 1829.
Berlin.

4 Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, Vol. II. Pt. II.

®° In Thon’s Entomologisches Archiv for 1829.

® Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, Vol. IIT. Pt. I.

{lbs Nolen Pt; U0: Sb Vols tin Ptel: 9 7b. Vol. IL. Pt. III.

© Synonyma Insectorum Genera et Species Curculionidum. Paris, 1833-1834.

11 No. 18. p. 213.

2 Vol. I. Pt. 11. (Prionidz) Vol. II. Pt. IV. and Vol. IIL. Pt. I. (Cerambycide).

B

18

work of Gravenhorst upon the true Zehneumones' will not easily be
surpassed.

The aberrant Ichneumonide have been described by Dr. Nees von
Esenbeck ?; and Mr. Haliday%, whose lucid details have thrown great
light upon this abstruse part of our science, has entered the same field.
A generic distribution of the Gall-flies has been published by me in
the Mag. Nat. Hist.*, where I have described several new species.
M. Fonscolombe has also described numerous French species of the
latter family in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles’* ; and Dr. Hem-
merschmidt of Vienna has published a valuable memoir upon this
group of insects °.

But the minute and splendid family of the Chalcidide has perhaps
received a greater share of the attention of recent Hymenopterolo-
gists than any other groups belonging to the order; Fonscolombe
in France’, Dalman*, Bohemann in Sweden’, Dr. Nees von Esen-
beck in Germany '°, and Messrs. Walker !!, Haliday '!?, and Curtis ',
as well as myself!* having especially undertaken its illustration in
various works.

The families of the Ants!> and Wasps'®, notwithstanding their
great interest, are both waiting for a monographer. The annoyances
produced by a minute species of the former family have, upon several
occasions, been noticed at our meetings; whilst the fossorial Hymeno-
ptera‘7 have been investigated with much care both by M. Vander-

1 Ichneumonologia Europa. Auctore J. G. C. Gravenhorst. Vratislavie, 1829,
3 Vols. 8vo.

? Hymenopterorum Ichneumonibus affinium monographia, Genera Europea et
Species illustrantes. Scripsit C. G. Nees ab Esenbeck. 2 Vols. Svo. Stuttgartie et
Tubinge, 1834.

3 Published in various Numbers of the Entomological Magazine.

* November 1833, Vol. VI. p. 491.

5 For June 1832.

© Observationes Physiologice Pathologic de Plantarum Gallorum ortu Insectis
qui excrescentia proferentibus. Vienna.

7 Annales des Sciences Nat., July 1832.

8 Stockholm Transactions (Kongl. Vetensk, &c., 1820—1822.

9 Tb. 1833.

10 In the Series of Monographs above referred to.

N In various Numbers of the Entomological Magazine. a ip

13 In various Numbers of the British Entomology.

M4 Zool. Journal, No. 13; Magasin de Zoologie, Cl. 9. Pl. 4; Lond. and Edinb.
Phil. Mag., Aug. 1832 ,June 1833, Nov. 1833 ; Mag. Nat. Hist., March 1833, Sep-
tember 1833, erent 1833, March 1835; Proceedings aol Soc., April 1835 ;
Ent. Mag., No. 7.

15 A memoir by Signor Losana, ‘Saggio sopra le Formiche indigene del Piemonte’,
in the Mem. delle Reale Acc. delle Scienze de Torine, Tom. XX XVII. 1834, must
be excepted, as well as Col. Sykes’s account of several Indian species read before the
Society.

16 The work of M. Wesmael, entitled ‘ Monographie des Odynéres de Belgique’,
51 pp. 1 Pl. Bruxelles, 1833, should be excepted.

7 Since this Report was read, a valuable memoir by MM. Saint Fargeau and
Brullé, upon the genus Crabro, has appeared in the 4th Part of the 8rd V olume of the
Ann. Soc. Int. de France.

19

linden! in Holland, and by our own member Mr. Shuckard, whose
work upon the British species is on the point of publication. The
latter gentleman has likewise read an interesting memoir upon the
habits of this group, which has been published in the first part of our
Transactions. Dr. Ratzburg has lately published a curious memoir
upon the development of the segments in the apodal larve of the
Hymenoptera, in which (if correct,) he appears to have arrived at
some singular facts?. Mr. W. W. Saunders has likewise recorded
some interesting facts relative to the ceconomy of one of the East
Indian species of this family, which has likewise been published in
our Transactions. Little of novelty upon the family of the Bees has
recently appeared either in the way of systematic classification or
ceconomical details, if we except the memoirs of the Count de St. Far-
geau inserted in the 10th volume of the ‘ Encyclopédie Méthodique’,
and those upon Bombus by Dahlbom® and St. Fargeau*.

Nevroprera, T'ricnoprera.—In like manner, but little novelty has
appeared in the order Neuwroptera®; but in the T'richeptera, or
order of Caddice-flies, a splendid work has recently been published
by M. Pictet of Geneva®, and which has gained one of the prizes
established by Lady Davy in the Academy of that city. Mr. Curtis
has likewise published a series of short descriptions of numerous
British species in the Philosophical Magazine’. Instances of the
ravages of the Termites, or White Ants, have been brought under
our notice by Capt. Smee and the Rev. Mr. Hope.

Orruorrera.—We are indebted to M. Serville for a revision of
the order Orthoptera’, in which numerous new generic groups have
been proposed. The Count Fischer de Waldheim has likewise pub-
lished a distribution of the Russian species in the last volume of the
Bulletin of the Nat. Hist. Soc. of Moscow’; M. Zetterstedt !° a mono-
graph upon the Orthoptera of the North of Europe; and M. Phillipi
amemoir upon the Orthoptera of Berlin '!®, I have already alluded to
Mr. George R. Gray’s monograph upon the Phasmide of Australia.
The same author has likewise just completed an entire monograph
upon the family, in which a great number of new genera and species
are described !'.

1 Observations sur les tyménoptéres d’ Europe de la Famille des Fouisseurs. Par
Pp. L. Vander Linden. 4to. Bruxelles, 1829.

® Ueber Entwickelung der fusslosen Hymenopteren Larven, in the Nova Act.
Nat. Cur., Vol. XVI. Pt. I.

3 Bombi Scandinaviz. Simall 8vo. 4 Annales Soc. Ent. France, Vol. I.

® The monographs upon the Libellulide, by Charpentier (Hore Entomologice
adjectis tabulis 9 col. Vratislavia, 1825. 4to.) and Vander Linden (shne Bono-
nienses; Agriones Bononienses descripte a P. L. Vander Linden, adjecta tabula enea,
Bononiz, 1820, et Monographia Libellularum Europwarum Specimen, Bruxelles,
1825,) must be excepted.

® Recherches pour servir a |’Histoire et a l’Anatomie des Phryganides. Par Fr.
1. Pictet, Genéve, 1834. 4to. With 20 plates.

7 Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., February and March 1834.

8 Annales des Sciences Nat., January and March 1830.

% Orthoptera Suecie, Lund. 1882.

10 Orthoptera Berolinensia. A small quarto pamphlet.

11 Synopsis of the Species of Insects belonging to the Family Phasmide. By G.
R. Gray, P.E.S. Lond. and France. London, 1835. 8vo, pp. 48.

c
BQ

20

Dermaprera.—In the order to which Dr. Leach applied the name
of Dermaptera, M. Géné has published a monograph of the Italian
Forficula', and I have read at one of our meetings some observations
relative to the respiratory apparatus and sexual organization of the
common species.

Hererorrers.—In the order Heteroptera, or the families of Land
and Water Bugs, the elaborate memoir? of M. Dufour upon the
comparative anatomy and internal organization of these insects is
worthy of its distinguished author ; the classification of M.de Laporte
is also especially to be noticed, published in M. Guérin’s Mag. de
Zoologie*, in which numerous new genera are proposed. The same
groups have likewise formed the subject of valuable memoirs by Drs.
Burmeister* and Schilling®. M. Hahn has also undertaken the pic-
torial illustration of the species in his elegant ‘ Die Wanzenartigen
Insecten’®. Fallen also has again resumed his publications upon these
groups?; and still more recently a memoir by myself upon several
curious genera has appeared in the Annales of the Ent. Soc. France *.

Homoprera.—In this order Dr. Germar has lately published
valuable synopsis®, as well as a monograph upon the G. Cicada".
M. Guérin has in like manner published a partial synopsis of the
order in his Account of the Voyage de Belanger. M. de Laporte
has likewise characterized various remarkable exotic groups !!, whilst
our own Transactions are enriched by a memoir of Mr. R. A. Lewis
upon several new British genera. The ravages of the Delphax sac-
charivora upon the canes in the West Indies have in an especial
manner been made the subject of attention by our Society.

The remarkable family of the Coccidé has likewise been illustrated

1 Saggio de una Monografia delle Forficule indigene de Prof. Giuseppe Géné.
Padova, 4to, 1832. From ‘degli Annali del Scienze del Regno Lombarde Veneto.’

2 Recherches Anatomiques et Physiologiques sur les Hémiptéres, accompagnées,
de Considérations relatives a l’Histoire Naturelle et 4 la Classification de ces In-
sectes. Par M. Léon Dufour. 4to. Paris, 1833. Published in the Mémoires de l’In-
stitut.

3 Essai d’une Classification Systématique de l’Ordre des Hémiptéres. Par F. L.
de Laporte. Paris, 1833. 8vo. From the Magasin de Zoologie de Guérin.

4 Mémoire sur la Division Naturelle des Punaises terrestres considérées surtout
relativement a la Structure des Antennes. By Dr. H. Burmeister, in Silbermann’s
Revue Entomologique, Vol. II. No. 1. 1834.

Since this Report was read, Dr. Burmeister has published an entire revision of the
Homoptera and Heteroptera in the 2nd Volume of his Handbucher der Entomologie.

» In the Beitriige zur Entomologie, 1 Heft, Breslau, 1829. 8vo. With 17 plates.

6 Die Wanzenartigen Insekten. Von Dr. C. W. Hahn. Nuremberg, 1831—1835.
Small 8vo. With plates.

7 Hahn refers not only to the Hemiptera Suecie, but also toa Monographia Ci-
micum by Fallen, which latter I have not seen. Burmeister refers to Fallen’s Mon.
Cim. Suec., Hafn. 1807; Spec. Nov. Hem., Lund. 1814; Hemipt. Suec., Lund. 1829,
8vo, fasc. I.—X.

8 Vol. III. No. 3.

9 Conspectus Generum Cicadariarum in Silbermann’s Revue Entomologique,
No. 4.

10 In Thon’s Entomologische Archiv, Vol. II. fasc. If. 1880, and in Silbermann
Rev. Ent. No. 8.

1 Jn the Annales Soc, Ent. de France, Vol. I

21

by M. Fonseolombe', M. Géné?, Dr. Brandt, and M. Bouche’, in
various valuable memoirs °.

Leprpoprera.—In this beautiful order our continental neighbours
have been making great advances. Two distinct and beautiful pe-
riodical works are now in progress of publication in Paris, devoted
to the illustrations of the larvee and pupe of European Lepidoptera ®.
Three also, in like manner, devoted to figures of the perfect insects,
forming, in fact, supplements to the great works of Hiibner and
Godart, are in course of publication’. M. Boisduval has published a
work upon the Lepidoptera of the islands of the Southern Ocean’.
Mr. Swainson has illustrated numerous exotic groups of Butterflies
in the New Series of his ‘Zoological Illustrations. Meigen has com-
menced an illustrated work upon the Lepidoptera of Europe; but
perhaps the most valuable undertaking connected with this order is
the Microlepidopterology of Count Fischer, of which the commence-
ment has just appeared, in as much as the objects to which it is de-
voted, the Tortricide and Tineid@, especially in their preparatory
states, have most need of careful illustration. The beautiful work of
Mr. Wood will be found exceedingly serviceable to the English Le-
pidopterist. Mr. Stephens has laid before the Society an account of

1 In the Annales Soc. Ent. de France, Vol. III. Part II.

° In the Fauna del Regno di Napoli. 4to, With plates.

3 In Mémoires Acad. Imp. Scienc. St. Pétersbourg. 6th Series. Vol. III. Liv. 1.

* Naturgeschichte der Insecten, Vol. I. 8vo. 1834. With plates.

5° Dr. Burmeister has also, since this Report was read, published some very valuable
observations upon this family in the 2nd Volume of his Handbucher; in which he
has given an entire revision of the whole of the Suctorial Hemiptera, to which the
Pediculide are added.

® Collection Iconographique et Historique des Chenilles: par MM. Boisduval,
Rambur et Graslin, Paris, 8vo, Livr. 1—30. Iconographie des Chenilles: par M.
Duponchel, Livr. 1—12, Paris, 8vo.

7 Histoire Naturelle des Lépidoptéres ou Papillons de France. Par Godart, con-
tinuée par M. Duponchel, Tom. I—XII. Paris, 8vo.—Supplément a l’Histoire Na-
turelle de Lépidoptéres. Par M. Duponchel, Livr. 1—17. Paris, Svo.—Icones Hi-
storiques des Lépidoptéres nouveaux ou peu connus. Parle Docteur Boisduval. Livr.
1—30. Paris, 8vo.—M. Cantener has commenced a Histoire Naturelle des Lépido-
ptéres Rhopalocéres (knobbed-horned) des Départemens du Haut et du Bas-Rhin.
Livr. 1—4. Paris.—Treitschke has begun a Hulfsbuch fur Schmetterlings Sammler.
Vienne and Paris, 1834. With coloured figures. He has also completed the great
work of Ochsenheimer ‘ Die Schmetterlinge von Europa.’-—M. Freyer is also pub-
lishing a periodical work upon the Lepidoptera, with coloured plates, entitled ‘ Neuer
Beitrage zur Schmetterlingskunde, &c. Dregsburg, 1—16 Hefte, each with 6 plates.
—MM. Villiers and Guénée have undertaken a comprehensive work under the title
of Tableaux Synoptiques des Lépidoptéres d’ Europe, which is announced as likely
to form 8 Volumes, 4to.—M. Poey’s Centurie des Lépidoptéres de l’'Ile de Cuba,
Paris, 8vo, commenced in 1832, must not be omitted.

8 Faune Entomologique de Madagascar, Bourbon, Maurice; Lépidoptéres par M.
Boisduval. Large 8vo. M. Boisduval has also published a memoir upon the same
subject in the Nouv. Ann. de Mus. d’Hist. Nat., Tom. II. No. 2. The same author
has published a Monographie des Zygznides, including a Synopsis of European
Lepidoptera, 8vo, Paris, 1828; and, in conjunction with M. Lecomte, has com-
menced the publication of an illustrated work upon the Lepidoptera of North
America; parts 11—22 have just been published in Paris.

® Abbildunger zur Berechtigung und Ergiinzung Schmetterlingkunde besonders
der Mikrolepidopterologie, &c. Vor J. E. Fischer. 4to, in parts. Leipzig, 1834,
With coloured plates.

22

the original specimen of the Sphina Hphemereformis'! of Haworth,
an insect which has much perplexed Lepidopterists, and which proves
to be allied to Psyche, &c.; and our ‘Transactions contain a memoir
by myself upon aremarkable gregarious species of Butterfly, commu-
nicated to me by Mr. Rees, from Mexico.

DrererA.—In the order Diptera, if we except the ponderous work
of Robineau Desvoidy upon the genus Musea of Linneeus®, and the
publication of M. Macquart’s volume forming part of the series of the
‘Suites 4 Buffon’ , but little novelty of any extent has appeared since the
completion of the works of Meigen* and Weidemann °. I must not,
however, omit to mention Mr. Haliday’s valuable memoir upon the
Dolichopide, published in the Zoological Journal ®, as well as several
detailed memoirs from the pen of the same gentleman and Mr. Walker,
in various numbers of the Entomological Magazine, in which con-
siderable additions have been made to our indigenous list. And
lastly, Mr. Spence has laid before our Society several communica-
tions relative to the Hessian Fly and its parasites, upon which subject
a memoir from the pen of Mr. Kerrick is expected.

I have at length brought this long list to a close, not I fear, how-
ever, before I have fatigued many of my hearers with the recital. I
would willingly have compressed the subject into narrower limits;
but this has been impossible, from the great number of invaluable
works recently published upon the various branches of our science.
One thing is certainly evident from what has been brought forward,
namely, that the attention of many distinguished men has been
especially devoted to Entomology, and great has been the result of
their labours. But, gentlemen, how much remains still to be done—
how boundless are those fields of pure and unalloyed delight in
which the observer of nature may wander from “ morn till dewy eve,”
plucking bright flowers at every step! The science which we culti-
vate is one not of names alone; we have living objects for our con-
templation—and who will affirm that a single individual of all the
ten or twelve thousand British species of insects has been thoroughly
studied in all the various relations of its natural history and ceco-
nomy, internal and external anatomy, inits affinities and analogies, &c.
Take, for instance, the very commonest of the insect tribes, the Do-
mestic Fly, and how many interesting queries, including those sug-
gested by Mr. Spence, might be proposed, to which not even the
most skilful entomologist would be able to give a reply!

Truly, the harvest is plenteous—but let us hope that the labourers

1 Index Entomologicus, &c., 8vo. With plates. By W. Wood, F.R.S., &c.

2 Essai sur les Myodaires par le Docteur J. B. Robineau Desvoidy, 1830, 4to,
pp- 812, being the 10th volume of the Mémoires présentes par divers Savans a
V’Acad. Roy. des Sc. de l'Institut de France.

3 Hist. Nat. des Ins. Diptéres. Par M. Macquart. 8vo. Vol. I. Paris, 1834. With
an atlas of plates.

4 Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europaischer Zweiflugeligen In-
sekten. Von J. W. Meigen. Vol. I—VI. 1818—1830. 8vo.

5 Aussereuropaische Zweiflugelige Insekten; beschrieben von Dr. Ch. R. W.
Wiedemann. 2 Vol. 8vo. Hamm, 1828.

6 No. 19.

bo
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are not few. The objects of our inquiry are within the reach of
every one. It was, I think, St. Pierre who observed that several
hundred distinct species of insects visited a rose-tree placed in the
window of his study. And it was upon the leaves of trees growing
within reach of his window that Evan Webster Lewis, whilst lying,
even in the commencement of his career, upon a lingering bed of
sickness,—from which, alas! he rose no more,—made those interesting
observations upon Tinea Ruficapitella and Pimpla Stercorator, which
while they soothed his painful hours, proved how valuable would
have been his researches had he been spared to us.

There are also, I grieve to say, other names of those departed from
us, who occupied the foremost ranks of our science, which cannot be
mentioned without a sigh.

The merits of Cuvier, Latreille, Haworth, Guilding, and Say are
so well known to every one of my hearers, and so immeasurably be-
yond my weak powers to accord justice to, that I dare not do other-
wise than leave this part of my subject in your hands.

Indeed, it is time for me to conclude. Allow me, therefore, to
thank you in the first place for the attention which you have be-
stowed upon this lengthened address; and in the second, for the
honour which you have conferred upon me by re-electing me to the
office of your Secretary. I could have w ished that your “choice had
fallen upon an individual possessing greater capabilities than I can
pretend to.

This much, however, I may safely affirm, that although others may
far exceed me in talent, I will yield to no one in point of zeal either
towards our favourite science or towards our Society as its organ.
Indeed, I feel convinced that no one, considering the great influence
which a Society, embodying the highest names of its students,
must unquestionably have in promoting the extent and welfare of
that science, will refuse to lay aside all trifling differences of opinion
and join me in my most heartfelt wish, not only that Entomology may
flourish, but also in the fervent exclamation,

Floreat Societas nostra, esto perpetua!

PRINTED BY RICHARD TAYLOR,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

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AN ADDRESS

DELIVERED AT

THE ANNIVERSARY MEETING

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON,

JANUARY 24, 1842,

By W. W. SAUNDERS, Esa., F.L.S., &c.,

PRESIDENT.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY RICHARD AND JOHN E. TAYLOR,

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

1842.

Anniversary Meeting of the Entomological Society of London,
January 24, 1842.

Resolved—* That the thanks of this Meeting are due to the Presi-
dent for his Address, and that he be requested to allow. the same
to be printed for distribution amongst the Members of the Ento-
mological Society.”

J. O. Westwoop,

Secretary.

ADDRESS.

Tuis is the tenth year of the existence of this Society, which since
its formation has been gradually advancing in public estimation,
until it has gained the high station which it now holds among the
scientific bodies of London. I would not wish to congratulate the
members upon the position the Society has attained, unless I
thought that there were ample reasons for so doing; but surely
when I look to the character we have as a body, the number of
members who have joined us, and the state of our collection and
funds. I cannot but congratulate the members on the present state
and prosperity of the Society.

Placed in the chair of this Society by no other merit of my own
than that of being an ardent devotee at the shrine of Entomology,
I do not wish that it should be thought that I am claiming any por-
tion of the merit which attaches to those members who by their ex-
ertions have so much advanced the Society and the science in public
estimation. They will, I am sure, feel rewarded for their trouble
by seeing the Society so flourishing.

I have just alluded to the number of members who have joined
this Society since its formation, and I am now happy to state that
the number admitted last year is gredter than for several seasons past ;
and I feel confident as we become more consolidated we shall find
our ranks increase in proportion; and I look forward to the time
when every entomologist in this country will have joined our ranks,
and when all will strive together to promote the cause of the science
which, above all others, each must have most at heart. The cash-
balance in the Treasurer’s hands shows a favourable state of our
funds, and that our income is equal to the exigencies of the Society,
with a surplus which I hope at our Anniversary Meetings never to

4

see diminished; for it is a very important point that this main-
spring of the Society should always show a balance on the right
side.

Considerable progress has been made in the arrangement of the
Collection by the Subcurator and members who have kindly lent
him assistance, and to whom the thanks of this Society are due for
the trouble they have taken and time they have given towards for-
warding this important object. I am anxious to see the Collection
in as perfect a state as possible, as far as regards arrangement, in
order that its riches may be better known and more easily referred
to, feeling assured that a complete arrangement would have the effect
of bringing members to the Society as well as acquisitions to the
Collection itself. Some fine additions have been made to the Collec-
tion during the last year, for which the Society have most justly
passed votes of thanks. To Miss Hope we are indebted for a very
interesting collection of Egyptian insects, and to Mr. H. Cuming
for the donation of a very valuable collection from Manilla, contain-
ing specimens of great rarity and extraordinary beauty. To Mr.
M‘Clelland and Dr. Cantor we are also indebted for collections from
India and the neighbourhood of Chusan, each of much value to the
Society, and showing the interest our corresponding members take
in our welfare. ;

I must now advert to the loss the Society has sustained in the
death of their late Subcurator, Mr. Bainbridge. He was a valuable
servant to us, and had the interest of the Society much at heart.
His knowledge of Entomology was very considerable; and this, com-
bined with great zeal for the promotion of his favourite study, made
him a most fit and proper person to fill the situation of Subcurator.
By his amiable and unobtrusive manner he gained the good-will of
all who knew him, and his loss will be long felt by his friends as
individuals, and by this Society as a body. The Council have chosen
Mr. F. Smith to fill Mr. Bainbridge’s place, who is well known to
many of the members of the Society for his excellent knowledge of
British Hymenoptera ; and I have every reason to believe that the
choice they have made is one which will be very advantageous to
the Society, and that they will have a very efficient officer.

During the last year the Council deemed it proper, at a small ad-
ditional expenditure, to obtain the apartments which we now occupy,
and which are far morecommodious and advantageous to us than those
we held before. We have now apartments which are well suited to
the Society's wants ; and having been recently papered, painted and

5

repaired, they have that appearance of respectability and cleanliness
which I should wish the apartments of this Society to possess.

Since the last anniversary the Society has lost a member of great
repute in the ranks of science in the person of A. B. Lambert, Esq.,
V.P.L.S., &c., who in a good old age has gone to that country from
which no traveller returns. The particular bent of his studies was
botany ; but he fostered all the natural sciences, and was always
ready to help those who were studying natural history, by giving
them the use of the splendid collection he had formed at his resi-
dence in Grosvenor Street. It is not for me here to speak at large
of the great benefits he rendered to the study of botany, of the
splendid works which appeared under his fostering care, or of the
riches of his magnificent collection. These will be duly dwelt upon
by the President of another Society, where his loss is even more
deeply felt.

I have also the melancholy task of recording the decease of our
honorary foreign member, M. V. Audouin, so well known among
the celebrated entomologists of France, and whose writings and
exertions to forward the cause of Entomology are acknowledged
with gratitude by the entomologists of every country. His great
talents had raised him to a Professorship at the Jardin des Plantes,
and he had filled the chair of the Entomological Society of France
much to the benefit of that Society.

I must also say a few words as a tribute of respect to the memory
of one who until lately had been a member of this Society, and who
was so well known and respected among us—I allude to Mr. W.
Sells of Kingston, who, in returning home from Guildford,was thrown
from his gig, and died shortly afterwards of the injuries he received.
He was a man devoted to the cause of science, and paid great atten-
tion to Entomology, particularly to the habits and economy of in-
sects, to illustrate which he made a very interesting collection. In
the last volume of our Transactions are several papers by Mr. Sells,
which show the great attention he paid to Entomology, and the
great aptitude he had for observation. The one on Cteniza nidulans
is particularly interesting and valuable. Of his private character I
have heard many excellent traits, and his charitable disposition and
readiness to help those in distress will cause his loss to be much
regretted in his neighbourhood, where he was looked up to by the
distressed and aftlicted as a benefactor and friend.

To turn from these melancholy subjects, I would wish to give a
hasty glance at what has been done during the last year in this coun-

6

try for the cause of Entomology, in various publications which have
no connexion with this Society. I am proud to say that one of our
members, Mr. Newport, has laid before the Royal Society a paper on
the development of the Myriapoda, in praise of which I have only
need to say that it has been chosen by that Society as the Bakerian
Lecture. I point out this as an example to those who would engage
in the study of Entomology with a view to its advancement, and to
show what may be done by talent and exertion. A great and wide
field is open in Entomology for those to advance in who have time to
give to this delightful study; and while some devote their minds to the
nomenclature and natural classification of insects, there is ample room
forothers torender important services in other branches of the science.
The ‘ Arcana Entomologica,’ a very interesting and beautiful work,
carried on by our talented Secretary Mr. Westwood, is a child of the
last year, which will I hope live to a good old age ; for ] am ready to
confess that the work is so full of important matter, so well illustrated,
and so ably conducted, that I know of no entomological work of the
present day which interests me so much. ‘The ‘ Entomologist’ is a
small periodical established last year, and as its name imports, its pages
are devoted to Entomology. It is ably conducted by Mr. Newman,

a name well known in the entomological world, and many interesting

papers on various subjects have appeared in it, and I think it is well
worthy of the patronage of all who take an interest in Entomology,
particularly the entomology of our own native land. A work in
which the butterflies of Great Britain and their transformations are
figured by Mr. Humphreys, and described by Mr. Westwood, was
concluded last year, and the same gentlemen have entered upon an-
other branch of the Lepidoptera, the British moths and their trans-
formations; and I wish them success, as the character of the work
they are publishing will do much to extend the study of Entomology,
and make it far more popular than it has hitherto been. A volume
on foreign moths from the hands of Mr. Duncan, assisted by Mr.
Westwood, has appeared as one of the series of the Naturalist’s Li-

brary ; it is got up in the usual attractive and popular style of that -

well-conducted publication, and will, I have no doubt, obtain the same
success as the volumes which have already appeared. Mr. Adam
White, one of our members, has published a very interesting article
on the insects of the north-west portion of New Holland, in the Ap-
pendix to Captain Gray’s recent travels in that region. This paper
does great credit to this risimg entomologist, and will be found useful
to those who are studying the insects of this little-known part of the

-

/

world. In the last part of the Transactions of the Linnean Society is
a paper by the Rev. F. W. Hope, describing a number of very splendid
imsects from Assam in the East Indies, and illustrated by beautiful
figures. ‘he mere mention of this paper is all that is necessary on my
part, as Mr. Hope’s name as an entomologist is so well known, that
anything from his pen requires no further comment. In the same
part of these Transactions will be also found very interesting papers
by Mr. Westwood and Mr. Blackwall; the former a Synopsis of
the curious Coleopterous genus Cerapterus, and the latter on Spi-
ders, pointing out how this portion of the animal kingdom may be
divided into tribes from the number of the eyes, and also describing
a new family and some new genera and species among the same class
of animals. It would take me too long to detail the various papers
which have appeared in different publications on the subject of En-
tomology during the last year; but there is one more which I must
mention, a paper by Mr. J. Curtis in the Transactions of the Royal
Agricultural Society, on the insects affecting the turnip crop. This
is written with the usual care and ability of its well-known author,
and is highly deserving of a place in the Transactions where it has
appeared.

The publication of the Transactions of our own Society continues
to progress, and the character of the Society is well kept up as far as
regards the matter of what is published, and the manner in which
the publication is brought out; but I should very much wish to see
more than one part published yearly, and I shall venture to urge the
propriety, if possible, of publishing two parts each year, one every six
months. I think this might be managed by adopting the style of
engraving employed in the last part, the expense of which is con-
siderably reduced; and I have no doubt, if we published more fre-
quently, it would have the effect of much increasing the number of
our foreign members, who really at the present time receive little
for their yearly subscription. Although we publish our Proceedings,
by which means the labours of our members are brought immediately
before the public, yet our papers are greatly accumulating, and it is
quite evident that the publication of more than one part of our Trans-
actions yearly is necessary to keep down the stock in hand, and bring
them before the world, unless we allow an unwarrantable time to
elapse between their being read at our meetings and their publica-
tion. If the funds of the Society will allow it, these reasons I think
should induce us to publish more frequently, and I hope to find that
the members will agree with me in the opinion I have formed.

8

The publication of the Proceedings, which I have just alluded to, is
a very important event of the last year, and one which I am sure will
do much for the Society, in securing many papers which would have
appeared elsewhere, from the tardiness in which our Transactions ap-
pear. It could scarcely be expected that an author would give us
important papers on nomenclature or classification, with a chance of
their not appearing before the public for two or three years, and a
probability of some other author in the mean time publishing on the
same subject elsewhere and forestalling him in his labours. This
could not be expected; and to remedy this the publication of the
Proceedings was commenced, and happily accomplishes the desired
object.

In concluding this short address, let me impress upon the members
the great necessity of studying the useful and popular part of Entomo-
logy. Much remains to be done in this branch of the science, and
much which can be accomplished by any one who has leisure, and a
love to seek out Nature in her more secret recesses. The interest of
our meetings, which are usually well attended, depends in a great mea-
sure on the exertions of members in bringing forward exhibitions and
facts in this branch of study ; and I trust that every member will exert
himself in making our meetings interesting, and feel it a pleasing
duty to lay before the Society any facts which may come to his know- -
ledge tending to illustrate the habits and economy of insects. Those
members who have so kept up the character of this Society by their

‘papers and communications of various kinds, I wish to stimulate to
still further exertions, that we may reap the result of their labours
so necessary for our existence. From the united exertions of our
members properly directed I foresee increasing prosperity ; and on my
own part I can safelysay, that I shall spare neither exertion nor trouble
to forward the views of the Entomological Society in every way that
may lay in my power, and in every way do I wish it success.

Printed by Richard and John E. Taylor, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

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ON yous Ms

_ Laie u ies ad i
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i ihn

Trans. Ent.S$oc. Vol 3. Pt.é.

to the Queen

Day b Hache Lith to

J.0.W.del.

as ae a

Ad “
Laas a 7
% eS) wae ad / rc
Mi ith ° :
it Fare
" Nola

ve os

hae oh; —
Pate i ae

meas ha

4 ve moe u

5 ee 7) 10 Po
baie _

mnihias: op, - ar
ae

es pa
oe oe ar ae
7 ca, f : : ir
en po
ih ial 4
tas Las e's, oo i a

is eh Me
pare A)

eae Maes
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be y) ar ¥

7 aes tiny mere : i * i

ae

sai 7
7 Wd ¥.
; @ ear
a My Ps ne a ” :

a a ue : | By, cathy a,

goam _ * if
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ty

a
eee dd bi

LP
a

5 del* TOW Zinc Day tiaghelLuh™ lo the Jween

’

ie ne =

W. del. ck Lin Day tHaghe Lith to the Jueen

/ \S
f4Ni)

My yu
/ \ b >
fi 7
Jy

ie ' PELE:

Day kHaghe Luh” to the Queen

GRWEIOW. delt

Nias me, °
ae
a

iad

-
oh

oh ant a.
Oe ts i
nal es 7 che

» F

1
4+

wenn

os 5 ea |
t

= = =

a

yu >
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Bef

11

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Trans

Ent: Soe

Vol. P? +76

Fy he ‘
Malo 1 ae
oe?
Ay hic”, Paes ae
7 44).

ae,

ae

Trans Ent: Soe Vou-IT Fl: 7

Cc i
; 3 f
3 i
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YA \ fui
; N ty
3 ( a)

Nn

R Lempleton del,

ee ib) tee bs .
ey ye
i

a

af ei
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sai ie maven

> ey u
et
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=

vi
~

tl

sy,

sh coh “ae a

eau

=
i

mary

ip
ae ae

> ir
pede
“7 era

ae i

Trans Ent, Soc Lond Vol MT PLXV.

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