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TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

HIGHLAND AND AGKICULTUKAL
SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND.

1868-1869.

VOL. II.

FOURTH SERIES.

PUBLISHED ANNUALLY.

EDINBURGH:

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS, 45 GEORGE STEEET,

AND 37 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON.

1869.

XT

CONTENTS.

NEW V

ttOTANi

UA.KU

t.

8.

9.
10.
11.

12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

17.

18.
19.
20.
1021.
22.
"23.

PAGE

dletaeies of scotch agricultural labourers. by eobert
Hutchison, ....... 1

Foot Rot in Sheep. By Hugh Borthwick, . . . 30

Shirreff's Bearded "White Wheat. By Patrick Shirreff, . 38

Pruning of Forest Trees. By John Morrison, . . 42

Different Descriptions of Food for Stock. By R. J. Thomson.

1. Comparative Feeding Values of Swedes and Mangold Wurzel, 1864, 52

2. Comparative Feeding Values of Swedes and Mangold Wurzel, 1865, 60

3. Comparative Feeding Values of Bean and Oatmeal, 1864, . 66

Different Top-Dressings. By Russell Swanwick.

1. On Rye Grass and Clover, Crop 1865, .... 72

2. On Turnips, Crop 1865, ..... 83

3. On Wheat, Crop 1865, ...... 86

Field Experiments on the Action of an equal Money Value of
Different Top-Dressings on Wheat, Grass, and Cabbage, 1866.
By Russell Swanwick, ...... 90

Turnips for Seed. By John Morrison, . . . 101

Hedge-Row Trees. By John Morrison, . . . 105

Comparative Productiveness of Turnips. By Hary Shaw, ' 110

Experiments on Oats with two different Manures. By William
Walker, ........ 116

Management and Value of Poplar. By C. Y. Michie, . 118

Phosphatic and Ammoniacal Manures. By R. J. Thomson, . 137

Cultivation of Mangold Wurzel. By R. J. Thomson, . 146

The Agriculture of Perthshire. By John Dickson, . 160

Proceedings of the Chemical Department. By Thomas Ander-
son, M.D., F.R.S.E., Chemist to the Society.

1. Analyses of the Soils and Subsoils on which the Field Experi-

ments of 1866 were made, ..... 190

2. Experiments made during the Season 1867, . . . 211

General Management of Plantations. By C. Y. Michie, . 245

Agriculture of Dumfriesshire. By the Rev. John Gillespie, A.M., 270

t^

24.

Agriculture of Dumfriesshire. By H. Newby Fraser,
Pruning of the Rarer Conifers. By Robert Hutchison,
Comparative Productiveness of Turnifs. By John Milne,
Scab in Sheep. By Hugh Borthwick, .
The Isle of Man — Its Agriculture, Climate, &c. By

Honeyman, .....

Larch Forests. By C. Y. Michie,

John

326
335
340
346

359
368

S

IV

CONTENTS.

PAGE

25. Laech Forests. By John Grtgor, .... 415

26. Reclamation of "Waste Land on the Farms of Lochend and Sys-

ter, in the county of caithness, by james puhves, . 429

27. Improvement of Meadow Pasturage on Part of the Crown

Lands of Dorrery, in the County of Caithness. With Plan.
By James Purves, ...... 439

28. Trees not Liable to be Destroyed by Rabbits. By C. Y. Michie, 446

29. Trees not Liable to be Destroyed by Rabbits. By Robert

Hutchison, ....... 456

30. Transit of Stock. By George Menzies, . . . 461

31. Proceedings of the Chemical Department. By Thomas Ander-

son, M.D., F-R.S.E., Chemist to the Society,

1. On the Composition of the Different Kinds of Linseed, and the

Cakes they yield, . . .... 489

2. Analyses oftbe Soils and Subsoils on which the Field Experiments

of 1867 were made, ...... 602

3. Note regarding Field Experiments, 1868, . . . 512

APPENDIX (A).
Proceedings of the Highland and Agricultural Society —
Preliminary Notice, .....

Proceedings at General Meetings, June 1866 to January 1868,
Proceedings at Board Meetings, 1867-68,
Premiums awarded by the Society in 1867,
Returns of Seed Competitions held in 1867,
List of Ploughing Competitions held in 1866-67,
State of the Funds of the Society at 30th Nov. 1867,
Abstract of the Accounts of the Society for 1866-67,
Abstract of the Accounts of the Glasgow Show, 1867,
Abstract of the Accounts of the Argyll Naval Fund, 1866-67,
Standing Committees for 1868, ....

APPENDIX (B).

Proceedings at General Meetings, June 1868 and January 1869,
Proceedings at Board Meetings, 1868-69,
Premiums awarded by the Society in 1868-69, .
Returns of Seed Competitions held in 1868,
List of Ploughing Competitions held in 1867-68,
State of the Funds of the Society at 30th Nov. 1868,
Abstract of the Accounts of the Society for 1867-68,
Abstract of the Accounts of the Aberdeen Show, 1868,
Abstract of the Accounts of the Argyll Naval Fund, 1867-68,

APPENDIX (C).
Premiums Offered by the Society in 1868,

APPENDIX (D).
Premiums Offered by the Society in 1869,

APPENDIX (E).
List of Members of the Society, 1869,

1
2
33
46
67
68
73
74
76
76
78

81
96
107
124
126
129
130
132
134

Index.

APPENDIX (C).

PREMIUMS

OFFERED BY

THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND.

IN

1868

CONTENTS.

General Notice, ....

Constitution and Management,

Establishment for 1868,

Council on Education,

General Regulations for Competitors,

CLASS L— REPORTS.

§ 1. On Subjects connected with the Science and Practice of
Agriculture : —

1. Agriculture of Aberdeenshire and Banffshire,

2. Agriculture of East Lothian,

3. Manures produced by different kinds of Feeding,

4. Manures made with and without cover,

5. Autumn manuring, .....

6. Improved varieties of Agricultural Plants,

7. Comparative productiveness, &c, of Potatoes,

8. Comparative productiveness, &c, of Turnips,

9. Cultivation of Cabbage as a field Crop,

10. Vegetable productions of India, China, America, &c,

1 1 . Best modes of housing fattening Cattle,

12. Different descriptions of Food for Stock,

13. Examining Horses as to Soundness,

14. Pleuro-pneumonia,

15. Disinfecting Agents for Stock,

16. Sanitary arrangements for Stock,

1 7. Transit of Stock, .

18. Dipping and smearing Sheep,

19. Management of Poultry,

20. Rural economy Abroad,

§ 2. Land Improvements: —

1. General improvement of Estates, .....

2. Reclamation of Waste Land by Tillage,

3. Improvement of Natural Pasture without Tillage,

§ 3. Agricultural Machinery : —

Invention or improvement of Implements of Husbandry,

§ 4. Woods and Plantations : —

1. Extensive planting, .......

2. Formation and management of Young Plantations,

3. General management of Plantations, ....

4. Planting on exposed or on barren Tracts,

page
5

10
11

12

12

12

13

13

13

14

14

14

14

15

15

15

15

16

16

16

16

16

17

17
17
18

18

18
18
19
19

CONTEXTS.

5.
6.

7.

Corsican Fir, ....
American and Canadian Trees,
Forest Trees of recent introduction,
Roots of Conifera?,

CLASS II.— DISTRICT COMPETITIONS.

§ 1. Cattle,

§ 2. Draught Horses, ....
Entire Colts, ....

page
20
20
20
20

21
23

24

§ 3. Sheep : —

1. Leicester,

2. Cheviot,

3. Blackfaced, .

4. Shearing Sheep,

§ 4. Swine : —

CLASS III.— DAIRY PRODUCE.

1. Butter,

2. Cheese,

CLASS IV.— CROPS AND CULTURE.

1. Seeds,

2. Ploughing Competitions, .....

3. Reaping Machines,

4. Medals in Aid of Premiums given by Local Societies,

CLASS V.— COTTAGES AND GARDENS.

1. Best kept Cottages and Gardens, .

2. Improving existing Cottages,

3. Building New Cottages,

4. Accommodation for Farm Servants,

GENERAL SHOW AT ABERDEEN IN 1868,
GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH IN 1869,

Veterinary College,

Agricultural Education, ....

Chemtcal Department,

Instructions for Selecting Samples tor Analyses,
Charges por Analyses, &c,

25
25
26
27

28

29
29

31
33
33

34

38
40
40

40

41

57

60
61
63
64
65

TRANSACTIONS

OF

THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND.

REPORT ON THE DIETARIES OF SCOTCH AGRICULTURAL

LABOURERS.

By Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie, Kirkliston.

[Premium — Twenty Sovereigns. ]

A careful investigation of popular dietetics forms a subject of
interesting research, from the accurate study of which much
practical good may be anticipated if it leads to the adoption of
any improvement ; and the present is certainly the time to make
such an inquiry, when the course of events arising out of the
recent prevalence of rinderpest, and consequent enhanced value
of butcher meat and other articles of daily food, threatens to re-
tard and impede, if not entirely to throw back for a time, the
spontaneous improvement of the dietaries of the rural population
of the country.

The school of Liebig have, doubtless, done much good, but
their statistical basis seems too narrow, and they have, perhaps,
at so early a period of the inquiry, formulated the ingesta of
various dietaries too precisely and minutely, and hence the re-
sults of their theories have not obtained such practical and popu-
lar support and trial as the elaborate nature of their investigations
deserves, and which the general confidence theoretically placed
in their system appears to warrant. The difficulty, moreover,
of undertaking experiments, or of obtaining returns upon a
satisfactory scale, and with an equality of fairness in all points,
leaves the matter still vague, and as regards the agricultural
dietary in Scotland at least, susceptible of much further useful
investigation. For if the daily consumpt of nutritive food by
the Scotch peasant and his family can be proved to be in-

A

A REPORT ON THE DIETARIES

adequate in many cases to the maintenance of the body in physi-
cal and muscular health and strength, any improvement upon
such a state of the social condition of this class of the population
would be most invaluable, seeing there can be no doubt that an
insufficient supply of the nourishment required by the animal
wants of the body is productive of an impaired condition of
health, derangement of the functions of the system and conse-
quent disease, and in extreme cases, where the absence of proper
nutriment reaches the point of privation, of starvation and
death. Without, however, going so far as to expect to find in
the low-fed population of the country extreme cases of starva-
tion, even in isolated instances, to be common, there can be no
doubt that we may naturally expect to hear of some families
amongst the poorer classes in remote rural districts, who do
not feed themselves adequately. This idea receives an appear-
ance of truth, when we find in some places in the agricultural
mainland of Scotland, that the death-rate of the population is
far above what it might be expected to be, considering the salu-
brity of the situation ; while in those localities also, many of the
peasantry who do survive to advanced years are generally martyrs
to chronic catarrh and rheumatism ; and although, doubtless,
the ailments referred to arise in great measure from the pea-
sant's regardlessness of exposure to cold and damp, still an
insufficient diet may have much to do with the matter, and it is
therefore quite fair to infer that, with more attention to a proper
and adequate dietary, or by an assimilation of the dietary of these
districts to those of other quarters similarly situated, where the
mortality exhibits a decreased ratio, the death-rate of the low-
fed population would be lessened. Take, for example, and by
way of comparison between two districts where a dissimilar
dietary prevails, the following statistical figures, calculated from
the "Eighth Detailed Annual Report of the Registrar-General of
Births, Deaths, and Marriages in Scotland, 1866." In the agri-
cultural districts of Moffat (Dumfriesshire), the salubrity of
which cannot be denied, the percentage of deaths is 1/747 ; in
Glencairn parish (Dumfriesshire), it is 2142; in Kirkmabreck
district (Kirkcudbrightshire), it is as high as 2755 ; and in the
rural portion of Newton-Stewart parish (Wigtonshire), it is 1'945.
In all these localities the fare of the agricultural classes is very
poor and scanty, and the use of peasemeal is almost unknown.
On the other hand, in the Border counties to the eastward, where
the diet is more liberal, and the use of peasemeal, rendered
palatable by admixture with barley-meal, is very common, if not
general, and forms a considerable portion of the daily food
of the same classes, we find the death-rate is a good deal lower.
In the parish of Traquair (Peeblesshire), for example, it is
only 1-018 per cent. ; in Druinelzier (Peeblesshire), it is 1435

OF SCOTCH AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS. 3

per cent. ; in Yarrow (Selkirkshire), 1*400 ; and in Linton (Jed-
burgh), it is only 0493 per cent. It must, therefore, be evi-
dent that the primary classification of foods into " heat-pro-
ducing" or respiratory food (carbonaceous), and " flesh-forming"
food (nitrogenous) is, if attended to in practical use, highly im-
portant ; and it is an inquiry worthy of more consideration than
has hitherto been given it, whether the labouring classes might
not with advantage partake more liberally than they do in their
daily dietary of a mixture of pease and beans with other farina-
ceous food, so as to render the mixed dish or bread really palat-
able. In India, where animal diet is not allowed at all, the
Brahmins understand the advantages of the use of such a diet
as we recommend ; and the laity who dare to eat of " Brahmins
food" (a mess of rice and lentils), are punished. The most
palatable and wholesome way in which we advise the use of
pease or beans, is in the form of soup, made with a very little
suet, or dripping, or pork-bone. Cooked in this manner, pease
or beans (dry) afford an agreeable dinner, and a diet possessed of
highly nutritive value.

Local distinctions or peculiarities of diet may exercise an im-
portant influence in determining the particular localisation of
any epidemic or disease amongst a given class ; and to form a
proper and accurate estimate of the sanitary condition of any
section of the community, it is necessary to give due considera-
tion to the usual diets (as to nature, quantity, and quality),
of the district. Hence an investigation, like the present,
amongst the agricultural population, whose sanitary arrangements
are universally known to be very deficient, and greatly behind
those of England, acquires a special value of its own ; and with
the view of making the inquiry as exhaustive as possible, we
have appended a number of instances selected from different dis-
tricts of Scotland, both insular and mainland rural, and from
as wide a geographical area as possible — choosing in each instance
true typical and characteristic specimens of the classes re-
presented.

The number of selected instances given amounts to fifty-six,
and they include the dietary of ploughmen, shepherds, cattlemen,
iield-workers (male and female), and occasional day-labourers,
with an example of miners employed in the lead-mines of
Dumfriesshire, and of railway porters employed at road-side
stations in agricultural districts.

The difficulty encountered in the collection of these returns
was in many instances considerable, and the utmost tact was
frequently requisite to obtain the desired information in detail ;
for the lower classes, especially in country districts, are generally
averse to divulge the secrets of their domestic arrangements and
mode of living — regarding the process of weighing and measur-

4 REPORT ON THE DIETARIES

ing their food with superstitious awe and fear, and hesitating
sometimes to give direct replies to such occasional queries as
were essentially necessary to be put to obtain accurate informa-
tion regarding their dietaries and modes of life. Under these
circumstances, a&d seeing that such a position of matters pre-
vented the inquiry being as exhaustive as we wished, it is hoped
that any omissions made in the -compilation of these statistics
may be pardoned, and with regard to the cases enumerated, we
can assert that they may be accepted as true and typical of the
great mass of the Scotch agricultural population.

Without recapitulating in detail the particulars obtained, we
would merely refer those interested in seeing the different articles
of food consumed at the rural labourer's table, as also the num-
ber of daily meals itjaken by him and his family, with other
details of his family's income, to Appendix " A " of this Eeport ;
and by way of analysis of the different values (dietetically) of
the various substances in daily and wreekly use, we have to refer
to Appendix " B," where we have, in a few selected instances
from different localities, endeavoured to show the amount of the
probable weekly consumpt of different articles of food by the
labourer and his family, and have tabulated against the quantity
used by each example, the relative amount of nutritive food con-
sumed, as expressed by the equivalent number of grains of car-
bon and nitrogen in the respective quantities. The data upon
which the calculations of these elements are based have been
taken from the chemical analysis of the substances themselves,
as specified by Dr Edward Smith* and Professor Lyon Play fair, -J-
in recent publications.

In submitting, without further comment, the collected infor-
mation obtained in the Appendices to this Eeport, we may draw
attention merely to such points in the returns as appear of more
special interest, and as such calling for particular remark.

The first noticeable feature in the Scotch rural dietary, which
must strike even the most casual .observer, is its uniformity in
most of the districts throughout the country. "Whether inland
or sea-coast, highland or lowland, the great staples for sustaining
life amongst the peasantry of Scotland are oatmeal and milk.
In this particular, the difference between the English and Scotch
labourers is very decided; for while the use of oatmeal in the
sister country is almost unknown, it forms the leading article of
daily sustenance amongst 90 per cent, of the families of the
labouring classes in Scotland. Indeed, so much is this the case,
that amongst the fifty-six families cited in our returns (besides
many others, the full particulars of which have not been yet

* Practical Dietary, by Dr E. Smith. London. 1864.

t On the Food of Man in Relation to his Useful Work. Lyon Playfair.
Edinburgh, 18G5.

OF SCOTCH AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS. 5

tabulated), we find that oatmeal is invariably used, and in no
instance have we been able to point out an- exception to this rule
amongst the rural- population.

The high' dietetic value of oatmeal is a very im-poYtant feature,
where its use is so universal in any district or country as it is in
Scotland ; and when taken in connection with milk as the other
staple article of food and nourishment,- its competency to afford
a great amount of physical nutriment is considerably enhanced,
for we find that as a nutritive agent, milk is almost unequalled.
Whether its use be limited to the undeveloped system of an
infant,- to' the' enfeebled and debilitated frame of an invalid, or to
the brawny and muscular conformation of the hardy day labourer
in any of our industrial employments, where his- muscular system
receives its greatest and most continued strain, we find the suita-
bility of milk for maintaining the frame in vigour, or for nourish-
ing or recruiting the daily waste of matter of the bodily
functions, eq.ually undeniable ; while its value is still further in-
creased from the fact of its being one of the most easily digested
foods in use by the peasantry. Having regard to poverty of diet
in any one district, we would impress most urgently in that
quarter the necessity for using every effort to increase the supply
of milk, for tl*e state of health and immunity from scrofulous
disease, amongst the poorly fed and clad population, are usually
in proportion to the quantity of milk accessible, and there could
be no more efficient aid given to the rural agricultural popula-
tion generally, in the direction of an improved dietary, than by
affording them the means of obtaining an increased supply of
milk regularly. We may notice case No. 5, Appendix " A," as
an instance of a very low-fed family's health being mainly sup-
ported by milk ; while in the same parish of the island of Skye,
case No. 7, Appendix " A," affords a very fair example of a weakly
constitutioned family suffering from scrofulous disease, attri-
butable in no small degree to the absence of milk from their
dietary. In the neighbourhood of large towns we found the
labourers complain much of the difficulty of obtaining milk,
even in scanty supplies, and this scarceness of so important an
article of diet leads to the substitution of treacle and water, or
sugar and water, and in a very few rare instances of beer. None
of these can in any way be compared (as regards nutritive pro-
perties) with milk, while the presence of such substitutes does
not act upon systems having any scrofulous tendency or liability
to cutaneous eruptions in the beneficial manner in which milk
does, but rather the reverse.

Potatoes also form a large proportion of" the general national
dietary of Scotch agricultural labourers. As an article of nutri-
tive value, potatoes cannot be said to rank high. The cheapness
of this commodity is its chief recommendation, and it may be

6 REPORT ON THE DIETARIES

said rather to be well adapted to the income of the labourer,
than to his physical wants. He is thus enabled to consume at
small cost a larger quantity or volume of this species of food
than of many others, and in this way some part of its deficiency
as a nutritive agent is recompensed.

The nutritive values of these three staple articles of Scotch
agricultural dietaries may be stated as follows : — ■

Scotch oatmeal, per lb., contains . . 2800 grains carbon.
„ „ 140 „ nitrogen.

2940 grains nutritive food.

Potatoes, per lb., contain . . 770 grains carbon.

„ „ 24 „ nitrogen.

794 grains nutritive food.

Sweet milk, per imperial pint, contains 546 grains carbon.

431 „ nitrogen.

589| grains nutritive food.

The next remarkable feature in the rural dietaries of Scotland,
as compared with those of England, is the largely increased
amount of nutritive food obtained at a less cost. This does not
arise from any relative difference in the market value of any
given article of food between the two countries, but solely from
the custom and modes of living of the people. Thus, we find
that, according to Dr E. Smith's Report to the Privy Council,*
the total average amount of carbon and nitrogen obtained per
adult weekly in England, is 40,673 grains carbon, and 1594
grains nitrogen, costing per adult weekly, 2s. llfd. In Scot-
land, according to our Appendix, the average weekly consumption
per adult, is 41,752 grains carbon, and 2094 grains nitrogen, at
a cost of about 2s. lOd. Hence the economy of the relative ex-
penditure will stand thus : — Eor each shilling expended by the
English labourer upon his dietary, he obtains 12,398 grains
carbon, and 495 grains nitrogen ; while, according to the dietary
adopted by the Scotch labourer, the same sum will purchase
14,868 grains carbon, and 716 grains nitrogen. It may be neces-
sary here to remark that, according to Dr E. Smith's calculations,
the average weekly consumpt of carbon and nitrogen by the
Scotch peasantry is considerably higher than the amount men-
tioned above, according to our figures and data. Dr Smith gives
the amount of carbon weekly consumed per head in Scotland as
48,980 grains, and of nitrogen as 2348 grains. This discrepancy
arises from the imperfect average of area from which he com-

* Sixth Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council, 1S63. Appendix,
p. 202.

OF SCOTCH AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS. /

putes his consumption of nutritive food, and from his omission
of the insular districts, such as Skye, &c, for the returns we
have obtained from these quarters materially lessen the general
average of the whole country. In Skye, the dietary of the lower
classes is more deficient, botli in quantity and nutritive value,
than in any other district of Scotland. At one time they are at
the point of starvation, subsisting on what scant fare nature in
that most rugged and barren tract affords, and at another,
luxuriating on what windfalls come to them after a storm in the
shape of an abundance of shell-fish. One family in this island
we found had not seen butcher meat for five years, and there are
many who never tasted beer or cheese !

For the purpose of comparing the average weekly consumpt of
nutritive food by agricultural labourers, and by agricultural
computed adults in Scotland, we have prepared the following
table : —

SCOTCH AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS.

SCOTCH AGRICULTURAL
COMPUTED ADULTS.

Grains consumed per
week.

Grains consumed per week.

Carbon,

Nitrogen, ....

51,809
2,657£

41,752
2,094

Total, . .

54,466|

43,846

which gives an excess in favour of the labourer, of

Carbon,
Nitrogen,

10,057 grains.
563J „

Total,

10,620| grains per week.

Comparing this result against the following table, calculated
from the statistics given by Professor Lyon Playfair of other
working classes of the United Kingdom with reference to carbon
only, we find that

An English sailor consumes weekly 33,839f grains carbon.

„ navvy, . 35,218| „

Hard-worked weaver, . 42,007 ,,

Fully fed tailor, . . 35,983fr „

Blacksmith, . . 47,743]? „

giving an average of 38,972| grains carbon weekly.

The quantity of carbon, however, according to Professor Lyon
Playfair, necessary to maintain in good health and muscular
activity a "hard-worked" British labourer, is 43,793f grains per
week ; and we, therefore, find that the dietary of the average

REPORT ON THE DIETARIES

Scotcli agricultural labourer contains, according to the fore-
going table, nearly |th more carbon than the specified quantity ;
while the weekly consumpt of carbon by a Scotch agricultural
adult is as nearly as possible the exact quantity which Professor
Playfair states to be necessary for the support of an active
(though not hard-worked) labourer, namely 41,958 grains per
week.

This goes far to prove that the dietary of the Scotch agricul-
tural population as a class, is better calculated to sustain a man
in vigour and muscular health and strength, than the general
articles of food daily consumed by the hard-working, low-fed
population of other industrial occupations. The comparative
death-rates of this class in the two countries, and of the agricul-
tural districts in Scotland compared with the hard-worked classes
©f labourers and mechanics in town districts, amply verify these
remarks.

Having thus considered what may be styled the national
Scotch agricultural dietary, in relation to nutritive properties,
and its comparative cheapness as against the dietary of English
labourers and town tradesmen, we may carry the comparison
still further, and place our Scotch average cost against that of
the almost universal article of daily food amongst the poorer
classes of the working population in Ireland — Indian com meal
or maize.

In this view we find that the average amount of nutritive food
obtained from a given sum, by the rural population of Ireland, is
considerably larger than even that of Scotland, and is twice as
great as that of England. This startling fact is to be ascribed to
the very general use made by the poorer classes of Indian corn
meal, which is well known to possess excellent nutritious pro-
perties, and a very large proportion of carbonaceous and nitro-
genous elements. In these particulars it may be said to be
equal to oatmeal, and hence it is the difference in the market
value of the two commodities which gives the total average of
cost in favour of the Irish staple over that of Scotland.

SCOTCH OATMEAL.

INDIAN CORN MEAL OR MAIZE.

Grains per lb.

Cost per lb.

Grains per lb.

Cost per lb.

Carbon, . . .
Nitrogen, . .

Total,

2800
140

...

2800
121

...

2940

Hd.

2921

Id.

The low-fed agricultural population of Scotland may be divided
into four classes: —

1. Shepherds or ploughmen (married men), generally with

OF SCOTCH AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS.

families, residing in cottages upon the farms which they are
hired to cultivate, and engaged by the year or half year. Of this
class and their average dietaries, good examples from different
localities will be found in Appendix A, Cases Nos. 1, 2, 4, 8, 12,
24, 35, 36, 39, 43, &c.

2. Ploughmen, young men (unmarried), similarly engaged to
Class 1, but sleeping in bothies on the farm, and boarding or
victualling in their master's kitchen. Cases of this class will be
found in Nos. 10, 48, 54, &c.

3. Field labourers (male and female) living either in separate
cottages with married ploughmen's families as lodgers, or in
bothies (where females only), and, in point of social condition,
living similarly to Class I. Instances of this class are given in
Cases Nos. 3, 20, 23, &c.

4. Occasional labourers employed in field-work, residing in
their own rented houses, not necessarily upon the farm where
they are employed, but frequently in adjacent villages or hamlets,
and having sometimes to travel two or three miles daily to and
from their work, and therefore carrying their mid-day meal or
dinner with them, or having it carried by one of their family, to
the scene of their occupation. Examples of this class occur in
Cases 11, 22, 25, 26, 27, 32, 34, 37, 38, 55, &c.

Tabulating the weekly average amount of nutritive food con-
sumed by these classes, we find —

LABOURER.

FAMILY PER COMPUTED ADULT.

Class I. consume,

54,467 grains

43,377| grains

„ II, . . .

68,633| >i

... ...

„ III. (Males),

48,762 „

... ...

„ (Females),

40,269^ „

...

„ IV. . . .

49,96!)

47,989 grains

Thus, as a rule, Class II. fare the best, and in many districts
consume more regularly butcher meat as a daily article of food.
They do not, however, remain long in their situations, chiefly
owing to their dislike to the supervision exercised over them,
and to the restraint laid upon their habits by their masters,
as must be the case when these evince any interest in and
care of those boarded under their roofs. This class is generally
found throughout the northern and north-eastern counties, and
chiefly in some of the districts of Aberdeenshire. Class I. may
be subdivided into two sections, — 1. Shepherds ; 2. Ploughmen.
Of these subdivisions the shepherds are the better fed ; indeed
they are a better paid class generally, if not the best paid
portion of the agricultural population, and are frequently men
of superior shrewdness and intelligence, and distinguished by

10 KEPOKT ON THE DIETARIES

greater thrift than the other rural labouring classes in Scot-
land. Good examples of the class occur in cases 49 and 50.
They are, of course, met with in those large sheep-tracts which
abound in the Highlands and pastoral districts of Scotland,
and may be regarded in point of dietary as considerably above
the average of the Scotch peasant, and as occupying a position
in that respect to which it would be very desirable to raise
the ordinary run of ploughmen throughout the country. The
other subdivision referred to (ploughmen) includes the great
mass of the Scottish peasantry or hinds. This class is numeri-
cally stronger than the other sub-division of Class I. (shepherds),
and Classes II. and IV. added together, and includes about 80
per cent, of the entire rural agricultural male labourers in Scot-
land. They are met with, under slightly varying phases of social
condition and habits, throughout all the Scotch counties where
the ploughshare is used, or arable land is found. We find them,
as might be expected of a class so widely spread, under various
systems of husbandry, and differing in many particulars as to
wages, modes of payment, and terms of engagement ; but through-
out all the counties we find that their dietary is very much the
same, differing only in minor points of detail, and almost univer-
sally composed of the staple of Old Scotland — oatmeal porridge
and milk, or at least of oatmeal prepared in various ways and milk.
With them the use of butcher meat, as an article of daily food,
is unknown, and, unless in cases such as are cited in Nos. 4, 15,
16, 20, 33, &c, where a pig is allowed to be kept, they and their
families seldom partake of animal food at all, unless in times of
sickness or upon rare occasions.

Amongst this class the use of tea as a beverage is not so com-
mon, although rapidly creeping into daily use, as in the case of
shepherds, or even in that of Classes III. and IV. ; and, where it
is indulged in, it is restricted chiefly to the labourer's wife, or
used by the family upon Sundays ; and we find its consumption
is most general in Wigtownshire. (See Cases 53 and 55).

Much has been done of late years to improve and ameliorate
the social condition and comfort of this class, and were the
ploughmen, of their own accord, to advance proportionately in
moral duties and in attention to sanitary measures for the com-
fort of their homes and families, their well-being as a class would
be greatly augmented, and an additional stimulus given to land-
lords and tenants to extend to them still further a helping hand.
Mere cry for larger wages, and combination against their masters,
will never raise the status of the peasantry. Treasonable requests
will never be refused by liberal and kindly-disposed masters,
such as the Scottish tenant farmers generally are ; and there
seemed little need for the coercion upon this point which was
recently attempted. The ploughmen must themselves prove their

OF SCOTCH AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS.

11

desire and willingness, unaided if necessary, to improve their
position, morally and socially, by a more conscientious and kindly
interest in their master's well-being and the duties assigned to
them, and by a more careful attention to the education of their
children, and to inculcating in their families habits of frugality,
cleanliness, and tidiness ; and then, doubtless, the happiness
and comfort of the rising generation of ploughmen will, when
their day of labour reaches its meridian, outstrip those of their
fathers.

It is much to be regretted that the old mode of paying this
class of labourers, to a great extent in kind, is now becoming com-
paratively obsolete, through the more general custom of an almost
exclusively money payment ; for we maintain that no mere pecu-
niary remuneration will so satisfactorily, adequately, and comfort-
ably support and aliment a ploughman and his family, as when
certain defined perquisites (otherwise unattainable except as
wages) are continued. Where a cow's keep is allowed, for in-
stance, and is made part of the bargain between master and
servant, or when permission to keep a pig is given, and is calcu-
lated as part of the wages, we find that not only are these privi-
leges not productive of the petty jealousies and annoyances usually
alleged against them, but that, in such cases, the well-being and
dietary of the family is materially improved. This is abundantly
evident in many of the cases cited in our appendix, and of which
the following table affords conclusive proof, as showing the ave-
rage number of grains of nutritive food consumed weekly by a
labourer and his family when a cow is kept by them, as com-
pared with the case of one where the permission to keep a cow
does not exist.

PLOUGHMAN, KEEPING
A COW.

PLOUGHMAN, NOT AL-
LOWED A COW.

Labourer.

Family, per

computed

Adult.

Labourer.

Family, per

computed

Adult.

Carbon, ....
Nitrogen, ....

Grains.
52,047
2,76l£

Grains.
37,410

1,677

Grains.
33,694

1,800|

Grains.
24,616^

1,310

Total, . . .

54,808|

39,087

35,494J

25,926i

Classes III. and IV. are generally the worst fed of the rural
population, and vary but little from each other in point of dietary.
Socially and morally the condition of many of those designated
under Class III. may be regarded as a blot upon the otherwise
fair escutcheon of agriculture. Farm bothies occupied by single
women employed as field-workers, frequently mere girls, without
supervision, and under little or no control after working hours,

12 REPORT ON THE DIETARIES

without almost any article of household furniture other than a
mere pallet of straw, destitute of the proper means of cooking
their scanty meals, dirty, and slovenly, are unfortunately too
numerous in many rural districts. In the midst of so much
destitution — so far as comfortable accommodation and arrange-
ment are concerned — we may expect to find the poorest fare in
daily use. Yet it is surprising to see how m/u<chr even in cases
of this description, the national dietary does for the health of the
labourer, and how much nutritive diet is obtained even under
such adverse circumstances. As a class, however, the state of
the bothy resident admits of much improvement, and no other
mode seems to be so good, or so likely to- attain this desired
result, so- far as their dietary is- concerned, than the practice of
more generally paying this class a considerable part of their
wages in kind. This would go far to1 remedy many evils, and
we could cite cases (No. 3, for example) where the benefits aris-
ing from? partial payments in kind have been very decided. In
the example referred to, the average weekly consumpt of nutri-
tive food is 40,269J- grains per adult. It is objected to this
proposal, that the recipients would simply "sell" the potatoes,
milk, meal, or fuel so given them; but admitting that possibly
some surplus portion may be so disposed of, we still think that a
more liberal quantity will be reserved and consumed than is used
under the money payment system, and most likely what is
" sold" might be more properly said to> be bartered for groceries
or provisions of nutritious value. Those of Class IV., who occupy
their own? homes in villages- or hamlets; are better off than those
who lodge in or occupy bothies, and they have frequently other
little comforts which go far to ameliorate their condition. In
fact we find that, invariably throughout Scotland, the family
system of living is much the best; and although, in married life,
the ploughman's great "millstone" is often his "large small
family," that grievance exists only for a time, for if the children's
upbringing is

" Mixed wi' admonition due,"
and

" Their masters' and their mistresses' command
The younkers a' are warned to obey,
And mind their labours wi' an eident hand,"

he, by-and-by, finds them to become to him a " paying con-
cern;" and in many of our returns the earnings of the family
will be seen to be by no means inconsiderable.

We do not by this mean to recommend the early sending of the
agricultural labourer's children to field-labour; such a practice is
unfortunately much too prevalent, and the result is that the edu-
cation of the rural youth of both sexes is by far too much neglected
and stinted, and many of those branches (such as writing and

OF SCOTCH AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS. 13

arithmetic), which would greatly aid them in after-life in Falsing
themselves in the scale of social life, are, if overtaken at all, merely
glanced at in a cursory manner. This mode, therefore, of increas-
ing the income of a labourer's family is to be deprecated most
strongly, — the price paid for such improvements in the dietary, by
the premature earnings of the children, is a burden and mortgage
over the whole family for the future, and is certain to result in
moral degradation and deterioration. Nor should the labourer's
wife regularly assist in outdoor occupations of the farm ; this may
be all very well for a few weeks during harvest, or occasionally,
when, through any emergency of the weather or lateness of the
season, much additional assistance is required ; but it is better, if
possible, to avoid withdrawing the mother ,of a family from her
housekeeping and maternal duties, as it tends to detract from the
comfort of the ploughman's home, and consequently from his
dietary, and maintenance in full, healthy, and robust physical
ability for labour.

Taking the average weekly requirement ,of nutritive food of a
man to enable him barely to subsist and avert starvation, as
30,100 grains carbon, and 1400 grains nitrogen, and of a female,
as 27,300 grains carbon, and 1260 grains nitrogen, we find that
in none of the examples cited, nor in any of the returns we have
obtained from any part of Scotland, mainland or insular, does the
dietary of this country fall so low as these figures. Poor diets,
we find, tell least upon those without families, and insufficient
diet affects the wife and children more than the father of the
family. This may be accounted for, either from the labourer
being fed in his employer's house in some instances ; or, having
to work, he must eat, and thus comes in for a better share of
the pittance allotted to the sustenance of his family's life. The
size of the ploughman's family affects the variety and quantity
of the diet.

It only remains for us now to notice one or two local pecu-
liarities of dietary and social condition of the agricultural
labourer, reported to us from different quarters. In Sutherland-
shire, an article of pretty general use exists, called " crowdie."
This is simply curded milk made into a sort of cheese, but
not pressed in the cheese-press. It sells at 2^d. and 3d. per lb.
In Skye, the use of shell-fish amongst the poor people is very
general. In this district the subsistence of the low-fed popula-
tion is very precarious. They may be well off the one month,
and exceedingly poor the next. An ordinary labourer gets Is.
for ten hours' work, and a woman 6d., both without food.
Employment is not regular, and they seldom work a full day.
They have, however, little windfalls occasionally, and many go
south to harvest and to public works. Yet throughout the
island there is quite as little abject poverty as in any part of

14 REPORT ON THE DIETARIES

Scotland. Poor-rates in Bracadale parish are Is. 6d. per pound ;
but in some parts of the island, as in Sleat district, they are as
high as 6s. per pound ; and in these localities some extreme cases
of poverty of diet occur.

In Leadhills district (Dumfriesshire) nearly all the villagers
(miners) keep a cow each. These are grazed upon the " common "
ground ; and their owners unite yearly, and rent a piece of hill-
pasture, for which they pay from £50 to £60 per annum, and
upon which they raise hay for the winter's keep of their cows.
This will cost, when allocated, about 15s. a-year per cow. Some
of the villagers, in lieu of a cow, keep a few sheep.

In Lochfine district chiefly Irish labourers are employed. The
bothy system principally prevails. One Irishman will work
as much per day as two Highlanders. The Highlanders are
generally poor, and cannot afford to send their children to trades.
When they grow up they migrate to the lowlands of Scotland,
where wages are higher, and readily find employment in public
works, or as porters, and many as policemen. On their return
home, some of those who have been engaged on railway works
or other large public contracts, take to farm service, and make
excellent workers. The Irish population come and go a good
deal.

Throughout the various districts of Scotland, we find that,
contrary to the custom in England, on Sundays when the family
dietary is better and more liberal than usual, there is less cook-
ing as a rule on that day in Scotland than on the other days of
the week. The use of beer in Scotland as an article of general
diet among the agricultural population is quite unknown.

In conclusion, we arrive at the following results from the fore-
going inquiry: —

1. That the Scotch agricultural labourer and his family, as a
class, are plainly but well fed.

2. That in all the districts of Scotland the average dietary is
considerably above the amount necessary for the bare sustenance
of life and vigour.

3. That the nutritive value of the average rural dietary in
Scotland is very high, and considerably exceeds that of the
dietaries of England and Ireland usually adopted by similar
classes of the population.

4. That an equal amouut of nutritive food is obtained by the
Scotch peasant at less cost than by the English hind.

With the view of improving the dietary of the Scotch agri-
cultural labourer and his family, we suggest —

1. That a more general use of pease meal (or dried pease),
beans, and Indian corn meal mixed with potatoes, and taken as
part of the usual diet, be adopted.

2. That where no butcher meat is obtainable, a larger quantity

OF SCOTCH AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS. 15

of cheese than is at present used be consumed in lieu of animal
food.

3. That to each rural labourer's family not less than a Scotch
})int of sweet milk (3£ imperial pints) be allowed daily; and that
with a view to this most important article of food being regularly
obtained, the quantity named should form part of the labourer's
wages ; or that instead of this allowance, a cow's keep and
accommodation for a cow be allowed by the farmer.

4. That the payment of wages in hind should be continued,
and that coals as well as meal and potatoes should form part of
such payment by the masters.

5. That the money wages be paid weekly instead of half-yearly,
or in partial monthly payments to account, as is at present the
case on most farms in the Lothians and elsewhere.

6. That with the view of improving the cooking of the
peasant's diet, besides the allowance of coals above referred to
being given, each cottage should be provided by the landlord
with a suitable " fixed in " grate for cooking, having a boiler
attached ; and where practicable, a small boiler should be erected
for the use of each cottage, either for boiling food for their pig,
or for domestic purposes other than cooking, so as to relieve the
use of the kitchen fire.

7. That a larger piece of garden ground than is generally given
should be allotted to each ploughman's cottage.

8. Unless special accommodation for the purpose be provided,
cottagers should not be allowed to keep lodgers; for this practice
defeats the efforts of the landlord to provide each family with
requisite and sufficient " living space," the due and proper
amount of which is absolutely necessary to the continued health
and vigour of the cottager. If crowding and airlessness be per-
mitted, filth and disease are engendered; and if this state of
matters exists along with insufficient food, the low dietary then
becomes the certain aggravator of a predisposition to disease.

APPENDIX A.
CAITHNESS-SHIRE.

1. Parish of Reay. Shepherds.— J. R. Family above ten years, 2 ; be-
low, 3. Takes meals at home. Rent free. Yearly wages, £20 in money,
7 bolls meal, 30 to 60 chains potatoes, keep for 8 ewes and cow, 3 tons coals
or 25 loads peats, and 3 pints sweet milk daily. Wages of family, one at 9d.
and one at Is. per day. When a cow is kept £2 a-year is deducted from
wages ; no pigs or poultry allowed.

Breakfast, brose at 5 a.m. before turning out, porridge and milk at 11 a.m.,
with tea or coffee afterwards ; of family, porridge and milk or treacle at 9
a.m. Dinner with family at 6 p.m., potatoes and dried herrings, or potatoes

16 REPORT ON THE DIETARIES

and fresh fish, or sometimes pork and meat. Tea, wife takes tea and oatcake
at 4 p.m. Supper with family at 9 p.m., brose, and bread with butter, or por-
ridge and milk or treacle. Health extremely good.

Remarks. — In this district farms on the sea-coast are often supplied with
a boat, by which means the men supply themselves with fish from June to
end of October. Where no boat is kept, they fish on the lochs. Where
sheep are extensively kept, a few die during winter and spring, and these,
though not fit for the market, are wholesome for use, and the ploughmen and
work-people buy the mutton at 2d. to 3d. per lb. The shepherds are well
paid, getting from ,£15 to £20 per annum, and the perquisites named.
They are a very intelligent class, and remain long in the same situation.

2. Parish of Eeay. Ploughmen. — G. 0. Family above ten years, 4 ;
below, none. Takes meals at home. Rent free. Yearly wages, £10 in
money, 8 bolls meal, 60 chains potatoes, 3 tons coals, and 3 pints sweet milk
daily. Wages of family, three at Is. per day each. No cow, pig, or poultry
allowed.

Breakfast, brose at 5 a.m. before starting to work, porridge and treacle at
11 a.m. ; of family, porridge and milk or treacle. Dinner with family,
potatoes and milk, or fish and potatoes, or potatoes and pork. Tea, none.
Supper with family, brose or porridge and milk. Health very good.

Remarks. — Ploughmen with large young families are unable to buy beef
or pork, and they frequently run into debt to the small country shopkeepers,
and when the yearly term comes round they remove to some other situation,
leaving the debt unpaid. When in need of a few shillings, they are in the
habit of taking meal to the shopkeepers, getting from 60 to 75 per cent, of
its value ; and when they buy groceries it is quite common to pay for them in
meal. They are a very sober class.

3. Parish of Eeay. Female Farm-workers. — J. W. Unmarried. Takes
meals at home. Pent free, and fire provided. Yearly wages, £6 in money,
4^ bolls meal, and 2 pints milk daily. No cow, pig, or poultry allowed.

Breakfast, brose or porridge with milk or treacle. Dinner, potatoes and
fish, or brose and milk. Supper, porridge and milk, or tea and bread, or bread
and milk. Health very good.

Remarks. — This case is the usual diet of outworkers (female) on large arable
farms in this district. They are chiefly accommodated in bothies, which re-
quire the master's supervision.

SUTHEELANDSHIEE.

4. Parish of Golspie. Shepherds. — J. S. Family above ten years, 1 ;
below, 2. Takes meals at home. Eent free, worth £4, 5s. per annum.
Yearly wages, £19 in money, 6h bolls meal, 1 J boll potatoes, and quart of
sweet milk daily. Keeps a pig and poultry.

Breakfast, porridge and milk ; of family, porridge and milk. Dinner with
family, tea, with oat bread and fish, or oat bread and crowdie, or oat bread
and eggs ; and on Sundays, broth made of fresh meat, or salt pork and pota-
toes. Supper with family, porridge and milk, or potatoes and fish (salt her-
ring), with milk or tea. Health very good.

Remarks. — When milk is scarce the children get treacle and water to their
porridge, but it is observed that under this diet they soon lose flesh and are
not nearly so lively, nor do they seem to thrive.

INVEENESS-SHIEE.

5. Parish of Bracadale (Skye). Hind. — A. M'A. Family above ten
years, 3 ; below, 1. Takes meals at home. Rent free, worth £l, 10s. per
annum. Yearly wages, £12. Keeps cow and poultry.

Breakfast, oatmeal porridge and milk, or potatoes and fish ; of family,

OF SCOTCH AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS. 1 7

oatmeal porridge and milk, or potatoes and fish. Dinner with family, oat-
meal and potatoes with milk or coffee. Supper with family, oatcake, butter,
and tea, or potatoes and milk. Health excellent.

Remarks. — This is the case of a hind in regular employment, and is a fair
specimen of this class in this part of the Island of Skye.

6. Parish of Bracadale (Skye). Labourer. — A. M'P. Family above
ten years of age, 4 ; below, 2. Takes meals at home in winter only, from
home from spring till end of harvest. Rent £1. Weekly wages, 15s. ; idle
in winter. Wages of family, 2s. 6d. per week all year. Keeps poultry only.

Breakfast, porridge and milk, when away — at home, potatoes and fish ; of
family, potatoes and fish. Dinner, bread and coffee, or bread and cheese
and piece of bacon, when away — at home, potatoes ; of family, potatoes. Supper,
tea and bread when away — at home, potatoes or meal-brose, sometimes potatoes
or fish ; of family, potatoes or meal-brose, sometimes potatoes and fish.
Health fair.

Remarks. — This case rejH'esents the poorest class here. The labourer leaves
his home for the south of Scotland in spring, where he is employed from
April till end of harvest at any work he can find, generally on railway con-
tracts and at harvest work. He returns about end of October. Several of
his family are out at service.

7. Parish op Bracadale (Skye). Labourer. — K. C. Family over ten
years, 2 ; below, 4. Takes supper only at home ; on Sundays, takes all his
meals at home. Rent, £l, 10s. Weekly wages, 12s. Wages of family, 3s.
per week. Keeps pig and poultry.

Breakfast, potatoes beat, and oatcake or oatmeal brose ; of family,
potatoes. Dinner, oatmeal brose, or potatoes and oatcake ; of family,
potatoes and fish. Supper with family, tea and oatmeal cake, or coffee and
fish. Health — man, scrofulous ; family subject to cutaneous eruptions.

Remarks — This is the case of a dyker and drainer ; he earns as much as
any of his class and occupation, and he lives at home all the year.

ABERDEENSHIRE.

8. Parish of Alford. Ploughman. — B. C. Family above ten years of age,
1 ; below, 3. Tak vpeals at home. Rent free. Yearly wages, £24. Wages
of family, 9s. per wefSF* Keeps pig and poultry.

Breakfast with family, porridge and milk ; sometimes tea or coffee and
bread. Dinner with family, oatmeal brose and milk or vegetable broth and
potatoes. Supper with family, bread and beer and cheese, or bread and milk,
or potatoes and milk. Health very good.

Remarks. — The keeping of poultry is often the cause of differences between
master and servants, and leads to removal from situations here. A cow is
allowed in a few cases.

9. Parish of Alford. Day Labourer. — D. C. Family above ten years
of age, 2 ; below, 2. Takes meals at home. Rent, £3. Weekly wages, 15s.
Wages of family, 9s. per week. Keeps pig and poultry.

Breakfast with family at 6 a.m., porridge and milk ; sometimes tea or coffee
with oatcake or wheaten bread, which is now a good deal used. , Dinner with
family at 12 noon, oatmeal brose and milk, or potatoes and milk, greens soup
made with a small piece of meat occasionally. Supper with family, potato
soup, or bread and milk, or bread and tea, or bread and beer with cheese.
Health very good.

Remarks. — The use of butcher meat was increasing a good deal, till the
present high price checked it in this district.

10. Parish of Oyne. Ploughman, — A. B. Unmarried. Takes meals at
home. Rent free. Yearly wages, £22. Keeps no cow, pig, or poultry.

B

18 EEPOET ON THE DIETARIES

Breakfast, porridge and milk. Dinner, vegetable broth, with potatoes and
cheese. Supper, brose or porridge, with milk and oatcakes. Health excellent.

Remarks. — This is the case of a hind who gets his meals in his master's
kitchen. The small farmers here seldom get butcher meat themselves. Some
old people who live in cottages on the farms in this district often take oat-
cakes and tea to dinner.

11. Parish of Oynb. Day Labourer. — D. S. Family above ten years, 4.
Rent, £2, 15s. Weekly wages, 15s.; wages of family, one at £2, 10s. a-year,
two at £4 and £6 a-year. Keeps pig and poultry.

Breakfast with family, porridge or brose, with milk or beer. Dinner with
family, potatoes with turnips or green kail, or porridge and milk. Supper,
tea or coffee with oatcakes or loaf-bread ; of family, porridge and milk.
Health very good.

Remarks. — This is the case of a day-labourer. He takes his meals at home
daily if working near his house ; if employed at a distance, his meals are car-
ried to him by his wife or one of his children.

12. Parish of Foveran. Ploughman. — W. B. Family above ten years,
1 ; below, 6. Rent, £3, including fire. Yearly wages, £12 in money, and
6| bolls meal. Keeps cow, pig, and poultry.

Breakfast with family, oatmeal porridge and milk, or brose and milk.
Dinner with famity, oatmeal porridge and milk, or tea and fish and loaf-bread,
or potatoes and milk. Supper with family, porridge and milk, or potatoes
and milk. Health good.

Remarks. — When a cow's keep, say £8 per annum, is not allowed, milk
from the farm-house is given, value say £4 per annum, the balance going to
the ploughman's money wages.

13 Parish of New Deer. Labourer. — A. D. Family above ten years,
3 ; below, 6. Takes meals at home. Rent, £4 per annum. Weekly wages,
12s. during winter, 14s. during summer. Keeps no cow, pig, or poultry.

Breakfast, brose with molasses, or porridge and beer ; of family, porridge
and beer. Dinner, potatoes and milk, or sometimes herrings and potatoes,
or kail brose, or oatcake and beer ; of family, potatoes and milk. Supper
with family, turnip brose or porridge and beer. Health good.

Remarks. — In this parish agricultural labourers fare very poorly. They
sometimes purchase a barrel of the cheaper herrings, to be used with potatoes
by the head of the family for dinner. Beef is never seen within their houses,
nor is the luxury of tea indulged in.

14. Parish of St Nicholas. Artisan occupied at Railway and Docks. —
W. B. Family above ten years, 1 ; below, 5. Takes meals at home. Rent,
£2. Weekly wages, 13s. ; wages of family, 2s. 6d. per week. Keeps no
cow, pig, or poultry.

Breakfast with family, oatmeal porridge and milk. Dinner with family,
potatoes with lard, and milk or oatbread. Supper with family, oatmeal por-
ridge and milk ; on Sundays, tea and wheaten bread and butter. Health
good.

Remarks. — The diet in this case is rather inferior to and less varied than
that of labourers here, but this is doubtless owing to the large family who
are depending upon him for support.

KINCARDINESHIRE.

15. Parish of Bakchory-Ternan. Ploughman. — W. S. Family above
ten years, 1 ; below, 4. Takes meals at home. Rent, £3, 10s. Yearly
wages, £17 in money, 6js bolls oatmeal, and 2 pints sweet milk daily. Keeps
pig and poultry.

Breakfast, porridge and milk ; wife, tea and oatcake and butter ; family,

OF SCOTCH AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS. 19

porridge and milk. Dinner with family, potatoes with broth or pork, and
milk and bread. Slipper with family, porridge and milk, or tea and bread
and butter. Health good.

16. Parish of Durris. Ploughman. — J. A. Family above ten years, 2;
below, 4. Takes meals at home. Rent, £3. Yearly wages, ,£17 in money,
(>i bolls oatmeal, and 2 pints sweet milk daily. Keeps pig and poultry.

Breakfast, porridge and milk, or porridge and treacle ; wife, tea and bread
and butter ; family, porridge and milk, or porridge and treacle. Dinner with
family, pork broth and potatoes, or fish and potatoes, or milk and potatoes.
Supper with family, potatoes and milk, or greens and tea and bread. Health
very good.

PERTHSHIRE.

17. Parish of Crieff. Ploughman. — P. R. Family above ten years, 3 ;
below, 2. Takes meals at home. Rent free, worth £6. Yearly wages, £27.
Wages of family, two sons out at trades, who dine at home on Sundays.
Keeps no cow, pig, or poultry.

Breakfast with family, porridge and milk ; wife takes tea and bread and
butter. Dinner with family, potatoes and broth, and boiled meat, of which
broth is made, or herrings and potatoes, or dried white fish and potatoes ;
sometimes cheese and bread, and potatoes. Tea, wife takes tea. bread and
butter. Supper with children, porridge and milk, or ham and potatoes and
milk. Health good.

Remarks. — This is the case of a foreman ploughman, and thus above the
average. Deduct £5 from the yearly wages, and the case is an average one.

18. Parish of Crieff. Day labourer. — J. C. Family above ten years, 2 ;
below, none. Takes meals at home. Rent, £4. Weekly wages, 12s. Keeps
no cow, pig, or poultry.

Breakfast with family, porridge and milk. Dinner with family, broth and
meat used in it, say pork or beef, and potatoes and bread. Tea, only wife
takes tea and bread and butter. Supper with family, cheese with bread and
milk and butter. Health good.

Remarks. — This is the dietary of an ordinary day labourer, i.e., a man
working daily on the farm, but not fed in the farmer's house, and having no
allowance, nor a house, nor living in a bothy. Such usually live in a cottage,
for which they pay a yearly rent.

19. Parish of Muckart. Ploughman. — P. W. Family above ten years,
2 ; below, 3. Takes meals at home. Rent free. Yearly wages, £19 in
money ; meal, £6 ; potatoes, £2 ; milk, £1, 10s. — in all, £28, 10s. Cow, pig,
or poultry, none.

Breakfast with family, porridge and milk. Dinner, broth of vegetables,
bread and cheese or bread and bacon ; family, broth and bread and butter.
Tea with family, tea with bread and butter. Supper with family, porridge
with treacle or milk. Health excellent.

FIFESHIRE.

20. Parish of Saline. Ploughman.' — R. K. Family above ten years, 3 ;
below, 1. Takes meals at home. Rent, £4. Yearly wages, £29, 17s. Family
all at service. Keeps a pig.

Breakfast with family, porridge and milk, rarely tea and bread and butter.
Dinner with family, broth and bacon and potatoes, or cheese, milk, and pota-
toes. Tea with family, tea with bread and butter. Supper with family; only
in winter takes supper, potatoes, cheese, and milk. Health excellent.

Remarks. — Wages stated include the value of meal, milk, and potatoes.
The ploughman's statutory allowance in this district of articles paid in kind
is — 6h bolls meal per annum, 1 pint sweet milk daily or three chopins

20 KEPOKT ON THE DIETAKIES

skimmed milk, 4 bolls potatoes or a few pecks planted in place. In money,
£17 to £20, according to proficiency.

21. Parish of Saline. Ploughman. — A. K. Unmarried. Takes meals
at home. Yearly wages, £27, 7s.

Breakfast, porridge and milk. Dinner, broth and bacon and bread, or
cheese, bread, and milk. Tea and bread. Supper, in winter only takes sup-
per, bacon or cheese with bread and milk. Health excellent.

Remarks. — This is a fair average specimen of an unmarried ploughman of
the district, who lodges with married men or in a separate cottage. His wages
include the value of meal, milk, and potatoes.

22. Parish of Kinghorn. Field Worker. — D. D. Family above ten years,
1 ; below, none. Takes meals at home. Rent of house free, worth £3. Weekly
wages, 1 2s. ; wages of family, 6s. Keeps a pig.

Breakfast with family, porridge and milk, or brose. Dinner with family,
broth with bacon and bread, or with cheese and bread. Tea with bread and
butter. Supper, potatoes and milk or brose, or cheese and milk and bread.
Health good.

Remarks. — Cattle feeders (male) get 6d per week extra, and potatoes £2,
10s. per annum. They generally live in a cottage or neighbouring village, and
work on the farm as required. Get victuals during the harvest, porridge and
milk for breakfast, beer and bread for dinner, and porridge and milk for
supper.

23. Parish of Kinghorn. Ploughman. — W. V. Unmarried. Takes meals
at home. Pent free. Yearly wages, £35, 10s.

Breakfast, brose or porridge and milk. Dinner, cheese or bacon and bread
and milk. Tea and bread and butter. Supper, brose or porridge and milk,
or potatoes and milk. Health good.

Remarks. — Live in bothies generally, and are strong and robust.

24. Parish of Kinghorn. Ploughman. — W. N. Family above ten years,
2 ; below, 4. Takes meals at home. Pent free, worth £3. Yearly wages,
.£35, 10s. ; wages of family, 12s. per week. Keeps a pig.

Breakfast with family, porridge and milk. Dinner with family, broth and
bread with pork, or cheese, or sometimes fish. Tea with bread and butter.
Supper with family, porridge and milk in summer, potatoes and milk in
winter. Health excellent.

Remarks. — Wages made up thus : — in money, £18 ; house and garden, £3 ;
coals driven, £1, 16s. ; harvest victuals, ,£1 ; potatoes, £2, 10s. ; meal, £5, 4s. ;
milk, £4— in all, £35, 10s.

25. Parish of Ktngsbarns. Female Labourer. — N. B. Family above ten
years, 2 ; below, none. Takes meals at home. Rent £1, 10s. Weekly
wages, 5s. ; wages of family, one earns 5s. per week. Keeps a pig.

Breakfast with family, porridge and milk. Dinner with family, potatoes
and herring, or pork broth and bread. Tea with butter and bread. Supper,
none. Health excellent.

Remarks. — Very thrifty.

26. Parish of Kingsbarns. Female Labourer. — F. S. Family above ten
years of age, 2; below, 1. Takes meals at home. Rent, £l, 10s. Weekly
wages, 5s. ; wages of family, one earns 5s. per week. Keeps a pig.

Breakfast with family, porridge and milk. Dinner with family, potatoes
and herring, or pork broth and bread. Tea with bread and butter. No
supper. Health good.

Remarks. — One child is at school.

27. Parish of Kingsbarns. Female Labourer. — J. S. Family above ten
years of age, 1 ; below, 2. Takes meals at home. Rent, £1, 10s. Weekly
wages, 5s. Keeps a pig.

OF SCOTCH AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS. 21

Breakfast with family, porridge and milk. Dinner with family, potatoes
and herring, or pork broth and bread. Tea with bread and butter. Supper
none. Health good.

Remarks. — Children are at school. Very industrious.

28. Parish of Kingsbarns. Female labourers. — B. R. Family above ten
years, 3 ; below, none. Takes meals at home. Rent, ,£1, 10s. per annum.
Weekly wages, 5s. ; wages of family, two at 5s. per week each. Keeps a pig.

Breakfast with family, porridge and milk. Dinner with family, potatoes
and herring, or pork broth and bread. Tea with butter and bread. No
supper. Health excellent.

29. Parish of Kingsbarns. Ploughman. — J. T. Family above ten
years, 2 ; below, 4. Takes meals at home. Pent free, worth £2, 5s. per
annum. Yearly wages, £30. Keeps a pig. •

Breakfast, porridge and milk ; family, porridge and milk, or tea and bread.
Dinner, pork broth and potatoes ; family, pork broth. Tea and bread with
family. Supper with family, bread and milk. Health middling.

Remarks. — Dwelling-house is not very comfortable or good.

30. Parish of Kingsbarns. Ploughman. — A. A. Family above ten
years, 2 ; below, 2. Takes meals at home. Pent free, worth £2, 5s. per
annum. Yearly wages, £30. Keeps a pig.

Breakfast with family, porridge and milk. Dinner with family, pork
broth and potatoes and bread. Tea and bread, with family. Supper with
family, milk and bread. Health good.

Remarks. — Occupies a good house of two apartments, and garden plot
attached, containing about 200 yards.

31. Parish of Kingsbarns. Ploughman. — D. W. Family above ten
years, 4 ; below, 4. Takes meals at home. Pent free, worth £2, 5s. per
annum. Yearly wages, £17 in money, Gh bolls oatmeal, 8 bolls potatoes,
and 14 gills sweet milk daily. Wages of family, four earn each 5s. per
week. Keeps a pig.

Breakfast with family, porridge and milk. Dinner with family, pork
broth with bread and potatoes. Tea and bread with family. Supper with
family, bread and milk. Health excellent.

32. Parish of Kingsbarns. Land Labourer. — J. S. Family above ten
years, 2 ; below, 2. Takes meals at home. Rent, £2, 5s. per annum.
Weekly wages, 12s. Keeps a pig.

Breakfast with family, porridge and milk. Dinner with family, pork
broth, potatoes, and bread. Tea and bread with family. Supper with
family, milk and bread, or potatoes and milk. Health good.

Remarks. — A land labourer, not a yearly servant. In bad weather, if
there is much broken time, his wages will be a little less, being only paid
tur working hours employed.

33. Parish of Kingsbarns. Ploughman. — J. G. Family above ten years,
4 ; below, 3. Takes meals at home. Rent free. Yearly wages, £30 ; wages
of family, four at 5s. per week each. Keeps a pig.

Breakfast, porridge and milk ; family, porridge and milk, or sometimes tea
and bread. Dinner with family, pork broth with bread and potatoes. Tea
and bread with family. Supper with family, potatoes and milk. Health
excellent.

ARGYLLSHIRE.

34. Parish of Tarbert (Lochfine). Labourer.— D. M'K. Family above
ten years, 2 ; below, 3. Takes meals at home. Rent free ; pays £2 a-year
fur cow's grass. Weekly wages, 13s. Keeps cow and poultry.

22 EEPOKT ON THE DIETAKIES

Breakfast with family, porridge and milk, and tea and bread afterwards.
Dinner with family, bread and milk, or potatoes and milk, or herrings and
potatoes, or braxy soup. Wife takes tea and bread. Supper with family,
porridge and milk. Health very good.

Remarks. — This is a fair specimen of a Highland labourer in this district.
He buys annually two cwt. of braxy at 5s. per cwt., and 100 herrings occasion-
ally at 2s. per 120. In this district many Irish are employed, and each will
do twice as much as a Highlander.

35. Parish of Tarbert (Lochfine). Shepherd. — D. S. Family above ten
years, 5 ; below, 2. Takes meals at home. Kent, £3 per annum. Yearly
wages, £26 ; wages of family, £29 per annum. Keeps a pig and poultry.

Breakfast, porridge and milk, and tea with oatcake and butter afterwards ;
family, jDorridge and milk. Dinner with family, braxy soup, or potatoes and
milk, with sometimes a herring and oatcakes. Supper with family, porridge
and milk. Health good.

36. Parish of Tarbert (Lochfine). Ploughman. — D. M. Family above
ten years, none ; below, 3. Takes meals at home. Pent, £2 per annum.
Yearly wages, ,£23, 10s. in money, 6h bolls meal, 12 bushels potatoes, and 1
pint skimmed milk daily.

Breakfast with family, tea and oatcakes. Dinner with family, herring and
potatoes, or vegetable broth, or potatoes and milk. Supper with family,
porridge and milk. Health very good.

STIRLINGSHIRE.

37. Parish of Muiravonside. Labourer. — J. D. Family above ten
years, 2 ; below, 1. Does not take meals at home. Rent, £2 per annum.
Weekly wages, 12s. No cow, pig, or poultry allowed.

Breakfast, porridge and milk ; family, tea and bread, or porridge and milk.
Dinner, broth and potatoes, with a small piece of meat or bacon boiled in the
broth, and occasionally herring and potatoes ; of family, the same. Tea,
labourer takes none on week-days ; family, tea with bread and butter.
Supper, in summer, porridge and milk — in winter, potatoes and milk ; family,
none. Health good.

LINLITHGOWSHIRE.

38. Parish of Kirkliston. Female Labourers. — C. V., A. B., E. G.,
P. F., living together. Take meals at home. Rent free, worth £4 per
annum. Weekly wages, 7s. each. No cow, pig, or poultry allowed.

Breakfast, brose, or porridge and treacle. Dinner, cheese and bread and
butter, or broth, or porridge. Tea and bread. Supper, porridge and treacle.
Health excellent.

Remarks. — This return is from a bothy. The inmates are chiefly Irish or
Highland unmarried girls. They are employed all the year on the land, at
Is. 2d. per day when working. Have house free. Victuals in harvest, and
coals driven free — a privilege rarely required, fire being kept up by pilfered
paling stobs and railing, &c. General moral conduct good ; but occasional
quarrels amongst themselves lead to petty warfare and blows. Diet in
harvest good, being porridge and milk, beer and bread, and porridge and milk
to supper.

39. Parish of Kirkliston. Ploughman. — J. S. Family above ten years,
1 ; below, none. Takes meals at home. Rent free. Yearly wages, £34.
Keeps a pig.

Breakfast, porridge and buttermilk ; wife, tea and bread ; child, bread and
milk. Dinner, broth and beef; child, milk and bread. Tea and bread and
butter with family. Supper with family, porridge and milk. Health good.

OF SCOTCH AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS. 23

MID-LOTHIAN.

40. Parish of Ratho. Ploughman. — A. B. Family above ten years, 4 ;
below, 2. Takes meals at home. Rent included in wages. Yearly wages,
J. 26 per annum ; wages of family, one at £4, 10s. Keeps a pig.

Breakfast, porridge and milk, or tea and bread and herrings ; family,
porridge and milk. Dinner, broth and beef ; family, broth. Tea and bread
and butter ; family, none. Supper, bread and cheese ; family, porridge and
milk. Health good.

41. Parish of Kirkliston. Railway Labourer. — A. K. None ofvhis
family are at home. Breakfast and supper at home; takes all his meals at
home on Sunday. Rent free. Weekly wages, 18s. Wife does not work.
Keeps poultry.

Breakfast, tea and bread and butter. Dinner, before rinderpest made milk
so scarce, he took milk and bread and cheese, now beer and bread and cheese;
family, when at home, take broth and bread with beef or cheese. Tea, bread
with tea, or broth, or porridge with milk, sugar, or beer ; wife takes tea and
bread. Health very good.

Remarks. — This labourer is employed as a "gaffer" on the railway.

42. Parish of Cramond. Ploughman.— J . W. No family. Takes n eals
at home. Rent free. Yearly wages, £34. No cow, pig, or poultry allowed.

Breakfast, porridge and milk. Dinner, vegetable broth, or bter and bread.
Tea with bread and butter. Supper, porridge with milk or sugar. Health
good. •

Remarks. — In suburban parishes it is often difficult for the labouring classes
to obtain a regular supply of milk, as the adjoining large towns consume the
whole supply, either by contract or by giving a better price for the article.

HADDINGTONSHIRE.

43. Parish of Haddington. Labourer. — J. R. Family above ten years,
3 ; below, 2. Takes meals at home. Rent free. Weekly wages, 12s. ; wages
of family, 15s. Keeps cow and pig.

Breakfast with family, porridge and milk. Dinner, herrings and potatoes,
or pork, broth, and bread, or bread, cheese, and milk. Tea and supper in
one meal — parents, tea and bread and a piece of pork, or porridge and milk ;
family, porridge and milk. Health very good.

Remarks. — Where no cow is kept £5 to £Q is allowed in lieu. thereof. No
poultry are allowed. In East Lothian generally, the hind has £11 in money
and a free house and garden, besides potatoes, barley, beans, and oatmeal.

PEEBLESSHIRE.

44. Parish of Eddleston. Ploughman. — D. B. Family above ten years,
2 ; below, 1. Takes meals at home. Rent free. Yearly wages, £20 in
money, 8 stones barley, 128 stones potatoes, fuel carted free, and 3| pints
sweet milk daily. Keeps a pig.

Breakfast with family, porridge and milk, and tea and bread afterwards.
Dinner with family, milk and potatoes, or broth and potatoes, and bacon
occasionally. Supper, porridge and milk, or cheese and bread and milk ;
family, porridge and milk. Health good.

ROXBURGHSHIRE.

45. Parish of Castleton. Labourer. — R. N. Family above ten years, 1 ;
below, 2. Takes meals at home. Rent £2, 10s. per annum. Weekly wages,
15s. Keeps cow and poultry.

Breakfast, porridge and milk, and tea with bread and butter ; family the

2 J: REPORT ON THE DIETARIES

same. Dinner with family, broth and potatoes and bacon, or cheese and milk
and bread and butter. Supper, potatoes and milk and bread, or tea with
bread and butter. Health excellent.

LANARKSHIRE.

46. Parish of Crawford. Miners employed at Leadhills. — J. E. Family-
above ten years, 2 ; below, 6. Takes meals at home. Rent free. "Weekly
wages, average from 10s. to 20s. as the bargain turns out. Keeps a cow, pig,
and poultry ; sometimes keeps two or three sheep and no cow.

Breakfast, tea, bread, and butter, with cheese or a herring ; family, porridge
and milk. Dinner, tea with ham or bacon and eggs, or broth and piece meat ;
family the same. Tea with bread and butter ; family, porridge and milk.
No supper when tea is taken. Health good.

Remarks. — The health of young men and middle- aged is pretty good gene-
rally, but that of old men is not at all robust. Tea is very much used by this
class at all diets. It would be better for them if more substantial food were
more used. The piece of common grass land for grazing, belonging to the
villagers, admits of their keeping cows easily ; some, however, instead of a
cow, graze two or three sheep.

47. Parish of Crawford. Drainers and Outworkers. — P. A. Family
above ten years, 2 ; below, 2. Takes breakfast and supper at home daily ;
dinner at home on Sundays only. Pent £2, 10s. per annum. Weekly wages,
15s. ; wages of family, 6s. per week. Keeps cow, pig, and poultry.

Breakfast with family, porridge and milk, or tea with bread and butter, and
cheese. Dinner, milk with bread and butter, and a piece of cheese ; family,
broth, bread, and a piece of pork ; sometimes tea, bread and butter. Supper,
porridge and milk, or beat potatoes and milk ; family, porridge and milk.
Health good.

Remarks. — This district not being an arable agricultural one, there are few
field-workers employed. The case stated is that of a drainer, of which class
there are a good number employed. Few women are employed for field labour
here ; their diet where employed is the same as the case given.

48. Parish of Crawford. Ploughman. — P. S. Unmarried. Takes meals
daily in master's kitchen. No rent. Yearly wages, £20. Keeps no cow, pig,
or poultry.

Breakfast, porridge and milk, with bread and milk afterwards. Dinner,
broth or potato soup, with meat and potatoes, and bread. Supper, porridge
and milk, with bread and milk; sometimes meat, potatoes, and milk. Health
very good.

Remarks. — There are very few married ploughmen in this district ; the
farms are principally sheep farms. The shepherds are always married men.
The unmarried ploughmen board and lodge in the farm-house.

49. Parish of Crawford. Shepherd. — J. N. Family above ten years, 2 ;
below, 4. Takes meals at home. Pent free. Yearly wages, paid chiefly in
kind, worth £30 a-year, 10 bolls potatoes, 65 stones oatmeal, 8 tons coals.
Keeps cow, pig, and poultry.

Breakfast with family, porridge and milk, and tea with bread and butter
afterwards. Dinner with family, bread, butter, milk, and cheese ; broth or
potato soup, with a piece of salt meat or pork and potatoes. Supper with
family, tea and bread and butter, or porridge and milk. Health very good.

Remarks. — The shepherd's wages vary, being 40 to 50 sheep when paid in
sheep only, or 65 stones oatmeal, and £.30 in money and cow's keep. Some-
times two cows allowed per annum, and 10 bolls potatoes of 4 cwt. to the
boll.

OF SCOTCH AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS. 25

DUMFRIESSHIRE.

50. Parish of Middlebie. Shepherd, — W. A. Family above ten years,
4 ; below, 1. Takes meals at home. Rent free, worth £3 per annum.
Yearly wages, .£30 ; wages of family, three are at service. Keeps cow, pig,
and poultry free of charge.

Breakfast with family, oatmeal porridge and milk, or milk and bread.-
Dinner with family, potatoes, butter, and milk, and often inferior mutton.
Tea, with bread and butter. Supper with family, oatmeal porridge and milk.
Health good.

Remarks. — This labourer is a shepherd, a class better paid than the average
labourers on farms in the district.

51. Parish of Middlebie. Ploughman. — J. R. Family all out at ser-
vice. Takes meals at home. Rent free, worth ,£4 per annum. Wages, lis.
per week, say £28 per annum. Keeps a pig.

Breakfast, oatmeal porridge and milk. Dinner, coffee and bread. Tea and
bread. Supper, none. Health good.
This man is employed as a ploughman.

52. Parish of Mtddlebie. Out-door Female Workers. — E. B., A. C. Take
meals at home. Rent free. Weekly wages, 6s. each. No cow, pig, or poultry
allowed.

Breakfast, tea and bread, or brose. Dinner, coffee and bread. Tea and
bread or brose, or porridge and milk. Health good.

WIGTOWNSHIRE.

53. Parish of Newton-Stewart. Ploughman. — P. N. Family above
ten years, 2 ; below, 2. Takes meals at home. Rent free. Yearly wages,
£21 in money, 5 bolls meal, and 4 bolls potatoes. Keeps a pig.

Breakfast, porridge and milk, and tea and oatmeal cake after it ; family,
porridge and milk. Dinner, frequently tea and oatcake and butter, or
potatoes and herring and milk, or broth of vegetables and a little suet;
family, the same. Supper, porridge and milk, or tea with oatcake and
butter ; family, porridge and milk. Health very good.

Remarks. — Tea and oatcake and butter is frequently the diet of husband
and wife at all the three meals daily.

54. Parish of Newton-Stewart. Single Labourers, Male and Female,
living in their Masters' Houses. — A. W. Takes meals at home. Wages not
specified.

Breakfast, porridge and sweet milk and oatcake, and milk afterwards.
Dinner, broth with meat (bacon chiefly) and potatoes, oatcake and milk after-
wards. Supper, porridge and milk. Health excellent.

Remarks. — This is the best fed class of the agricultural population in this
district.

55. Parish of Newton-Stewart. Field Workers. — J. L. Family above
ten years, 3 ; below, 3. Takes meals at home. Rent, £3 per annum.
W eekly wages, 1 5s. Keeps pig and poultry.

Breakfast, tea with oatcake and butter ; family, sometimes porridge and
milk, and frequently tea, oatcake, and butter. Dinner, husband, penny loaf
of wheat flour and cheese or butter to it, and milk or cold tea as "sap;"
family, tea and oatcake. Supper with family, tea with oatcake and butter,
or porridge and milk. Health very good.

Remarks. — In this class tea forms a part, if not the principal part, of every
diet.

26 REPORT ON THE DIETARIES

AYRSHIRE.

56. Parish of Kilmatjrs. Ploughman. — J. S. Family above ten years,
2 ; below, 4. Takes meals at home. Rent free. Yearly wages, £21 in
money, 5 bolls oatmeal, 5 bolls potatoes, 1 pint (Scots) sweet milk daily, and
fuel driven. No cow, pig, or poultry allowed.

Breakfast, porridge and milk, and sometimes tea and oatcake afterwards ;
family, porridge and milk. Dinner with family, oatcake and vegetable broth
and potatoes, or milk, cheese, and oatcake. Tea, wife takes tea and oat-
cake. Slipper, porridge and milk or tea with oatcake and butter, or milk
and bread ; family, bread and milk, or porridge and milk. Health excellent.

APPENDIX B.

PROBABLE WEEKLY CONSUMPT OF FOOD.
CAITHNESS-SHIRE.

1. Parish of Reay. J. R. — Description of Food. — Labourer: Breadstuffs
(including bread, rice, flour, barley, pease, &c ), 3 lbs. ; oatmeal, 9 lbs. ;
fish, 3 lbs. ; meat or bacon, 1 lb. ; butter, 4 ozs. ; sugar (or treacle), 8 ozs. ;
potatoes, 7 lbs. ; tea, 1 oz. ; coffee, 1 oz. Total, 23 lbs. 14 ozs. Milk, 7
imperial pints. Family: Breadstuffs as above, 6 lbs. ; oatmeal, 16 lbs. ; fish,

I lb. ; meat or bacon, 1 lb. ; butter, 1 lb. ; sugar (or treacle), 1 lb. ; potatoes,
20 lbs. ; tea, 1 oz. Total, 46 lbs. 1 oz. Milk, 14 imperial pints.

Remarks. — This family may be taken as labourer and 2^ adults.

Abstract. — Labourer, 52,047 grs. carbon, 2761j grs. nitrogen. Total,
54,808 grs. per week. Family per adult, 37,410 grs. carbon, 1677 grs.
nitrogen. Total, 39,087 grs. per week.

2. Parish of Reay. G. C. — Description of Food, — Labourer: Oatmeal,
10 lbs. ; fish, 1 lb. ; bacon, 8 ozs. ; sugar (or treacle), 4 ozs. ; potatoes, 10 lbs.
Total, 21 lbs. 12 ozs. Milk, 7 imperial pints. Family : Oatmeal, 15 lbs. ;
fish, 1 lb. ; bacon, 1 lb. ; sugar (or treacle), 4 ozs. ; potatoes, 20 lbs. Total,
37 lbs. 4 ozs. Milk, 14 imperial pints.

Remarks. — This family may be reckoned as four adults in all.

Abstract. — Labourer, 43,892 grs. carbon, 2204|- grs. nitrogen. Total,
46,0.96j grs. per week. Family per adult, 23,979^- grs. carbon, 11661 grs.
nitrogen. Total, 25,146f grs. per week.

3. Parish of Reay. J. W. — Description of Food. — Labourer: Breadstuffs
(including bread, rice, flour, barley, pease, &c), 3 lbs. ; oatmeal, 5 lbs. ; fish,
8 ozs. ; sugar (or treacle), 4 ozs. ; potatoes, 12 lbs. ; tea, 1 oz. Total, 20 lbs.
13 ozs. Milk, 14 imperial pints.

Abstract— Labourer, 38,283^ grs. carbon, 1986 grs. nitrogen. Total,
40,269J grs. per week.

SUTHERLANDSHIRE.

4. Parish of Golspie. J. S. — Description of Food. — Labourer: Oatmeal,
7 lbs. ; fish, 1 lb. 8 ozs. ; meat, 8 ozs. ; butter, 2 ozs. ; cheese or crowdie,
6 ozs. ; sugar (or treacle), 4 ozs. ; green vegetables, 8 ozs. ; potatoes, 7 lbs. ;
tea, 1 oz. ; coffee, \ oz. Total, 1 7 lbs. 5 j ozs. Milk, 2 quarts 1 pint ; soup or
broth, 1 pint imperial. Total, 2 quarts 2 pints imperial. Family: Oatmeal,

I I lbs. ; fish, 1 lb. 4 ozs. ; Meat, 8 ozs. ; butter, 4 ozs. ; cheese or crowdie, 4 ozs. ;
sugar (or treacle), 4 ozs. ; green vegetables, 6 ozs. ; potatoes, 10 lbs. ; tea,
]{ oz. ; coffee, |- oz. Total, 23 lbs. 15£ ozs. Milk, 4 quarts 1 pint ; soup or
broth, 2 pints imperial. Total, 4 qrts. 3 pints imperial.

Remarks. — This family may be taken as labourer and two adults.
Abstract. — Labourer, 33,694 grs. carbon, 1800^ grs. nitrogen. Total,

OF SCOTCH AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS. 27

3.">,494£ grs. per week. Family per adult, 24,616£ grs. carbon, 1310 grs.
nitrogen. Total, 25,926^ grs. per week.

INVERNESS-SHIRE.

5. Parish of Bracadale. A. M'A. — Description of Food. — Labourer
and Family: Oatmeal, 17 lbs. 8 ozs. ; fish, 5 lbs. ; sugar (or treacle), 1 lb.
8 ozs. ; potatoes, 26 lbs. ; tea, 1 oz. ; coffee, 2 ozs. Total, 50 lbs. 3 ozs.
Milk, 63 imperial pints.

Remarks. — The articles consumed are chiefly grown by the family. When
potatoes are in use, say from August to March inclusive, little or nothing else
is consumed, unless occasionally a little fish. During the summer months, oat*
meal is almost exclusively the staple food, with occasionally a little tea or
coffee added by some families, but this is not general. Meat and butter are
so little used, that it is not deemed worth while estimating these quantities,
being quite infinitesimal.

Family taken as three adults.

Abstract— 28,9971 gr8- carbon, 1973i grs. nitrogen. Total, 30,971J grs.
per week per adult.

ABERDEENSHIRE.

14. Parish of St Nicholas. W. B. — Description of Food. — Artisan
Labourer and Family (occupied at Railway Station and Docks) : Breadstuff's
(bread), 4 lbs. ; oatmeal, 28 lbs. ; butter, 8 ozs. ; sugar (or treacle), 1 lb. ;
potatoes, 63 lbs. ; tea, 2 ozs. Total, 96 lbs. 10 ozs. Milk, 14 imperial quarts.

Remarks. — In this case we have been unable to obtain separate returns of
the weekly consumpt of labourer and his famdy.

Family in all may be taken as 3^ adults.

Abstract. — 44,380 grs. carbon, 2009 grs. nitrogen. Total, 46,389 grs. per
week per adult.

KINCARDINESHIRE.

15. Parish of Banchory-Ternan. W. S. — Description of Food. —
Labourer : Breadstuff's (including bread, rice, flour, barley, pease, &c), 4 lbs. ;
oatmeal, 10 lbs. ; fish, 1 lb. ; bacon, 1 lb. ; butter, 6 ozs. ; sugar (or treacle),
8 ozs. ; green vegetables, 3 lbs. ; Potatoes, 8 lbs. 8 ozs. ; tea, 1 oz. Total,
27 lbs. 7 ozs. Milk, 3 quarts ; soup or broth, 1 quart 1 pint imperial. Total,
4 quarts 1 pint imperial. Family : Breadstuffs as above, 6 lbs. 8 ozs. ; oat-
meal, 12 lbs. ; fish, 1 lb. 8 ozs. ; butter, 10 ozs. ; sugar (or treacle), 1 lb. 8 ozs. ;
green vegetables, 5 lbs. ; potatoes, 10 lbs. 8 ozs. ; tea, 1^ oz. Total, 37 lbs.
ll£ ozs. Milk, 6 quarts; soup or broth, 2 quarts 1 pint imperial. Total,
8 quarts 1 pint imperial.

Remarks. — This family may be taken as labourer and 2| adults.

Abstract. — Labourer, 56,431 grs. carbon, 3746j grs. nitrogen. Total,
6(),177£ grs. per week. Family per adult, 25,038 grs. carbon, 1899 grs.
nitrogen. Total, 26,937 grs. per week.

16. Parish of Durris. J. A. — Description of Food. — Labourer : Bread-
stuffs (including bread, rice, flour, barley, pease, &c), 4 lbs. ; oatmeal, 11 lbs.;
fish, 1 lb. ; butter, 6 ozs. ; sugar (or treacle), 8 ozs. ; green vegetables, 3 lbs. ;
potatoes, 8 lbs. ; tea, 1 oz. Total, 27 lbs. 15 ozs. Milk, 3 quarts. ; soup or
broth, 1 quart imperial. Total, 4 quarts imperial. Family: Breadstuff's as
above, 10 lbs. ; oatmeal, 16 lbs. ; fish, 2 lbs. 8 ozs. ; butter, 1 lb. , sugar (or
treacle), 2 lbs. ; green vegetables, 7 lbs. ; potatoes, 16 lbs. ; tea, 2 ozs. Total,
54 lbs. 10 ozs. Milk, 8 quarts ; soup or broth, 3 quarts imperial. Total,
1 1 quarts imperial.

Remarks. — This family may be taken as labourer and three adults.

Abstract. — Labourer, 54,074 grs. carbon, 2619 grs. nitrogen. Total,
56,693 grs. per week. Family per adult, 34,208| grs. carbon, 1609-i grs.
nitrogen. Total, 35,818^ grs. per week.

28 EEPORT ON THE DIETAEIES

PEETHSHIRE.

17. Parish of Crieff. P. R — Description of Food. — Labourer and
Family : Breadstuff's (including bread, rice, flour, barley, pease, &c), 14 lbs. ;
oatmeal, 17 lbs. 8 ozs. ; fish, 2 lbs. ; Meat, 3 lbs. ; bacon, 2 lbs. ; butter, 1 lb. ;
cheese, 1 lb. ; sugar (or treacle), 1 lb. 4 ozs. ; green vegetables, 4 lbs. ; potatoes,
8 lbs. ; tea, 2 ozs. Total, 55 lbs. 14 ozs. Milk, 21 pints ; soup or broth,
21 pints imperial. Total, 42 pints imperial.

Bemarks. — 2 lbs. of wheat flour bought weekly. Barley meal and oatmeal
used alternately, not together. Fish used occasionally to supper.

Family taken as three adults (including father, mother, one child above 10,
and two below 10 years old).

Abstract. — 43,814 grs. carbon, 2522J grs. nitrogen. Total, 46,336| grs.
per week per adult.

Note. — This is a fair average case of the ploughmen of the district, and is
given as consumpt of man, wife, and three children (two under 10 years old).
The bothy, or single man, often sells part of his meal, and is said to buy bacon
or cheese with the proceeds.

18. Parish of Crieff. J. C. — Description of Food. — Labourer and
Family : Breadstuffs (including bread, rice, flour, barley, pease, &c), 8 lbs. ;
oatmeal, 14 lbs. ; meat or bacon, 6 lbs. ; butter, 2 lbs. ; cheese, 1 lb. ; sugar
(or treacle), 1 lb. ; green vegetables, 3 lbs. ; potatoes, 6 lbs. ; tea, 2 ozs.
Total, 41 lbs. 2 ozs. Milk, 14 pints ; soup or broth, 14 pints imperial. Total,
28 pints imperial.

Bemarks. — Butcher meat, chiefly bacon, and used in making broth.

Family in all taken as 2| adults (including father, mother, and one child
above 10 years old).

Abstract. — 46*,233i grs. carbon, 2051J grs. nitrogen. Total, 48,284/ grs.
per week per adult.

19. Parish of Muckart. P. W. — Description of Food. — Labourer and
Family : Breadstuffs (including bread, rice, flour, bailey, pease, &c), 37 lbs. ;
oatmeal, 14 lbs. ; bacon, 2 lbs. ; butter, 1 lb. ; cheese, 1 lb. ; sugar (or treacle),

1 lb. ; green vegetables, 3 lbs. ; potatoes, 14 lbs. ; tea, 2 ozs. Total,
73 lbs. 2 ozs. Milk, 7 pints ; soup or broth, 7 pints imperial. Total,
14 pints imperial.

Bemarks. — Family in all taken as three adults (including labourer, wife, and
three children under 10 years of age).

Abstract. — 50,791j grs. carbon, 2258J grs. nitrogen. Total, 53,049f grs.
per week per adult.

ARGYLESHIRE.

35. Parish of Tarbert (Lochfine). D. S. — Description of Food. —
Labourer: Breadstuff's (including bread, rice, flour, barley, pease, &c),

2 lbs. 8 ozs. ; oatmeal, 8 lbs. ; fish, 1 lb. 8 ozs. ; butter, 8 ozs. ; sugar (or
treacle), 8 ozs. ; green vegetables, 2 lbs. 6 ozs. ; potatoes, 22 lbs. ; tea, 1 oz.
Total, 37 lbs. 7 ozs. Milk, 7 imperial quarts. Family: breadstuffs as above,
8 lbs. 8 ozs. ; oatmeal, 3 lbs. ; fish, 3 lbs. 8 ozs. ; butter, 1 lb. 8 ozs. ; sugar
(or treacle), 1 lb. ; green vegetables, 4 lbs. 4 ozs. ; potatoes, 78 lbs. ; tea, 2| ozs.
Total, 108 lbs. 14£ ozs. Milk, 14 imperial quarts.

Bemarks. — This family to be taken as labourer and three adults.

Abstract. — Labourer, 58,867 grs. carbon, 2851^- grs. nitrogen. Total,
61,718^ grs. per week. Family per adult, 23,724 grs. carbon, 1615£ grs.
nitrogen. Total, 25,339^,- grs. per week.

STIRLINGSHIRE.

37. Parish of Muiravonside. J. D. — Description of Food. — Labourer
and Family: Breadstuffs (including bread, rice, flour, barley, pease, &c. )

OF SCOTCH AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS. 29

18 lbs.; oatmeal, 15 lbs.; fish, 1 lb.; meat, 3 lbs.; bacon, 1 lb.; butter,
1 lb. 4 ozs. ; cheese, 1 lb. ; sugar (or treacle), 1 lb. 6 ozs. ; green vegetables,
3 lbs. ; potatoes, 16 lbs. ; tea, 3 ozs. Total, 60 lbs. 13 ozs. Milk, 11 pints ;
soup or broth, 9 pints imperial. Total, 20 pints imperial.

Remarks. — The quantities may vary slightly with the season of the year, .
but they are a fair specimen of the mode of living in this locality.

This family may be taken as three adults in all.

Abstract. — 47,286j grs. carbon, 2068J grs. nitrogen. Total, 49,354§ grs.
per week per adult.

HADDINGTONSHIRE.

43. Parish of Haddington. J. R. — Description of Food, — Labourer:
Breadstuff's (including bread, rice, flour, barley, pease, &c), 4 lbs. ; oatmeal,
7 lbs. ; fish, 1 lb. ; bacon, 2 lbs. ; butter, 8 ozs. ; cheese, 4 ozs. ; sugar (or
treacle), 4 ozs. ; green vegetables, 3 lbs. ; potatoes, 22 lbs. ; tea, 1 oz. Total,
41 lbs. 1 oz. Milk, 7 pints ; soup or broth, 10 pints ; beer (in harvest only),
7 quarts imperial. Total, 7 quarts 17 pints imperial. Family: breadstuff's
as a hove, 6 lbs. ; oatmeal, 20 lbs. ; fish, 1 lb. ; bacon, 3 lbs. ; butter, 1 lb. ;
cheese, 6 ozs. ; sugar (or treacle), 1 lb. ; green vegetables, 8 lbs. ; potatoes,
78 lbs. ; tea, 2 ozs. Total, 120 lbs. 8 ozs. Milk, IS pints ; soup or broth,
25 pints imperial. Total, 43 pints imperial.

Remarks. — Occasionally a quartern-loaf is used, but generally scones of fine
flour ; sometimes, but rarely, barley-and-pease meal. Herrings, salt, fresh, or
dried only, used generally. Meat very rarely indulged in. Pig killed twice
a-year, and all used in the house. Butter is sparingly used ; bacon gravy
used instead of it.

Family taken as labourer and four adults.

Abstract. — Labourer, 63,659 grs. carbon, 2627 grs. nitrogen. Total,
66,386 grs. Family per adult, 41,217| grs. carbon, 1322 grs. nitrogen.
Total, 42,539f grs. per week.

Note. — During the five weeks of harvest, the hind, and those of his family
who choose to work, have porridge and milk twice a-day, and bread and beer
once. The boys who work get men's meals and boys' wages !

In this instance there is abundance of milk, as a cow is kept by the family ;
but in the majority of EastLotbian cases no cow is now allowed to be kept by
the hinds, and where this occurs, add £6 to the money wages per annum.

PEEBLESSHIRE.

44. Parish of Eddleston. D. B. — Description of Food. — Labourer and
Family : Breadstuffs (including bread, rice, flour, barley, pease, &c), 9 lbs. ;
oatmeal, 24 lbs. ; bacon, 2 lbs. ; butter, 8 ozs. ; cheese, 2 ozs. ; sugar (or
treacle), 1 lb. 8 ozs. ; potatoes, 14 lbs. ; tea, 2 ozs. Total, 51 lbs. 4 ozs.
Milk, 22 pints ; soup or broth, 12 pints imperial.- Total, 34 pints imperial.

Remarks. — Family taken as 2h adults in all.

Abstract.— 41,906f grs. carbon, 2246| grs. nitrogen. Total, 44,153^ grs.
per week per adult.

ROXBURGHSHIRE.

45. Parish of Castleton. R. N. — Desertion of Food. — Labourer and
Family: Breadstuffs (including bread, rice, flour, barley, pease, &c), 21 lbs. ;
oatmeal, 14 lbs. ; bacon, 3 lbs. ; butter, 1 lb. ; cheese, 8 ozs. ; sugar (or
treacle), 1 lb. ; potatoes, 28 lbs. ; tea, 2 ozs. Total, 68 lbs. 10 ozs. Milk, 21
pints ; soup or broth, 14 pints imperial. Total, 35 pints imperial.

Remarks. — Family taken as three adults in all.

Abstract. — 45,750^- grs. carbon, 1851^ grs. nitrogen. Total, 47,602 grs.
per week per adult.

30 REPORT ON FOOT-ROT IN SHEEP.

REPORT ON FOOT-ROT IN SHEEP.

By Hugh Borthwick, Shepherd, Middlestead, Selkirk.

[Premium — Five Sovereigns.]

Foot-rot is a disease prevailing to a greater or less extent over
most of the pastoral districts of Scotland. On hill pasture it is
always confined to what is termed soft or grassy land. On hard
heathery pasture it is never known to exist. On arable land it
appears on young grass, if very rich and luxuriant ; but upon
rich old pastures and lawns the disease prevails to a great ex-
tent. This fact is particularly exemplified in gentlemen's home
farms, where the parks have been long in pasture, partly owing
to the land being in better heart, as it is termed, and, generally
speaking, from being lighter stocked, and surrounded with trees
and plantations, so that the grasses rush up more luxuriantly,
and are of a soft, watery nature. We don't know of a more
fruitful nursery for the propagation of foot-rot than in some
gentlemen's approaches, thickly planted with trees. Foot-rot is
always confined to the foot, and although not fatal if properly
treated, still there is no disease to which sheep are subject so
difficult to eradicate, and so annoying to stock and the stock-
farmer, if allowed to establish itself throughout a flock. Emacia-
tion and poverty are the natural consequences, causing a great
loss to the owner. It is one of the most essential points in
stock-farming to keep the sheep in good condition ; but if foot-
rot is allowed to establish itself throughout a flock, this is im-
possible, let them be ever so liberally fed.

Symptoms. — The first indication of the disease is a certain degree
of lameness in one or sometimes more of the feet ; generally the
fore feet are most liable to be affected. As the disease advances
the lameness increases, if the animals are not treated or removed
to other pasture. Ultimately they become totally unable to put
the affected feet to the ground, but crawl about on their knees,
pining away to skin and bone, and presenting a very distressing-
spectacle. It is not easy to say what part of the foot is most
liable to be first affected, but there is a difference between sheep
grazing on the hill pasture and on old arable pasture. On the
former the disease is generally confined to sheep two years old
and upwards, old ewes being most liable to it ; whereas upon
arable or old grass parks we have seen whole flocks seriously
affected and deteriorated in value. Upon hill pasture, if the
animal is caught in the first stage of the disease and examined,
by putting the finger between the hoof, the foot is found to be
unusually hot, and generally a little enlarged. The crust or horn
along the outside of the foot and near the toe is found either to
lap over the sole, or part of it is broken away and separated from
the hoof, in which particles of earth or filth are accumulated ;

REPORT ON FOOT-ROT IN SHEEP. 31.

consequently inflammation ensues and progresses rapidly. As
the disease increases, ulcers are formed, which separate the hoof
more and more, discharging a thin fcetid matter, emitting a strong
smell, and by degrees the foot becomes a total mass of ulcers
and proud flesh. In other cases, the disease breaks out in the
inside of the toe, and progresses beneath the hom around the
outside of the foot ; and sometimes the heel is first affected. In
parks where the pasture is soft and rank, the disease assumes the
same appearance in old sheep as upon hill pasture ; but in hogs
and lambs it generally commences between the hoofs near the
heel, the crust or horn being comparatively sound. In these
cases, when the animal is caught and examined in the first stage
of the disease, the skin presents a red and tender appearance, and
has much the same aspect as what is termed scad in the young-
child. As the disease advances the flesh becomes putrefied, and
a thick adhesive matter accumulates. By degrees the malady
extends round the heel beneath the horn, till the whole foot is
affected ; and if allowed to run its course for a length of time, a
cure is seldom effected till the whole crust is taken off on the side
of the foot affected. In such cases, if the disease is not checked and
energetically treated, it spreads rapidly through a flock of lambs,
and very often the whole four feet are attacked at the same time.
Causes. — It is evident to the practical stocksman that the
cause of foot-rot in sheep is attributable to the soil and pasture.
For example, we have never known a case occur on the hard
mountainous districts of Peeblesshire, Selkirkshire, or Argyle-
shire ; but on very soft, grassy land, it abounds in every county
that we are acquainted with. It prevails to a great extent
among the flocks in the fine grassy pastoral ranges of Koxburgh-
shire and Dumfriesshire ; and even on some rich pastoral farms
in Peeblesshire it exists to a greater or less extent ; whereas
upon hard, heathery farms, lying contiguous, it is unknown,
although the sheep are daily intermixing. Certain seasons have
great influence in propagating the disease. For instance, the
wet summer of 1862 was noted for its prevalence. In no former
year do we remember it having been so general, breaking out, as
it did, on some farms where it was never known to exist before.
Again, some persons of practical experience maintain that it
is always worst in a dry season ; and in support of this theory
they point to the fact, that diseased sheep are always more lame
on a dry day. There is, no doubt, some truth in the statement,
but it can easily be accounted for on a common sense view of the
case. When the foot is diseased and tender, the animal sets it
more freely to the ground when the pasture is moist and soft.
This, however, is only temporary relief ; the pain is assuaged, but
the disease is aggravated. This fact may easily be ascertained
by any one who practically comes into contact with foot-rot. A

32 REPORT ON FOOT-ROT IN SHEEP.

lot of sheep affected with the disease appear all very lame on
a dry day. Should rain begin to fall, they become apparently
a good deal better ; but let them be caught and examined, and it
will be seen that the disease is progressing ; or let a dry day
recur, and the lameness returns in a more aggravated form.
There are, no doubt, farms so situated, that the growth of grass is
most luxuriant in dry seasons, and in some such exceptional
cases foot-rot may then prevail to a greater degree.

Foot-rot is generally most prevalent in the months of July,
August, September, and October — in fact, it may be said to com-
mence when vegetation arrives at a certain stage, and gradually
declines, if properly treated and kept under, as vegetation decays ;
but if allowed to gain head in a hirsel of sheep, it will prevail
throughout the most barren months. No variety of weather will
totally eradicate it, and we have seen it to a great extent in
November and December, in rich old parks which had been
lightly stocked during the summer.

It is not easy to say what breed of sheep is most liable to
foot-rot, but it is clear that both Cheviot and Blackfaced, taken
from hill-pasture and put in parks in the back end of the year,
when the pasture has a tendency to propagate the disease,
are far more susceptible to it than park-bred Leicesters on the
same pasture and exposed to the same circumstances. We have
seen instances of lots of both Cheviot and Blackfaced ewes taken
from hill pasture totally free of the disease, and put into grass-
parks, and in the course of a month almost every sheep was
more or less affected ; and although Leicester ewes had been
grazing in the same parks all summer, they were not so liable
to the disease, nor affected to as great an extent, and were
more susceptible of cure. Nevertheless, although Cheviot and
Blackfaced sheep are more liable to foot-rot of a certain kind
than Leicesters — when it breaks out below the horn or crust
— it is clear that Leicester lambs are as liable to the dis-
ease as any other breed — that is, when the malady breaks
out between the hoofs, and when the skin in the first stage
appears a little red and tender, and, as the disease advances,
discharges a thick adhesive matter. These facts appear a
little contradictory, but we state them from our own personal
observation, and cannot venture to give any scientific solu-
tion of the two cases. We have, however, never seen lambs
affected to any extent with foot-rot on hill-pasture, but in rich
old grass parks we have seen whole flocks of lambs seriously
deteriorated, especially in wet weather. Conflicting opinions exist
among scientific men, stock owners, and shepherds of practical
experience and observation, as to the infectious nature of the dis-
ease, and there is no doubt the preponderance of evidence is on
the side of infection. Judging, however, from our own observa-

REPORT ON FOOT-ROT IN SHEEP. 33

tion, we are inclined to believe the contrary, and will state a few
facts that have come under our own eye. We have already said
there are some rich pastoral farms in Peeblesshire where foot-rot
prevails annually, and where hard heathery stock-farms lie con-
tiguous, the sheep always intermixing, and yet a case of foot-
rot never occurs on the latter. Again, on a hard heathery stock-
farm on which I acted as shepherd for some time, four of the
rams got unmanageable during close time, and were shut up
in a small enclosure surrounded with a high wall ; the ground
was soft and potchy, and they all became seriously affected with
foot-rot, and a cure could not be effected whilst in that situation.
They were turned out to serve the ewes on the hill at Martinmas,
veiy lame, and greatly reduced in condition, but not a single sheep
was affected on the hill ; and when the rams were taken in, they
were quite sound, though no treatment was employed, except that
on the day they were turned out to the hill the loose crust was
all cut pointedly off, and the diseased parts of the hoof anointed
with the butter of antimony. It should be observed that the
rams did not catch the disease from infection, as foot-rot was
never known to exist on the farm before. The cause was my
own mismanagement in confining them in a small, wet, potchy
enclosure. On the same farm in a following year the rams got
unmanageable in the month of October, and could not be con-
fined from want of proper fences. Pasture was taken for
them in an old grass park, the home farm of a gentleman, a
few miles distant. In the course of two weeks the whole lot,
eight in number, became seriously affected with foot-rot. They
were brought home very lame, and turned to serve the ewes at
Martinmas. Not a single sheep caught the infection on the hill ;
and again, the rams, when brought in, were all nearly recovered.
I could multiply instances of a similar nature to prove that sheep
are not so liable to be infected with foot-rot, at least on what is
termed dry hard land, as some writers would, lead one to believe.
But I think these few facts are sufficient. They also prove that
nothing is more essential in effecting a cure than a change to
dry hard pasture. It is, however, argued on the other hand by
the advocates of infection, that an experiment on hard land, such
as described, is not a fair criterion, as sheep are not liable to be
affected with foot-rot on such soil ; but, on the other hand, we
don't know how a trial of the infectiousness of the disease could
be made on soft grassy land where foot-rot usually abounds, as it
would be difficult to determine whether the disease proceeded
from infection or from the natural exciting causes of the pasture
and soil. One fact, however, has struck me regarding pasture
subject to foot-rot, and it is certainly in favour of non-infection.
I have often seen both the fore feet of sheep seriously affected
and in the very worst stages of the disease, and the hind feet re-

c

34 REPORT ON FOOT-ROT IN SHEEP.

main quite sound and healthy. Certainly a more favourable ex-
periment could not be devised for infection, with the exception of
innoculation with the knife.

Treatment. — It will be observed from the facts already stated,
that foot-rot attacks in two different ways — the one being peculiar
to old sheep, when the disease breaks out below the crust, and
that lambs are more liable to be attacked between the hoofs ;
and as the treatment we have had recourse to is different, we will
relate our own experience and observation with old sheep when
the disease breaks out below the crust or horn. The great
essential before attempting a cure, is to have a small park to
keep the infected sheep separate from the rest of the flock, as it is
seldom a cure can be effected with the first dressing, and it is a
great annoyance to a flock of sheep to separate the diseased at
every application they require. The most dry and hard position
on the farm ought to be selected.

Whenever the animal is observed to halt in the slightest
degree, it ought to be taken into the park, caught, and examined,
and all the loose crust that is separated from the hoof cut off,
care being taken not to draw blood. The foot, especially the
diseased part, ought to be well cleaned with a coarse cloth ;
afterwards, the diseased part ought to be anointed with the
butter of antimony, and as much put on as the sore absorbs. The
animal must be held on its rump for a few minutes till the
application takes effect, which- is easily known by the proud flesh
or ulcers assuming a colour something akin to roasted cheese.
After the liquid appears to have done its work and assumes a
dry appearance, the animal maybe let on to its feet and put into
the park. Two days ought to elapse before it is again interfered
with, when it should be again examined, even although it may
be apparently better, as there is some danger of the disease pro-
gressing below the crust, or of the proud flesh not being suffi-
ciently burnt down. If the crust still appears to separate from
the hoof, the knife must again be applied, followed by the butter
of antimony, and the animal returned to the park, and examined
again on the second or third day, and the same treatment
had recourse to till a cure is effected, when it may rejoin the rest
of the flock. The generality of cases, if caught in the first stage,
will yield to the second dressing ; but if the disease is allowed to
run its course for some time, it may require four or five applica-
tions before a cure can be effected. The disease, however, will
ultimately yield if treatment is persisted in, except in the case
of rams in close time. The grand secret of success in treating
foot-rot, as in many other diseases, lies in combating it in the
first stage. It is highly reprehensible, besides cruel, to allow the
poor animal to go limping about, or sometimes crawling on its
knees, for days and even weeks, till the foot is a total mass of

REPORT ON FOOT-ROT IN SHEEP. 35

ulcers and proud flesh, and the carcass reduced to such a state of
emaciation that it cannot regain condition during the same
season. When dressing foot-rot, a dry day ought always to be
selected if possible, as the application is likely not to have the
same effect when the animal is turned at once to damp, wet pas-
ture. Small quantities of the butter of antimony for present use
ought to be kept in a bottle, as the liquid readily loses strength,
and in all cases the bottle ought to be closely corked up when
not in use. I have seen many applications had recourse to for
the cure of foot-rot, and even patronised by persons of practical
experience, but I know none equal to butter of antimony when
the disease breaks out below the crust. I have had many oppor-
tunities of testing this mode of treatment while acting as shepherd
in various districts, and, as I have already said, the disease
abounds in gentlemen's home farms where the pasture is old and
rich. I will relate the following fact, which occurred when I was
with Mr Kenneth Scoon, Castleton, Mid-Lothian, who at that
time rented the parks on the home farm of Arniston ; some of
them had lain long in pasture and were very liable to foot-rot.
Mr Scoon at that time drafted his Blaokfaced old ewes from the
pastoral farm of Dewar, in the month of October, and grazed
them at Arniston all winter, and sold them in April at House of
Muir Market. I entered his service at Martinmas, and found
a great many of the ewes affected with foot-rot, and some of them
a good deal fallen off in condition. I removed the diseased from
the healthy, managed and treated them as already described, and
in the course of a few weeks I got the disease nearly subdued ; a
few fresh cases were always breaking out weekly, but by proper
attention and treatment, the disease never spread to any extent,
and when the ewes, eight score in number, were sold, only one
sheep was slightly affected.

I will next consider the treatment of foot-rot when it breaks
out between the hoof, discharging a thick adhesive matter. As
we have already said, lambs are most liable to be affected in this
manner ; sometimes the whole four feet are attacked at the same
time. The most successful application I have ever seen is Cuff's
foot-rot powder, if the disease is caught in the first stage, and it
is highly necessary a dry day should be selected for dressing.
As soon as the animal is observed to show lameness, it ought
to be caught, and a hard cloth should be drawn between the
hoof to clean it well, after which a little of the powder
in a dry state should be applied, which can be easily done
with the point of a knife. The animal ought always to be
held on its rump for a few minutes after the application. The
first or second dressing will always effect a cure if the disease is
taken in time. If the disease appears to spread through a flock,
the whole ought to be examined at once, and not wait till they

36 REPORT ON FOOT-ROT IN SHEEP.

all become lame. ISTo time ought to be lost, but the most ener-
getic measures taken, as it spreads with alarming rapidity. Every
lamb ought to be examined carefully, and wherever there is the
least appearance of matter, or even tenderness, a little of the
powder should be applied. A great deal of after trouble will
thus be saved, and the flock prevented from losing condition.
If the disease is allowed to run its course for some time, and pro-
gress below the crust around the heel, the knife must be em-
ployed, followed by the butter of antimony, as the powder is
slow in effecting a cure after the foot has become all ulcers and
proud flesh ; but if the disease is caught in the first stage, I have
never seen Cuff's powder fail to effect a cure.

Preventive. — It will be seen from the facts already stated,
that foot-rot in sheep is a disease difficult to prevent upon cer-
tain soils ; the only preventive, or, at least, modification of the
disease that I have seen had recourse to, is thorough drainage.
The effect of this we have seen established on the farm of Hare-
hope, Peeblesshire, which is celebrated as one of the richest in the
county. For many years it was but partially drained, and the grass
grew unusually rank and soft throughout the summer, and a great
part of the sheep pasture was always saturated with moisture.
Consequently, in autumn the grasses were usually rotted down and
decayed, in a state highly favourable for the propagation of foot-
rot, which abounded. The farm changed tenants about twenty-two
years ago, and fell into the hands of Mr Tod, Cardrona Mains,
who got the stock at valuation at the term of Whitsunday. At
that period a great many of the sheep were seriously affected and
deteriorated in value from foot-rot, and as the summer advanced
and vegetation began to increase, the disease extended its ravages
in proportion, till nearly a third of the entire stock, which
amounted to above 800, was more or less affected, notwithstand-
ing the most strenuous exertions of the shepherd to subdue the
malady. Mr Tod commenced a thorough drainage in summer,
and some idea of the rankness and luxuriance of the grasses may
be gathered from the fact, that the workmen found the operation
utterly impracticable during the summer months, when vegeta-
tion was in full growth, and were compelled to stop. They
resumed work, and prosecuted it successfully, during the winter
and spring, before vegetation commenced. After the foot-rot
began to assume a more manageable state, and in the course of a
year the disease was totally under subjection. A few cases were
always occurring annually, and will occur on such soils under
the best precautions ; but the shepherd was able to keep the
disease from spreading to any extent. The drains were, how-
ever, always kept in thorough repair, which is one of the great
safeguards on soft grassy land; and if the soil is kept thoroughly
drained on hill pasture, and the shepherd has not got too heavy

REPORT ON FOOT-ROT IN SHEEP. 37

a charge, it is quite possible to keep sheep, if not entirely free
of foot-rot, at least from suffering any serious effects from it. It
is highly reprehensible to keep shepherds working at farm labour,
as is the custom in a great many districts, neglecting his flock; the
blame then rests totally with the farmer. The only preventive
being draining the pasture thoroughly, and the strict attention
of the shepherd in treating the disease as soon as it can be
recognised. Upon rich old grass parks the disease is not so
easily prevented. Indeed, upon some gentlemen's parks, where
they have lain long in pasture, and where they are not allowed
to be ploughed, prevention is almost a matter of impossibility in
certain seasons; and there is often no other alternative but strict
attention to treatment, and examining every sheep minutely, and
paring the loose hoof off before it begins to fester, and anoint-
ing with the already mentioned application where there is the
slightest symptom of disease. When the foot-rot attacks lambs,
breaking out between the hoofs, discharging a thick adhesive
matter, I have seen lime act well. A few cartloads were laid
down at a gate in the entrance to a park, and the lambs were
driven over it twice a-day, which had the effect of hardening the
hoof and drying any matter. The lime, however, in a short time
gets baked and hard from the constant treading, and requires to
be loosened or raked up every now and again ; but, as we have
already said, lambs are most liable to be attacked in wet weather,
and then the safest course is to put them on bare, dry pasture.

Since the above report was written, I have known farmers, owing
to the cattle plague, keeping sheep in courts all winter for the
purpose of converting their straw into manure, and the attack of
foot-rot was very severe, arising from an insufficient supply of
litter, for the feet of the sheep will not stand being steeped in
urine like cattle. During the winter of 1865-66, Mr Mitchell,
Middlestead, put 110 hogs into courts, when in a short time the
most of them were suffering severely from foot-rot, which greatly
deteriorated them, and from which some continued to suffer till
after Whitsunday. Next winter I prevailed upon Mr Mitchell to
give the courts another trial, offering to guarantee against foot-rot,
if allowed sufficient litter. I put in one-third the number there
was the previous winter, and was allowed space in proportion.
They were placed in the courts in November, where they remained
till April, having what I considered ample litter, and during all
that time there was only one slight case of foot-rot, which was
cured on the first treatment.

38 EEPOET ON SHIEEEFF'S BEAEDED WHITE WHEAT.

REPORT ON SHIRREFFS BEARDED WHITE WHEAT.

By Patrick Shirreef, Haddington.
[Premium — Ten Sovereigns.']

In reporting " on the means successfully employed for obtaining
new and superior varieties or improved sub-varieties of any of
the cereal grains," I shall endeavour to comply with the condi-
tions expressed in the Society's Premium Book for 1864, and
in the event of not succeeding to do so, a supplementary report
will be made on the deficiencies being pointed out.

The subject of this report was picked up in a wheat field in
the neighbourhood of Haddington in 1856. Since then it has
formed part of a collection selected in the same manner in diffe-
rent parts of Britain, and cultivated yearly up to the present
time. This variety has been named " Shirreff's bearded white,"
and was first sold to the public in 1861. It reproduces itself with
constancy from seed, and is unquestionably new in British agricul-
ture. The ear is handsome, the notches being neither wide nor
close set. Chaff white with a long beard. Straw of medium length
and strength. Grain rather short, white, and transparent, weighing
heavier, and perhaps yielding finer flour than any variety cultivated
in Scotland. It ripens early, and is suitable for sowing in autumn,
winter, and early spring. Since coming into my possession this
variety has been grown under similar circumstances, compara-
tively, with hundreds of varieties, and, so far as I am able to judge,
has year after year produced grain inferior to none in the collection.

The beard, which forms one of the characteristics of the plant,
is often viewed with dislike, but this appendage is unquestionably
advantageous in many situations, and especially so in the dam])
climate of Scotland ; the spring of the beard being so considerable
that the ears in the sheaf do not adhere closely, and the consequent
free admission of air and sunshine renders the grain fit for thrash-
ing before bald eared wheats can be marketed with propriety.

Believing the raising of new varieties, and testing the produc-
tiveness of wheats, to be distinct departments in the progress of
improvement, a distinction recognised in the Society's Premium
Book, no comparative trial of the productiveness of this wheat
has been made by me, but I refer to the following communica-
tions from Mr Deans and Messrs Tod, as disinterested evidence
of the value of the plant : —

" In 1863 I grew on this farm Hopetoun wheat and ShirrerFs bearded white
on the same field, and under the same circumstances ; both looked well through-
out the season, and produced a good crop. Hopetoun had slightly the advan-
tage of bulk of straw, but the bearded wheat yielded the most grain, and was
the finest in quality. This season (crop 1864) Shirreff s bearded wheat was the
only variety grown on this farm. (Signed) " John Deans."

"Hedderwick Hill, Dunbar,
"26</t October 1864."

REPORT ON SHIRREFF'S BEARDED WHITE WHEAT. 39

" We carefully tested the lot of ShirrefFs bearded white wheat, and were
highly satisfied with the results. It yielded as white and well-coloured nom-
as we ever had from Scotch wheat. The varieties which come nearest to it in
these respects are Talavera and Woolly ear.

(Signed'; " " Alexander and Eobert Tod."
" Stea.m Mills, Leith,
" 26th October 1864/'

This variety of wheat is not a solitary instance of my success
in discovering agricultural plants of merit, having in the same
way selected, raised, and sent out the Hopetoun and Shirreff oat,
The Mungoswells alias Fraiser alias Lady Hall, Hopetoun,
Shirreff's bearded red and Pringle wheat, and the Hopetoun
tare — all of them being extensively known in different parts of
the world. The history of the Hopetoun tare is somewhat
remarkable. The variety has a robust habit of growth, with a
pure white blossom, and green seeds of medium size. The plant
seemed to have disappeared from British agriculture, and when
apparently altogether lost, it formed one of the Norwegian con-
tributions to the Great International Exhibition at London in
1862, and was described in the catalogue thus : — " Of late years
the White Flowered or Hopetoun tare (Viola saliva Jlore alba)
has been cultivated at several places. From experiments I have
made with this plant, I find it will ripen quite as early, and yield
almost double the amount of green food as the common tare."

Properly speaking, selection is the only method by which im-
proved agricultural plants can be obtained, but there are different
sources from which a selection may be made.

1st, Foreign countries. From an early period of life I have
grown wheats from many distant countries without success, unless
it were such as had been originally sent from Britain. The
foreign wheats generally withstood the rigours of winter, and
seemed to thrive up to the time of flowering, when the ears
became covered with red powder, and the produce was a few im-
perfect seeds, and occasionally complete barrenness. In the pre-
sent year a variety from Australia, named Stone wheat, was
covered with red gum (perhaps a fungus) after blossoming, and
ultimately a perfect seed could not be found. Amongst this crop
there were one or two varieties resembling Talavera, which pro-
duced good grain, and in all probability these varieties were
originally from Britain. Hitherto I have not observed wheats
from foreign countries change by repeated cultivation in East
Lothian, and the case of the wheat from Australia is an illustra-
tion. Stone wheat underwent no change of habit when growing
in East Lothian, and Talavera remained unchanged by having
been grown in Australia.

2d, Artificial fecundation. My first attempts in this direc-
tion were made in the hope of getting early sorts by fecundating
Hopetoun with pollen from Fern or April wheat. The resultant

40 REPORT ON SHIRREFF'S BEARDED WHITE WHEAT.

seeds gave rise to inconstant and worthless varieties, and in this
instance the breeding plants may have been too distinct in
habits. My latter attempts have been more successful, having
obtained several good varieties which reproduce themselves with
constancy from seed, although they generally prove inconstant.
The first plant from a seed formed by artificial fecundation
seldom shows much peculiarity, and it is not until the second
generation that varieties usually appear. In 1859 I fecundated
several florets of Shirreffs bearded white with pollen of an ear
from the same root. In 1860 the like operation was repeated
on an ear of a resultant plant, and from three seeds so obtained
I had in 1861 three plants dissimilar in appearance. One had
bearded chaff, one bald chaff, and a third semi- woolly bald chaff
— the chaff of all the three being white. The grains of the diffe-
rent plants were dissimilar, one being long and narrow, one oval,
and the third round. All had varieties in the second generation,
and I have not succeeded in rendering any of the three varieties
constant on reproduction from seed, but I soon expect to accom-
plish this. In 1860 1 also fecundated Shirreffs bearded white
with pollen from Talavera, and from the resultant plant had
high coloured seeds with bearded and bald chaff, from which
proceeded in the second year several white seeded varieties,
which proved constant on reproduction from seed.

3d, Sports, or natural varieties. With all plants, and especially
with such as have been long cultivated, varieties appear from
time to time. Considering the treatment, extensive growth, and
usefulness of our cereals, new varieties are seldom noticed, and
too little cared for when observed. It is, perhaps, by means of
sports that varieties of wheats have been found adapted to so
many climates and situations over the globe, and it is from this
source that my selections have been chiefly made. Sports in a
growing crop can be obtained and tested without much trouble,
and generally prove more satisfactory than varieties from other
sources. This may, perhaps, arise from insects and other agencies
disturbing the plants' organs of generation, and in this view little
distinction can be drawn between artificial fecundation and
natural — sporting having from both sources found varieties con-
stant and inconstant on reproduction from seed.

In 1860 an ear was picked up in a crop of Shirreffs bearded
white, which from a peculiarity in the chaff I was led to view
as having arisen from natural fecundation of one variety with
another. Owing to the ravages of wire worm and otherwise, only
thirteen plants from the seeds of the ear survived the winter,
and out of this crop there were five distinct shades of chaff all
different from the chaff of the parent ear. Continuing to grow
year by year, up to the present time, small portions of produce
descended from the original ear, there are now chaff of all

REPORT ON SHIRREFF'S BEARDED WHITE WHEAT. 41

shades, from white to the darkest red, bearded and bald, woolless
and woolly of various densities. The seeds covered by this
diversity of chaff are nearly uniform in appearance, and very
fine in quality, while the foliage and form of the ears are per-
haps identical. A few ears of two kinds of sporting wheat were
sent to a friend, who reported results similar to what I had ob-
tained. On a general view of the subject of new varieties of
wheat, I regard the cause of sporting a mystery, and the effects a
lottery in which the blanks greatly outnumber the prizes.

In early life I was induced to form a collection of foreign
wheats sent me by the late John Claudius Loudon, but no variety
proved of any value. In 1856 the commencement of my exist-
ing selection was formed by personally selecting varieties in the
growing crops of different districts. For crop 1857 there were
about seventy kinds, including named sorts. Many of the new
kinds had been obtained amongst a crop from foreign seed, and all
such were laid aside as worthless. In this manner, year by year,
new kinds were added to the collection, and others rejected. Crop
1861 contained the greatest number of new kinds on trial, having
the seeds of sixty-four ears selected by myself, and also of twenty
ears contributed by friends and unknown correspondents, but of
this number there were only five or six new and good varieties.

In examining new varieties of wheat, with a view of determin-
ing their fitness for propagation, I have experienced difficulty
in knowing good from bad quality of grain. Hitherto I have
been guided by the appearances which were likely to fetch most
money in the market. This is, however, evidently an unsatis-
factory measure for new varieties, and it is quite possible that I
may have rejected from my collection sorts of the greatest merit.
A simple and accurate method of ascertaining the relative value
of small samples of wheat is much wanted.

My wheats have been grown contiguous to each other in two
rows, eighteen feet in length and one foot apart, with an open
space, a yard in width, on all sides to admit of ready access.
The plants ought to stand in the rows from two to three inches
asunder, to show the tillering, and other peculiarities of the diffe-
rent sorts when growing, noting from time to time the earing,
blossoming, ripening, and ultimate height of each variety, and
any other peculiarity which may be noticed during the time of
growth. Label each kind on being cut down, and place a portion
of the crop secure from rain, and when properly dried, preserve
small samples. By this means the grain of the whole collection
for a series of years can be inspected and compared. The soil on
which the wheats are to be grown ought neither to be manurially
rich nor poor, open to the free admission of air and sunshine, and
if necessary, protected from the ravages of hares and rabbits.

Individuals cannot be expected to accomplish much towards

42 REPORT ON THE PRUNING OF FOREST TREES.

the improvements of the plants of the farm, the field being so
extensive, neglected, and varied, that associations alone can enter
upon the task with a hope of success. In following out this course
of improvement three departments demand especial attention : —

1st, The ascertaining of the best variety for any given locality.
This important object can be best effected by comparative trials
of different varieties for a series of years, made on such a scale
and in such a manner as will command public confidence. When
this object has been satisfactorily accomplished, the next step
ought to be the obtaining of genuine seeds of the best varieties.
This will be easily attained by inspecting the crops growing, and
publicly exhibiting the seeds with specimens of the plant.
Lastly, rewards ought to be held out for the best new seedlings
brought forward at a given time, and in the event of any of them
proving equal or superior to the standard kinds the reward to be
greatly increased.

Such a course of agricultural plant improving as hath been
pointed out may meet with little favour in many quarters, the
slowness of the process, the attention required, and the limited
remuneration usually attending success in this department, are
obstacles to its adoption by individuals, and pressing grounds
for associations taking it up.

EEPORT ON THE PRUNING OF FOREST TREES.

By John Morrison, Coney Park Nursery, Stirling.

[Premium — Medium Gold Medal]

The improved system of husbandry which has come to be adopted
in this country, has tended to raise the physical, moral, and
religious condition of the people in an eminent degree. From a
state of the utmost rudeness and imperfection, agriculture has
become a regular science, and attained an excellence which has
compelled it to be acknowledged as a source of national wealth,
equal in importance, if not superior, to manufactures or trade.

The greater abundance and moderate price of food resulting
from the better cultivation of land, must always be regarded as
chief elements in promoting the contentment, happiness, and in-
telligence of the people ; for by being enabled to procure addi-
tional comforts, and even many of the luxuries of life, they are
encouraged and stimulated to devote attention to the advance-
ment of the arts and sciences, and the diffusion of the blessings
of peace, plenty, and religion, over the world.

Great as has been the revolution already effected by such
means, the improvements of which husbandry is still susceptible
are constantly becoming more apparent. Tracts of hitherto barren
•country are being gradually brought into cultivation, by means

REPORT ON THE PRUNING OF FOREST TREES. 43

of draining and planting; fields are sheltered, and facilities afforded
for the raising of superior crops, and rearing of cattle ; the seats
of the wealthy are embellished, the landscape beautified, the local
climate changed for the better, and the value of estates very con-
siderably augmented.

Timber being a most necessary and valuable article, not
merely as regards domestic comfort and convenience, but like-
wise in a commercial and national point of view, information re-
specting the proper management of wood must be considered as
of great importance. One of the most effective means to be em-
ployed for promoting the healthy condition and increasing the
value of plantations, is pruning ; and on the necessity and ad-
vantages of such operations I beg to offer a few remarks.

The chief object of pruning is to prevent the vital energy of
the tree being wastefully expended, and to direct it into the
proper and natural channels, so that it may become profitable.
By the judicious use of the knife nature is materially assisted in
her efforts to produce an abundant quantity and good quality of
timber, while, at the same time, the permanent health and beauty
of the tree are greatly promoted.

The necessity for and advantages of pruning forest trees,
may be urged and supported by reference, to the beneficial results
attending the pruning and training of fruit trees. The attention
of the gardener is directed to the best means for promoting the
ample supply and excellence of his fruit ; but he finds that by
allowing a superabundance of branches, he does not always gather
a proportionate quantity of produce, for in such cases the sap is
drawn forth in the maintenance of superfluous wood and leaves,
and the resources of the plant for the production and nourish-
ment of fruit are thereby exhausted. Hence, it becomes neces-
sary to thin out the wood to some extent, and allow the essential
property of the tree to flow in a fruit-bearing direction, care be-
ing taken, while doing so, to preserve the proper balance of
vigour in the subject, by not exceeding the just limit of reduc-
tion. In general, a uniform system of pruning fruit trees is
followed, and experience testifies alike to the necessity and advan-
tages of the operation.

The aim of the forester, however, is the production of timber,
not fruit; but although his object is thus somewhat different from
that of the gardener, the seasonable and careful use of the knife
will, nevertheless, be found a most effective means of its attain-
ment. There is great force in the old proverb, —

" Just as the twig is bent, the tree 's inclined ;"

and the writer has often had occasion to remark its literal truth.
In the case of an oak, forty or fifty years old, and which has had
no kind hand in the course of that period to check its wild luxuri-

44 REPORT ON THE PRUNING OF FOREST TREES.

ance, the trunk will be found comparative!}7 slender, only a few
feet high, with numerous leaders ail striving for the mastery, the
entire of its immense head and dwarfish stems being almost value-
less either for wood or bark. The sight of such a disproportioned,
ill-growing " monarch of the forest," is fitted to call forth regret
and pity, rather than admiration ; and it may truly be said that
it has expended its strength in vain and for nothing. The period
of its most vigorous growth, during which it formed the largest
circles or zones of wood, is past, and it may fairly be considered
to have attained a permanent bent or set, which no subsequent
care and attention can alter. But a few well-timed applications
of the forester's knife would have kept these leaders in check, and
reserved their nourishment for the main stem, which ought to
have been preserved free and distinct, and only such branches
allowed as were really essential for the full development of the
trunk. In such circumstances, a stately, healthy, profitable growth
would have been the result, measuring many feet of excellent
timber, and yielding a proportionate quantity of superior bark.

The elm, also, if not controlled and directed in its growth, is
apt to throw off branches of nearly equal thickness with the
main stem. These, if suffered to remain, continue to draw the
sap more and more away from the trunk, and prevent its attain-
ing a proper bulk, and so decreasing the value of the wood ; they
also render the tree top heavy, and interfere with the functions of the
roots. They likewise offer a greater resistance to the blast than the
strength of the tree is able to overcome, and are liable to be torn
and broken by the storm, if indeed they do not cause the tree to be
laid prostrate. All such risk and actual damage can be prevented
by timely pruning, reducing the plant to proper form, and check-
ing its tendency to produce a redundancy of arms, which the trunk
cannot possibly maintain, enabling it to husband its strength for
the promotion of its own vigour and to mature its wood more
rapidly, and in the shape most likely to be useful and profitable.
If it be true that " the boy is the father of the man," it is no
less true that the plant is the father of the tree. It is the tree in
miniature, and indicates its disposition at an early stage of its
growth. By a cursory examination, we might be able to pro-
nounce what that tendency is, and so regulate, to a certain ex-
tent, the amount of knife manipulation required when planting
out. It is for want of proper attention being bestowed in the first
or early stages of planting operations that so much labour and
loss is afterwards entailed, and which might easily be obviated,
and a uniform, safe, and simple system of thinning and pruning
adopted. The importance of having such a regular system of
management established it is impossible to estimate.

But when young plantations have been neglected for some
time, and attention is afterwards drawn to the omission, the

RETORT ON THE PRUNING OF FOREST TREES. 45

trees ought not at once to be thinned and pruned severely, in
order to make up for the overlook. The writer has often seen
such instances where the plantations were, in one season, deprived
of almost every nurse, and the standard trees themselves divested
of every branch which could be conveniently reached. The naked
and forlorn appearance presented by such sudden and indiscrimi-
nate attack on the trees, was melancholy in the extreme, and
productive of the most injurious effects. The proper course in all
such cases is to prune sparingly, beginning by shredding off a
few of the lower scraggy branches, and gradually thinning out
and shortening the others, till reduced to one leader, and the
tree becomes properly balanced. By such means the vigour of
the subject is less interfered with, and it is allowed the best pos-
sible chance of rectifying what was wrong in its former state.

But beyond all question, the much better way is to attend to
this matter before planting. Every young hardwood tree ought,
at the first, to be reduced to one leader,, and all straggling laterals
shortened. If this be carefully done, little more will be required
in the way of pruning for three or four years afterwards, although
it might be well to look to the trees occasionally, in case of acci-
dents to leaders, &c. A regular annual examination might then
be made with great advantage, for the purpose of thinning out-
side shoots where necessary, more especially those of a perpendi-
cular tendency, and coming away strong from the bole. All
such ought immediately to be cut clean away, the others merely
shortened. This would admit a free circulation of air, and give
clear head room, while the nourishment supplied by the roots being
thus directed more exclusively into the trunk and proper branches,
will furnish sufficient matter for adding a healthy and substantial
ring of wood every year, as well as producing a luxuriant and
beautiful foliage, as essential for maturing the timber, as the roots
are for inspiring the tree with life in a generous flow of sap.

If plantations be treated in the manner indicated, the work of
the forester will be reduced to a proper method, and ultimately
lessened in amount. By the time the trees attain the age of
fifteen or twenty years — but not much before that period — he
might begin to clear away the lower branches from the trunk.
If the shortening process above recommended has been carefully
attended to while the trees were young, the increased How of sap
passing up the main stem will have caused the lower branches
to become in proportion more stunted ; and in their case close
pruning may now be adopted with much benefit and little or no
risk of injury. The less vigorous appearance of such shoots will
point out the necessity for their removal, and also show where
the dismemberment should stop. The lopping off of one or
perhaps two tiers of such branches in any one season will be
sufficient to preserve the trees in the best possible condition ;

46 REPORT ON THE PRUNING OF FOREST TREES.

and after the period above mentioned, they will require little
more to be done to them than perhaps an occasional cut with the
long-handled chisel, to relieve the top, or shorten an over-
vigorous branch, with removing such of the under ones as may
from time to time be required.

The mode of management now advocated is infinitely superior
to that adopted by some who make the indiscriminate pruning
of the side shoots or branches the object of their first attention,
and proceed even to the extreme of divesting the tree of such to
the extent of two-thirds or three-fourths of its entire height.
They thus deprive the plants at once of lungs, clothing, and
beauty, and leave only a mere armful of branches on the top.
Such treatment is as unnatural as it would be for a shepherd to
shear his sheep in the early winter, and leave them to starve
during the inclemency of the ensuing season ; and it would be
as unreasonable to expect a flock to thrive in such circumstances,
as to think that a plantation can prosper in the other. Our
object in pruning should be to assist nature — not to cripple her
in her operations, or deprive her altogether of the means of
existence ; and the naked, bare-pole appearance of trees subjected
to such wholesale deprivation, contrasts most unfavourably with
the light, airy, well-feathered, and robust look of those which
have been wisely but not too severely thinned.

In the progress of growth plants generally follow certain laws,
the operation of which causes them to assume a definite sym-
metry of appearance. Where these laws are interfered with, the
effect is to prevent development to a greater or lesser degree.
We find, accordingly, in the case of fruits and flowers which have
been unequally exposed to the light and air, that on one side
they are frequently less matured and expanded than they are on
the other. If, however, a free and full exposure be afforded on
all sides, the probabilities are in favour of their being well formed.
The same principle will be found to obtain in the case of grow-
ing timber. If a preponderance of branches is permitted on one
side of a tree, they present a greater exposure to the atmosphere
on that side, and so invoke an undue supply of nourishment, to
the defrauding and detriment of the other members of the parent
stock. The consequence is, that the wood is unequally developed
— it is formed more rapidly, and of better quality, on the exposed
than on the opposite side ; and in this fact we are furnished with
an additional argument in favour of pruning, for the sake of pre-
serving the symmetry of the subject, and so permitting it to
produce its timber uniformly and with firmness throughout. It
need scarcely be added, that a shapely, pyramidal form of tree
can be easily given by a little attention.

I may now refer to pointing, an operation which, if judiciously
followed along with thinning the branches where occasion re-

REPORT ON THE TRUN1NG OF FOREST TREES. 47

quires, is the proper treatment for the majority of hardwood trees.
By pointing or shortening the branches, the current of sap is cut
off from the branch shortened, and diverted into the trunk, while,
at the same time, the number of laterals and amount of foliage
are increased, and both combined are the balancing power of the
tree. The principal guide in pointing is to keep the symmetrical
appearance of the plant in view, and allow the branches to be
developed as much as possible in regular order, so that they may
distribute the life fluid to all its parts in just proportion. It
must be borne in mind that we are pruning for quality as well
as bulk of timber ; for if by such means we increase the growth
beyond nature, we may add to the quantity at the expense of the
quality of the wTood. But where a tree is well stocked with proper
branches and an abundance of leaves, the formation and maturing
of the wood will be carried on equally. To gain this important
end, then, it is necessary to perform the operation of pointing
when the plants are young, and within the compass of handling
with the pocket-knife. Wherever a straggling branch appears,
or one competing with the leader, it should be pointed at once,
and its direct communication with the main stern and leader
broken. If the cut is made close beside a lateral on the branch,
fewer branches will spring ; but if a few inches beyond, fresh
eyes will make their appearance, and assist in covering the tree
with additional foliage. When growing timber is thus treated, the
lower shoots after a time begin to lose their wonted vigour (unless
when planted in the open park or lawn, where the trees have a
greater amount of air, in which case they make splendid speci-
mens) ; and, as already mentioned, after standing for fifteen or
twenty years, such branches may be gradually taken off. By
that time we may conclude the trees have arrived at maturity,
when they require less attention.

In close pruning it is of consequence that a clean cut be made,
and close to, but so as not to interfere with, the main stem or
bole. When neatly performed, the process of healing over is
more rapid, and there is less risk of an unsightly scar being left,
than when the work is done clumsily and by making a ragged
wound. If the directions above given be strictly followed, there
can be no large branches to cut off; and when the clearing of the
stem of the lower shoots is proceeded with, if done with the most
ordinary care, no check or injury can be given to the tree, or
blemish left by their amputation.

The season most suitable for pruning is the early spring
months, although we ought to be guided more by the weather
than by any definitely fixed period of time. In general, however,
the heavy end of the frost is over by the month of January, and
in such seasons the work may be commenced, when about six
weeks may be relied on as safe for continuing it. I am averse

48 REPORT ON THE PRUNING OF FOREST TREES.

to its being proceeded with sooner, in case of severe frost after-
wards setting in, which I have always found to be highly injurious
to such of the trees as have fresh wounds on them. Autumn
pruning is not to be recommended, for the reason that the plan-
tations are then going into a state of rest for the winter, and
perfecting their wood of the past season. It is, therefore, much
to their advantage if they are let alone at this time. But in
midsummer a good deal of light pruning may be done, such as
pointing and relieving the tops, and balancing the trees, and
cuts heal readily at this period of the year. But no heavy prun-
ing ought on any account to be attempted at this season.

Where time permits, young plantations ought to be looked
over in the course of the summer, and their condition regulated.
The great fault of all our pruning hitherto has been in allowing
the trees to be too old before commencing such operations ; and
were we to combine close pruning with pointing in all cases
where both are required, the latter will always fully make up
for any loss the plants may sustain by the former. Simple as
this mode of treatment may appear, it will be found, on being
adopted, to aid materially nature's exertions in carrying on and
perfecting her work.

The following hardwoods are specially adapted for the manage-
ment now recommended ; while each sort will be found to thrive
best under the particular treatment of pointing, close pruning,
&c, given with the accompanying list : —

The Ash {Fraxinus excelsior). — Pointing and close pruning.
This variety is very apt to get into large heads, unless kept under
by pointing, and the leader allowed clear head room. Also
requires thinning occasionally.

The Beech {Fagus sylvatica). — Principally thinning the
branches by close pruning, and all stragglers shortened.

Spanish Chestnut (Castanea vesca). — Pointing and close prun-
ing. Liable to run away with strong side shoots if not looked
after in time by pointing.

The Elm (Ulmus rnontana). — Pointing principally, with an
occasional branch cut clean off where too thick.

The Lime (Tilia europcea). — Pointing ; makes most beautiful
specimens by such treatment, few or none of the branches
requiring to be cut clean off for a time. As the tree advances,
thinning becomes necessary.

The Oak (Quercus Robur). — Pointing and close pruning.
Piequires to be often looked over, every season at least. Young
trees in a healthy state make rapid growths in a season, and soon
ran wild if not attended to by pointing.

The Turkey Oak (Quercus Cerris). — The same treatment as the
British oak. Principally pointing when the shoots are young. This
variety is a very rapid grower, and has a tendency to straggle.

ON THE PKUNING OF FOREST TREES. 49

The Scarlet Oak (Quercus coccinea). — Stands the knife well,
and should be treated similar to the British oak.

The Abele Poplar (Populus alba). — Principally pointing ;
being of rather a straggling habit, does well with free exercise of
the knife.

The Black Italian Poplar (Populus acladesca). — Pointing ; a
rapid grower, and requires constant attention when young.

The Ontario Poplar (Populus macrophylla). — Pointing and
close pruning ; a robust grower, and should have partial thinning.

The Willow (Salix var.). — This tribe should be looked over
annually for some time after planting, when the branches which
require it should be pointed. Being of free growth, is apt to
throw out strong shoots, which soon swell into powerful limbs,
and these detract from the girth, and are liable to be torn from
the tree with every high wind. This may easily be remedied by
a little extra attention when the trees are young.

The Birch (Betula alba). — Pointing, with an occasional branch
cut close. Under this treatment forms a most beautiful tree, but
should be done early in spring, as with late pruning it is apt to
bleed much. Does well with summer pruning.

The Sycamore or Plane-tree (Acer Pseudo-Platanus). — Pointing
chiefly. This, and indeed all the Acer tribe, ought to be pruned
very early in the season, as otherwise they have a tendency to
bleed. In midsummer I have often pruned to advantage.

From what has been stated, it will be seen that I am no advo-
cate for the system of extreme pruning sometimes followed, nor
do I approve of plantations being left entirely to themselves — a
plan frequently recommended with much plausibility, but found
in practice to be far from proper. Growing timber, if well cared
for when young, even although at some additional outlay, will
ultimately pay, while that carelessly treated never will; and
trees which are properly managed will always present a much
more pleasing appearance than those which are grudgingly at-
tended to.

So seldom is it necessary to prune trees of the Coniferse or
Pine tribe, that one is almost afraid to approach this part of the
subject, more especially as the whole family are worthy objects of
admiration; and when allowed to stand unmolested, form in most
cases perfect pyramids from the green sward upwards. It is
important, however, to know whether it be really advantageous
to apply the knife to the coniferse, and also when and to what
extent ; and in order to assist us in the settlement of the question,
let us examine the subject carefully. With the view of simplify-
ing the inquiry, we shall divide the tribe into families, and con-
sider the treatment proper for each.

1. The Pines proper, of which the Scotch fir (Pinus sylvestris)
is the type. Little can be done in the way of assisting these

D

50 ON THE PRUNING OF FOREST TREES.

beyond shortening a wild side shoot or double leader. Being
less free in pushing fresh shoots than the generality of hard-
woods, it must be borne in mind that when a branch is removed
from a pine, the gap thereby made is less likely to fill up, and
hence some consideration is necessarry before operating. But
this caution applies more particularly to specimens, as in ordi-
nary plantations the regularity of the branches is not so much
observed. In plantations of Scotch fir, when the lower branches
lose their vigour, and their growth is at a stand-still, as com-
pared with those higher up on the tree, they can be close pruned
with much advantage and perfect safety. Where the timber is
planted moderately thick, the lower shoots will be kept in check,
and led to decay ; and, when being removed, much caution has
to be exercised, in case of hurting the stem, as the blood-vessels
of the pines being larger than those of other trees, and not so
easily healed, improper wounds may continue to run for years,
and ultimately kill the tree. In all resinous-producing trees the
drawing of blood should as much as possible be avoided. The
above remarks apply to the whole of this family.

2. The next division of coniferae is the Abies, or Spruce fir, of
which the Norway Spruce may be taken as the type. This class
will bear pruning more or less, and some of them with advan-
tage. But this variety never shows with finer effect than when
allowed to grow naturally, attention being only given to the
checking of over-growths and double leaders. Where they are
permitted free space to expand their branches properly, there is
perhaps not a more attractive tree for the outline of the lawn or
pleasure ground. The Abies americana nigra, or Black Spruce, or
Abies americana alba o,ndrubrct,all require similar treatmentto the
Norway Spruce, unless grown somewhat thick, which will cause
the branches to decay, and these should at once be cleared away.
The Douglas Pine, or Abies Douylasii variety, is less liable to be
injured by pruning, indeed it is often necessary to use the knife
pretty freely to this sort. When young, they frequently throw
up double tops ; also, the side shoots often come away very
strong and form themselves into leaders, so that unless checked
at this stage they take more the habit of bushes than trees. But
they are easily kept under, and stand the knife well when applied
to the young branches ; are of very free growth, and when they
attain about six feet in height there is less fear of the side shoots
overtaking the leader. Perhaps this is the finest of all the Abies
tribe. They make magnificent specimens, and are rapid growers.
The timber is said to be excellent ; and were it more within
bounds in price, this, in my humble opinion, is the only real
substitute for the larch. If looked after, which I hope it may
come to be, it is likely to play a prominent part in the commer-
cial world at no very distant period.

ON THE PRUNING OF FOREST TREES. 51

3. The Picea is the next in order, of which the common Silver
fir (Picea pectinata) is the type. Forms fine specimens, but
generally requires no pruning. Picea nobilis bears shortening of
the young branches very well, and often requires to be operated
on. This variety is apt to throw out strong branches, and
thereby dwarfs the top shoot, and a little thinning and shorten-
ing is necessary, to cause a freer growth in the leader. Picea
Nordmanniana may be treated in a similar manner to Nobilis, but
needs it to a somewhat less extent. Where the branches come
thick on each other, and strong, they should be thinned and
shortened, to let the top away freely. P. grandis is occasionally
of a straggling habit, when a little shortening is demanded, but
no thinning. P. cephaloiiica will bear pruning less, and gene-
rally requires little to be done to it. P. Pinsapo cannot be ap-
proached with the knife without spoiling its beautiful propor-
tions. When well grown, this is perhaps the finest formed tree
in the whole pine tribe, and ought to be in every collection. The
Larch (Larix europcea) is probably the most generally useful of
all our timber trees, and at the same time the most roughly
handled of any. Being of rapid growth, it is very serviceable
as a nurse, and often employed for that purpose ; and the harsh
treatment it meets with while so used has often proclaimed to us
how unwise it is to touch a living branch. Let a plantation
where these trees are grown as nurses be examined, and see
where the forester, in relieving some favourite hardwood, has
brought his hedgebill down the broadside of a larch, to make
room for the more permanent tree. If the bill has unfortunately
pierced the bark of the larch, it is more than likely it will retain
the mark, exuding resinous matter for years, perhaps till canker
set in and death follow. May it not be the case that such treat-
ment has been a cause of the present disease ? The Cedar
(Cedrus Deodara) stands pruning well in its young branches, and
when up a little, requires nothing further to be done to it.

I beg to conclude with expressing the hope, that the obser-
vations above made will be found useful to those less acquainted
with the subject practically, and shall be glad if what has been
stated may be the means of leading to a better system of man-
agement of forests, and especially to the adoption of a uniform
method of treatment by pruning.

52 REPORTS ON DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FOOD FOR STOCK.

REPORTS ON DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FOOD

FOR STOCK.

By Robert J. Thomson, Grange, Kilmarnock.

[Premium — Twenty Sovereigns.]

I. Some Experiments on the comparative Feeding Values of
Swedes and Mangold Wurzels, 1864.

Liebig's famous classification of food into nitrogenous and non-
nitrogenous, or rather, we should perhaps say, into plastic or
flesh-forming, and respiratory or heat-supporting, must ever be
regarded as having marked an important epoch in the history of
the chemistry of food. It opened a broad pathway through a
tangled forest, and afforded to all followers numerous new stand-
points from which to view the intricacies of animal nutrition.
Men of science in all parts of the world, attracted by so brilliant
an hypothesis, almost at once became the disciples of the
illustrious German. The most distinguished chemists of the age
immediately set about ascertaining, by laborious research, the
composition of almost every edible, tabulating their values in
the scale of nutrition by ranging them in the order of their per-
centages of nitrogen ; and physio] ogists, learned and unlearned,
set themselves, with unwonted assiduity, to examine and to
criticise the merits and demerits of this famous classification.

Several years have now passed away, and the inexorable test
of practical experience has put it to the proof ; but, alas ! the
result is that the percentage of nitrogen gives, at the best, but an
approximate idea of the nutritive value of different kinds of
food, and not unfrequently altogether misleads. No one believes,
for example, that bran is as nutritious as flour, or that rape-cake
is equally valuable with linseed-cake, yet their percentages of
nitrogen are practically identical. We believe, notwithstanding
the able critiques of certain physiologists, that Liebig's hypo-
thesis, looked at in the most liberal light, is, in the abstract,
theoretically correct, but that it fails in ordinary practice, simply
because circumstances and conditions modify or invalidate the
deductions from chemical analyses as ordinarily made. We all
know that the corrosive action of a strong acid is entirely neutra-
lised when in combination with an alkali, which combination
possesses properties entirely different, not only from the acid
itself, but also from all other combinations of the same acid with
other alkalies. And so it is with nitrogen in the much more
complicated and exceedingly intricate organic compounds which
form the food of animals — compounds, many of which chemistry
has not yet even pointed out with distinctness, and regarding the
properties of which nothing is positively known. It is a remark-

REPORTS ON DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FOOD FOR STOCK. 53

able fact, that many of our most deadly poisons differ but little
in composition from well-known substances which are confessedly
highly nutritious.

In estimating theoretically the comparative nutritive values of
different kinds of food, physiology as well as chemistry must do
its part. The chemist must not only make known to us the
elementary composition of the foods, but he must also show the
states of combination in which they exist ; and the physiologist
must not only tell us the states of combination in which these
elements are most readily assimilated, but he must also show the
proportions of one to another required for the formation of bone,
muscle, fat, and milk, respectively. This accomplished, it would
become as easy a calculation to show the quantity of a given
food required to produce a certain amount of bone, muscle,
fat, or milk, as it now is to show the quantity of a given coal
required as food to the iron horse to produce a certain amount
of work. It is almost superfluous, however, to remind the reader
how very far indeed either chemistry or physiology is from
having reached this acme of perfection, or to state that the
method of investigating the comparative nutritive values of
different kinds of food, on which most reliance can in the mean-
time be placed, is unquestionably practical experiments. It
should not be forgotten, however, that experiments on the feed-
ing of animals are peculiarly liable to inaccuracies, from the ease
with which animal functions are disordered, and the difficulty
of discovering the presence of minor disorders. All animals
will, at times, eat more or less heartily than usual. A milch cow
will suddenly give a pound or two more or less milk than usual
for a day or two without any apparent cause, and a fattening
beast will sometimes actually lose weight, or at least will gain
nothing, when feeding as well as usual, and apparently in full
health. It is exceedingly difficult, too, if not impossible, to get a
sufficient number of animals whose constitutions are exactly alike :
some assimilate a much larger proportion of their food than others,
and occasionally the same food is found to produce different
effects on different animals, so that all such experiments, before
we are warranted in arriving at any definite conclusions, must
be repeated many times.

On January 16th 1864, four milch cows, four feeding beasts,
four queys (heifers) rising two years old, and four stirks rising one
year old, all of the Ayrshire breed, were put up in pairs and fed
alike till February 3d, particular notice being taken of the quan-
tity of food which each lot of two could consume per day. The
quantities at last fixed upon for each lot, and the hours at which
they were given during the whole time the experiment lasted,
will be found in Table I.

54 REPORTS ON DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FOOD FOR STOCK.

Table I.
Milch Cows and Feeding Beasts.

5 a.m. — 37J lbs. roots, 2 lbs. hay chaff, and 4 oz. salt, steamed,
and 2| lbs. beanmeal added.

5-30 a.m. — 4 lbs. hay.

6 a.m. — Milch cows milked ; milk weighed.
9-30 a.m. — 4 lbs. hay, water ad lib.

11 a.m. — Steamed mess, as at 5 a.m.
11-30 a.m.— 4 lbs. hay.

5 p.m. — Steamed mess, as at 5 a.m.
5 -30 p.m. — 4 lbs. hay.

6 p.m. — Milch cows milked ; milk weighed.

7 p.m. — 28 lbs. roots, raw.

8 p.m.— 4 lbs. hay, water ad lib.

Daily quantity for each animal. — 56 lbs. roots steamed, and
14 lbs. roots raw = 70 lbs. roots ; 3 lbs. hay chaff steamed, and
10 lbs. hay = 13 lbs. hay ; 6 oz. salt, 4 lbs. beanmeal.

Queys.

5 A.M. — 42 lbs. roots, 3 lbs. hay chaff, and 3 oz. salt, steamed.
9-30 a.m. — 4 lbs. oat straw, water ad lib.
11-30 a.m. — 4 lbs. oat straw.
5 p.m. — Steamed mess, as at 5 a.m.
8 p.m. — 4 lbs. oat straw ; water ad lib.

Total for each animal. — 42 lbs. roots, 3 lbs. hay steamed, 6
lbs. oat straw, and 3 oz. salt.

StirJcs.

5 a.m. — 18| lbs. roots, 1 lb. hay chaff, and 1 oz. salt, steamed.

9-30. a.m.— -4 lbs. oat straw.

11-30 a.m. — Steamed mess, as at 5 A.M.

5 p.m. — Steamed mess, as at 5 A.M.

8 p.m. — 4 lbs. oat straw.

Daily quantity for each animal. — 28 lbs. roots, \\ lbs. hay,
steamed ; 4 lbs. oat straw, 1| oz. salt. Water always before
them.

REPORTS ON DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FOOD FOR STOCK. 55

H
p

H

«

3 cows did best on
Swedes. 1 cow did
best on Mangolds.

40 — 18 = 22 lbs. in
favour of Swedes.

m

H

ID

<

«
fe

>— <

0
w
w

3 beasts did best on
Swedes; 1 beast did
equally well on both.

193—156=37 lbs. in
favour of Swedes.

m

r*
«

a

2 queys did best on
Swedes; 2queysdid
best on Mangolds.

92 — 62 = 30 lbs. in
favour of Swedes.

02

H
CO

3 stirks did best on
Swedes; 1 stirk did
best on Mangolds.'

51 - 42 = 9 lbs. in
favour of Swedes.

. a
— « '3

- 3,5 J

c q 0

00

1—1

CO

in

l-H

CM

CO

CM

0
co

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l-H

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CM

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l-H

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m

eding on
Mangolds.
Gain. Loss.

1— 1 : : os
cm : :co

rTT:

• • . -*
. . . 1 — 1

OO: t-H -M

: 0 00 •

<x>t~~ 10 co

CO-* CO CO

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When Fe

Swedes.
Gain. Loss.

1— 1 co • :
-* in : :

: : : :

: : : :

:°° : :

00 ; ■* (N

mm co -*

O -« 00 O
1—1 CO ?— 1 CO

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Total.
Gain. Loss.

m : ■•

1— 1 . . .

: : : :

: : : :

: : : :

! t^. CM CO
. 1—1 in

CO i-l O CO
OS OS t^OO

1—1

0 00 co 0

"* -* -f CO

co in os .—I

CM CM CM CM

How Fed

and
Gain. Loss.

Mangolds
... 1 18
39 | ...
Swedes
18 1 ...
26 1 ...

Mangolds
24 1 ...
27 1 ...
Swedes
22
24 1 '.'.'.

Mangolds
19 1 ...
1 1 ...
Swedes
12 | ...
17 1 ...

Mangolds
388 7 1 ...
349 11 1 ...
Swedes

372 14 1 ...

373 6 | ...

'08 '-mm
uo -sq[ ut

t^co ceo)

CO CM 1-1^.

OS OO OS OS

■* CO t^oo

co co c co

OS OS OS OS

OS OO ■* CM
t--00 l-H CO

m in co 10

How Fed

and
Gain. Loss.

Swedes
48 1 ...
... 1 22
Mangolds
3 1 ...
... 1 14

Swedes
30 1 ...
24 i ...
Mangolds
12 | ...
19 | ...

Swedes
10 1 ...
20 1 ...
Mangolds
10 1 ...
4 1 ...

Swedes

10 1 ...

... 1 7

Mangolds

... 1 1

11 1 ...

'91 ■•»»[

uo 'sqj ut

CO t-~ O CO

CO cc CO 0
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OS OS CO OS

0 t-- cm »n

CO CO O CM

10 10 co 10

r— 1 OO OOI-—
CO CO u- CO
CO CO CO CO

How Fed

and
Gain. Loss.

Mangolds
... 1 3
31 | ...
Swedes
26 1 ...
16 1 ...

Mangolds
14 1 ...
20 1 ...
Swedes
13 I ...
23 | ...

Mangolds
11 1 ...
13 1 ...
Swedes
6 1 ...
23 1 ...

Mangolds

... I 8
22 1 ...
Swedes
12 1 ...

8 1 ...

'5 'J"K 1

UO 'SQI Ut

00 05 t-- t—

CO 0 »o CO
OS CO OS OS

O <M CO in
1— 1 1— 1 t^-H

os os 00 os

O t~- CM i—(

10 CO OS CM

10 10 10 10

r-H in OS CO
t---H1 in m
CO CO CO CO

How Fed

and
Gain. Loss.

Swedes

... 1 41

... I 31

Mangolds

5 1 ...
... 1 25

Swedes
27 1 ...
30 1 ...
Mangolds
23 1 ...
17 1 ...

Swedes

14 1 '.'.'.

Mangolds

18 | ...

... 1 14

Swedes
9 1 ...

... 1 1

Mangolds

4 I ...

4

1

be J fe

1-1 OO r-H l-H

-f t— co 10
os i^. os os

CO CM O CM

OS OS CO "M
CO 0O OO OS

OS -« CO CO
CO 10 CO OS

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We

in 11

Feb. 3.

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Lots.

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r-H CM

l-H CM

r-H c-1

56 REPORTS ON DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FOOD FOR STOCK.

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58 EEPOETS ON DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FOOD FOE STOCK.

Au attempt was made with sheep likewise. Eight Cheviots, -
in order to have a duplicate experiment, were put up in the same
way in pairs, and at the same date ; but from their having been
unused to confinement they made but little progress, and the
experiment with them was a failure. ISTo notice is therefore
taken of them hereafter.

The milch cows had all calved in the last fortnight of Decem-
ber 1863, and were as nearly alike in size, age, and condition as
we had. The feeding beasts were chosen from a number of
others which had fed together for at least two months. The
queys and stirks had fed together all their lives. The milch
cows, feeding beasts, and queys were fed in stalls, and the stirks
in loose boxes. It was thought better to give a fair proportion
of beanmeal and fodder along with the roots, than merely roots
alone, simply because, in the best practice, this is always done ;
and our object was to get the comparative values of swedes and
mangolds — not so much per se, as under the conditions in which
they are used in ordinary practice. The roots and hay chaff were
steamed in eight separate boilers (one for each lot), put up
expressly for experimental purposes. These were filled and
steamed twice a-day. The roots were weighed as they were put
in, on a machine standing close to the boiler, and the hay chaff
and salt were measured in the dishes used for carrying them. A
" cooler" was provided for each lot, in which the food was put
direct from the boilers, and in which it was mixed, divided, and
carried to the cattle troughs. The beanmeal was weighed once
a-day, and was put into old milk dishes, which were set in the
feeding passage opposite to their respective lots. The hay and
straw used were put up into "bottles" weighed to 4 lbs. each, a
week's supply being put up at a time. The byre was very suit-
able for the purpose, there being a passage both behind and before
the cows. The weight of the milk was taken as drawn from the
cows, morning and evening, by means of a 30 lb. Salter's spring-
balance, adjusted to stand at zero with the empty "luggie" on.
It was set in a convenient place at the entrance to the milk-house,
and beside it, on a window sill, lay the milk-book and pencil.

On February 3d all the animals were weighed. All the lots 1
were then put on the swede diet, and all the lots 2 on the man-
golds. On February 17th they were again weighed. The lots 1
were now put on mangolds, and the lots 2 on swedes, and so on, at
March 2d, March 16th, and March 30th, when the experiment was
concluded. These weighings will be found in Table II.

On the second last day of each fortnight the milk given was taken
to represent the produce from swedes and mangolds respectively
One sample from each milking on that day was put into a long
glass hydrometer jar, graduated into 100 parts, in order to ascer-
tain the percentage of cream, which was read off after standing

REPORTS ON DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FOOD FOR STOCK. 59

24 hours. Another sample was used in taking the specific gravity
of the whole milk. This was clone at first by the lactometer, but
latterly, as being more correct, by the bottle. About 2U00 grains
were acidulated with a few drops of hydrochloric acid and heated
to about 170°, when the casein immediately coagulated. The whey
was filtered through unbleached cotton, cooled down to G0°, and
its specific gravity taken. After the percentage of cream was
read off a sample of the skimmed milk was drawn from the jars
by means of a siphon, and its specific gravity taken likewise.
The object of taking these specific densities was to ascertain the
relative quantities of casein and oily matter, or, in other words,
cheese and butter, which the milk from the different foods was
capable of yielding. We know that the oily matter in whole
milk rises to the surface as cream, because it is lighter than the
other ingredients — the skimmed milk. The greater the difference
in density, therefore, of the whole milk and the skimmed, the
greater the quantity of butter ; and, in like manner, because
casein (curd) is heavier than the other ingredients — the whey —
the greater the difference in density of the whole milk and the
whey, the greater the quantity of cheese. We think the relative-
quantities of butter and cheese which different milks contain may
be more correctly estimated by these methods, if carefully done,
than by means of the churn and the cheese tub. In the course
of some experiments made subsequently to these, we discovered
accidentally that the density varies to a considerable amount,
comparatively speaking, with the age ; and as no particular atten-
tion was paid to have them always taken at exactly the same
time, the results, although carefully and laboriously made, must
be thrown aside. We mention this cause of failure for those who
may undertake similar experiments. 10 lbs. of the whole milk
from each cow, morning and evening mixed, were put past for
two or three days in small numbered " crocks," and were there-
after churned. The first churnings (from milk given on February
15th) were done in a small common upright churn. Nos. 1 a and
1 b were done at the usual temperature for churning cream, which,
however, was found to be much too low, as No. 1 a took 2 hours and
40 minutes, and No. 1 & 3 hours and 10 minutes. The quantity
was less than it should have been, and the quality was quite
inferior. Nos. 2 a and 2 b were churned at 66°, which, being
successful, was the temperature always employed thereafter.
All the other churnings were done in a small double churn
which we got made for the purpose, by Messrs Jack and Son,
Maybole, price £2, 5s. One of the milks from the swedes was
always churned with one from the mangolds ; it was observed
that the latter usually took fully longer time. But the most
remarkable thing was the colour of the butter, which was in-
variably very white from the mangolds, while the butter from

60 REPORTS OX DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FOOD FOR STOCK.

the swedes had always a fair yellow colour, which gave it a much
richer appearance. This richer look, however, was uo guarantee
of quality when smelt or tasted ; for the mangold butter was
usually the sweeter of the two, and would, we believe, have
brought a higher price in the market than the Swede butter had
it been artificially coloured. Samples of the butter were regu-
larly judged by a gentleman whose services as a butter judge
are in frequent requisition at the dairy produce competitions in
this county, the result of whose judgment we give in a tabulated
form in Table III., where will also be found the weights of the
milk, the percentages of cream, and the quantities of butter from
10 lbs. of whole milk.

II. Some Experiments on the Comparative Feeding Values of
Swedes and Mangolds, 1865.

The experiments on the comparative feeding values of swedes
and mangolds, which we made in the spring of 1864, resulted, con-
trary to our expectation, somewhat in favour of swedes ; we
therefore resolved to repeat them at the first opportunity. Now,
the only season of the year in which experiments on the com-
parative feeding values of swedes and mangolds can be made is
from January to March inclusive ; for before January mangolds
are not ripe, and cause animals fed on them to scour, and after
March swedes deteriorate very rapidly. It may be said, indeed,
that even in these very months swedes are gradually losing in
quality, while mangolds are gradually improving. Our next ex-
periment was made in 1865, beginning on January 4th, and end-
ing on March 29th. Several important differences were made in
the plan of carrying out this experiment from the former one,
which it may be well to mention before proceeding to give the
results. We thought proper to confine the 1865 experiment
entirely to milch cows, not only because such an experiment is
more interesting, but also because it is more important. The
often-referred-to statistics, collected by the Highland Society ten
years ago, show that the cultivation of the mangold in Scotland
is chiefly confined to the dairy districts ; and in these districts
it will be found that the mangold crop is generally almost ex-
clusively reserved for the milch stock. A duplicate experiment
was made by taking eight cows, and dividing them into lots of
two each as before. As considerable difference of opinion exists
regarding the time in which a change of food affects the animal,
we lengthened the periods from 14 to 28 days each, and took
account of the milk given only during the last 21 days of each
period. We had to relinquish taking the specific gravities alto-
gether, as our time was pretty well taken up otherwise. The

REPORTS ON DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FOOD FOR STOCK. 01

quantity of butter was taken from 2 lbs. of cream, instead of
from 10 lbs. whole milk, as formerly, because we have always
got less variation from churning cream than from whole milk.
The milk given on the second last day of each period was put
up, each lot by itself, and 2 lbs. of pure cream taken for trial in
the churn. The difficulties previously experienced in taking
notes of the colour of the milk and butter, or of remembering
them from one period to another, with anything like exactness,
were got over by the construction of colour measures, which we
have dubbed "Lactoscope" and " Butterscope " respectively.
They consist of tin plates, 15 inches long and 3 inches broad,
and are divided into ten equal parts, which form an ascending-
scale, on the same principle as the ozonometer, from which,
indeed, we took the idea. They are painted in oil colours — No. 1
on the butterscope is pure white ; the others shade gradually to
No. 10, which is a deep rich yellow, copied from a sample of Irish
butter. The lactoscope was painted from samples of milk prepared
for the purpose by mixture with water or cream, as the case might
be. No. 5 is a good white, ordinary milk colour, and shades to No. 1
with a blue tint, and to No. 10, with a light cream. With both,
therefore, the higher the number given the richer is the colour.

The kind and quantities of food given were the same as in the
former experiment,* with exception of the fodder, which during
the first period, January 4th till February 1st, was oat straw;
from February 1st till March 1st, it was bean straw, cut into
chaff ; and from March 1st till March 29th it was a mixture of
oat straw and bean straw (about half and half), also cut into
chaff. The animals were so fond of this mixed chaff, and ate it
with such relish, that we allowed lib. additional to each lot
at every meal, from the 6th of March. This formed an inte-
resting experiment of itself ; for on examining the tables it will
be found that, taking the animals as a whole, they gained much
in weight when on the bean straw alone, but, notwithstanding,
gave considerably less milk (which seems to indicate a high
fattening value for bean straw), and that when fed on the mix-
ture, they not only still continued to gain weight, but gave more
milk, taking everything into account, than either when on oat
straw alone or on bean straw alone (which showrs the import-
ance of a mixture of food). The rest of the results given were
obtained in the same manner as in the former experiment.

Lots 1 and 2 calved in September 1864, and lots 3 and 4 early
in December. All had been together, and fed alike for a con-
siderable time. On January 4th, 1865, all the animals were
weighed, and lots 1 and 3 put on the swede diet, and lots 2 and
4 on the mangolds. On February 1st they were again weighed,

* See Table I. p. 54.

62 REPORTS ON DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FOOD FOR STOCK*

and the diet changed ; lots 1 and 3 being put on mangolds, and
lots 2 and 4 on swedes. The same thing was gone through on
March 1st; and at March 29th, when the experiment was con-
cluded, the animals were again weighed. These weighings will
be found in Table IV.

The weight of the milk given during the last twenty-one days
of each period is given in Table V., and all the observations on
the quality of the produce will be found in Table IV.

In the experiments of both years the results have been some-
what in favour of swedes, so far as regards the increase of live
weight, and, though to a smaller extent, the quantity of milk
given ; and in favour of mangolds, so far as the quality of dairy
produce (colour excepted) is concerned. We can scarcely infer,
however, that in" every case these results will follow ; for the
feeding value of every species of plants is considerably modified
by the circumstances, whether as regards climate or manure,
under which it is grown. Professor Anderson has lately found
considerable difference in the composition of both swedes and
mangolds grown on different manures, and it is well known that
mangolds grown in France and Southern Germany contain much
more saccharine matter than those grown in England ; so much
so, indeed, that while the manufacture of sugar from the beet is
a large and important trade in these countries, an attempt made
in England failed owing to this circumstance. In perusing the
results of analyses of the mangold, we have remarked that the
percentage of water is almost invariably greater in mangolds
grown in Scotland than in those grown in England ; it is very
probable, therefore, that the latter may be the more nutritious
of the two. Is it not possible, too, that Scotch-grown swedes
may, on the other hand, contain more nutriment than those of
English growth, the climate of Scotland being so peculiarly suit-
able for the cultivation of the swede ? The relative sizes of the
crops of swedes and mangolds, which are produced under similar
treatment in the south of Scotland, may be pretty nearly in the
proportion of three of the former to two of the latter ; so that
unless the feeding value of mangolds can be shown to exceed
that of swedes in the proportion of three to two, there is no in-
ducement to grow a greater breadth of mangolds than is neces-
sary for spring use, when swedes fail. And as this ratio, judging
from the above detailed experiments, seems quite out of the
question, we do not think of investigating this subject further.
In those large districts, however, of central England, where as
large crops of mangolds as of swedes can be grown, and where
the relative breadths of these crops depend only on their feeding
values, such experiments would be of great importance. Whether
the same results as those given above would be got there, can
only be known by trial.

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64 REPORTS ON DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FOOD FOR STOCK.'

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REPORTS OX DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FOOD FOR STOCK. 65

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66 REPORTS ON DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FOOD FOR STOCK.

The manures applied for the swedes and mangolds used in
these experiments were the same in both years, and are what we
usually apply for these crops, viz., 25 cubic yards farm-yard
dung, and in addition, 4 cwts. Peruvian guano, 1 cwt. super-
phosphate (containing 35°/0 " soluble phosphates "), and 2 cwts.
common salt per acre, to the mangolds ; and 3 cwts. guano and
2 cwts. superphosphate to the swedes.

Samples of the roots were sent to Professor Anderson for
analysis. The following are the results : —

Swedes.

Mangolds,

Water,

■ ■ •

90-85

86-99

Albuminous

i Compounds,

•81

1-08

Other Organic Matter,

7-65

11-02

Ash,

■ • •

•69

•91

100-00

100-00

Phosphoric

Acid in Ash,

9-94

1353

Do.

in plant, .

•068

•123

Considering that there are some apparent anomalies visible in
these experiments, it is quite possible that the results may be
partly fortuitous, or, at least, that they may have been affected
by unnoticed causes ; and that, even under like conditions, re-
sults differing to some extent from these might be got. We say
this not that we wish the reader to think that these experiments
have been carelessly made, or that somehow or other he should
put no confidence in them, but to guard him against a prevailing
tendency to rely too implicitly in the results of single experi-
ments. We confess our own confidence in the superior feeding
value of mangolds has received a shake severe enough to induce
us hereafter to grow a quantity of mangolds sufficient only to
fill the gap in April and beginning of May, between the last of
the swedes and the first of the pastures.

III. Some Experiments on the Comparative Feeding Values of Bean-
meal and Oatmeal, 1864.

Since the repeal of the Corn Laws, an excellent market has been
opened in Britain for the superfluous grain of other countries ;
and during the last twenty years the invention of labour-saving
machinery, and the cheapening of transit, have placed the
foreigner on a much better footing for successful competition in
our markets than he ever held at any previous period. The con-
sequence is, that an immense trade has been gradually developed,
our grain markets are glutted with enormous importations, and
cereals can no longer be grown in this country with the same
remuneration. The importation of dairy produce, and especially

EEPOETS ON DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FOOD FOR STOCK. G7

of butcher meat, live or dead, has not, on the other hand, increased
in anything like the same proportion ; and as the consumption of
these has gone on with the increasing population in a greater ratio
than they have been produced, the prices of both have risen to an
unprecedented height. Acute and far-sighted men tell us that this
state of matters — the decreased price of corn, and the increased
price of meat — is likely, from the above and other causes, to
continue; and a general impression prevails that the British
farmer, in order to live by his business, or to compete on any-
thing like equal terms with his foreign rival, must now turn his
attention in a greater degree than hitherto to the production of
these indispensable luxuries of life — butcher meat and dairy
produce.

It is universally admitted that concentrated foods are now as
indispensable in the profitable feeding of animals as are auxiliary
manures in the profitable culture of plants ; and it is of as much
importance to know the cheapest and best kinds of food to apply
for particular purposes, as it is to know the cheapest and best
kinds of manures to apply to particular crops. When we make
a tour through the northern and eastern districts of Scotland, we
find the farmers there feed for butcher-meat, and that they use
linseed cake ; and when we go into the south-western districts,
we find they feed there for dairy produce, and that they use
beanmeal. This is how ordinary practice — call it empirical
practice if you will — has decided; and he requires to be well
assured that he is right who dares to violate widely spread and
well established practices, even when these may have been the
result of mere empiricism. We may assume, therefore, in the
absence of other proof, that linseed cake and beanmeal are not
only highly nutritious foods, but also that they are the cheapest
and best (mixtures excluded) for the production of the sub-
stances for which they are respectively used. But while granting
this, it will still be evident that they can only be the cheapest
while they bear a certain relative price to other foods, and that if
this relation be disturbed, other foods may become cheaper than
they are. Now we venture to think that the relative prices of bean-
meal and oatmeal at present (1864) are such as to merit an inquiry
whether, under certain circumstances, the latter may not be pro-
fitably employed in preference to the former. It is manifestly
an advantage when a feeding stuff can be produced on the farm.
Now, although beans may be grown with profit on some farms,
yet, on by far the larger number throughout Scotland they are
not nearly so profitable a crop as oats, and on many farms they
cannot be grown at all. During the past two years, in common
with other farmers, we have been selling our oatmeal and buying
our beanmeal as usual ; but instead of making a nominal gain of
from 6s. to 8s. per load of 280 lbs., we have only got from 2s. to

68 REPORTS OX DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FOOD FOR STOCK.

5s. ; and indeed, occasionally, when the price of oatmeal was so
low as 25s. per load, we had to pay the same figure for beanmeal.
In these circumstances, besides the trouble and risk, there was
the loss consequent upon the extra preparation for market, and
the cartage both to and from. It therefore occurred to us, that
an experiment on the comparative feeding values of beanmeal
and oatmeal would be of some importance.

On March 16, 1864, four feeding beasts and four milch cows
were chosen from our stock, and were put up in lots of two
in each, and were fed exactly alike till March 30th. All the
animals were of the Ayrshire breed, and were as nearly alike in
size, age, and condition, as we had. The milch cows in lot 1
had both calved in December 1863, and those in lot 2, in Feb-
ruary 1864. The allowance of food to each lot, and the hours at
which it was given during the whole course of the experiment,
from March 30th till June 1st, was as follows : —

5 a.m. — 37^ lbs. mangolds, and 2 lbs. hay chaff steamed, and
5J lbs. meal (bean or oat as the case may be), J lb. treacle, and
6 oz. salt mixed with them.

5-30 a.m. — 4 lbs. hay.

9-30 a.m. — 4 lbs. hay, and water ad lib.

11 a.m. — Steamed mess, as at 5 a.m.

11-30 A.M.— 4 lbs. hay.

5 p.m. — Steamed mess, as at 5 a.m.

7*30 p.m. — 4 lbs. hay, and water ad lib.

Being a daily allowance to each animal of 56 lbs. mangolds,
3 lbs. hay chaff, 8 lbs. meal (bean or oat), 8 lbs. hay, | lb.
treacle,* 6 oz. salt.

On March 30th all the animals were weighed, and the lots 1
(of both beasts and cows) were put upon the beanmeal diet, and the
lots 2 upon the oatmeal. After the lapse of twenty-eight days,
on April 27th, they were again weighed, and the lots 1 were
changed to the oatmeal diet, and the lots 2 to the beanmeal.
They were weighed after the interval of a week, on May 4th,
and again, after another period of twenty-eight days, on June
1st, when the experiment was concluded. These weighings will
be found in Tables I. and II.

The milk given was weighed, morning and evening, as drawn
from the cows. The total quantity given in each period of
twenty-eigltf days will be found in Table III.

Samples of the milk were taken for examination f on a con-
venient day in the last week of each period. The percentages of

* The treacle was given not only as a laxative, but as a condiment; cattle
surfeit so readily on lanje quantities of meal — oatmeal especially.

t The methods of examination employed will be found fully detailed at
page 59.

REPORTS OF DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FOOD FOR STOCK. 69

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70 REPORTS ON DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FOOD FOR STOCK.

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REPORTS ON DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FOOD FOR STOCK. 71

cream are given in Table IV., and the quantities of butter from
10 lbs. whole milk, churned at 66°, are given in Table V.

The specific gravities of the whole milk, the skimmed milk,
and the whey, were also taken; the results, however, are so close,
that it would only take up space unnecessarily to give them in
detail, the difference (which was very slightly in favour of bean-
meal) not being greater than is within the ordinary limit of error
in weighing. The same remarks apply to the observations on
the difference in the colour of the milk, or the comparative lengths
of the time taken to churn it, and to the colour and quality of
the butter. The difference may simply be put as nil.

During the two periods, of twenty-eight days each, the quantity
of meal consumed by each lot was 896 lbs., or 3^- loads. The
gain in weight acquired by the feeding beasts when on oatmeal,
over that acquired on the beanmeal, was 51 lbs. (Table I.) As the
greater part of this must have gone to add to the " dead weight "
of the animals, we shall strike off only 3 lbs. for offal, thus leav-
ing 48 lbs. net. This quantity, at the moderate price of 4s. per
stone of 8 lbs., gives 24s. According to this experiment and
these calculations, then, if the beanmeal was worth 25s. per load,
the oatmeal was worth 32s. 6d. ; and their relative values for
fattening cattle would stand as 10 is to 13.

Dealing with the milch cows' experiment in the same way, we
have 25 lbs. gain in favour of oatmeal (Table II.), say 24 lbs. net.
This, at the same rate as before, gives 12s. The 73 lbs. milk
(Table III.), at the price of 3 Jd. per imperial pint, would fetch just
about 4s. In this case, if the beanmeal was worth 25s. per load,
the oatmeal was worth exactly 30s. per load, and the proportion-
ate values stand as 10 is to 12. We are not entitled, however, to
conclude that oatmeal is thus much the better of the two as a
milk producer ; for if we throw aside the gain in weight, and
take into account the increased quantity of milk only, the
values would stand thus : beanmeal 25s., oatmeal 26s. 3d., or as
10 is to 10 h.

We invariably look with a certain degree of distrust on the
deductions from single experiments — more especially if these
have been on the feeding of animals — no matter how carefully
or satisfactorily they may have been conducted. Experiments
of this class are liable to so many causes of inaccuracy, that it is
only when a considerable number have been made, on the same
plan and under like conditions, that we feel entitled to make
minute deductions ; but the above seem to indicate that oatmeal
possesses weight for weight, a considerably higher value than
beanmeal for the production of fat, and that it is at least equally
valuable with beanmeal for the production of milk.

72 REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTS WTIH DIFFERENT TOP-DRESSINGS.

REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT TOP-
DRESSINGS.

By Russell Swanwick, Whittington, Chesterfield.

I. On Rye Grass and Clover, Crop 1865.

[Premium — The Gold Medal]

The following experiments on the action of nitrogen in different
forms on the growth of rye-grass and clover were conducted on the
farm of Fenton Barns, East Lothian, and the object was to ascer-
tain whether the form in which nitrogen is applied materially
alters its beneficial influence on the growth of rye-grass and
clover.

The scale on which they were tried is recommended by Pro-
fessor Anderson ; and it is evident that, by taking the average
result on a number of small plots, evenly distributed over the
land, so as to correct any irregularity in the soil, closeness of
plant, &c, greater accuracy may be obtained than by taking a
single plot of much larger size. In this instance each experiment
was made in quadruplicate (with the exception of one in dupli-
cate), the plots being each r{2 acre imperial.

The field in which the experiments were tried lies about 40
feet above the sea-level ; and from the laminated appearance
of the subsoil, and the occasional sand banks, the valley in
which it lies would appear to have been once a continuation
of the Aberlady inlet. The soil is a heavy alluvial clay,
and in high condition, judging from the previous cropping and
manuring.

The crop experimented on consisted of red, yellow, and Alsike
clovers, and Italian and perennial rye-grass.* These seeds had
been sown the previous year in wheat, which yielded about
5 quarters per acre. The wheat had been preceded by a bare
fallow, which had received 24 tons per acre imperial of Edin-
burgh town manure. This was the first bare fallow there had
been on the farm for twenty years ; but it was found advisable,
owing to the wheat stubble having been deeply ploughed by
steam rather late in the spring, and the great dryness of the
season, which had rendered it impossible to reduce the soil to
a tilth suitable for turnip seed. The cropping before the wheat
had been beans, which had received 16 tons of farm-yard dung.
The plant, both of clover and grass, looked well, and was stand-
ing 8 or 10 inches high at the time of the application of the
dressings.

* The quantities sown were, for every \\ acre imperial, — red, 14 ihs. ; yellow,
2 lbs.; Alsike, 2 lbs.; Italian rye-grass, 2 pecks; perennial. 1 peck.

REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT TOP-DRESSINGS. 73

The nitrogen contained in 56 lbs. ammonia (NH3) is taken as
a useful standard amount to be applied per acre. Thus, each
plot of T^ acre receives such quantity of the nitrogenous manures
as contain h lb. ammonia, or of those which contain nitrogen
equivalent to that in | lb. ammonia.

The plots were carefully measured and marked out by strings
fastened at the corners of each plot, and left there till the grass
was cut. Thus the manures could be spread exactly ; and when
they were in such a fine powder as to be liable to float in the air,
a broad plank was placed edgeways on the string to prevent the
dust flying on to the adjoining plots.

The dressings, which were carefully weighed out for each indi-
vidual plot, were applied on May 10 and 11, 1865.

This was late in the season to reap the full advantage from
them; but an unforeseen delay arose, from the nitrate of ammonia
and nitrate of lime having to be manufactured expressly, and
then analysed.

It may, however, be safely inferred that the beneficial influence
of the various dressings would have been greater had the dress-
ings acted on the first crop for a longer time. This supposition
is borne out by the fact, that the rest of the field in which the
plots lay had received on April 18th a dressing of nitrate soda and
sulphate ammonia, rather smaller than that applied on the expe-
riments three weeks after, and had in that time grown 6 or 7
inches more than the part reserved to receive the trial dressings ;
and this advantage it continued to keep, after the experimental
plots had received their dressing, up to the time of cutting.

The plots received as follows : —

1, 11, 21, 1 Nothing, being left as standards of comparison. They
31, 10, 40. J were interspersed as evenly as possible among the

manured plots.

2, 12, 1 Each 2 lbs. 10 oz. glue (estimated to contain 15 per cent.
22, 32. J nitrogen, equivalent to 18 per cent, ammonia), containing

nitrogen equal to that in £ lb. ammonia. The glue being very
tough and unbreakable, was dissolved by heating the 2 lbs. 10
oz. in 3 gallons of water. This solution was poured on from a
gardener's watering-can with a rose-end. The object of this
experiment was to ascertain whether nitrogen contained in unde-
composed animal matter is as valuable as when decomposed, and
in the form of an ammonia salt, or a nitrate. Glue, though far
too expensive to apply as a manure, is taken as typical of other
undecomposed animal matter, and as one which does not contain
other substances liable to interfere with the result of the nitrogen.
It serves to test if it is expedient to allow the gelatine to be
abstracted from the bones before using them for manure, and then
supplying its loss by ammonia salts, or whether it is more econo-
mical to apply the gelatine itself in the bones.

74 REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT TOP-DRESSINGS.

3, 13, \ Each 1 lb. 15 oz. sulphate of ammonia (containing J lb.

23, 33. J pure ammonia gas). It was sown in a fine powder.

4, 14, \ Each 1 lb. 9 oz. chloride ammonium sown in powder.

24, 34. j In this, and the sulphate ammonia, all the nitrogen is
contained in the form of ammonia ; and if there is any difference
between them in result, it must be owing to the hydrochloric and
sulphuric acids which they contain.

5, 15, 1 Each 1 lb. 2 oz. nitrate ammonia, dissolved for con-

25, 35. J venience, as the salt was in coarse crystals, in 1| gallon
of water, and applied in the same manner as the glue.

6, 16, 1 Each 2 lbs. 6 J oz. nitrate of lime (also for convenience

26, 36. J dissolved in water).

7, 17, )_ Each 2 lbs. 8 oz. nitrate of soda, sown in powder. In
27> 3". j the nitrate soda and nitrate of lime all the nitrogen is

contained in the nitric acid ; but besides this, the base is of some
manurial value.

8, 18, 1 Each 3 lbs. 9 oz. Peruvian guano, sown in powder.

28, 38. J This quantity is estimated to contain \ lb. ammonia,
like all the other dressings. In addition to which, it contains
phosphates and other salts in large quantities valuable for their
manurial properties, so that this cannot be considered as a fair
experiment, the result of which is to be compared with that of
other nitrogenous substances not containing other salts.

9, 19, 1 Each 1 lb. 1| oz. sulphate ammonia, and 1 lb. \\ oz.

29, 39. J nitrate soda, both applied dry. These quantities of
the two salts together contain the same quantity of nitrogen
as \ lb. ammonia. This dressing was applied as being the
usual one which is given to grass in this neighbourhood, and
helps to show whether a mixture of salts may not supply the
wants of the grass and clover better than one salt.

20, 1 Each 1 lb. 9 oz. of chloride ammonium dissolved, and
30. J applied similarly to the other solutions. It was applied
thus to see, by comparison with the chloride ammonium applied
dry, if there was any difference in result when in solution and
in powder. This was to make sure that those salts which were
put on in solution had no unfair advantage over the others that
were not. There was heavy rain directly after the dressings
were all sown, thus giving those salts which are not deliquescent
a comparative advantage, as it is in very dry seasons that
deliquescent salts can be sown with such great advantage over
non-deliquescent ones.

The edges and points of the leaves of the grass and clover on
some of the plots seemed scorched by the dressings, but especially
those on which the salts had been put in solution. The plots on
which the sulphate ammonia, chloride ammonium, and the nitrate
soda with sulphate ammonia were sown dry, were very slight]}-
scorched. The plots on which the nitrate ammonia, nitrate of

Were all looking very well, and of
a good dark colour. They ap-
peared nearly equal ; the Peru-
vian guano, however, looked
rather the best.

RETORTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT TOP-DRESSINGS. 70

lime, and chloride ammonium were applied in solution, were con-
siderably scorched.

The greater scorching produced by those applied in solution
probably arises from the solutions not being sufficiently dilute,
and to their sticking to the leaves and blades, and burning them
slightly, while those in powder sank down nearer the roots ; and
what little clung to the leaves was washed off them into the
ground by the rain before it could be dissolved sufficiently to
burn them.

During the period between the application and the end of May

there were 3*6 inches of rain. During June up to the 26th, when

the plots were cut, there was 0-3 inch. On June 14th the plots

looked as follows : —

Sulphate ammonia,
Chloride ammonium,

«..» "• m solution, a good dark colour. They ap

.Nitrate ammonia, „ j i i 4i, r>

Nitrate lime, " Peared nearly e(*ual ; the Peru

Nitrate soda,

Peruvian guano,

Nitrate soda with sulphate ammonia,

Glue looked slightly less in quantity, and not such a good
colour.

The blank plots looked decidedly the worst.

On June 20th the various dressings were looking relatively the
same, except that the sulphate ammonia plots did not quite hold
their position with the others.

On June 26th the grass on the plots was cut, weighed, and
spread out for hay.

On July 5th it was weighed again as hay.

The observations made at the time of cutting were, that on the
nothing plots the crop was the thinnest and lightest in colour.
The grass stood about 3 feet high, the clover 20 inches. On
the glue plots the crop was darker in colour than on the nothing
plots, and the clover stood about 4 inches higher.

On the sulphate of ammonia plots the crop stood about the
same height as on the glue plots, but was stronger and darker in
colour, as far as the eye could judge, though the weighings make
the crops almost equal.

On the chloride ammonium plots the crop stood the same
height as the last, but there was considerable improvement in the
thickness and colour.

On the nitrate ammonia plots the crop looked altogether about
equal to that on the chloride ammonium plots.

On the nitrate of lime plots the crop was the same in appearance.

On the nitrate of soda plots the crop was the same in appearance.

On the Peruvian guano plots the height, thickness, and colour
seemed better than on any of the others.

76 REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT TOP-DRESSINGS.

TABLE I. — Field Plan of Experiments on Grass and Clover, showing
the arrangement of plots, and the weight produced on each of
Grass and Hay in Pounds.

1. Nothing.

13. Sulphate of
ammonia.

25. Nitrate of
ammonia.

40. Nothing.

Grass,

110*

126

152

115*

Hay,

38*

43|

48

36|

2. Glue.

20. Chloride of

24. Chloride of

39. Nitrate of

ammonium m

ammonium.

soda and

solution.

sulphate of
ammonia.

Grass,

121*

139

157*

140*

Hay,

42^

44*

49

46

3. Sulphate of

16. Nitrate of

23. Sulphate of

38. Peruvian

ammonia.

lime.

ammonia.

guano.

Grass,

119*

135*

140J

155*

Hay,

41*

44|

44*

51*

4. Chloride of

19. Nitrate of

22. Glue.

37. Nitrate of

ammonium.

soda and
sulphate of
ammonia.

soda.

Grass,

140*

149*

145*

146

Hay,

48

49

45^

47

5. Nitrate of

18. Peruvian

21. Nothing.

36. Nitrate of

ammonia.

guano.

lime.

Grass,

133|

163

123

112

Hay,

45i

52*

37*

40*

6. Nitrate of

12. Glue.

35. Nitrate of

30. Chloride of

lime.

ammonia.

ammonium in
solution.

Grass,

131*

128

148i

157*

Hay,

46

40*

49^

47*

7. Nitrate of

15. Nitrate of

29. Nitrate of

34. Chloride of

soda.

ammonia.

soda and

sulphate of

ammonia.

ammonium.

Grass,

13l£

136*

130*

154*

Hay,

44

45*

45*

48^

8. Peruvian

11. Nothing.

27. Nitrate of

33. Sulphate of

guano.

soda.

ammonia.

Grass,

149£

115 h

135£

122

Hay,

48

35

43

41*

9. Nitrate of

14. Chloride of

28. Peruvian

32. Glue.

soda and

ammonium.

guano.

sulphate of

ammonia.

Grass,

135

135

147*

132£

Hay,

45

46

50

43*

10. Nothing.

17. Nitrate of
soda.

26. Nitrate of
lime.

31. Nothing.

Grass,

114*

136*

134£

113*

H^y,

38

47

46

36^

REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT TOP-DRESSINGS. 77

On the nitrate soda with sulphate ammonia plots the crop
looked the next best after the guano both in thickness and colour,
though it has not weighed so well as some of the others.

On the chloride ammonium in solution plots the crop looked
nearly equal to that with the same dressing applied dry. Though,
as will be seen from Table I., there is considerable variety in the
weight of crop on the individual plots, yet the large crops balance
the smaller, and the average on the four will thus approximate to
the truth.

There is in one or two of the sets a plot whose crop deviates
in weight out of all proportion from the greatest deviation of any
of the other sets, and thus gives a false average, but the amount
by which it is wrong will not be great, as the fault of the one is
distributed over the four.

From Table I. it will be seen that the weight of crop on the
four plots of the same manure varies slightly. This can scarcely
be owing to the irregularity of the soil altogether ; for take one
of the worst plots, viz., 36 : it is 21 lbs. below the average of the
other three with the same manure, while those on each side of it
are above the average of their quadruplicates. This variety was
greatly owing to the plants not being equally close throughout.

The second crop received no additional dressings. It was cut
on September 27th, being just 3 months since the removal of the
first. During that time there had been rain to the amount of 6
inches, viz., during July, 2-7 ; August, 24 ; September 09 ; —
total, 6-0.

At the time of cutting, the plots had the following appear-
ance : —

On the nothing plots, the grass was rather thin, but the clover
was very good.

Of the glue plots, the clover was not good on No. 2. No. 12
had been spoilt by the hay cock lying on it, and was therefore
left out entirely. Nos. 22 and 32 had a very good crop of clover
on them, and the grass also was good.

On the sulphate of ammonia plots the clover was bad, except
on No. 23.

On the chloride of ammonium plots the clover was fair on the
whole ; on Nos. 4 and 24 it was good.

On the nitrate of ammonia plots the clover was poor.

On the nitrate of lime plots the clover was good on 16 and 26,
but poor on 6 and 36.

On the nitrate of soda plots the grass and clover were very
fair, except on 27, on which the clover was bad.

On the Peruvian guano plots the grass and clover were both
good.

On the nitrate of soda with sulphate of ammonia plots the grass
and clover were good, except on plot 29, which was very poor.

78 REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT TOP-DRESSINGS.

TABLE II. — Field Plan of Experiments on Grass and Clover, giving
the Weight of Grass and Hay on each Plot of the Second Crop.

1. Nothing.

13. Sulphate of
ammonia.

25. Nitrate of
ammonia.

40. Nothing.

Grass,

46*

43

46

56

Hay,

2H

20!

20

26

2. Glue.

20. Chloride of

24. Chloride of

39. Nitrate of

ammonium m

ammonium

soda and

solution.

dry.

sulphate of
ammonia.

Grass,

42^

61

59

67*

Hay,

20

28

28|

29!

3. Sulphate of

16. Nitrate of

23. Sulphate of

38. Peruvian

ammonium.

lime.

ammonia.

guano.

Grass,

45

57*

62

64

Hay,

21*

24!

29!

29!

4. Chloride of

19. Nitrate of

22. Glue.

37. Nitrate of

ammonium.

soda and

sulphate of

ammonia.

soda.

Grass,

61

62

60

54

Hay,

27*

27

28!

23!

5. Nitrate of

18. Peruvian

21. Nothing.

36. Nitrate of

ammonia.

guano.

lime.

Grass,

52*

32

Hay,

Mh

Spoilt.

Spoilt.

14

6. Nitrate of

12. Glue.

35. Nitrate of

30. Chloride of

lime.

ammonia.

ammonium in
solution.

Grass,

48

43

Hay,

23

Spoilt.

Spoilt.

18!

7. Nitrate of

15. Nitrate of

29. Nitrate of

34. Chloride of

soda.

ammonia.

soda and

sulphate of

ammonia.

ammonium.

Grass,

49!

47

43

45

Hay,

23*

20|

19

19

8. Peruvian

11. Nothing.

27. Nitrate of

33. Sulphate of

guano.

soda.

ammonia.

Grass,

60*.

53^

384

51!

Hay,

27

22|

17!

22!

9. Nitrate of

14. Chloride of

28. Peruvian

32. Glue.

soda and

ammonium.

guano.

sulphate of

ammonia.

Grass,

53

45}

5H

63

Hay,

25

20

24

31!

10. Nothing.

17. Nitrate of
soda.

26. Nitrate of
lime.

31. Nothing.

Grass,

69i

66

en

53^

Hay,

30

28^

30

24

REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT TOP-DRESSINGS. 79

Of the two chloride of ammonium in solution plots, one was
poor while the other was good.

Plots 18, 21, 12, 35, were slightly spoilt by the hay cock of
the first crop lying on them too long. They were, therefore, not
considered at all in taking the average.

The results of the second crop are not so satisfactory as those
of the first. The crops on the individual plots in each set vary
more in weight, and their weights do not bear any definite rela-
tion to those of the first crop. This seems unaccountable, but
there was the same extraordinary irregularity of second crop
all over the field. There were strong, patches of clover, and then,
nearly bare places, scattered over the field. It did not appear
that the best first crop was followed by either the best or worst
second crop, or that the worst first gave the best second. There
might have been a difference in the results, and a greater re-
gularity, had the second crop been cut sooner, for on some of the
plots the crop was over ripe at the time of cutting, and would
thus have lost in weight considerably.

There is no doubt that the Peruvian guano — probably owing
to the other salts which it contains beside the ammonia salt — is
the most lasting in its effects, as it has produced far the best
second crop.

The glue has had rather less effect on the first crop than the
salts, but has had more on the second crop than any, except the
Peruvian'guano. This would indicate that it is not decomposed
very rapidly, but requires some short time before it becomes avail-
able for the plant.

The mixture of nitrate of soda with sulphate of ammonia has
slightly improved the second crop, instead of having diminished
it, as the other ammonia salts and nitrates have done. This is
satisfactory, as it is a usual top dressing in East Lothian.

The slight beneficial, and in some cases even hurtful, effect of
some of the dressings on the second crop, may be owing to their
having stimulated the early growth at the ultimate expense of
the vigour of the clover plant, the grass being very equal on all
as far as one could judge. The second crop of clover on the
nothing plots being more, even, than that on any of the other
plots, it would seem that all the dressings had injured the clover
plant more or less, but that the Peruvian guano, glue, and nitrate
of soda with sulphate of ammonia, have been able, by stimulating
the remaining plants of clover, and more especially the grass, to
make up for the fewer clover plants. Whether it is that the
plant is quite used out, or that, having been stimulated once, it
requires the stimulant to be kept up, might be tested, by applying
a second dressing, — applying, at the same time, the same dressing
to plots which have received nothing the first crop. This expe-

80 REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFEREXT TOP-DRESSINGS.

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REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT TOP-DRESSINGS. 81

riment was not thought of till after the result of the second crop
was known.

The object of these experiments, as stated in the beginning, is to
ascertain whether the form in which nitrogen is applied materially
alters its beneficial influence on the growth of rye-grass and
clover.

There are so many disturbing influences, as of weather, state
of soil, &c, which may affect the result of these and all other
experiments, that it is unsafe to draw conclusions from them,
unless they are supported by similar results, from experiments
tried in different soils, in different years, and with different quan-
tities of the dressings. It is particularly the case with these
results, for some of them are contrary to those of previous expe-
riments. Therefore, only the conclusions which these particular
experiments on this soil suggest are given.

They are as follows : —

That undecomposed nitrogenous matter in a state of fine divi-
sion is readily decomposed in the soil, and made available for the
plant, and that in this undecomposed state it is of equal value
with ammonia salts or nitrates, in its ultimate results, though it
is not so quick in its action, and has not, therefore, such a stimu-
lating effect on the first crop.

In the effects of the sulphate of ammonia and chloride of am-
monium there is considerable difference, the latter giving a
quarter of a ton more hay per acre than the former. The chlo-
ride gains its advantage in the first crop, as the second crops are
equal. It would appear, therefore, that the acid has played an
important part — the hydrochloric acid being, in this case, the
more valuable of the two acids. Whether this is from the soil
being deficient in chlorides, or whether from the chloride of
ammonium having greater powers of diffusion through the soil
than the sulphate, requires further attention. If the chloride of
ammonium is more valuable as a dressing than the sulphate of
ammonia, when applied in the quantities in which they were in
this case, — that is, 1 cwt. 105 lbs. of sulphate, against 1 cwt. 63
lbs. of the chloride, then what a much greater crop would the
chloride give, if 1 cwt. 105 lbs. were applied. Thus, if the chlo-
ride could be made at nearly the same cost as the sulphate, it
might be a valuable manure.

The nitrate of ammonia has been very beneficial to the first
crop, standing third best in its results on that crop, but it appears
to have destroyed the ultimate vigour of the plant, as it has given
the worst second crop of any of the dressings. This is probably
owing to its being all spent on the first crop, as in the nitrate
of ammonia the whole manurial value is in the two sources of
nitrogen, while in the other dressings which have been used,
the acid alone, or the base alone, contains the same quantity of

F

82 REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT TOP-DRESSINGS.

nitrogen as both acid and base in the nitrate of ammonia, and
thus there is a base or an acid, as the case may be, which is in
itself valuable ; as in the nitrate of soda there is the whole of the
soda, besides the nitrogen, by the quantity of which the salt has
been valued, and the more lasting effect of these dressings probably
arises from this cause.

The nitrate of soda has increased the first crop more than the
nitrate of lime, and nearly as much as the nitrate of ammonia ;
they, both of them, have had rather a better effect on the second
crop than the nitrate of ammonia, while on that crop they are
about equal to the sulphate of ammonia and the chloride of
ammonium. They have not improved the first crop, however, quite
as much as the chloride of ammonium, though they have done so
more than the sulphate. Thus, as these nitrates stand in their
results between the two ammonia salts, it cannot be inferred that
nitrogen, in the form of a nitrate, is either more or less valuable
than nitrogen in the form of ammonia.. The Peruvian guano has
been far the most productive and profitable of any of the dress-
ings ; but, as stated in remarking on the first and second crops in-
dividually, it is unfair to compare it as a source of ammonia alone,
owing to the manurial value of the phosphates and other salts
which it contains. These results, however, show that these salts
are very valuable to rye-grass and clover, when there is rain soon
after the guano is applied.

The mixed dressing of nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia
has given the heaviest total crop after the guano. On the first
crop it stands fourth best in its results, giving 4 cwt. less than the
guano, and 1J cwt. less than the chloride of ammonium. On
the second crop it appears to have done no damage, or rather has
made up for the damage done to the clover by increasing the grass
crop.

The chloride of ammonium in solution did not produce such a
good first crop as the chloride of ammonium applied in powder.
This is probably owing to its having scorched the plants more at
first, for the second crops are almost equal. From this it may be
inferred, that both the nitrate of lime and nitrate of ammonia
might have produced larger first crops had they been applied in
powder, or in more dilute solutions, as they are both caustic salts.
Most experiments on the action of ammonia salts on clover ap-
pear to have shown that they are injurious to it. Yet in these,
there can be no doubt that the first crop of clover stood higher and
looked better in the plots which had received some nitrogenous
dressing, than on the blank plots. This order was certainly, on
the whole, reversed on the second crop.

From the irregularities of crop noticed on the various plots of
the same experiment, there is no doubt that it would be more satis-
factory were each experiment tried on six or eight plots, instead

REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT TOP-DRESSINGS. 83

of four, or on four plots of double the size, when there is a mixed
crop of seeds and clover, as such a crop is always liable to have
the clover and grass mixed rather irregularly.

As regards the profit on the various crops, it would have been
far greater had the dressings been applied four weeks earlier.
According to some experiments on the application of dressings at
various times, the difference of crop on the dressed and undressed
plots would have been doubled by a month's earlier application,
and hence there would be profit, while in this case there is
actual loss with some of the dressings.

II. On Turnips, Crop 1865.
[Premium — Silver Medal.]

These experiments, also conducted on the farm of Fenton-
barns, were on the comparative effects on turnips of phosphates
derived from animal and mineral sources when in combination
with nitrogenous manures and alone, also on the comparative
effects of phosphatic and ammoniacal manures.

The phosphates used are dissolved coprolites, dissolved bone
ash, dissolved bones, and Bolivian guano (not dissolved). These
were applied in such proportion to each plot as would supply
112 lbs. phosphoric acid (P05) per acre imperial.

The nitrogenous manures used were glue and sulphate of
ammonia, applied in such proportion as would give nitrogen
equal to that contained in 56 lbs. ammonia (NH3) per acre.

The field chosen for the experiments lies between 40 and 50
feet above the sea level. The soil is a moderately heavy loam.
The previous crop had been wheat, preceded by potatoes, which
had received 12 tons farm-yard dung and 3 cwts. of Peruvian
guano per acre. From the previous cropping and manuring the
soil may be considered to have been in good condition.

The experimental plots were in triplicate, each plot being
T|-7fth of an acre. They were carefully measured out and marked
with cords. There being some slight irregularity in the soil of
the field, the plots were so arranged as to correct this inequality.
The dressings were sown on May 27th, in the drills, which were
then ridged in and sown the same day with white globe turnip seed.
The glue was applied as in the experiments on grass, by boil-
ing the 2 lbs. 10 oz. allotted to each plot in about 3 gallons of
water, and pouring this over the opened out drills.

The weather being dry after the turnips were sown, they came
up slowly, and were eaten considerably by fly in parts. This
made it difficult to estimate the relative speed of growth at the
time of brairding. The nothing plots seemed to be slightly
behind the rest at this time, while the rest of the field, which had

84 REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT TOP-DRESSINGS.

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REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTS "WITH DIFFERENT TOP-DRESSINGS. 85

received 12 tons of dung and 3 cwts. of Peruvian guano (this is
far heavier manuring than any of the experiments), was decidedly
in advance of airy. This might be partly owing to the rows hav-
ing been less exposed to the sun where the dung was put, than
on the experimental plots, where they were exposed to a hot sun
for four or five hours.

During June there was only 0-3 inch of rain. The rows were
singled on June 29th.

On July 26th the nothing plots had fallen still more in the
rear. Those which had received glue or sulphate of ammonia
were looking rather better than those which had been dressed
with phosphates alone. The rainfall during this month was 2-7
inches.

TABLE II. — Shows Weight of Turnip Crop per Acre, with each
Manure and the Weight of Manure applied.

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3 ■ — ■

p

w

en

w

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OP

op

OW

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p

ft

p

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Tna. cwt

Tna. cwt

Tns. cwt.

Tn«. cwt.

Tns. cwt.

Tns. cwt.

Tns. cwt.

Tns. cwt

I'na. cut.

Weight of Crop.

16 8§

16 llj

16 16§

16 10J

16 9h

13 5§

14 9

16 3f

16 0^

Cost of Manure per

£ s. rf.

£ s.d.

£ s.d.

£ 5. d.

Acre.

1 8 1

1 19 4

2 4 9

1 4 1

"3 g aj i

»o

in -*

lO t—

m o

lO ©

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£3

£ «

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n

£-
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3

o

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Is o

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Tn«. cwt

Tns. cwt.

Tns. cwt.

Tns. cwt.

Tns. cwt.

Tns. cwt.

Tns. cwt.

Weight of Crop.

12 17

17 11

17 4

18 3

17 10J

16 18§

12 18$

18 14§

Cost of Manure per

£ 5. d.

£s. d.

£ s. d.

£s. d.

£ s. d.

£ s. d.

Acre.

19 1

2 13 2,31310

3 8 10

2 17 2

5 0 0

The cost of the glue per acre is not given, as glue is merely taken as typical
of other undeconiposed nitrogenous matter. It cost .£63 per ton.

88 EEPOETS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT TOP-DRESSINGS.

On August 27th the order of merit was about the same as in
July. The sulphate of ammonia with dissolved bones looked
about the best. The rainfall this month had been 2 '4 inches.

The turnips were pulled, shawed, and weighed the last week
in November, when the weights of the bulbs alone on each plot
were as shown in Table I.

The weight of the crop on the rest of the field was estimated
by taking the average on several plots which were similarly dis-
tributed over the field to the experimental plots. The weight of
crop per acre is calculated from the average weight on the
triplicates, and is shown in Table II.

In this table it will be seen that of the phosphates the dis-
solved bones and Bolivian guano have had the best effect. This
may to some extent be owing to their containing more nitrogen-
ous matter than the other phosphates. The bone-ash stands
next best of the phosphates, and the coprolites is the worst,
with only an increased crop of 8 cwts. above the nothing plots.
The phosphates in combination with glue have produced a very
slight increase above the glue alone. The phosphates in com-
bination with sulphate of ammonia have produced scarcely any
additional crop above that from sulphate of ammonia alone, and
in some cases seem actually to have lessened it. The sulphate
of ammonia with dissolved bones is the best. The sulphate of
ammonia has on the whole produced about 1 ton heavier crop
per acre than the glue.

From these data it is evident, that on the particular soil in
question, and during the season of 1865, nitrogenous manures
were of far greater value to the turnip crop than phosphates ; and
of the phosphates, that the animal phosphates were more valuable
than the mineral.

III. On Wheat, Crop 1865.
{Premium — The Medium Gold Medal.]

The following experiments on the comparative effect on wheat
of phosphates derived from animal and mineral sources, when in
combination with nitrogenous manures, and alone, also on the
effect of phosphates as compared with ammonia salts, were like-
wise conducted on the farm of Fentonbarns.

These experiments were made with the same manures, and ap-
plied in the same quantities, as in the turnip experiments. The
plots were the same size, viz., T^ acre, but as the soil was
of very even quality, and the wheat plant also even, the manures
were only tried in duplicate. The field chosen lies 100 feet
above the sea level. The wheat (Fenton wheat) had been sown
on November 10, 1864. The ground had been prepared for it
by Howard's steam cultivator on the 8 th. It was very dry, con-

REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT TOP-DRESSINGS. 87

sidering the amount of rain which had fallen during the previous
Aveek, viz., 8 inches in eight days. The soil is a strong loam.
The previous cropping had been potatoes in 1864, and oats in
1863, and the land was considered to be in good condition. The
dressings were applied on May 13th, when the wheat was looking
very well, and of a good dark colour. The manures were applied
dry, as a top-dressing, and there were several good showers imme-
diately after their application.

TABLE I. — Field-Plan showing the Distribution of Plots.

1. Glue and dis-
solved coprolites.

28. Dissolved
coprolites.

2. Glue and dis-
solved bone-
ash.

27. Sulphate of
ammonia.

3. Glue and dis-
solved bones.

26. Sulphate of

ammonia and

dissolved

coprolites.

4. Glue and Boli-
vian guano.

25. Sulphate of
ammonia and
dissolved bone-
ash.

5. Glue.

24. Sulphate of

ammonia and

dissolved bones.

6. Bolivian
guano.

23. Sulphate of

ammonia and

Bolivian guano.

7. Dissolved
coprolites.

22. Dissolved
bones.

8. Dissolved
bone-ash.

21. Bolivian
guano.

9. Sulphate of

ammonia and

dissolved

coprolites.

20. Dissolved
bones.

10. Sulphate of
ammonia and
dissolved bone-
ash.

19. Glue.

11. Sulphate of

ammonia and

dissolved

bones.

18. Glue and
dissolved copro-
lites.

12. Sulphate of

ammonia and

Bolivian guano.

1 7. Glue and
dissolved bone-
ash.

13. Sulphate of
ammonia.

16. Glue and
dissolved bones.

14. Dissolved
bone-ash.

15. Glue and
Bolivian guano.

Table of Eainfall.

After application to end of May,
During June, .....

July,

„ August, up to harvest,

About, ....

3-0

inches

0-3

)J

2-7

J>

2-0

>>

8

On June 22d the colour of the various plots was well marked.
Those which had received glue were looking a good dark colour ;
those with sulphate of ammonia were if anything rather better in
colour, and the wheat stood a little higher, while those with
phosphates alone were the worst. Of these latter, the plots with
dissolved bones looked the best.

On August 23d the plots were cut. Those with sulphate of

88 REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT TOP-DRESSINGS.

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REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT TOP-DRESSINGS. 89

ammonia were rather greener and more laid than those with glue.
The ears on the latter looked quite as full as on the former.
On the plots with phosphates alone the crop was considerably
thinner, and the ears smaller. A piece of the field alongside the
experiments was also cut, and from this the average of the un-
manured part was taken.

The crops on the duplicates were put together and folded in
sheets, and then all stacked in a stack by themselves. They
were thrashed out the first week of October, when the weights
of straw and corn were as seen in Table II.

It was noticed at the time of harvesting that there were bad
patches in plots 15 and 17. This seemed to be owing to in-
equality in the soil, as the bad patches extended a few yards be-
yond the experimental plots. Thus the average of both the glue
with dissolved bone-ash, and glue with Bolivian guano, will
have been unfairly reduced by perhaps h lb. on the plot of Tj2
acre. If this is taken into consideration, it would raise the
weight of grain on those two manures 56 lbs. per acre. Then the
weights of grain from the plots with glue, and from those with
glue and a phosphate together, will be found very nearly equal,
and also equal to those from the plots with sulphate of ammonia
and sulphate of ammonia with a phosphate. The weights from
phosphates alone are considerably inferior, averaging 3 cwt. less
uf grain, and are only just equal with the unmanured portion.

The weight of straw seems to have been increased most by a
nitrogenous manure in combination with a phosphate, for it is
less with glue alone than with glue together with a phosphate.
It is the case with sulphate of ammonia. The dissolved copro-
lites with sulphate ammonia, and dissolved bones with sulphate
ammonia, have increased the straw more than any of the others,
and have also given a good weight of grain.

It would thus appear on the whole that sulphate of ammonia
has increased the grain about the same as the glue, but has in-
creased the straw considerably more. This is probably owing to
the sulphate ammonia being immediately available, and thus
stimulating the early growth of the plant, while the glue required
some short time before becoming available, and then at the time
the ear was filling was equally efficacious with the sulphate
ammonia.

The phosphates alone seem to have had no effect on the grain,
and only a very slight effect on the straw. In combination with
either glue or sulphate ammonia, they have not increased the
grain at all, but have increased the straw. The extremely small
effect of all the phosphates may to some extent be owing to their
only having been applied as a top-dressing, and not harrowed in.

From these results it is evident that nitrogenous manures have
been far the most profitable in their effect on the wheat crop.

00 RETORT OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS.

REPORT OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS

ON THE ACTION OF AN EQUAL MONET VALUE OF DIFFERENT TOP-DRESSINGS
ON WHEAT, GRASS, AND CABBAGE IN 1866.

By Russell Swanwick, Whittington, Chesterfield.
[Premium — The Gold Medal]

In these experiments the money value of the dressing was taken
as the most convenient standard, there not being sufficient time
to have the manures anal}Tsed, and so prepared as to apportion
exactly equal quantities of the valuable constituents. The price
of 3 cwt. of the best Peruvian guano at £13 per ton was taken
as a standard value to be applied per acre, and each dressing
was applied in such quantity as to give that value, namely, 39s.
per acre. Portions of all the dressings were placed in bottles,
and carefully analysed, which analyses are given in Table I., so
that any of the dressings being proportionately too high in price
the error can be taken into account. The prices given for the
manures are high, owing to their having been bought only in
small quantities, but it was thought better to reckon the amount
to be applied by these prices than to mislead by taking them
too low. Manor Farm, on which these experiments were tried,
is situated in Wiltshire, and lies on the Oxford clay, about 450
feet above the level of the sea. It is all the heaviest description
of clay, and was until lately a complete wilderness. An interest-
ing account of the improvements made by Mr Edmund Ruck is
contained in the " Journal of the Eoyal Agricultural Society " of
1866, by Dr Voelcker.

EXPERIMENTS ON WHEAT.

The land on which these were tried is not yet under drained,
but the clay is thrown up in ridges or " lands." These lands are
8 feet wide, and when first thrown up are raised about 6 or 8
inches above the furrow. The wheat (Shirreff's bearded white)
had been drilled in the autumn on land hand dug — which method
on this remarkably heavy land is found the best, and one digging
at 26s. 8d. per acre equal to two or three ploughings — after man-
golds, which had received 6 tons dung, 1 J cwt. salt, 1^ guano, and
2,\ superphosphate. Before the mangolds it had been under Italian
ryegrass, fed off with cattle and sheep. Before that there had
been a crop of wheat. The land must be considered as being in
rather low condition, having been in possession of the present
owner for only four years previous, and before that very badly
farmed. An inferior part of the field was chosen, as the object
of the experiments was not to see how large a crop could be
obtained, but whether top-dressings applied on a poor crop
would be remunerative. The dressings were applied on April

REPORT OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS. 0 1

25th. This was, of course, far later than it should have been in
order to reap the full benefit, but being unable to try them sooner,
it was thought that if the dressings paid when applied at this
time, a fortiori, would they pay if applied earlier. The plots
were marked off by wires on these " lands," such a length being
taken as made exactly ^gth of an acre per plot, and the whole
arranged as in Table II., from which it is seen that each manure
was tried in duplicate. It was thought better in this case, owing
to the ground being in " lands," and the consequent slight in-
equality in the height of the " lands," to adopt ^th of an acre
as the size, instead of Tx^th of an acre, which Dr Anderson re-
commends in ordinary cases.

On May 16th the nitrate of soda, and all the dressings in which
it occurred, looked the best, next the sulphate of ammonia, which
at first had been rather scorched, and then the guano. All these
looking far better than the nothing plots.

On June 26th they appeared in the following order : — 1st,
Nitrate of soda and sulphate ammonia. 2d and 3d, Nitrate of
soda = to sulphate ammonia. 4th and 5th, Peruvian guano
= Peruvian guano and nitrate of soda. 6th, Nothing.

On August 16th the plots appeared as follows to the eye : —
1st and 2d, Peruvian guano and nitrate of soda = nitrate of
soda and sulphate ammonia. 3d, 4th, and 5th, Peruvian guano
= sulphate ammonia = nitrate of soda. The sulphate of am-
monia appeared the most laid, and not quite as ripe as the rest.

The plots were cut on August 16th, the wheat remained in
stook till the 25th, during which period the weather was dry and
hot, so that it was in first-rate condition to thrash on that day.
The weight of crop per plot of both grain and straw are seen in
Table III. From the average weight on the duplicate plots the
weight of grain and straw was calculated per acre, and by reckon-
ing the bushel at 63 lbs. the yield by measure was obtained.
This, together with the exact weight per bushel, is given in Table
III., as well as the value of each crop, taking the average price
of wheat at 48s. (which this far exceeded), and the price of
straw at £2 per ton, which in this neighbourhood it usually
exceeds. It is seen from this table, taking the increase of
straw into consideration, that all the dressings have been re-
munerative.

The sulphate of ammonia alone has given rather the best
results, giving a clear profit, above that of the ordinary crop, of
22s. in grain, and 30s. in grain and straw together. The profit
from the other applications is seen in the table. It will be seen
from the table of rainfall that the first five weeks were consider-
ably drier than in the average of seasons, and during this period
the nitrate of soda took the lead, and the guano did not do so
well. Then, during June the rainfall of 4-4 inches was remark-

02

REPORT OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS.

TABLE I. — Dressings on

Wheat.

Grass.

Cabbage.

Dressing
per acre.

Valuable con-
stituents con-
tained in each
in lbs.

Dressing
per acre.

Valuable con-
stituents con-
tained in each
in lbs.

Dressing
per acre.

Valuable con-
stituents con-
tained in each
in lbs.

Nitrate of
soda @ £16

Cwt. lbs. | lbs.

2 49 = 52 NH3

Cwt. lbs.

2 49 =

lbs.

= 52 NH3

Cwt. lbs.
2 49 =

lbs.

= 52 NH3

Sulphate

ammonia

@ £15, 10s.

2 56 = 68 NH3

2 56 =68 NH3

2 56 = 68 NH3

Peruvian
guano @ £13

f 43 NH
l34P06
6 l 1 33 Alka-
li lies

"I f 43 NH3

f3 0 = <j 33Alka-
J [ lies

1 (-43 NH3
1 , n J34POs
r °-l33Alka-
J I lies

Nitrate soda

@£16

Sulphate

ammonia

@ £15, 10s.

1 24J = 26 NHS
1 28 =34 NH3

1 24| = 26 NH3
1 28 = 34 NH3

Nitrate soda

@£16

Peruvian

guano @£13

0 91") f45*NH8

1 '23P05
2 0 [ ~ J 22 Alka-
J I lies

...

0 911 f45^NHs
1 J 23 P06

2 0(-|22Alka-
J I lies

Chloride po-
tassium® £13

3 0 = 144 KO

Bone-ash sup.-
phos. @ £5, 5s.
Chloride po-
tassium @£13
Sulphate
ammonia
@ £15, 10s.

...

2 0 = 42 POs

1 0 =48 KO

1 0 =27 NH3

Chloride po-
tass @ £13
Sulphate
ammonia
@ £15, 10s.

...

...

1 56 =72 KO
1 56 =27 NH3

Analysis of

Peruvian Guano.

Moisture, 1 8 ' -1 6

Organic matter, . . . 41 '22

Phosphates, . . . . 20-22

Sand, ...... 9-62

Alkalies, 1048

Superphosphate.
Moisture, 1257

I

I

100-00

Organic matter
Water of combination,
Mono-calcic phosphate,
Tri-calcic phosphate, ,
Sulphate of lime, . .

Alkalies 1-77

Sand, 7-23

9-09

13-08 = 9-19PO,
18-59 = 9-49 P05
37-67

Containing N = 10'72
PO., in alkalies, 1-

Chloride potassium, KC1 = 80-76 ; Sulph. ammonia, NH^SO, = 95 per cent.
Nitrate soda, NaNO, = 96 6 per cent.

REPORT OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS. ' 93

ably high, and a great part of this came in one shower, when 2
inches fell in the extraordinarily short period of 2£ hours. This,
it seems far from improbable, washed a good deal of the nitrate
of soda, which is not held by the soil like ammonia salts, away,
and will in great measure account for the inferiority of its
results.

EXPERIMENTS ON PERMANENT PASTURE.

The permanent grass of the farm, till within the last few years,
when the present owner bought it, did not yield a crop of hay
worth harvesting. Since then, by dint of mole-draining, ap-
plication of artificial manures, and feeding off sheep with artificial
food, he has brought it to yield crops of grass and hay of the
best quality. The part chosen for the experiments was a piece
of very even quality, though by no means as productive as a
large portion of the field. Sheep had been folded on it with
artificial food the previous year, and for three successive years
before that had received a dressing of salt, guano, and super-
phosphate, at the rate of 26s. per acre. The field chosen was tile
drained 9 yards apart, about 20 years since, by a previous occu-
pier, and is dry. The dressings were applied on May 5th. They
were all tried in quadruplicate, in plots the sVth of an acre, and
in sowing the dressings care was taken not to sow within 3
inches of the wires, so as to prevent any error from the influence
of the dressing spreading beyond its own plot. The grass at the
time was, in that part of the field, not more than 3 inches high.
The weather was rather dry for some days after the application,
and for ten days the grass on some of the plots was slightly
scorched, especially on the sulphate of ammonia and chloride of
potassium plots.

On May 26th the plots appeared in the following order : — 1st,
Nitrate of soda with sulphate of ammonia. 2d, Nitrate of soda.
3d, Peruvian guano. 4th, Sulphate of ammonia. 5th, Super-
phosphate, with chloride of potassium and sulphate of ammonia.
6th, Nothing. 7th, Chloride of potassium ; with this the land
seemed dried up.

In using chloride potassium it was thought that it might
have the effect of increasing the growth of clover. This, how-
ever, does not appear to have been the case when applied alone,
though the mixture of the bone-ash with sulphate ammonia and
chloride potassium seemed rather to have increased it, as well as
to have thickened the bottom grass. The guano did this in a
marked degree. The grass was cut and made into hay the last
week in June, and weighed as hay on the 29th. The weights
per plot are given in Table IV., which shows also the disposition
of the plots. The period between the first and second cutting-
was not at all suitable for the production of a large second crop.

94

REPORT OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS.

TABLE II. — Field Plan of Experiments on Wheat, showing the
Position of the Plots, the Manure, and the Amount of Produce
in Pounds.

Grain, .
Straw, .

Total,

Nitrate of soda and

sulph. ammonia.

30-5

81-5

Nothing.

18-3
41-2

112-0

59-5

***

Grain, . . .
StraAV, . . .

Total,

Peruvian guano.
29-8
82-2

Nitrate of soda.

28-2
85-3

112-0

113-5

Grain, . .
Straw, .

Total,

Nothing.
19-8
61-7

Sulph. ammonia.
35-2

76-8

81-5

112-0

Grain, .
Straw, .

Total,

Peruvian guano and

nitrate of soda.

28-8

88-7

Nitrate of soda and

sulph. ammonia.

31-6

77-9

117-5

109-5

Grain, . .
Straw, .

Total, . .

Sulph. ammonia.
27-1
85-4

Nothing.
20-1
47-4

112-5

67-5

Grain, .
Straw, . . .

Total,

Nitrate of soda.
28-6
83-4

Peruvian guano.
29-6
87-4

112-0

117-0

Grain, .

Straw, . . .

Total,

Nothing.

19-5
58-0

Peruvian guano and

nitrate of soda.

24-5

82-5

77-5

1070

REPORT OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS.

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9G REPORT OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS.

With the exception of the week after the first cutting — namely,
the last week of June, when the rain fell in such torrents as to
run off the closely mown ground — there was considerably less
than an average of rain up to the end of August. Then during
September there was a large excess of rain, with remarkably
cold, dull weather. In October, the weather was more suitable,
and during this time the grass grew nearly as much as during
the other three months. In the second cutting, owing to the
difficulty of getting the grass cut dry, some time elapsed between
the cuttings of the various plots, but they were always cut in
sections, one complete series being cut at a time. Thus, section
1 was cut first during the last week of October. Sections 2
and 3 were cut on October 27th, and section 4 not till November
6th. The weights of grass appear in Tables IV. and V. In this
latter table the hay has been valued at £4 per ton, and the grass
at 7s. It will be seen from this that the nitrate of soda, with
sulphate of ammonia, has paid best, and next the guano, and
that the rest have only paid very slightly ; and in the case of
sulphate of ammonia alone, and chloride of potassium, there is a
considerable loss. The dryness of the weather at the time of ap-
plication, and the consequent scorching by the sulphate of
ammonia, quite accounts for its not having succeeded, and points
out the great importance of applying sulphate of ammonia very
early, before there is much grass to be scorched, and when there
is a probability of plenty of rain. The immediate profit from
the guano, besides the benefit to the succeeding crop, which is
evident already, shows that by an early application the guano
would be the most profitable one at the prices at which the
manures were taken, that is, on the soil in question, an analysis
of which is given in the "Journal of the Royal Agricultural
Society," referred to previously, and from which the soil appears
poor in phosphates and alkalies. The slow effect of the mixture
of bone-ash, superphosphate, with the chloride of potassium and
sulphate of ammonia, is evident on the second crop, and on the
young grass this spring ; and if the chloride of potassium, which
seems to have had little effect, had been replaced by sulphate of
ammonia, the immediate effect might have been on a par with
the guano.

EXPERIMENTS ON CABBAGE.

The land on which these experiments were tried is of much
the same quality as the wheat land, but has only been broken
up from permanent pasture four years. It was mole-drained
then, but is still wet. The previous crop had been wheat, on the
stubble of which a light dressing of four tons of dung had been
spread, and ploughed in for the cabbage. The wheat had re-
ceived a dressing of \\ cwt. of salt, H cwt. of guano, and 2\

KEPOKT OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS.

07

TABLE IV.— Field Plan of Experiments on Permanent Grass, showing
the Position of the Plots, the Manure, and the Amount of Produce
in Pounds, of 1st Crop as Hay and 2d Crop as Grass.

G

98

REPORT OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS.

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RETORT OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS.

99

cwts. of superphosphate. The crop before had been seeds, before
that wheat and permanent pasture.

The cabbages were drum head, and stood 8 to 9 inches high
on May 14th, when the dressings were applied in quadruplicate
on s\th of an acre. The field was in "lands" like the wheat
field. The dressings were applied along each row, of which there
were three on a land. The advantage of dryness was plainly
marked by the great superiority of the row on the middle of the
" land" which stood the highest.

The cabbages grew pretty well till September, when, owing to
the perpetually drizzling rain without sunshine — for there was
only one day in the whole month when there was not rain — the
cabbages became blighted, stopped growing, and lost their out-
side leaves. They were cut, and the heads weighed the first
week in November.

Table VI. contains the weights per plot. Table VII. contains
the calculated weight per acre.

It is seen from these tables that Peruvian guano has had a
most marked effect, having nearly doubled the crop, the heads
were far more compact, and there was less loose leaf. Ammonia
salts, as well as the nitrates, have had a marked effect, though
not equal to the guano.

The effect of these dressings has been so great on a very small
crop, that the results lead to the conclusion that, under more
favourable circumstances, the application of some of them would
pay the farmer.

Fi

om

Table of Eainfall.

April 23d to 30th, .
May,

June,

July 1st to 7th,
July 7th to 14th,
July 14th to 21st, .
July 21st to 31st,
August 1st to 7th,
August 7th to 14th, .
August 14th to 21st, .
August 21st to 31st, .
September 1st to 30th,
October 1st to 31st, .
November 1st to 30 th,

■8
•8

4-4

1-
•0
0
•5
■9
•6
0
•5

59

2-

1-7

100

REPORT OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS.

TABLE VI. — Field Plan of Experiments on Cabbage, showing the
Position of the Plots, the Manures, and the Weight of Heads
in Pounds.

Heads,

Nothing.
134

Peruvian guano

and

nitrate soda.

300

Nothing.
184

Peruvian guano

and

nitrate soda.

263

H eads

Chloride potass.
US

Chloride potass

and
sulph. ammonia.

173

Nitrate soda.
170

Chloride potass

and
sulph. ammonia.

181

Heads

Peruvian guano.
243

Nothing.
162

Sulph. ammonia
174

Nothing.
129

Heads,

Sulph.

ammonia.

123

Chloride potass.
170

Peruvian guano.
226

Chloride potass.
145

Heads,

Nitrate soda.
120

Peruvian guano.
348

Chloride potass.

and
sulph. ammonia.

233

Peruvian guano.
258

Heads,

Notliing.
137

Nitrate soda,.
340

Nothing.
191

Nitrate soda.
209

Heads,

Peruvian guano

and

nitrate soda.

275

Sulph. ammonia.
368

Chloride potass.
224

Sulph. ammonia.
207

Heads,

Chloride potass

and
sulph. ammonia.

181

Nothing.
190

Peruvian guano.
346

Nothing.
150

TABLE VII.

1

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Tns. cwtft.

Tons. cwts.

Tons. cwts.

Tnnf. cwU.

Tone. cwts.

Tonp. cts.

Tons. cwts.

Tons. cwts.

3 16

4 2

7 9J

5 9

5 4f

4 31

6 13

4 16

REPORT ON TURNIPS FOR SEED. 101

REPORT ON TURNIPS FOR SEED.

By John Morrison, Coney Park Nursery, Stirling.

[Premium — Ten Sovereigns.']

We are well aware of the great value of the turnip, both for
feeding stock and dairy purposes. To preserve a true variety of
it is at all times desirable : a good-shaped, firmly knit, juicy
bulb, is the desideratum, and not to tax the land by producing
a superabundance of leaves.

We shall endeavour to show how the former can be kept up to
their present state of perfection, and the latter avoided. We
classify them under four heads : —

I. The Swedish Turnip (Brassica campestris rutabaga). — This
variety is of great value to farmers and others. It is rich in feed-
ing qualities, hardier than any other known turnip, and much
prized for spring use. It generally produces a heavy crop when
raised on a suitable soil, which should be a strong friable loam,
well drained, and freely manured with well-made farmyard
gatherings. Its general cultivation is so well-known and prac-
tised in Scotland that I need say no more on this point.

We find from history that the turnip has been long in high
favour, but whether grown to the same perfection in early times
as at present is doubtful. However, we are told that they were
esteemed good both for "man and beast" — a recommendation which
would seem to indicate that they were of a fair size and quality ;
and there can be no doubt that cultivation has done much to
improve the turnip in both. There is no other agricultural product
more apt to run wild than the turnip. Indeed, the whole family
of Brassicas, to which belong the cabbage, greens, &c, &c, are
prone to intermix and sport to a greater or less degree ; hence
there is danger in allowing more than one variety to grow near
each other for seed. At all events, we are on the safe side in
guarding against it as much as possible. We must also be care-
ful of sudden checks, as these have a tendency to promote pre-
mature flowering. There are numerous instances where turnips,
when young, have received a check by frost, which caused them
to run to flower instead of bulbing. There may also be cases
where the rootlets, by exposure or otherwise, may not be able to
keep pace with the growth ; and there may be instances of the
opposite. In the former there will be a tendency to produce
leaves, &c, and in the latter they will more readily run to flower.
These extremes, however, can in a great measure be controlled by
careful cultivation.

Let the beginner be particularly cautious in his selection, situa-
tion, &c. We shall suppose that a farmer wishes to grow as
much turnip seed of a certain sort as will serve him for a year

102 REPORT ON TURNIPS FOR SEED.

or two. Let him go over his field about the month of October,
and make his selection of swedes, say two or more cart-loads,
according to the wants of the farm* Let him then look out a
nice corner in some of his fields, either after potatoes, grain, or
a lea field. A sprinkling of manure may be necessary on the lea,
or after the grain crop. Open up a furrow with the plough, and
plant the bulbs about twelve or fifteen inches apart ; make other
two furrows with the plough, then another row of turnips, and
so on, firming the roots well by trampling and setting the soil
properly about them.

The above plan is the very best for growing stock seed from ;
but should seed be wanted on an extensive scale for sale, do as
already described for stock seed to begin with ; then about June
or July, after the regular crop of turnips is all sown and finished,
prepare the ground for the seed turnip in a similar way as for an
ordinary crop. Give an easy manuring, say about 20 tons per
acre. Make up the drills in the usual way, but about four inches
narrower between each ; run the drill harrow over them before
sowing, which will allow the turnips a better covering for
winter, and raise them less above the natural level of the
field. Sow and thin in the usual way, but in thinning leave the
plants at least double the thickness you would for full-grown
bulbs ; hoe and clean thoroughly, and before winter sets in, be
sure and give them a good earthing up to protect them from frost
as much as possible, and this operation will also leave a clear
furrow for surface water to run off more freely. In early spring
let them have a sprinkling of guano, say from two to three cwts.
per acre, and run the plough through them, which will greatly
refresh them.

These remarks apply to dry field or light land generally, but
in carse or heavy land the drills require to be the usual height,
and no earthing up for winter. Such soils are much damper
than dry field, and therefore apt to rot if covered, or in too low
drills. There is some difference of opinion as to the manner in
which the manure ought to be put on the land — some main-
taining that if put into the drill in the ordinary wTay the bulbs
will grow too long in autumn, get soft, and perish through the
winter. My opinion is, that when the land is in good heart, by
all means manure in autumn or winter, and cover in ; but where
the ground is poor, put the manure in the drill in the usual way
without fear. I may here remark, that I have been connected
with the growing and saving of seed for a great many years,
and have seen numerous plans tried, but know of none more
effective than that here recommended. It is the cleanliest and
tidiest way, and will produce the best crop and the truest stock.

* One ordinary cart-load of turnips will produce about tliree-fourtbs of a
Lushul of seed. (

REPORT ON TURNIPS FOR SEED. 103

To replant full-grown bulbs in autumn, or store them and plant
in early spring, would not pay the labour by any extra amount
of seed that might be obtained ; and when left in the ground all
winter, they are much more liable to be destroyed by the frost,
&c, than the smaller and hardier bulbs. By the plan recom-
mended, the bulbs will be about half the usual size of full-grown
turnips, although there is another system practised by some of
sowing them broadcast, when neither plough nor harrow can get
through them for cleaning, and only thumb bulbs are obtained.
This is such an untidy method that it is scarcely worth noticing ;
but in the case of swedes, I have sown in drills about one foot
apart, and thinned out and transplanted like cabbage plants.
This latter plan may do in a case of emergency, and a fair yield
may be got in a favourable season, but it is not safe to continue
the stock from such. Even with the plan above recommended
for half-grown bulbs, the stock ought to be renewed from full-
grown roots every third year. I do not mean to infer that they
will not continue genuine for a longer period, but it is much
safer to renew them at that interval.

We have now to wait for the flowering season, during which
they ought to be gone over carefully, and all those differing in
colour of bloom from the main stock pulled out. These are
easily distinguished — the whiter or paler in colour the. flesh of the
turnip, the brighter the yellow of the blossom, and vice versa.
This inspection ought to be gone about very carefully, as the
purity of the stock depends in a great measure upon its being
clone thoroughly. But, indeed, however particular one may be
in selecting their stock, some rogues are almost sure to escape de-
tection, and the blooming season is the only opportunity for get-
ting quit of such.

Nothing further is necessary until harvesting, which in average
seasons will be about the end of July or beginning of August. Let
the seed be well matured. Before cutting, examine the top pods,
the seeds of which should be black, and the side shoots or late-
rals of a brown colour. It is quite safe to cut them, for if left to
be dead ripe, or nearly so, the pods are very brittle, and much loss
may follow. If the quantity is small, such as for stock or own
use, cut, bind, and stook as with grain ; but if by the acre or
in quantity, cut and lay down in swathes, which may be easily
turned. When properly dried, and all the seed perfectly black,
and the pods quite free and crisp, choose a nice airy day, when
it may be carted to the barn in close carts, and thrashed out at
once. I do not approve of stacking. There is always a loss in
handling much about it, so that it is much better to have the
seed thrashed out immediately on being brought in-doors. If
at all convenient, so soon as thrashed and cleaned, let it be spread
out in the loft to dry thoroughly, and do not leave it lying in a

104 REPORT ON TURNIPS FOR SEED.

Ling even for a single night. Nothing will heat more readily ;
and heated seed will always have a bad smell, spoiling the
sample and growing power, and consequently be depreciated in
value.

An average crop may be from 18 to 20 bushels per acre,
although 1 have frequently seen harvested from 25 to 30 bushels
per acre. Perhaps the latter is more the exception than the
rule, as in bad seasons, by frost or blight, I have seen no more
than three or four bushels per acre harvested ; but after a
thorough knowledge has been obtained by actual experience how
and when to tid the necessary operations, the crops will increase
in a corresponding degree. The swede is apt to run into a sort
of stem, and in saving seed these ought to be avoided.

2. The Common Turnip (Brassica Rajm, Purple-top yellow). —
They are rather difficult to keep pure, being liable to lose much
of their yellow colour, and get very pale. They require careful
attention, and the stock should be renewed frequently. I recollect
of having a very fine stock of this variety both as to shape and
purple colour, but deficient in the yellow. I picked about a couple
of dozens of the very finest of thern, and a like quantity of green-
top yellow, rich in colour, and fine shape. I planted them to-
gether, striving to catch the yellow from the green-top, and think-
ing to impart it to the purple-top. From this stock the first year
I had a strange assortment of purple, bronze, and green tops, and
from these I picked about a dozen of the finest as to mould and
colour it was ever my lot to look on. These I saved the third
year, but was sadly disappointed to find green-tops still appearing ;
and for the third time I picked and saved with the same result.
However, I recrossed them with the finest I could get from com-
mon stock of purple-top, and these I hybridised. In short, I was
eight years in arriving at anything like perfection, but now I
have got from this stock some real gems. The same treatment in
sowing and harvesting as with the swedes will answer this
variety, strict watch being kept over them when in flower to get
quit of all the pale-fleshed ones, which, as formerly stated, are
easily detected by the brightness of the flower.

3. GREEN-Tor Yellow. — This turnip is, perhaps, somewhat
softer than the purple-top, but is of equal if not superior quality,
and the mode of cultivation is the same in every respect. In
picking for stock seed, keep out all those with strong shaws and
pale in colour.

■4. White Globe. — A most beautiful turnip, large cropper, and
excellent for feeding in early winter. It spoils sooner than any
of those before described, but is very useful. It is rather diffi-
cult to get over the winter for seed. It should be sown rather
later than those already referred to (indeed all the varieties here
mentioned ought to be sown in the order given), for in a good

REPORT ON HEDGEROW TREES. 105

growing season they very soon rush up, and it is not safe to have
them large for standing the winter. Well- drained, free soil is
essentially necessary for them ; and be more sparing with the
manure than for the other varieties. Attend to them when in
bloom ; but in this variety leave all the bright yellow blossoms,
and weed out those of a dull colour.

I trust the descriptions above, given under the respective head-
ings, have been sufficiently plain, and will be easily understood.
It is with the growing of turnip seed as with many things else, —
we may be able to impart to others a good deal of what we know
ourselves, but there are some important points which nothing but
actual experience will enable us to understand. In aiding this
knowledge the above is offered as a humble contribution.

REPORT ON HEDGEROW TREES.

By John Morrison, Coney Park Nursery, Stirling.

[Premium — Silver Medal.']

The beauty of the landscape is greatly enhanced when the
country is studded with hedgerow trees, composed of different
varieties, arranged in suitable groups, and dispersed in proper
situations. The eye of the traveller looks wearily upon the far-
stretching monotony of the plain, relieved though it may be to a
certain extent by the distant mountain range, but destitute of the
natural and attractive ornamentation which can be given to it
only by trees. Their presence here and there dotting the land
gives a cheerful and becoming variety ; they stand out in the
landscape as the more prominent and beautiful objects which
nature places in the page of her book to please the eye of man.
A bouquet to be admired must be composed of flowers not of one
uniform size or colour, but of the smaller and the greater, and of
various hues and shades, the one assisting to show off the pro-
portions and loveliness of the other. And somewhat in the same
manner the landscape shows to advantage by its well-disposed
trees ; for however diversified the scenery in other respects, and
however highly cultivated the land may be, the view is tame and
uninteresting, naked and barren, unless there be a proper admix-
ture of the various forms and colours of trees to variegate and
beautify the country.

Trees give light and shade to the prospect. There is the
sombre hue of the forest, or the light and agreeable tint of the
solitary specimen ; while all the intermediate blendings or con-
trasts of colour are capable of being produced by skilful grouping.
There is the feathery and wavy appearance of some, and the more
dense and close-set form of others ; the wide-spreading branches,

106 REPORT ON HEDGEROW TREES.

or the weeping drapery, the rounded shape, or the more graceful
pyramidal habit of growth — all of which contribute to give a
charm to the scene which it would not otherwise possess.

Hedgerow trees also furnish a suitable shelter for cattle and
crops. In exposed situations, more especially, protection is re-
quired from the keen winds which blow in certain directions at
particular seasons of the year, or from those sudden and severe
storms that not unfrequently occur in our variable climate, and
it is found that such trees afford protection in a very eminent
degree, by their yielding so far to the fury of the blast, and thus
breaking its force. They are alike beneficial as a grateful shade
under which cattle may be sheltered from the heat of the sun in
warm weather ; and when, in addition to such advantages, their
highly ornamental character is taken into consideration, their
claim to our attention presents itself in a strong light. Nor
must it be forgotten that they are also valuable on account of
their timber ; but where planted only for ornamental purposes,
this latter consideration is not always to be estimated as an
element of special utility. In practice, however, where the
choice may be divided simply between appearance and profit,
such a selection can be made from the numerous varieties now
at command as will enable the forester easily to combine both of
these objects together, at least to a considerable extent.

In the planting of hedgerow trees, therefore, let it be considered
what they may be forty or fifty years hence — their size, form, and
colour of foliage, and the effect which their appearance will then
produce on the landscape — their use as regards shelter, their
money value, &o, and such varieties as will give the best results
in all these respects ought to be selected.

Those sorts which are most suitable for growing together, and
harmonise in shape, naturally present themselves first to our
notice, and of this class I would beg to name for groups, first, the
lime (Tilia curojxxct) and horse chestnut (dSsculus Hvp-pocas-
tanum). These two make excellent companions for this sort of
planting, the lime having beautiful yellow tinted foliage in
autumn, while the chestnut is of a brown colour. Both trees are
of a fine habit, half pyramidal in form, and afford excellent
shelter. As compared with some others, however, they fail as
regards value of timber, but the loss in this respect is fully com-
pensated by their magnificent appearance.

Second group — the ash (Fraxinus excelsior), the oak (Quercus
Rdbur), and sycamore or plane tree {Acer Pseudo-Platanus). The
trees of this group are majestic and bold-looking, but less pyra-
midal in form than those previously named, being more rounded
and stiffer in appearance, giving abundant shelter, and forming
noble specimens as they arrive at maturity; — the ash of a bright
shining green decaying to yellow, the oak bright yellow turning

REPORT OX HEDGEROW TREES. 107

to brown in autumn, and the sycamore of a yellowish green to
brown. They are valuable on account of their timber, and for
this reason are preferable to some that might perhaps be con-
sidered more suitable for merely decorative purposes.

Third group — the Scotch elm (Ulmus montana), English elm
(U. campestris), beech (Fagus sylvatica), and purple beech {F. syl-
vatica -purpurea). These are all of the same habit of growth, and
being wide-spread and rather scattered in their branches, require
a good deal of room ; but where that is no object, they are most
worthy of a place. They afford capital shelter, and the timber
of the former always finds a ready market and brings a good
price. Few trees can compare with the purple beech for beauty
of foliage or as specimens, the common beech also having fine
vellow decaving foliage in autumn, and the elm changing from
dark green to brown.

Fourth group — the birch (Bctula alba), black Italian poplar
(Populus monilifeni), Lombardy poplar (P. fastigiata), and Nor-
way maple (Acer platanoides). These are all spiral-headed, and
finely suited for each other, forming a very gay group indeed.
The beautiful white bark and pendulous branches of the birch
have a cheerful and lively appearance at all times ; the black
Italian poplar, with its towering head and leaves always in
motion, changing in autumn from a bright green to a pale yellow,
is truly grand ; the Lombardy poplar, with its close-set cypress-
like habit, is both attractive and conspicuous ; while the Norway
maple is a tree of peculiar beauty, fine habit, and elegantly cut
foliage, forming in autumn a splendid specimen — its yellow and
purple leaves being retained on the tree for a considerable time
render it perhaps one of the finest foliaged hardy trees we have.
In this group there is little as regards money value in timber,
but the trees give good shelter, and are suitable for ordinary half-
moist soil.

The fifth group comprises the Huntingdon willow (Salix alia)
and Abele poplar (Pojndus alba), two very large growing and
spreading trees, and extremely suitable for damp situations.
Owing to their light and spreading habit they are excellent for
shelter, and have pretty silver-grey foliage, which contrasts
favourably beside other trees less attractive in this respect.
But they are what we may term gross feeders, their roots running
to a great distance in search of nourishment, which ought to be
kept in check by occasional pruning. Their timber is useful
for a variety of purposes.

The varieties now to be named for the sixth group are much
more dwarfish in size than those already enumerated, and may per-
haps be considered as belonging more properly to the large shrub
class than to the trees, but they seem to me to be really necessary
in order to complete the arrangement above indicated. They are

108 REPORT ON HEDGEROW TREES.

— the laburnum (Cytisus Laburnum), English maple {Acer cam-
pestre), birdeherry (Cerasus Padus), scarlet thorn, Crataegus Oocya-
cantha-punicea arid flora plena). In this group we have nothing
of value as regards timber, nor is the shelter afforded by these
trees of much consequence, but in point of beauty we have no-
thing like them. What is more lovely than the laburnum in
June, with its golden ringlets waving in the breeze, or the scarlet
thorn decked out in such gorgeous livery in May and June, while
the lovely white blossom of the birdeherry in May completes a
group of matchless beauty ! And although the English maple
may be less brilliant in colour than the others, it appears to me
to be most appropriate and necessary to this group, and makes
a fine stubby tree, growing from 20 to 30 feet high, with
neat and finely cut small leaves. These varieties are particularly
adapted for lawn and roadside hedge planting ; and for the latter
purpose, with a few of the others intermixed, would make a con-
tinuous avenue of surpassing loveliness, while their introduction
would be a decided improvement on the prevalent system, which
presents the dull monotony of the oak, the ash, and the beech,
and that whether they are in keeping or the reverse.

In finishing this list, I am aware that other varieties might
have been added, but perhaps sufficient have been noticed for
practical purposes ; and if, at planting, the size and shape of the
tree when arrived at maturity be kept in view, and a judicious
arrangement chosen so as to suit the locality, we can seldom go
wrong.

Let us suppose a hedgerow of trees to be planted, the hedge
beins at the outskirts of the lawn, and in full view of the
mansion house. Let the standard or permanent trees be placed,
say from 30 to 40 feet apart, and let these be the oak, lime,
horse chestnut, purple beech, and sycamore. Fill in between
each of these one of the following, namely, laburnum, birdeherry,
and scarlet thorn, which will form a fine line of flower and foli-
age, and reduce the space to 15 or 20 feet apart. By trim-
ming the trunks of the standards to a reasonable height, room
will be made for their smaller companions for many years ; and
in course of time, when the standards have perfected their growth,
the others could be cut out, or kept so low by pruning, that the
one would in no way interfere with the other. Of course the
selection could be greatly diversified from the above according
to taste.

With reference to the treatment of trees for hedgerows in the
early stages of their growth, it is now generally considered to be
most convenient to procure them from the nursery suitable for
the purpose at once, and in that case they should average from
6 to 10 feet in height, and be clean, well-grown plants. But if
a smaller size be preferred, to be nursed at home for a time, let

t>

REPORT ON HEDGEROW TREES. 1 09

them be from 2 to 3 feet in height, and plant out in nursery-
rows 2 feet apart, and 1 foot plant from plant in the row. Let
them stand thus for two years, care being taken meantime to
shorten all the side shoots of gross growth, and to keep the
ground clean, &c. After remaining in this way for the time
mentioned, they should then be lifted about the month of
March, and neatly pruned, all straggling roots being cut back,
which will cause the plants to throw out more fibres, and so
materially assist in the growth of the tree. As the several
varieties prosper, let them have sufficient room, by sizing them
carefully, and planting again in nursery rows, this time giving
3 feet between the rows, and the plants 2 feet or even 3 feet
apart in the row, if ground be no object. But the distance either
way can be easily regulated by the size of the trees ; contact
with each other ought to be avoided, and room afforded for other
two years' growth. And in such matters circumstances are a
much better guide than mathematical precision as to feet and
inches, for of course the larger trees require more space than the
smaller.

In four years, and with the treatment above described, the
trees ought to be in capital condition for finally planting out ;
and before being lifted for this purpose, pits should be dug for
their reception, of about 3 feet in diameter on an average, which
will allow plenty of room to get the roots properly laid in and
equally adjusted. Pack the earth pretty firmly amongst the
roots, which should be covered all over about an inch, then drive
in three stakes at right angles round the roots, leaving about 2
inches of these above the surface of the earth covering the roots.
Get three pieces of ordinary railing and nail to the stakes, keep-
ing the railing pretty firm on the top of the roots; and when this
is done, fill in the remainder of the earth, which will cover all
up, leaving no appearance of staking. This method will save a
vast deal of trouble in time coming, being much more effective
than the ordinary staking, as it holds the tree firmer, while at
the same time the stakes are put out of sight and cause no ob-
struction. Should the soil be of a stiff or clayey nature, some
good common soil should be procured to plant with, that the
trees may have a fair chance at starting.

As a rule, in lining off where the trees are to stand, I would
prefer to place them about 2 feet in front of the hedge, rather
than in the line of hedge itself, and for the reason, that when
they are put in line and become of some size, they are apt to
make gaps and spoil the appearance and usefulness of the fence.
But by being planted in the manner proposed, these objections
are obviated, and the fence preserved in the best possible condi-
tion.

All being finished in the manner above stated, there remains

110 REPORT ON COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVENESS OF TURNIPS.

only the duty of pruning from time to time. Hedgerow trees
ought to have more care bestowed upon them than is generally
given. Trees standing singly are much more exposed to the
high winds and storm than when growing together in an ordi-
nary plantation, and our care should be to supply them with all
the power of resistance possible. This can be done to a great
degree by judicious pruning, which leaves the least extent of
surface to be acted upon by the force of the blast, a/nd at the
same time gives the tree the power of expending what of its
natural energy it can bestow in strengthening its roots. First,
then, never allow straggling branches to remain ; and, secondly,
never cut these clean off, but shorten them so as to give a proper
balancing power to the tree. Allow the top free scope, but
shorten all the other branches when and where necessary. If
these simple directions are attended to, the result will be a fine,
stubby, firm-knit tree, possessing the power of resisting almost
any storm. Clean off the lower branches from time to time until
you clear the top of the hedge, and ultimately have a clean trim
of 10 or even 12 feet in height, — at all events, considerably
above the height of the hedge, giving a free circulation of air to
pass under the trees.

In conclusion, I am aware that nothing positively new has
been advanced in the above statements, but my aim has been to
present practical views in as plain a form as possible. The sub-
ject is a most important one, and if the observations now made
may be the means of directing and securing more attention to it
than has hitherto been given, so that such decorative planting
may become more general, and the means for carrying it on
effectively come to be better understood, I shall not have given
these hints entirely in vain.

REPORT ON THE COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVENESS OF

TURNIPS.

By Hart Shaw, Bogfern, Tarland.

[Premium — The Gold Medal.']

In conducting agricultural experiments many obstacles often
occur ; but in the following trial the writer had the good fortune
to meet with no difficulties. The field upon which the experi-
ment was made is about 16 imperial acres in extent, of a southern
exposure, 28 miles inland, and about 680 or 700 feet above
the sea. The farm or field is on the six-course shift, three years
pastured in grass ; 1865, in oats after grass ; in 1866, turnips.
The field was furrow-drained in 1852, according to the govern-
ment system ; — drains 4 feet deep, 27 feet apart, filled with broken
stones. The soil of the field is of light loam, darkish in colour,

EEPOBT ON COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVENESS OF TUENIPS. Ill

better adapted for grass and turnips than for cereals ; the sub-
soil is strong brownish clay. The field was deep ploughed in
November 1865, and required no more ploughing ; but in the
month of May was brought into a very fine mould by the grubber
and harrow. It is about 300 yards long, and about 250 yards
broad. The centre was selected for the different plots. Each
plot contained four drills, each drill 27 inches wide, which made
3 yards in breadth to each plot, and 201 § yards in length made
| th of an imperial acre. These were the extent of plots weighed ;
and the other 100 yards in length were to remain in the field
during the whole of winter, to ascertain their hardiness or keep-
ing qualities through atmospheric influence. These 100 yards at
the end of the held, exclusive of the Jth of an acre, received the
same quantity of manures and attention as |-th of the acre did,
only that they were never weighed. Into each plot, or Jth of an
acre, was put 2| yards of equal made farmyard dung, with 28 lbs.
of dissolved bones. The plots of swedes received 2^ yards of
dung of the same kind as the others, with 56 lbs. of dissolved
bones. The plots were sown at the different times stated in the
table. The frost in the last week of May and the first week of
June kept the swedes back a little, and gave them the appear-
ance, at one time, of going off; the other kinds, not being so
early sown, did not suffer from the frost. About the 20th of June
they all showed a healthy appearance, and proved that the seed
was all wholesome and free from damage ; no turnip fly was
visible on all the field. At the date of thinning they appeared
equal in progress, and none of them showing any indication of
decay. All the different kinds of seed were purchased from Ben-
jamin Eeid and Co., seedsmen, 132 Union Street, Aberdeen, with
the exception of the plot of Old Meldrum seed. The seeds from
the Messrs Reid were all very true to their kind, — so much so,
that it was difficult to find one turnip in the plot that was not
of the same kind. The Old Meldrum was the only plot in all
the sixteen that was not altogether true to their kind.

The writer not being skilled in agricultural chemistry, is unable
to describe properly the different feeding qualities of the turnips,
but it is right that there be given a description of the different
kinds, as far as known. It will be observed by the table, that
although the swedes were first sown on the west side of the
field, the white, or globes, were the first weighed, and, conse-
quently, first on the table.

1st, The White Globe is not of a very regular shape, but
comes very fast forward to maturity. It is sometimes called
the Norfolk Globe ; is soft, and easy cut by calves for the first
time.

2d, Tankard white Globe grows far above the ground, much
exposed to frost and all kinds of rough weather. It is a very

112 REPORT ON COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVENESS OF TURNIPS.

peculiar shaped turnip. Young cattle are very fond of it in
October and November, but it is scarcely of any use if allowed to
remain in the ground till April.

3d, The Pomeranian Globe. — A beautiful, well-shaped turnip.
It grows to a very large size, is more hardy, and stands the winter
better than the two preceding kinds. It is the greatest crop in
weight of all the plots.

Ath, The Greystone Globe, lately introduced into this district.
— It is a large growing, profitable turnip, something like a cross
between the Red-top Globe and the Pomeranian.

5th, Red-top Globe. — It is the hardiest of all the preceding
sorts, and stands the frost far better than the rest of the globes, — ■
a good, well-shaped turnip, with small neck and not much shaw.

6th, Early Bullock Yellow. — A very quick-growing turnip. It
comes more quickly to maturity than any of the other yellows ;
would make a good substitute for second sowing when required
by the turnip fly. Not so well shaped as some of the rest, but
very solid, considering the rapid growth.

7th, Aberdeen Yellow. — An old-fashioned, useful turnip, cele-
brated as the staple turnip of Aberdeenshire for its hardiness and
nutritious qualities ; very profitable for feeding.

8th, Dale's Hybrid Yellow. — Rather a lightish yellow colour ;
seems a cross between the whites and the yellows ; would not
suppose it a good feeding turnip. It is an oblong-shaped turnip,
not very hardy.

9th, Old JMeldrum Turnip. — This is a yellow turnip, selected
about the village of Old Meldrum, in Aberdeenshire. It is a
large, well-shaped, globular turnip, particularly selected in shape,
but not so good in quality or colour. As stated before, there are
different kinds among this sort, such as the golden yellow and
the Aberdeen early yellow. It is a little lighter in the colour
than plots 6th and 7th.

10th, Tweeddale Purple-top Yellow. — This is a very hard, good
turnip, much resembling the swedes ; stands the winter well ;
is not of very large size, but grows low among the earth.

11^. Aberdeen Purple- top, much resembling the Tweeddale,
but not so well shaped, and grows more above the ground.

12th, Bangholm Swede. — This is a purple-topped, well-shaped,
hardy swede, but never grown here before ; said to be much used
in the south of Scotland.

13th, Bronze, or Kinaldie Swede. — This swede has a bronze
coloured top, of a globular shape, very hard, with a deep yellow
colour when cut open.

14cth, Sheppard's Golden Swede, with green-top. — This is one
of the best swedes cultivated in this part of the country for shape,
bulk, and solidity; but it is rather larger in the neck bends than
some of the other swedes.

REPORT ON COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVENESS OF TURNIPS. 113

15th, Skirving's improved Swede, with purple-top. — A large
growing, profitable swede, and is the hardiest of all the class, and
stands the winter frost best of all.

16th, Skirving's King of the Swedes. — This resembles plot 15
very much, but is more globe-shaped, with a deep yellow colour
when cut up, and with a very small neck. It keeps low in the
ground.

On the 16th April all the kinds that stood the winter were
pulled and cut through the centre, to ascertain what effect the
winter had upon them comparatively, which is stated in the last
column of the table. The past winter the turnip crops have been
curiously preserved from frost. In the month of January the frost
was very hard. The turnips were all covered with a great depth
of snow, and were not exposed to frost at all. February was fresh
and mild, and March was again frosty; but the turnips were
covered with snow the same as in January, so that the frost has
done little harm to them this season. It was visible that all the
globes were of little use at the date mentioned above; but by
cutting them through the centre I was enabled to find how far
they were gone in decay, and it was evidently proved to me that
no globe turnips should remain in the field exposed to the in-
fluence .of the weather, after January, at this altitude. The
yellows stood the winter very well. When cut up through the
centre there were some of them rather dry, the juice or liquid sub-
stance having gone off, Dale's hybrid yellow containing an empty
space in the centre. The Old-Meldrums were very soft and
spongy, containing little of a feeding cpuality. The Tweeddale
purple-top and the Aberdeen purple-top appeared to be not
affected at all by the winter, and scarcely a dry centre could be
found. They are a very hardy turnip, well adapted for this alti-
tude, and might stand as a substitute for swedes. The swedes
stood the winter very well, and, after being cut up, no damage of
any kind appeared among them, with the exception of the Bang-
holm swede. In the interior of it a decomposition was going on
of round spots of different sizes, some one-half inch, others as
large as 3 inches diameter. These spots of corruption were not
confined to the centre, but were promiscuously through the whole
turnip ; but none of these spots appeared on the outside. Had I
not opened up the turnips I might likely never have discovered
this strange process of decay. In concluding my remarks on
these experiments, which are only an extension of former trials,
I am satisfied that the common white globes, the tankard globe,
Dale's hybrid yellow, and the Bangholm swede, can no longer be
raised here with advantage and profit for feeding purposes ; and
as all agriculturists are deeply interested, and self-interested, in
the green crop husbandry, no stone should be left unturned to
ascertain what is and what is not a profitable crop.

H

114 REPORT ON COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVENESS OF TURNIPS.

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REPORT ON COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVENESS OK TURNIPS. 115

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116 EEBORT OF EXPERIMENT ON OATS.

KEPOET OF EXPERIMENT ON OATS.
By William Walker, Ardhuncart, Mossat, Aberdeenshire.

[Premium— Five Sovereigns.']

The object I had in view in this report was to endeavour to
ascertain, by a carefully conducted experiment with two different
manures, part mixed and part unmixed, for crop 1865, which
would produce the best results at the least cost. I occupy a
considerable extent of high-lying land, which, when broke up
from three years' grass (the rotation I am bound to), will scarcely
return the expense of seed and labour without a top-dressing of
some kind or other.

It then becomes an absolute necessity to ascertain, if possible,
the most economical mode of treating such land.

I therefore resolved to conduct an experiment for the pur-
pose on the size of plots recommended by Professor Anderson,
chemist to the Highland Society — namely, T^th of an acre,
which, from past experience of the unwieldy working of large
plots, I highly approve of in general. 1 lb. per plot giving 112
per acre.

Coprolites and sulphate of ammonia were the two manures used,
all done in duplicate except two. The manure was all sown
and harrowed in with the seed. I re<?retted afterwards that I
did not try a plot with ammonia on the surface after it was
brairded.

The average results of analysis of the coprolites treated with
sulphuric acid are as follows : —

Moisture, ....

Sand, ......

Carbon, ....

Phosphate, )
Tribusic, J
Carbonate of Lime,

100-00
The sulphate of ammonia about 25 per cent, actual ammonia.

The manures for the different plots were carefully weighed,
mixed, and broken. The land may be termed poor outfield,
about 700 feet above the level of the sea, soil about 6 inches
deep, subsoil coarse gravelly clay — naturally dry, and almost
level. The plots were carefully measured off, small elastic pins
put in at the corner of each plot ; a space of six inches was left
between each plot one way. As I had every reason to believe
that the crop would not lodge, and the pins would remain all the
season in their proper places, furnishing a sufficient guide, in-

4-50

12-50

2-50

76-00

4-58

REPORT OF EXPERIMENT ON OATS. 117

stead of galvanised wire being stretched between each plot, at
harvest time I stretched a rope between till one plot was cut, then
shifted the rope to the other, and so on. Of course, this plan
would not answer if the crop was lodged.

The oats and manure were sown on the 20th of April. The
quantity of manure applied to each plot is stated in the table,
and the quantity of grain sown 3| bushels of Scotch birley oats
per acre, drilled 5 inches apart. The experiment had every
advantage as regarded the sowing of the manure, being a nice
calm day, and the land otherwise in the best order possible for
receiving the seed. There was no difference that I could perceive
in the brairding of the different plots ; but further on in the
season, and during the severe heat and drought, the plots con-
taining sulphate of ammonia appeared greener than the rest, and
had a more bulky appearance all through. The season being so
adverse I paid less attention to the progress of the different plots
than I usually do in conducting experiments. All the plots were
cut on the 7th of September, carried and weighed on the 15th,
thrashed and dressed on the ICth; dressed grain deducted from
the gross produce.

I may mention, that all the work connected with the experi-
ment was done with my own hands. The only difficulty I found
was in the thrashing and weighing. My steelyard I did not
consider suitable for such small quantities, and the thrashing-
machine is too large for the same reason. I had to cart the
whole a considerable distance to a crofter's barn, who had a light
thrashing-machine driven by hand, and by laying a sheet in
below to receive the grain of each plot I got it done then to my
entire satisfaction. All the nothing plots seemed so very equal
that I did not consider it necessary to weigh more than one plot.

The plan adopted previous to carrying was, that I had each
plot tightly bound up and numbered, the weight of each ascer-
tained with a common balance; the grain belonging to each plot,
when thrashed, was pat into a bag with its number attached,
then taken home and dressed, which completed the process.

Perhaps it might be partly owing to the adverse season that
the applications have, with the exception of one case, proved to
be a loss. The nature of the season has always so much to do
with experiments that we can never draw any practical informa-
tion, unless from the results of two or three years. The manure
is put down in the table at what it cost at the nearest railway
station.

118 REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE OF POPLAR.

Table showing the Results of the Experiment on the Oat Crop 1865.

o

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Kind and Quantity of

sg

<74

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3

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5 a.
p. p.

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No.

Manure applied per
l-112th of an imperial

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5 a

e OS-
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acre.

.SP-J
a

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£ 5.

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Q. b. lb.

£ 5.

d.

*. d.

1

Nothing, .

20

12

8

2 7 22

5 17

9

2

3 lbs. of coprolites, .

26

16

9

0 19

•6

3 2 20

6 12

6

\ Loss

3

Do.,

22}

14

8§

0 19

6

3 12

6 5

3

f 12 3

4

6 lbs. of coprolites, .

314

21

10i

1 19

0

3 6 36

7 14

6

) Loss
f 4 6

5

Do.,

32

21f

io|

1 19

0

3 6 36

7 14

6

6

3 lbs. of coprolites \

and 1 lb. of sul- V
phate of ammonia, j

36

25

11

1 17

6

4 0 16

8 2

0

1 Loss
j 4 0

7

Do.,

36

25*

101

1 17

6

3 6 36

7 14

6

8

6 lbs. of coprolites ")

and 1 lb. of sul- >

43

28J

14i

2 17

0

5 2 28

10 13

6

) Profit

phate of ammonia, J

ri5 o

9

Do.,

40

261

13i

2 17

0

4 7 30

9 18

9

10

1 lb. of sulphate of )
ammonia, . j

28

19|

8|

0 18

0

3 1 2

6 5

3

( Loss
1 10 6

11

1 J lb. of sulphate of )
ammonia, . j

34^

25

9i

1 7

0

3 4 0

7 0

0

( Loss
14 9

REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE OF POPLAR.
By C. Y. Michie, Forester, Cullen House, Cullen.

[Premiicm — Five Sovereigns.]

No person forty or even twenty years ago could well have fore-
seen or predicted the present demand for, and consumption of
poplar wood, because one of the principal appliances of it had not
then been called into full and active operation, by the great and
important changes that have since taken place in the formation
of railways throughout Great Britain, which, during the latter
period, have been increasing at the rate of about 650 miles
annually. In 1860 it was estimated that about 10,000 miles of
railway were in working operation throughout this country, or,
taking into account the double and often treble lines at stations,
amounting to 3000, and reducing all such lines to single ones, the
total extent of single line of railway would be about 18,000 miles.
Some idea may be formed of the vast consumption of poplar, alder,
willow, and lime-tree, for break-blocks alone, from the fact, that
even on the Highland Railway and its branches, the single line of
railway, including the double lines at stations between Perth and

REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE OF rOPLAR. 119

Inverness, amounting to 275£ miles, consumes annually about
5000 break-blocks, equal to about 2500 cubic feet of square wood.
If, therefore, 275| miles of railway require annually 2500 feet of
square wood, the 18,000 miles throughout the whole kingdom
must require 163,488 cubic feet. Poplar being the best kind of
wood for the above purpose, it would doubtless be so employed,
if it could be procured, which at present it cannot.

During the last twenty years quite a change has taken place in
the value of the various kinds of wood. Oak timber, formerly of
the highest value, and in the greatest demand, has considerably
declined in price, even the best descriptions of it, such as ships are
built of; while those kinds of wood, once almost valueless, have
risen to more than double their former price, — such as poplar,
alder, willow, &c, — and seem likely to maintain, if not exceed,
their present price, unless an equally good and cheaper article can
be found as a substitute for them. If, as suggested by the High-
land and Agricultural Society of Scotland, poplar could be grown
upon ground which will not grow larch, and prices equal to what
the former commands can be obtained for it, the demand and con-
sumption continuing at the rate above indicated, then undoubtedly
all that the society anticipates, in point of profit, from its culti-
vation, would be fully realised.

That poplar timber, as an article of produce, is one of the most
remunerative that the soil in many cases is capable of yielding,
will appear in the sequel of this paper ; while, at the same time,
upon certain descriptions of soil it has the advantage over most
other crops in early beautifying and adorning the landscape.
Within a very few years after it is planted, it is valuable to cut ;
and, indeed, it can be turned to profit at every stage of its growth.
The maturing of the heart-wood is of no consideration, the
sapwood being equally durable. Nor is it necessary, in order to
its profitableness, to grow the poplar to a great size, even were
the ground capable of doing so. Two trees containing 50 feet
each are more profitable to the grower and purchaser than one
tree containing 100 feet. The number of species of the poplar
family is variously estimated by different writers at from sixteen
to twenty-four, and the varieties belonging to each are numerous
and interesting. Of the above, four are indigenous to Britain ;
the others have been introduced from foreign countries, princi-
pally North America and Eussia. Of those species esteemed
valuable as timber trees, and adapted to the soil and climate of
Scotland, may be mentioned : —

First, The Aspen — Eattler or Quaker (Populus tremula). It
grows wild in many districts all over the country, sometimes
springing up in damp places, and sometimes on dry gravelly
hillocks. In all cases it appears to prefer nature and wildness
to art and cultivation. It grows more abundantly in the High-

120 REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE OF POPLAR.

lands than in the Lowlands. In the latter it is rarely found
except when planted by the hand of man ; in the former the
hand of nature scatters it profusely. Notwithstanding its rich,
attractive, and inviting foliage — its dark reddish brown suckers,
like the oak — its leaves roundish and angular, smooth on both
surfaces, green above and whitish below, — no animals, such as
sheep, cattle, or horses, will eat of it, owing, probably, to its bitter
taste. It is venerated by many of the old inhabitants of the
North of Scotland, who regard it with superstition and awe, on
account of an opinion obtaining that it is the tree out of which
was made the cross of our Kedeemer — the agitation of its trembling
leaves being a perpetual protestation against its application to so
awful a purpose.

The foliage of the aspen is beautiful at all stages of its growth — ■
when young, middle aged, or old — its ceaseless motion ever dis-
playing its variegated colours. It has a great tendency to exhaust
the soil and absorb moisture. Its numerous suckers, wherever
its roots spread, render it sometimes objectionable on that account.
Its recommendations as a timber tree are its hardiness, its leaves
standing exposure to high, boisterous winds, and even sea-air.
It grows to a good size in places where even the birch is stinted
and dwarfed through poorness of soil, continues healthy, and
retains a rich, fresh foliage in maritime districts, where all other
trees are blasted and withered. Its timber, though rarely of
large dimensions, is pure white, soft and smooth when dressed,
makes excellent vessels, as pails, cogs, and soles of wooden shoes.
It is also well adapted for staves and break-blocks for railway
waggons ; as paling, it lasts longer than the sap-wood of pine,
makes excellent palisades, and is well adapted for splitting into
plaster lath. The aspen bears pruning badly, especially the
cutting off of large branches. It is liable, also, to the attacks of
a large white grub, which eats into its heart-wood, and when old
it is subject to ground-rot. To grow it large, a deep, dry, sandy
loam is required in an exposed situation. The main object,
however, in cultivating it is to shelter more tender trees, by
planting it upon the poorest soil and most exposed situation, or
near streams, lakes, waterfalls, or rocks, with a view to ornamental
effect.

Second, A species of poplar, indigenous to Great Britain and
most parts of Europe, is the White Poplar (Popichts alba), which,
though frequently grown from cuttings and suckers, is most
commonly and most advantageously raised from layers. This is
accomplished by bending down pliant shoots, and fastening them
to the ground by means of hooked pegs. The shoots on being
bent into the ground are partially cut with a knife at the part
deepest embedded in the earth, thereby inducing them more
readily to strike root. Plants grown from layers are sooner raised

RETORT ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE OF POPLAR. 121

to large-sized trees than those grown from seed, or even from
cuttings. The process of laying is best done in March, and the
young shoots should be separated from the parent stock after
remaining one year attached. They are then transplanted into
rows in the nursery ground, where they remain at pleasure,
sometimes one year, sometimes two or three. This is a tree of
rapid growth in a moist situation, and in a rich soil it attains a
large size, often exceeding 100 feet in height, and containing an
equal number of cubic feet. It changes its character very much
at various stages of growth. Its young shoots and small branches
have a purplish bark, and the leaves of the young plants are
covered with a thick coating of white down underneath. In
proportion as the tree grows older the down becomes less and less
apparent. It is an object of general admiration, its majestic
appearance attracting the attention of the beholder. Its branches,
though not large, are bold, sweeping, and regular. Its leaves,
when young, are large, resembling those of the herb coltsfoot, and
yield an agreeable scent. No species of the poplar family changes
its form and foliage so greatly as the Populus alba as regards the
size and shape of its leaf, which often causes it to be mistaken
for another species. It has a great tendency to produce suckers,
which spring up, not like those of other trees near the trunk, but
at every place where the roots extend, to the very extremity of
the fibres. The timber is superior in quality to that of the aspen,
and is also less liable to ground-rot and the attacks of the white
grub previously mentioned. As paling or weather-boarding it
lasts as long as spruce, while for flooring it is equal to Scotch
pine, and is eagerly sought after for break-blocks and staves for
barrels.

Third, The Gray Poplar {Populus canesccns), like the aspen and
white poplars, grows in many parts of Great Britain. It generally
springs up on the margins of wet but good ground. The writer
has often seen it growing in a natural state upon banks over-
hanging boggy ground. It attains a size equal to that of the
white poplar, when they are grown together upon good soil, and
surpasses it in growth upon poor ground. The gray very much
resembles the white poplar, and a common observer is very apt
to mistake the one for the other. The stigmas in the former are
eight in number, in the latter only four. The leaves in the white
poplar are also more round and less cut and lobed than those of
the gray. This is a very hardy tree, and grows well even on
indifferent soil. Unlike the other species, it is little liable to
produce suckers, and seldom attains a \ery great size.

Fourth, The Black Poplar {Populus nigra) grows wild in many
districts of Scotland, as well as in most parts of Europe and north
of Africa, and may, therefore, be properly regarded as indigenous
to this country. Its natural habitat seems to be a moist situa-

122 REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE OF POPLAR.

tion. Its leaves are pointed, serrated, of a pleasant lightish green
colour, and smooth on both sides. They are also smaller than
those of the white or gray poplar, though, as in the others, this
is not quite a reliable index. As a timber tree it attains in a
few years large dimensions, soon arriving at a state of maturity,
and as soon decaying if allowed to remain upon the ground. The
wood is of a pale yellowish colour, soft and easily wrought, and
equals in quality that of any other species of poplar. Its bark
is useful for tanning, being for that purpose of nearly the same
value as that of the larch, about £3 per ton. The black poplar
has a tendency to produce suckers from its underground roots,
though to a less extent than the Abele tree. It is generally pro-
pagated from cuttings, which strike root readily. It attains a
size equal to that of the last named species.

Fifth, The Necklace-bearing or Black Italian Poplar (Populus
acladesca) is said to have been introduced into Britain from Canada
in 1772. It is grown from layers or cuttings, generally from the
latter. It delights in a moist, deep, rich soil, and sheltered situa-
tion, and grows well upon moss. In America it is said to attain
immense proportions, and even in Britain it grows to a very
large size, often above 120 feet. No forest tree in this country
grows to such a height in so short a time. As a timber tree in
Scotland it is certainly the one which, during the planter's life-
time, would pay him best, as we shall endeavour to show. It
takes precedence of all others of the poplar family, both with
respect to its rapidity of growth, and its quality of timber. Its
wood is of a grayish white colour, and, unlike many other kinds
of timber, is as tough when seasoned as when green. It is appli-
cable to all the purposes to which the wood of the preceding
species is applied, and is more valuable than any of them.

Sixth, The smooth-leaved Ontario or Canadian Poplar [Populus
laevigata) was introduced from North America in 1769. It grows
to a good size in a short space of time when in rich, deep, cool,
and rather damp soil, and in a sheltered situation. Its foliage is
of a beautiful shining colour. Its timber in point of quality is
not so good as that of the preceding species, where strength and
durability are required, but for railway breaks it is equally
valuable. The Populus laevigata is generally propagated from
cuttings, though sometimes also from seed and layers. In Scot-
land it may be regarded only as a secondary timber tree.

Seventh, The Long-leaved Poplar (Populus macrophylla) was
introduced into Britain from North America in 1820. It is a
tree of very rapid growth, and when grown upon suitable soil
attains a large size. It grows advantageously only on deep, rich
loam, and in a sheltered situation. It is propagated from both
cuttings and layers. Its wood is rather short grained, and is apt
to split when dried. It is well adapted, however, for staves and

RETORT ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE OF POPLAR. 123

break-blocks. Like the variety mentioned immediately before,
it is only regarded as a secondary timber tree in Scotland.

Eighth, The Ontario Poplar (Populus candicans) is another
species from America, said to grow wild on the borders of Lake
Ontario. It is of all the poplars first in flower and then in leaf,
the latter being the largest of any species of poplar, and measuring
when young often 8 inches in length. Its buds are gummy, and
along with the foliage produce a strong balsamic smell. Its
wood is soft and brittle, and only useful for a few industrial pur-
poses. Like the other species it is propagated in various ways,
chiefly from cuttings. It is too tender for general planting in
Scotland, the soil being too poor to sustain it properly.

Ninth, The Balsam Poplar (Popidits balsamifera) is a native of
North America, introduced into Britain in 1700. It is a beautiful
odoriferous tree, and, next to the Ontario, comes earliest into leaf,
the soft sweetness of which delights the eye in early spring. As
timber it is little valued, being employed only for break-blocks
and staves. It is seldom planted with a view to profit.

Tenth, The Angular or Carolina Poplar (Populus angidata) was
introduced from North America in 1738, where it is said to attain
the height of 150 feet. A rich dry soil and sheltered situation
are requisite to insure its growth in this country. Much dead
wood is found on it, indicating decay in the root. Though its
timber is only of a secondary class, it deserves to be planted for
variety and beauty. The preceding list of poplars, embracing
ten varieties, includes those of most importance to the cultivator,
whether regarded as timber trees or trees of ornament. We
offer now a few remarks as to their culture and general manage-
ment.

Sufficient room, yet not too much, is one of the chief require-
ments of the culture of poplar. Care must be taken to relieve
the tree of a superfluity of branches and contending shoots, by
timeously pinching them off during early summer, which answers
all the requirements of pruning without inflicting the evils
resulting therefrom. It being rather the exception than the rule
for foresters to propagate their own plants wholly, purchasing
them from nurserymen when two or three years old, the writer
will state his experience in this matter. As the ground best
adapted to grow poplar is such as produces rough grasses and
coarse herbage, which is, however, apt to choke the youthful
plant, the best method in such a case is to plant trees of such a
size as to be at once above the herbage, and in order to do this at
as moderate a cost as possible, the writer would place the plants
purchased into rows, either in a home nursery, or the corner of a
field, whence they could be removed to their permanent situation
at the least expense. The ground selected as a temporary nursery
for only one year requires little preparation beyond digging and

124 REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE OF POPLAR.

cleaning, and enclosing with hurdles or flakes, which are easily
removed and erected at small cost. The writer has found it
necessary also to employ wire netting, that is, when hares and
rabbits abound. To save manual labour the ground may be
prepared by ploughing, grubbing, and harrowing, which is more
expeditious than spade culture.

The writer has found it a great advantage to be able to trans-
plant the young trees from the nursery to the forest with earth
adhering to them. To accomplish this as fully as possible, it is
well to employ a box, 3 feet long by 2\ wide, and 2 feet deep,
which is fixed between two handles in the form of a hand-
barrow, well rounded at the edges to prevent friction and injury
to the bark of the trees placed in it to be carried to the site of
planting.

On purchasing the plants from nurseries, or raising them at
home, the following conditions are worthy of being observed : —

1st, The plants should be grown upon a sandy or light loamy
soil — never upon clay or wet ground.

2d, The soil should not be recently or richly manured, which
is apt to force the plants into a luxuriant top growth, but should
have produced at least one crop of cereals between the period of
manuring and that of cropping with poplar.

3d, The plants should not stand more than two years in the
rows where first planted as cuttings or layers, and should be
lifted and transplanted each year afterwards till the time of
finally planting them in the forest ground.

4:th, The situations, both of the permanent and temporary
nurseries, should be such as are well exposed to the action of the
elements, because if plants are not inured to them in the nursery
ground, how are they able to stand them when removed ? These
precautions, therefore, are by no means unimportant, and ought
not to be overlooked.

A question is often asked, Which are the best sorts of poplar
for cultivation in this country ? We answer, much depends upon
the soil and situation. If the soil be of first-rate quality, and
the situation favourable, I would plant black Italian poplar,
profit being the sole object sought. On similar soil, but in a
situation more exposed, I would plant black poplar, which is
less liable to be broken with the wind than the former. Again,
if an inferior quality of soil be taken, the subsoil wet, but
situation sheltered, 1 would plant the white or woolly-leaved
poplar. With similar soil, but exposed situation, I would plant
the gray poplar, whose foliage and branches suffer less by wind
than those of the white poplar. When the soil is very poor, and
exposure greater than is suitable for any of the preceding species,
I would plant the aspen poplar, the hardiest of them all. For
profitable planting the fore-mentioned sorts would supply all

REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE OF POPLAR, 125

that is required, nnd pay the proprietor better than any other
known species. For the sake of variety, however, or ornamental
effect, the following kinds might also be added — the Canadian,
the long-leaved, and the Ontario poplars. Indeed, the latter
might in some instances be advantageously substituted for the
former. For example, I would sometimes be inclined to substi-
tute the Canadian poplar in place of the black Italian, the long-
leaved in place of the black poplar, and the Ontario in place of
the Abele tree. Even the balsam might be substituted with ad-
vantage in place of the gray poplar, and the angular or Carolina
in place of the aspen.

The order of time in which the plants appear in leaf, disposi-
tion to produce suckers, comparative value of wood for outdoor
as well as indoor purposes, diseases to which the various species
are liable, sorts of soil to which each species is best adapted, &c.,
will be given in a tabular view at the close of this paper.

The following is the practice adopted by the writer in prepar-
ing the soil for receiving the plants so as to ensure the best crop,
founded upon experience on a large scale. In planting black or
black Italian poplar, the ground should be drained of superfluous
water. Although the tree grows well, even luxuriates, in a
lather wet soil, yet it does not live long on such, in consequence
of decay of the root. Thus strong dry clay is preferable. Drain-
ing by means of four-feet tile drains, with one foot of small
stones or gravel upon the tile, is the best plan. Such draining
acts well, and evidently conduces to the growth of the tree in
other respects than that of merely carrying off water. The
writer has watched attentively for many years the difference in
growth between trees grown upon tile-drained ground and trees
grown amid open drains or undrained ground, and can vouch
for the decided superiority of the former in point of growth.
The superiority, however, is more apparent in one class of trees
than in another. Those of the poplar tribe that benefit most by
draining are the aspen, Lombardy, white Egyptian, and small-
leaved white poplar. Those which thrive best in wet ground
are the balsam, black Italian, large-leaved white and black
poplars. Tile draining is, no doubt, sometimes objected to, on
account of the roots entering and obstructing the water in the
tiles. But by the time the roots of the trees have reached the
bottom of a four-foot drain and choked it, the trees themselves
will be so far advanced as to act both mechanically and chemi-
cally in ways conducive to the drainage of the ground. Me-
chanically, by the leverage power the trunk exercises over the
roots during wind or storm, in breaking up, shaking, and pul-
verising the subsoil, thereby enabling the water to find its way
to a depth where it cannot injure the roots ; and chemically, by
absorbing the water, drying the ground, and evaporating the

126 REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE OF POPLAR.

moisture through the leaves and other parts of the tree. The
quantity of water thus carried off by trees in a healthy state is
very great, and may be shown from the fact of ground which,
while growing plantations, is perfectly dry, upon their being cut
down becoming quite wet.

Another important operation in preparing ground for poplar is
making the soil and subsoil as loose as possible, so as to allow
the tender roots to spread freely. This is expeditiously and
cheaply effected by the plough, a subsoil plough following an
ordinary one in the same furrow, and breaking the subsoil with-
out bringing it to the surface. I have seen ground so prepared
at a cost of 20s. per acre. Ground, however, which cannot be so
prepared requires other means — the cheapest and most efficient
of which are, in the writer's experience, the borebill, a drawing
of which, accompanied with description, is given in the Highland
Society's Transactions for 1863, page 76. It is not necessary to
loosen the soil to a depth over 18 inches, or to bring the subsoil
to the surface, as is generally done in trenching ; all that is re-
quired is, to render the soil free and open to such an extent as to
enable the roots to go through it readily, till the trees are large
enough to feel the force of the wind, after which they are
enabled to prepare the soil for themselves, as it were, by shaking
and pulverising it for their own development. The cost per 100
trees for thus preparing the ground is 6d., and the process has
all the advantages of ploughing, or even trenching, or the com-
mon practice of pitting, without the expense or evils attending
them. By the method of boring, a saving is effected over that
of pitting at a rate of from 50 to 70 per cent. The advantages
derived from loosening the soil might be illustrated by many
cases which came under the writer's observation where larch and
various other kinds of trees had failed to grow after repeated
planting, until the soil was loosened and well broken, when the
results were most satisfactory. Too great attention, therefore,
cannot be paid by planters to loosening and opening the soil ;
and the poorer the soil the more necessary is this operation.

In planting trees of slow growth, however, loosening the soil is
of less importance than in the case of rapidly growing ones,
which unless so aided soon exhibit signs of stinted growth.
Another consideration of vital importance is the state or health
of the plant, particularly its roots. Plants grown on soil that
renders their roots succulent, are not in a state fit for removal
to the forest ground, especially if the soil is dry and hard,
because the roots habituated to moisture are not in a state
fit to derive nourishment from the drier ground. On the
other hand, plants may be transferred with advantage from
a dry to a moist situation. Sometimes a slight mixture of
soils is beneficial. An example of this occurred under the

REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE OF POPLAR. 127

writer's superintendence, upon an estate in Roxburghshire, in
1859. In that he planted a great number of the various hardy
species, including balsam poplar, Ontario, and Athenian, the soil
being a stiff clay, and he was surprised to find that they all died
soon after planting. White Egyptian, Lombardy, and Carolina
lingered a little, but died also. The only plant that flourished
was the black Italian. Finding the utmost difficulty in getting
the latter to root, he adopted successfully the following plan. On
forming the hole for receiving the plant, he made it deeper and
wider than sufficient to admit the roots. This hole he partly
filled with light earth, sufficient to cover the roots until they be-
came incorporated with the native heavy clay. The plants thus
treated succeeded perfectly well.

Another difficulty to contend with in planting poplar, is the
wind which, by twisting and tangling them, injures and often
destroys them. This arises from the top of the tree being heavy
as compared with its root, and the latter not having depth or
sufficient anchorage power to sustain the former. Caught in a
heavy gale, for example, it is in danger of toppling over. Stakes
are in such a case of great utility. When the number of trees
is only small, they can easily be supported by this means ; but
when it is great, say as many as to cover an acre, or about 600,
of course the task is more difficult, and attended with expense.
Stakes, at a moderate calculation, would cost 2d. each, including
ropes and putting down, and supposing 600 trees were thus sup-
ported, the expense would be £5. This added to the cost of an
acre of plantation is thus sunk during the period of growth,
which, if 40 years, would amount to £20 alone — an item too
considerable not to require looking into before adopted.

If, however, stakes can be dispensed with, so much the better.
Of two trees planted, one with stakes and the other without, it is
well known that the latter thrives best, which arises from its
being freely shaken by the wind, which agitation proves so
beneficial to the flow of sap and nourishment into every part
of it.

Stakes are also attended with evil, occasioned by the breaking
of the ropes or bands, or by these becoming too tight. In either
case care is required to keep them in proper order. Particular
attention must be paid, lest they injure the bark or leaves of the
young trees by rubbing against them during high winds. To
obviate the necessity of stakes, the writer has long adopted the
following method, which is cheap, simple, and efficient. All
trees planted with few roots, or without a ball of earth attached,
when so high as to feel the force of the wind, are apt to be
shaken and injured. Especially is this the case with regard to
poplars which, from their very nature, are liable to suffer in this
manner. Let the planter judge what proportion, in point of size,

128 RliPOET ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE OF POPLAK.

the root bears to the top, aud by means of a sharp, clean-cutting
knife, reduce the latter within due proportions. This often saves
the tree from the effect of the wind, and may be done without
either injuring or disfiguring the tree, which ill a short time, by
new shoots, repairs its defects.

The methods of planting poplar are similar to those of plant-
ing other trees of the hardwood class, and need not be adverted
to beyond what relates to the ground into which they are
planted.

The writer superintended the planting of a field in the county
of Sussex, performed as follows : — The field was prepared for
planting after a recent crop of wheat, and ploughed and har-
rowed, which cost 15s. per acre. The operation of planting was
commenced by stretching a line from top to bottom of the field,
beginning at the east side, and removing the line and working
backwards, so that the line, on removal to the next row, did not
require lifting over the planted trees. In this instance the object
of planting was a crop of wood for hop-poles, not for timber ;
but it serves to illustrate the method of planting for the latter
object, the only difference between the two being the distance of
the trees from each other — those planted for hop-poles being put
in at 4 feet apart each way, those for timber being planted 8^
feet from each other.

Where profit is the sole object of planting, and the soil clayey,
three rows of beans may be planted between the trees the first
year, two rows of potatoes the second year, and two rows of
turnips the third, after which, if the trees are vigorous, grass
seeds may be sown, and the herbage cut with the scythe once or
twice a-year. This latter treatment may continue till the plan-
tation is eight years old, when it may be grazed during summer
with Cheviot or Leicester sheep, care being taken to remove them
before the pasture is eaten bare, as otherwise they might injure
the trees.

Again, where ornament or beauty is the object sought, some
conspicuous place should be selected for planting. The ground
should be planted after a crop of turnips has been eaten off by
sheep, and it has been ploughed, harrowed, and rendered smooth
and even. Grass and clover seeds having been sown in it, the
grass should be cut twice a-year, and carried out fr,om amongst
the trees in sheets.

Where quick growth is the primary object, it is best promoted
by continuous hoeing and loosening of the earth amongst the
roots of the trees, care being taken to iuse such implements as
may not injure the roots, such as the steel grape and borebill.

Old lea or pasture land, where the turf is thick and matted, is
frequently selected for planting. In this case the turf requires
paring off around the space where the tree is planted, which

REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE OF POPLAR. 129

enables the invigorating elements to reach the roots. Soil very-
firm should be well loosened with the borebill. Rough herbage
in every case must be kept clear of the young trees.

An important duty devolving on the planter, is that of keep-
ing the earth clear of the neck or most vital part of the tree,
where the stem and roots join, as the freer and looser these are
the sap ascends the more copiously into and promotes the growth
of the tree. In every branch of arboriculture the writer has re-
marked the advantage of attending to this. He was first led to
notice this fact in the case of a row of trees which grew upon a
turf dyke, which, on being levelled down, left all their largest
roots exposed. On comparing the dark rich foliage of this row
with that of another close by, whose roots were unexposed, the
difference in favour of the former was so great as to excite the
astonishment of every one to whom the circumstance was
pointed out. By the practice of removing the earth and partly
exposing the roots many sickly trees were restored to health, the
growth of the healthy promoted, and especially in fast-growing
trees, like the .poplar, its beneficial effects were at once apparent.

To illustrate the above mode of treatment or management of
poplar, we must enter more fully on the subject.

1st, Because of the natural hardiness of the poplar, it requires
no other trees to shield or nurse it, and all such nurses would
only retard its growth and development.

2d, The poplar being the fastest grower of all forest trees,
especially in its early stages of growth, is well fitted to be a pro-
tection or nurse to other trees when they are young. The species
to which it is best suited as nurse are oak and ash ; the reason
of which is, that the latter grow well on clayey soil where there
is moisture — not adapted for larch or spruce — and such as the
poplar luxuriates in.

3d, For a crop of poplar exclusively the trees should be
planted at a distance of from 8 to 9 feet apart, for the following
reasons : — First, because no thinning is required before the trees
are of a size fit for cutting, and because they pay best to remain
at the distance planted till the whole is cleared as a crop ; and,
secondly, because the natural habit of the poplar, unlike most
other trees, is to take a rapid upward direction of growth, unaided
by art, and the lateral branches have just sufficient room, no
more, to develop themselves properly, and receive in due time
a proper check in their horizontal growth, so as to secure a tall,
well-proportioned trunk, without the risk of becoming too
bushy.

4th, The ground best adapted for poplar being such as would
produce luxuriant crops of whatever kind, might be turned to
profitable account in several ways.

oth, Where the herbage is peculiarly coarse or rank, and calcu-

I

130 KEPOKT ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE OF POPLAR.

lated to choke very small plants, the trees should not be less than
5 or 6 feet high when planted.

Finally, A small reserve of plants in the corner of the planta-
tion, from which to supplement any blanks that may occur,
would meet most requirements.

Planting being finished, it may be asked, What further treat-
ment do the trees require ? We answer, None, save the exercise
of a little light work. Pruning is undesirable — thinning is not
required. The latter, indeed, could be of no advantage at the
distance at which the trees are planted apart, and would only
lessen the value of the crop as a marketable article. Where
thinning is truly required, it should by no means be withheld ;
but let it be remembered that where it cannot positively benefit it
certainly does harm. The evils resulting from it are visible in
those trees contiguous to the ones cut down. The former some-
times are seen to languish — more frequently the side of the tree
confronting the one removed becomes hardened to such a degree
as often to obstruct the ascent of the sap in the vessels of the
wood. This accounts frequently for trees of stinted growth.
Another evil is the exposing a tree, generally as bare of roots as
of branches, to the force of the wind, and thus rendering it liable
to be blown down. Again, the branches which have lost their
vitality, on being thus submitted to the influence of light, heat,
and drying winds, soon become baked and dried, and thus remain
years longer upon the trees, and so fester into the wood, and
become in time black knots — a serious detriment to stave wood,
to which poplar is extensively applied.

Of pruning we have said that it is undesirable — that is, in
all cases where it can be avoided. As, however, it is frequently
necessary, we shall speak a little of its nature and extent.

1st, To counteract the tendency which poplar has of shooting
aloft without carrying breadth along with it, care must be taken
not to diminish the lateral branches. The common practice of
pruning hardwood generally is to bare the stem to about one
third of its height. Though as a general rule this system may
do, yet it will not answer with poplar. By pruning off the lower
branches of that tree, the roots are the greatest sufferers. The
evil soon extends to every part of the tree, but want of space
forbids details here.

2d, Where two top shoots strive for pre-eminence, lop off one
of them, leaving the one which is situated on the exposed side of
the tree.

3d, Where the roots have been injured by removal or other-
wise, so as to be unable to nourish the whole of the tree, prune
the largest upper branches, but not the lower ones.

4th, Where a top becomes spreading, and none of the shoots
form an upright leader, cut off the whole top that a new one may

REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE OF TOPLAR.

131

be formed, and watch it when young to direct its upright single-
growth.

5th, Where the branches are more numerous upon one side
than upon the other, so that the tree is inchiced to grow to one
side, assuming a bent form, whence is obtained twisted and
warped manufactured wood, in such case reduce the branches
upon that side to which the tree inclines, that the evil be coun-
teracted.

6th, Another case where pruning is of great service is that in
which branches grow out from the stem at such acute angles as
to fester the bark between the two surfaces of the branch and
trunk. Other evils attending such branches are their liability
to split off with wind, snow, &c. The pruning chisel is used for
large trees.

7th, Another necessity for pruning arises from dead or decayed
branches, which, unless quickly removed, produce injurious results
by festering into the trunk, as already noticed, and causing black
knots in the wood, which detracts from its value. The blemish
in the wood occasioned by the removal of a dead branch is no
doubt serious, but much less so than allowing it to remain.
Pruning is nothing more than art assisting nature in ridding
herself of an encumbrance.

Pruning of dead branches should take place about April, that
of live branches in June or July.

The writer having thinned plantations in almost every stage of
growth of which poplar formed more or less a part, he will in-
stance a few cases as to the relative size and value which the
latter bears to the other trees grown along with it.

Average

Price

Value

No. of

Value per

^Species of Trees.

Content

per

per

Trees

Acre, as if of

per Tree.

Foot.

Tree.

per Acre.

one Species.

s. d.

s. d.

£ s. d.

Alder, .

6 feet

0 8

4 0

150

30 0 0

Ash,

4 „

1 6

6 0

)>

45 0 0

Birch, .

5 „

0 8

3 4

5)

25 0 0

Larch, .

9

1 2

2 4

3 J

17 10 0

Scotch Pine,

8 „

0 10

6 8

))

50 0 0

Spruce,

8 „

0 9

6 0

>>

45 10 0

Oak,

2 „

1 G

3 0

J?

22 10 0

Gray Poplar,

18 „

0 8

12 0

)>

90 0 0

Black Italian Poplar,

20 „

0 8

13 4

))

100 0 0

No. 1 was a plantation in the south of Eoxburghshire situated
at an altitude of about 250 feet. The soil was soft, deep black
moss, thrown open with numerous drains. These in time of rain
were filled with dark sluggish water, fed by unnumbered rills de-
scending on all sides from the extreme heights of the Scottish

132 REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE OF POPLAR.

Border. Nevertheless the plantation seemed to thrive well in its
moist situation. When thinned it was about forty-five years old,
and had throughout the period of its growth received the usual
attentions of thinning, pruning, &c.

From the above it will appear how much larger is the poplar
than any of the other trees ; and considered as a nurse instead of
the larch, spruce, or pine, how much better it pays than they do.
The table in an extended form shows the value per acre of the
planted ground.

No. 2 is also a plantation in the south of Roxburghshire about
eighty years old, composed of the following species of trees, and
extended as above in order to show more clearly the relative
values per acre. The soil was clay loam upon sandstone rock,
exposure west, rather sheltered.

Average

Price

Value

No. of

Value per

Species of Trees.

Content

per

per

Trees

Acre, as if of

per Tree.

Foot,

Tree.

per Acre.

one Species.

s. d.

s. d.

£ s. d.

Oak,

10 feet

1 6

15 0

120

90 0 0

Ash,

16 „

1 6

24 0

>)

144 0 0

Elm,

12 „

1 4

16 0

)>

96 0 0

Beech, .

25 „

0 7

14 7

5)

87 10 0

Black Italian Poplar,

80 „

0 8

53 4

11

320 0 0

Gray Poplar,

60 „

0 8

40 0

11

240 0 0

No. 3 is a mixed plantation in Morayshire, composed of the
following species of trees. It stands at an altitude of 700 feet,
and is exposed on all sides except the north-east. Its soil is
poor and sandy. Age of plantation, forty-eight years.

Average

Price

Value

Number

Value per

Species of Trees.

Content

per

per

of Trees

Acre, as if of

per Tree.

Foot.

Tree.

per Acre.

one Species.

s. d.

s. d.

£ s. d.

Spruce, .

2 feet

0 6

1 0

200

10 0 0

Larch, .

4 „

1 0

4 0

40 0 0

Mountain Ash,

H „

0 6

1 3

i)

12 10 0

Sycamore,

4 „

1 6

6 0

>)

60 0 0

Elm,

3 „

1 9

5 3

j)

52 10 0

Ash,

3 „

1 10

5 6

?)

55 0 0

Oak,

2 „

1 8

3 4

5)

33 6 8

Gray Poplar, .

12 „

0 7

7 0

11

70 0 0

Black Italian Poplar,

10 „

0 7

5 10

11

58 6 8

Aspen Poplar,

8 „

0 7

4 8

11

46 13 4

The above statement gives prices equal to those obtained for
finest quality of wood in the district. Owing to the dryness of

REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE OF POPLAR.

133

the grouDd, and the trees never having been thinned, they are
small for their age.

No. 4 is a mixed plantation in Banffshire, favourably situated.

Value per

Average

Price

Va

ue

Number

Acre, as if

Species of Trees.

Content

per

p<

31'

of Trees

the whole

per Tree.

Foot.

Tree.

perAcre.

were of one

Species.

s. d.

s.

d.

£ s. d.

Sycamore,

4 cubic ft.

1 G

G

0

150

45 0 0

Ash,

4 ,,

2 0

8

0

n

60 0 0

Elm,

4 „

2 0

8

0

n

60 0 0

Horse Chestnut,

3 „

0 8

2

0

it

15 0 0

Alder, .

3 „

0 8

2

0

ii

15 0 0

Lime, .

3 „

0 10

2

6

n

18 15 0

Birch, .

3 ,,

0 8

2

0

)j

15 0 0

Norway Maple,

3 „

1 G

4

G

n

33 15 0

Oak, .

3 „

2 3

G

9

ii

50 12 6

Balsam Poplar,

5 „

0 8

3

4

ii

25 0 0

Carolina Poplar,

1G „

0 8

10

8

ii

80 0 0

Black Italian Poplar,

17 „

0 8

11

4

ii

85 0 0

Abele Tree, .

6 „

0 8

4

0

"

30 0 0

In the preceding table, No. 4, the prices stated were those
realised at a public auction on 22d September I860. The trees
which brought said prices were the best of those thinned out,
which were equal to any remaining.

No. 5 is a mixed plantation in Cheshire, England. The great
superiority of the poplar to all the other species of trees so
attracted the writer's attention in September last, as to lead him
to make a minute examination of it, of which the following is
the result : — It lies low ; soil, wet clay ; altitude, 100 feet ; age,
thirty-five years.

Average

Price

Value

Number

Value per

Species of Trees.

Content

per

per

of Trees

Acre, as if all

per Tree.

Foot.

Tree.

perAcre.

one Species.

s. d.

s. d.

£ s. d.

Oak,

3 feet

2 0

6 0

150

45 0 0

Ash,

3 „

2 0

6 0

45 0 0

Spruce, .

H I,

0 10

2 1

15 12 6

Scotch Pine, .

4 „

0 10

3 4

25 0 0

Black Italian Poplar,

35 „

0 10

29 2

218 15 0

Alder, .

5 „

0 10

4 2

31 5 0

Lime,

4 „

1 0

4 0

)>

30 0 0

Larch, .

2 „

1 0

2 0

ii

15 0 0

134 REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE OF POPLAR.

From the above table, it will appear that on ground where
larch has all but proved a complete failure, black Italian poplar
succeeds to the best advantage. In such circumstances the anti-
cipations of the Highland Society seem fully realised.

The preceding tables show the relative value of poplar to that
of other trees. As to its management when mixed with them,
the poplar should either be taken out at an early stage of growth,
or have the side branches snag-pruned, which means cutting
the branches at some distance out from the trunk, so as to allow
the small lateral ones to take their place.

With most trees it is best to grow them in masses. Poplar
forms an exception to this rule. From its tendency to assume
an upright direction without much spread of top, the black, black
Italian, and gray, grow very profitably as single trees.

A fine specimen of black Italian, growing singly, is to be seen
on the roadside, about a mile north of Jedburgh, in Eoxburgh-
shire, at an altitude of 100 feet. It is said to be ninety years
planted, is 85 feet in height, with a clean stem of nearly equal
thickness for 30 feet, but the top has suffered by the wind.
Three feet from the ground it girths 12 feet, at 20 feet its girth
is not much less, and at 40 feet it girths about 8 feet. Content
of tree, 250 cubic feet. Covering with its branches an area of
1600 feet, twenty-seven such trees would grow upon an acre, equal
to 6812 cubic feet, which, at 8d. per foot, is = L.227, Is. 8d.

Fine specimens of Abele poplars are to be seen in the pleasure
grounds at Cullen House, Banffshire, having the following mea-
surements : — Height, 60 to 70 feet ; girth at 6 feet from the
ground, 6| feet; height of trunk to lower branches, 30 feet;
distance apart, 30 feet; average content, 50 feet; age, sixty
years.

The value per acre of such a crop of poplars stands thus : —
Forty-eight trees multiplied by 50 feet = 2400 cubic feet, which
at Sd.per foot = L.80. Again, L.80 divided by 60, gives L.l, 6s. 8d.
as the yearly return. Such ground, also, for grazing purposes, is
worth L.20 per acre.

In a small plantation upon the Earl of Harrington's estate, in
Cheshire, the writer made an examination of black Italian poplar
in September last, of which the following is a statement : — Age
of trees, forty years ; soil, stiff deep clay-loam ; distance apart, 15
feet ; height, 50 feet ; girth of trees at 3 feet from the ground, 5
feet ; cubic content, 30 feet. And the following is the value per
acre : — At 15 feet apart, 193 trees stand upon an acre, which,
multiplied by 30, the number of feet, gives = 5790 feet, which,
at 8d. per foot, is L.193. The latter sum divided by 40, gives
L.4, 16s. 2d. as the annual return. Similar ground lets at from
20s. to 25s. per acre.

What enhances the value of poplar is the great demand for it

REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE OF POPLAR. 135

on the part of all tradesmen. No wood is so suitable for cutting
boards, such as are used by shoemakers, saddlers, &c, as poplar.
It is much used also for lining for carts, inch boards for this pur-
pose being sold at 16s. per 100 superficial feet. Poplar is also
well adapted for bed-room purposes, such as floors. Some of the
bed-room floors in Gawsworth Hall, Cheshire, are laid with black
Italian poplar, which has stood nearly seventy years, and is still
in an excellent state of preservation, equalling that of the Scotch
pine floors in the same house, laid at the same period. As paling
rails it endures as long as spruce. For split palisades it lasts nearly
as long as larch, is well adapted for weather boarding, and sarking
for slate roofs. For farm and rural purposes it lasts about as
long as Scotch pine, save for posts in the ground, in which case
it rots soon near the surface. It is first-rate for plaster lath, and
may either be split or sawn ; the heart-wood is less worm-eaten
than the sap-wood of oak or fir. In America it is in great re-
quisition for paper manufacture, for which purpose it is highly
approved ; and it may soon be called into requisition in this
country for a similar purpose. As coppice-wood all the species
enumerated in this paper (except balsam) answer well, and in
Staffordshire, where it is much used for crates, it pays the grower
handsomely. As hop-poles it is also in great demand ; and in
Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, it pays well for the above purpose.
The bark of the poplar contains also a considerable amount of
tannin, which renders it of value about equal to that of the bark
of larch, at present about 60s. per ton, but seldom used owing to
scarcity.

The principal source of demand, however, as has already been
stated, is for break-blocks for railway-carriages. For this pur-
pose poplar answers better than any other kind of wood. In
manufacturing break-blocks the following practice is adopted : —
The trees are cross-cut into 10 or 15 feet, or any other suitable
length for cartage, and sawed into planks 3£ inches thick, width
not less than 9 inches. The planks are then laid flat, and, by
means of a mould and chalk, the blocks are shaped into the
proper size. Poplar is also, as we have said, extensively used
for staves for barrels, for which purpose it brings a good price.

Some idea may be formed of the value of poplar from the
large prices realised for the wood at public sales in different
parts of the country, of which the following is an abstract : —

At a public sale in the suburbs of Perth, in March 1866,
among others sold was a root cut of black Italian poplar, 35 feet
in length, containing 107 cubic feet, which realised L.9, 15s., or
Is. 9£d. per foot. The top of it contained 30 feet more, and realised
Is. per foot, making the entire price of the tree L.ll, 5s., nearly
Is. 7f d. per foot. At a public sale at Gordon Castle, Banffshire,
in January 1866, amongst others was sold a gray poplar, con-

136 REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE OF POPLAR.

taming 107 cubic feet, which realised L.3, lis. =8d. per cubic
foot. At a public sale at Cullen House, Banffshire, in September
186(3, some white Egyptian and black Italian poplars were sold,
which realised 8d. per cubic foot. At a public sale near Dal-
keith, in April 1866, a tree of the black poplar species was sold,
which realised L.3, 15s., or Is. 3d. per foot. Other instances
might be cited, but being of a similar nature, are withheld as un-
necessary.

At the above sales no preference seemed to be given to one
species more than another, provided the tree was sound. Let it
be remembered that the black, black Italian, and large-leaved
Abele (Pojmhts argentea) are the soundest — the balsam, Ontario,
and aspen being frequently ring-shaken, or perforated with a
species of grub. As we have seen, the value of the poplar is
great, and the purposes to which it is applied are numerous and
always on the increase, the demand much exceeding the supply.

In conclusion, we may observe that in order to grow poplar,
so as to secure the greatest amount of available wood, the follow-
ing rule should be attended to : — Let the tree, of whatever species,
have a girth corresponding with its height — that is, have as many
inches in girth at the surface of the ground as it has feet in height.
By thinning and pruning, the power lies very much in the hands
of the operator to make the tree what he pleases. Let this power
of directing the course and inclination of the tree be exercised
as soon as possible; for, to use an old proverb, "just as the twig
is bent the tree inclines."

The following remarks conclude our subject : — Poplar should
only be planted upon such soils as receive the roots freely. Loose
soil, though poor, is better for poplar than retentive soil of better
quality. The rate of growth will always depend upon the
facility with which the plant derives its nourishment. All
thinning of poplar should be effected when it is young, and never
continued after the branches drop off from decay. One principal
point is, to secure as many lateral branches as possible upon the
young tree, and direct their course. The rapidity of growth,
soundness of wood, and size of the tree, depends almost entirely
upon the quantity of branches. If properly clothed with these,
it should make layers of wood £ of an inch thick, and be a source
of profit to the proprietor upon clay land greater than can be
derived from any other species of tree.

REPORT ON PHOSPHATIC AND AMMONIACAL MANURES.

137

We subjoin the following table of particulars : —

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able Planting.

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53

-

Feet.

1.

Black Italian,

80

1

1

5

5

4

1

80

9

2.

Abele Tree, .

60

4

2

4

1

5

2

70

10

3.

Black Poplar,

60

2

3

6

4

6

3

80

8

4.

Aspen ,,

30

5

4

7

2

10

9

50

7

5.

Gray „

40

3

5

8

3

7

4

60

6

6.

Carolina ,,

40

6

6

10

7

9

8

60

2

7.

Tacamahac, .

40

10

9

2

6

9

10

50

1

8.

Broad-leaved,

30

8

8

3

8

1

7

50

3

9.

Smooth-leaved,

30

7

7

9

9

8

5

60

5

10.

Heart-leaved,

30

9

10

1

10

3

6

50

4

REPORT ON PHOSPHATIC AND AMMONIACAL MANURES.

By Robert J. Thomson, Grange, Kilmarnock.

[Premium — Ten Sovcrc igns. ]

Artificial manures, in spite both of the nitrogen and the
mineral theories, are practically comprised in two great classes :
Ammoniacal — or, what would, perhaps, be a better term, Nitro-
genous— and PJwsphatic; and according to the quantity and con-
dition of these constituents in a manure, so is its value. In
stating this so broadly, we do not for one moment assert that
either nitrogen or phosphoric acid is more valuable intrinsically
than any other plant constituent. It is more probable that each
is alike valuable. Chemical analysis has revealed the almost
unvarying proportional amount of each substance in the plant,
and has shown that these are again found in like proportion in
the animal. At all events, the amount of each of the combus-
tible elements is so large that they, at least, are evidently and
indisputably necessary ; and the experiments of Prince Salm
Horstmar have sufficiently proved, that when any one single con-
stituent of the ash, or incombustible matters of the plant, is with-
held from the soil, the plant cannot grow to maturity.* Neither
do we mean to ignore from a place in the category of artificial
manures those substances other than phosphatic and nitrogenous

• »

Anderson's Agricultural Chemistry," p. G3.

138 REPORT ON PHOSPHATIC AND AMMONIACAL MANURES.

selling in the market — such as salts of potash, soda, magnesia,
and others. We merely affirm that the small quantity of these
sold for manuring purposes, and the discordant, and often un-
profitable results arising from their use, do not entitle them in
the present state of agricultural practice to a locus standi with
those in question.

It is not our intention to descant here upon the theories above
referred to, however akin to the subject it may be, further than
to remark that much has been said and written regarding each,
which is calculated to mislead the practical farmer, and to destroy
his confidence in agricultural chemistry. Advancing science
has now, however, brought many new facts to light, and the
extreme views of the partisans of both theories are very consider-
ably modified. One thing is certain, the immense consumpt of
bones and other phosphatic manures is proof positive that those
containing nitrogen alone are not all-essential ; and, on the
other hand, the large quantity of sulphate of ammonia and
nitrate of soda applied alone to some of our crops, and used for
mixing with manures for others, shows equally plainly that
nitrogenous manures are also requisite.

The fact of farmers having, from time immemorial, sold off
the farm the grain, dairy produce, and stock, — all containing a
large proportion of " phosphatic and nitrogenous " elements, —
without having made an equivalent return, might have been
sufficient to have led one to predicate, a priori, that great increase
of crops would follow the replacement of these substances, and
that fact surely accounts, to some extent at least, for the advan-
tageous results which happily follow their application.

In the following pages we shall attempt to consider — 1st,
In what relative proportions phosphatic and nitrogenous elements
should prevail in'our manures ; and, 2d, What are their compara-
tive effects on our crops.

In considering fully the first question, many circumstances
would fall to be noticed, which not only could not be detailed
within the limits of this report, but which would involve specu-
lations regarding matters about which but little is known, such
as the absorptive properties of soils ; the questions arising
from the fact of a phosphatic manure having caused a great
increase of crop in a soil comparatively rich in phosphates, and
having produced but little effect on a soil containing an almost
inappreciable quantity ; the decomposition of the manures ap-
plied, and the formation of new compounds which take place in
and with the soil ; — these we leave, and merely state a few general
results which practice seems to confirm, and which may tend to
guide in the making up of " home mixtures " for our field plants.
What the relative proportions of phosphatic and nitrogenous
elements in a manure should be, depends to a very considerable

REPORT ON PHOSPHATIC AND AMMONIACAL MANURES. 139

extent on the soil to which it is to be applied. The chemical
composition of the soil varies greatly, and it would be folly to
suppose that So and So's "potato manure," or "wheat manure,"
even although found to have the best proportion of phosphatic
and nitrogenous elements for one class of soil, should be equally
adapted to others. The object for which we supply all special
manures is either to supply the soil with some element or
elements in which it is deficient, or to counteract the injurious
predominance of some constituent in the soil. The chemical
composition of the soil is therefore altered by every such appli-
cation. What wonder, then, that farmers should find on fields
to which guano, or any other special manure, has been applied
year after year, " thas guano does not ' tell ' as it used to do."
We think it may be laid down as a general rule, to which there
may be many exceptions, " that the heavier, or, in other words,
the more clayey the soil, the larger should be the relative propor-
tion of nitrogenous to phosphatic elements in the manure, and
vice versa."

The best proportions in which these substances should exist
in a manure, depend to a great extent, also, on the plant to which
it is to be applied. Some plants, such as wheat and Italian rye-
grass, are benefited by nitrogenous manures alone ; while the
produce of others, such as yellow turnips, growing on the same
soil, is increased only by phosphatic manures ; not that a crop
of turnips takes less nitrogen from the soil than does a crop of
wheat, for the reverse is the case. An average crop of the
former takes 60 lbs. nitrogen, while an average crop of the latter
takes only 45 lbs.;* and this leads to the remark, that the
analyses of plants afford no criterion to the farmer what should
be the most profitable proportional quantity of phosphatic and
nitrogenous elements to apply in the manure.

We have found to a certain extent, " that the longer that a plant
takes to grow, the greater is the benefit derived from nitrogenous
manures ; and the shorter, the greater the benefit from phosphatic
manures." Whatever may be the cause, this hypothesis is, so far
at least, backed by practice. With the cereals, wheat is oftenest
grown with purely nitrogenous manures — nitrate of soda, for
instance ; to oats, a proportion of phosphates is added, Peruvian
guano being a very common manure for that crop ; to barley the
proportion of phosphates is increased, and it is said that if the
barley be sown late, the proportion of phosphates may be still
further profitably increased. With green and root crops the
same is the case ; cabbage requires the largest proportion of the
manure to be nitrogenous ; for mangold, the proportion of phos-
phates may be increased ; for swedes, still further ; while for

* Dr Anderson, in " Transactions of Highland Society," March 1861, p. 568.

140 REPORT ON PHOSPHATIC AND AMMONIAC AL MANURES.'

yellow and white turnips, in most turnip soils the nitrogenous
element almost disappears, and the manure becomes principally
phosphatic. Beans seem to form an exception to this rule, as
we find they are grown in some parts with manures prin-
cipally phosphatic ; but it may be said that beans belong to a
different order of plants, and that possibly the same gradation
takes place with the leguminosse. Italian ryegrass, again, is
grown with great rapidity by means of purely nitrogenous
manures alone. But the definite proportion seems so constant
with the others before mentioned, that we have thought if the
best proportional amount of phosphatic and nitrogenous elements
could be definitely found for a number of these plants growing on
the same soil and under the same circumstances, that, having found
the best proportion for any one of them on a different soil, a fair
idea might be formed of what would be the best proportions for
the other plants. With a view to this, we made some experi-
ments, of a preliminary kind, during the present season on
cabbages, carrots, mangolds, swedes, and yellow turnips. The
returns of the cabbages cannot be got ready for this report, but
will probably appear at some future time. Suffice it to say, that
3 cwt. of superphosphate added to 3 cwt. of Peruvian guano,
gave no increase of crop over that grown on 3 cwt. guano alone.
The carrots did not braird even enough for an experiment, and
as there was a blank here and there throughout, we did not think
proper to weigh the crop. The results from the mangolds,
swedes, and turnips are given below.

The carrots and mangolds were grown on contiguous plots in
one field, which was manured on the stubble in autumn with
30 loads ash-dung per acre. The cabbages, swedes, and yellow
turnips were on contiguous plots in another field, manured also
on the stubble with 25 cubic yards of farmyard dung. The
Peruvian guano contained nearly 19 per cent, of ammonia and
22 per cent, of phosphates. The superphosphate was analysed
by Dr Anderson, with the following results : —

Moisture, ....

17-65

Organic matter,

16-28

Biphosphate of lime,

15-92

Equal to soluble phosphates,

. (24-85)

Insoluble phosphates, .

7-15

Sulphate of lime,

39-76

Alkaline salts,

0-89

oanci, .....

2-35

100-00

Ammonia, ....

117

REPORT ON PHOSPIIATIC AND AMMONIACAL MANURES. 141

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142 REPORT ON PHOSPHATIC AND AMMONIACAL MANURES.

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144 REPORT ON PHOSPHATIC AND AMMONIACAL MANURES.

The soil in the field in which the mangolds were grown is of
a mossy character, containing a considerable quantity of organic
matter, and well adapted for the growth of that root, but the
season being cold, and for the most part wet, the crop was under
average. The field in which the swedes and turnips were grown
is heavy clay, and certainly about the worst description of land
for proving the excellence of phosphatic manures. The com-
parative effects, therefore, of the different proportions of phos-
phatic and nitrogenous elements on the increase of the crop of
mangolds are not comparable in these results with those of the
swedes and turnips, nor even, indeed, are the latter two com-
parable, for the turnips were grown on a stiffer piece of ground
than the swedes. The crops of swedes and turnips were likewise
rather under average. The land on which the experiments with
mangolds were made seems to have been very uniform, although
rather better in one set than the other. The plots of the swedes
experiments stood exactly in the same relative position as they
are here set down ; the distance from A to B being 215 yards,
and from A to C 27 yards. We were quite aware of the varia-
tion of the soil from A to B, but had no idea that any existed
from A to C. These results show, however, that the soil gradu-
ally increases in fertility from A to C, but a deficiency of " no-
thing" plots precludes the possibility of estimating how much.
It is impossible that they could be influenced in any way, one
more than another at least, by previous manuring, or the old
ridges, for they were purposely run across the line of the old
ridges. We believe the change in the soil to be gradual. The
same remarks apply to the yellow turnips.

The 2 cwt. salt added to 10 cwt. guano for mangolds has given
a marked increase of crop ; we have invariably found such to
be the case with mangolds. The " 6 cwt. salt" seems to have
been too large a quantity, as it has given no increase of crop. It
is probable that had a plot been manured with 10 cwt. salt, the
produce would have been smaller, for " 6 cwt. salt," both on
swedes and turnips, has had a deleterious effect. This is not to
be wondered at ; the land on which they grew is only about six
miles from the sea, whence during stormy weather a considerable
quantity of salt is brought in the rain or spray.

The effect of nitrogenous manures on the leaves of all of these
plants, and particularly on the percentage of " shot" mangolds,
is very striking. In judging the crops before pulling them, we
had set down the mangolds on Nos. 1 and 2 at "from 19 to 20
tons" per acre, and those on JS~os. 3, 4, and 5 at "about 10 tons"
per acre. There was no apparent difference in the latter three
lots. We also made errors to a similar extent in our "notes
before pulling" with the swedes and turnips on these same
manures ; and had it not been that the numerous results on the

REPORT ON PHOSPHATIC AND AMMONIACAL MANURES. 145

similar experiments all confirmed each other, we would have
thought that some error must have been committed in weighing.

All the "shot" mangolds were lifted before the others, and were
counted as pulled, and thrown into the cart. They were then
"topped and tailed," and weighed. We may here mention that the
whole crop on all the plots was weighed. In some remarks on
experiments of a similar kind made last year (see " Transactions,"
p. 156), in which the percentage of shot mangolds increased pretty
much in the same ratio as the crop from different manures, we
surmised "that the larger crops, being perhaps more mature,
might possibly account for that circumstance." It is evident,
however, from these experiments, that both the " shot" mangolds
and the leaves owe their increase entirely to nitrogenous manures.
Four cwt. guano gave nearly as large a crop of bulbs in each case
as 10 cwt., but nothing like such a crop of leaves or " shot" man-
golds. Nor is this increase owing to the larger crops being more
matured ; for we believe the most matured crops, in every case,
were those on the phosphatic manures, particularly on the "10
cwt. superphosphate." The leaves on this plot looked more
bulky than those on the "6 cwt. salt," and the "nothing" plots,
till shortly before being pulled, when they gradually became
yellower than the others — more matured, in other words — and
diminished in bulk. We noticed this particularly on some ex-
periments with " soluble and insoluble phosphates." The leaves
on the " soluble" plots, although much bulkier than those on the
" insoluble" plots, during the greater part of the season, had got
so ripe and diminished in bulk shortly before being pulled, that
there was no perceptible difference between them and those on
the " insoluble" plots ; and, indeed, so much was this the case,
that we began to expect as large a crop from the insoluble as
from the soluble manures, which was not the case ; but might
not this circumstance account in some degree for the prevalence
of the idea, that " soluble phosphates" do no good towards the
end of the season? The leaves in the "10 cwt. guano" plots
looked green, fresh, and luxuriant, as if they were not ripe, and
would have grown for some time.

WTe have put a query ( ? ) after those which seem to us to be
doubtful, and would have our readers to place no confidence in
those so marked. The 7 tons 10 cwt. of mangold leaves off the
" nothing" plot, we believe to be erroneous; there was no ap-
parent difference between that plot and the two immediately
preceding before being pulled.

From these experiments, we may presume that nitrogenous
manures greatly increased the crop of leaves on mangolds,
swedes, and turnips ; that they tend to induce mangolds, either
directly or indirectly, to run to seed. (It seems to us more pro-
bable that this tendency to "run to seed" is indirectly produced by

K

146 REPOET ON THE CULTIVATION OF MANGOLD WUEZEL.

the greater succulence, and therefore possibly the greater tender-
ness of the plant on nitrogenous manures, increasing its liability
to be checked by frost, &c. ; and we think that probably the
comparative effects of these manures on mangolds running to
seed will be different in every season ; the difference last year
was not nearly so striking.) Another presumption which we
may draw from these experiments, is the fallacy of judging the
weight of crops grown with different manures by appearance
when growing. It is deserving of notice, that the difference of
the crop of mangolds grown with "10 cwt. superphosphate," and
that with " 6 cwt. salt," was not discovered, even when lying on
the ground topped and tailed ; and we are led to ask, Might not
those grown with superphosphate be of greater specific gravity ?
This is very probable ; it was found to be the case last year, and
we have forwarded samples of each of the first five plots of man-
golds, and the first four plots of swedes and turnips, to Professor
Anderson for analysis ; the results of which, it is expected, will
throw some further light on the comparative effects of " phos-
phatic and nitrogenous manures."

REPORT ON THE CULTIVATION OF MANGOLD WURZEL.

By Robert J. Thomson, Grange, Kilmarnock.

[Premium — Five Sovereigns."}

Mangold wurzel, or, in botanical phraseology, Beta vulgaris
campestris, belongs to the genus Beta, class Pentandria, and order
Digynia, of the Linnean classification, and Chenopodea of the
natural classification.

It was introduced into Britain from the Continent during the
latter part of last century. The exact year, however, is disputed,
but probably it was in 1773, by the celebrated Dr Lettsom.

It still retains the original German name, many corruptions of
which — such as mangle, mangel, wurtzel, wortzel, &c. — have
found their way into use, and disfigure even the seed catalogues
and circulars of not a few of our leading seedsmen. Any one
may satisfy himself, by turning up a good German dictionary,
that mangold (meaning beet) wurzel (meaning root), is the proper
rendering. It has also been designated " the root of scarcity."
This, we think, must have been the invention of some enterprising
seed merchant, or, at best, the translation of some would-be
German scholar, seeing the word mangel, which has nothing-
whatever to do with mangold, means want.

For many years after its introduction it did not become at all
popular, probably because of the mode of culture adopted ; but
ultimately it rapidly won the favour of all classes of agricul-

REPORT ON THE CULTIVATION OF MANGOLD WURZEL. 147

turists, and, at the present day, in every homestead throughout
the length and breadth of "merrie England," mangold wurzel has
become "familiar as a household word." Its cultivation has not,
however, extended with like rapidity north of the Tweed, simply
because the cloud-covered skies and colder air of the "land of the
mountain and the flood" are anything but congenial to the
warmth-loving mangold.

The statistics collected by the Highland and Agricultural
Society in the years 1854 to 1857, show that, in the former
year, 1950 acres of mangolds were grown in Scotland, and in the
latter 2800 ; above a third of which breadths were returned by
Ayrshire alone. Wigtownshire ranked second as a mangold-
growing county.

Average Crops. — It has often been said that it is as easy to
grow 30 tons mangolds as 20 tons swedes in the south of England,
and vice versa in Scotland. Table I. shows the cultivation,
manuring, average crops, and comparative acreages of a number
of growers in several different parts of the kingdom.

Extra Crops. — In 1859, crops weighing 39, 34, and 31 tons
respectively per acre were grown in East Lothian (see " Highland
Society's Transactions, 1860"). In 1854, Mr Birch (whose name
appears in the following table) grew 4 acres, averaging 50 tons,
manured with 22 tons cow dung and 3 cwt. Peruvian guano,
in drills 27 inches apart, and bulbs 12 inches apart. A neigh-
bour of his, in the same year, grew 3 acres, averaging 52 tons 18
cwt. per acre, manured with 25 tons street dung applied in
autumn, and 25 tons cow dung and 1| cwt. Peruvian guano
applied in spring ; drills 25 inches, and bulbs 10 inches apart.
The soil in both cases was a deep loam, and the variety grown
the long red. In the island of St Helena crops of 66 and 77
tons respectively per acre have been raised (" Kiiral Cyclopaedia") ;
and we have it on good authority, that 80 tons have been drawn
off one acre in the market gardens near London. The largest
crop we have heard of was grown by M. de Gasparin in France.
It weighed 109| tons per acre. The seed was sown in a hotbed
in January, transplanted, as thick as the finger, in April, to the
distance of 13 inches apart every way, on highly manured and
deeply trenched ground, and hoed and irrigated every fortnight
afterwards.

Weight of Bulbs. — If drills are 27 inches wide, bulbs 12 inches
apart, and the crop weighs 30 tons per acre, the average weight
will be about 3| lbs. At 20 tons per acre, and same distances,
it will be about 2£ lbs. We have seen at some of our agricul-
tural shows bulbs weighing above 30 lbs. Two roots were sent
home from St Helena, each weighing 56 lbs.; and M. de Gasparin
mentions one which weighed 132 lbs. !

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KETOKT ON THE CULTIVATION OF MANGOLD WTJRZEL. 149

Climate. — Mangolds grow within a wide range of latitude.
Large crops are raised at St Helena at 16° south lat, and they
are erown with success in Scotland at 56° north lat.

Soil. — A deep friable loam, abounding in organic matter, is
the most suitable ; but they are grown in all varieties of soils,
even in those of the most opposite descriptions. A light-land
farmer says, " We always sow our mangolds on our lightest land,
where it is too light for potatoes ;" and a heavy-land farmer says,
" My mangolds are invariably grown on the stiffest land, where
it's no use growing swedes." They are sometimes grown year
after year on the same soil. The Eev. E. W. Whitaker, in Lan-
cashire, has grown them for nearly twenty years consecutively
on the same ground — a clay soil. The crop has raised from 27
to 32 tons per acre. He manures with farmyard dung, salt, and
a mixture of sulphate of ammonia and superphosphate of lime,
in the proportion of one of the former to ten of the latter. The
late Eev. Mr Hall, near Derby, grew them year after year, for
upwards of thirty years, without diminishing in yield.

Varieties. — There are the reds, yellows, oranges, and whites,
which are subdivided into long, globe, oval, or olive-shaped.
The long red is deservedly a general favourite. The oval yel-
low is a good sort too. "When compared with the long red when
growing, it may not appear so bulky a crop ; but when an equal
breadth of each is weighed, they are generally discovered to be
more nearly alike than at first supposed. That sub-variety of the
long red, the oxhorn, although a good cropper, is justly objected
to, both on account of its straggling across the drills, and thus
preventing much sooner than usual the working of the horse-hoe,
and likewise because of its leaves being less securely covered
from frost than all others. The long varieties seem best adapted
for deep or heavy soils, and the globes for those which are shal-
low or light.

Place in the Rotation and Cultivation. — The mangold occupies
the same place in the rotation as the swede, and the well-known
mode of cultivation adapted for that root is equally adapted for
the mangold. The latter, however, will even better repay deep
cultivation than the former.

Distances apart of Drills and Bulbs. — "Which are the best
distances'?" is a question which has been often asked, much dis-
cussed, but not yet satisfactorily answered. In Dv Voelcker's " Ex-
periments on Swedes" (" Eoyal Agricultural Society's Journal,"
vol. xxii.), we find the following : — " If the soil is shallow and poor,
the drills should be at least 26 inches apart, and the plants
singled out rather wide ; for the roots in that case will extend
their feeding fibres on the surface, and require a larger space
than in a deep, well-pulverised, loamy soil." This opinion is
entertained by not a few; but do not almost all practical farmers

150

EEPOET ON THE CULTIVATION OF MANGOLD WUKZEL.

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152 EEPOET ON THE CULTIVATION OF MANGOLD WUEZEL.

plant much thicker on a poor soil than on a rich soil ? Certainly,
and the reason is, we think, obvious. All alike admit that a free
circulation of air is essential to the healthy development of bulbs ;
but that requisite condition may be maintained on a poor soil with
plants much closer set than could be on a rich soil, from the greater
luxuriance of leaves on the latter. To obtain the greatest pro-
duce, however, from a given breadth of any soil, it is necessary
to fill it, as far as possible, with roots (not bulbs) ; so that the
feeding fibres of one plant, in ramifying in all directions, may
overlap and intertwine those of its neighbours, and thus, by
penetrating almost every part of the soil, assimilate the maximum
of its available nutriment. "We can see no analogy in the com-
parison of a supporter of the Professor's theory, that " a black-
faced wether on a Highland hill requires greater space than a
cottswold on a Lincoln fen, therefore," &c. This analogy pre-
supposes a hypothesis which we think untenable, viz., that
plants on a poor soil throw out a greater number of feeding fibres
than they do on a rich soil ; in other words, that, like the black-
faced wether, they travel farther for their food. The power of
locomotion of plants is very different from that of animals.
Independently, however, of these considerations, it should ever
be borne in mind that the mangold crop is in most instances
grown as a fallow crop, and the cleaning and aerating the soil are
of as much importance as a heavy crop. The drills should there-
fore be made, irrespective of produce, at least wide enough to
admit of the free use of the horse-hoe and other implements of
drill husbandry. 2 7 inches is a very common and a very convenient
distance, but even 30 inches may not be too far apart for the free
circulation of air on a rich soil in a good climate. For Scotland
we think 24 inches to 27 inches, even in the best districts, is
sufficient. Where 20 tons per acre is the maximum produce,
drills 24 inches, and bulbs 10 inches apart, give ample room.

Manures. — Last year (1862) we made some experiments with
manures for the mangold crop. Four acres, as nearly uniform
as possible, were selected from our mangold break, consisting of
12 acres. The drills were run across the line of the old ridges,
so that, in the event of their having been differently treated at
any time, all the plots would share alike. The farmyard manure
was that set apart from 16 highly-fed milch cows, was thoroughly
mixed, and carefully measured. The auxiliary manures were
weighed, first for each plot, and then for each drill. One set was
made at one end of the field, and a duplicate at the other, and
the whole crop was weighed. The results are found in Table II.,
pp. 150, 151.

REPORT ON THE CULTIVATION OF MANGOLD VOJRZEL. 153

A sample of the soil was found to contain : —

Insoluble inorganic matter (sulphides and chlorides, alkalies

and alkaline earths), . . .

Soluble organic matter (apocrenic and crenic acids),
Insoluble organic matter,

Silicious sand, .....
Fine clay, .....

1-64
1-36
13714

754-75
105-11

Acids of humus, 2-32.
Phosphoric acid, traces.

Lime,

Oxides of iron,

1000-00

55-9
38-7

A sample of the Peruvian guano contained nearly 18 per cent
of ammonia and 22 of guano phosphates. The superphosphate
shows 26 per cent, soluble phosphate, and 3 per cent, insoluble.
The nitrate of soda contained 15-7 per cent, nitrogen = 18 per
cent, ammonia.

The altitude is 110 feet, and the distance from the sea six
miles.

The Rainfall was in 1862.

Average of last 12 years.

Month.

In. dec.

Dry

Days.

Wet
Days.*

In. dec.

Dry

Days.

Wet
Days.*

May, . .
June, . .
July, . .
August, .
Sept., .
October, .

4-93
312

5-55
4-81
2-49
8-18

13

9

9

16

18

7

18
21
22
15
12
24

2-81
3-66
3-98
5-55
3-22
5.66

17
11|
13
13*

14*

11*

14
18J

18

m

15|
194

Total,

29-08

72

112

24-88

81

103

We leave our reader to draw his own inferences from these
results.

Sowing. — The end of April or beginning of May seems to be
the best and most generally adopted time for sowing. It is a
safe practice to purchase the seed early in the season, and to
germinate say 50 or 100 seeds in a little wooden box, saucer, or
whatever may be at hand, as severe losses have frequently
occurred from using bad seed. A more common source of dis-
appointment is sowing too deeply ; half an inch is sufficient.
The usual quantity sown varies from 4 to 8 lbs. per acre, de-
pending to some extent on the climate, distance apart of drills,
and particularly on the state of the soil. The common turnip-

* A wet day is one on which at least -01 of an inch falls.

154 REPORT ON THE CULTIVATION OF MANGOLD WUKZEL.

sowing machine, with holes made large enough for mangold seed,
is commonly used for sowing.

It is a great matter to bring mangolds early "to the hoe ;" but
if sown too early they either do not germinate, frost kills them,
or they run to seed. By steeping the seed, either in water or in
damp sand, several days are generally gained. In sowing steeped
seed care must be taken to secure a moist seed bed, for should it
be checked by drought after germination its vitality is easily de-
stroyed. From that circumstance many farmers do not attempt
this practice; but with ordinary care, and sowing immediately after
the drills are formed, little fear need be entertained regarding its
safety. Mr Mechi writes me : — " Our climate is too dry for swedes ;
I steep my mangold seed in damp sand for ten days previous to
sowing, until it spears a little, and I never miss a plant."

Summer Cultivation. — Like the swede, the mangold should be
carefully and perseveringly weeded during the whole summer.
The younger the weeds are taken, the less expense will be required
to keep the land clean. It is surely a mistaken notion to suppose,
that by letting the weeds come to size less expense will be re-
quired, because they would not require to be weeded so often.
Much longer time is required for a seed such as the black mustard,
for example, to become a plant with leaves 2 to 3 inches long,
than for a plant of that size to become one four times as large ; but
every weecler knows she can get over the ground twice as quick
with weeds of the former size as with those of the latter ; so
where is the saving ? Besides, weeds pulled in the former stage
entirely disappear in a day or two, while those pulled in the
latter stage often lie in the drills for weeks ; it is no uncommon
sight to see them clogging, like hay, on the drill harrow or
grubber, and mutilating the leaves of the growing crop. Another
argument might be adduced — the young weed, in its growth from
the state of seed until it becomes a plant having leaves 2 to 3
inches long, takes very little nutriment from the soil, but in its
growth from that size till it becomes a plant four times as large,
it commits wholesale robbery, at a time, too, when it should be
remembered it is very important to have as much available
nutriment in the immediate vicinity of the plant we wish to
cultivate as possible.

When the largest leaf of the mangolds is about 3 inches long,
the plants should be thinned out to the distance apart fixed upon,
leaving say two, or at most three, plants in each clump ; they may
then stand for a considerable time without injury, till a favour-
able opportunity presents itself for singling and transplanting,
and even until most of those which will run to seed are showing
signs of so doing, and can, accordingly, be pulled.

Transplanting should be committed to the care of well-tried
hands only, and should be done when the barometer is falling, or

KEPOET ON THE CULTIVATION OF MANGOLD WTJRZEL. 155

when there are signs of approaching rain, if possible. It is better
to transplant when the ground is dry, or only slightly moist, than
when it is wet. Should they require to be watered afterwards,
one good soaking is much better than small quantities applied
often. We made some experiments in 18G1 on transplanting
mangolds, in order to see whether there was anything in the pre-
judices of some of our women who undertake our transplanting
annually. Each lot consisted of twenty plants. We abstract the
following from a considerable number.

TABLE III.— Experiments on the Transplanting of Mangold "Wurzel,

1861.

Plot. Transplanted 2d July 1S61. Observations on 2d August 1S61.

31. Planted deep, half-way up the Came away without backset, but does

leaves. not look healthy.

32. Planted shallow, half the root Despaired of at first, now looking

bare, and lying flat. fresh, but far behind ; two died.

33. Large plants, thought likely to By far the best plants ; not one run to

run to seed. seed ; fresh and healthy.

34. Do., took H in. offend of tap- Next best to plot 33; none run to

root (to prevent seeding !) seed.

35. lh in. taken off tips of leaves. Came slow; the old leaves died, and

new ones were put forth.

36. 1| in. off tap-root. Much better than 35 ; but not so good

as 39 (planted entire).
38. Tap-root turned up in the hole. Twelve died ; rest looking fair.
41. Plant laid down, and taproot Not so well as 39 (planted with dib-

pushed in by forefinger. ble).

87. Put in loosely with a spade. Two died; rest far behind (moist

weather kept them alive).

On taking up these roots at the end of the season they were
found to be, in general, considerably more " fangy " and difficult
to clean than those not transplanted at all.

Mangolds being deep rooted, should be grubbed as deeply as
possible, at least once, say shortly after singling. We rather
avoid deep grubbing afterwards, from an idea that it injures the
rootlets, which, on examination, will be found ramifying through
the friable mould produced by the first deep grubbing. The
Norwegian harrow, made suitable for drills, is an excellent im-
plement for breaking rough ground and separating the adhering
earth from the roots of weeds ; we believe we were the first to
have it so adapted.

Running to Seed. — Many hypotheses exist regarding the cause
of mangolds running to seed. Some ascribe it to their being
checked by frost in the earliest stages of growth ; and they
adduce, in support of this view, the fact of mangolds run-
ning to seed much more readily in Scotland than in England.
They aver, too, that early sown mangolds suffer, in this re-

156

REPORT ON THE CULTIVATION OF MANGOLD WITRZEL.

spect, more than those later sown. But
spring frosts are generally more severe in
the eastern counties of England than in
the south-western of Scotland. There is
this difference, however, the frosts of the
former district are generally accompanied
with dry weather; while in the latter,
they not unfrequently take place in moist
weather ; and we have more than once
noticed that frost accompanied with mois-
ture usually stimulates the young hay
and pastures to form the seed-stalk,
while frost in dry weather has no such
effect. An idea prevails that it originates
in the seed, from the fact of two plots
growing side by side, treated alike in all
respects, and sown at the same time with
the same variety of seed, but from diffe-
rent stocks, yet the one having many more
run to seed than the other. The practice,
too often resorted to, of growing seed from
bulbs sown in the autumn of the preced-
ing year instead of from full grown bulbs
— mangold being a biennial — appears a
sufficient predisposing cause to account
for it being sometimes the fault of the
seed. It is thought by some to be caused
chiefly by the use of powerful auxiliary
manures. The " shot" column in Table
II. (see pp. 150-51), shows that the per-
centage " shot," or run to seed, corresponds
very closely with the weight of the crop,
and, therefore, with the most "powerful
manures ;" but the larger crops being more
matured, perhaps, than the others, may
possibly account for this result. Some
people cut off the tops of those which
have "sprung;" this plan may alter the
appearance of the plant, but does not
affect its constitution. The better way
is to pull them and boil them for cattle
food ; they are well relished in this
young state. At all events, they should
never be stored. The following experi-
ment shows that they rot much more
readily than those not run to seed : —

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REPORT ON THE CULTIVATION OF MANGOLD WURZEL. 157

Both lots were taken from the same plot of ground. It will be
seen that lot 2 diminished in weight, during the first stage, and in
greater proportion throughout, considerably more than lot 1, not-
withstanding the number of rotten bulbs in lot 1. This, we pre-
sume, arises from the greater succulence of those not run to seed.

Leaves. — The leaves are, by analysis, shown to be, weight for
weight, considerably more nutritious than the bulbs. It may be
taken for granted that so long as the leaves adhere to the plant
they are of service to it. It has been ascertained that in decay-
ing they yield to the bulb much nutriment. Drs Wolff and
Buckman have shown that mangolds, when denuded of their
larger leaves in September and October, are not only diminished
one-fifth in weight per acre, but are considerably deficient in both
saccharine and protein compounds. After the introduction of
mangolds into this country, it was customary to strip off the leaves
in the end of the season. The injurious effects of such treat-
ment doubtless accounts for the small breadth grown so long as
this practice was continued.

Pulling and Storing. — Mangolds are nearly as easily injured
by frost as potatoes, and should be taken up in the end of Octo-
ber in Scotland, and beginning of November in England. The
desideratum in pulling is to clean off all the earth without injur-
ing the skin, and to cut off all the leaves without injuring the
head of the bulb. They will keep well enough without taking off
any of the adhering earth ; but extra cartage is required, they
are much more difficult to clean afterwards, and fibres and leaves
are thrown out more readily in spring. If the skin is broken, or
the head of the bulb wounded, they " bleed" and mould in keep-
ing, or sometimes take a sort of dry rot. If many of the leaves
are left on, they ferment and rot. Mangolds may be very con-
veniently stored in a house or shed ; almost any quantity can be
kept together. When very large quantities are put together
under cover they are apt to get rather dry, however, and to weigh
much lighter in spring. If they be stored out of doors, a situation
well protected from north and north-east winds should be chosen
if possible. They may be packed up against a wall, or built in
roof-shaped heaps, either with or without hurdles. The larger
the size of the pits, the less straw, &c, and work will be required
to cover any given quantity. A thin layer of drawn straw is
spread evenly over the bulbs, then about 6 inches of earth firmly
beat, and over all a coating of thatch. A gutter is made round
the pit when necessary.

Keeping property. — So superior is this property of mangolds,
that they may be kept perfectly fresh all the year round. Indeed,
their chief value, in Scotland at least, consists in their ability to
furnish a supply of green food in spring after swedes are stale,
and before pastures are ready for stock.

158 REPORT ON TIIE CULTIVATION OF MANGOLD WURZEL.

TABLE IV. — Result of Experiments on the Keeping Properties of
Differently Manured and Different Varieties of Mangold.

Weight when Weight on

Loss of

No.

No. shot

Lots

Variety.

Manure per Acre.

put up. 21st April.

weight.

rotten

ofrotten

cwts.

qrs. lbs. 'cn'ts. qrs. lbs.

cwts.

qrs.

lbs.

1

Long red I

10 cwt. Pr. guano,
and 2 cwt. salt

}u

0 14

12 0 7

1

0

7

14

12

2

• {

10 cwt. superphos.
and 2 cwt. salt

}u

2 0

12 2 14

1

3

14

10

8

o
o

No manure

14

3 0

12 1 14

2

1

14

11

8

4

J)

25 yds. cow dung

13

1 14

11 0 21

2

0

21

12

11

5

- {

Tel. globe

6 cwt. salt, and 25

}u

0 14

13 1 0

0

3

14

9

9

6

yards cow dung
No manure

none.

none.

0

0 112

0 0 110

0

0

2

7

Long red

3>

0

0 112

f Eaten by
( worms

}

...

»

»«

8

Red olive

,5

0

0 112

0 0 112

...

»

>i

9

Long yel.

»?

0

0 112

0 0 105

0

0

7

>>

J!

10

Eed globe

)»

0

0 112

f Eaten by
\ worms

}

...

;>

»»

11

Oxhom

Jl

0

0 112

0 0 106

0

0

6

>»

M

Feeding value. — They should not be given raw before January,
as they contain a quantity of pectic acid which causes scouring,
and even abortion sometimes it is said. In keeping this sub-
stance is converted into sugar in the same manner that the pec-
tine of sour apples becomes sugar in the process of ripening.
They may be given boiled or steamed,, however, as in that state
they are innocuous. In the absence of other experiments on the
comparative feeding values of mangolds and swedes, we have re-
course to Lord Spencer's often quoted one. His lordship put up
two cows, as nearly equal in age and weight as possible, and fed
for one month, the one with mangolds, and the other with swedes,
hay to both ad lib. The following month the diet was changed,
the one from swedes to mangolds, the other from mangolds to
swedes, and the third month both fed on mangolds. It appeared
by measurement that the greatest increase in weight of both
animals took place while they fed on mangolds* The following
experiment was made at the Albert Agricultural Institution in
Ireland : —

* " Journal of Royal Society," vol. ii. For other experiments, see ",Royal
Society's Journal," vols. iv. and xiii., the results of which are slightly in favour of
swedes. We have since made some experiments, 1864 and 1865, on this subject,
which resulted rather in favour of Bwedes. See " Highland Society's Transac-
tions, 1868."

ItErOKT ON THE CULTIVATION OF MANGOLD WTTRZEL. 150

Date.

No. of

Cows.

Allowance of Food
per Cow.

Milk
given.

Total
Milk.

Increase.

Daily
Increase.

Feb. 15
„ 16

„ 26

„ 27

23
23

23

23

f 6£ stones swedes, 1
\ oatstraw ad lib. J

Ditto.
f 6£ stones man- ^
I golds, oatstraw V
\ ad lib. )

Ditto.

28J gals.
29 „

61 „

32 „

\ 57*

j gals.

) 63

J gals.

gals.

2f gals.

The cows had been fed on the swede diet for a fortnight pre-
vious to February 15th, and were changed to the mangold diet as
soon as the milk was taken on the 16th. Mr Tynan adds — "As
fully three-fourths of the cows were in calf, they were naturally
decreasing in yield."

We are not prepared to ask our reader to place much reliance
on either of the above results ; and, without detracting from the
value of the experiments, or the merit of the experimenters, we
think proper to draw his attention to possible sources of in-
accuracy. In the first, the cattle were not weighed, but mea-
sured, nor was the quantity of fodder consumed noted. In the
second, the increase or decrease in the weight of the cows was
not ascertained ; fodder was given ad libitum. No notice was
taken of the quality of the milk ; and, above all, no division of the
cows was made, so as to have one lot on swedes while the other
fed on mangolds. Every dairyman knows how the weather
affects the yield of milk, and 2| gallons on the milkings of
twenty-three cows might well have been effected by this cause
alone. The results are, however, quite in accordance with what
might be judged a priori from the comparative analysis of these
roots.

Constituents of

Mangolds.

Swedes.

Water, . . .
Flesh formers, .
Fat producers, .
Ash, ....

Nat. state.

86-040

1-810

11-190

■960

Dried.

13-030

80-040
6-930

Nat. state.

89-260

1-443

8-474

•623

Dried.

13-662

80-288

5-910

100-000

100-000

100-000

100-000

(Dr Voelcker in " Morton's Cyclopedia.")

Notwithstanding the many advantages of mangolds, we think
its acreage, compared with swedes, will always be limited in
Scotland ; the climate is so peculiarly adapted for the swede,
while it is too cold for the equally successful culture of the

mangold.

i60 EEPOKT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE.

KEPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE.

By John Dickson, W.S., Greenbank, Perth.

[Premium — Thirty Sovereigns.]

Perthshire has been called the Yorkshire of Scotland ; and if
great extent, central position, diversity of soil, and variety in the
characteristics and configuration of the county, and the existence
of a large body of influential resident proprietary, are the dis-
tinguishing features of Yorkshire, the suggestion of a correspond-
ing position for Perthshire, in Scotland, is not without foundation.

It contains 1,596,160 imperial acres, and extends in length
from east to west 67| miles, and in breadth from north to south
61J miles. Its rental by the last valuation is L.777,294; and
though the per acreage rental of some other counties in Scotland
is higher, that circumstance is attributable to their mineral and
manufacturing wealth, for no county in Scotland, with the excep-
tion of Aberdeen, yields so large a purely agricultural rental as
Perthshire. There is no coal in the county north of the Ochils,
and the only limestone within its bounds is found in the far
Highlands to the north of Ben-y-Vrachie, in Glen Goulandie, and
in the mountain ranges surrounding Lochs Kannoch, Tay, and
Earn, places where, hitherto at least, it has been of no commercial
use or value, except for enriching the pasture of a few spots in
their immediate neighbourhood. Neither is the richness of its
foliage marred by hot-blast furnaces, for blackband ironstone is
unknown within its borders. The shaft of a steam-engine is here
and there visible, but in most cases they are attached to thrash-
ing mills on large farms, and to thriving bleach-fields of old
standing, within a few miles of Perth on the Tay and the Almond.
The county, from these causes, forms a great contrast to its next
neighbour, the kingdom of Fife, teeming with treasures and
industries, which, while they augment its wealth, do not enhance
its natural beauties.

Prom some, or all of these causes combined, there has been
much competition for property in the county, and the price of
land is, consequently, as a general rule, very high, — many estates
having been sold at prices 50 per cent, higher than they would
have realised in other counties in Scotland, when the intrinsic
value, or value estimated by produce instead of by rental in both
cases, is taken into consideration.

The principal part of the arable land of Perthshire lies on the
east side of the county. The climate is comparatively dry in
these districts, as it is well known that the humidity of the
climate of Scotland decreases, and its rainfall rapidly diminishes,
as we leave the west coast and approach the east; and it is equally

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE. 161

well known that the quality of the grain is greatly influenced
by the dryness or humidity of the climate in which it is grown;
in proof of all which we need only refer to the yearly Mars,
which rise from Wigtownshire eastward till they attain their
maximum in East Lothian and the other counties on the shores
of the German Ocean. The soil, also, of a great part of Perth-
shire is naturally dry, sharp, and fertile, and was capable of
profitable cultivation before thorough drainage was dreamt of ;
and these two circumstances, viz., the hygrometric position of the
county and the quality of the soil, pointed it out as _ a grain
growing county, when grain was more the staple agricultural
produce of the country, and land that would grow it was scarce,
and when both cattle and sheep were greatly less valuable than
at present, and so much of the rest of Scotland was capable of
producing nothing else. The Perthshire idea was, therefore, the
successful growth of grain ; land that would grow a " a true
boll" was the Goshen of a Perthshire farmer; and although
now " good grass land" is more frequently spoken of with favour,
it is quite a modem notion, not older certainly than the rail-
roads. So long as land was farmed for the production of grain
only, when plough and sow was the rule, as it was much too
long the rule in Perthshire, a farm could be stocked with very
little capital, compared with what is required where a proper stock
of cattle and sheep is kept ; and if a man could buy one, two, or
three pairs of horses, and implements in proportion, with seed to
sow the first crop, and offer some sort of security to the landlord
that he would do so much and pay the first year's rent, there was
nothing to prevent him with these limited means from starting
in a Perthshire farm ; and many a man with good luck and fair
weather at starting, that is to say, with good seasons and good
crops, combined with good prices, has pulled through wonderfully
in the times that are gone. To increase the facility for men of
small capital taking farms, the terms of payment of rent in the
best districts of Perthshire are postponed to Candlemas and
Whitsunday, or Candlemas and Lammas, or Whitsunday as
the sole term, all after reaping the crop, so that there is ample
time for realising the value of the produce before the payments
of rent, wages, and the current expenses of the first year fall
due.

It is not difficult, however, to understand, that where the entry
to land is so easy as regards the amount of capital required for
the undertaking, there have always been a number of people who
considered themselves able for every farm that has been adver-
tised. An old foreman on a farm, who may have saved a little
money, thinks he can take a holding requiring a pair or perhaps
two pairs of horses ; or a tenant leaves his farm, — leaves it, pro-
bably, for one of two reasons, either that he is ruined, or has pulled

L

162 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE.

through the lease with a hundred pounds or two in hand, and is
not content to go on and do better where he has prospered
already, but must have a farm of twice the size ; or perhaps he
keeps the small one and takes another as big. The same ruinous
system of large land holding, with inadequate means, prevailed
very generally on all sizes of farms, and as the demand for farms
was generally greater than the supply, the inevitable result was
high rents in Perthshire, as compared with the rest of Scotland,
before they received the shock of the abolition of the corn laws.
And although at that time the land was badly farmed, and often
in an exhausted state, rents did not fall in proportion ; and so
long as the price of grain kept up during the Peninsular war,
rents were maintained at very high rates. Since that period,
however, with the exception of the three years' endurance of the
Eussian war, the times have not been prosperous for either pro-
prietors or tenants. When the price of grain fell after the close
of the war in 1815, it was impossible for tenants to pay money
rents computed on an expectation of 80s. per quarter for wheat,
with barley and oats proportionally high ; and to meet the
emergency a system of grain rents was introduced, the tenant
paying a fixed quantity of grain, converted yearly into money
according to the fiars of the county for the year. As we have
twice within the last twenty years seen the fiars prices of the
triple boll of wheat, barley, and oats reach four guineas, and
twice within the same period seen them fall to nearly forty
shillings, it will be readily understood that this system produced
great fluctuation in rents, and whilst it afforded a certain relief
to tenants, it has been productive of a rather uncomfortable state
of things to proprietors, as an average rental of L.3000, while it
has risen to L.4000, has also fallen to L.2000.

During the last ten years the hopes of farmers, and still more
of people who were not farmers, have been excited by a revival
in the prices of grain, potatoes, stock, and all other farm produce,
and at the same time by agriculture becoming fashionable among
all grades of society, and land being for several years in greater
demand than ever ; but the bad season of 1862, coupled with a
low range of prices for grain, have again caused a depression, and
land can now be taken at a lower rate than in 1862. The
system, therefore, that has been pursued in Perthshire, is one
more for the encouragement of industry than for inducing men
of capital to embark in farming, and the result is that a large
proportion of the farmers who had barely capital for their farms
during the prevalence of the old grain growing idea, have never
had capital at all equal to the advanced requirements of the pre-
sent day, when L.10 per imperial acre is a moderate estimate.
Moreover, several of the seasons subsequent to 1862 have been
most disastrous to the grain growing farmer; his capital has been

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE. 163

seriously diminished in consequence, and precisely at the time
when he required double the capital he ever possessed to enable
him to take from stock the profits which he formerly took from
corn. No doubt, there are farmers possessed of large capital in
Perthshire, and of fortunes greatly exceeding the sums invested
in their farms, but they are the exceptions. There are large
farms in Perthshire, but Perthshire is by no means a county of
large farms or large farmers. This remark had still greater truth
in the last generation, the size of farms having since then been
much increased by joining small possessions together. Two
causes have contributed to the enlargement of farms — First, the
more substantial and expensive buildings which are required in
the present clay for small farms. A small tenant, paying from
L.50 to L.100, must have a house and steading as complete and
substantial of its size as a tenant paying L.1000 ; but as the
expense of putting up dwelling-houses and steadings for ten
farms, each of L.100 rent, is much greater than the cost of erect-
ing similar buildings for one farm of L.1000 rent, there is a
general attempt to save building by amalgamation. Secondly,
the other consideration which has led to the enlargement of
farms, and which applies to the pendicles and crofts, is that
hand-loom weaving, which chiefly employed and maintained the
families on these pendicles, and left all the produce, after paying
expenses, as rent for the land, has failed as a lucrative branch of
industry, and the produce, which formerly went for rent, has now
to support the occupant and his family. But in addition to this,
it is manifest that all the parts of a proper system of mixed
husbandry of grain growing and cattle feeding cannot be advan-
tageously carried on upon a very small scale. While, therefore,
the old farms of moderate size in Perthshire remain very much
in statu quo, there is a general inclination to raise the smaller
farms up to a size equal to keeping three pairs of horses, or, at
all events, to give a tenant as much land as would have been
wrought with three or four pairs of horses twenty years ago,
leaving him to increase the proportion of pasture, and reduce the
force of men and horses according to his own views.

Having made these general remarks on the past and present
condition of land occupancy in Perthshire, which apply more or
less to all parts of the county and to all the varieties of land, it
may now be advisable to consider the subject under three sub-
divisions or classes ; and the classes into which they seem
to divide themselves are —

1. Hill grazings and pasture lands, in which a great breadth
of land that has been and is at present under arable cultivation
may be included.

2. Light or easy lands, which are suitable for the growth of
oats and barley, turnips, potatoes, and grass.

104 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PEETHSHIEE.

3. Clay and carse land, being the wheat and bean lands of the
county.

There is a considerable extent of the best land in the county
that may be placed in either of the last two divisions, being
suitable for and capable of growing any kind of crop, having all
the advantages of both without the disadvantages of either. The
black land in the Carse of Gowrie is wrought with the ease of
turnip land. It dries rapidly, does not suffer from drought, and
while it grows as good wheat, beans, clover, and tares as the
best clay lands, it also produces as heavy crops of turnips and
potatoes as any land in the country, and when laid down to
permanent pasture it equals any land in Scotland for feeding.
From its quality this black land in the Carse of Gowrie should
be considered with the lighter lands, as being the best class of such
soils, but from its locality and production it is more convenient
to consider it with the Carse lands.

"While, however, the lands of the county may be properly
divided into these three great classes, it must not be supposed
that every farm within each class is worked in the same way, as
there are infinite varieties of management ; but this diversity of
practice arises not so much from difference in the rotations of
cropping, and crops grown on the various classes of land, as from
the mode of disposal and application of the crops produced.
The leases under which land is held seldom attempt to regulate
the disposal of the produce ; for while on the light lands they
provide for a five, and on the Carse or clay lands for a six or
seven shift, they have never done much towards providing for
the proper use of the crops grown, or considered that part of the
subject as having as much to do with the condition of the land
as the rotation of the crops grown from it. Most leases have
carefully and painfully prohibited the growth of two white or corn
crops in succession, and prohibited the disposal of straw — both
very good stipulations so far as they go — but no provision is made
for the grass that intervenes between two white crops being used
in a manner that will tend to restore the land ; and as the sale of
hay is usually authorised and provided for, hay being quite as
exhaustive of the land as any grain crop, it may be fairly said
that these leases, while prohibiting two white crops in succes-
sion, are in truth permitting three to follow each other. And
while it is provided that the straw shall be kept on the farm, no
provision is made for its receiving those enriching matters from
the consumption of other crops and substances, which alone can
make it of value as manure in maintaining or improving the
condition of the soil to which it is applied in compensation for
what is sold off and lost to the land. It is from the latitude
allowed to farmers on these points in their leases that the great
difference in their practice arises ; and while many, from old-

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE. 165

fashioned ideas, want of skill, and want of money, avail them-
selves to the utmost of the abstracting and selling off powers con-
tained in their leases, others who know that the direct profits
from stock sold, and the indirect profits from the improved con-
dition of their farms, by the feeding of such stock, are infinitely
greater than any that can be obtained by growing hay and pota-
toes, not for feeding but for sale, manage their farms accordingly,
and thrive upon them. The different degrees of good farming in
each class are marked by Che extent to which the tenants have
left the first mode of practice just indicated, and approached to
or entirely adopted the other. The farming in Perthshire, in
both classes of arable land, is at present in a transition state from
pure grain, potato, and hay growing, to a proper combination of
grain growing, with a due proportion of turnips, pasture, and
soiling grass for raising and keeping a stock of cattle and sheep ;
and while such transition has during the last ten years made
very great and marked progress in the lighter lands of the county,
it has not made the same advance in the Carse districts.

To proceed, however, with the consideration of the three
classes of land in the order in which they have been put down,
we shall take up —

1. Hill Pasture.

It must not be supposed that this class of land in Perthshire
is at all equal to the grazings in the south of Scotland or in
Sutherland. The scenery in Perthshire is too fine, and the bags
of grouse made on the 12th of August too heavy, to expect such
to be the case. But while the rugged grandeur of the generality
of the mountains of Perthshire does not present to the shepherd's
eyes those green hirsels of less pretentious form so common in
the south of Scotland, there are, nevertheless, in various parts of
Perthshire large sheep grazings of a very superior description
for blackfaced sheep, which, from the system of breeding with
Leicester tups and growing cross-bred lambs, are paying the
occupants proportionally as well as grazings of a higher class.
Besides those Highland grazings in the Grampian range, are the
sheep farms of the Ochils in the south of the county, which re-
semble the hills in the south of Scotland more than those in the
north of Perthshire ; these contain, on both their northern and
southern slopes, and in the recesses and glens by which they are
intersected, many grazings of good quality. In these uplands
the land is in many parts too much subdivided, and too much
cropped ; small farms — each with all the paraphernalia of houses,
steading, &c, erected originally at no little cost to the proprietor,
and adapted to arable farming — are much too numerous in these
districts, where the altitude of the land and the quality of the
soil are most unsuitable for constant cropping ; and when we add

166 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE.

to these disadvantages the present high and increasing price of
labour, it is impossible to resist the conclusion that these high
lands cannot long be kept in cultivation, and yield a rent to the
proprietor and living to the tenant such as can be realised from
them if properly laid down to pasture ; and that some such re-
appropriation of this class of small farms is inevitable at no dis-
tant time, the outlay in buildings for arable culture notwith-
standing, seems more than probable. This has taken place
during the last fifty years in some parts of the south of Scotland,
where the holdings were more moorland farms under mixed
husbandry than large stock farms. The traces of cultivation on
the hill sides, and the ruins of old crofter huts and hamlets, now
numbered among the things that were, are still observable in
many parts of these southern uplands. All agriculture in the
present day on high altitudes must be regarded as only a means
to an end, that end being grass ; and when the end is attained,
sheep must take the place of men, women, and horses, since it is
found that their labours can be turned to better account in
localities at a lower level. Land of this sort, if laid down to
grass, with no annual expense in its management but the wages
of a shepherd, may pay rent to the landlord and a profit to
the tenant ; but if kept under the plough, there can be no pro-
spect of great profit, even in favourable seasons, and a chance of
there being little beyond payment of expenses in unpropitious
years.

With regard to the large grazings in the Highlands and moun-
tains of Perthshire, much improvement has taken place, both in
the lands themselves and the stock that is produced on them.
A great extent of surface drainage has been executed, with the
sure result of improving the quality and soundness of the pasture,
and thereby the stock fed upon it. With the exception of the
winters 1859-60 and 1864-65, the recent seasons have generally
been of a mild character, and favourable for the sheep stocks ;
but in occasional years, such as 1859, the hill graziers have suf-
fered heavy losses from deaths of stock and the expense of sup-
plying food at high prices to the survivors, having no preparation
for such contingencies within themselves. They might protect
themselves in many cases from such disasters by forming water
meadows on suitable spots on their farms, and raising yearly a
crop of hay, which, if not required in open seasons, would accumu-
late for those in which it was needed. There is not a water
meadow in Perthshire except a small one at Glendevon ; but
those who wish to see them, and learn the advantage derived
from them, will find them in Peeblesshire and the upper ward
of Lanarkshire, in a higher and colder climate than most of the
grazing lands of Perthshire.

Where ewe stocks are kept the blackfaced breed are still

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE. 167

maintained, and when the altitude and quality of the grazings
are considered, they are the best and hardiest breed for the pur-
pose. Twenty years ago, all these farms bred only pure black-
faced lambs, and the only cross-bred lambs then produced were
got from the old ewes of these farms after being sold to the low
county farmers and served with Leicester tups ; but of late
years, in many cases, in consequence of the advance in the price
of wool, the young ewes are crossed with Leicester tups, and
cross-bred lambs got from them yearly. This, of course, necessi-
tates the purchase by such farmers of pure blackfaced ewe lambs
from other farms, which accounts for the advance in price of
that stock, as well as of the better classes of sheep.

The rents of all sheep grazings in Perthshire that have come
out of lease during the last ten years have advanced greatly ; but,
nevertheless, the present occupants have been making much more
profit from them than their predecessors did at lower rents. It
could not be otherwise, when the price of mutton has risen 50
per cent, and the price of wool 150 per cent. We may, therefore,
close these remarks on the hill lands with a hope that something
like the recent times and prices may be vouchsafed to them ;
and although these prices should go back considerably, it would
only be a loss in the degree of profit.

The next class of land that claims attention is —

2. Light Arable Land.

As already stated, under this head are included all the lighter
arable lands not connected with hill grazings.

When the present condition and management of this class of
land is compared with what it was thirty years ago, it is evident
that generally there has been a very great and marked improve-
ment. This improvement is the result of a very large proportion
of these lands having been thoroughly drained ; of the erection
of large additions to the farm buildings, especially in adding to
the accommodation of cattle, and in many instances of entirely
new steadings ; also, in the erection of fences of various kinds ;
and in the adoption of a much better system of management by
the tenants.

Thirty years ago, and on many farms up to a later date, the
rotation of cropping for lands of this class, prescribed by the
leases and practised by the tenants, varied little from the rotation
in the clay lands as to the proportion under grain crop, except
that the wheat crop taken before the barley sown out for grass
on the latter was omitted on the light lands. The rotation was
— 1st, oats ; 2d, beans, and latterly a large proportion of this
division was potatoes ; 3d, wheat ; 4th, fallow, latterly turnips ;
5th, barley ; 6th, grass, cut for hay. It is impossible to conceive

1G8 EEPOET ON THE AGEICULTUEE OF PEETHSHIEE.

how second-rate land could be maintained in any sort of condi-
tion under such a system of cropping, more especially when the
grass division was made into hay, the potatoes sent to London,
and as little of the produce consumed on the farm, and as much
as possible converted into cash by sale. With the exception of
farms occupied by enterprising men, who carted dung from Perth
and Dundee, or got it by sea from London, or used bones for
their turnips, the land was generally in poor condition, always
becoming poorer, and the tenants keeping pace with their farms,
and going to ruin along with them — in many cases unable to
finish their leases without reduction of the rent, and too often
not able even with that. What rent the same men would have
been able to pay by this time, under the continuance of such a
system, it is impossible to say — probably none at all ; but fortu-
nately for proprietors in Perthshire, however badly one tenant
succeeded in a farm, there have always been abundance of others
ready to take it at no great reduction of the rent.

Had, therefore, the farming of these lighter lands in Perthshire
remained to the present time as it was, without improvement on
the old system, its case would have been poor indeed ; but it has
wonderfully improved, and we shall now consider the steps and
occurrences which have led to its improvement — both what has
been done with that view by the proprietors, and also the man-
ner in which the tenants have seconded their efforts. The first
in elate and in importance was the introduction of tile draining,
which before 1847 was executed by the tenants themselves ; but
the Government loans to proprietors after that date enabled them
to relieve the tenants of the expense, and enforced a deeper and
more effectual system of drainage. The drainage, after the broken
stone epoch, was executed with horse-shoe tiles, and sometimes
soles ; but it was too shallow, rarely exceeding 2 feet in depth.
The drainage executed under loans from Government has been
done with pipes and collars, and at greater depth, and it has
been found to be both more effectual and permanent. The sum
spent on drainage in the county has been fully in proportion to
the other counties in Scotland of similar quality of land.

Besides the thorough drainage of the greater part of the arable
lands of the county, a great work in the way of arterial drainage
was executed about fifteen years ago. The pow of Inchaffry,
running to the Earn from the west end of a large peat morass
situated south of the village of Methven, through the estates of
Bachilton, Balgowan, Gorthy, Abercairny, and others, was deep-
ened and straightened, at the expense of L.15,000, under an Act
of Parliament obtained for the purpose, and the improvement
on the district has fully warranted the expenditure. The arterial
drainage in the Carse of Gowrie has also been improved by a
similar process, but on a less scale. The " Pows" in that district

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE. 169

are susceptible of further improvement, and the thorough drain-
age cannot be complete or permanent until they are deepened to
a greater extent.

Next in importancehavebeenthe additions to the farm steadings,
on which large sums have been expended. They were rendered
necessary by the greater quantity of stock both wintered and fed,
and the progress in the ideas of farmers as to what was required
in the way of houses in order to do their stock justice. The
landlords have responded to this demand. They saw the neces-
sity ; that their own interest was involved in meeting it ; and that
by supplying their tenants with the means of feeding stock and
of keeping the produce on the farm, the condition of the land
would be maintained and improved. This accommodation for
cattle has been given in different ways, by feeding byres and by
sheds with open courts for wintering younger cattle, and also lat-
terly by covered courts, which can be used either for wintering
cattle or by subdivisions as boxes for feeding. There can be no
doubt that these covered courts have considerable advantages.
They are the cheapest mode of getting a covered area applicable to
the keeping of any kind of stock, whether cattle, horses, sheep, or
pigs ; and if made on a proper plan, without too great draught of
air, they afford a well-ventilated and lighted shed for cattle, con-
tributing to their health and progress, while the manure made in
them is saturated only with animal liquid, and protected from
rain, which would wash away the more valuable ingredients.
They certainly in this respect offer a great encouragement to the
high feeder, who calculates for repayment of a part of the oilcake
in the dung, that it shall not be washed down to the nearest
burn ; and these reasons must have had their weight, from the
number of such covered courts that have been lately erected. It
has been objected to them, that cattle do not get the sun heat and
light as when kept in open sheds ; but if there is any force in
this objection, it can be remedied by having a small part uncovered
on the south side ; and some have been put up on this plan.
The feeding byres for cattle have also been greatly improved,
both as regards the number of cattle that can be accommodated
and the space for each, with better ventilation. Another
great improvement is the erection of straw barns or sheds for
keeping the thrashed straw protected from the weather. Good
sweet, dry straw contributes to the success of feeding and winter-
ing cattle as much as turnips or any other food, and much loss
was sustained by the damage it received from exposure before
such expedients for its preservation were adopted. Besides these
buildings, all recently erected or improved, steadings are supplied
with turnip houses, implement sheds, and other necessary accom-
modation ; and the proper arrangement and combination of all
these houses are well understood and applied in practice. The

170 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE.

thrashing-mill is regarded as the heart of the steading, and the straw
as the blood to be diffused without interruption or exposure to the
air ; and as it is the most bulky material, its easy transmission
is of primary importance. The arrangements may be varied, but
the general principle as regards the straw is sought to be carried
out, and the fatal error of old times of erecting the granary and
cart-shed between the barn and stable avoided. On this class of
land in Perthshire there is now little to complain of as regards
steadings, and it is fully on a par with the best districts elsewhere
in proportion to the size of the farms.

During the last twenty years a great deal has been done in
fencing. Before that period there were probably fewer fences
in the arable lands suited for pasture than in any part of Scot-
land; and as long as the system of farming that has been
described was the rule, there was little necessity for them, for the
single year's grass was cut for hay ; and if it was kept two years
in grass, and grazed during the succeeding year, it was enclosed
with temporary paling or flakes for young cattle, or a boy was
engaged to herd the stock. When stone must be quarried and
carted some distance, a dyke is an expensive fence, and some of
the stone in Perthshire is not durable ; but where good stone was
to be had, there are dykes, or rather walls, not to be surpassed.
To hedges also there was the same objection, as they required
double palings to protect them when young ; and wood is gold in
this county. Had no cheaper system of fencing been discovered,
it is doubtful whether much progress would yet have been made
in that matter. Wire fences, however, were introduced about
twenty years ago, and since that time they have been adopted to
a great extent. They answer very well for sheep, and also for
cattle when a bar of paling is put along the top ; and though a
good horse now and then gets his legs into them, and is taken
out more dead than alive, the trade of erecting wire fences goes
on and prospers, and many people have adopted it as a means
of living.

Having thus noticed that class of improvements in draining
the land and erecting houses and fences, which it is the province
of the proprietor to supply to the tenant, it remains to advert to
the improvements and changes that have taken place in the farm
management by the tenants themselves.

The first step in the right direction for this class of land was
the desertion of the six-shift, with three grain crops, to the five-
shift, with two white crops, a green crop, and two years of grass,
which now may be considered as the prevailing rotation, as none
more severe is allowed or practised on lands of this class. Some
farmers prolong it by introducing another green crop and grain
crop, and some leave the land three years in grass. Before the
appearance of the potato disease in 18-45 that crop had for many

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE. 171

years been the great prop of the Perthshire farmer. The Perth-
shire reds were then in their glory ; they yielded enormous crops,
which made up for low prices, and a great business was carried
on in exporting them to London from the port of Perth. The
disease, however, altered all this. The Perthshire reds suffered
more, and rotted faster than any other kind ; and they now hold
a position in the vegetable somewhat analogous to the fossil fishes
of the old red sandstone in the animal kingdom. Regents and
hens' nests became the kinds that were cultivated ; but a crop of
20 bolls (the big Perthshire boll, four to the ton) was con-
sidered a good crop, while the old reds ranged from 40 to 80 bolls
per acre. This diminished production, further reduced in some
years by the continuance of the disease, made potatoes an uncer-
tain, and, on the whole, an unremimerative crop, and the atten-
tion of farmers was turned to turnips, and stock to eat them. As
long as potatoes were the rage, turnips in Perthshire never got
fair play ; for the best dung, and much the largest proportion, went
to the potatoes, and the turnips only got the longer spring-made
dung, or none at all ; for bones were grudged, and the light manure
era had not dawned on the agricultural world. Fifteen tons of
turnips were then thought a very fair crop. About this time
guano made its appearance from abroad, and gave for the time a
great stimulus to agriculture, and probably saved Perthshire for
several years, between 1848 and 1853, from a total collapse.
Nothing could be blacker than the prospects of the Perthshire
farmer at that period ; the price of grain ranged between L.2, 2s. 6d.
and L.2, 13s. for the triple boll ; his old friends the red potatoes
gone, and their places supplied by others yielding a niggardly
and uncertain crop ; while fat cattle only realised 7s. per Dutch
stone. At this time many farmers were induced to go more into
stock and the growth of turnips instead of potatoes, and all who
did so have done well. They were right to desert the potatoes,
for they are the sure type of an exhausting style of farming when
grown to such an extent as to exclude the possibility of keeping
a proper quantity of stock. Potatoes and hay, unless with com-
pensatory application of extra manure, may fairly be styled ille-
gitimate profits ; for grain and stock are the only legitimate
exports from land.

Those men who had gone into stock farming were agreeably
surprised to find the price that they received gradually rising in
their favour, and this circumstance induced an extended growth
of turnips, and tended to reduce the proportion of the green crop
division under potatoes. As a consequence of this change, the
manure made was of greater value, and the land was improved
in condition, as shown by the crops and grass produced from it.
More recently, the enormous advance on the returns from sheep,
in both wool and mutton, have led the great bulk of farmers of

172 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE.

this class of land to turn their attention to that branch of stock
keeping, and it has done them more good where it has been
adopted, both in direct profit to their pockets, and in the less
direct but equally important profit of improving their farms,
than anything else that has happened during the last twenty
years. It had at least one good result, in leading many of them
to pasture their young grass, instead of cutting it for hay. Ten
years ago there was scarcely a sheep to be seen within ten miles
of Perth, except those from the Highlands, sent down for winter-
ing ; while now, on farms up to the very suburbs of the town,
every farmer must have his proportion of sheep. Some buy
lambs, cross-bred, half-bred, or pure, as they can get them, or
as the price suits their funds, and sell them fat as hogs ; others
buy ewes, take a cross of lambs, and fatten them after the lambs
are weaned, and sell the lambs fat, or keep them on for hogs.
Another indication of the progress of stock growing is afforded
in the sale of young short-horn bulls. Ten and fifteen years ago,
the few noblemen and gentlemen who had stocks of good blood
could not sell the young stock in the county at prices at all in
proportion to their value ; but now there is a yearly sale of
young short-horn bulls, which are bought up by the farmers of
the county at from L.20 to L.30 ; not that the stock to be bred
from them is pure short-horn, in all or most cases, but the
tenants are aware of the value of a good sire on the quality of
calves from cross-bred cows, and are willing to pay something
for the advantage. Breeding, however, in the better districts
had been but little attended to, but it has now begun, in con-
sequence of the difficulty of getting good stock in the markets,
and the high prices paid for it. A great deal of the stock grazed
and fed in the county has been Irish, and as these have been
improving in quality, many farmers have been contented with
them. Cattle of pure short-horn breed, or those approaching to
pure, have been preferred ; but next to them the Ochil doddie
(a deep-barrelled animal) is much liked by feeders.

The railways in this county have given, no doubt, a large
assistance to agricultural improvement and farming, in the car-
riage of tiles for draining, lime for the land, and all building
materials, also in the transport of fat cattle and sheep, grain
and potatoes, to the Edinburgh and Glasgow markets ; and these
advantages are permanent and progressive in their character.

Guano, and light manures which have been introduced since
guano rose in price, have also had their share in pushing for-
ward the improvement of the lighter lands in the county. Where
they have been judiciously used, where they have been added
as assistants to farm-yard manure for growing turnips, or where
applied alone, the turnips have been chiefly eaten off with sheep,
the crops grown, and manure made from them, have been greatly

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE. 173

increased, and the condition of the land correspondingly improved.
But, on the other hand, wherever these principles' have been
neglected, wherever these lighter manures have been trusted to
supply the place of farm-yard manure, where turnips and pota-
toes have been grown with them, and carried off, and, at the same
time, the grain crops have been stimulated by similar applications,
the laud has been reduced, instead of improved in condition.

It would be a mistake to suppose that if a change in the rela-
tive prices of grain and stock took place, which is very unlikely,
at least to the extent of a transposition, that the farmers of the
light lands of Perthshire could go back to the system of thirty
years ago — pure grain growing. Though grain rose to double its
present price, and beef and mutton fell to 7s. per stone, instead
of nearly 12s. as at present, they have learned so much to look on
stock as a necessary means of keeping up the condition of their
farms, that they can never desert it. The large direct profits on
stock have induced them to adopt it as a part of their business,
but they have, at the same time, come to know that the indirect
profit is not to be despised ; and if the farmers of this class of
land lay out, as they are proposing to do, a greater proportion of
their farms in pasture than in the five or seven shift, they will
have it in a fit condition for grain cropping, if from some unex-
pected cause the price of grain should be such as to tempt them.
At the same time, it should be remembered that, except for
sheep, the duration of the pasture season in Scotland is very
short in comparison with Ireland and the south of England.
There they have good grass from the 1st of April to 1st January,
whereas in Scotland it may be set down as from 1st May to 1st
October, nine months against five. The Scotch farmer has thus
to feed in the house seven months out of the twelve, and it is
difficult to see how he can materially extend his pasture, and
reduce his crops that supply winter food, if he is to keep any con-
siderable proportion of cattle. Even with sheep of the fine breeds
suited for arable land laid down in pasture, they must have
turnips and grain in winter, as there would be little good in the
mere foggage of the pasture fields. The causes that induce them
to lay down a greater breadth in pasture, besides the high re-
turn from stock and the low prices of grain, are the high price of
labour, and scarcity of hands, especially day labourers and
women, and the trouble of managing farm servants, who know
the difficulty experienced in supplying their places. Thirty years
ago ploughmen's wages were, from L.10 to L.14, with meal and
milk, but now they run from L.20 to L.24 Then, again, it is
notorious, from the census returns, that the population in rural
parishes is, except in villages, gradually being reduced, where
the improvement of land and its proper cultivation and cleaning
require an increase, and farmers find it difficult to get hands

174 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE.

for out-door labour, such as planting potatoes, gathering the
weeds out of the land after harrowing, singling turnips, harvest,
and potato-lifting.

The cause of this state of things may be found in men and
women now having difficulty in earning a living, when not work-
ing on the farms, which they formerly obtained, in hand-loom
weaving or needlework of various kinds, now superseded by the
power-loom and the sewing-machine. They find that the wages at
the factories in Dundee, Perth, Blairgowrie, or in places out of
the county, are better and more certain than the hard labour and
uncertain wages of out-door work. Emigration also has tended
to thin the population, and must do so the more it proceeds, be-
cause when people find that they have as many friends and rela-
tions in New South Wales or New Zealand as at home, much of
the aversion to a new country is removed, and they come to re-
gard it as a new home prepared for them, with better prospects
than the old one they are to leave behind. The tendency also on
the part of proprietors to endeavour to check the increase of the
poor-rates, since the Poor Law of 1845 was passed, by not rebuild-
ing or repairing cottages, has also had its share in contributing
to the reduction of the rural population. If thrashing-machines,
reapers, horse-rakes, and various other agricultural implements
had not been invented, farming operations would long ere this
have come to a dead lock. Those proprietors only who farm
part of their own estates can be fully aware of the hardship en-
tailed on their tenantry from this cause, and if it continue, land-
lords will find that a policy which, in the first place, affected the
tenants, will ultimately affect themselves, and that they had
better have met the obligation imposed on them, than attempt
to relieve themselves by extraordinary expedients. In places
where there are too many people and too many horses, and the
labour of both is misapplied and wasted, they may well be
reduced in number ; but in those districts where all the present
population and more are- wanted, it is a great mistake, from a
terror of poor-rates, to thin their numbers.

To prevent the further desertion of their native land by the
labouring class of this country, it is not too soon that the move-
ment for the improvement of their dwellings, both cottages and
bothies, has been originated. The best means for checking the
reduction of the necessary rural population, would be by a more
general employment of married ploughmen, who would rear
families on the farm early accustomed to and suited for farm
work. Farmers in the county prefer them, both on this account
and because they are steadier than bothy lads ; but of course
married men with families require cottages, and all farms have
not cottages sufficient. To prevent the expense of separate
cottages on farms requiring a number of ploughmen, young un-

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE. 175

married men were employed, who were not housed in the farmers'
dwelling as in other more primitive districts, but in a separate
cottage, too often a sad hovel, where they lived and cooked for
themselves in a way that is now better known by the discussions
which have taken place on the subject. These have had a good
effect in increasing the disposition to employ married men, and
to improve the bothies by separate accommodation, and many
comforts which neither masters nor men seemed to have con-
sidered necessary. The bothy men used to be worse lodged than
any animal on the farm, but there has been of late a very general
improvement in this respect.

Some of the farmers of the lighter lands in Perthshire who are
thriving by stock keeping, try to supplement the want of extent
in their farms by taking grass parks in the neighbourhood, and
it would appear that the increase and improvement of the pasture
on their own farms have by no means diminished their desire to
have them. If they have sheep, they graze them at home, and
take parks to summer their young cattle ; and the more they be-
come stock farmers, the greater becomes the desire to have that
which will keep it. The demand for grass parks is consequently
great in proportion to the extent at present existing, and the
rents are consequently high. Good grass parks fetch a higher
rent than the land could bear under an agricultural lease. But
except at Balgowan, where there are about 600 acres annually
let at a rental approaching L.2000, there has been no great addi-
tion to the extent of grass parks in the county for a length of
time. Where proprietors have land suitable for grass parks,
there is no more profitable application of it, for the expense of
building and repairing steadings is saved ; and it would be a
great boon to the tenantry of the county if good grass could be
got at somewhat easier rates, which an extension of the acreage
under grass might possibly but not certainly lead to.

Having thus fully considered the history and present state of
agriculture in the light lands of Perthshire, the next branch of
the subject that claims attention is that of —

3. The Heavy or Carse Lands.

These lie chiefly in the Carse of Gowrie, situated on the north
bank of the Tay between Perth and Dundee, and in the lower
part of Strathearn above and below the Bridge of Earn ; they
consist of deposits of alluvial clay of comparatively recent forma-
tion, occupying naturally the lowest and flattest parts of the dis-
tricts named, and throughout the Carse of Gowrie they are
interspersed by slightly elevated mounds or ridges of an older
formation, consisting of dark brown clay-loams of greater fertility,
locally called "black land," and which formed islands or " inches"
in the flat muddy waste that extended from Kinnoull Hill to

176 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE.

Dundee Law, whilst the clays were in course of slow accumula-
tion. The quality of this heavy land varies greatly, from the
finest clay to a poor whitish " end clay," as it is called, which has
the double disadvantage of being very difficult and expensive to
work, and very uncertain in its produce, both as regards quantity
and quality ; and not being suited for green crop and grass, it has
less chance of improvement, though the deep draining of late
years, coupled with a more liberal application of manure and
lime, may ultimately improve its condition.

In order to come to a proper consideration of the agriculture
of carse land at the present day, and to indicate the direction in
which improvement may be hoped for, it is necessary to take a
retrospect of the past, and the changes or progress that have been
made. It will not be necessary, however, for this purpose, to go
to a very distant date. About forty years ago potatoes were first
taken to the London market, and up to that date no very great
alteration had been made on the mode of farming in the carses
for a great length of time. Previous to that date the land had
long been worked on the same rotation of crops, the ruling prin-
ciple being to take as much out of it in the shape of grain crops,
and to put as little restorative matter back as would save the
land from utter exhaustion. In those days, though the same
perfection in implements of husbandry had not been arrived at,
the tillage of the land, it is believed, was fully equal to that of
the present day ; and it seems to be admitted on all hands that
the results, in the shape of grain crops, were often, if not gene-
rally, superior to ours. How far this inferiority in the present
day is attributable to the success of our predecessors, and the
system which we have been too ready to follow them in, will be
the subject of the following remarks.

Forty years ago the carse rotation on fair clay land was gene-
rally a seven-shift, consisting of four grain crops, two of them
being wheat, and the intervening quasi restorative crops consisted
of beans, fallow, and grass, the latter cut for hay, except what
was cut green in summer for the horses on the farm ; and on the
better class of black land a four-course was generally practised, or
a five-course, if, after the wheat, barley was taken sown out with
grass seeds. In those days there was no guano or nitrate of soda,
and perhaps it was all the better for the former occupiers, and
for us who have succeeded them, that there were none of these
appliances ; but worse than that, there was really no good manure
made anywhere. The manure of the present day is not all that
can be desired, but certainly it must be better than it was in
these times, when, in windy weather, it required to be tied to the
carts with straw ropes. Then cattle were never regarded as a
source of profit, from which any appreciable part of the rent or
expenses was to be paid, and scarcely as necessary for maintain-

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE. 177

ing or improving the condition of the land. If the farmer got
his straw well wet, it mattered not much to him whether that
end was attained by rain from heaven or cattle urine. There was
a show of effecting the object by the latter process, for a score or
two of cattle were bought at some of the autumn trysts and kept
on Bridewell fare — straw and water — all winter, and their tem-
porary proprietor was well satisfied, on parting company with
them in spring, if he had a pound a-head from the transaction.
He was all that sum to the good, besides the aid they had given
to the rainfall, in wetting his straw to a condition that entitled
it to be called dung. On a purely clay farm in those days, before
tile-draining came into vogue, there was no attempt at growing
turnips ; and feeding the unfortunate scarecrows of the strawyard
with oil-cake, hashed grain, or any modern food now daily given
by ordinary farmers, was never thought of. All that went back
to the land was straw and water ; a part of the straw having been
eaten and passed through the animals as dung, and the rest of
the straw watered with urine of animals fed on straw and water
alone, and perhaps in some measure benefited by its connection
with their interiors, but it could not contain any ingredients be-
yond those supplied by the articles it was produced from. It
speaks volumes for the natural fertility of the Carse clay, that it
maintained a certain degree of productiveness against such mer-
ciless exhaustion from generation to generation ; for sure enough,
there are few soils that could stand it Ions without beino- reduced to
absolute sterility. This exhaustion, however, arose not from the
frequent repetition of grain crops, but from the total absence of
any sufficient means to sustain the land under them ; for the
intermediate crops intended to be restorative were not worthy of
the name, according to the conditions under which they were
grown and the purposes to which they were applied. To the
four grain crops in the old rotation — oats, wheat after beans,
wheat after fallow, and barley after the wheat, sown with grass
seeds — there is no objection, provided the barley after wheat is
well dunged. Turning to the alternate restorative crops, first,
beans, if well manured and drilled, they also cannot be objected
to for clay land — they are a crop that is thoroughly ripened on the
ground, the seed or grain being carried off the farm and sold, but
the straw or haulm is consumed on the farm. In those days,
however, beans were sown broadcast, and therefore little could be
done in the way of cleaning them ; and if clung was applied,
which was not the practice, its enriching qualities were but
slender. Beans, therefore, whether as regarded the field from
which the crop was taken, or the farm generally, were far from
having a restorative effect. The next alternate restorative was
the fallow. In those days fallow was believed to be, and seems
to have been, the keystone of the whole rotation. There can be

M

178 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE.

no doubt that, in consequence of this strong faith on their part,
they bestowed much care in the working of their fallow, and
they manured it heavily with such dung as they had, and
which has been already described ; and they further gave it
frequently a good dressing of lime, a practice which, we may
observe, has gone sadly out of use in the Carse. For the pur-
pose of growing a good crop of wheat on land in an undrained
state, it is hard to say whether a liberal supply of this extremely
long undecomposed dung may not have had as good effect as
richer and shorter dung. The latter would no doubt have fed
the land better, but the long unrotted straw kept the heavy
clays opener than the other would have done, and it thereby
admitted the heat and air to the roots of the plant. The
benefit was more of a mechanical nature to the land than nutri-
tive to the plant. It enabled the land to give off a heavier crop,
but did not supply it with much that that crop was to be fed by.
Be that as it may, a well- wrought and well-dunged fallow not
only got a good crop of wheat, but told on many of the sub-
sequent crops. The last of the series of restorative crops was
the grass ; and with regard to that, our predecessors had fallen on
better times than ours, or their success in growing grass may
have operated to our disadvantage ; for it is notorious that at that
time farmers seldom failed in growing a heavy crop of clover
with the ryegrass, and in getting a good second cutting to keep
their horses and milk cows after the hay was gone. These rich
crops of clover, and the bulbous roots they produced and left in
the land, had more to do with maintaining its fertility than all
the dung that was applied throughout the rotation. The value
of a good crop of clover in the grass has been known at all times,
and it has always been regarded as the precursor of good crops
throughout the whole rotation that succeeded it. Such being
the case, it is difficult to estimate the loss to farmers by the
failure of clover, as they lose not only in the weight and value of
their hay crop and the aftermath, but in the condition and pro-
ductive power of the land in the succeeding years. The farmer
had no fear of what is now called clover sickness, and he could
calculate on an abundant crop of clover with the ryegrass. He
cut both for hay, and seems never to have thought that his doing
so was exhausting the land to the prejudice of a succeeding
generation.

Since that date, forty years ago, potatoes began to be shipped
extensively from Scotland to the London market, and the twenty
years succeeding were the epoch of the Perthshire reds. They
were soon largely grown on the black land of the Carse, and
generally throughout the county. It was found, of course, that
to grow them successfully, more and better dung was required
than the long wetted straw that had hitherto passed under the

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE. 179

name of dung, and supplies were obtained from London, Dundee,
Perth, and anywhere they could be got; heavy crops of potatoes
were grown, often amounting to from fifty to eighty bolls an
acre, and being all driven off the land, took most of the good out
of all the dung that was applied to them ; and though they may
have paid the grower at the time for his expense, and left a
handsome immediate profit, the condition of the land over which
they were grown was not improved by their introduction.

The next important change in the Carse was the general in-
troduction of tile-draining. As there are no stones to be had in
the Carse, no drains of that kind had been attempted ; but the
clay of the Carse was suited for making drain-tiles, and, when
made, they were admirably suited for draining it. Draining in
the Carse thus only commenced about thirty years ago, and was
carried on with great activity, and was further stimulated by
Government loans for drainage, which began in 1846. The
greater part of the first drainage was defective in two respects —
want of depth and want of soles; but the Government demanded
a four feet minimum, and pipes and collars were eventually sub-
stituted for horse-shoe tiles with and without flat soles.

The consequences of this general drainage on the Carse farm-
ing were important, for it enabled the tenants to grow turnips on
land which formerly was quite unsuited for them, and they were
substituted for the bare fallow, which up to that time had been
considered essential to good farming. Bare fallow could not
stand against a crop of turnips worth from L.8 to L.12 per acre ;
and, besides that advantage in favour of the turnips, it was found
that the wheat sown on bare fallow, dunged and drained, was
very liable to be thrown out in winter. The consequence of
increased crops of turnips was, that the feeding of cattle took the
place of the mere wintering on straw and water.

Moreover, about twenty years ago we entered on the epoch of
guano, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, phosphates, and
superphosphates. These were found to be important auxiliaries
to farm-yard manure in the increased growth of turnips, and
necessary to get the weight of grain crop that had been grown
twenty years previously, and it was found advisable to give the
grain crops and grass assistance from the same stimulating appli-
cations. That benefit has been derived from these substances on
many farms where liberal applications of more solid manure
have also been given, and where a large stock of cattle have been
kept, cannot be denied ; but in other instances, through their
use, a great deal of land is at this moment in a poorer condition
than it has ever been since it was created.

Having given the sketch of the past history of Carse farming,
can it be said for certain that any great improvement has taken
place in it ? To judge by the results in the appearance of the

180 REPORT ON THE AGKICULTUEE OF PERTHSHIRE.

crops for many bears back, it may be said that the improvement
is not in the same ratio as it has been on the lighter lands of the
county, and while the rent of the latter has increased, on the
clays it has stood still or declined. And, if it is admitted that
such is the case, it may be asked, Who or what is to blame for it?
Is it the management of the present possessors, or is it that of
their predecessors, or is it the result of unfavourable seasons, or
low prices consequent on the free importation of corn, by which
the resources of the tenants for maintaining their land in condi-
tion are crippled ? The true answer to the query would be, that
it is not attributable to any one or two of these causes, but to
every one of them, and perhaps in pretty equal proportions. It
has been shown that the land has been subjected to heavy grain
cropping, both by the present tenants and their predecessors, and
that no adequate means have been taken in the management and
application of the so-called restorative crops to effect the object
for which they were intended.

Twenty years ago there was a general impression that the
fertility and productiveness of Carse land was yielding to the
treatment it was receiving, and from the idea that this should be
remedied by a modification of the proportion of grain grown,
the seven-shift was changed into a six-shift, by preventing the
tenants from taking wheat and then barley before grass. At the
time this was generally supposed by proprietors to be an im-
provement; but, with all submission, it may be fairly doubted.
It would not pay to lose the wheat crop and sow out with barley ;
so that the result was, that the wheat was kept and the grass was
sown in it in spring, instead of with barley, at great disadvantage,
after the wheat had been six months in the ground and the
surface battered by the winter rains. Every farmer knows that
the nearer to the dung the better will the grass be ; and under
the old seven-shift, as the barley and grass seeds were always
dunged, the exhaustion by the grain crop was counteracted,
while the chances of a good crop of grass and clover were in-
creased, both from that cause, and in consequence of the grass
seeds being sown in spring-wrought land, instead of a bed scratched
for them in the battered surface occupied by wheat.

It is needless to enlarge on the other two causes of the present
depression of agriculture in the Carse, as they are much in the
minds of all concerned with it ; and, doubtless, they will be more
readily and cordially admitted than the others to which allusion
has been made. The season of 1862 was so unmistakably ruin-
ous, that much of the present distress and necessities of Carse
farmers, for years to come, may be ascribed to its operation.

So standing the case, what is to be done to mend it ? Any
one can see at a glance that of the two branches of agricultural
husbandry, viz., grain-growing and rearing and keeping of stock,

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE. 181

whether cattle or sheep, the former has been exceedingly de-
pressed, and the price of produce much below the average, or the
rates in prospect of which the land was taken, and that in the
latter profits have been realised far beyond the most sanguine
expectations. No doubt the Carse farmers have of late years
taken up stock-feeding more seriously, as already alluded to ;
but it may be doubted whether they have done it on the best
principles. The light-land farmers — who thirty years ago in
Perthshire kept little more stock than their brethren in the Carse,
and grew corn on still more exhausted land — began to lead the
way into stock-keeping. The Carse farmers, as a class, have
followed them, and have done what they could in growing turnips
for cattle ; and they have fed cattle in winter, instead of the old
plan of wintering old cattle very poorly. In this feeding of
cattle they have laboured under great disadvantages ; they had
to go, as formerly, to the autumn trysts, and buy lean cattle at
double the price their predecessors did, with a very considerable
risk of not getting a sound article, and of losing the whole from
pleura within a month or two. So great have been the losses
from this cause, that if the Carse farmers have not gone so deeply
into cattle-feeding as was desirable, they may well point to their
risks and losses as their justification. Another disadvantage
arose from this, that they bought in the cattle to eat a certain
quantity of turnips ; and when these turnips were eaten, accord-
ing to their system, the cattle must be sold ; and as all their
neighbours were in the same position, an excess of cattle, and
many of them not prime fat, were yearly thrown into the market
in the month of April, and prices were therefore lowered when
they wished to sell. The Carse farmers get the lowest price
for the fattened stock after having paid the highest price for
them when lean. They buy dear and sell cheap ; and the balance
of profit is often less than they would like to confess. This year an
ox of forty-five stones was in July worth L.3 more than one of the
same weight was two months previously. Scarcely any of the
Carse farmers have ever thought that it would pay them to keep
these cattle on by small potatoes, cake, or such means, till the
cutting grass came, about the 20th of May, and so have them
good fat at mid-summer, although by these means they might
have done so. The misfortune has been that the Carse farmers
have been forced into a new business when they undertook
stock-keeping, — into a business, in its details of buying, feeding,
and selling, much more difficult to be learned than grain-grow-
ing, and not to be learned to any perfection by every man. The
Carse, with a permanent reduction on the value of its staple crop —
wheat, offered little inducement for men, who thoroughly under-
stood stock, to come into a district supposed not to be suited for
cattle, and to set a better example, which they could only do by

182 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE.

a deliberate study of the subject as applicable to it, and not by
the introduction of the system with which they were themselves
already familiar on a different soil. The Carse farmers have there-
fore contented themselves with imitating the light-land farmers.
They saw them feeding cattle fat with turnips, and they thought
they would feed cattle fat with turnips also, and within the same
time of the year, thus having all the light-land cattle to compete
with theirs. All this, however, is a fatal mistake. Turnips are by
no means a crop specially suited to carse land. No doubt there
is much black land in the Carse that grows them well ; but in the
stiffer soils there is much additional labour and uncertainty in
getting a crop, and at best it is generally a very second-rate one.
On the other hand, no land in the world can grow finer summer
green crops than the Carse clays. Clover and tares, provided the
land is in fair condition, are crops peculiarly suited to the Carse ;
and if such be the case, is it not reasonable to expect that they
should be largely grown, and that stock should be fed with them ?
Does not the whole matter resolve itself simply into this, that
the Carse farmers should feed cattle in summer instead of winter?
And is not Summer-feeding of cattle, in one word, the panacea
which the Carse farmers have it in their power to adopt, in order
to restore and maintain the condition of their land for grain
crops ? Would not such a system of management enable them to
make a handsome profit, both on grain and stock, and to pay their
rents without inconvenience ? By such a system it is not proposed
to reduce, but rather to increase the portion of land under grain,
adopting the seven-shift with four grain crops in place of the
six-shift with three ; but there must be little hay cut — none for
sale — and no more made than is required for the horses on the
farm. The breadth of potatoes or beans must be reduced, and
turnips and tares substituted for them. And with regard to the
division in grass, the ryegrass should only be sown at the rate of
two pecks per acre, in place of a bushel, as hitherto, with ten
pounds of red clover. Moreover, the young grass should be cut as
early and rapidly for the first cutting as possible, and thereby the
second cutting will be good and early, soon after the time that
the first cutting is completed. For this purpose a much larger
stock will be required than most people have any idea of. It
was found, in the summer of 1865, on a home farm in the Carse,
that the first cutting kept four two-years' old cattle per Scots
acre, and lasted for two months. Four Scots acres kept eleven
two-year olds, five cart horses, and half fed eight milch cows.
The proportion applicable to the feeding cattle was about a
quarter of an acre each, and when sold in August, L.2 per month
was got for the soiling of each of them, while fifty tons of first-
rate manure were made by them. But this is quite a new thing
in this district. There is scarcely a farm in the Carse that has

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE. 183

any cattle upon it during summer, except the few cows for
supplying milk to the family and servants ; whereas, if it were
under proper management, every cattle reed and feeding byre
should be as full of cattle as they are during winter in the stock-
feeding districts ; and there is no district in Scotland capable of
turning out the same number of fat cattle. It may be asked,
How is this to be carried out ? what is to be done with the turnips
and straw with which we fed in winter ? and where are we to get
straw for the littering of cattle during such extensive summer-
feeding? To this it is answered. Instead of cattle to be fed
off in the limited time afforded by the turnips, good two-year-
olds should be bought for wintering, and as many of them as
justice can be done to, as a heavy stock is required to eat down
the clover crops, between the 20th of May and 10th of July, by
which time the whole crop should, if possible, be cut once. But
in wintering these cattle there must be great economy of straw,
as nearly a third of the whole stock of straw must be reserved for
litter in summer, when the cattle are soiled in the house ; and
as no cattle will be fed fat in winter for sale in spring, there
will be less difficulty in giving the winterers fair play, and they
should be in good order for the cut clover, which, in a favourable
season, may be ready by the 20th of May. When cut so early,
the second cutting will be grown by the time the end of the first
has been reached; and as a succession of tares will be read}T
from that time, there could be no lack of food to carry them
on. The queys may be fat by midsummer, and the stots before
the end of the grass. The Carse farmer will have two great
advantages by such a plan, — he can both buy and sell at any
time that he can do so to most advantage, and he will hold
the cattle for such a time, and sell them when the markets
are not over-supplied, that he may expect a handsome profit.
But the principle on which the growth of clover mixed with
ryegrass, in a greatly reduced degree, is urged, is, that while the
latter is truly a cereal, and exhausting in its effects to a greater
or less degree, clover grows with a bulbous tap-root, which, when
ploughed up, enriches the land and supplies it with decomposing
vegetable matter, so essential to the fertility of strong clay soil.
Such being the case, it is clear that the intervening crop of grass
in the Carse rotation is restorative only as the clover preponder-
ates over the ryegrass. When, as is too often the case, there is
little or no clover, and the crop is mainly ryegrass, it must be
most exhaustive to the soil; for wheat or barley followed by
ryegrass, and then broken up for oats, is as severe a sequence as
any three white crops that can be put into land. In England,
clover is grown without ryegrass, and attempts to do so in Scotland
have been attended with equal success in favourable seasons;
but in others, from severe winters and bleak springs, the clover

184 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE.

plants suffer from the want of shelter that ryegrass affords them ;
and it is found safer to sow two pecks of ryegrass with clover,
and not trust the clover alone. To get the advantage of clover,
it must be cut and cattle soiled in the house. Were cattle
pastured on it, the same number could not be kept, probably not
more than one-half; but, in addition, the land will not derive
the same benefit from the clover, if pastured. This assertion
may seem strange, almost paradoxical, to those whose attention
has not been directed to the subject ; for it is natural to sup-
pose that the land must be more enriched by the manuring of the
cattle than if it does not receive that advantage ; but the truth
is, that red clover is a plant that draws much of its nourishment
from the air, and its tap-root fed and increased greatly through
the leaves. It must, therefore, be allowed to grow up with a
certain foliage before it is cut ; and after being cut it must again
be allowed to throw out leaves, and acquire a vigorous second
growth before it is again cut ; and by such treatment the root,
which is the source of fertility to after crops, will grow to per-
fection. By pasturing, on the contrary, the leaves are being
constantly cut over, and the plant nibbled and injured, so that
the root attains only very small size, and imparts a correspond-
ingly less degree of vegetable admixture to the soil when
broken up for a grain crop. On the other hand, the clover
should not be allowed to grow too old and woody and go much
to bloom, for its vigour will be impaired, and it will start
much more slowly for its second growth. As to the straw
for summer. At present there can be no doubt that straw
in the Carse is much wasted, and with proper attention there
should be abundance for clover summer soiling. Under the
present system there are only five months for breaking it down
into dung, and as it is more than the cattle are able to do,
it is left about the passages and roads, where it will at least
become wet, although it may not be much the better of its
wetting. Straw by itself is poor manure; it truly should be
regarded as a sponge or medium for containing and accumulating
enriching animal matter, to be rotted by the action and heat of
the animal substance ; but many Carse farmers have believed
the contrary, and certainly they have been encouraged in the
belief by their landlords and factors, and by the leases they have
been called on to sign. If they ever read these sometimes rather
lengthy documents, they would find that they lay themselves
open to all the penalties of the law by the abstraction of a stone
of straw, while there is no provision made for the application of
the crops that could make the straw into valuable manure by
consuming them along with it. One would suppose, from read-
ing any ordinary lease, that both landlord and factor thought
that if they bound the tenant to keep the straw on the land,

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE. 185

they might defy him to deteriorate the farm. Low as the farm-
ing in the Carse undoubtedly is, it is not to any provisions in
the leases, as they are at present drawn, that we can look for
any improvement. They are all framed in accordance with the
low system that has prevailed, and wherever good management
does prevail in this district, it is attributable not to the pro-
visions in the lease, but to the energy and enterprise of the tenant.
It is undeniable, that to meet the requirements of the land for
keeping it in condition under the Carse system, L.l an acre per
annum, for every acre of the farm, must be laid out in good solid
farm-yard or stable and byre dung beyond what is made on the
farm ; but though there are exceptions, few men of the present
day who sell hay and potatoes off the farm, think of making such
an expenditure, and those who do confine the application to the
earlier part of their leases, and suspend it toward their con-
clusion. Farmers in general would be more disposed to buy
good manure, if they reflected that the addition of L.l per acre
to the rent and expenses, which, taken together, may be put on
good land at L.7, is in reality only a seventh, while the increase,
if produced, may eventually, by perseverance in the system,
reach 50 per cent. With the course of cropping allowed in the
Carse, and the permission to sell hay and potatoes, the protecting
clauses in the present leases are utterly inadequate for the pur-
pose ; and instead of giving in to the cry from certain quarters,
that there should be greater latitude given as to cropping, a
system of management should be prescribed and enforced that
would not leave the matter to the mere chance of getting a good
man, especially if there should be a general change of system.
By low farming is meant the opposite of high farming, which is
a common expression in the present day. If it is a fact that
there are farmers, and not a few, in the Carse who plough and
sow, and apply no more manure than what is made on the farm,
while they sell off all the grain, except a little given to their
horses, all their hay, with the same exception, and all their
potatoes, except what the pig gets, it may assuredly be called low
farming, and lower farming than probably in any other district
in Scotland. The farmers round Edinburgh, and all large towns,
sell as much off their farms as in the Carse, but they bring back
enormous quantities of manure to supply the place of the ab-
stractions. They are, and act much as market-gardeners, who
sell off all the produce, and who don't expect the pig they keep
in the corner for consuming the " blades," to supply the manure
required for their garden ; but after all, this pig and the blades
would manure it nearly as well as the sort of farmer first alluded
to, who manures his greater extent with his slender stock. We
repeat, the only legitimate exports from a farm are grain and stock.
If they are confined to these, the land well managed may main-

186 REPORT ON THE AGKICULTUKE OF PERTHSHIRE.

tain itself in fair order, but if the illegitimate exports of hay and
potatoes are made, its condition can only be maintained by
heavy applications of foreign manure — that is to say, manure not
made on the farm ; and as this manure must be solid stable or
byre manure brought from the towns, where, of course, the straw
that makes it is not grown, the country at large is only having
returned to it the material it has yielded, and, as already said,
the lowest estimate of this is at the rate of L.l per acre per
annum. These remarks will explain what is meant by low
farming, and also what is meant by fair farming, and the alter-
native forms of the latter, neither of which, however, are in the
least degree entitled to be called high farming. When high
farming is spoken of (and there is none of it in Perthshire), it is
something in excess of either of the two last. If, in the one case,
instead of selling all the grain, except what is required for the
horses, a farmer bruises it and feeds his cattle and pigs with a
large proportion of it, selling only the best, and if he feeds his
stock with oilcake or other bought in material, such as corn and
straw bought at roups, and feeds with them to help his own
manure heap, also gives his turnips guano and bones besides,
while he eats his grass with sheep, or soils it with his cattle in
the courts, that system is worthy of the name of high farming ;
or if, on the other hand, the man who sells off everything, buys
back manure, partly dung, and partly bones or other light stuffs,
to the value of L.2 or L.3 per acre for every acre of the farm, in
place of the L.l, which is the lowest estimate of what is neces-
sary, he in like manner may be said to farm highly. And if the
question is put, Which is the best, and which is the worst plan
for a tenant to follow ? it may safely be said that there can be no
surer road to ruin than low farming, though it is one that many
a poor Carse farmer has travelled, without apparently convincing
that portion of his neighbours whose position is nearest his
own, that they are treading hard on his footsteps, and must
shortly come to the same end as he. To follow successfully
either of the systems of high farming requires a degree of
experience, ability, and skill in principles and detail, that is not
possessed by all or many who are professional farmers ; and it
may be better for a man to follow one of the middle courses
specified as fair farming, until he finds himself possessed of these
requisites of character, and the not less important requisite of
cash, which will justify him in adventuring upon the advanced
and higher scale of farming now indicated.

There is one point with regard to potato growing, as to which
many farmers have been greatly to blame, and lost sight of their
own interest. Ever since 1846 the disease has more or less pre-
vailed, and often when the crop was large. The diseased potatoes
are worth about 7s. per boll or 28s. per ton for feeding cattle, but

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE. 187

in too many cases they have been sold to the farina mills at
prices from 5s. to 7s. per ton, and when the labour and expense
of carriage is deducted, the actual price was little more than half
their feeding and manurial value. The existence of these farina
mills in such a district is an unfavourable feature m regard to
its farming. If the diseased crop were so applied, and if a part
of the high price obtained for a sound one were spent in pur-
chasing manure required for their cultivation, it would make a
great difference on the condition of the land ; and potato grow-
ing will never be put on a proper footing with relation to that
condition and the interest of the proprietor, until both these
points receive more attention than they do at present.

While, therefore, bad seasons and low prices of grain, over
which the Carse farmers had no control, have acted most pre-
judicially upon them, it appears that the system so long per-
severed in has reduced the condition of the land generally, and
that they and their predecessors have themselves to thank for
this ; when, if they had adopted a more liberal treatment of their
land, and availed themselves more of stock-feeding, they might
have been in a condition as flourishing as any class of farmers in
Scotland, notwithstanding the high rents paid ; and if such a
system had been followed, these rents would have been found to
be proportionally lower than those paid for worse land. They are
regulated by the price of grain, and cattle have been paying
well, while the grain rents have been low; but the tenants have
had but slight relief from that circumstance, as they still trusted
to the grain, and had little hope from cattle. They have been
waiting for the tide to rise and float their ship, instead of taking
assistance that was available, and the cargo has rotted while they
have been looking on.

A small beginning has, however, been made in the right direc-
tion, and it is to be hoped that it may extend and be generally
adopted.

In justice to the farmers in the county, whether on carse or
light lands, it must be allowed that much of the deficiency and
want of progress in their agriculture and condition of their land
arises from the feeling that their connection with it is limited to
the duration of the lease. They enter to a farm in low condi-
tion, and spend ten years in improving, and nine years in tearing
it down. If they could carry on, during the remainder of the
lease, the system some of them begin with, the farm would be in
really good heart at its termination. But they dare not do this,
because if they did, the farm may be advertised and let, in con-
sequence of the condition it is in, at a rent they, from their own
experience, could not promise to pay, to another, who would take
out all the condition that had been put in, and then get the rent
reduced, or be allowed to go, having made his own of it. Farms

188 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE.

in the hands of even the best men are always rising in condition
during the early part of the lease, and falling towards its close,
not from miscropping, but by cropping according to the lease, and
by not applying such extra manure as such a course of cropping
necessitates. It is the same thing as if horses were jobbed for
six months, and kept on four feeds of corn per day in the first
four months, and on two feeds, with the same work, during the
two last. It is probably not very distinctly seen in this light by
many landowners, for if it were, surely some plan would be
adopted to correct the evil. The best remedy, and the one most
likely to lead to steady advancement in the condition of land,
would be by a renewal of leases when the land is in good fair
condition before the wearing down has begun, and it would pay
a tenant then better to give an advance for a fifteen years' lease,
after the expiry of the current lease, than to take it at the old
rent, or even less, at the termination of the lease. Until some
such plan is generally adopted, and tenants feel more security
than they have at present that the money they spend in putting
and keeping their land in condition will not be lost to them at
the end of their leases, we cannot expect any great improvement.
At present the English tenant-at-will from year to year feels
much safer of a permanent connection with his farm than the
Scotch tenant with his nineteen years' lease. The English
tenant knows that if he votes with his landlord, and stands a
little game damage, he will never have any question raised about
the rent he pays. The Scotch tenant, with his lease, may have
the luxury of quarrelling with his laird for the whole term of the
lease, if so inclined, and whether he quarrels or not, he knows
that the bargain ends at its termination, and he must then go or
make a new one, under stiff competition, with men perhaps very
inferior to himself. It may be doubted, in short, whether the
state of agriculture in Scotland is so much consequent on the
system of letting on lease as is generally believed, and whether
it is not mainly due rather to the perseverance, energy, and
frugality that mark Scotchmen in all occupations and in all
countries. If the English system had prevailed in Scotland with
the same confidence between owner and occupier, it may be
argued that the same, or even greater, improvement would have
been made, and that Scotchmen in England have farmed on
yearly tenure as well or better than even they did in Scot-
land. On the other hand, in Scotland it is well known that
good farms, held on favourable leases by successive liferents,
have been badly farmed ; but these cases were probably excep-
tions, and there will always be bad farmers under the most
favourable circumstances. There can be no doubt, however, that
good farmers would farm much better if they felt greater security
in regard to renewal of their leases on fair terms ; not that this

RETORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF PERTHSHIRE. 1S9

is not done, or that it is the exception, but if one case among
twenty farms occurs where the lease is not renewed on fair terms
to a good tenant, every man thinks the case may be his own, and
he must protect himself against such a result.

When referring to England in contrast with Scotland on this
matter, it may be observed that in England it would seem that
the question " rent " enters too little into consideration, while in
Scotland it is made of undue importance. Were it more so in
England, it might act as a healthy stimulus to exertion on the
part of the tenants; while if good farming and good tenants were
more practically appreciated in Scotland, the advancement of
agriculture, and the relation between landlord and tenant, would
both be improved, and there would be no desire on the part of
the tenantry to agitate for a serious alteration on the Law of
Hypothec.

Notice should be taken of the steam cultivation introduced by
Lord Kinnaird. His lordship had half a dozen farms at least
thrown on his own hands by the failure of tenants, and the im-
possibility of getting others at the rent which they formerly paid,
and which his lordship believed the farms to be worth if properly
managed. Being well aware of the drawback to clay land, in
the difficulty and expense of working it wholly with horses, he
has had a steam-plough at work during the winters 1863-64
and 1864-65, and the results have been very satisfactory, as the
crops have been above the average, while the expense of getting
them has been reduced. The steam-plough cuts up the clay
into enormous cubes, which the smart frosts of these winters
have reduced into a friable state, but after an open winter they
might not be so easily managed. It may suit very well for the
large concern in which Lord Kinnaird finds himself for the
present involved, or for a few of the largest farms in the district ;
lout if the steam-plough is to be more generally adopted, it
must be by a party working it for ordinary farmers by the acre,
and in the meantime the farmers are watching Lord Kinnaird's
proceedings with interest.

These remarks on the past and present state of agriculture in
Perthshire may therefore be summed up in few words. The
hill and pasture lands are in a highly nourishing condition. The
lighter arable lands have made great progress, and are yearly im-
proving in the system of management and condition ; but the
carse lands have not shared in that advance as yet, and stand
much in need of a change of system to one more suitable for the
present times. It is more than doubtful whether any change on
the law of hypothec would conduce to that. From what has
been stated, the Perthshire system has grown under the law of
hypothec, and few parts of Scotland would feel a serious change
on the law more. No doubt skill and experience in farming are

190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

of little use without capital, but capital without the other is not
much better. What is wanted is a tenantry with both skill and
capital, and as it may be safely averred that not one-half of the
tenantry have these in combination, while the rest have not
more than one of them, and often neither, there is a good deal
to be done before agriculture is on a right footing. The most
hopeful class of farmers are those with skill, who may be a little
weak in the requisite capital. Such men will thrive and soon
make capital under a fair or rather moderate rent ; and there is
no surer way to advance the agriculture of a district than by
keeping the rents at fair rates, provided the men are good. Sup-
posing the rent is a little easy, the difference between that and
a rack rent, or a rent that cannot be racked out of the land, is
not lost to the proprietor, for such a tenant applies all his surplus
to the improvement of his farm and to the accumulation of stock
upon it. It is almost as necessary to the proprietor that his
tenant should have capital as to the tenant kimself. If capital,
therefore, is the desideratum among the tenantry of this county, as
it is of many districts in Scotland, it is hard to see how they are
to be benefited by a change that would involve them in a
diminution of the capital at present applied to their business,
which would be the practical result of the abolition of the
security which the landlord at present holds.

PKOCEEDLNGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPAETMENT.

By Thomas Anderson, M.D., F.R.S.E., Chemist to the Society.

ANALYSIS OF THE SOILS AND SUBSOILS ON WHICH THE
FIELD EXPERIMENTS OF 1866 WERE MADE.

In making the analysis of a soil, the object which should be
held in view, is not merely to determine with the necessary ex-
actitude the total quantity of each of its constituents, but also to
obtain some evidence of the state of combination in which they
exist in it. Experiment has shown that a soil may contain
abundance of some of the most important and essential elements
of plants, and yet remain unfruitful, in consequence of their being
in the form of compounds, which are either entirely undecompo-
sable, or so little prone to change, that they are not liberated in
sufficient quantity to have any practical value ; while another,
which is comparatively poor in the same substances, may be ex-
tremely fertile, owing to the ready accessibility of the smaller
quantity found in them. Most soils contain a portion of their
constituents in a state in which they are unable to act as nutri-
ment to the plants which grow upon them ; and the remainder
may, and often does, exist in several forms, some more and some

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 191

less easily accessible to the organs of the plant. To obtain a satis-
factory knowledge of these different forms of combination is a
most difficult problem. A soil is not a definite chemical com-
pound, but a mixture of a great variety of substances, of very
variable composition. We easily recognise in it sand and clay,
which form its chief bulk ; but that which we call sand often
consists to a large extent of the comminuted fragments of the
rocks from which the soil is derived ; and under the term clay, we
comprise a variety of substances which, though possessing in a
more or less marked manner the character of plasticity, are really
often very different in composition and in properties. A perfect
analysis would seek to separate these different substances ; but as
this is practically impossible, the chemist is obliged to content him-
self with such an investigation as may serve to classify the nutri-
tive constituents into groups of more or less ready accessibility.

It is generally admitted, that that part of a soil which resists the
action of strong acids is entirely useless for the time to the plants
which grow upon it, but to what extent those which are extracted
by acids are available, is not so clear. That the whole of them
are not equally so is very obvious, for the slightest attention to
the effect of an acid upon the soil shows that a part of it quickly
and easily dissolves, while another portion requires the long con-
tinued action of the acid, aided in all probability by heat.

There can be no doubt at all that the portion of the soil which
dissolves most easily is that by which plants are mainly fed ;
and hence it was formerly the practice, in complete analyses
of soils, to determine the proportion of the constituents which
dissolve in water, although it was noticed that this quantity
was always small, and did not differ to any material extent, even
in soils which differed greatly in fertility. At the period in
question, it was supposed that plants could only assimilate those
substances which had dissolved in water, and hence peculiar
importance was attached to this part of a soil ; but when it was
discovered that soils, and especially the most fertile soils, had
the power of withdrawing from solution, and actually bringing
into an insoluble state those very substances on which the plant
is most dependent, the accurate determination of the substances
soluble in water lost the interest which formerly belonged to it,
and chemists ceased to occupy themselves with what is a very
troublesome and laborious part of a soil analysis. The analysis
was, therefore, confined to determining under one head all the
substances which could be extracted from the soil by the action
of an acid, invariably hydrochloric acid, and under another those
which resisted the action of this solvent, and which can only be-
come soluble by virtue of those slow and gradual changes, to
which even the most intractable substances are liable under the
long continued action of air and moisture.

192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

There can be no question that an analysis, conducted in this
way, is defective, because it draws no distinction between the
portion of the nutritive constituents which dissolve easily, and
that which requires the long-continued action of the strong acid,
although the former must be much more important than the latter.
Neither can it be doubted, that the mineral matters which are
absorbed by the roots pass through the organs of the plant which
takes them up in a state of solution, and we are really forced to
admit that the roots must exercise a solvent action upon those
substances which we know to be almost entirely insoluble in the
water of the soil. Of the nature of this action we can at present
form no idea ; but whether it be caused by an acid or not, it must
unquestionably be due to a solvent of a far feebler character than
that which is employed in the analysis of a soil, and hence it may
very possibly happen that a portion of that which, from its being
soluble in hydrochloric acid, is considered to be available to the
plant, may only be partially so, a certain portion of it, which
yields to the strong acid, being nevertheless retained by a suffi-
ciently powerful affinity to resist the solvent action of the roots.

What we especially require, is some mode of distinguishing be-
tween the more and less accessible parts of the soluble consti-
tuents of the soil, but it is far from easy to devise a plan by
which this can be accomplished in a satisfactory manner. In
commencing the analysis of the soils in which the Field Experi-
ments of 1866 were made, I was extremely desirous of having
some information on this point, and gave to it a great deal of con-
sideration. The plan which at once suggests itself, is to use
hydrochloric acid of different degrees of concentration, commencing
with it in a highly diluted state, and analysing the solution so
obtained, then using a more concentrated acid, and thus obtain-
ing any number of solutions which might be deemed advisable."
Having had occasion some years since to make a series of expe-
riments for a very different purpose, in which this method was
employed, I had satisfied myself that very great difficulty existed
in obtaining uniform results by means of it, and I thought it best
to avoid it, and to adopt instead the treatment of the soil with a
very feeble acid. For this purpose I selected dilute acetic acid,
and the results, though not all that could be wished, present
many points of interest. The quantity of substances dissolved
by it is much smaller than was anticipated, and it might probably
have been better to have used it in a more concentrated state ; but
having commenced with a particular acid, it was used through-
out the whole series, so that the results might be comparable
with one another.

The exact method in which the analysis was conducted may be
shortly described.

The soil was first spread out in a thin layer for some days,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 103

until it was thoroughly air dried, and the clods were broken down
with a piece of wood. The whole was then passed through a
sieve of eight holes to the inch, and the portion remaining on it
was set down as stones or gravel ; while that which passed through
was the soil, and was submitted to chemical analysis, after having
been reduced to fine powder in an agate mortar.

A quautity of the pulverised soil was weighed off, and digested
for some hours at a heat approaching the boiling-point, with
dilute acetic acid, containing 7'5 per cent of the real acid. The
insoluble matter was separated by filtration, and carefully washed
with water. The solution was divided into five portions, of
which one was used for the determination of iron, alumina, lime,
and magnesia. The iron was determined by permanganate, and
the other constituents in the usual manner. A second portion was
used for alkalies, and the other three served for sulphuric acid, phos-
phoric acid, and chlorine, or such of them as happened to be present.

Another portion of the soil was treated with hydrochloric acid,
and the solution being filtered, the washed residue was weighed.
The sohition was then evaporated for the separation of soluble
silica, and the filtered fluid divided into portions for the estima-
tion of the different constituents, which were determined by the
ordinary processes.

A third portion was used for the determination of carbonic acid.

The matter insoluble in acids was fused with a mixture of
carbonates of potash and soda, the solution evaporated for
separation of silica, and iron, alumina, lime, and magnesia
determined in the fluid. The sum of these constituents always
amounted to within a fraction of a per cent, of the quantity used,
and showed that alkalies were either entirely absent in the insoluble
part, or were present in it in so small a quantity as to render it
unnecessary to make separate estimations of potash and soda.*

Hygrometric moisture, organic matter, and nitrogen were then
determined in separate portions of the soil. The results of all
these determinations having been calculated in one-hundredth
parts, the quantities obtained from the acetic solution were
deducted from those of the hydrochloric solution, and the
difference gave the amount of each constituent soluble in hydro-
chloric acid, and insoluble in acetic acid.

The numbers so obtained give as exact an idea of the chemical
composition of those soils as it is well possible to have in the
present state of our knowledge ; but, in order to complete the
investigation, a mechanical analysis was also made by Schultze's

* It is interesting to notice the contrast in this respect between these soils
and the wheat soils analysed for this Society some years since. Some of the
latter contained a large quantity of alkalies in the insoluble portion. It must
be remembered that the soils in question were of very high quality, and selected
as typical wheat soils of great fertility.

N

194

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

method. This process, which is described in the more recent
works on chemical analysis, is founded on the principle of sub-
jecting the soil to a regulated current of water, by means of
which the finely-divided portion of the soil is levigated away
from the coarser part. The whole is first divided into gravel,
by sifting it through a sieve with eight holes to the inch, and
the soil is then levigated in such a manner as to obtain coarse
sand, fine sand, clay, and organic matter. Schultze separates
the coarse sand into two parts, by means of a sieve with
forty holes to the inch, and calls that which does not pass
through, gravelly sand; but I have not thought it advisable
to draw this distinction. The calculation of the mechanical
analysis is made in the dry soil, after deduction of the organic
matters. It is to be noticed that it includes the gravel ; and this,
and the absence of water, are the reasons why the quantity of
organic matter in the chemical and mechanical analyses do not
correspond. It would require some detail to explain the mode
of calculation, but any one acquainted with the analysis of
soils can easily see how it is executed. The soil is, in every
case, a fair sample of the upper ten inches, and the subsoil of
the ten inches immediately below ; and they were taken by
cutting a slice from the side of a trench of the required depth.

I shall prefix to each analysis a short account of the external
characters of each sample.

SOIL EROM THE FARM OF DIRLETON, ON WHICH MR HOPE'S
EXPERIMENTS WERE MADE.

This soil, which lies close to the sea, was light and sandy, and,
although clayed at the rate of 200 carts per acre, still had much
the appearance of a dirty sea sand. The soil itself had a some-
what dark colour, due to organic matter, and contained a number
of white specks, which were found to be carbonate of lime.
The subsoil retained more of the characters of sea sand, but
clay and lime had penetrated into it, though not to so great an
extent, the particles of carbonate of lime being much less
numerous. There was no gravel in either the soil or subsoil.

Soluble in Acetic Acid.

Peroxide of Iron,

Alumina,

Lime,

Magnesia,

Potash,

Soda,

Sulphuric Acid,

Chlorine, .

Phosphoric Acid,

Soil.

Subsoil

0-075

0-150

0-175

0-050

1-036

0-901

0-005

0-081

0-180

0-210

0100

0-014

o-ooi

0-034

• • ■

0-018

• • •

0-063

Total Soluble in Acetic Acid,

1-572

1-521

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

195

Soluble in Hydrochloric Acid, but Insoluble in Acetic.

Silica,

0-150

0-380

Peroxide of Iron,

1-256

0-709

Alumina, •

1-944

1-064

Lime,

...

Magnesia, .

0-302

0324

Potash,

0339

0-035

Soda,

0-270

0323

Sulphuric Acid,

• < •

0-188

Phosphoric Acid,

0-171

0-079

Carbonic Acid,

0-280

0-700

Total Soluble in Hydrochloric Acid, 4-712 3"802

Insoluble in Acids.

Silica,

# ,

B ,

82-40

86-950

Peroxide of Iron,

> a .

0-19

0-160

Alumina,

„ t

. .

5-25

3-390

Lime,

,

. .

0-57

0-230

Magnesia,

* •

0-04

0-044

Alkalies ai

id Loss,

Total Insoluble in Ac

.

0543

ids, 88-450

91-317

Organic Matter,

4495

3-060

Water,

• • • •

1-200

0-300

100-429

100-000

Ammonia,

0-28

0-422

Hygrometi

•ic Water,

2-490

1-300

Total Chlorine,

0-032

0-163

Gravel,

f Coarse Sand, .

. 86-940

95-16

Soil,

| Fine Sand,

2-360

0-74

Clay,.,

6-151

1-03

L Organic

Matter,

4'-549

3-07

100-000 10000

SOIL FROM THE FARM OF MR SHIRRIFF, SALTCOATS, DREM.

This soil was a somewhat stiff clay loam, which dried up into
rather firm clods, which, however, softened down rapidly with
water. Its colour, when dry, was dark grey. It contained
small particles of carbonate of lime ; and the gravel consisted of
rounded fragments of what appeared to be a disintegrated trap.
They were all small, only a few of them reaching the size of a
horse bean. The subsoil was paler, and had more of a yellowish
shade, and the gravel was similar in all respects to that found in
the soil.

196

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

Soluble in Acetic Acid.

Peroxide of Iron,

Alumina,

Lime,

Magnesia,

Potash,

Soda,

Sulphuric Acid,

Phosphoric Acid,

Chlorine,

Son.

Subsoil

•037

...

•023

...

•644

0-392

•079

0-094

•054

0-069

•071

0-016

•027

0-055

•032

...

•010

o-oio

Total Soluble in Acetic Acid, '977 0-636

Soluble in Hydrochloric, but Insoluble

Silica,

Peroxide of Iron,

Alumina, .

Lime,

Magnesia, .

Potash,

Soda,

Sulphuric Acid,

Phosphoric Acid,

Carbonic Acid,

Total Soluble in Hydrochloric, but In-
soluble in Acetic Acid,

Insoluble in Acids.

Silica,

Peroxide of Iron,
Alumina, .
Lime,

Magnesia, .
Alkalies and Loss,

Total Insoluble in Acids,

Organic Matter,
Water,

Ammonia,
Carbon,
Hygronietric Water,

Gravel,
Sod, ■

Coarse Sand,
Fine Sand,
Clay,
„ Organic Matter,

in Acetic Acid.

•348

0-324

2-650

1-571

3390

4-529

•319

0-225

•354

0-450

•142

0145

•005

0-006

•110

0-007

•070

0-051

•432

0-690

7-820

7-998

72-142

76-898

•508

0795

9-300

6-808

•890

0-579

•305

0-320

•168

0-076

83313

85-476

6-000

4-290

1-890

1-630

100-000

100-000

•153

0-084

2-119

> . .

3-080

3-340

1-568

4-206

75-526

68-138

6-132

4-893

10-654

18-615

6-020

4-148

100-000 100-000

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

197

SOIL FROM THE FARM OF MR RICHARDSON, DRYLAWHILL,

PRESTONKIRK.

This was a free soil, well adapted to the cultivation of the
turnip, and in high condition. Its colour, when dry, was dark
reddish brown, becoming still darker when moistened with
water. It contained very little gravel, but, by an unfortunate
mistake, the whole was reduced to powder without its being
separated. The quantity, however, was so small that it does not
materially influence the result. The subsoil had a yellower
colour than the soil, but in other respects differed very little
from it in appearance.

Soluble in Acetic Acid.

Soil.

Subsoil

Peroxide of Iron, .... 0"029

Alumina, .

0 031

0-200

Lime,

0-280

0336

Magnesia, .

0-064

0-162

Potash,

0-115

0-125

Soda,

0-027

0-025

Sulphuric Acid,

0-034

0-122

Phosphoric Acid, .

0-012

0-079

Chlorine, .

0-148

0-086

0-740

1135

Soluble in Hydrochloric Acid, but Insoluble in Acetic.

Silica, .... 0-089

0325

Peroxide of Iron, .

4-051

2-740

Alumina, .

4-769

4-215

Lime,

0-336

...

Magnesia, .

0533

0-368

Potash,

0-226

0-077

Soda,

0-127

0-165

Sulphuric Acid,

0-061

0-022

Phosphoric Acid, .

0-152

0-067

Carbonic Acid,

0-060

0-820

10-404

8-799

Portion Insoluble in Acids.

Silica, ..... 71-037

67-720

Peroxide of Iron, .

0-410

1-076

Alumina, ....

7-872

11-304

Lime, ....

1-110

0-910

Magnesia, ....

0-323

0636

Alkalies and Loss,

•

0-144

0-320

80-896

83-966

Organic Matter, .... 5*980

4-800

Water, .....

1-980

1-300

100-000

100000

Ammonia, . . . .0-182

0-045

Equal to Nitrogen, . . . 0154

0037

Hygrometric Moisture,

•

3-700

0-123

198

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

Coarse Sand,
Fine Sand,
Clay,
Organic Matter,

Mechanical Analysis.

77-469

86-130

2-399

1-970

14-032

7-037

6-100

4-863

100-000 100-000

SOIL FROM MR HARPER, SNAWDON, GIFFORD.

This soil, which lies very high, differs greatly in its appear-
ance from the others. Its colour is pale yellowish brown, with
a grey shade. It contains more than a fourth of its weight of
gravel, consisting partly of rounded stones, which look like a
disintegrated trap, and angular fragments of an indurated clay
slate. The subsoil, which is extremely light in colour, consists
to a still larger extent of gravel. It contains one-third of its
weight, and the whole of this is clay slate in angular fragments.
Notwithstanding its pale colour, it contains a large quantity of

organic matter.

Soluble in Acetic Acid.

Peroxide of Iron,
Alumina, .
Lime,

Magnesia, .
Potash,
Soda,

Sulphuric Acid,
Chlorine, .
Phosphoric Acid,

Soil.

Subsoil

0-004

0-160

0-221

0-215

0-154

0-215

0'072

0-094

0-092

0-063

0-015

0-060

0-130

0-032

0-092

0-080

Total Soluble in Acetic Acid, 0"670 1-019

Soluble in Hydrochloric Acid, but Insoluble in Acetic.

Silica,

Peroxide of Iron,

Alumina,

Lime,

Magnesia,

Potash,

Soda,

Sulphuric Acid,

Phosphoric Acid,

Carbonic Acid,

Total Soluble in H CI,

0-170

0-235

1-866

1-640

3-959

5-335

0-198

0-119

0'128

0-173

0121

0-090

0-127

0-150

0-040

0-050

0-040

0-673

6-650

8-465

Insoluble in Acids.

Silica,

Peroxide of Iron,
Alumina, .
Lime,
Magnesia,
Alkalies and Loss,

Total Insoluble in Acids,

72-800

68-118

0-275

0-850

9-910

11-106

0-286

0-476

0-506

0-796

0-303

0-170

84-080 81-516

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

199

Water,
Organic Matter,

Ammonia,
Hygrometric Water,
Total Chlorine,

Gravel,

Coarse Sand,
Fine Sand,
Clay,
Organic Matter,

0 ., l Fine Sand,
So11' < Clay,

1-490

1-480

7-110

7-520

L 00-000

...

0-253

...

4-410

354

0-491

0-22

26-50

33-306

5574

50-050

119

2-650

11-27

8-904

530

5-080

100-00

100-000

SOIL FROM MR NISBET, RUMBLETON, GREENLAW, DUNSE.

Tliis was a light turnip soil, and both it and the subsoil
were very similar in appearance ; they contained small rounded
pebbles, which seemed to be decomposed greenstone, and in the
soil was a small piece of limestone.

Soluble in. Acetic Acid.

Peroxide of Iron,
Alumina,
Lime,
Magnesia,
Potash,
Soda,

Sulphuric Acid,
Chlorine, .
Phosphoric Acid,

Soil.

Subsoil

0*154

0-185

0-066

0-255

0436

0-392

0-093

0-259

0-118

0-014

0 293

0-036

0-048

0-036

0-007

0 009

• ■ •

0-050

1-215

1-236

Soluble in Hydrochloric Acid, but Insoluble in Acetic Acid.

Silica, . . . . . 0-105 0'165

Peroxide of Iron,

Alumina,

Lime,

Magnesia,

Potash,

Soda,

Sulphuric Acid,

Phosphoric Acid,

Carbonic Acid,

Chlorine, .

2-117

1-895

2-112

2-015

0-112

0 041

0426

0-281

0-328

0-181

0-158

0-O94

o-iio

0135

0-191

0-017

0-170

0140

0-028

5-829

6-228

200

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

Insoluble in Acids.

Silica,

Peroxide of Iron,
Alumina, .
Lime,

Magnesia, .
Alkalies and Loss,

Organic Matter,
Water,

Ammonia, .
Hygrometric "Water.,
Gravel,

i Coarse Sand,
Soil, < Fine Sand, .

(Clay,
Organic Matter.

78-993

80-940

0-611

0-648

3-615

4-399

0-409-

0-609

0"258

0-143

0-890

0293

84-776
6-220
1-960

100-000
4-858

1-882

100-000

0-234

0-175

3-800

2-250

7-910

11056

. 82-420

81-556

1-520

1-377

2-310

1-698

5-840

4-403

100-000 100-000

SOIL FROM MR ANDERSON, BOYSACK".

This soil was darkish grey when dry, and when moist its
colour was very dark. It contained only very small pebbles,
some of them pure silicious, and others varying in appearance,
and clearly of several different kinds. The subsoil was paler
coloured, and the fragments of rock were more angular than in
the soil.

Soluble in Acetic Acid.

Soil.

Su"bsoiI

Peroxide of Iron, .

0 080

0-029

Alumina, ....

0-160

0031

Lime, ....

0-268

0-294

Magnesia, ....

0-095

0079

Potash, ....

0-059

0-115

Soda, ....

0-022

0-077

Sulphuric Acid, .

0-041

0-037

Phosphoric Acid, .

0-101

0012

Chlorine, ....

o-oio

0-049

0-836

0-723

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

201

Soluble in Hydrochloric Acid, but Insoluble in Acetic Acid.

Silica, ..... 0-360 0-204

Peroxide of Iron, .... 2-430 5-011

Alumina, ..... 2-530 4-789

Lime, ..... 0-236 0-098

Magnesia, ..... 0-697 0'325

Potash, ..... 0-060 0-050

Soda, ..... 0-142 0-041

Sulphuric Acid, .... 0-067 0-009

Phosphoric Acid, .... 0-102 0-102

Carbonic Acid, .... 0-080 0-020

6-704

10-649

Insoluble in

Acids.

Silica,

. 68-571

68-824

Peroxide of Iron, .

1-990

0-945

Alumina, .

10-976

10-872

Lime, .

1-058

1-045

Magnesia, .

0-523

0451

Alkalies and Loss,

0-742

0-611

83-860

82-748

Organic Matter,

7-020

3-870

Water, .

1-580

2-010

100-000

100-000

Ammonia, .

0-240

0-097

Hygrometric Water,

3-820

3-330

Percentage of Gravel,

6-44

140

f Coarse Sand,

75-47

7653

o -i Fine Sand,

S011' 10%,, .' .

7-06

494

4-47

13-24

1, Organic Matter,

6-56

3-89

100-00 100-00
SOIL FROM MR BOWIE, MAINS OF KELLY.

A remarkably light-coloured soil. When dry, its colour is that
of a very pale guano ; and the subsoil is even lighter in tint.
When moist, they are of course darker, but still only a mode-
rate brown. They contain some very hard silicious stones, which
are all more or less water-worn.

Soluble in Acetic Acid

Peroxide of Iron,

Alumina,

Lime,

Magnesia,

Potash,

Soda,

Sulphuric Acid,

Phosphoric Acid,

Chlorine, .

Soil.

Subsoil

• • ■

0-003

0-125

0-037

0-182

0-090

0-054

0-115

0-070

0-042

0-020

0-039

0-087

0-035

...

0-573

0-326

202

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

Soluble in Hydrochloric Acid, but Insoluble in Acetic Acid.

Silica,

•

0-300

' 0-080

Peroxide of Iron, .

2-373

0-657

Alumina, .

4-177

0-423

Lime,

0-111

0-134

Magnesia, .

0-288

0-678

Potash,

0-120

0-287

Soda,

0-007

0-128

Sulphuric Acid,

0-057

0-020

Phosphoric Acid,

0-044

0-006

Carbonic Acid,

0-240

0-090

7-711

10503

Soluble in Acids.

Silica, ..... 64-610

63-913

Peroxide of Iron,

3-400

1-821

Alumina, .

. 14-476

17-194

Lime,

0-610

0-376

Magnesia, .

0-210

0-305

Alkalies and Loss,

0-250

0-376

Insoluble in Acids.

83-556 83-985

Water, ....

1-90

2-116

Organic Matter,

6-26

3-070

100-000

100-000

Ammonia, ....

0-200

0-039

Hygrometric Moisture,

2-960

3-760

Gravel, ....

2-32

0-83

('Coarse Sand,

79-99

8] -28

S°M c™ . : :

1-41

1-25

10-05

13-53

t Organic Matter,

6-23

3-11

100-00

100-000

SOIL FROM MR MUSTARD, LEUCHLAND, BRECHIN.

Both soil and subsoil in this case are dark coloured, even
when dry, and are so similar that it is difficult to distinguish
them from one another. The subsoil, however, is redder in tint.
There is a close resemblance also in the gravel, which consists
chiefly of much decomposed matter, which looks like altered
greenstone, and there are a few fragments of mica slate.

ITvOCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

20.°.

Soluble in Acetic Acid.

Peroxide of Iron,
Alumina,

Lime,
Magnesia,
Potash,
Soda,
Phosphoric Acid,
Sulphuric Acid,
Chlorine,
Carbonic Acid,

Soil.

Subsoil

0-076

0-102

0-074

0-190

0-184

0-095

0-090

0-180

0-055

0-020

0-122

0-021

0 034

0-070

0-057

0-081

0-014

0-012

...

0-210

0-706

0-981

Soluble in Hydrochloric Acid.

Silica,

Peroxide of Iron,

Alumina,

Lime,

Magnesia,

Potash,

Soda,

Phosphoric Acid,

Sulphuric Acid,

Carbonic Acid,

0-216

0-080

2-396

3-069

3-114

2-839

0-509

0-151

0356

0-374

0-295

0-112

0-063

0-084

0-045

0032

0-024

0021

o-iio

...

7-128

6-740

Insoluble in Acids.

Silica,

Peroxide of Iron,
Alumina, .
Lime,
Magnesia, .

Organic Matter,
Water,

73-015
1422
9-698
0-797
0-297

85-229
4-807
2-130

74-135
0-647

10-238
0-758
0-278

86-074

. 5-035

1-170

Ammonia,
Hygrometric "Water,
Total Chlorine,

Mechanical Analysis.

Gravel,
Soil, -

'Coarse Sand,

Fine Sand,

Clay,
„ Organic Matter,

100-000

100-000

0-164

0-149

3780

• . ■

0-024

...

5-56

8-905

73 33

78 970

10-79

1-849

5-70

5-451

4-62

4-825

100-00 100-000

204

PEOCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPAETMENT.

SOIL FEOM ME YOUNG, HIGHFIELD, AYE.

This soil was dark in colour, and contained only a small
quantity of gravel ; but I am unable to state its quantity, as it
was not separately weighed. The same is the case with the
subsoil, which is somewhat redder than the soil, but in all other
respects similar to it, though lighter and more sandy.

Soluble in Acetic Acid.

Peroxide of Iron,
Alumina,
Lime,
Magnesia,
Potash,
Soda,
Sulphuric Acid,
Phosphoric Acid,
Chlorine, .

Soil.

0-153

0017

0-268

0-076

0-031

0-058

0-058

0-147

0-019

Subsoil.

0-213
0-158
0-076

o-oio

0-041
0-061

0-827

0-579

Soluble in Hydrochloric Acid, but not in Acetic Acid.

Silica, ....

0-060

0-144

Peroxide of Iron,

4-438

5-714

Alumina, .

3072

3646

Lime,

0-056

0-123

Magnesia, .

0-356

0-498

Potash,

0-150

0-164

Soda,

0-061

0-025

Sulphuric Acid,

0-099

0-096

Phosphoric Acid,

0-262

• . .

Carbonic Acid,

0-120

0-160

8-674

10-570

Insoluble in Acids.

Silica, .....

72-130

76-041

Peroxide of Iron,

1-372

0-285

Alumina, .

5-598

2-327

Lime,

0-838

0-546

Magnesia, .

0-513

0163

Alkalies and Loss,

...

0-449

80-451

79-811

Water, ....

2-200

2-750

Organic Matter,

7-848

5-290

100-000 100-000

Ammonia, .
Equal to Nitrogen,
Hygronietric Water,

0260

0-176

0-214

0-145

3-220

3-400

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

205

Soil,

Mechanical A)

lalysis.

Coarse Sand,

81-831

87-66

Fine Sand,

1-669

1-04

Clay,

8-484

4-84

Organic Matter,

8-016

646

100-000

100-000

Note. — The soil was powdered by mistake, therefore gravel could not be
determined.

SOIL FROM MR SWANWICK, WILTSHIRE.

This soil differs remarkably from all the others. It dries up
into clods as hard as bricks, having an exceedingly pale colour.
Moistened with water, it becomes extremely plastic, and might
almost be used for making bricks. Notwithstanding its pale
colour, it contains much organic matter, and when heated,
exhales the smell of burning peaty matter. It is very free
from stones. The subsoil is similar in all respects, and still
lighter in colour.

Soluble in Acetic Acid.

Peroxide of Iron,

Soil.
0-042

Subsoil.
0-025

Alumina, .

0-198

0-225

Lime,

0-228

0-420

Magnesia, .

0-138

0-235

Potash,

0-180

0-063

Soda,

0-006

0-050

Sulphuric Acid,

0-034

0042

Phosphoric Acid, .

0-006

• * .

Chlorine, .

0-005

...

Total Soluble in Acetic Acid,

0-837

1-060

Soluble in Hydrochloric, but Insoluble in Acetic Acid.

Silica,

Peroxide of Iron,

Alumina,

Lime,

Magnesia,

Potash,

Soda,

Sulphuric Acid,

Phosphoric Acid,

Carbonic Acid,

0-350

0-215

4-418

5-515

7-102

9675

0-208

0-062

0-342

0-847

0-553

0-977

0-036

0234

0-138

0-006

0-019

. . .

0-600

0-530

Total Soluble in Hydrochloric, but Insoluble
in Acetic Acid,

13-766 18-061

206

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

Insoluble in

Acids.

Silica,

.

55-314

45-724

Peroxide of Iron, .

,

0-957

1-126

Alumina, .

,

11-182

17-099

Lime,

,

0-198

0-203

Magnesia, .

.

0-394

0'229

Alkalies and Loss,

in Acids

» •

0-062

0-468

Total Soluble

68-107

64-849

Organic Matter,

.

13-110

9-720

Water,

4-180

6310

100-000

100-000

Ammonia,

0-316

0-084

Equal to Nitrogen,

. .

.

0.260

0-069

Hygrometric Water,

•

•

6-020

8-610

Mechanical A

nalysis.

Percentage of Gravel,

1-380

0-333

'Coarse Sand,

53-380

46-120

Soil,*

Fine Sand, .
Clay, _

6-850
25-180

5-618
37-589

_ Organic Matter,

13-210

10-340

100-000 100-000

These analyses present many points of interest, from the fact
that they include examples of almost all kinds of soil. Most of
them, it is true, belong to the class of what are usually called
turnip soils, but among them are the heavy clay of Mr Swan-
wick's field, which might almost be used for making bricks, the
sandy soil of Dirleton, and the light, gravelly, and poor soil of
Snawdon. All the soils, with the exception of Mr Swanwick's,
were in good condition, and most of them had been long under
cultivation, and had been liberally treated, and yet, notwith-
standing this, there is very great difference in their natural pro-
ductiveness. Instances are found among them in which the
unmanured plots yield only two or three tons of turnips to the
acre, while the manured plots give four or five times this quan-
tity, and others in which the unmanured are not far behind the
manured plots. On examining the analyses, it seems pretty
clear that this is not always due to the chemical composition of
the soil alone, though this, no doubt, has its effect, but depends
to no small extent on its mechanical texture. This is certainly
the main cause of the small produce in Mr Swanwick's experi-
ments, where the stiffness of the soil was snch that no other
result could be expected in a season like that of 1866. On the
other hand, it is to be noticed that the nothing plots on Mr
Shirriffs field, which is a good clay loam, capable of producing
excellent crops of all kinds, yield less than those of Mr Hope's

PEOCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 207

sandy soil, or even Mr Harper's light gravelly soil, the average
produce in each case being —

Tons. Cwts.

Saltcoats, . . . 4 13

Snawdon, . . . 5 17

Dirleton, ... 8 6

Now the differences in the chemical composition of the soils will
not explain this ; for there can be no doubt that the chemist
drawing his conclusions from analysis, and the farmer founding
on his practical knowledge of the qualities of soils, would concur
in the opinion that Mr Shirriff 's soil is decidedly superior to the
other two. It can scarcely be doubted that it is difference in
texture, coupled with the nature of the season, which caused the
inferior to surpass the better soils. The wet season was, in fact,
favourable to the lighter and more porous soils, through which
the water can percolate rapidly, and admit the supplies of air
which are necessary to the successful growth of all plants, and
unfavourable to the stiffer soils, whose pores remain closed up by
the superfluous moisture. The mechanical analyses confirm this
view ; for the percentage of clay is smallest in Mr Hope's soil,
and largest in Mr Shirriff's, while Mr Harper's is intermediate
between them. Of course, all this depends on season, for in a
dry year it is clear that the clay, owing to its power of retaining
moisture, would give the Saltcoats soil a decided advantage over
the other two.

It must not be supposed, however, that the productiveness of
soil is always, or even often, independent of its chemical compo-
sition, for the very reverse of this is the fact ; but in the
particular case under consideration, all three soils being capable
of yielding a sufficient supply of food to the crop, their mechani-
cal state has affected the conditions under which these sub-
stances found access to the roots. And it is manifest that this
must in all cases exercise a very important influence, for the
great mass of the soil is only the vehicle through means of
which the actual food is presented to the roots.

The problem which offers the greatest difficulty is, to determine
what part of the components of a soil do actually constitute the
food of the plants growing upon it. It seems unquestionable
that the substances insoluble in acids do not contribute to its
immediate fertility ; though it is highly probable that the gradual
changes which most minerals undergo in the course of time must
cause some part of them to pass from a passive to an active state.
Even of the portion soluble in acids but a small part is probably
accessible to the plant, but the determination of this point is
attended with great practical difficulties. The most obvious
inference to be drawn from known facts no doubt is, that those

208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

substances which, dissolve most readily should be in the most
favourable position, but it is by no means clear that this is
invariably true. If so, it would necessarily follow that those
substances which dissolve readily in water should be most
useful. But experience by no means confirms this opinion, for
it is not found that plants grow readily in solutions of their
essential constituents, although it is possible to make them do so
with proper care and precaution. Moreover, soils bring the
most essential elements of plants into insoluble or nearly in-
soluble forms of combination, in which, being attached to the
clay and organic matter present in them by a feeble bond, they
are kept there ready to supply the wants of the plant. It is far
from improbable that the only constituents of the soil capable of
passing into the vegetable organism are those which exist in the
particular state of combination in question, and which have
either been introduced from without, or having been liberated by
the action of external agents, such as air and moisture, on the
minerals forming the basis of all soils, have been retained in that
looser state of combination ready to supply the wants of vegeta-
tion.

It is impossible, however, to decide this question in a
thoroughly satisfactory manner, because no means are known of
separating from one another those portions of the soil constituents
which exist in these different states. We can only seek to arrive
at some approximation to the solution of the problem, by ac-
cumulating knowledge as to the different degrees of solubility
of these substances under different conditions, and comparing the
results with those obtained in the field, which is necessarily a
very slow process, and requires much patience to amass the
requisite number of facts, and much self-denial to prevent our
attempting to draw conclusions from an insufficient number of
data. The determination of the matters dissolved by acetic
acid is a step in this direction, which will probably pave the way
for a still more minute investigation.

It has been stated at the outset that acetic acid, which is, in
fact, more familiar to us as pure vinegar, was selected as the
solvent to be applied to the soil, on account of its very feeble
affinities, which seemed likely to be more comparable with the
action the roots are supposed to exercise on the soils than the more
powerful acids, and I propose to direct attention to the quantities
of the different substances which it has extracted from the soil.
It is necessary to remark, that if a soil of the most fertile kind is
boiled two or three times with successive quantities of water,
the quantity of matters extracted from it varies from one-tenth
to one-third of a per cent., rarely exceeding the latter number —
of which one-half at least consists of humus and other organic
matters, which are generally understood to be incapable of serving

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 209

as nutriment for the plants. Ten thousand parts of soil are then
capable of yielding to water from 5 to 15 parts of mineral matter,
and even of this but a small proportion consists of those sub-
stances which are admitted to be most essential to plants. The
potash rarely exceeds 4 or 5 parts in 100,000, and there is no
phosphoric acid.

When the soil is treated with acetic acid, the quantity of
matters dissolved is much higher, and amounts to from one-half
to one and a-half per cent., and to their number phosphoric acid,
which rarely appears in the watery solution, comes to be added. It
is not found in solution in all cases, but in some soils the quan-
tity dissolved is comparatively large, and sometimes reaches
half that which the solL contains. As a rule, the quantity of all
the substances dissolved is much larger than in the watery solu-
tion. This applies, as might be expected, in an especial degree
to lime, which, existing in most soils to a greater or less extent,
in the form of carbonate, is readily soluble in acetic acid. Ac-
cordingly, we find in some instances all the lime in solution, and
rarely less than half the total quantity. The difference in this
case must be attributed to the fact, that lime is in most cases an
artificial addition to the soil, and the whole quantity so added
must readily dissolve in acetic acid ; and hence it may be inferred,
that those soils in which the whole of the lime dissolves in
acetic acid must in their natural state have either contained little
or no lime among their mineral constituents, unless, indeed, it
was originally derived from some organic source. In Mr Hope's
soil, for example, where the lime is entirely soluble in acetic
acid, it is highly probable, indeed certain, that part of it is
derived from sea-shells. Magnesia, on the other hand, which is
not added to the soil artificially, except in those cases in which
the land is limed with a lime containing it, is never entirely
soluble, and though acetic acid takes it up to some extent, the
quantity dissolved rarely exceeds a fourth of that present. The
quantity of alkalies, and especially of potash, dissolved, is con-
siderable ; and phosphoric acid is also found in the solution in
large amount, a half and some times more than that being-
dissolved.

Acetic acid takes up a smaller proportion of the subsoil, but
the solution contains the same substances. Phosphoric acid,
however, is more frequently absent than it is in the acetic solu-
tions of the soils. The quantity of soluble lime is also in general
perceptibly smaller, though this is not invariably the case.

It may at first sight appear to many, that the quantities of the
different elements of plant-food taken up by acetic acid are so
small as to afford but an inadequate supply to the plants ; but a
very little consideration is sufficient to show that, though small
relatively to the weight of the soil, the quantity is absolutely

0

210 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPAKTMENT.

large. Taking the soil of Boysack, which I select as an example
because it is of fair quality, and yields, even without manure, a
crop of upwards of 12 tons of turnips, it is found to contain
01 01 per cent, of phosphoric acid in the acetic solution. Now,
as the upper 10 inches of the surface, which is assumed to repre-
sent the soil, weighs at least 1000 tons to the acre, this percent-
age gives us rather more than a ton of phosphoric acid, which
is equivalent to nearly 2-2 tons of phosphates, or it contains
as much as 4^ tons of bones. It is manifest that here, suppos-
ing the plants can really get possession of it, there can be no
deficiency of that constituent, especially if it be taken into
account that a crop of 12 tons of turnips only contain 20 lbs. of
phosphoric acid. A similar calculation applied to any of the
other elements of plant-food leads to similar conclusions ; and we
are forced to admit, that in every one of the soils analysed, there
is a superfluity of the requisite substances.

How is it, then, that certain of these soils in their natural state-
fail to produce a crop of turnips ? and why should the addition of
a quantity of manure, containing only 56 lbs. of phosphoric acid
to the acre, a quantity absolutely trifling compared with that it
already contains, cause so great an increase in the produce in the
great majority of instances ? The question is one to which we
have at present no sufficient answer, and its thorough solution is
attended with difficulties which it is only possible to overcome
by repeated and long continued experiments. We require espe-
cially some information as to the reason why the same manure
produces a much greater effect on some soils than on others.
There are very remarkable examples of this to be found among
the experiments made on these soils. As an illustration, we may
select the effects produced by dissolved coprolites and bone ash
on the farms of Drylawhill, Boysack, Saltcoats, and Dirleton.
These particular manures gave to the acre of land 56 lbs. of phos-
phoric acid, and the average increase which they yielded per acre
over the produce of the plot which got no manure was as
follows : —

TONS. CWTS.

Drylawhill, 1 14

Boysack, . . . 3 16

Saltcoats, . . . 6 10

Dirleton, . . . 9 17

So that the same manures produced nearly six times as great an

effect at Dirleton as at Drylawhill, and three times as much as

at Boysack. Even under the most favourable circumstances, the

increase contains but a small part of the valuable matters which

the manure was used to supply. The extra produce on Dirleton

must have contained about 16 lbs. of phosphoric acid, while the

manure contained 56, so that little more than a fourth of it became

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 211

available, and the loss in the other cases is much greater- Now
the manure is supplied to the crop under the most favourable cir-
cumstances which the farmer can provide. It is placed in the
drill near the roots of the plant, and the rain which falls, if not
too excessive, conveys it down gradually, so that as the crop
grows it should find a supply at the point where it is most
required, and yet a large proportion of it is used in vain so far as
that year is concerned. It remains in the soil, no doubt, available
for future crops, which, doubtless, must sooner or later make use
of it, but it is certain that it is then less advantageously employed,
The perfection of manuring would be to manage matters so that the
crop to which it was applied should exhaust the whole fertilising
effect of the manure ; but this is a consummation we can never
expect to reach in practice, though we are probably destined to
approach much nearer it than we now do.

I refrain from entering at the present moment into any
detailed discussion of the relation of the soils which have been
analysed to one another. The data which are supplied by the
experiments of a single season do not afford grounds for forming
definite opinions, and any conclusions which we might draw at the
present time might be liable to subversion by the results of
another season, in which different conditions of weather, &c, may
prevail. In conducting such inquiries, the patience is sorely
tried, and one is constantly tempted to rush into conclusions
which prudence, and the true spirit of scientific investigation,
teach us to postpone until a far larger mass of experimental data
has been accumulated.

REPORT BY DR ANDERSON ON THE RESULTS OF THE FIELD
EXPERIMENTS MADE DURING THE SEASON 1867.

The following pages contain the results of the Field Experi-
ments made under the auspices of the Society during the past
season, in continuation of those of the previous year, by experi-
menters in different districts of the country. These experiments
have been conducted on a definite system ; and before entering
into their details, I think it necessary to premise a few observa-
tions as to the principles on which they have been carried out.
It is scarcely necessary to observe that the object of all Field
Experiments is a practical one. They aim at determining the
relative effects of different manures, in such a manner that the
farmer may ascertain from them which will give him the maxi-
mum amount of produce, with the minimum of outlay consistent
with keeping the soil in proper condition. This result may be
arrived at, either by making experiments with different well-
known manures (which are, for the most part, very complex
mixtures), so as to compare with one another their actions on

212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

different soils and crops, and resting content with this informa-
tion, which, of course, will hold good only for the individual
substances used ; or by endeavouring to ascertain the mode in
which they produce their characteristic actions. In the former
case the results are empirical, but they are arrived at with com-
parative rapidity, so that it is possible, after several years' trial,
to say whether, for example, guano, bones, or superphosphate
produce the best effect on such and such soils, but they leave us
completely in the dark as to how or why they act as they are
found to do, or of the effect likely to be produced under circum-
stances different from those under which the experiments were
made. In the latter case the manure is not looked at as a whole
only, but we endeavour to trace the mode in which it acts on the
oil, and the effect due to each of its constituents, and thus to
make, if we may so express it, an analysis of its manurial effects.
Experiments conducted in this way for a sufficient length of time
to admit of satisfactory generalisations, enable us to decide what
part of the total effect of a manure is due to each of its consti-
tuents, and to foresee with certainty the result which would be
produced if their proportions were altered.

The great difference between these two modes of conducting
experiments lies in the fact, that the first, even if conducted only
for a single year, offer some kind of conclusions, although they
may not be very certain, and may sometimes mislead, while the
last require to be continued for some time before any inferences
can be drawn from them, and they rarely become valuable until
the results of many successive seasons have been accumulated,
and compared with one another. As a natural consequence, the
former are much more attractive to the experimenter than the
latter, because he sees at once to what they lead, and has the
pleasant satisfaction of drawing some conclusions from them.
The other kind of experiments can only be prosecuted with success
by those who profess a real enthusiasm, and who are determined
to accumulate the results of many years, during which facts are
laboriously accumulated, from which no conclusions can or ought
to be drawn until they are sufficiently numerous. The experi-
menter must therefore exercise much self-denial, and be content
to wait patiently for many years ; to obtain results which he
sometimes cannot understand, or which appear to be irreconcile-
able ; to encounter failures of the most disappointing kind,
dependent on causes over which he has no control ; and perhaps,
after many years devoted to laborious inquiries, he may find that,
if he wishes to obtain absolutely'' cou elusive results, he must
commence a new series of experiments, so arranged as to clear
up the difficulties of those he has already made.

In general the necessity for carrying on experiments for a
succession of years is sufficient to deter many from undertaking

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 213

them, and they naturally prefer those which give immediate
results, of a kind calculated to assist them in the cultivation of
their own farms, to those which only add slowly to the general
store of knowledge, even though they should for this very reason
have a higher ultimate importance. The very circumstances
which deter individuals from undertaking experiments of this
kind are exactly those which recommend them to the attention
of an institution like the Highland and Agricultural Society ;
and when the subject of Field Experiments was taken up in the
year 1866, the Committee resolved that, in the first instance at
least, their efforts should be devoted to experiments of this de-
scription. Accordingly, the experiments of the first season were
devoted to the solution of certain fundamental points, and more
especially to determining the influence exercised by the particular
forms in which the different constituents of manures on their
fertilising effects. Thus, for example, it is believed that nitro-
gen, when in the uncombined state, cannot be assimilated by
plants, but that it is absorbed as ammonia. Many manures,
however, such as bones for example, contain no ready formed
ammonia, but a complex organic compound gelatine, which yields
that substance by decomposition, and it is only after that change
has occurred that it becomes available to the plant. In sulphate
of ammonia, on the other hand, the nitrogen exists in the very
state in which it is supposed to be absorbed ; and hence the ques-
tion arises, whether the necessity for a particular change occurring
retards the action of the bones, and makes them act more slowly
than they would do if they contained ready formed ammonia. It
is manifest that this is a matter of great practical importance, and
its solution one way or the other might often turn the scale in
favour of one or other of the forms in which the farmer uses
nitrogen. Of course, weather and the kind of crop to which the
manure is applied must manifestly exert a great influence on the
result. A dry season, which retards decomposition, and a crop
which requires abundance of nitrogen at the outset, are conditions
under which it may be anticipated that the ready formed ammonia
might surpass that which is not ready for assimilation, while a
wet season might put the two substances almost or altogether on
a par. Now, in all such experiments, the great point is to use
mixtures which shall be strictly comparable ; and in last year's
experiments this was accomplished by using a manure which
supplied the same quantities of soluble phosphates and nitrogen,
the latter being in one set in the form of ammonia, and in the other
entirely in that of gelatine as it exists in the bones. The sub-
stances used were sulphate of ammonia and glue {i.e. gelatine
identical in chemical nature with the nitrogenous constituent of
the bones), and these were applied in such quantity that the
nitrogen per acre was the same in both cases. The results of

214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

last year tended to the conclusion that in this respect there is no
difference between ready formed ammonia and glue, when applied
to the turnip. They went even further, for it appears that when
used alone they are absolutely without effect on that crop, except
when used on a soil in very high condition — that is to say, charged
with the elements of manure — in which case a slight effect is
manifest ; that they slightly increase the yield when soluble
phosphates are associated with them; but in no case is the effect
obtained at all proportionate to the amount of nitrogen used ;
neither can it be said that the ready formed ammonia on the
whole surpasses the unformed, but on this point the results of a
single season are not sufficient to justify a decided expression of
opinion.

The experiments of the season 1866 were further directed to a
question much discussed among practical men, namely, whether
soluble phosphates derived from mineral sources, such as coprolites,
apatite, and the like, are or are not manurially inferior to those
which, for convenience' sake, may be said to be of organic origin,
such as those contained in guanos and bones. So far as insoluble
phosphates are concerned, there can, I apprehend, be no difference
of opinion, for the hard and compact phosphates of mineral origin
are much less accessible than the soft and highly divided sub-
stances found in guano ; but it is different when they are converted
into superphosphates, when the manufacturer, by means of the
acid he uses, converts them all into the same compound, and
annihilates all the differences which previously existed between
them. I have, on this ground, maintained that there ought to be
no difference in soluble phosphates, from whatever source obtained ;
but as experiment is necessarily always most convincing, the
solution of this question was also made a part of the investigation
of 1866.

It had been resolved from the very first by the Field Experi-
ment Committee, that any inquiries undertaken by the Society
should be continued on the same plan for several years, so as to
eliminate the effect of weather and other disturbing causes. This
resolution, however, did not exclude the introduction of such
modifications and improvements as the experience of successive
years might induce them to adopt, and accordingly, in arranging
the experiments for 1867, two very important questions came up
for consideration.

The first of these related to the scale on which the experiments
should in future be conducted, on which point much difference
of opinion prevailed. It was maintained by some of the Com-
mittee, that the results obtained on plots of so small a size as
Tl^th of an acre could not be relied upon for indicating what
would be obtained on the large scale ; others, and among them
must be reckoned the greater number of those who had had

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 215

practical experience of small experiments, leaned to the opposite
opinion. As far as I am myself concerned, I have repeatedly-
expressed my conviction, that experiments made on a small
scale, with proper care and precautions, ought to give as good
results as those in which very large plots are employed ; but I
have always recognised the necessity for putting this opinion to
the test by a set of comparative experiments, and in the original
scheme drawn up for the Committee such an inquiry wras sug-
gested. The propriety of engaging in such a set of experiments
was again mooted, but practical difficulties existed in carrying
out the proposition at the time, and after mature consideration,
the Committee resolved that the small experiments should be
continued for another year, leaving the arrangement of set of
large and small scale experiments for next season. It was sug-
gested, indeed, by one gentleman, that the latter should in all
cases precede the former, as they might often form useful guides
to show what should be undertaken on the large scale.

The second matter the Committee had to consider arose out
of the particular object of the experiments of 1866. It was urged
that, from the very nature of the questions which they proposed
to examine, substances not usually employed as manures had
been used, and that their interest to the farmer would be largely
increased, if, in addition to or instead of these substances, some
of the ordinary manures in daily use, such as Peruvian guano,
were introduced into the scheme of experiments as points of
comparison. The Committee at once recognised the importance
of this proposal, and resolved that it should be adopted as far as
possible. At the time at which it was made, however, the
arrangements were so far advanced, that this could not be done
throughout all the experiments, but they were divided into two
series, into the second of which Peruvian and Bolivian guanos
were introduced as representatives of the two great classes of
ammoniacal and phosphatic guanos.

Plan of the Experiments of 1867.

The general object of these experiments was to follow out the
line of inquiry of the preceding year, with such modifications as
experience dictated, and, as just mentioned, with the addition in
certain cases of Peruvian and Bolivian guanos. These objects
were, — 1st, To compare the effects of ready formed, and what
may, for convenience' sake, be called potential ammonia — the
former in the state of sulphate of ammonia, the latter in that of
glue, the state in which it exists in the bones ; 2d, To compare
the results obtained from soluble phosphoric acid, in the form of
dissolved phosphatic guano and coprolites, these two substances
being taken as the best representatives of what we may call
animal and mineral phosphates ; 3d, To ascertain the effect of

216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

muriate of potash alone and intermixed with other substances on
the turnip, and, as already mentioned, to compare these sub-
stances with Peruvian and Bolivian guanos, as usually employed.

The system adopted was similar to that used in 1866. The
manures were employed in such quantity as to give to the acre
of land 112 lbs. of soluble phosphoric acid, 56 lbs. of ammonia,
and 56 lbs. of potash. In certain of the trials, however, where
ammonia and potash were used together, it was considered that
56 lbs. of each was a quantity so large that it would never be
applied in practice, and in these cases 28 lbs. of ammonia and
28 lbs. of potash were used. The mode in which the quantity
of the particular manures to be used was ascertained is very-
simple. Take, for example, the case of the dissolved coprolites ;
the percentage of soluble phosphoric acid was first determined
by analysis, and then by calculation it was ascertained how much
of the manure must be used to supply this quantity, and that
formed the application for the acre.

The manures employed were —

1st, Dissolved phosphatic guano, of which the composition was
found to be —

Water, 18-41

Organic matter, 12 '99

Biphosphate of Lime, equal to 3173 Soluble Phosphates, 20-34

Insoluble Phosphates, 12"35

Sulphate of Lime, 31-04

Alkaline Salts, ........ T13

Sand, 374

100-00
Ammonia, 071

It was intended that in this manure the whole of the phos-
phates should have been rendered soluble, and it was made with
this object, but, unfortunately, when finished it was found that
a considerable quantity was insoluble, and as it so happened
that no other manure which suited the purpose was to be found
in the market at the time, we were under the necessity of
using it.

2d, Dissolved coprolites. — This sample was found on analysis
to contain —

Water, 16-06

Organic matter, 7-69

Biphosphate of Lime, equal to 24-65 Soluble Phosphates, 15*80

Insoluble Phosphates, 10-51

Sulphate of Lime, 45 "42

Alkaline Salts, 0"24

Sand, 4-28

100-00
Ammonia, 0-19

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 217

In this case, also, phosphates had been left undissolved, but
under the particular circumstances of the case this was not
objectionable, as they served to place this and the preceding
manure more nearly on a level.

3d, Sulphate of ammonia. — This was a good sample, but rather
moist. It contained 24*43 per cent, of ammonia.

4th, Glue. — It was well-stoved glue, ground under edgestones,
in the same manner as that used in the previous years. It con-
tained 13-88 per cent, of nitrogen, equal to 16-85 of ammonia.

5th, Peruvian guano. — This was a fair average of the imports
at the present time, and contained, — ■

Water, 14-27

Organic matter and Ammoniacal Salts, . . . 48-98

Phosphates, 221 5

Alkaline Salts, 12-45

Sand, 2-15

100-00

Ammonia, 14-82

Phosphoric Acid in the Alkaline Salts, equal to 4*48 )

Phosphate of Lime, ] 2'05

6 th, Bolivian Guano, of the kind which has been largely im-
ported during the last eight or ten years, containing —

Water, 8-40

Organic matter and Ammoniacal Salts, . . . 18-55

Phosphates, 61 75

Alkaline Salts, 5-10

Sand, 6-20

100 00

Ammonia, 0"97

Phosphoric Acid in the Alkaline Salts, equal to 5-70 )

Phosphate of Lime, ] 2'b2

Both these manures were used just as they are in ordinary cases.
In fact, it was neither advisable nor possible to start from a
given quantity of any of their useful constituents, and it became
necessary to fix the amount to be applied per acre as it would be
done on the farm. They were, accordingly, employed at the
rate of 7 cwt. per acre, which, though a large, is by no means an
excessive application, when they are used without farm-yard
manure. It is, I believe, quite customary in such cases for the
farmer to use as much as 8 cwt. per acre. These quantities
yield per acre the following weights of phosphoric acid and
ammonia, in lbs. : —

Total Phosphoric Acid. Ammonia.

Peruvian Guano, . . . 95*5 . . . 116'3
Bolivian Guano, . . . 242-0 . . . 7-1

It is here particularly to be noted that the quantities of these

218 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

two substances which are the main fertilising constituents of
the manures employed exist in these guanos in very different
proportions from those in which they are contained in the
artificial mixtures. The Peruvian guano supplies less phosphoric
acid, but more than twice as much ammonia as the mixtures,
and the Bolivian guano more than twice as much phosphoric
acid, but only a trifling quantity of ammonia. The phosphoric
acid in the two guanos is, of course, insoluble in water, with the
exception of that small quantity which is found in the alkaline
salts. In the mixtures only that which is soluble is taken into
account. JSTo doubt, it may be urged that the insoluble phos-
phoric acid must here produce some effect ; but this can cer-
tainly not be the case with the coprolites ; and even with the dis-
solved guano, I believe it will be found as a rule, that in presence
of a large amount of soluble phosphates, that portion which is
left undissolved has little effect on the crop to which it is applied,
though it no doubt tells to some extent on those which follow.

In weighing out the manures, all the precautions described in
my report of last year were adopted. Each manure was taken
from the sacks, and the whole well mixed, so that there might be
no want of uniformity. The quantity of manure for each in-
dividual plot was separately weighed ; and where two substances
had to be mixed, this was done by weighing each separately,
and stirring them together with the hand in a large basin until
they were thoroughly mixed.

Along with the manures instructions for sowing, similar to
those issued in the previous year, were sent to each experi-
menter. These I reproduce here, because they contain some
precautions which experience showed to be necessary, and they
serve also to indicate the exact nature of the experiments.

Instructions for Laying Out the Plots and Sowing the Manures
for the Field Experiments of Season 1867.

1. Select a portion of the field in which the soil is as uniform
as possible, avoiding headlands.

2. At five or six different places dig a small trench 10 inches

deep, and from the side of it take a
slice with the spade about 3 or 4
inches thick, as represented here.
Mix the whole in a barrow, and

take from this 5 or 6 lbs. as a sample of the soil. Go down
other 10 inches, and take a similar sample of the subsoil. Small
bags and labels for these are sent along with the manures.

3. Let the drills in all cases be 27 inches wide.

4. Fix a stake in the corner of the space selected for the ex-
periments, and having counted the number of drills required for
the plots, fix at the opposite end another stake, so that the line

PROCEEDINGS OF TIIR CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

219

between the two may be at right angles to the drills. It will be
found convenient to stretch a string between the stakes, and to
let a man walk along treading on the top of the drills, so as to
make this line distinctly visible.

5. It is very desirable that the plots should be made two drills
wide, with an intermediate space of two drills unmanured, but
should circumstances render it necessary, they may be made four
or even six drills wide.

6. If two drills be selected as the width, measure off along
the drills from each stake a length of 86 feet 4 inches, and,
fixing stakes at these points, stretch the string between them,
and mark the line as before. Measure off another equal space
along the drills, fix stakes, and mark as before. There are thus
obtained two parallel spaces, between which any two drills will
be T|2 of an acre.

Should it be resolved to make the plots four drills wide, the
distance between the stakes must be 43 feet 2 inches ; and if
six drills wide, 28 feet 9 inches.

7. The experiments are in two different series marked 1st
Series and 2d Series. One-half of the experimenters receive
the manures for the 1 st series, the other half those for the 2d.

8. The object of the 1st series of experiments is — 1st, To com-
pare soluble phosphates from mineral sources, that is from
coprolites with those from guano ; 2d, To determine the relative
effects of ready formed ammonia and gelatine on the turnip ; and
3d, The value of potash mixed with these substances and used
alone. In the 2d series of experiments gelatine is omitted, and
Peruvian and Bolivian guanos are introduced, so as to afford a
point of comparison with ordinary manures as used on the farm.

9. Each series requires in all 28 plots, if 2 nothings be intro-
duced, and 30 plots if (as is to be preferred) there be 4 nothings.
They should be arranged as in the subjoined plan, in which the
numbers correspond with the manures in the list, the interspaces
not being numbered. It is right to state that these interspaces
have been introduced this year in consequence of some of the
experimenters having found last year that the plots robbed one
another.

hi

o

7

1

8

9
9

q
O

10

4
11

5

be

_g

o

6
12

13
13

12
6

n

5

10
4

o

3

9
2

8
1

7

_g

-«£

o

220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

10. The Phosphates are used in such quantity as to supply
112 lbs. soluble phosphoric acid, the sulphate of ammonia and
glue, 56 lbs. of ammonia, and the muriate of potash 56 lbs.
potash per acre, but when the two latter are used together, the
quantity of each is reduced to one half. Penman and Bolivian
guanos are used at the rate of 7 cwt. per acre.

11. The manures for the 1st series are as follows : —

1. Dissolved Coprolites and Sulphate of Ammonia.

2. „ Guano and do.

3. „ Coprolites and Glue.

4. „ Guano and do.

5. „ Coprolites and Muriate of Potash.

6. „ Guano and do.

7. „ Coprolites with Sulphate of Ammonia and

Muriate of Potash.

8. „ Guano and do.

9. „ Coprolites, Glue, and Muriate of Potash.

10. „ Guano and do.

11. „ Coprolites alone.

12. „ Guano alone.

13. „ Muriate of Potash alone.

14. Nothing.

12. The manures for the 2d series are : —

1. Dissolved Coprolites and Sulphate of Ammonia,

2. „ Guano and do.

3. Peruvian Guano.

4. Bolivian Guano.

5. Dissolved Coprolites and Muriate of Potash.

6. „ Guano and do.

7. „ Coprolites with Sulphate of Ammonia and

Muriate of Potash.

8. „ Guano and do.

9. Peruvian Guano with Muriate of Potash.

10. Bolivian Guano with Muriate of Potash.

11. Dissolved Coprolites alone,

12. „ Guano alone.

13. „ Muriate of Potash alone.

14. Nothing.

13. The manures are sent out in small sacks, each of which
contains the quantity required for a single plot. To the mouth
of each sack is attached a metal label with two numbers upon it;
the upper refers to the series of experiments, the lower to the
number of the plot as given above ; and as the plots are all in
duplicate, there are in every case two sacks with the same
number.

14. Arrange the bags in the order of the plots.

15. Have ready several large stoneware basins (milk basins

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 221

will' answer). Empty the manure out of one of the bags into a
basin, add to it some sand or loam slightly damped, aud mix the
two carefully with the hand, turning them over several times so
as to get them uniformly mixed. From the nature of the
manures it will be found that there are great differences in the
bulks, and for this reason the quantity of sand used must be so
adjusted as to bring all to the same bulk in order to secure
accuracy in sowing.

16. Carefully preserve the whole of the bags, and return them
at your convenience to 15 Shuttle Street.

17. Three pounds of Aberdeen yellow turnip seed are sent
with each lot of manure, being a quantity sufficient to sow one
acre.

18. It is desirable that the crop should be singled to a uniform
distance of 10 inches.

19. Instructions for weighing the crop, with schedules for
recording the results, shall be sent to each experimenter at a
later period.

As regards the experimenters of this season, we have been so
fortunate as to retain the assistance of most of the gentlemen to
whose good work the Society was so much indebted during the
previous year. Some gentlemen, however, were prevented by
circumstances from giving their services this year, and their
places have been filled up by others solicited by the chairmen of
the local committees, who are the same as last year — viz., Mr
Hope, Fenton Barns ; Mr Koberton, Ladyrig ; Mr Goodlet, Bol-
shan; and MrDrennan, Holmston. The experimenters as finally
arranged were : —

East Lothian.
Joseph Harper, Snawdon, Gifford.
George Hope, Fenton Barns, Drem.
John Richardson, Drylawhill, Prestonkirk.
S. D. Shirriff, Salcoats, Drem.

Roxburgh.
J. Dove, Ecclesnewton, Coldstream.
W. Scott, Spylaw, Kelso.
J. Munro, Fairington, Kelso.

Forfarshire.
Alexander Bowie, Mains of Kelly, Arbroath.
Robert Mustard, Leuchlands, Brechin.
T. M. Nicoll, Littleton, Kirriemuir.
W. Smith, West Drums, Brechin.

Ayrshire.
J. Drennan, Holmston, Ayr.
Quinton Bone, Greenan, Maybole.

Anions; those gentlemen the manures of the first and second
sections were divided, so as to have representatives of both in

222 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

each district. These experiments have been carried out with
the utmost care by the gentlemen to whom they were entrusted,
but the extremely unfavourable character of the season caused
an unavoidable failure in some cases. Mr Bichardson, Drylaw-
hill, having sown his on a heavy soil, the result was such that
none of the bulbs exceeded a swan's egg in size, and he therefore
thought it unnecessary to weigh them. Mr Scott, Spylaw, states
that the field in which the experiments were made suffered so
much from finger-and-toe as to make the results entirely worth-
less. These are only instances of the failures which must always
take place in all field experiments, especially during a season so
unfavourable as that of 1867.

I shall give the details of each series of experiments separately,
and append to them a short statement of the most important
conclusions to be drawn from them, which it is scarcely necessary
to say apply only to the present season.

Experiments of the First Series.
Experiments made by Mr Samuel D. Shirriff, Salcoats, Br em.

The field in which these experiments were made is a rather
stiff clay. The previous crop was oats after one year's pasture,
which was laid down with a wheat crop after potatoes. The land
was ploughed during winter, and steam-grubbed in spring.
Owing to wet weather during the end of May and two first
weeks of June, the land was not in condition for sowing turnips
till the 17th, when the experiments were successfully commenced.
The land worked very unkindly, having got two much wet, which
made it drill up very hard with what, in agricultural parlance, is
called too much heel on the top of the drill. The braird was
very distinct on 4th July, but during the early part of that
month the turnips made but little progress, and were not ready
for thinning till just at its close. During August, though the
weather was moist, the crop did not thrive, but appeared yellow
and sickly, the leaves creeping close to the ground and showing
no vigour. Mr Shirriff thinks this is due in part to the variety
of turnip, as swedes sown on the 18th June on drills parallel to
the experiments, grew luxuriantly and became a fair crop. The
turnips were singled by hand, so as to secure regularity of width
and the selection of the largest and strongest plants. During
October and November they did not thrive. The crop was
weighed on the 24th November. The results are contained in
Tables I. and II.

Mr Shirriff is of opinion that the unfavourable character of the
season has had such an effect on these experiments that little
reliance can be placed on them ; and there can be no doubt that

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 223

there are very large discrepancies in the results, which it is some-
what difficult to explain. Part of them, however, appear to de-
pend on want of uniformity of the soil. The plots were laid out
exactly as represented in the diagram in page 219 ; that which is
there on the left hand being to the north on the field, and on the
whole the largest results are on the most northern and eastern
plots. Now, it will be noticed that the arrangement of the dupli-
cate plots is made such that, when an average of the two is taken,
the errors due to this cause, as far as possible, neutralise one
another. Suppose, for example, the soil had been found to be
best at what is the left hand side of the diagram, and gradually
to diminish in quality towards the right, and this space had
been entirely manured in the same way, of course a plot taken
in the middle would give the average of the whole, and the same
number would be given by the mean of the extreme right and
left plots, because the one would be as much above as the other
is below the average. In order to secure this, it will be noticed
that the duplicates are always placed equidistant from the
middle plots, and hence the average of the two ought in all
cases to be more correct than either separately. Even with this,
however, there are discrepancies which cannot be explained ; but
still I am inclined to think that some conclusions may be drawn
from these experiments, although they must be taken with a cer-
tain amount of reservation.

It is noticeable especially that muriate of potash produces but
little effect. It adds, no doubt, somewhat to the crop when used
alone, but along with coprolites and guano it gives no increase.
The largest crop of all, however, is that in which dissolved guano
is associated with it and sulphate of ammonia. It appears also
that the ready formed ammonia on the whole surpasses the glue.

JExjperiments made by Mr Dove, Ecclcsncivton.

These experiments were made on a fair average soil, the pre-
vious cropping of which was — 1863, yellow turnips manured
with 12 loads dung and 3 cwt. of dissolved bones per acre ; 1864,
barley; 1865, grass pastured; and 1866, oats. The turnips were
sown on the 13th June, and the weather was dry for some time
after, light showers having fallen on the 22d and on the 4th
July. The crop brairded rather unequally. During the month of
July much rain fell. The plants were inspected on 2d August,
when the nothing plots were observed to be very weak, though
on all the others the plants seemed strong. During the remainder
of the season the weather was much broken and very disadvan-
tageous to the turnips, which has given a bad yield throughout
the whole of Mr Dove's district. The results of his experiments
are contained in Tables III. and IV.

224 PEOCEEDINGS OE THE CHEMICAL DEPAETMENT.

The results of these experiments are particularly interesting.
In the first place, muriate of potash as used alone is actually pre-
judicial, diminishing the produce by 2 tons ; and it has a similar,
though not so decided, an effect when associated with dissolved
guano, though along with cropolites it seems to produce a slight
increase. Ammonia has no perceptible effect when used along
with dissolved coprolites, but has with guano ; and the effect of
glue seems to be nearly if not quite as good as that of the ready
formed ammonia.

Experiments made by Mr Bowie, Mains of Kelly.

The field on which these experiments were made had been
repeatedly cropped on the six-course shift. In 1865, the crop
was beans, heavily manured with farm-yard rough manure on the
stubble in autumn, the wheat receiving only a small dressing of
fermented bones ; and as for the last fifty years the field, when
in grass, had never been pastured, but always cut for hay, it was
sufficiently weak to be suitable for the object in view. The
stubble after wheat received a deep autumn furrow, and a similar
cross one in the beginning of May previous to raising the drills.
The plots were dressed with the special manures according to the
instructions on June 13th, and the seed immediately sown. On
the 18th and 19th, the seed began to break cover, and the braird
was vigorous over all the plots on the 23d. Severe drought
prevailed from this time up to the 3d July, on the morning of
which day a slight shower fell. There was copious rain during
the night, and the weather continuing moist, great progress was
made by the crop. On the 14th, rains amounting almost to
floods commenced, and continued up to the 19th. On the
20th, bitterly cold weather commenced, followed by cold dry
winds, and the soil being saturated with moisture, growth was
much checked, and on the 30th July appearances on the leaves
indicated the approach of disease. On wet and heavy lands
this went on to finger-and-toe and other diseases, which in
many cases ended in the total failure of the crop. In the field
in which the experiments were made finger-and-toe was ob-
served in some places, but none of the experimental plots were
perceptibly injured by it. All the plots were examined on 29th
August. Nos. 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 appeared pretty equal. Of
these No. 8 seemed best, and 11 inferior to any of the others.
No. 12, guano alone, inferior. No. 13, in both sections, slightly
improved, but not better than the nothings. Nos. 5 and 6 pre-
sented a medium appearance. Nos. 4, 3, 2, and 1, superior, and
uniform in each of their sections ; No. 2, however, in sect. 2d,
showing most leaf, and ultimately, when weighed, proved heaviest
both in roots and tops ; the discrepancy (3£ tons) between it
and the same No. in sect. 1, may be accounted for in so wet a

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

225

season from the fact that No. 2 in Sect. 2 stood on slightly
elevated dry ground, whilst that No. in Sect. 1 stood lower and
on slightly damper soil naturally, the two plots being at opposite
corners of the sections. These plots produced, particularly in
Sect. 2, coarse, ungainly bulbs, with thick-necked tops ; whilst
those containing coprolites, &c, &c, were handsome in these
respects, the bulbs being more globular. The plots were all
weighed, roots and tops separately, on the 16th and 17th Dec,
in a uniformly dry state, and in the most careful manner, the
number of bulbs in each plot being at same time counted.
The following table gives the rainfall of the district from the
careful observations of Mr Alexander Brown, Arbroath : —

Rainfall and Temperature at Arbroath.

1867.

Rain in

Mean Tern.

Mean Tem.

Inches.

in 1867.

of 22 years.

June,

1-367

55-9

55-4

July, .

4-692

54-0

59-8

August,

2-783

58-6

57-2

September,

1-748

55-7

53-4

October,

2051

47-6

47-8

November,

0-481

42-5

40-4

13-122

52-8

52-7

Total of 6

Mean of 6

Mean of 22

Mouths.

Months.

Years.

Two curious facts are here brought out, and which are ex-
tremely interesting, viz., that notwithstanding the low tempera-
ture of last summer — spoken of in a general way — it is quite or
within the smallest fraction of being equal to the temperature
of the same six months of the last twenty-two years. Again,
Mr Brown's table shows, in connexion with the admittedly
deficient crop of 1867, the fallacy of trusting to averages. In
fact, the disasters of the year are clearly traceable to the montli
of July, with its excessive rainfall and low temperature. June,
August, and September were above the average temperature of
the last twenty-two years, and it cannot be doubted that it was
July which did all the mischief.

The results of Mr Bowie's experiments are contained in
Tables V. and VI.

These experiments are in all respects most satisfactory, and
the conclusions to be drawn from them are peculiarly interesting.
The most prominent point is, again, the absence of all effect from
muriate of potash, whether employed alone or associated with
other substances. Only in the case of dissolved guano along

22G PEOCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

with muriate is there any increase worth noticing, and then it is
only to the extent of a single ton. It is worthy of notice, how-
ever, that the largest result is attained where guano, sulphate of
ammonia, and muriate of potash are applied together ; but the
increase over the same manure, and ammonia alone, is trifling.
In this case it must be borne in mind that in plot 8 the quantity
of ammonia is only half as large as in plot 2 ; and it might there-
fore be alleged that the muriate of potash produced the same
effect as the sulphate of ammonia, which it replaced. But this
view can scarcely be maintained in the face of the entire absence
of effect in other cases. It is much more probable that it is due
to the quantity of ammonia contained in the manure, when that
substance is used alone, being in excess of the requirements of the
crop. In point of fact, the evidence both of last and this year's
experiments tends to show that the effect of ammonia on the
turnip is comparatively small. Thus, in the experiments before
us, phosphoric acid doubles the crop, and ammonia only adds 3
tons per acre more, and this quantity requires only 15 lbs. of
ammonia, while the manure contained 56. It is also interesting
to notice, that there is no appreciable difference between glue and
ready-formed ammonia.

Experiments made by Mr Smith, West Drums, Brechin.

The field in which these experiments were made is a light
black soil on the Old Eed Sandstone, in fair cultivation and con-
dition. It had been pastured for three years, after which two
crops of oats had been taken, the second of which got 2 cwt. of
guano per acre. The land was prepared in the usual way, and
sown on the 20th June. The crop brairded regularly, and was
thinned on the 13th July. The plots continued to grow pretty
equally, except No. 13, which at no time surpassed the nothing
plots, and ultimately fell behind them. The season was un-
favourable to turnips throughout. The crop was weighed on
28th December, and the results are contained in Tables VII.
and VIII.

These experiments give very concordant results, and the con-
clusions they lead to correspond generally with those which pre-
ceed. Muriate of potash alone has no effect, but when associated
with other substances appears to produce a slight increase. It
does so along with soluble phosphates to a slight extent, but the
largest crops are produced when these two substances and
ammonia are conjoined. Glue likewise produces as good an
effect as the ready-formed ammonia.

Experiments made by Mr Drennan, Holmston, Ayr.

The experiments were made on a rather heavy loam, which
was selected on account of its apparent uniformity of quality.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 227

The land was under turnips in 18G2, and was then pretty well
manured with town dung, guano, and dissolved bones. It has
since yielded wheat in 1863, pasture in 1864 and 1865, and oats
in 1866. It is middling land as regards natural fertility, and
was in fair condition last year.

The manures were applied and the seed was sown on the 14th
of June. The soil was in good tilth, and the braird came up
pretty regularly. The turnips were ready for thinning on the
14th of July, but the work was delayed till the 18th by un-
favourable weather.

At that stage Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 11, and 12 of section first were
the most forward plots, and 6, 7, 8, and 9 did not look so well.
The lots with nothing marked themselves out distinctly. Nos.
1, 11, and 12 of the second section were not in advance of the
other plots.

The weather was most unfavourable after the date of thinning.
Heavy falls of rain and cold nights checked the growth, and the
young plants changed from a promising look at the middle of
July to a stinted aspect at the end of the month. The fine
weather in August restored the plants wonderfully, but on heavy
land an important part of the season for growth had passed away.

Although the soil of the experimental plots has a uniform ap-
pearance, and it yields very equal crops in ordinary seasons, it
became evident after the heavy rains that the second section of
experiments would be less satisfactory than the first. The
plants sustained more injury on some of the plots than others.
Nos. 1, 2, 7, and 8 appeared to suffer most in this way from the
character of the soil. This disturbing cause, which was more or
less perceptible on many of the plots, must always lessen the
value of experiments on such lands in an adverse season. (See
Tables IX. and X.)

In these experiments Mr Drennan has not weighed the
leaves, an omission which in this case does not appear of much
importance. It is obvious, indeed, that the long-continued rains
of July had so much injured the plants as to deprive the experi-
ments of much of the value they would otherwise have had. In
one respect, however, the result is very striking and unexpected,
for here muriate of potash produces a very decided effect, and
even surpasses the ordinary manures, containing abundance both
of phosphoric acid and ammonia. It is difficult to find any ex-
planation of this result, especially when it is noticed that no
similar effect is produced by it along with other manures, as for
example, no plot (6) where the produce from it and phosphates
is less than in No. 12, where the same phosphates are employed
alone.

228 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

Experiments made by Mr Munro, Faimington, Kelso*

Tliese experiments were made on plots of four drills wide, with
one blank drill. The crop was sown on the 19th June, and was
well sprung by the 27th. On the 11th July the plants were
singled. The plots were twice inspected during the season, but
the difference in the lots receiving: the different manures were
too slight to merit recording. The only exception to this was
on No. 13, which did not surpass the nothing plots. The crop
was weighed on the 10th February, severe weather having pre-
vented its being done sooner. The leaves were then a good deal
decayed, and some of the bulbs slightly injured by wood pigeons.
(See Tables XL and XII.).

The conclusions to be drawn from these experiments on the
whole bear out those of the other experimenters. Muriate of
potash alone has no effect, but when associated with sulphate of
ammonia and glue, it does produce a distinct addition to the
crop.

Experiments of the Second Series.

These experiments were conducted in a similar manner to the
first series, excepting that glue was discarded, and Peruvian and
Bolivian guanos introduced in its place. All the plots, therefore,
were manured in exactly the same manner as in the first series,
with the exception of Nos. 3, 4, 9, and 10. ISTos. 3 and 4 were
manured respectively with Peruvian arid Bolivian guanos alone,
and Xos. 9 and 10 had, in ad anion, muriate of potash enough to
supply 56 lbs. of potash per acre. The latter substance was used
in order to test its effect as an addition to ordinary manures. At
the present time a good many manures are offered for sale con-
taining muriate of potash, or more frequently sulphate of potash,
to the extent of 5 or 6 per cent., and as there is at present no
very distinct information as to the effect of this addition, it was
thought that some information on this head might be brought
out.

Experiments made by Mr Hope at Fenton Barns.

These experiments were made on a thin clay loam or trap
rock. It is not stroug land, but has a tendency to run together
when wet. During the early part of June the weather was very
wet, 2-3 inches of rain having fallen between the 1st and 15th,
on which latter day the crop was sown. The soil was in fine
condition for turnip-sowing, and with plenty of moisture to secure
a quick braird, which accordingly showed itself on the 24th. On
the 13th July all the plots were horse-hoed or grubbed. The
nothing plots were much paler in colour, but nearly as well
Grown as the others. ISTos. 2 and 8 had the lamest leaves and

o o

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 229

darkest colour, and No. 1 stood next. The crop was singled on
the 15th. The 16th was very wet, and much rain fell during the
remainder of the month, the total rainfall of July having
amounted to 6 6 inches, which is far above the average. During
August the weather was showery, 2-2 inches of rain having
fallen, hut the turnips made comparatively little progress.
September was very dry, the rainfall being under 1 inch: the
land was as hard as iron, and but little growth on the crop. In
Ocl ober the turnips grew considerably, but were still a poor
crop. Kain, l-5 inches. November was very dry, only 0"5
inch having fallen, and the leaves of the turnips became yellow
and mildewed. The crop was weighed on 17th December, and
the results are contained in Tables XL and XII.

In these experiments the effects of the manures are not so well
marked as in many others, the soil itself having obviously been
in good condition, and producing, even without manure, a corn-
pa rati very considerable amount of turnip. The crop, however, is
small As on previous occasions, scarcely any effect is produced
by muriate of potash when alone, and the same applies in all
cases to the purely phosphatic manures. Dissolved coprolites
and dissolved guano, whether alone or with muriate of potash,
produce a trifling effect, and even ordinary Bolivian, on which
farmers in many districts rely with confidence for raising a good
crop of turnips, gives only an increase of 7 cwt. when used alone,
and 16 cwt. when associated with muriate of potash. The case
is very different, however, when nitrogenous matters enter into
the manure. The produce then immediately increases, and
Peruvian guano, which, with less phosphates, contains nearly
twice as much ammonia as any of the other applications, gives
the best result.

Experiments made by Mr Harper, Snawdon, Gifford.

The experimental plots of this set of experiments wrere sown
on the 15th June, under favourable circumstances, on a field 750
feet above the level of the sea, with a northern exposure. The soil
is light and free, and well suited for the growth of turnips and
barley. The crop was fully brairded by the 24th, at which time no
difference could be detected between any of the plots, the nothings
coming away as freely as the others. The crop was singled on the
15th July, at which time the nothing plots, and those which got
Peruvian and Bolivian, guano were markedly inferior to the
others. All the plots which got the muriate of potash, on the
other hand, were superior in vigour and freshness. Up to this
time the, weather though dry, had been mild and warm, and very
conducive to the growth of the turnip on high land, but rain fell
on the 14th and 15th July. From this time to the beginning of
September, the weather, though broken, was on the whole decidedly

230 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

too dry for the turnip ; and the consequence was, that the crop in
Mr Harper's district was under the average, as it was also on the
experimental plots. The turnips made considerable progress
during November, and Mr Harper thinks they might have con-
tinued to do so for some time had they been left on the field, but
as there was severe frost in the beginning of December, he thought
it safer to lift and weigh the produce on the 10th of that month.
The results are given in Tables XIII. and XIV.

The results of these experiments are extremely remarkable,
especially as regards muriate of potash. Alone, it adds above 7
tons to the produce ; but when used with phosphates, it hardly
produces a perceptible effect. Thus, with coprolites it only adds
about a ton to the quantity which that substance gives alone, and
with dissolved guano the result is about 6 cwt. less. So likewise
phosphates with ammonia produce but little more than when
alone. But it is quite otherwise when phosphates, ammonia, and
muriate of potash are conjoined. Then a marked increase is ob-
served ; and where the phosphates are derived from dissolved
guano, the highest crop is obtained, the quantity reaching 20 tons
per acre. Next to this stands Peruvian guano, only a slight ad-
vantage being gained by the addition of muriate of potash ; while
Bolivian guano is much behind, and does not surpass soluble
phosphates employed alone, although supplying a much larger
quantity of phosphoric acid.

Experiments made, by Mr Mustard, Zeuchland, Brechin.

The piece of ground selected for these experiments is a light
loam resting on a mixture of inferior clay and sand, situated
about 140 feet above the level of the sea. The field has been
cropped for a good many rotations under the five-shift system.
The soil got a fair furrow in December, and the grubber was
put over it on the 20th May, and it was well harrowed immedi-
ately after. The weather became very wet on the 27th May, and
continued showery for ten or eleven clays. On the 10th June it
was again grubbed, with common harrows following ; and the day
after, the chain-harrows were used. On the 14th June it was
rolled and drilled, and on the 15th it was sown under favourable
circumstances. Scarcely any rain fell from the time of sowing
up to the 2d July; but the weather was on the whole favourable,
and on the latter day a nice equal braird had appeared all over
the plots. Rain fell on 3d and 4th July, but from that time to
the 13th, when a slight shower fell, the weather was bright and
warm, with strong sun. On the 13th all the plots were singled,
with the exception of Nos. 0 and 13. On the 15th and 16th
heavy rain fell, and all out-of-door work was stopped. On the
18th there was again wind and rain, and the ground was so
thoroughly saturated that water stood between the drills. Up to

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 231

the 23d showers fell every clay, and the temperature was low, so
that the turnips made scarcely any progress. On the 25th Nos. 0
and 13 were thinned. Up to the middle of August the weather
remained very variable, and finger-and-toe had made its appear-
ance in many fields in the neighbourhood, and to some extent on
the experimental plots, though on the whole they seemed to he
doing tolerably well. On the 19th and 20th August much rain
fell, and the ground was thoroughly saturated with moisture.
After this the weather on the whole was more favourable.
Finger-and-toe, however, made considerable progress, and Mr
Mustard believes that it damaged the result of the crop to the
extent of nearly a third. At the time of singling there were from
200 to 220 bulbs in each plot, and a comparison of them with
the number of bulbs weighed, as recorded in the Table, will give
some idea of the injury done by the disease. The crop was
weighed on the 9th January. (See Tables XV. and XVI.)

Although the existence of finger-and-toe in these experiments
necessarily takes to some extent from their value, it is interest-
ing to notice that the conclusions to be drawn from them are
precisely in accordance with those deduced from the majority of
the other experiments. Muriate of potash, alone, fails utterly ;
with phosphates it produces scarcely any effect — none at all, in-
deed, in Xo. 5, though No. 6 shows a very decided increase ; but
along with both phosphates and ammonia it gives the two highest
crops in Xos. 7 and 8, and the next highest in No. 9, where it is
used along with Peruvian guano. Bolivian guano, whether with
or without muriate of potash, gives no higher result than soluble
phosphates alone. It is worthy of notice that when sulphate of
ammonia is added to coprolites it increases the produce ; but
with dissolved guano it has no similar effect.

Experiments made by Mr Nicoll, Littleton, Kirriemuir.

The piece of ground selected for these experiments was above
the average of the field. The previous crop was oats, after three-
year-old lea, pastured the first year by cattle, and the others by
sheep. When last under green crop it was potatoes.

The land was early ploughed with a medium furrow ; cross-
ploughed in spring ; the drills formed and harrowed down two
weeks previous to being seeded. The experimental plots were
sown on the 15th June, under favourable circumstances, both as
regards state of soil and weather, for producing an early and equal
hraird. They were all visible above ground on the 23d, and
thinned on the 11th and 12th of July. The produce was weighed
on the 11th and 12th December. Although; while growing, the
plants appeared tolerably healthy, when pulled decided symptoms
of finger-and-toe were observable, which would doubtless have

232 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

seriously extended, and increased had not the wet weather in-
duced a vigorous growth.

The plots Xos. 2 and 13 were particularly unhealthy, especially
the latter. In this plot not only were the plants very deficient,
but those remaining were very unhealthy. (See Tables XVII.
and XVIII.)

The results in this case again prove unfavourable to muriate of
potash used alone; but associated with phosphates it is not with-
out effect, raising the produce in No. 5 slightly, and in No. 6 de-
cidedly above that of the same manure without it ; and when
ammonia is used in addition, the highest crops are obtained.
Ammonia along with phosphates has scarcely any effect; and
Peruvian guano, whether with or without muriate of potash, gives
just the same result as the soluble phosphates alone, and less
than Bolivian guano with muriate of potash.

Experiments made by Mr Quintin Bone, Greenan, Maybole.

These experiments were made on an ordinary soil. The tur-
nips were sown on the 20th June, the weather being dry and
favourable. They were thinned on the 2d August, and weighed
on the 25th December. All the observations made regarding the
weather in Mr Drennan's experiments apply to these. As the
season advanced, Mr Bone found that the plots in the second sec-
tion were so irregular that no result could be obtained from them,
and he has therefore omitted them from his report, which is a
matter of regret, as necessarily the results are much less valuable
than they would have been had there been a duplicate. The
results are contained in Tables XIX. and XX.

The results, it will be seen, are here quite in accordance with
most of the others. Muriate of potash, alone, has no effect, nor
have soluble phosphates alone; but together, a slight effect is ap-
parent. Phosphates with ammonia, however, produce a very
marked effect, and Peruvian guano stands highest of all when
used alone, but is lower when muriate of potash is added.

The remarks which are appended to each of these sets of ex-
periments are sufficient to enable the reader to form some idea
of the nature of their results, and I shall not attempt here any
minute discussion of the conclusions to be deduced from them.
To do so, indeed, would be to trench upon what ought to be left
for the future. The great object of such experiments is rather
to accumulate facts which can be afterwards more satisfactorily
discussed, and to avoid, as far as possible, those hasty conclusions
which we are too apt to draw from the inquiries of a single
season. It is impossible, however, to exclude some observations
upon them, for there are a few conclusions to which they point
with some distinctness.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 233

The most conspicuous point is the general absence of effect
from muriate of potash. In only two cases does it raise the pro-
duce above that of the nothing plots. In most it is nearly the
same, and in one or two it is actually diminished. It is impos-
sible at the present moment to determine the cause of its effect
in the first two cases, but it seems very clear that the whole
balance of evidence is against the use of muriate of potash alone.
AYhen mixed with phosphates, also, its effect is generally un-
favourable, or at all events it is so uncertain that no reliance
can be placed upon it. But when both these substances are used
along with ammonia, the effect, though not invariable, is generally
very good, and some of the largest crops have been got in this way.

This fact recalls to mind the results obtained last year by the
use of nitrogenous manures alone, which were so entirely nugatory
as to render it, in the opinion of the committee, unnecessary to
try them this year. It appears, indeed, very obvious that the
use of a single fertilising ingredient, alone, is rarely of much ser-
vice, and that in all cases the best effect is produced by the
mixture of several. It is no doubt for this reason that the farmer
generally obtains his best crops from mixtures of manures, the
one supplying what the other is deficient in.

As regards the effect of nitrogenous manures in this year's ex-
periments, where they are used only with other substances, it is
in many cases insignificant, and the ready-formed ammonia
certainly does not surpass that existing in the form of glue. In
two sets of experiments, Peruvian guano, the most highly nitro-
genous mixture used, gives the best effect ; but in other instances
it does not stand so high, though it generally gives a good result.

It is interesting to notice how greatly the productive capacity
of the soil has varied, as indicated by the produce of the nothing
plots, showing that soils of very different kinds, and in different
conditions, have been used for the experiments, and this, it is
scarcely necessary to say, is a most important feature in such
experiments, because it is only by this means, and by continuing
them until a sufficient number have accumulated, that we can
hope to trace out the influence which the character of the soil
has on the amount and quality of the crop.

I refrain at the present time from discussing more at length
the minutiae of these experiments, lest I should be led farther
than facts warrant. I do not doubt that those who study them
carefully will find in them much that is of interest, and agree
with me in the opinion that the best thanks of the Society are
due to the gentlemen who have expended so much time and
labour and accuracy in conducting them.

234

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APPENDIX (A).

PBOCEEDINGS

OP

THE HIGHLAND AND AGBICULTUKAL
SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND.

PKELIMINAKY NOTICE.

The Directors having resolved to publish in the Transactions
the Proceedings at the half yearly General Meetings of the
Society, as well as an abstract of the business at the Board
Meetings, the usual Preliminary Notice to each volume will in
future be superseded.

They, however, consider it their duty specially to record that,
since the date of the last notice, the Society has had to regret
the death of two distinguished Members, Mr Macduff of
Bonhard, who died while holding the office of Secretary, and
Mr Hall Maxwell of Dargavel, C.B., who held the same post
for upwards of twenty years. The sense of the great loss the
Society sustained by the death of these gentlemen has found
expression in the Besolutions adopted at the General Meetings
in June 1866, and January 1867.

The Directors must further take this opportunity of recording

their opinion that the Society has been exceedingly fortunate in

the choice of its present Secretary, Mr Fletcher Norton Menzies.

The ability he has already shown — particularly the manner

in which he conducted the last General Show at Glasgow,

satisfactory alike to the Society and the public — affords the best

earnest that while he holds office the business will continue to

be performed in a way worthy of the important place which the

Society has long held in the estimation of the public.

a

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

GENERAL MEETING, 6th JUNE 1866.

Lord Belhaven and Stenton, K.T., Vice-President, in the Chair.

A letter was read from the Duke of Buccleuch, President of the Society,
regretting that it would not be in his power to attend the meeting, owing to
his absence in London.

The Secretaryship.

Mr Campbell Swinton, yr. of Kimmergharne, said he had been requested by
the Directors to state the steps they had found it necessary to take in conse-
quence of the melancholy event by which, as they were aware, they had been
deprived of the services of the gentleman whom they had hoped to see occupy-
ing the position of Secretary of the Society. They all knew how gratifying it
was to Mr Macduff to have that appointment conferred upon him, and the
Directors of the Society had been looking confidently forward to having the
benefit of his services. They were all aware that, shortly after his appoint-
ment, he had been seized with severe illness, which at length terminated
fatally. He was sure he only expressed the feelings of the Society generally,
as well as of the Directors, when he said how much they were indebted to Mr
Hall Maxwell for the kind and considerate manner in which, during Mr
Macduff's somewhat lengthened illness, he had continued to perform the
duties of Secretary in Mr Macduff's behalf. The Directors had recorded, what
he was sure the members of the Society would concur in, their thanks to Mr
Maxwell, which were likewise deeply felt by Mr Macduff and his family, for
his kindness. He was sure they would also concur in the feeling of the
Directors that it would be wrong in them, in reporting the proceedings taken
in regard to the filling up of the vacancy, were they not to place on record the
loss the Society had sustained by the death of the late Secretary. With that
view he would propose they should adopt a minute to this effect : — " The
Directors cannot report to the Society the steps which it has been necessary
for them to take for filling up the office of Secretary without desiring to record
their sense of the great loss the Society has sustained by the death of Mr
Macduff of Bonhard, who was so recently appointed to that office. Mr
Macduff had been for several years an Ordinary Director of the Society, and all
interested in its proceedings are aware of the zeal, ability, and discretion
which he brought to the conduct of its affairs, and will participate in the deep
regret which his premature death has occasioned to a wide circle of friends
and acquaintances." Having read the minute, it only remained for him to
report to them that the Directors proceeded to fill up in a temporary way the
office of Secretary. They could not ask the formal approval of the Society at
this meeting, because, by the terms of the charter, that approval could only
be given at the January meeting ; but he could not doubt that the steps taken
by the Directors would, at the January meeting, receive their approval. It
was for him to report simply for the information of the meeting that the

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 3

Directors had unanimously appointed as Secretary Mr Fletcher Norton
Menzies, a gentleman who, besides the knowledge the Directors had of his
qualifications for the office, had this recommendation, that on the occasion of
Mr Macduff's election, Mr Menzies stood second on the list of candidates, and
received on that occasion very influential and important support. The
Directors confidently recommend him to the Society as one who could most
efficiently and ably discharge the duties of the office.

New Members.

The Secretary (Mr Menzies) said they had an unusually small number of
new members to present on this occasion, arising from the fact that there
would be no show this year. Seven gentlemen were then balloted for and
admitted.

Transactions of the Society.

Mr Irvine of Drum reported that, in accordance with the intimations
made by him at former general meetings, the Transactions of the Society had
now been published separately from the Journal of Agriculture, and are sent
to members without charge. He had now the pleasure of laying the new
number on the table. As the number was the first of a new series — the
fourth — the Directors had in the preliminary notice briefly referred to the
origin of the Transactions, and to the periods at which the various series had
appeared. (See notice prefixed to the first volume.) The Directors had re-
solved that a general index to the last or third series of the Transactions
should be immediately commenced, with the view of afterwards extending it
to the second and first. This was now engaging the attention of the Secretary,
and the index would in due time be published. The papers for the next number
were now under consideration, and the Directors hoped it would appear about
the end of February. As members were aware, two numbers, or the Transac-
tions for two years, formed one volume. In connection with this subject, he
might also report that the gold medal for a report of experiments on rye grass
and clover with different top-dressings, and the silver medal for a report of
experiments on turnips, had been awarded. Both prizes had been gained by
the same gentleman — Mr Russell Swanwick, Whittington, Chesterfield, who,
though dating from the Boyal Agricultural College, Gloucestershire, was a
member of the Highland Society, and conducted his experiments on the farm
of Fenton Barns, East Lothian.

Mr Harvey, Whittingham Mains, said that a few years ago he got placed
on the premium list, to be competed for in 1864-65, comparative experiments
with four different kinds of wheat. He was appointed one of the judges, and
convener of them. The premiums were competed for by two gentlemen in
East Lothian and one in Ayrshire, and he had gone down to Ayrshire two
different years to report. He found that no notice had yet been taken in the
Transactions of these experiments, although they had all been reported on
before Martinmas last ; and not being published in the Transactions now, they
would not appear till 1867. He did not think that was very business-like.
However, he believed the forms of the Society, and the general way of con-
ducting these things, had led to it. He found no fault with the late Secretary
or the officials, but surely if the thing was to be of any use, and after an
expenditure of L.50 on it, the world ought to know the result. He proposed
that the manuscripts should be sent to the agricultural papers, leaving the
authorised reports to be published in the Transactions when convenient. He
had had complaints from the competitors that the publication had taken so
long a time, and he had also been spoken to by several other gentlemen
about it.

Mr Irvine said one reason why these reports had not appeared so soon as
might be desirable, was the limited space at their disposal in the Transactions

4 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

but he had obtained the sanction of the Directors to an enlargement, so that
he would be enabled to publish papers more rapidly than had hitherto been
done. He might mention that the papers referred to would form part of the
forthcoming number. The subject had engaged the attention of the Directors,
and they had authorised the Committee on Publications to communicate to
the agricultural newspapers such matters as might be of importance and
interest, but which could not appear in the Transactions for some time.

Postponement of General and District Shows.

Mr Kinloch, yr. of Gilmerton reported, that owing to the prevalence of cattle
plague, the shows, which were arranged to be held at Glasgow in the summer
of 1866, and at Aberdeen in the summer of 1867, had been respectively post-
poned for one year.

Mr Campbell Swinton made a similar anouncement with regard to the
district shows.

Agricultural Education.

Mr Walker of Bowland, reported that the examinations took place on
the 7th of March last, when two students were found entitled to the Society's
Agricultural Certificate and Diploma — viz., E. H. Goddard, Newcastle-on-
Tyne ; and G. Y. Wall, jun., Durham — both educated at the Koyal Agri-
cultural College, Cirencester. The two prizes annually allowed to the
students who pass the best and second best examinations in the agricultural
class in the University of Edinburgh, were this year awarded by Professor
Wilson to — 1st, Francis Moffat Haldane, Edinburgh ; 2d, David Carswell,
Eathillet, Fifeshire.

Chemical Department.

Professor Anderson gave in the report on the chemical department.
During the past six months the amount of work gone through in the
laboratory was very large. The number of analyses made for the members of
the Society exceeded the number in preceding years, and had involved many
matters not only of individual interest, but of importance to the community
at large. He had particularly directed his attention at this time to the
adulteration of oilcake — a subject of such importance that he thought it
necessary to publish a short paper in the last issue of the Transactions. Since
that time he had prosecuted inquiries as far as possible, and had discovered
some cases of adulteration. He had seen several samples of linseed sold to
manufacturers which really contained only a small per cent, of that substance,
the remainder being seeds of grasses and weeds. He had no doubt that was
carried on to a considerable extent. He had observed some curious points
connected with the supply of Peruvian guano this year. It was generally
under the average. Several cargoes contained masses of saline matter, and
small stones and sand to the extent of five, ten, and even more per cent. — a
very unusual occurrence. Several cases of very flagrant adulteration had also
occurred. During the past few months, he had also been occupied in arrang-
ing the details of the system of field experiments now determined on by the
Society. He had had to organise the whole system on which these experi-
ments were to proceed, which involved a large amount of correspondence, and
a great deal of miscellaneous work. The whole manures were weighed by
himself and his coadjutors, and it would give an idea of the amount of work
when he stated that upwards of one thousand parcels of manure of different
kinds had been thus weighed out. All this had been done with great care, so
as to secure the most perfect uniformity in the experiments. The experi-
menters had had special instructions given them, so that the thing might be
done in a satisfactory manner. Through the instrumentality of the local
committees, a body of experimenters had been selected, men of the very

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 5

highest standing. He had no doubt the results would form a most important
contribution to the exact knowledge of the science of agriculture.

Veterinary College.

Sir A. C. Ramsay Gibson-Maitland reported that the Society's Veterinary
Diploma had been conferred on the following students : — J. W. Wright,
Belbrough, Yorkshire ; James M. Eckford, Leith ; Alex. Stewart, Rothiemay,
Aberdeen ; W. S. Whitney, Cork ; Albert S. Cox, Manchester ; John Simon,
Auchterless, Aberdeen ; Alex. E. Macgillivray, Rayne, Aberdeen ; William
Summers, Chardslock, Dorset; James Scrymgeour, St John's, New Brunswick;
William Fearnley, Featherstone, York ; Edward Lewis, Great Budworth,
Cheshire ; J. H. Hughes, Swansea; Robert Bulman, Hexham ; William Dacre,
Manchester ; W. Waterhouse, Brierly Manor, Barnsley ; W. Little, Northcave,
Yorkshire ; Robert Meiklam, East Kilpatrick ; James M'Connell, Wigtown ;
Archibald Donald, Paisley ; Peter Turnbull, Rhynie, Aberdeen ; James P. S.
Walker, Evanton, Ross-shire ; John Burnett, Dundonald, Ayrshire ; Joseph
Kendall, Lowick Bridge, Lancashire ; David G. Duns, Dunse ; Maurice
O'Brien, Clonmel ; James Kettle, Leith Fort. He said : I have to report
that the usual examinations took place about the middle of April, and were
carried on and completed with the usual success which has for many years
attended them ; and I would express the regret of those persons who were
there that the attendance of visitors at these very interesting examinations
was so very small. I very much regret to say that my brother lairds almost
never attend ; and the examinations are left to be supported by the more in-
fluential tenant-farmers in the district. Now, I regret the absence of the
landlords, many of whom take great interest in our domestic animals generally ;
and I feel certain, if they only knew how great the encouragement of their
presence is both to teachers and taught, they would even put themselves to a
little trouble to attend ; and when we consider that the examining tables are
presided over by some of the ablest men in Edinburgh, I can assure them
they can scarcely be there without carrying away with them much useful in-
formation. The examinations this year had, I may say, a melancholy interest.
The moving spirit in that class-room had passed for ever from among his
pupils and friends. I feel quite certain that I express the feeling of every
member of this great Society when I say, that every one regretted the loss
which the Highland Society of Scotland has sustained by the death of Pro-
fessor Dick ; and when I say, further, that Professor Dick was the first edu-
cated person in Scotland who made an attempt to rescue the veterinary
science from obscurity, I am quite sure we may take the whole public with
us as sharers of that regret. There was so good an article tracing the career
and life of the late Professor published in the North British Agriculturist
within a few days after his death, that I am not going to take up your time
by following out his interesting career. But I may very shortly state, as
some of you may not have read that article, that in 1818 Professor Dick first
opened a class-room in Edinburgh in a small and modest shop in Niddry
Street, and so little success had he the first year, that I am credibly informed
he had but one pupil. However, those who know the character of the good
Professor are well aware that he was not the man to be easily set aside from
the path on which he had entered. We find him, accordingly, moving from
Niddry Street to Nicolson Street, and from thence to the Calton Convening
Rooms ; and again from these rooms in 1833 to that class-room in Clyde
Street where he taught for so many years ably and efficiently. Perhaps the
best proof of the esteem in which the Professor was held in Edinburgh was
this fact, that year after year the examiners who attended to examine his
students were among the first men in Edinburgh. I am quite sure this
Society will most unanimously put on their minutes their regret at the loss
sustained by the death of Professor Dick. In connection with the subject of

b PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

the Veterinary College, I wish to bring before you the fact, which most of you
are already aware of, that there is a bill passing through the House of Com-
mons brought in by Mr Holland. The Directors propose that this meeting
should petition against that bill, and also that you should appoint a committee
to watch over the progress of the bill, and likewise that you should remit to
the Directors to consider the subject of a charter for a Veterinary College.

Mr Hope, Fenton Barns, said that the Directors met recently to consider
Mr Holland's bill, but they were then led to believe that it had been with-
drawn for the session. They had just learned to-day, however, that the bill
was to go on. It appeared to him that by that bill no one holding the
certificate of the Highland Society only, would be entitled to call himself a
veterinary surgeon, that being reserved exclusively for members of the Eoyal
Veterinary College. He did not think it would be doing justice to those
veterinary surgeons who simply held the Highland Society's certificate if the
bill were allowed to pass, and he hoped the meeting would agree at once to
petition Parliament against the bill. The same committee named by this
meeting would also take into consideration the proposal of having a charter
for Scotland. He might mention that steps were now being taken to obtain-
a charter, and that it would be opposed by the members of the Royal College
of London, who wished to retain that right exclusively. For himself he did
not see why they should not have a chartered Veterinary College in Edinburgh
as they had Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, and that the Scottish me-
troplis should stand in the same position as London in this matter. The death
of Professor Dick, and the handing over of his college to this city, seemed to
him to make the present time opportune for asking such a charter, and it
would be for the interest of veterinary science that it was obtained at once.

Mr Wardlaw Ramsay of Whitehill thought there could be no difficulty in
agreeing to petition against a bill of this sort, which struck at the very root
of the Highland Society's operations in this matter. He cordially seconded
the motion to petition against the bill.

After some discussion on the subject, the meeting resolved to express the
sense which the Society entertained of the loss they had suffered by the death
of Professor Dick. It was also agreed to remit to the Directors to consider
the subject of a charter for a veterinary college for Scotland ; likewise to
petition against Mr Holland's bill, the petition to be signed by Lord Belhaven
in name of the meeting. It was further resolved immediately to telegraph
the resolution of the Society on the subject of Mr Holland's bill to the Duke
of Buccleuch, Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, and Mr Duncan M'Laren.

Sir Alexander C. R. Gibson-Maitland, Bart. ; Dr Burt, Mr C. Swinton, yr.
of Kimmerghame ; Mr Hope, Fenton Barns ; Mr Goodlet, Bolshan ; Mr Gillon
of Wallhouse ; Mr Kinloch, yr. of Gilmerton ; and Mr Sadler, Ferrygate,
were appointed to draw up the petition.

Cultivation by Steam.

The Marquis of Tweeddale, who was received with applause, reported
that on the 7th of February last the Directors appointed a committee to report
on the various systems of cultivating by steam, consisting of himself as chair-
man ; Professor Maccpxorn Rankine, Consulting Engineer to the Society ; Mr
Gibson, Wolmet, Chairman of the Machinery Committee ; Mr Slight, Curator
of Machinery ; Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn, Bart. ; Mr Henry Stephens ; Mr
Gray, Southfield ; Mr Milne, Niddrie Mains. On the 19th and 20th March, the
committee inspected the machines in operation on the following farms in East
Lothian : — Ferrygate (Mr Sadler's), Fowler's single engine ; Castle Mains (Mr
Todd's), do. ; Queenston Bank (Mr Begbie's) ; Fenton Barns (Mr Hope's),
Howard s ; Drem (Mr Reid's), Coleman's. And on the 4th of May the com-
mittee inspected Fowler's double engine at work on Mr Henderson's farm of
Markle in the same county. A set of queries to be answered by the inanu-

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 7

facturer and the former had been issued to 438 parties now using steam-ploughs
or cultivators in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Many of the formers had
already given most elaborate answers, though the return of the schedules is
not due till the 2d of July. The noble Marquis mentioned that it was the
intention of the Directors to extend the period of observation in steam cultiva-
tion to the whole year, in order that they might have an opportunity of ex-
amining the different modes of stirring the sod, as well as the instruments
that had been brought into use, and had been employed since steam had been
brought so much into use in agriculture. It would be one of the great objects
of this committee to inform those that wished to engage in steam cultivation
of all that was necessary to be known in regard to it. They would have an
opportunity of knowing the expense of the engines, of the apparatus, the cost
of tear and wear, and the number of men required to work the engines, and
all the contingent expenses ; as also the amount of labour that could be per-
formed within a specified time. In short, the committee hoped to be able to
answer the whole inquiries of those who contemplated the introduction of
steam cultivation on their farms.

The report was unanimously approved.

The Society's Premises.

Mr Murray of Dollerie, in the absence of Mr Mackenzie of Dolphinton,
reported that, in conformity with the authority given at the general meeting
on the 17th of January last, the collection of roots, seeds, woods, and other
articles of produce in the Society's Museum had been entirely made over to
and accepted by Government for the Museum of Science and Art in Edin-
burgh. This had enabled the Directors to effect a very convenient arrangement
for conducting the Society's business. The Albyn Place property had been
disposed of, the first floor of the museum had been converted into offices, includ-
ing a board-room, and the whole business of the Society would, in future, be
concentrated in George IV. Bridge. The price of the Albyn Place house had
been invested in railway debentures.

The report was approved.

Removal of Sheep.

Mr Goodlet, Bolshan, wished to draw the attention of the meeting to the
restrictions on the removal of sheep under the late Privy Council Orders.
By the 47th section, no sheep could be removed from one place to another in
any county or district within ten miles of any infected place ; and the conse-
quence was that, there being infection in several parts of the county of Forfar,
the sheep there could not be removed at all. The restriction caused a great
amount of what he thought unnecessary hardship in the county, and he, for
example, had grass parks a mile or two from his farm, to which he could not
remove his sheep without breaking the law, although there was no infection
in the locality, and the local authority could not, under the Order in Council,
give him the requisite authority. The restrictions on the movement of sheep
were, strange to say, much greater than on the movement of cattle, though it
was among the cattle that the great pestilence had broken out ; and it was a
very doubtful matter whether the disease had ever attacked the sheep at all.
He moved that the Society petition to get that part of the clause containing
this restriction struck out of the Privy Council Order, leaving the matter to
rest on the 49th clause.

Mr Russell, Pilmuir ; Mr Harvey, Whittingham Mains ; Mr Campbell
Swinton, and others, having expressed their opinion on the subject,

Mr Walker of Bowland seconded Mr Goodlet's motion, which he thought
was founded on reason and experience. The 49th clause, he thought, afforded
all the protection in regard to the movement of sheep that could be desired or
required. He did not, however, think that all restrictions should be done
away. Knowing, as they did, the extent of the calamity in Forfarshire, and still

8 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

more in Cheshire, he thought they must make up their minds to a good deal of
inconvenience in regard to the removal of animals, for the purpose of avoiding,
if possible, the still further ravages of this dreadful disease. But he thought
the 49th section gave sufficient powers to the local authority, while the 47th
contained restrictions which were greater than those in the case of cattle.

The Secretary pointed out that by No. 7 of the bye-laws this petition
could not be moved without a week's previous notice having been given to
the Directors ; but the meeting might remit it to the Directors in terms of
Mr Goodlet's motion.

Mr Goodlet said that would be perfectly satisfactory. And it was resolved
to request the Directors to petition for the proposed modification of the 47th
clause.

On the motion of Sir A. C. E. Gibson-Maitland a vote of thanks was given
to Lord Belhaven for presiding.

GENEEAL MEETING, 16th JANUAEY 1867.

His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberrt, K.G.,
President of the Society, in the Chair.

Directors and Office-Bearers for 1867.

The following noblemen and gentlemen were elected directors and office-
bearers for the ensuing year : —

President. — His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G.

Vice-Presidents. — The Earl of Glasgow ; Lord Belhaven, K.T. ; the Earl of
Dalhousie, K.T. ; Lord Blantyre.

Extraordinary Directors. — William Fraser Tytler of Aldourie ; the Hon.
the Lord Provost of Glasgow ; Sir Edward Colebrooke, Bart., M.P. ; Patrick
Boyle of Shewalton ; John Malcolm of Poltalloch ; Sir Michael E. Shaw
Stewart, Bart. ; Sir William Stirling Maxwell, Bart., M.P. ; Sir James
Fergusson, Bart., M.P. ; Sir Walter Elliot of Wolfelee, K.S.I. ; Archibald A.
Speirs of Elderslie, M.P.

Ordinary Directors. — Patrick Dudgeon of Cargen ; Andrew Gillon of Wall-
house ; William Gray, Southfield ; J. G. Heddle of Melsetter ; Eobert Pillans
Newton of Castlandhill ; William Sadler, Ferrygate ; James Wilson, Wester
Cowden ; Sir Alexander C. E. Gibson-Maitland, Bart. ; George Eobertson
Barclay of Keavil ; John Dudgeon, Almondhill ; Eobert Dundas of Arniston;
William Goodlet, Bolshan ; James Eoberton, Ladyrig ; John Stirling of Kip-
pendavie ; Archibald Campbell Swinton, yr. of Kimmerghame ; William Stuart
Walker of Bowland ; Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn, Bart. ; William Wallace
Hozier, yr. of Mauldslie ; William Mure of Caldwell ; Thomas Park, Stoney-
hill ; Walter Eeid, Drem ; Graham Somervell of Sorn ; Graham Binny,
W.S., Edinburgh ; Colonel Archibald Campbell, yr. of Blythswood ; Colonel
Joseph Dundas of Carron Hall ; Eobert Elliot, Laighwood ; James Geddes,
Orbkston ; John Ord of Muirhouselaw ; Major John Eamsay of Barra ;
Eobert Eussell, Pilmuir.

Office-Bearers. — The Eight Hon. Sir George Clerk of Penicuik, Bart., Hon.
Secretary ; the Eight Hon. Sir William Gibson-Craig of Eiccarton, Bart.,
Treasurer ; Fletcher Norton Menzies, Secretary ; Eev. James Grant, D.C.L.,
D.D., Chaplain ; Thomas Anderson, M.D., Professor of Chemistry in the Uni-
versity of Glasgow, Chemist ; Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A., Auditor ; M. J.
Macquorn Eankine, LL.D., Professor of Civil Engineering in the University
of Glasgow, Consulting Engineer ; Gourlay Steell, E.S.A., Animal Portrait
Painter ; J. H. B. Hallen, Professor of Veterinary Surgery ; Thomas Duncan,
Clerk ; Arthur King and Co., Aberdeen, Publishers of " Transactions ;" Neill

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 9

and Co., Printers ; Mackay, Cunningham, and Co., Silversmiths ; Alexander
Kirkwood, Medalist ; Alexander Slight, Curator of Implements and Machines ;
John Watherston & Sons, Inspectors of Works ; William M'Neill, Messenger.
Chairmen of Standing Committees. — Argyll Naval Fund — Admiral Sir
William J. Hope Johnstone, K.C.B., Chemistry — Professor Anderson.
Cottages — Harry Maxwell Inglis of Logan Bank. District Shows — A.
Campbell Swinton, yr. of Kimmerghame. Finance — Anthony Murray of
Dollerie. General Shows — Alexander Kinloch, yr. of Gilmerton. House and
Buildings — John Ord Mackenzie of Dolphinton. Machinery — John Gibson,
Woolmet. Premiums for Reports on the Science and Practice of Agriculture
— Professor Lyon Playfair, C.B. Premiums for Reports on Woods and Plan-
tations— Professor Balfour. Publications — Alexander Forbes Irvine of Drum.
Veterinary College Examinations — Professor Goodsir.

Council on Education.

By a Supplementary Charter under the Great Seal, granted in 1856, the
Society is empowered to prescribe a curriculum for agricultural education, and
to grant diplomas.

Members of Council named by Charter. — The Duke of Buccleuch, President ;
the Lord Justice-General, Vice-President ; the Lord Advocate ; the Dean of
Faculty; the Professor of Agriculture ; the Professor of Anatomy ; the Pro-
fessor of Botany ; the Professor of Chemistry ; the Professor of Natural
Hi>tory.

Members of Council named by Society. — Sir George Clerk, Bart. ; Sir W.
Gibson-Craig, Bart. ; Sir Alexander C. R. Gibson-Maitland, Bart. ; George
Hope, Fenton Barns ; Robert Russell, Pilmuir ; Henry Stephens, Eedbrae
Cottage ; John Wilson, Edington Mains.

Board of Examiners. — Science and Practice of Agriculture, Mechanics and
Construction — Professor Wilson ; George Hope, Fenton Bams; Robert Russell,
Pilmuir ; and John Wilson, Edington Mains. Botany — Professor Balfour.
Chemistry — Professor Anderson. Natural History — Professor Allnian.
Veterinary Surgery — Professor Hallen. Field Engineering and Surveying —
Professor Macquorn Rankine ; David Stevenson, C.E.. Book-lceeping and
Accounts — Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A. ; and Archibald Paterson, Meadowfield.

The late Mr Hall Maxwell, C.B.
The Secretary then read the following resolutions of a meeting of the
Directors of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, 3d September
1866. His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G., President
of the Society, in the Chair : —

" 1. That the Directors desire unanimously to express the deep and sincere
regret with which they have received the information of the death of their
late Secretary, Mr John Hall Maxwell, C.B.
" 2. That the Society having, in the minutes of the general meeting held on
the 17th January 1866, recorded, upon Mr Maxwell's resignation of the
office of Secretary, their sense of the remarkable zeal, energy, and ability
with which Mr Maxwell had for twenty years discharged the duties of
his office, it only remains for the Directors to deplore the loss which they
and the Society have now suffered by the death of one whose presence at
their meetings, both as an Extraordinary Director and as a member of the
Society, would have doubtless proved of great service if his life had been
prolonged.
" 3. That the Directors request the chairman to transmit a copy of these
resolutions to Mrs Hall Maxwell, with their respectful condolence and
sympathy upon the occasion of the painful bereavement which Mrs
Maxwell and her family have sustained."
The Secretary also read a letter from Mrs Maxwell, thanking the Directors
for their communication.

10 HtOCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

Portrait of the late Mr Hall Maxwell.

The Duke of Buccleuch directed the attention of the members of the
Society to an equestrian portrait of the late Mr Hall Maxwell, which had
been painted by Mr Gourlay Steell, at a cost of L.250.

New Members.

The Secretary (Mr Menzies) then read the list of proposed members,
thirty-five in number, who were then balloted for, and declared by the noble
chairman to be duly elected.

Accounts for the Year 1865-66.

Sir William Gibson-Craig submitted the accounts for 1865-66, along with
printed abstracts. The accounts were approved of.

Argyll Naval Fund.

Sir William Gibson-Craig laid the accounts of this fund on the table,
and stated that Admiral Sir W. J. Hope Johnstone, K.C.B., chairman of the
committee, woidd have been present to report on the fund, but he had been
prevented from attending.

Members in Arrear.

Mr Murray of Dollerie said that the Directors had intended to publish the
list of members in arrears for four years ; but they had resolved to delay the
publication of the names of the defaulters for six months, in the hope that
before that time they would come forward and relieve them of that disagreeable
necessity.

Sir Willtam Gibson-Craig said that since the list had been before the
Directors L.S2 of the whole arrears, which amounted to L.265, had already been
paid ; and he hoped that the example thus set would be generally followed.

Life-Composition by Tenant-Farmers.

Mr Walker of Bowland said that the Directors wished to propose an addi-
tion to bye-law No. 2, referring to the life-composition payable by tenant-
farmers, to make the bye-law the same in substance as bye-law No. 1, referring
to the life- composition payable by other members. Bye-law No. 2 at present
stood as follows : —

" Anmial Subscription of 10s., and Life-Composition. — That tenant-
farmers, secretaries, and treasurers of local agricultural associations,
factors, and proprietors farming the whole of their own lauds, whose assess-
ment in the valuation-roll does not exceed L.500, shall pay at admis-
sion, and afterwards annually, in advance, the sum of ten shillings, with
the option and power of redeeming the same by payment of five guineas
as the purchase of a life-subscription."
The Directors propose to add the following : —

" And which life-subscription may be so purchased under deduction of any

annual payment that the member may have previously made, with this

limitation, that at no time shall a member have the power of redeeming

the annual payments for a less sum than L.3."

The meeting unanimously approved of the alteration. In terms of the

charter, the motion must be brought before the general meeting in June

before it passes into law.

Steam Cultivation.

The Secretary said that it was the intention of the Marquis of Tweeddale
to be here to-day, to present the report of the Committee on Steam Plough-

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 11

ing, appointed in February last. But he had been unable to attend, and
neither was Mr Gibson of Woolmet present. In their absence he would
simply read the report of the committee's proceedings so far as they had
gone. The report was as follows : —

" On the 19th of March 1866, the committee made their first inspection,
visiting the farms of Messrs Sadler, Ferrygate ; Tod, Castlemains ;
Begbie, Queenston Bank ; Hope, Fenton Bams ; and Beid, Drem, with
the view of examining the work which had been done on these farms
after the reaping of the previous year's crop. They found that Messrs
Sadler, Tod, and Begbie had worked Fowler's machines ; Mr Hope,
Howard's ; and Mr Beid, Coleman's.
" The inspection occupied two days. About forty fields, extending to nearly
900 acres, were each carefully gone over, and the depths at which each
field had been ploughed, smashed, or cultivated, were taken. These mea-
surements were made from the pulverised surface to the solid at the
bottom of the furrow ; above 150 measurements were taken, and, where
necessary, were checked by dipping with the spade ; 295 acres had been
steam ploughed to an average depth of 10^ inches ; 470 acres had been
grubbed or cultivated to an average depth of 9| inches; and 118 acres
had been dug or smashed to an average depth of lH inches.
" On the 4th May the committee visited Markle Farm, possessed by Mr
Henderson, and saw Mr Fowler's latest improved machine, worked by
two engines, which had arrived shortly before from the manufactory.
It was harrowing land which had been ploughed in autumn with the
common plough, 8 inches deep. Although the soil was clay, and the
surface of the furrow very hard, the harrow penetrated and pulverised it
well to the depth of 3J to 4 inches, covering a breadth of 14 feet ; it
was afterwards sent to grub or cidtivate in the same field to the depth
of 10| and 12 inches, and did the work well. The committee were shown
other two fields where it had done the work most satisfactorily and with
no breakages.
u With the object of arranging to have a comparative test of the produce
from land worked by the common plough and that which had been steam
cultivated, the committee visited the farms of Messrs Sadler, Tod,
Begbie, and Hope on the 4th September. All these were much pleased
with the appearance of their crops after steam cidtivation, but Mr Sadler
alone could favour the committee with a comparative trial of the pro-
duce from land cultivated with the common plough and that by steam,
and being able to do this with a crop of wheat after potatoes on a field
of equal soil, he kindly consented to stack equal portions, and acquaint
the committee with the result. This they had not yet received. None
of the other parties had crops to which such a comparative test could
be applied.
" The committee, not having as yet had an opportunity of inspecting the
different machines at autumn work, are now arranging for this to take
place on an early day. (Signed) John Gibson."

The Secretary added, that since the dates referred to in this report two in-
spections had taken place — one, on the 19th November, at Dirleton, where
several farms had been visited ; and another at Yester, on the 4th December,
to examine Lord Tweeddale's horse ploughing.
The report was unanimously approved of.

The Glasgow and Aberdeen Shows.

Mr Kinloch, yr. of Gilmerton, reported the preliminary arrangements
entered into for the two next general shows of the Society. Some few altera-
tions had been made in the regulations for the Society's shows. He would

12 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

only refer to one of these, in No. 8, which applied to ewes and gimmers. The
words, " taken from regular breeding flocks'' had been struck out, not because
it was not iu itself an excellent regulation, but because it had been found in
practice very difficult to carry out, and the occasion of great wrangling and
discontent. All the other changes in the regulations would be found to be on
pure matters of detail, and required no special reference.

The Late Earl of Rosslyn.

Mr Kinloch, in concluding his report on the General Shows, said he could
not sit down without alluding for a moment to the great loss which the Society
had sustained in the death of one who for many years, as chairman of the
General Show Committee, had taken an active and leading part in the man-
agement of the affairs of the Society. He believed — and he said it advisedly
- — that to few men was that Society more indebted for its present prosperity
and popularity than to the late Earl of Rosslyn. During the past twenty
years he had discharged all the duties intrusted to him with honour to him-
self, advantage to the Society, and so as to secure the esteem and confidence
and — he was sure he might add — a large measure of the affection of the agri-
cultural community of Scotland. His open, cheerful, winning expression of
countenance, so characteristic of him, was but the reflection of the feeling of
his heart. Those who had been in the habit of attending the general shows
of the Society would miss him sadly ; and they might justly say, as indeed
many had already said, that it would be long before they met with one who
so fully realised the idea — and it was no mean standard — of a perfect English
gentleman. He was sure that it would be in accordance with the feelings and
wishes of the meeting that he should move, as he now begged to do, that the
Society enter on its minutes a record\of their keen sense of the loss they had
sustained in the removal of the late Earl of Rosslyn, and their sense of the
valuable services he had rendered to the Society.

The Duke of Buccleuch expressed his cordial approval of the motion of
Mr Kinloch, and said that it was within the knowledge of them all how
anxious Lord Rosslyn was to promote the interests of the Society, and how
zealously he discharged his duty in every position in which he was placed.
No one was more universally beloved and esteemed than the late Earl of
Rosslyn.

The motion of Mr Kinloch was carried by acclamation.

The Secretary stated that, though he had not had formal notice from the
Lord Provost of Glasgow respecting the granting of the use of Glasgow Green,
or the subscription of L.200 towards the show, he had seen it noticed in the
newspajjers that such had been done.

District Shows, &c.

Mr Stirling of Kippendavie moved that the sum of L.634 be granted for
premiums to district shows during 1867. In the absence of the Convener of
the Committee on Cottage Competitions, he had also been requested to move
that the sum of L.88 be granted for the encouragement of cottage competitions
during 1867. These competitions had become very popular within the past few
years, and he was sure they would all be glad to do everything in their power
to improve the condition of the cottagers in Scotland.

The grants were unanimously agreed to.

Chair of Agriculture.
Sir Walter Elliot of Wolfelee said he had to bring before them the
subject of the better endowment of the Chair of Agriculture in the University
of Edinburgh. Much had been done recently by the Commissioners for the
Improvement of the Universities in Scotland, and the changes they had pro-
posed had all been agreed to, but the Chair of Agriculture had been omitted.

PKOCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 13

He observed that, amongst other endowments, they had one in the University
of Edinburgh for a chair for the study of Sanscrit Literature, which had been
mainly endowed by the bberality of a private gentleman. He could not help
feeling that a Chair of Agriculture ought to have found more supporters than
that of Sanscrit. At present, however, the Senatus Academicus had brought
the subject again before the Government, with the view of securing a better
endowment for the Chair of Agriculture. That chair had been founded in
1790, and was supported by an endowment of L.50 a-year from a private in-
dividual ; but, with some other minor emoluments, the whole sum for the
remuneration of the Professor was not L.100 a-year, really much less than that
of any other chair in the University. Besides that, the governing body of the
University had no control over the class ; yet, under Professor Wilson's able
management and conduct, the class had been most successful, and a num-
of excellent students had been turned out by the perseverance of Professor
Wilson. This Society formerly made an offer to the Government of a certain
sum for the chair, on condition of an equal sum being voted by Parliament ;
but the offer had been declined. The Senatus Academicus have memorialised
Government upon this matter, and the subject was now before the Treasury.
As the matter was pressing, the Directors had taken it upon themselves, at
their last meeting, to address the Treasury also on behalf of this chair. He
begged now to move the following resolution upon the subject : —

" That the Highland and Agricultural Society learns with pleasure that an
effort is being made by the University of Edinburgh to obtain an efficient
endowment for the Professor of Agriculture, by an application to the
Lords of the Treasury to place this important chair in the same position
as the other chairs in the University. The members of the Society are
glad to find that the Directors have already addressed the Treasury in
support of the memorial, which meets with the entire and cordial appro-
bation of this general meeting, and direct that a copy of this resolution
be transmitted to the Lords of Her Majesty's Treasury."
The Chairman said, he thought there could be no doubt that the Society
woidd approve of what had been done for the endowment of this most im-
portant chair in the University.
The motion was agreed to.

Veterinary Charter for Scotland.

Professor Balfour said — It will be in the recollection of those present
that, at the general meeting of the Society held on the 6th June last, it was
agreed to petition against Mr Holland's Veterinary-Surgeons Bill, which ex-
cluded any one holding the certificate of the Highland Society only from calling
himself a veterinary surgeon (that title being reserved exclusively for members
of the Royal Veterinary College), and it was remitted to the Directors to con-
sider the subject of a charter for a Veterinary College for Scotland. With
reference to the first matter, it need only be reported that the petition adopted
by the Society was sent to every Scotch as well as to several English and
Irish members of the House of Commons, and that thereafter Mr Holland
withdrew his bill. As to the veterinary charter, the committee appointed on
the 6th June, in conjunction with the standing Committee on the Society's
Veterinary Examinations, had held several meetings ; and at a meeting of
Directors on the 27th June, a memorial to the Privy Council, signed by the
Duke of Buccleuch (the president), was forwarded to the Principal Secretary
of State for the Home Department. The memorial prayed for the creation
and establishment of a Royal Veterinary College in Scotland. The Secretary
has since had an interview with the Lord Advocate for Scotland on the sub-
ject ; but, owing to an arrangement made by the Government, the matter
cannot be taken up till the meeting of Parliament.

The petition referred to is as follows : —

14 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

" Unto the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty, in Privy Council assembled,
the Memorial of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland,
incorporated by Royal Charter, Humbly Showeth —
" That the Society are the patrons of the Veterinary School in Edinburgh,

which was established by them in the year 1823.
" That the science of veterinary medicine and surgery has been taught and
practised in Scotland for upwards of forty years with ardour and success.
" That hitherto, in the absence of a regularly chartered College of Veterin-
ary Surgeons in Scotland, having authority to appoint examiners and to
grant diplomas in veterinary science and art, the certificate of your me-
morialists, granted after due examination, has served to confer a certain
status on veterinary students.
" That this certificate has been recognised since 1838 by your Majesty's
Government, and by the Honourable the East India Company, and is the
only licence granted in Scotland as qualifying for civil practice in Great
Britain and the colonies.
" That your memorialists are of opinion that the past history and present
condition of the veterinary schools in Scotland entitle them to the highest
consideration of your Majesty, and that the independence and usefulness
of these schools would be secured, and the advancement of veterinary
science promoted, by the creation and establishment of a Royal Veterin-
ary College in Scotland.
" That the object of the institution of such a college would be to confer
degrees in veterinary medicine and surgery on students who produce
evidence of having been duly educated in veterinary medicine and
surgery, and prove themselves by examination competent to practise as
veterinary surgeons.
" That your memorialists humbly but earnestly crave your Majesty's
gracious consideration of the above premises ; and in the event of this
memorial being favourably entertained, your memorialists will be pre-
pared, in concert with other public bodies in Scotland, to submit heads
of a proposed charter, and your memorialists will ever pray.

" Signed, in the name and authority of the Highland and Agricultural
Society of Scotland.

" Buccleuch and Queensberrt, President.
" Edinburgh, 27th June 1866."
Mr M'Lagan of Pumpherston, M.P., said there could be no difference of
opinion as to the propriety of the proceedings of the Directors, but he thought
the general meeting ought to do more than read reports, and have them laid
on the table. It was well that they should know how the question stood at
the present time. They knew that last session of Parliament the noble
chairman had also been in communication with Government, and had waited
on Mr Corry on the subject, and that a deputation, headed by Sir William
Stirling Maxwell, also waited upon him, and the case had been fairly stated
to the Privy Council. The deputation had been led to suppose that the
Privy Council entertained the proposal favourably, but shortly afterwards, to
the surprise of every one, the Scotch members found that the Veterinary Bill
was intended to be pushed through the House of Commons. At last the bill
was withdrawn, and a compromise was made that no veterinary charter
should be given to Scotland during the recess. The bill would be again in-
troduced after the meeting of Parliament, and it would strengthen the hands
of the Scotch members if the meeting would take a decided step in opposing
the bill, and also in applying for a veterinary charter for Scotland. If the
Directors had only known the annoyance to which the Scotch members had
been submitted last session in opposing the bill, he would not have required
to bring the matter up in that way. They had been informed several \imes
that the bill was withdrawn ; and when the Scotch members, on the faith of

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 15

that information, absented themselves, they were suddenly informed that the
bill was before the House. It was only by the closest watching that they
were ultimately enabled to frustrate it. They were told that the object of
the bill was to improve the education of veterinary surgeons throughout the
kingdom ; and no doubt that was one of the objects ; but the effect of it
would have been to annihilate the Edinburgh Veterinary College entirely.
They had only the diploma or certificate of the Highland Society in Scotland,
which was recognised both by the Government of this country and also in
India ; but, according to the bill it was proposed to pass, gentlemen holding that
certificate would not be allowed to put V.S. to their names, which would be a
most anomalous position for gentlemen holding these certificates to be in, and
he thought they should take steps to have them relieved from such a position.
Besides the Scotch members who waited upon the Privy Council, they found
that other bodies had taken up the question ; and the College of Surgeons,
the College of Physicians, the Town Council of Edinburgh, and the Chamber
of Agriculture, had all petitioned against the bill, and had expressed them-
selves in favour of a charter for Scotland. It now remained for this meeting
not only to apply for a charter for Scotland, but to take steps to frustrate the
passing of the bill. They were all aware that the late Professor Dick had
left a legacy to carry on a college which he had established in Edinburgh, and
that the management of it was vested in the Town Council of Edinburgh.
Now, should the Town Council be indifferent in this matter, the Highland
Society ought to take the initiative ; for veterinary science looked to that
Society with the affection of a child to a parent, for it had been fostered in
this country already by what this Society had done. Now that veterinary
science in Scotland was in difficulties, and likely to suffer injury, he hoped
the Society would take steps to prevent that injury being passed upon it.
Last year one gentleman had fought against the bill almost single-handed, as
representing Miss Dick, and certain veterinary surgeons, and the agricul-
turists of Scotland. He hoped no single gentleman would be allowed to do
that, but that they would be united in their attack upon the bill He would
suggest that the meeting request the noble chairman to wait upon the
Government, immediately after the assembling of Parliament, and endeavour
to get them to grant a charter for Scotland ; and he had no doubt, if he did
so, and was backed by the Society, the application would be successful.

The Chairman confirmed the statements of Mr M'Lagan as to the bill of
last session having only been frustrated by the constant watchfulness of its
opponents at every stage. He recollected very well that the propriety, and
even the necessity, of giving a charter for a Veterinary College in Scotland
was pressed upon the Government ; but hitherto they had not been successful,
and a very strong influence had been brought to bear upon the Government for
the purpose of keeping the whole of it in London, so that there should be but
one Veterinary College for the whole of the United Kingdom. He would be very
glad, if it was the wish of the Society, to take early steps for bringing this matter
under the notice of the Privy Council, and a resolution in favour of a charter
for Scotland by this Society would strengthen his hands very considerably.

The resolution was unanimously adopted.

Chemical Department.

Dr Anderson reported on the work of the chemical department during the
past year, which, he stated, had been unusually heavy, the number of analyses
executed for members of the Society having exceeded that of any previous
year. Many of these had been of an elaborate character, and had in some
instances involved inquiries of some extent, and a great deal of correspondence.
The work of the past year had been further increased by the establishment of
a system of field experiments, which had entailed a very much larger amount
of labour than he had anticipated. This had depended to some extent on the

16 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

novelty of this department of the work. A proper system of carrying out
these experiments had to be devised ; the advice and opinion of many persons
conversant with the best methods of experimenting had to be obtained ; and
many preliminary arrangements had to be made which will either not occur
in future years, or which can be carried out much more rapidly. These
experiments had been completed with success not unchequered with disap-
pointment. The peculiarly unfavourable season had been against them, and
had, indeed, entirely destroyed those of three different individuals. The
remainder had been finished with success, and carried with them some very
instructive lessons as to the mode of experimenting. He trusted their results
would induce the Society to continue, and eventually to extend a plan which
was calculated to be of great service to agriculture. A report of these experi-
ments would appear in the Transactions. The extent would, he feared,
exclude any other matters from the laboratory ; but as a great deal of interest-
ing work had been executed there during the year, he proposed to take an
early opportunity of bringing some of it under the notice of a monthly meeting
of the Society.

The report was approved of.

Premiums for Essays and Reports.

Mr Irvine of Drum reported the premiums awarded for papers lodged in
competition 1866, and laid on the table a list of those offered in 1867.

Proposed Testimonial to Rev. Patrick Bell.

Mr Scot-Skirving, Camptoun, said he had great pleasure, not unmingled
with some anxiety, in making the proposition he had now to submit. He
had great pleasure, because he was sure what their opinion would be ; he had
some anxiety lest the success should not be adequate, or that this meeting
should not cordially take it up. A number of farmers principally had been
thinking for some years that the obligations under which Scottish agriculture
lay to the Rev. Patrick Bell were very great indeed. Many of them would
have wished to give him some pecuniary testimonial in proof of their feeling
on the subject ; but, as his Grace was aware, it was difficult for farmers to
act in a body except through some society. The proposal he (Mr Skirving)
was now about to make was that the Highland Society should give them, not
a grant of money, but what they valued much more — their countenance and
support, and the valuable assistance of the Secretary in carrying out the plan.
It would be necessary to say a few words on the claims of the Rev. Patrick
Bell to this honour which he now proposed. The honour of inventing the
reaping-machine had been claimed by America, it had been claimed by
England, and it had also been claimed by several individuals in Scotland ;
but a few facts would place the matter before them in its true light. The
Rev. Patrick Bell, whom he had not the pleasure of knowing, was far too
modest, far too sensible a man to claim to be the originator of the reaping-
machine. On the contrary, they all knew that reaping-machines of some
kind were used centuries ago ; but it was not so old a machine that the
records of the world did not let them see beyond. In the very perfect hiero-
glyphs of Egypt he had seen no trace of a reaping-machine. They had a
description given by Homer of reaping which exactly represented a field of
Aberdeenshire mowers. But there was no mention of a reaping-machine till
Pliny described the fields of Gaul. Pliny stated that the reaper was a large
box on wheels, which was pushed into the field by oxen. It was armed with
teetb, and these cut off the ears, which fell into the box — exactly what the
Times in its magnificent way told the English farmers to do last wet season.
Now, these ancient machines were not entirely forgotten, because he found
the eminent agricultural writer, Mr Arthur Young, in 1785, alluding to them,
and proposing that premiums should be given for reaping-machines. Imme-

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 17

diately after, two reapers appeared in England — one coming out in 1785, the
other in 1786. Mr Scot-Skirving then gave an account of the various
machines which had been produced between that date and 1826, when Mr
Bell's machine was first worked. Mr Bell was just nineteen when he began
to experiment with his machine. He and his brother worked together ; and,
as they thought they might be considered lunatics, they did not like anybody
to see what they were doing. They wheeled a lot of earth into a shed, and
set up straws in it, and worked the machine by stealth. When they got it
completed, they took it out first in the moonlight. Their experiments cost a
great deal of expense, and the only money they ever received was L.50 from
this Society, which did not nearly cover their outlay. In proposing this, he
did not ignore the merits of a great many people who had improved upon it ;
but he claimed for Mr Bell that he was the first man who constructed a
machine which had kept the field. Mr Skirving showed the great expense
which had been saved to the farmers by this machine, and proceeded to say
that he did not wish the Society to give a money testimonial, although the
Society had often done so as the reward of accomplished success. Mr Bell
was not in a position to attract attention. He was a minister of the Church
of Scotland in one of the poorest parishes, and he believed a pecuniary reward
would be more agreeable than if he were a richer man, although rich and poor
alike deserved reward for their good deeds. All he asked was that they
should empower the Secretary to work the machinery so far as sending out
circulars and receiving the contributions was concerned. With that courtesy
and kindness which he was sure the members generally experienced at the
hands of their new Secretary, he had intimated that he was perfectly willing
to undertake the duty, provided the Society would allow the small expendi-
ture that would be necessary in employing for a short time an additional clerk
to address the letters, &c. He (Mr Skirving) therefore proposed that the
Society should take up the matter, so far as to allow the Secretary to send out
the circulars and receive the subscriptions.

Professor Macquorn Rankine, Glasgow, in supporting the proposal, said
it was the general impression among engineers that Mr Bell occupied the
same position in relation to the reaping-machine as Watt did in relation to
the steam-engine. All the reaping-machines that were invented before the
days of Bell turned out to be failures, and it was his invention that had
rendered them successful, just as in the case of Watt with the steam-engine ;
and all improvements that had since been made on the reaping-machine were
merely modifications of that of Bell, as the improvements on the steam-engine
were modifications of Watt's engine.

The Duke of Buccleuch then put the motion to the meeting as follows : —
" The meeting approve of the proposal to raise a testimonial to the Rev.
Patrick Bell by public subscription, and authorise the Secretary to give
his assistance to the gentlemen who are promoting it."
He said that the first time he attended an exhibition in connection with the
Highland Society, he recollected perfectly well seeing a model of Mr Bell's
reaping-machine on the ground. He was very young indeed at the time, but
he remembered hearing many people say of the machine that it might work
well enough as a model, but would not be capable of performing the work of
the field, because it woidd be impossible to get horses to push the implement
before them. The machine, however, had not only been found practicable to
work with, but it was actually used to cut a line to allow other machines to
work. He thought the country was under a deep debt of gratitude to Mr
Bell for having worked out his idea in such a way as to have rendered the
reaping-machine a great success ; and the Highland Society ought to do what
they could in order to express their feelings of gratitude to one who stands, as
had been well remarked, in much the same position in regard to reaping-
machines as Watt did to the steam-engine.

18 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

The motion was then put to the meeting, and carried with acclamation.
On the motion of Mr Heddle of Melsetter, a vote of thanks was given to
the Duke of Buccleuch for presiding, and the meeting separated.

GENERAL MEETING, 19th JUNE 1867.

His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G.,
President of the Society, in the Chair.

New Members.
Seventy-two gentlemen were balloted for, and admitted as members.

Life Composition by Tenant-Farmers.

Mr Walker of Bowland, in the absence of Mr Murray of Dollerie, sub-
mitted for final approval the proposed addition to bye-law No. 2, which
regulates the life subscription to be paid by tenant-farmers, which was
adopted at the last general meeting in January. In terms of this bye-law
tenant-farmers can now redeem the life-subscription of L.5, 5s., under deduc-
tion of any annual payments that they may have previously made, with this
limitation, that at no time shall a member have the power of so redeeming
for a less sum than L.3, being six years' annual contributions.

The addition was finally approved.

Execution of Deeds by the Society.

Mr "Walker then stated that, in terms of the charter, all deeds and assig-
nations by the Society required to be signed by three of the ordinary Directors,
along with the Treasurer, or in his absence by the Honorary Secretary;, and
that, as it was sometimes impossible for the Treasurer and Honorary Secretary
to attend, the Directors begged to submit the following proposed bye-law : —
" That in the absence of the Treasurer and Honorary Secretary, the Acting
Secretary for the time being shall be empowered to subscribe, in the
manner set forth in the charter, all dispositions or other deeds granted
by the Society."
The proposed addition was approved, subject to final sanction at next
meeting.

Transactions — No II. or Eourth Series.

Sir "Walter Elliot of Wolfelee, in the absence of Mr Irvine of Drum,
chairman of the Committee on Publications, laid on the table No II. of the
Eourth Series of the Society's Transactions, which completes the first volume,
and intimated that it had been forwarded to about" 3500 members. If copies
had not been sent to all those who wished to have them, they would be trans-
mitted on application to the Secretary.

Premiums Awarded for Essays and Beports.
Sir Walter Elliot reported the awards made for reports since the general
meeting in January.

Glasgow Show — Proposal to Aid Show at Dundee.

The Secretary, in the absence of Mr Kinloch, yr. of Gihnerton, the chair-
man of the Committee on General Shows, reported that the arrangements for
the Show at Glasgow on the 30th and 31st July, and 1st August, were in a
satisfactory state of advancement.

Mr Hunter of Blackness said he had been requested by Lord Kinnaird to
bring under the notice of the Society the Show proposed to be held at Dundee,
on the occasion of the visit of the British Association there in September.

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 19

He had no doubt the meeting would be a successful one ; and though the
Association devoted itself mostly to science, it was thought that — visiting a
district of country it never before saw — it would not be disagreeable to the
savans to see a little of our Scottish agriculture. The various local societies
had cheerfully come forward in support of the proposed Show, and the principal
promoter had been Lord Kinnaird, one of the largest and most enterprising
agriculturalists in Scotland. Considering that it was about thirty years since
a Show had been held in Dundee — which was so nearly connected with the
Carse of Gowrie and Strathmore, one of the most important agricultural dis-
tricts of the country — he thought that the Society could not dispose of its
funds better than by giving a liberal donation to the Show at Dundee.

The Secretary said the application from Lord Kinnaird had been laid
before the Directors early in the summer, and they agreed to allow the United
Association of Perth, Fife, and Kinross, and the Forfarshire Association, to apply
the sums of money voted to them in aid of the Dundee Show. A sum of L.55
and two medals was accordingly allocated to the Dundee Show ; but to-day
the Directors had agreed to substitute money for these medals.

Mr Sadler, Ferrygate, said he believed an offer had been made by Messrs
Fowler & Co., of Leeds, to show implements at the Glasgow Show, and he
should be glad to hear what the Directors proposed to do with regard to the
subject. In a case of this kind, he thought it would not be inexpedient, and
would repay itself by greatly adding to the attractiveness of the Show, to
comply with the conditions by Messrs Fowler, and pay half the expenses.

The Chairman said the Directors had considered the subject, and it was
their opinion that the request could not be granted. It had never been done
upon any former occasion, and if it were now done, there would be great
difficulty in drawing the line when they were to refuse such applications.
Therefore, he thought it was more prudent that the Society should not under-
take the expense of bringing implements or other things to the Show.

Mr Hunter said he thought the subscription proposed to the Dundee Show
was so small that it was doubtful whether it would be accepted at all. Such
a Show could not be conducted without great expense, and considering the large
sums given by private individuals, the sum of L.50 was hardly worth their
acceptance from so rich a Society.

Testimonial to the Eev. Patrick Bell.

Mr Scot-Skirving, Camptoun, had much pleasure in announcing that the
committee had obtained the sum of nearly L.800 for the testimonial to Mr
Bell, of which they proposed to pay Mr Bell L.600 immediately to account.

The Chairman proposed, on behalf of the Directors, that the sum of L.100
should be contributed to the testimonial to Mr Bell.

The proposal was received with loud applause, and the Chairman declared
it to be the unanimous opinion of the Society that such grant should be made.

Agricultural Education.
Professor Balfour reported that the examinations for the Society's agricul-
tural certificate and diploma had taken place on the 11th, 12th, and 13th
March, when the following gentlemen passed the necessaiy examinations : —

For Certificate and Di])loma.

1. Robert Brydon, Burncastle, Berwickshire.

2. George Kent Walton, Long Compton, Warwickshire.

For Certificate.

1. James Cooper Bowsteacl, of Halkthorpe Hall, Penrith.

2. Thomas John Elliot, Wilton, Salisbury.

He also reported that the prizes of L.6 and L.4 annually allowed by the
Society to the students who pass the best and second best examinations in

20 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

the agricultural class in the University of Edinburgh had this year been
awarded to the following gentlemen : —

1. Eichard George Scriven, Northamptonshire.

2, Eobert Brydon, Burncastle, Berwickshire.

Veterinary College.

In the absence of Mr Gillon of Wallhouse, who had been recently appointed
chairman of the Society's Veterinary Committee, Mr Campbell Swinton of
Kimmerghame reported that the annual examination of the students had
taken place on the 16th and 17th of April, when the Society's veterinary cer-
tificate or diploma had been conferred on the following thirty out of thirty-
eight candidates :— Henry Tait, Meigle ; James Anderson, Glasgow ; Earlan
M. Walker, Luss, Dumbartonshire ; James Pace, Selkirk ; Thomas Peckett,
Liverpool ; Andrew Pender, Dura, Wishaw ; Eobert C. Edwards, Derby ;
David M'Lean, Eenfrewshire ; A. J. M'Callum, Maybole ; Samuel Greenlees,
Manchester ; David Pollock, Cumbernauld ; Averell Watson, Limerick ; John
M'Ewen, Killen, Lochtayside ; John Lorimer, Fordyce ; Eobert Dawson,
Strathdon ; Angus Campbell, Toward ; Alex. Stuartson, Aberdeenshire ;
William Anderson, Bourtie ; Joseph Ackroyd, Cullingworth ; Peter Beattie,
Kemnay ; James Eeilly, Oristown ; Alex. G. Bolls, Weymouth ; George
Fowlie, New Deer ; Donald Sutherland, Thurso ; Patrick 0' Conner, Limerick;
James C. Berne, Navan ; William Boyd, Kelso ; Joseph Smith, Chorley ;
William Maloney, Clare, Ireland ; William Smith, Ulverstone. The ex-
aminations on this occasion had been attended by the Lord Provost and
Magistrates, and had as usual been conducted by several of the most eminent
members of the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, and also by a number of
distinguished veterinarians from England as well as Scotland. Silver medals
were awarded to the students who passed the best examinations in chemistry,
materia medica and dietetics, anatomy, cattle pathology, physiology, diseases
of horses, and best general examination.

The report was approved of.

Veterinary Charter.

Mr Swinton said that members of the Society were aware that great
anxiety had been expressed for a considerable time to obtain a charter for a
Veterinary College in Scotland, so that they should not be brought into connec-
tion with the Eoyal College of Veterinary Surgeons. Negotiations were going
on with the Privy Council upon the subject, and the Directors of the Society had
received the most cordial co-operation from the Town Council of Edinburgh,
who were greatly interested in the school of veterinary science here, on ac-
count of the charge devolved upon them by the generous bequest of the
Veterinary College from the late Professor Dick. Communication had been
opened up with the Privy Council, and a draft charter was in course of being
prepared, which would have to be submitted to the public bodies here interested
in the matter, and which, above all, would require the sanction of the Privy
Council. The negotiations were in a state of very great forwardness, but were
not so near completion as to warrant a detailed report. In these, as in other
negotiations, the Society was under infinite obligation to the noble President
for the interest he had taken in the matter, and the influence he had used
with the authorities in England.

The Duke of Buccleuch said, with regard to the charter, that he had been
in communication with the Committee of the Privy Council on the subject,
both in writing and verbally, and the matter was proceeding as rapidly as cir-
cumstances would permit. A draft charter was now under consideration by
the Town Council and the Directors of the Society, and it would as soon as
possible be submitted to the Privy Council. Of course, it would be subject to

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 21

any alterations which the Privy Council and the law officers of the Crown
might think necessary to make upon it.

Resignation of Professor Hallen — Appointment of Mr Williams.

Mr Swinton further reported that Professor Hallen had resigned his ap-
pointment as Professor of Veterinary Surgery to the Society, in consequence
of his being required to return to his duties under his commission in Her
Majesty's Indian service, and that the Directors had to propose in his place
Mr William Williams, of Bradford, who had been appointed Principal of the
Edinburgh Veterinary College. Mr Williams is a graduate of the College,
and holds the Society's certificate or diploma.

The proposal of the Directors was unanimously adopted, and Mr Williams
was appointed Professor accordingly.

Chair of Cattle Pathology.

Mr Swinton reported that the Directors had had under their consideration
the expediency of establishing a Chair of Cattle Pathology in connection with
the Dick College, and at a meeting of the Board on the 5th June, it was re-
solved to recommend to the general meeting that an annual vote of L.100
should be given for five years, on the condition that the patronage of the
Chair be vested in the Society, so long as the grant was paid by it. If the
proposal met with the sanction of the general meeting, the Directors were of
opinion that it should be remitted to a committee — two to be named by the
Society and two by the Town Council — to make such regulations as might be
considered necessary for the proper conduct of the Chair.

The report was unanimously adopted.

Chemical Department.

Dr Anderson reported that the work during the last half-year had been
mainly confined to the performing of analyses for the members. The work in
this way had been very large. They had had to consider a number of im-
portant cases of adulteration, and in some instances had thus succeeded in
protecting the interests of members of the Society. They' had also been
engaged in arranging for field experiments. The experiments were, so far, a
following out of those of last year. Seed had been sown and preliminary steps
taken with a view to developing their knowledge of manuring ; but the ex-
periments, this year, would be connected with other ordinary operations of
the farm in sucb a way as was likely to make the experiments more generally
interesting and useful to farmers than those of last year. They had several
matters of investigation in hand, of which the results would be published in
due time.

Steam Cultivation.

The Secretary read a letter from the Marquis of Tweeddale, who has
charge of this subject, stating that, if there had been anything to report, he
would have attended the meeting. The Secretary added that the Committee
on Steam Cultivation had determined that their reports should cover a series
of two years. No report, therefore, would be issued till next year, and Lord
Tweeddale had not thought it necessary to be present to make any statement
till nearer the time for publishing the report.

This concluded the business, and the meeting separated shortly before two
o'clock, after passing, on the motion of Mr Wardlaw Ramsay, a vote of
thanks to the Duke of Buccleuch for his conduct in the chair.

22 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

GENERAL MEETING, 15th JANUARY 1868.

In absence of the President and Vice-Presidents, the Most Noble the
Marquis of Tweed ale, K.T., one of the former Vice-Presidents, took the
Chair, and constituted the meeting.

The late Sir George Clerk.

The noble Chairman said he regretted much that the first matter he should
have to bring before them was the lamented death of Sir George Clerk, who
had been so long a faithful servant of the Highland Society, and who had
always taken the deepest interest in agriculture and in natural science.

The Secretary then read the following resolution of the Directors, which
was approved of, and ordered to be engrossed : —

" Before proceeding to the business of the day, the Directors resolved to
record in their minutes the deep regret with which they regard the death
of the Right Hon. Sir George Clerk of Penicuik, Bart., and to express
their sense of the valuable assistance which the Society had for many
years received from him as Honorary Secretary, and as a member of the
Council on Agricultural Education."
On the motion of the noble Chairman, Sir William Stirling-Maxwell was
appointed to succeed the late Sir George Clerk as Honorary Secretary, and
Lord Colonsay was appointed in his stead a member of the Council on Agri-
cultural Education.

Establishment for 1868.

In conformity with the recommendation of the Directors, the following
were elected office-bearers for 1868 : —

President— His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G.

Vice-Presidents— The Earl of Dalhousie, K.T.; the Earl of Fife, K.T.; the
Earl of Southesk ; the Earl of Kintore.

Extraordinary Directors — Sir Michael R. Shaw-Stewart, Bart. ; Sir James
Eergusson, Bart., M.P. ; Sir Walter Elliot of Wolfelee, K.S.I. ; Archibald A.
Spiers of Elderslie, M.P. ; Sir James Horn Burnett, Bart. ; Sir Alexander
Bannerman, Bart. ; John Gordon of Cluny ; Alexander Forbes Irvine of Drum,
Lieutenant-Colonel M'Inroy of the Burn ; Alexander Morison of Bognie.

Ordinary Directors — Sir Alexander C. Ramsay Gibson-Maitland, Bart. ;
George Robertson Barclay of Keavil ; John Dudgeon, Almondhill ; Robert
Dundas of Arniston ; William Goodlet, Bolshan ; James Roberton, Ladyrig ;
John Stirling of Kippendavie ; Archibald Campbell Swinton of Kimmer-
ghame ; William Stuart Walker of Bowland ; Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn,
Bart. ; William Wallace Hozier, yr. of Mauldslie ; Colonel William Mure of
Caldwell ; Thomas Park, Stoneyhill ; Walter Reid, Drem ; Graham Somervell
of Sorn ; Graham Binny, W.S., Edinburgh ; Colonel Archibald Campbell, yr.
of Blythswood ; Colonel Joseph Dundas of Carronhall ; Robert Elliot, Laigh-
wood ; James Geddes, Orbliston ; John Ord of Muirhouselaw ; Major John
Ramsay of Barra ; Robert Russell, Pilmuir ; Sir James Gardner Baird of
Saughton Hall, Bart. ; Hew Crichton, S.S.C., Edinburgh ; Charles Lawson of
Borthwick Hall ; Alexander M'Dougal, Granton Mains ; Thomas Mylne,
Niddrie Mains ; Thomas Coutts Trotter, Bilston Lodge ; John Wilson,
Edington Mains.

Office-Bearers — The Right Hon. Sir William Gibson-Craig of Riccarton,
Bart., Treasurer ; Sir William Stirling-Maxwell of Keir, Bart., M.P., Hon.
Secretary ; Fletcher Norton Menzies, Secretary ; Rev. James Grant, D.C.L.,
D.D., Chaplain ; Thomas Anderson. M.D., Professor of Chemistry, University
of Glasgow, Chemist ; Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A., Auditor; John Wilson,

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 23

Professor of Agriculture, University of Edinburgh, Professor of Agriculture ;
W. J. Macquorn Eankine, LL.D., Professor of Civil Engineering, University
of Glasgow, Consulting Engineer ; Alexander Slight, Practical Engineer ;
Gourlay Steell, E.S.A., Animal Portrait Painter; William Williams, Pro-
fessor of Veterinary Surgery ; John Adam M'Bride, Professor of Cattle Path-
ology ; Thomas Duncan, Clerk ; John M'Diarmid, Junior Clerk ; William
Blackwood & Sons, Publishers ; Neill & Company, Printers ; Mackay, Cun-
ningham, &Co., Silversmiths ; Alexander Kirkwood & Son, Medallists; John
Watherston & Sons, Inspectors of Works ; William M'Neill, Messenger.

Chairmen of Standing Committees. — Argyll Naval Fund — Admiral Sir
William J. Hope Johnstone, K C.B. Chemistry — Professor Anderson. Cot-
tages — Harry Maxwell Inglis of Logan Bank. District Slwws — A. Campbell
Swinton of Kimmerghame. Finance — Anthony Murray of Dollerie. General
Shows — Alexander Kinloch, yr. of Gilmerton. House and Buildings — John
Ord Mackenzie of Dolphinton. Machinery — John Gibson, Woolmet. Pre-
miums for Reports on the Science and Practice of Agriculture — Professor
Lyon Playfair, C.B. Premiums for Reports on Woods and Plantations —
Professor Balfour. Publications — Alexander Forbes Irvine of Drum. Veter-
inary College Examinations — Andrew Gill on of Wallhouse.

Council on Agricultural Education.

Members of Council named by Charter. — The President of the Highland
and Agricultural Society, President. The Lord Justice-General, Vice-
President. The Lord Advocate ; the Dean of Faculty ; the Professor of
Agriculture ; the Professor of Anatomy ; the Professor of Botany ; the Pro-
fessor of Chemistry ; the Professor of Natural History.

Members of Council named by Society.' — Lord Colonsay ; Sir W. Gibson-
Craig, Bart. ; Sir A. C. R. Gibson-Maitland, Bart. ; George Hope, Fenton
Barns ; Robert Russell, Pilmuir ; Henry Stephens, Redbrae ; John Wilson,
Edington Mains.

Board of Examiners. — Science and Practice of Agriculture, Mechanics
and Construction — Professor Wilson ; George Hope, Fenton Barns ; Robert
Russell, Pilmuir ; and John Wilson, Edington Mains. Botany — Professor
Balfour. Chemistry — Professor Anderson. Natural History — Professor
Adman. Veterinary Surgery — Professor Williams. Field Engineering and
Surveying — Professor Macquorn Rankine, and David Stevenson, C.E. Book-
Keeping and Accounts — Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A., and Archibald Paterson,
Meadowfield.

Mr Harvey, Whittingham Mains, said he had no intention of causing dis-
content and dispute, but there was a matter which had caused a little dissatis-
faction— namely, the appointment of the General Show Committee. He
would like to know who the gentlemen were composing it. The Society did
not appoint the committee. It fell to the Directors to do so ; and at last
Glasgow Show there had been great dissatisfaction with the judges, particu-
larly of sheep. The Board of Directors included many practical men, but
there were also a good number of ornamental Directors, who knew little about
practical agriculture, or about blackfaced or Cheviot sheep. He wished to
throw a little more popularity into the committee ; and though he knew it was
impossible to appoint judges who would please every one, yet certainly he
thought more practical men might be appointed.

Mr Menzies read the names of the gentlemen constituting the Show
Committee.

Mr Kinloch remarked that the list included a good many practical men.

Mr Harvey admitted that it did, but he had not known before who they were.

Mr Hunter of Blackness thought the system of electing directors in a lot
ought not to be followed, but that every candidate should be individually

24 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

named and seconded. The public would thus have an opportunity of knowing
whether the person proposed was fit to be a Director or not. He had no
doubt that if a tenant-farmer who had gained high and great honours in the
sister country, having beaten the whole of England — Mr M'Combie of Tilly-
four — were elected, he would do credit in the Directorate. If he were pro-
posed now, he would not have a chance of being elected ; but if his name were
individually proposed and seconded, he would like to see the name that would
stand higher. He (Mr Hunter) was altogether opposed to the system of a
closed list ; and if some other system was not adopted they would have more
of the noise they had in the Society some time ago. The matter was one
worthy of the attention of the Society and of the Directors.
The matter then dropped.

New Members.

Fifty-five gentlemen were then balloted for, and admitted as members.

Accounts for the Past Year.

The Eight Hon. Sir William Gibson-Craig, the Treasurer, laid on the
table the accounts for 1866-67, with printed abstracts, which were approved of.

Argyll Naval Fund.

Admiral Sir W. Hope Johnstone reported the condition of this fund. He
stated that it had been instituted in 1806 by John Duke of Argyll, first Pre-
sident of this Society, who presented to the Society the sum of L. 1000 to be
applied to the education for the naval profession of the sons of gentlemen
connected with the Highlands, and not in affluent circumstances. At that
time it was expected that other contributions would be made, but the expec-
tation was not realised. The fund was left untoxiched till 1826, when it had
accumulated to L.2300, and the committee then resolved to apply the interest
to the object of the founder. The interest at that time would only admit of
three young gentlemen being placed on the fund, at the small annual allowance
of L.20 each. In 1844, by further accumulations, the committee were enabled
to add a fourth to the list, and to increase the allowance to L.40. Last year they
Avere able to add a fifth, and at present there were five young gentlemen on
the fund, appointed in the following years, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, and
1867 ; each being entitled to hold the grant till they received the commission
of lieutenant in the Eoyal Navy. The fund now amounted to L.5200, in-
vested in heritable security, and the regulations had been altered from time to
time as required by changes of circumstances in the navy. Sir William also
said on the table the accounts of the fund.

Execution of Deeds bt the Society.

On the motion of Mr Murray of Dollerie, the bye-law in regard to execution
of deeds was confirmed. It is as follows :— " That in the absence of the Trea-
surer and Honorary Secretary, the Acting Secretary for the time being shall be
empowered to subscribe, in the manner set forth in the charter, all disposi-
tions or other deeds granted by the Society."

Glasgow Show — 1867.

Mr Kinloch, yr. of Gilmerton, reported that this Show had been a great
success, far exceeding the most sanguine expectations. The entries in some
of the classes were not so numerous as they might have hoped for under more
favourable circumstances ; but in the opinion of the most competent judges,
the quality of the stock, taken as a whole, had never been excelled at any
previous Show. Referring to the abstract of the accounts, they would notice
that, after paying all expenses, the handsome surplus of L.1307, 2s. 6d. remained
at the credit of the Society. He was particularly glad to report the great sue-

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 25

cess which had attended the first Show held by their new Secretary. He was
to be congratulated on the success of his first essay. His courteous attention
to all comers well merited acknowledgment, while it had secured his position
as manager of the showyard. Having very carefully watched the whole details
of the Show, Mr Menzies had noted many things which he thought might be
advantageously altered in the future management of the yard. He would not
follow Mr Harvey into the vexed question of the appointment of the judges.
He would only remind him that the Directors now appointed the judges, and
not the committee of the General Show, and he ventured to say on the part of
the Directors that they would be ready to give every attention to any well-
considered proposal that might be submitted on this point. It would, however,
take a very strong case to induce them to depart from the recommendations of
the committee, which were submitted to the Directors in 1860, and approved
of at that time. Mr Kinloch then moved the following resolutions : —

" 1. That the thanks of the Society be communicated to the Lord Provost,
Magistrates, and Town Council of Glasgow for the assistance and co-ope-
ration accorded by them on the occasion of the Society's Show at Glas-
gow in August last, and more particularly for the gratuitous grants of
the Green for the showyard, and the City Hall for the banquet, as well
as the liberal contribution of L.200 in aid of the auxiliary fund.
" 2. That the success of the Glasgow Show was greatly promoted by the
personal exertions of the Hon. James Lumsden, Lord Provost of Glasgow,
and that the thanks of the Society be tendered to his Lordship for the able
manner in which he discharged the duties of chairman at the public
banquet, in the unavoidable absence of His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch,
the President.
" 3. That the thanks of the Society are due to the Commissioners of Supply
for the counties of Lanark, Ayr, Renfrew, Argyll, Bute, and Arran, for
the liberality with which the local subscriptions were provided for the
Glasgow Show.
" 4. That the thanks of the Society are due to the Right Hon. Lord BV1-
haven and Hamilton, K.T., chairman of the Committee of Superintend-
ence, elected by the different counties connected with the Glasgow
Show, and to the members of that body, as well as to the local agricul-
tural associations in the district, for their zealous and valuable co-opera-
tion in carrying out the various arrangements of the meeting."
The votes were passed unanimously.

Aberdeen Show — 1868.

Mr Kinloch reported, with regard to the Aberdeen Show, that the premium
list had now been finally arranged, strictly in accordance with the wishes of
the district. He mentioned that the premiums and medals to be awarded at
the Aberdeen Show would amount to L.1500, and that there would be an
additional expenditure in connection with it of L.1700. The counties of
Aberdeen and Banff had assessed themselves for L.490 and L.120 respectively,
and it was expected that the county of Kincardine and the eastern portion of
Forfarshire would subscribe as they had hitherto done. The Town Council of
Aberdeen and the Royal Northern Agricultural Society had promised the
same assistance and accommodation which they had given in 1858. He had
also to announce that Mr Irvine of Drum, convener of the county of Aberdeen,
had been appointed chairman of the Committee of Superintendence, and they
might feel sure that if the others associated with him exerted themselves as
Mr Irvine would do, there would be no doubt as to the success of the Show.
The Show would take place on the 28th, 29th, and 30th of July, which was
earlier than usual, but they had fixed upon these days in order not to inter-
fere with the Shows of the Royal Agricultural Society of England and of the
Yorkshire Society.

26 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

Edinburgh Show — 1869.

Mr Kinloch reported that the Directors had received a numerously-signed
requisition from the proprietors of the three Lothians, praying that the Show
in 1869 should be held at Edinburgh. The Directors had agreed to this re-
quest, and had remitted to the Show Committee to draw up a list of premiums.
This they had done, and a list was now on the table. There would be plenty
of time before next year to receive suggestions regarding it, and make any
alterations that might be necessary. The meeting approved of the Show being
held at Edinburgh in 1869.

Local Competitions.

Mr Campbell Swinton, chairman of the Committee on District Shows,
laid on the table the report of the committee, from which it appeared that
during last year 221 competitions of various kinds had taken place, namely,
stock, 22 ; minor premiums and medals, 50 ; ploughing competitions, 149.
The Society has besides contributed to the funds of the Dundee Show, and
the Edinburgh Christmas Club, making a total expenditure of L.705. Mr
Swinton then moved that the sum of L.600 be voted for premiums during
1868. The grants the Directors proposed were, he said, distributed over the
whole of Scotland, and comprised at least as many districts as in 1867.

The motion was agreed to.

The Chair of Agriculture in the University.

Mr Campbell Swinton said he had to bring before this meeting for their
consideration, and he trusted for their approval, a proposal to make a grant
for a certain number of years towards the endowment of the Chair of Agri-
culture in the University of Edinburgh. He might state that this was not a
new subject to the members of the Society. It was brought before the general
meeting some years ago, not at the instance of the Directors, but by several
independent members of the Society. A representation was made by them
at that time to the Directors that it was very desirable to take into considera-
tion the propriety of the Society endowing the Chair of Agriculture — a Chair
which at present received the miserable endowment of L.50 a-year from funds
which had been in existence for a number of years. The matter was fully
considered in 1862 when the Universities Commission was sitting, and it was
thought that that was a suitable opportunity to contribute a sum from the
funds of the Society, provided the Commissioners would contribute from the
funds at their disposal a like sum. To the regret of the Directors, an unfavour-
able reply was ultimately received from the Commissioners, in consequence of
the sum placed at their disposal being so limited, considering the many claims
they had to take into consideration. Within the last few weeks, however,
a deputation from the Senatus Academicus had waited upon the Directors,
and had represented that a favourable opportunity had now occurred for
renewing this offer. A gentleman resident in Edinburgh, with most com-
mendable liberality, had presented the University with no less a sum than
L.5000 for the purpose of forming an endowment for a Chair of Engineering.
In consequence of that a representation was to be made to the Government to
supplement the funds which that munificent donation would provide by a like
grant of public money for the Chair of Engineering. A deputation from the
University and from different public bodies in Edinburgh was to proceed to
London, and would lay that matter before Her Majesty's Government, and
they would also take part in a general congress about to be held in London on
the subject of technical education. The Society were, therefore, only asked to
express their willingness to do the same thing that they had offered to do in
1862 ; and it was proposed to limit the present offer of a grant from the
Society to an annual sum for ten years, it being, however, understood that the

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 27

grant from both sources should be continued if the Chair on its new footing
proved successful. In the negotiation with the University Commissioners, it was
thought fit to suggest that the Highland Society should have some voice in the
patronage of the Chair. The committee, however, reported their opinion that the
Society should not seek for any alteration, especially as an Act of Parliament
would be required for that purpose. " The present patrons," said the report, "are
the Lords of Session, the curators, and the University Court (three delegates
from each), and your committee are of opinion that a body so constituted is well
worthy of the confidence of the Society." Mr Swinton proceeded to state
that a 'supplementary report had been drawn up by Professor Lyon Playfair
and Professor Balfour, stating the arrangements which should be adopted in
the event of the endowment being granted, so as to make the Chair not an
isolated one, but that it should be brought into connection with other chairs —
such as Botany, Natural Science, and Chemistry — and a regular curriculum of
agricultural education adopted. It was also suggested that certificates of
proficiency should be granted to the students in addition to the diploma they
might receive from the Highland Society on passing the necessary examina-
tions. The Senatus expressed their willingness to have assessors from the
Society to act along with them in prescribing the examinations, in appointing
the examiners, and otherwise assisting to make this a great department of
the University. It was thought that if this Chair of Engineering was estab-
lished on a similar footing, it would form the basis for a university technical
education, as the Chair of Agriculture would for an agricultural education. It
was also believed that if the Chair of Agriculture was so established, a great
impulse would be given to the study of agriculture as a branch of university
education. The proposal of the Directors was to offer L.150 per annum, if the
Government would give L.200, in consideration of that sum, and the L.50 of
present endowment. Mr Swinton concluded by moving the approval of the
proposal.

The motion was unanimously agreed to ; and the Directors were authorised
to make, in concert with the Senatus Academicus, the necessary application
to Government.

Proposed Veterinary Charter eor Scotland.

Mr Gillon of Wallhouse reported the proceedings which had been taken
since last meeting by the committee on a charter for the Veterinary College of
Scotland. Since the general meeting in June a draft of a veterinary charter
had, he said, been prepared, and forwarded to the Principal Secretary of State
for the Home Department, by whom it had been referred to the President of
the Board of Trade. By desire of the Directors, a communication, accompanied
by a copy of the Society's memorial, had been sent to the convener of every
county in Scotland, and it was believed that, with one or two exceptions, all
the counties had adopted memorials in favour of a veterinary charter for
Scotland. A very influential deputation, consisting of six Peers, nearly all
the Scotch Members of Parliament then in London, the Lord Provost of
Edinburgh, a number of leading veterinarians holding the Society's diploma,
besides several other gentlemen, waited, according to appointment, on the
Duke of Richmond, the President of the Board of Trade, on the subject. The
object of the deputation had been fully stated by the Lord Provost on behalf
of the Corporation of Edinburgh, and by Mr Campbell Swinton on the part
of the Highland Society. The deputation had been very much indebted to
Lord Colonsay, who explained that, on a proper construction of the charter
of the English College, monopoly was not to be inferred. The Duke of
Richmond stated that the subject would receive his best consideration, but he
reserved his decision till he heard the case of the Royal College of Veterinary
Surgeons, a deputation from which was to wait on him on the 28th November.
At a recent meeting of the Veterinary Committee of the Highland Society,

28 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

it was agreed, after consulting the Town Council Veterinary Committee,
that the trustees to be named in the proposed charter should stand as
follows : — Three persons elected by the Highland Society ; the Lord Provost
and another elected by the Town Council of Edinburgh ; the Lord Provost
and another elected by the Town Council of Glasgow ; one person elected by
each of the Universities of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and St Andrews ;
and one person elected by each of the Royal Colleges of Physicians and
Surgeons of Edinburgh ; the Principals of Edinburgh and Glasgow Veterinary
Colleges, and ten veterinary surgeons — in all, 25.

Dr Dalzell, Veterinary College, Edinburgh, thought it only respectful to
this Society, and in accordance with the wish of the whole veterinary profession
in Scotland, that he should return their thanks for the interest the Society had
taken in this matter. One objection which had been made to granting the
charter was that it had not been called for by the profession. A meeting of
veterinarians was accordingly called by circular, and held in 5 St Andrew
Square, at which upwards of one hundred members of the profession were
represented. He was glad to say that now upwards of 232 signatures had
been obtained to the memorial praying for a Scotch charter. About seventy
of the signatures were obtained in England and Ireland, but still as it was
estimated that the number of veterinarians in Scotland was not over 280, they
had thus obtained the signatures of upwards of two-thirds of the veterinary
profession.

Chemical Department.

Professor Anderson reported his proceedings in the chemical department.
He stated that the work done for the Society had been under the average,
although a considerable amount of heavy practical work had been accomplished.
He had advanced some distance in his investigations into the different sub-
stances used for smearing and dipping sheep ; but there was a great deal of
detail to be accumulated before he would venture to lay his results before the
Society. The general work of the department now included the supervision of
the field experiments, and this involved a great deal more work than he had
at all anticipated. He had now completed the second series of experiments,
and had been anxious to obtain some definite information and advice as to the
best mode of conducting these experiments. He had issued a schedule of
queries to a number of members of the Society, and was now awaiting the
returns.

Premiums Awarded for Essays and Eeports.

Mr Irvine of Drum reported the premiums which had been awarded for
essays and reports since last general meeting.

Premiums Offered for Essays and Reports.

Mr Irvine also announced the premiums for 1868, and stated that it was
proposed to vote L.290 for reports on subjects connected with the science and
practice of agriculture, L.35 for land improvements, L.50 for agricultural
machinery, and L.60 for woods and plantations — in all, L.435. The premiums
were approved of.

Mr Elliot, Laighwood, referred to the representations that had gone abroad,
and which he believed were quite unfounded, that a great many of the essays
which received prizes were locked up in the drawers of the Society, instead of
being published for the use of the public.

Mr Irvine of Drum said that this had been the fate of very few indeed of
the prize essays, and this had only taken place when the matter was felt not
to be of such general interest as to warrant publication. He did not believe
that L.50 had been spent on essays in twenty-five years which had not been
published.

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 29

Transactions for 1868.

Mr Irvine of Drum, chairman of the Committee on Publications,
reported that the Transactions for 1868 would be published in February. The
usual preliminary notice will be superseded, as the Directors have resolved to
include in the Transactions the proceedings at the half-yearly general meetings
as well as an abstract of the business at the Board meetings. In arranging
the order of publication, provision has been made for the separation of the
prize reports from the premium lists and other official documents. All reports
of experiments will in future be brought out, if possible, within a year of the
award, the Directors having with this view extended the Transactions to 22
sheets of 16 pages, in place of between 18 and 20 sheets. Estimates for
printing the Transactions were taken in June last, and the tender of Messrs
JSTeill & Company, of Edinburgh, was accepted. Messrs William Blackwood
& Sons, Edinburgh, have again been named publishers, and non-members
will be supplied with copies on application to them.

Improvement of Farm Buildings and Cottages.

The Hon. G. Waldegrave Leslie, M.P., drew attention to this subject,
remarking that in consequence of the difficulties encountered in London in
getting loans from the Enclosure Commissioners for improvements in Scot-
land, and of parties being tied down to plans which might be very suitable
for England, but which were quite unsuited for Scotland, there had come to
be an almost total cessation of the demands for moneys under these Acts. He
had had the honour of bringing the subject before Parliament, and every one
agreed with him that in the office of the Enclosure Commissioners there was
great ignorance displayed as to the wants of Scotland, and that the conditions
insisted in were quite inapplicable to Scotland. He had had the honour of
being a director of the Cottage Improvement Association, and he found that
very few demands had gone up to the commissioners, owing to these great
impediments. He had spoken to the Lord Advocate on the subject, who,
without committing himself to anything, had expressed himself favourable to
the object of the resolution which he now begged to propose, namely —

" That, inasmuch as the system of supervision of drainage and land im-
provements by local inspectors in Scotland, under the authority of the
Government Enclosure Commissioners, has been found to work in a
satisfactory manner, it is the opinion of the Highland and Agricultural
Society of Scotland that a like system of supervision as regards the plans
and erection of farm-buildings and cottages, under Improvement Acts, be
entrusted to the supervision of an architect in Scotland, to act under the
authority of the Government Enclosure Commissioners ; and that the
Bight Honourable the Lord Advocate be furnished with a copy of the
above resolution, and be requested to do his utmost to carry it into
effect."
Mr M'Lagan, M.P., seconded the motion. He said he had had the honour
of being a director of the Cottage Association, and brought the subject before
the meeting some time ago. The cottages which it was insisted should be
built in Scotland were similar to those in England, and differed so materially
from those required in Scotland, that it was found absurd to erect cottages
which would be very good for England, but were useless in this more
northern climate. He was most happy to second the motion, and he would
do all he could to support Mr Waldegrave Leslie here and in another place, if
he brought the proposal forward in the form of a bill.
The resolution was unanimously carried.

Mr M'Lagan proposed a cordial vote of thanks to the noble Marquis for
presiding. They must all rejoice to find him again taking an active part
in the business of the Society, for which he was so well fitted by his

30 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

thorough knowledge of practical agriculture. He hoped the noble Lord would
long be spared to take an active part in the Society's business.

The noble Marquis briefly acknowledged the compliment, expressing his
earnest desire to do all he could to promote the interests of agriculture and
the welfare of the Society.

This concluded the business of the meeting.

THE TESTIMONIAL TO EEV. PATEICK BELL.

At the close of the meeting of the Highland Society, the subscribers to the
Bell Testimonial remained to witness the presentation. The Marquis of
Tweeddale presided.

Mr Scot-Skirving, Camptoun, said he had the honour, as Convener of the
Committee of the Bell Testimonial, to request his Lordship to do the sub-
scribers the favour of presenting it. He might congratulate Mr Bell upon
the fact that he would receive the testimonial from his Lordship's hand ; and
they would all agree with him in thinking that he could not receive it from
more appropriate hands than those of so eminent an agriculturist and of so
eminent an inventor and improver of agricultural machines. Had Mr Bell
been as richly endowed with this world's goods as they could all have wished
him, they would have given him a handsome service of plate ; but, occupying
as he did one of the scantiest livings of the Church of Scotland, they had
thought it much more appropriate to give him a testimonial in money ; and
the little piece of silverplate which accompanied it was intended more as a
means by which he would be enabled to hand down a knowledge of the fact
to posterity. The salver bore the following inscription : —

" Presented to the Eev. Patrick Bell, minister of Carmyllie, with the sum
of L. , by a large number of his countrymen, in token of their ap-
preciation of his pre-eminent services as the inventor of the first efficient
reaping-machine. Constructed 1827. — Edinburgh, January 1868."
The committee were exceedingly anxious that they had been able to say that
the gross sum amounted to L.1000, and he was happy to say that, from
subscriptions which had been announced since they met, it was now only
about L.30 short of that sum ; and there was a simple way of making it up
by gentlemen adding to their subscriptions before they went away. He (Mr
Scot-Skirving) would take the liberty of making one remark with regard to
inventions. He had often heard it remarked that they were the result of
accident or chance. There was scarcely any great invention or any great
discovery in science of winch this had not been said. One of the most
hackneyed examples was the discovery of gravitation by the immortal Newton.
He had read a hundred times that the discovery was the result of Newton
seeing an apple fall. Now, apples had fallen since the time they first grew
in Eden ; but it was only when seen by Newton that the great idea flashed
across his mind. Now, he never had the pleasure of seeing Mr Bell before,
and he was not going to flatter him in his presence ; but to show that it was
not from accident he became an inventor, he would compare one passage in
his life with that of a very different man — Burns. Burns, in one of his best
poems — the poem in which he spoke of the thistle in a way which the
inventor of a reaping-machine or an agricultural society were not likely to do
— once, in his youth, on returning from the reaping-field, exclaims —

" I felt a wish — I mind its power—
A wish that to my latest hour

Will strongly heave my breast — ■
That I, for pair auld Scotland's sake,
Some useful plan or book might make,
Or sing a sang at least."

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 31

Now, lie (Mr Scot-Skirving) bad read in the earliest notices Mr Bell gave this
Society of the reaping-machine this account of the invention : — He said he
was coming home from seeing his father's reapers at work, and a strong wish
seized him to invent some machine to lighten the labour of his countrymen.
He saw a pair of garden shears hanging near, and that was his first idea of
clipping corn by machinery. Burns did not make " a useful plan," but he
sang songs which had cheered the baronial hall as well as the humble cabin ;
and Mr Bell, by his machine, had saved a world of trouble to the labouring
classes, and a vast sum of money to the agricultural world. It was now forty
years since this machine was invented ; and if this was a tardy acknowledg-
ment, they could at least say that it was the mature opinion of the people of
Scotland, founded on experience, that they were permanently indebted to the
invention of the reaping-machine in 1827 by the Rev. Patrick Bell. He
concluded by introducing Mr Bell to the meeting.

The Chairman, addressing Mr Bell, said he had been invited to attend
this meeting of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland in order
that they might mark in this public manner the high esteem they entertained
for his services to agriculture by the invention of " Bell's Reaping-Machine,"
the parent from which all the others had sprung, and which had been worked
with so much success at Mr Bell's late brother's farm of Inchmichael, as well
as in many other places in Scotland. He (the Chairman) believed he was
speaking the universal opinion of farmers when he said that the reaping-
machine came to their relief at a time when manual labour was very scarce in
all parts of the United Kingdom, and that the machine was most effective and
was most usefully used on many farms in the present day both in Scotland
and England. His own experience taught him that Mr Bell had received the
universal blessing of farm labourers, old and young, as he had saved their
backs from the dreadful torment they used to suffer when stooping to reap
the crops of corn with the sickle. At the same time, he had disgusted very
much the sportsmen of the country, who find now, instead of the long stubble,
that the corn was cut so short that it would scarcely conceal a sparrow.
(Laughter.) On the other hand, it worked very much to the delight of those
who felt an interest in a luxuriant crop of turnips, which an abundant crop of
straw generally produced. Although the public acknowledgment of Mr Bell's
services as the original inventor of the reaping-machine had been long de-
layed, his Lordship trusted that the public manner in which the compliment
was now paid would be not only satisfactory to himself but to his family. As
Chairman of this meeting, he congratulated Mr Bell on the success of his
invention, and presented him, in name of those who were reaping its benefits,
their gratitude, and also a lasting testimonial of the value that they put upon
his services, not only to this country, but to other portions of the world.
There was one point he would mention, which he was sure Mr Bell, as a
minister of the gospel, weuld be gratified to hear — namely, that he had been
instrumental in reducing the amount of immorality which was wont to prevail,
as this invention had done away with the necessity of having fifty or a hun-
dred people, young and old, in barns or all sorts of buildings and farm offices ;
and no person could answer for the amount of immorality that took place.
There seemed to be a very unanimous opinion as to the value of Mr Bell's
services. The subscription had not reached the amount required — it was
still L.30 short of L.1000 ; but he felt so grateful for the invention that he
would himself be most happy to make up that sum.

Mr Bell, on returning thanks to the Society, said— My Lord Marquis
and Gentlemen,— Although I cannot say that I am unaccustomed to public
speaking, the addresses that I am called upon to make weekly are of a very
different kind from that which may be expected of me this day, and I really
do not know what words I can use to express my feelings on this occasion,
the proudest day in my life. I have especially to thank the committee for

32 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

the trouble they have had in the matter. I have no doubt they have had a
great deal of anxiety, and no little exertion, before they were able to bring
their scheme to so favourable a termination on my account ; but so far as I
understand, they undertook the work, and finished it cheerfully. I have like-
wise to thank the subscribers generally for the handsome testimonial which
the Chairman has now presented to me. My feelings are very different this
day from what they were forty years ago — when I left my father's house on
a cold winter morning, took my seat upon the top of the Edinburgh coach —
(there were no railways in those days) — wended my way to the capital of
Scotland, for the purpose of making my first bow before this honourable
Society. On that occasion I was full of fears and trembling — afraid that my
invention should turn out a mere chimera, and trembling when I thought of
coming before learned and scientific men. I had a small wooden model of the
machine under my arm, which looked like anything rather than a design for
cutting corn. As my friends advised me before I started, I waited upon the
Secretary of the Society, the late Sir Charles Gordon, to hear what he would
say about it. Sir Charles looked over it, and after examining it attentively,
declared he was no mechanic, and, consequently, could give no opinion upon
the matter, but added, he would be glad to give me an introduction to a
celebrated mechanic who lived in the town — he alluded to the late Sir John
Graham Dalyell, a well-known and much respected gentlemen in his day.
He accordingly gave me an introduction to Sir John, and I went to his house
and showed and explained the model to him, which looked liker a rat-trap
than anything else I know of. Sir John looked at it, and said that it was a
very difficult thing to give a decided opinion upon the model of any contriv-
ance that would be able to cut a standing crop of corn in an efficient manner ;
but, so far as he was able to judge, the model looked like a thing that would
do so, and he recommended me to get a machine constructed upon the large
scale after the pattern of my model, and try it next harvest. This was the
first encouragement to prosecute the idea I had formed that I had received.
The horizon of my imaginings grew brighter, and I was able to speak, even
to Sir John, in more confident terms. When I got home, a large machine
was immediately set about being constructed ; it was finished before harvest,
started amongst the standing corn before it was ripe, and it worked very well,
and I was obliged to Sir John for the friendly advice he gave me. Had he
condemned the principle, it might never have gone a step further. You are
all as well acquainted with the machine as I am, so that it is quite unneces-
sary for me to take up the time of the Society by continuing its history. Sir
John Graham Dalyell gave it the first push, and you, to-day, have put on the
capstone. I can only again thank you for the distinguished honour you have
this day done me.

The meeting then separated.

[A small model of the Eeaping Machine made by Mr Bell many years ago
was exhibited on the table.]

PROCEEDINGS AT BOAED MEETINGS.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 6th FEBRUARY 1867.
Mr Dudgeon of Cargen in the Chair.

Chair of Agriculture. — The Secretary reported a correspondence with
the Treasury regarding the endowment of the Chair of Agriculture, which is
now under their Lordships' consideration.

Veterinary College. — Tuesday and Wednesday, the 16th and 17th
April, were fixed as the days for examining the students of the Edinburgh
Veterinary College for the Society's certificate.

Agricultural Education. — The days of examination of candidates for
the Society's agricultural certificate and diploma were reported to be the
12th and 13th March, candidates being required to lodge intimation on or
before the 1st of that month.

Testimonial to Rev. Patrick Bell.' — The Secretary reported that the
committee in charge of the testimonial to the Rev. Patrick Bell had held a
meeting that forenoon, when the form of the circulars to be sent to the
members of the Society, and of the Chamber of Agriculture and others, had
been approved of ; and that the subscriptions already intimated amounted to
above L.160.

Glasgow Show. — A vote of L.200 by the Town Council of Glasgow, in aid
of the Show, to be held there on the 30th and 31st July and 1st August next,
was reported. It was also intimated that the Magistrates had agreed to give
the Society the use of the Green for the purposes of a showyard, and had
resolved that no cattle should be permitted on the Green previous to the Show.
A proof of the premium sheet and regulations was submitted and approved
of ; and it was stated that the railway companies in Scotland had agreed to
give the usual free return to unsold stock and implements sent to the Show.

Ploughing Competitions. — Returns of forty-nine ploughing competitions
held in different districts of Scotland were reported, and the issue of a silver
medal to the winner of the first premium at each was authorised.

Dutch Hay. — It was unanimously resolved that another representation
should be made to the Privy Council on the subject of the importation of
Dutch hay, great danger being apprehended from the quantity now being
introduced for the use of horses and for packing purposes.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 6th MARCH 1867.
Mr Dudgeon of Cargen in the Chair.

"Transactions" for 1867. — The Transactions for 1867, including the
premium book and list of members, were laid on the table, and the Secretary
stated that the publishers were in course of issuing copies to those members
who had made application to receive them.

Cultivation by Steam. — The Secretary stated that the committee
appointed to report on cultivation by steam had held a meeting on the 20th
February, when it was resolved that the report should embrace the results of
two seasons, and that it should also contain information as to the expense of
ordinary horse ploughing. It was further reported that the chairman of the
committee (the Marquis of Tweeddale) had undertaken to prepare a set of
queries to be put to farmers regarding the general expense of horse ploughing,
and the names of several gentlemen were suggested as suitable parties for
giving information on the subject.

C

o-i PROCEEDINGS AT BOAED MEETINGS.

Veterinary College. — A letter from the Duke of Buccleuch, with refer-
ence to a veterinary charter for Scotland, was read ; and on the motion of
Mr Walker of Bowland, Mr Gillon of Wallhouse was unanimously appointed
to the office of chairman of the Standing Committee on the Veterinary
College, in room of Professor Goodsir.

Agricultural Education. — It was reported that six candidates had
intimated their intention of presenting themselves for examination for the
Society's agricultural certificate and diploma, and that the written examination
papers were in course of being prepared by the Board of Examiners on the
Science and Practice of Agriculture, Botany, Chemistry, and the other
branches named in the bye-laws.

Glasgow Show. — The Secretary mentioned that he had visited Glasgow
on the 4th March, along with the Society's Master of Works, for the purpose of
selecting a site for the showyard. Mr Monro, the town clerk, and other
officials, were present, and gave every assistance, and approved of the portion
of the Green chosen. The revisal of showyard specification, certificates of
entry, and contract for refreshments in the yard, &c, was remitted to the
Committee on General Shows.

Edinburgh Christmas Club. — A letter was read from the Secretary of
the Edinburgh Christmas Club, transmitting their rules, and requesting the
patronage and support of the Society. A communication from Mr Geddes,
Orbliston, supporting the application, was also read ; and the Directors re-
mitted the subject to the Committee on District Shows.

Proposed Show at Dundee. — A letter from Lord Kinnaird, with reference
to an Agricultural Show to be held at Dundee during the meeting of the British
Association in September next, was read. His Lordship mentioned that he
was endeavouring to arrange that it should take place under the united
auspices of the Perth, Fife, Kinross, and Clackmannan Society and the Angus
Association, and requested the assistance of the Society in the way of pre-
miums for stock, &c. The Secretary was instructed to communicate with his
Lordship and these associations, and report to the Committee on District
Shows.

Transit of Cattle by Kail, &c. — A pamphlet by Mr Reid, Granton,
entitled " The Story of of the Truck," sent by the author to the Society, was
laid on the table, and after considerable discussion the subject of the transit
of cattle by rail, sea, &c, was, on the motion of Mr Heddle of Melsetter,
remitted to a special committee, of which Mr Dudgeon of Cargen was named
convener.

Testimonial to Patrick Bell. — It was reported that subscriptions to
the testimonial to the Bev. Patrick Bell had been intimated to the amount of
L.570, and that the sum received was L.474. The Secretary regretted that
the subscriptions were not progessing so well as he could wish, but that as it
had been decided to send subscription-lists to all the bank agents in Scotland,
he hoped the result would be satisfactory.

Potato-Lifter. — A communication from Mr James Gibson, on behalf of
the potato merchants of Glasgow and the west of Scotland, requesting the
assistance of the Society in offering a premium for an improved potato-lifter,
was remitted to the Committee on the Glasgow Show.

PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS. 35

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 3d APRIL 1S67.
Lord Belhaven and Hamilton, K.T., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Agricultural Education. — The Secretary reported that the examinations
for the Society's agricultural certificate and diploma had been held on the 11th,
12th, and 13th March, when the following gentlemen passed the necessary ex-
aminations:— For Certificate and Diploma. — 1. Robert Brydon,Bumcastle, Ber-
wickshire ; 2. George Kent Walton, Long Compton, Warwickshire. For Cer-
tificate.— 1. James Cooper Bowstead, of Halkthorpe Hall, Penrith ; 2. Thomas
John Elliot, Wilton, Salisbury ; and a letter was read from Professor Wilson,
announcing that the prizes of L.6 and L.4 annually allowed by the Society to the
students who pass the best and second best examinations in the Agricultural
Class in the University of Edinburgh, had this year been awarded to — 1.
Richard George Scriven, Northamptonshire ;- 2. Robert Brydon, Burncastle,
Berwickshire. The prizes had, as usual, been given in books.

Veterinary College.— It was reported that at a meeting of the Veterinary
Committee, on the 27th ult., the examiners had been appointed, and other
preliminary arrangements had been made for the examination of the students
at the College Hall on the 16th and 17th current, between the hours of eleven
and four. On the recommendation of the committee, the Directors unani-
mously resolved to give silver medals as formerly to those who pass the best
examination on anatomy, physiology, chemistry, materia medica, cattle patho-
logy, horse pathology, and best general examination.

Glasgow Show, 1867. — The specification for the different fittings in con-
nection with the Glasgow Show, together with the plan of the ground, and
drawings of the various erections, which had been before the General Show
Committee on the 27th of March, were laid on the table. The Board approved
of the same, and authorised the Secretary to intimate to intending contractors
that the specification and relative plans would be seen at the Society's cham-
bers in Edinburgh ; or on application to the Local Secretaries, Messrs M'Cowan
and Brown, 87 St Vincent Street, Glasgow, between the 12th and 22d curt.
The usual letter addressed to the conveners in reference to the nomination of
the Committee of Superintendence was submitted, and the number from the
different counties was fixed as follows : — Lanark, 16 ; Renfrew, Argyll, and Ayr,
10 each ; Bute, 6 — in all, 52 ; besides the lords-lieutenant, vice-lieutenants,
conveners, and members of Parliament who ex officio belong to the committee.

Aberdeen Show, 1868. — Letters to the conveners of the counties connected
with the Aberdeen Show (Aberdeen, Banff, Kincardine, and eastern division
of Forfar), in reference to the auxiliary subscription, were submitted and
approved of.

District Shows. — A grant for this year was allowed to the Edinburgh
Christmas Club to the amount of L.50, to be offered in the form of special
prizes to be named by the Club and approved of by the Directors of the High-
land Society. The Secretary having brought under the notice of the meeting
that the district of Formartine, in Aberdeenshire, was entitled to the Society's
cattle premiums in 1868, the Directors resolved that they should be allowed to
be competed for this year, as all local shows in 1868 are in abeyance in Aber-
deenshire on account of the General Show being held there that year.

Grass Seeds from British Columbia. — The Secretary reported that in
the spring of 1866 the Society had received three communications from Mr
W. E. Cormack, New Westminster, British Columbia, transmitting four
samples of grass seeds indigenous to that district. In the first letter, Mr
Cormack says: —

" I beg to forward to you a little of the seed of the inestimable bunch grass
of British Columbia, celebrated on account of its nutritious qualities for
strengthening and fattening horses and horned cattle, and which, if introduced

36 PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS.

into some of the Highland districts of Scotland, might prove a valuable acqui-
sition. It grows only in the interior, not at the sea coast ; and in those
inland districts where artificial provender is not yet produced in any quantity,
horses, mules, and horned cattle gain strength and thrive upon it better than
upon any artificially grown food. The small quantity now sent in a letter is
merely a forerunner of more, which I mean to send to you by some other
mode of conveyance than by post.

" The first object is to ascertain if it will grow in Scotland. It thrives
better upon moist soil than upon dry. Its history has been little attended to,
and what is known of it is from the experience of transient equestrian travel-
lers and cattle dealers, who supply the miners in the districts with meat.
There are several varieties of it in different districts, all equally valuable. It
grows in large bunches, about one and a half to two feet in height, standing a
foot or two feet apart. When eaten down by cattle it is said not to grow
again from the same roots, wild sage taking its place. It is a question if it
produces seed every year ; and the seed may require two years to germinate.
The seed will likely enable you to give it a botanical place."

The second communication, dated 8th February 1866, is as follows : —
" On the 18th December last, I had the pleasure of addressing you, trans-
mitting a preliminary sample of the seed of a very valuable grass, called the
bunch grass, indigenous to the elevated interior parts of British Columbia, and
along the range of the Rocky Mountains, in the hope that upon trial such a
grass might prove valuable in the Highlands of Scotland. I have now the
pleasure of sending an additional sample."

Mr Cormack gives the following particulars concerning this plant, which
had been supplied to him by an observant traveller in the interior : — " The
nutritious qualities of the bunch grass of British Columbia are really surpris-
ing. It grows in very poor sandy, gravelly soil, and at very high altitudes,
even several thousand feet above the level of the sea, and seems to grow well
in places where there is little or no other vegetation. All kinds of live stock
fatten very rapidly on bunch grass ; and the packers in this country burn off
the old dry grass in the fall of the year, so that they may have a fresh supply
of young grass for their horses and mules in the spring. It makes very good
hay, and when perfectly dry loses none of its nutritious qualities."

With the third letter from Mr Cormack, the Society received three other
species of indigenous grasses from Lake la Hache, near the Cariboo district, as
well as the following particulars concerning them : —

" No. 1. Found on comparatively low ground ; height, 3 feet to 3 feet 6
inches. No. 2. A Timothy, on low, loamy soil and marshes ; height, 6 feet to 6
feet 6 inches. No. 3. Red top, found on comparatively low ground and marshes ;
height, 3 feet 3 inches to 3 feet 6 inches. The red top is allowed by graziers
and travellers to be equally valuable with the bunch grass ; and the other
two sorts, Nos. 1 and 2, are evidently well worth a trial."

Under the instructions of the Directors, the late Secretary lost no time in
placing the seeds, along with the explanatory notes, in the hands of two emi-
nent nurserymen of Edinburgh (Messrs Robert T. Mackintosh and Peter S.
Robertson), who kindly undertook to prove the seeds ; and the reports of
these gentlemen have just been received.

Mr Mackintosh's statement is as follows : — " Referring to the grasses that
were sent to me by the late Mr Hall Maxwell to prove and report upon, I
beg to say that I sowed said seeds, and watched their growth very narrowly.
I have to inform you, however, that out of the four samples sent me only two
vegetated — No. 1 and No. 4 — and which are quite up to the description that
ttccompanied them. No. 1, in my opinion, is too much allied to the bent
grasses of our country to be any great acquisition to our already numerous family
of grasses. No. 4 I think differently of, from its appearance and succulent na-
ture ; growing on poor soils in high situations, it might prove a very valuable

PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS. 37

addition to the Italian grass family, which, inappearance, it very much resembles,
with this in its favour over the Italian of evidently being much hardier."

Mr Robertson's report is in the following terms : — " In reply to your favour
of this date (30th March), regarding the Columbian grass seeds which I re-
ceived from the late Mr Hall Maxwell, I had them all sown on carefully pre-
pared ground iii April 1866, and the following is the result : — 1st, Grass from
Lake la Hache came up pretty well, produced broad, short, soft leaves in
abundance, came into flower in August, appeared to be a species of Bromus ;
the panicles grew to a height of 1 to It? feet, but had no fertile seeds. The
plants had no covering during last winter, and they are looking very fresh and
healthy at present. I notice that the growth made by the leaves at this date
is far earlier than our ordinary grasses, and looks as if it would be nearly as
early as Bromus Schraderii. I intend to separate the stools during April to
increase the plants, and to see if the second year's herbage be stronger than
the first year's. 2d, Timothy grass, from same lake as above — only three or
four plants of this parcel grew ; these did not flower last year, are at present
quite healthy, and resemble the common Timothy in every respect, but that
they are growing much earlier. I purpose to divide the plants of this also,
and as it belongs to a more promising family than the Bromii as a forage
grass, I have a hope it may be worth attention. 3d, Fescue Grass. — Grew
wrell, leaves long, very narrow, is distinct from any of the cultivated sorts, the
herbage scanty, no flowers produced, and about half of the plants killed during
the winter. I suspect this parcel contained two species. The seeds did not
look different, but the result as to hardiness seems to indicate a mixture. Of
the other parcels none grew with me, and I fear that no further germination
can be expected this year."

Native Sheep of British Columbia. — Mr Cormack added, in his letter
of the 8th February 1866, that he had been endeavouring to obtain a living
lamb or two of the native sheep of British Columbia to send to the Society,
with the view of experimenting for the improvement of the wool or carcass, or
both, of some of the breeds of Great Britain ; and if he was fortunate enough,
he was to devise some means of sending them to Edinburgh ; but from a letter
recently received (dated 20th November 1866), it appears he did not succeed
in procuring any. He promises, however, to spread his endeavours next
spring to more localities where these animals are met with, when he hopes for
better success. The nearest mountains to New Westminster for the sheep lie
about one hundred miles to the eastward. Mr Cormack states that the mutton
of these wild sheep is admitted by all who have partaken of it to be superior
to any in Europe ; while the fleece or hair is very coarse, somewhat similar to
that of the rein or other deer, and of a brown-grey colour.

The California Quail. — Mr Cormack further mentions in his last letter
that the California quail has of recent years been successfully introduced into
British Columbia, and offers to send specimens to the Society. It is stated to
be a hardy, handsome, and good-sized bird. It is first placed with domestic
poultry (with which it agrees and feeds, and breeds from choice) outside of
the yard, and then soon spreads over the country. In British Columbia, even
in districts covered almost entirely with dense pine forests, where the winter
is as long and severe as in Scotland, it thrives seemingly as well as in parts of
California, where forest trees are widely scattered, and under an almost per-
petual summer. The birds propagate very fast, and would seem to breed in
California throughout nearly the year. They are esteemed the most delicate
bird there for the table. They like to harbour near the habitation of man,
as if for security against beasts of prey, which devour them in immense
quantities. They will lay eggs though deprived of their liberty, but will not
hatch them in confinement.

The Secretary was instructed to thank Mr Cormack for the interest he had
taken in procuring seeds, &c.? for the Society.

38 PROCEEDINGS AT BOAED MEETINGS.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 1st MAY 1867.
Lord Belhaven and Hamilton, K.T., Vice-President, in the Chair.

General Meeting. — The Half-yearly General Meeting of the Society was
fixed to be held on Wednesday the 19th of June, being the week after the
closing of the entries for the Glasgow Show.

Glasgow Show. — Tenders for enclosing and fitting up the showyard to be
erected on Glasgow Green were reported from eight builders, three belonging
to Edinburgh and five to Glasgow. The estimate by Messrs John Wather-
ston & Sons, Edinburgh, was accepted, being L.180 less than the lowest
Edinburgh offer, and L.90 under the lowest from Glasgow. It was resolved
that the head-quarters of the Society, when in Glasgow on the occasion of the
Show, should, as in 1850 and 1857, be at the Queen's Hotel. The arrange-
ments as to the public banquet, refreshments in the yard, and provender for
stock, were remitted to the Committee on General Shows. On the mo-
tion of Mr Geddes, Orbliston, seconded by Mr Heddle of Melsetter, it was
agreed that sleeping accommodation, as at Inverness, should be supplied
within the Glasgow showyard for the men in charge of stock, exhibitors who
are desirous of availing themselves of such accommodation being required,
when making their entries, to specify the number of men for whom it is
required.

Veterinary College. — After the report of the examination for the
Society's veterinary certificate had been submitted, a correspondence was read
in reference to obtaining a veterinary charter for Scotland ; and it was re-
mitted to the Society's Veterinary Committee to draw up a memorial to the
Privy Council on the subject. The Secretary having stated that Professor
Hallen had resigned his appointment as Professor of Veterinary Surgery to
the Society, in consequence of his being required to return to his duties under
his commission in Her Majesty's Indian Service, the following resolution was
unanimously adopted : — ' ' The Board cannot accept Professor's Hallen's
resignation of the appointment of Professor of Veterinary Surgery to the
Highland and Agricultural Society without recording in their minutes its sense
of the value of his services as Professor of Veterinary Surgery in the Edinburgh
Veterinary College, and the great regret with which his resignation of that
office has been received."

The following letter, from Mr Gillon of Wallhouse to the Secretary of the
Jockey Club, London, in reference to a recent rule of the Club, was read : —

" Wallhouse, Bathgate, April 29, 1867.
" Sir, — As chairman of the Veterinary Committee of the Highland and
Agricultural Society of Scotland, I beg to call your attention to No. 15 of the
Jockey Club Rules, regarding certificates for foreign horses — ' to be signed by
a veterinary surgeon being a member of the Royal College of Veterinary
Surgeons ' — and to request your consideration whether it would not be desir-
able to add thereafter, ' or holder of the Highland and Agricultural Society's
diploma ' — such graduates for many years past having been eligible for the
army, as well as for all civil appointments. — I am, Sir, your most obedient
servant, (Signed) "A. Gillon."

Argyll Naval Fund. — On the recommendation of the Committee in
charge of Argyll Naval Fund, of which Admiral Sir William J. Hope John-
stone, K.C.B., is chairman, a fifth naval cadet (Mr George Pirie, RN., a
native of the island of Mull) was added to the list of recipients.

The fund was instituted in 1806 by the donation of L.1000 from the late
John, fifth Duke of Argyll (the original President of the Highland Society),
for the purpose of assisting in the maintenance and education of the sons of
Highland gentlemen destined for the royal navy. The donation was allowed
to accumulate till 1826, when it amounted to L.2314, and, under the prudent

PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS. 39

control of the finance and other committees of the Society, a sum of L.270O
has, during the last forty years, been expended on naval students. The fund
now amounts to above L.5200, invested in heritable and other securities, and
the revenue is fully capable of meeting five allowances of L.40.

Field Experiments. — At a meeting of the Committee on Field Experi-
ments held yesterday, it was arranged, and subsequently sanctioned by the
Directors, that the experiments for season 1867 should be similar to those
made in 1866', which are fully described in the last number of the " Society's
Transactions." The details to be carried out by Dr Anderson and a sub-
committee.

Edinburgh Christmas Club. — Permission was given to the committee in
charge of the Edinburgh Christmas Club to hold the first general meeting of
the Club in the Society's Hall, on Wednesday the 5th of June.

Testimonial to Rev. Patrick Bell. — The Secretary reported that the
subscriptions received to the testimonial to the Rev. Patrick Bell for bis
services in connection with the reaping-machine, amounted to L.709, 19s. 6d.,
and that several additional sums had been intimated. As there are sub-
scription papers at all the banks in Scotland, and returns are to be received
by the beginning of June from the several agencies, it is expected that the
additional sum obtained through tliis channel will raise the subscriptions
considerably. , •

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 5th JUNE 1867.
Mr Dudgeon of Cargen in the Chair.

Glasgow Show. — The committees named by the counties of Lanark, Ayr,
Argyll, Renfrew, Bute, and Arran were submitted, and a large deputation of
Directors was appointed to be present at the Show on the 30th and 31st July
and 1st August. Wednesday next being the last day for taking in entries,
the Secretary reported that he would attend at the Queen's Hotel, Glasgow,
on the 11th and 12th curt., to receive certificates and to close the list ; and
that a meeting of the General Committee would be held there on Wednesday
the 12th curt., at two o'clock.

Professor of Veterinary Surgery. — On the recommendation of the
Society's Veterinary Committee, Mr W. Williams, of Bradford — who was
recently elected Principal of the Dick College, Edinburgh — was unanimously
appointed Professor of Veterinary Surgery to the Society. Mr Williams is a
graduate of the Edinburgh Veterinary College, and holds the Society's veteri-
nary certificate or diploma. The other business transacted had chiefly refer-
ence to the arrangements for the general meeting of the Society on the 19th,
the proposed royal veterinary charter for Scotland, the printing of the
Society's Transactions, and the awards for reports in competition for pre-
miums.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 19th JUNE 1867.

The Duke of Buccleuch, President of the Society, in the Chair.

Transaction of business preparatory to the general meeting of this date.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 3d JULY 1867.
Mr Gray, Southfield, in the Chair.

The business had reference to Chair of Cattle Pathology, Veterinary
Charter, and Estimates for Printing the Society's Transactions, when the offer
by Messrs Neill & Company was accepted.

40 PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 21st AUGUST 1867.

Mr Gillon of Wallhouse in the Chair.

The business had reference to the Glasgow Show, Chair of Cattle Pathology,
and Selection of Reports for Publication.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 9th OCTOBER 1867.

Mr Gray, Southfield, in the Chair.

The business had reference to the Chair of Cattle Pathology, Veterinary
Charter for Scotland, and Aberdeen and Edinburgh Shows.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 6th NOVEMBER 1867.
Mr Dudgeon of Cargen in the Chair.

Aberdeen Show, 1868. — Money premiums to the amount of about L.1300
were allocated to the different classes of stock, which have been for some time
before the public ; and it was resolved that the third prize in all these classes
should be the medium silver, in place of the bronze medal, which has been in
existence since 1857. In the poultry class, 65 silver and 65 bronze medals
were recommended. At the request of the Aberdeen district, 50 sovereigns
were appropriated as a special prize for the best thoroughbred entire horse.
The days of the Show were suggested to be the 28th, 29th, and 30th July.

Proposed Show at Edinburgh in 1869. — A requisition for a Show to be
held at Edinburgh in 1869, signed by a number of members of the Society,
was submitted to the meeting of the Board on the 9th of October, when the
Directors resolved to recommend to the next general meeting to comply with
the request, and remitted to the Committee on General Shows to suggest the
classes of stock for which premiums will be afterwards offered. At a meeting
of the committee, held to-day, the classes were named and subsequently
approved of by the Directors, the list to be submitted to a meeting of mem-
bers in the district of the proposed Show — namely, the counties of Edinburgh,
Haddington, and Linlithgow.

Veterinary College. — The opening of the session 1867-68, on the 30th
of October, by an inaugural address from Professor Williams, and the induction
of Mr MacBride to the new Chair of Cattle Pathology, which took place the
same day, were reported.

Office-bearers for 1868. — It was remitted to the Committee on Office-
bearers to report on the vacancies which occur at the next general meeting in
January.

Premium Book for 1868. — It was likewise remitted to the Committee on
Premiums for Subjects connected with the Science and Practice of Agriculture,
and on Woods and Plantations, to revise the lists for next year.

District Shows. — The various reports of local competitions which have
taken place during the current year in almost every county in Scotland were
referred to the committee in charge of that department ; and, at the same
time, to consider the applications for new grants for 1868.

Papers in Competition. — A list of the reports received in competition for
premiums offered in 1867 was laid on the table, and committees were named
to read and report on their merits.

Cultivation by Steam-Power. — Copies of queries to be answered by
farmers as to the cultivation of land by horse-power, which have been exten-

PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS. 41

sively circulated in Scotland, were laid on the table. The answers are to be
returned before the 31st of December, and will form part of the report on steam
cultivation, which has been for some time in charge of a special committee of
the Society.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 22d NOVEMBER 1867.

Mr Dudgeon of Cargen in the Chair.

The business had relation to appointment of Deputation to wait on the
President of the Board of Trade, on 26th November, in regard to the Vete-
rinary Charter for Scotland.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 4th DECEMBER 1867.

The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberrt, K.G., President of the Society,
and afterwards Mr Dudgeon of Careen, in the Chair.

Veterinary Charter for Scotland. — Mr Campbell Swinton of Kim-
merghame reported the proceedings of the deputation which waited on his
Grace the Duke of Richmond, President of the Board of Trade, on the 26th
November, on the subject of a veterinary charter for Scotland, the substance
of which has already appeared in the newspapers.

General Meeting. — The next half-yearly general meeting of the Society
was fixed, in terms of the charter, for the 15th of January, and the programme
of business to come before the Society was arranged and approved of.

Office-bearers for 1868. — The report of the committee appointed to
suggest names to fill the vacancies which occur at the general meeting was
given in, and the Secretary was instructed to communicate with the noblemen
and gentlemen proposed before publishing their names.

Endowment of the Chair of Agriculture. — A deputation from the
Senatus Academicus of the University of Edinburgh, consisting of Dr Lyon
Playfair, C.B., Dr Christison, and Dr Balfour, waited on the Directors in
regard to the endowment of the Chair of Agriculture in the University ; and,
after a lengthened conversation, consideration of the subject was, on the
motion of Mr Irvine of Drum, remitted to the following committee : — Mr
Campbell Swinton, convener ; Dr Playfair, Dr Balfour, Mr Dudgeon of
Cargen, Mr Newton of Castlandhill, Mr Russell, Pilmuir, and Mr Hope,
Fenton Barns.

Premium Book for 1868. — Certain subjects for which premiums had been
offered in the list for 1867 were deleted, approved papers having been
received. Amongst the new subjects are : — Reports — On the agriculture of
East Lothian ; on the duties of the veterinary surgeon in the examination of
horses as to soundness ; on pleuro-pneumonia — its reported disappearance
during the restrictions on the movement of cattle — its reappearance when the
restrictions were removed — and the best method to be adopted for its eradica-
tion ; on disinfecting agents, especially of sulphurous acid and carbolic acid
for preventing attacks of cattle plague and pleuro-pneumonia, or in extiripating
the diseases when they have appeared ; and on the profitable extension of the
poultry department in a mixed farm in Scotland.

District Competitions. — The report of the committee was given in, and
bears that next year competitions will take place in thirty-one districts for
cattle, horses, sheep, swine, and dairy produce ; and that about 180 silver
medals will be given to local associations in various parts of the country for
stock, seeds, roots, best kept cottages and gardens, &c.

Aberdeen Show, 1868. — The Secretary reported having attended a meet-
ing at Aberdeen on the 29th November, when the premium list, as printed,
had been approved of, except in reference to the services of the first prize

42 PROCEEDINGS AT BOAED MEETINGS.

thoroughbred horse, the members in the Aberdeen district being of opinion
that the owner should be bound to travel the horse through the season, or the
following season, in the district. He read a letter from Major Ramsay of
Barra, begging of the Directors to reverse their decision ; and there was laid
on the table a memorial from members in Aberdeenshire, stating "that with
a view to meet the difficulty that the L.50 prize alone does not form a sufficient
inducement, the committee proposed that an equal sum be raised in the
district by subscription, making the prize up to L.100 — on the understanding
that the Directors consented to annex the condition stated to the prize."
The Secretary stated that a very strong feeling had been exhibited at Aber-
deen on the subject, and after some discussion, in the course of which
Mr Irvine of Drum urged on the Directors to agree to the memorial, it
was moved by Mr Dudgeon, seconded by Mr Heddle of Melsetter, and unani-
mously agreed, to acquiesce in the prayer of the memorial, and to attach
a condition to the premium that the horse shall be bound to serve in the
district.

Mr Irvine of Drum, convener of the county of Aberdeen, was named
chairman of committee of superintendence for the show.

Edinburgh Show, 1869. — It was reported that a meeting of members
connected with the district of the Show proposed to be held at Edinburgh in
1869 had been held on the 27th of last month, when the list of classes of
stock had been adjusted. The additions then made in the class of extra
horses were sanctioned by the Board yesterday ; and on the suggestion of Mr
Kinloch, yr. of Gilmerton, a section for three-year old mares or geldings,
suitable for field, was added. The list, as amended, will be submitted to the
next general meeting for final approval.

Finance. — A statement of the funds at the close of the financial year on
the 30th November was submitted, and it was mentioned that an abstract of
the income and expenditure would, as usual, be published next month, after
being prepared by Mr Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A., the Society's auditor, who
is now in possession of the accounts.

Argyll Naval Fund. — Admiral Sir William J. Hope Johnstone, K.C.B.,
chairman of the Standing Committee on the Argyll Naval Fund, submitted
a printed statement containing remarks on the origin and management
of the fund, which he had drawn up for the information of members of
the Society. On the motion of Mr Dudgeon of Cargen, a vote of thanks was
given to Sir William Hope Johnstone, to whom, he said, the good manage-
ment of the fund was in a great measure due.

Miscellaneous Communications. — Letters from Mr Johnston, Bock-
mount, Newton-Stewart, Ireland, on the cause and cure of finger-and-toe in
turnips, and from Mr Mason of Meadowbank, Edinburgh, on experiments
with sewage manure, were laid on the table.

Testimonial to Rev. Batrick Bell. — The Secretary stated that the
presentation of the testimonial to the Rev. Patrick Bell, the inventor of the
reaping-machine, would take place at the general meeting of the Society on
the 15th of January. The sum received amounted to L.929, 17s., but the
committee in charge of the testimonial hoped that it would be considerably
increased before the meeting.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 8th JANUARY 1868.
Mr Dudgeon of Cargen in the Chair.

6

Death of the Right Hon. Sir George Clerk, Bart., Honorary
Secretary of the Society. — Before proceeding to the business of the day,
the Directors resolved, on the motion of the Chairman, to record in their
minutes the deej) regret with which they regard the death of the Right Hon.

PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS. 43

Sir George Clerk of Penicuik, Bart., and to express their sense of the valuable
assistance which the Society had for many years received from him as Honorary
Secretary, and as a member of the Council on Agricultural Education.

General Meeting. — The business to come before the Society at the half-
yearly general meeting, on the 15th current, was arranged as follows : — 1.
Office-bearers to be elected ; 2. Election of members ; 3. Accounts for 1866-67 ;
4. Bye-law as to execution of deeds ; 5. Glasgow Show (1867) — Votes of
thanks to Local Authorities ; 6. Arrangements in regard to Aberdeen Show
(1S68); 7. Requisition from Edinburgh district for Show in 1869 ; 8. District
Shows ; 9. Report of Special Committee on Endowment of Chair of Agri-
culture; 10. Proceedings in regard to Veterinary Charter ; 11. Dr Anderson's
Report on the Chemical Department ; 12. Premiums awarded for Essays and
Report ; 13. Contents of No. 3 (fourth series) of the Transactions.

Testimonial to Rev. Patrick Bell. — It was reported that at a meeting
of the committee, held yesterday, it had been resolved that the testimonial
to the Rev. Patrick Bell should be presented after the general meeting on the
15 th curt.

Veterinary Charter. — The Secretary reported that he had summoned
the Veterinary Committee on the 20th of December to meet, in conjunction
with the Town Council Veterinary Committee, a deputation of veterinary
surgeons, and he read to the Board the minute showing that a largely increased
representation had been granted to veterinarians in the constitution of the
proposed college. The minute was approved of.

Chair of Agriculture. — The report by the Special Committee, appointed
on the 4th of December to consider the endowment of the Chair of Agriculture
in the Edinburgh University, was read and accepted, but remitted to Drs
Playfair and Balfour for additional explanation previous to being brought
before the next meeting of Directors and the general meeting of the Society.

Finance. — Mr Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A., the Society's auditor, submitted
abstracts of the accounts for 1866-67, together with a state of the funds at
30th November last, signed by himself and two members of the Finance Com-
mittee. The detailed accounts will be laid before the general meeting on
Wednesday next, along with printed abstracts.

Essays and Reports. — On the recommendation of the Reading Committee,
premiums were awarded for various reports, which will be announced at the
general meeting.

Drainage by means of a Siphon.

A communication from Mons. Cretin Borne, dated 39 Devon Street, Eglin-
ton Street, Glasgow, December 1867, of which the following is a translation,
was submitted : —

" Being possessor of a new system of draining, I take the liberty of com-
municating it to you, and if it can be employed with advantage in the interest
of agriculture as well as health, I shall be happy to see it adopted.

"This method consists of an intermittent siphon, made of pipes of such
dimensions as may be required, of metal, wood, or by preference glazed
earthenware, as less expensive and more desirable. The pipes should be laid
in the following manner : —

" 1. The pipes should be placed at a certain depth in the ground so as not
to be affected by frost ; they may follow the variations of the level of the land,
provided, however, that the highest part does not rise higher than from 28 to
30 feet above the level of the water in the basins.

" 2. There should be a receiving or catch-water basin of stone, brick, or wood,
the bottom of which should be 3 feet below the level of the lowest part of the
ground to be drained, and into which the water will arrive by trenches slightly
inclined cut in the ground. One of the extremities of the siphon should bo
immersed in that basin at the height of a foot above the bottom.

44 PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS.

" 3. A second basin, like the first, and fixed at the same level, should be
constructed at the outlet of the siphon, that outlet being at the place thought
most suitable for the discharge of the water, whatever may be the distance to
be traversed ; this basin we will call the outlet basin. The outlet of the siphon
or main pipe should there be fixed, and immersed at the same level as its inlet
at the receiving basin. There will be in the upper part of this outlet basin an
opening some inches in depth of a size calculated and proportioned to the
quantity of water which it will have to discharge.

" 4. At the highest part of the siphon or pipe there will be a branch of some
inches in length, fitted with a strong cock, to which there may be connected a
suction pump for making a vacuum in the pipes once for all.

" 5. The end of the siphon fixed in the outlet basin, before making the
vacuum, should be tightly and hermetically closed, so as to prevent the air
getting in. The vacuum having been once obtained, the pump will begin to
draw water, and then the cock should be shut immediately, and the pump
carried away for good.

" We must then go to the outlet basin, open the pipe, and the water will in-
stantly begin to flow. The flow of water will only cease when the land drains
shall cease to supply the receiving basin. The flow having ceased, the two
basins will remain filled with water at the same level, and the main pipe
forming the siphon will remain full of stagnant water by the effect of the
atmospheric pressure exercised equally upon the water of the two basins. The
water will not again begin to flow of itself except when, in consequence of rain,
the drains begin to supply water to the receiving basin, so as to raise the
level of the water in it. The two basins should be surrounded by walls, and
covered so as to prevent the walls freezing in the winter, and furnished with
a grating to protect it from all mishaps. The branch pipe at the summit
of the siphon should be equally secured from any unforeseen accident. I do
not think I need give more ample details. If you would like to try the
experiment, which can take place in any locality, I shall be very glad to
place myself at your orders, provided you give me two days' notice, so as to
prepare. The expense of that would not exceed five guineas. The experi-
ment would be made with cubes of lead arranged with boxes for basins."

The Secretary stated that he had placed Mons. Borne's letter in the
hands of Professor Macquorn Rankine, who had transmitted the following
report : —

" Remarks on Mons. Cretin Borne's proposed method of drainage by means
of a Siphon.

«

1. There can be no doubt that cases frequently occur in which the method
of drainage proposed by M. Cretin Borne, by means of a siphon pipe, would
be very useful. It is certain also that the method is quite practicable, and
that there would be no serious difficulties in carrying it into effect.

" 2. It must be observed, however, that it is only when the siphon pipe is
very short that its summit can be raised to 28 or 30 feet above the level of
the water in the discharge or outlet basin, because of the necessity for
making an allowance for the friction in the pipe. The effect of that friction
can be calculated by rules to be found in any treatise on hydraulics.

" 3. It must also be observed that the exhausting pump at the summit of
he siphon ought to be kept always ready for use when required, for all water
contains air in suspension, and that air disengages itself by degrees when the
water is exposed to a diminished pressure ; and there is thus a tendency to
the slow and gradual accumulation of air at the summit of a siphon.

" 4. The method of drainage by means of siphon pipes has already been
put in practice in this country on a very large scale, and with perfect success.
Annexed is a very brief account of the work referred to, which was executed
in 1862. A detailed description by the engineer, John Hawkshaw, Esq.,

PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS. 45

F.R.S., was published in the 'Transactions of the Institution of Civil
Engineers ' for 1863.

(Signed) " W. J. Macquorn Rankine,
" Consulting Engineer to the Highland and Agricultural
" Society of Scotland.
" Glasgow, 17th December 1867."

From Professor Rankine's " Civil Engineering." Addendum to article 424,
page 728.

"Siphons for Tidal Drainage. — The waters of the middle level drainage
canal are discharged over the top of an embankment, through sixteen parallel
siphons, each of 3h feet bore and 1^ inch thick. The summits of the siphons
are 20 feet above, and their lower ends 1^ foot below low water of spring
tides. They have flap valves, opening down stream, at both ends ; the lower
valve can be made fast with a bridle when required. The air is exhausted
from their summits, when required, by an air-pump having three cylinders
of 15 inches diameter and 18 inches stroke, driven by a high-pressure steam-
engine of ten-horse power. The floor of the canal at the inlets and outlets is
protected by a wooden apron." — J. Hawlcshaw, C.E., F.B.S., in the Proceedings
of the Institution of Civil Engineers, April 1863.

The Secretary was instructed to thank Mons. Cretin Borne for his com-
munication, and to send him a copy of the remarks by Professor Macquorn
Rankine.

Farming in South Africa. — The following communication, addressed to
the Secretary, by Mr J. J. Pratt, Consul-General, South African Republic,
was submitted : —

" Consulate, South African Republic,

69 Fenchurch Street, E.C.,

London, 16th December 1867.

" Sir, — From your general knowledge of the agricultural interest in your
locality, I have the honour to address you, not with the view of promoting
emigration so much as opening a medium through which information may be
disseminated relative to the South African Republic, which up to lately has
been very little known, but is daily attracting increased attention, few coun-
tries offering equal advantages in pasturage, water, or general fertility of soil
for sheep farming, cattle breeding, or general agriculture — the pursuits of the
greater part of its 25,000 white inhabitants. All who have had the oppor-
tunity of judging admit that no country enjoys a more healthy climate,
rendered cool by its altitude, and in every way well suited to the constitution
of Europeans.

" Coffee, tobacco, sugar, and other tropical products, are grown in suitable
localities; while on the higher lying lands, similar to ' New Scotland' and
' Industria,' the finest wheat, cereals, and fruit thrive ; indeed, farming
common to England is most successfully carried on.

" Land at present being very cheap, will of itself be a safe and profitable
investment, from the fact that it is intended to construct either a cheap line of
railway, tramway, or road suitable for traction engines from the capital to the
new settlements, and such other main roads, that will reduce the distance and
decrease the cost of transport of produce.

"With such increased facilities, the South African Republic, otherwise
known as the Transvaal, is destined to become the storehouse of South Africa,
supplying the neighbouring States with grain and other cereals at present
imported from foreign markets.

" As Consul-General for the country, I have received commissions from
residents to find suitable purchasers for nine farms, of 6000 acres each, sever-
ally suited for sheep-runs, cattle, coffee, and general farming, diagrams of
which I am expecting. As there may be from time to time further commis-

4G PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1867.

sions, it is my desire to appoint some party in connection with each Club as
agent on commission to whom I could forward diagrams of farms for sale,
with general information, and thus privately be the means of, I trust, pointing
out a country the great natural advantages of which, both in a mineral
and agricultural sense, is destined, as it becomes more known, to attract
equal attention to Australia and New Zealand.

" I am expecting the Finance Minister by this or next month's mail, and
shall be happy to forward information for the use of your Club, or those who
may have sons or friends who contemplate leaving England.

"Any suggestion you make in furtherance of this object I shall feel great
pleasure in receiving. — I am, Sir, yours very truly, J. J. Pratt."

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 15th JANUARY 1868.
Mr Dudgeon of Cargen in the Chair.
The business had relation to the subjects to be brought forward at the
General Meeting of this date.

PEEMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1867.

I— EEPORTS.

1. L.30 to the Rev. John Gillespie, A.M., Mouswald Manse, Dumfriesshire,

for a Report on the Agriculture of Dumfriesshire.

2. L.20 to Christopher Young Michie, forester, Cullen House, Banffshire, for

a Report on Larch Forests in Scotland.

3. The Gold Medal or L.10 to Robert E. Brown, agent to Major Stapylton,

Wass, Oswaldkirk, Yorkshire, for a Report on the Formation and
Management of Young; Plantations.

4. The Gold Medal to James Purves, Lochend, Thurso, for a Report of the

Reclamation of Waste Land on the farms of Lochend and Syster,
in the county of Caithness.

5. The Gold Medal to Harry Shaw, Bogfern, Tarland, for a Report of Ex-

periments on the Comparative Productiveness of Turnips in 1866.

6. The Gold Medal or L.10 to Russell Swanwick, Whittington, Chesterfield,

for a Report of Experiments on the Action of Different Top-dressings
on Wheat, Grass, and Cabbage in 1866.

7. The Medium Gold Medal or L.5 to Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie, Kirk-

liston, for a Report on Pruning the Rarer Conifera?.

8. The Medium Gold Medal or L.5 to Christopher Young Michie, forester,

Cullen House, for a Report on Trees not Liable to be Destroyed by
Rabbits.

9. The Medium Gold Medal or L.5 to John Milne, Mains of Laithers, Turriff,

for a Report of Experiments on the Comparative Productiveness of
Turnips in 1866.

10. The Silver Medal to Ralph Carr, Hedgely, Alnwick, for a Report on the

Silver Alder as a Nurse Plant to Oak.

1 1. The Silver Medal to Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie, for a Report on

Trees not Liable to be Destroyed by Rabbits.

12. The Silver Medal to John Morrison, Coney Park Nursery, Stirling, for

a Report on the Corsican Fir.

13. The Silver Medal to William Gilchrist, Forester, Castlemilk, Glasgow, for

a Report on the Formation and Management of Young Plantations.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 18G7. 47

II.— GLASGOW SHOW, 18G7.
Class I.— CATTLE.

AYRSHIRE.

Section

1. Bulls calved before 1st January 1865. — Premiums, L.20 — L.10 — and

Bronze Medal. Breeder of best Bull — Silver Medal. 1st. Robert
Wilson, Forehouse, Kilbarchan. 2d. W. A. MacLacldan of Auchen-
troig, Balfron. 3d William Buchanan, Coxithill, Stirling. Com-
mended— John Stewart, Bumside, Strathaven. Breeder of best Bull
— Robert Kerr, Wattieston, Kilbirnie.

2. Bulls calved after 1st January 1865. — Premiums, L.20 — L.10 — and

Bronze Medal. 1st. John Dick, Shirrel, Bellshill. 2d Robert Wil-
son, Forehouse, Kilbarchan. 3d. John Parker, Broomlands, Irvine.
Commended — John Craig, Jellyhill, Bishopbriggs.

3. Bulls calved after 1st January 1866. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and Bronze

Medal. 1st John Fleming, Meadowbank Cottage, Strathaven. 2d.

David Forrester, Woodcockdale Cottage, Linlithgow. 3d. John

Fleming, Meadowbank Cottage, Strathaven. Commended — Arch.

Gall, Benthall, East Kilbride.
First Prize Cows at former Shows — Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.

Glasgow, 1857, when the property of James Frew, Balmalloch —
" Premium." — The Duchess-Dowager of Athole, Dunkeld.

Inverness, 1865, when the property of the present Exhibitor — "White-
legs." — The Duchess-Dowager of Athole, Dunkeld.

4. Cows, in milk, calved before 1st January 1864. — Premiums, L.20 — L.10 —

and Bronze Medal. 1st. John Jackson, Barnhill, Blantyre. 2d,
James Cleland, Bellshill, Bothwell. 3d. William Wilson, South Big-
gart, Beith. Commended — Robert Wilson, Forehouse, Kilbarchan.

5. Cows, in milk, calved after 1st January 1864. — Premiums, L.15 — L.8 —

and Bronze Medal. 1st, James Pollock, Blackhouse, Mearns. 2d.
Lawrence Drew, Merry ton Home Farm, Hamilton. 3d Robert Wil-
son, Forehouse, Kilbarchan. Commended — Lawrence Drew, Merryton.

6. Cows, in calf, of any age. — Premiums, L.15 — L.8 — and Bronze Medal.

1st. Robert Wilson, Forehouse, Kilbarchan. 2d. David Forrester,
Woodcockdale Cottage, Linlithgow. 3d. John Pender, Springhill,
Motherwell. Commended — John Stewart, Burnside, Strathaven.

7. Heifers calved after 1st January 1865. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and

Bronze Medal. 1st. Lawrence Drew, Merryton Home Farm, Hamil-
ton. 2d. James Muir, Hardington Mains, Biggar. 3d. Alexander
Campbell, Crosshill, Bishopbriggs. Commended — Lawrence Drew,
Merryton.

8. Heifers calved after 1st January 1866. — Premiums, L.8 — L.4 — and

Bronze Medal. 1st. John Meikle, Seafield, Bathgate. 2d. James
Mitchell, Blackhouse, Newton Mearns. 3d Lawrence Drew, Merry-
ton. Commended — Lawrence Drew, Merryton.

SHORT-HORN.

9. Bulls calved before 1st January 1865. — Premiums, L.20 — L.10 — and

Bronze Medal. Breeder of best Bull — Silver Medal. 1st. Sir Thomas
Buchan Hepburn, Bart., Prestonkirk. 2d. James Whyte, Little
Clinterty, Blackburn. 3d Lord Kinnaird, K.T., Rossie Priory. Com-
mended— The Duke of Montrose. Breeder of best Bull^-T. Marshall,
The Howes, Annan.

48 PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1867.

Section

10. Bulls calved after 1st January 1865. — Premiums, L.20 — L.10 — and

Bronze Medal. 1st. Sir William Stirling Maxwell, Bart., M.P. 2d.
George Bobertson Barclay of Keavil, Dunfermline. 3d. Lord Kinnaird,
K.T., Rossie Priory, Inchture.

11. Bulls calved after 1st January 1866. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and Bronze

Medal. 1st. Lawrence Drew, Merryton, Hamilton. 2d. James Ged-
des, Orbliston, Fochabers. 3d. Walter Scott, Glendronach, Huntly.
Commended — Alexander Bell, Linton, Kelso.
First Prize Cows at former Shows — Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.
Inverness, 1865, when the property of present Exhibitor — "Rosa
Bonheur." — Viscount Strathallan, Strathallan Castle.

12. Cows of any Age. — Premiums, L.15 — L.8 — and Bronze Medal. 1st,

Francis Brown, Mains of Leslie, Inch, Aberdeen. 2d. David M'Gibbon
Inveravon, Polmont. 3d. Andrew Longmore, Rettie, Banff. Com-
mended— Andrew Longmore, Rettie, Banff.

13. Heifers calved after 1st January 1865. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5— and

Bronze Medal. 1st. Lord Kinnaird, K.T., Rossie Priory, Inchture.
2d. Viscount Strathallan, Strathallan Castle. 3d. David Ainslie of
Costerton, Blackshiels. Commended — Alex. Buchanan, Whitehouse,
Stirling.

14. Heifers calved after 1st January 1866. — Premiums, L.8 — L.4 — and Bronze

Medal. 1st. Lord Kinnaird, K.T., Rossie Priory, Inchture. 2d. David
Ainslie of Costerton, Blackshiels. 3d Duke of Buccleuch and Queens-
berry, K.G., Dalkeith. Commended — Duke of Montrose, K.T.,
Buchanan Castle.

POLLED (ANGUS OR ABERDEEN).

15. Bulls calved before 1st January 1865. — Premiums, L.20 — L.10 — and

Bronze Medal. Breeder of best Bull — Silver Medal. 1st. The Earl
of Southesk, Kinnaird Castle, Brechin. 2d. Robert Walker, Hillside
House, Portlethen, Aberdeen. 3d. Not forward. Breeder of best
Bull— The Earl of Southesk.

16. Bulls calved after 1st January 1865. — Premiums, L.20 — L.10 — and

Bronze Medal. 1st. James Leslie, The Thorn, Blairgowrie. 2d.
James Leslie, The Thorn, Blairgowrie. 3d. James Anderson, New-
bigging, Dundee.

17. Bulls calved after 1st January 1866. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and Bronze

Medal. — No Competition.
IS. Cows of any Age. — Premiums, L.15 — L.8 — and Bronze Medal. 1st.
Colonel Fraser, of Castle Fraser, Aberdeen. 2d. James Leslie, The
Thorn, Blairgowrie. 2d. Robert Walker, Hillside House, Portlethen.

19. Heifers calved after 1st January 1865. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and

Bronze Medal. 1st. Colonel Fraser, Castle Fraser, Aberdeen. 2d.
No Competition. 3d. No Entry.

20. Heifers calved after 1st January 1866. — Premiums, L.8 — L.4 — and Bronze

Medal 1st. James Leslie, The Thorn, Blairgowrie. 2d. No Entry.

POLLED (GALLOWAY).

21. Bulls calved before 1st January 1865. — Premiums, L.20 — L.10 — and

Bronze Medal. Breeder of best Bull — Silver Medal. 1st. James
Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie. 2d. William and Robert Callan-
der, Dalquhain, Dumfries. 3d. No Entry. Breeder of best Bull —
John Underwood, Crofts, Castle Douglas.

22. Bulls calved after 1st January 1865. — Premiums, L 20 — L.10 — and

Bronze Medal. 1st. William Clark, Corra, Kirkgunzeon, Dumfries.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 18G7. 49

Section

2(7. John Thomson, Blaiket, Crocketford, Dumfries. 3d James
Graham, Parcelstown, West Linton, Carlisle.

23. Bulls calved after 1st January 1866.— Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and

Bronze Medal. 1st. James Graham, Braidlee, Newcastleton. 2d
Joseph Craik, East Glenarm, Crocketford. 3d No Entry.
First Prize Cows at former Shows, Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.
Inverness, 1865, when the property of the present Exhibitor —
" Kate." John Cunningham, Whitecairn, Dalbeattie.

24. Cows of any Age.— Premiums, L.15 — L.8— and Bronze Medal. 1st.

John Cunningham, Whitecairn, Dalbeattie. 2d. James Graham, Par-
celstown, West Linton, Carlisle. 3d. James Cunningham, Tarbreoch,
Dalbeattie.

25. Heifers calved after 1st January 1865. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and

Bronze Medal. 1st. James Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie. 2d.
James Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie. 3d. James Graham,
Parcelstown, West Linton.

26. Heifers calved after 1st January 1866. — Premiums, L.8 — L.4— and

Bronze Medal. 1st. James Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie. 2d.
James Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie. 3d. James Cunningham,
Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie. Commended — James Cunningham, " Tar-
breoch, Dalbeattie.

HIGHLAND.

First Prize Bulls at former Shows, Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.
Inverness, 1865, when the property of the present Exhibitor —
" Donald." The Duke of Athole, Blair Castle, Blair Athole.

27. Bulls calved before 1st January 1864.— Premiums, L.20— L.10— and

Bronze Medal. 1st. Robert Peter, Urlar, Aberfeldy. 2d. Archibald
Clark, Garvie, Colintraive. 3d. John Malcolm, of Poltalloch, Call-
ton Mor, Lochgilphead. Commended— The Duke of Athole, Blair
Castle.

28. Bulls calved after 1st January 1864.— Premiums, L.20— L.10— and

Bronze Medal. 1st. Donald M'Laren, Corrychrone, Callander. 2d.
The Duke of Athole, Blair Castle, Blair Athole. 3d John Stewart,
Flodigary, Portree. Commended— John Malcolm, of Poltalloch,
Lochgilphead.

29. Bulls calved after 1st January 1865.— Premiums, L.10 — L.5— and

Bronze Medal. 1st. The Duke of Athole, Blair Castle, Blair Athole.
2d. The Duke of Athole, Blair Castle, Blair Athole. 3d D. M'Arthur,
Achadunan, Cairndow. Commended— Donald M'Laren, Corrychrone,
Callander.
First Prize Cows at former Shows, Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.
Stirling, 1864, when the property of the present Exhibitor —
" Newrack." John Malcolm, of Poltalloch, Lochgilphead.

30. Cows of any Age.— Premiums, L.15— L.8— and Bronze Medal. Is*.

John Malcolm, of Poltalloch, Lochgilphead. 2d The Duke of
Athole, Blair Castle, Blair Athole. 3d John Malcolm, of Poltal-
loch, Lochgilphead. Commended— A. Pollok of Eonachan, Clachan,
Kintyre.

31. Heifers calved after 1st January 1864 — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and

Bronze Medal. 1st. John Stewart, Flodigary, Portree. 2d Donald
M'Laren, Corrychrone, Callander. 3d. John Malcolm of Poltalloch,
Lochgilphead. Commended— Allan Pollok of Eonachan.

32. Heifers calved after 1st January 1865. — Premiums, L.8 — L.4 — and

Bronze Medal. 1st. John Malcolm, of Poltalloch, Lochgilphead. 2d
John Malcolm, of Poltalloch, Lochgilphead. 3d John Malcolm, of

d

50 PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1867.

Section

Poltalloch, Lochgilphead. Commended — The Hon. Lady Menzies of
Menzies.

FAT STOCK.

33. Oxen of any pure or Cross Breed calved after 1st January 1864. — Pre-

miums, Medium Gold — Silver — and Bronze Medals. 1st. Arthur J.
Balfour, of Whittingham, Prestonkirk. 2d. Eichard Heath Harris,
Earnhill, Forres. 3d Harry L. L. Morrison, Guise, Whitehouse,
Aberdeen.

34. Oxen of any Pure or Cross Breed calved after 1st January 1865. — Pre-

miums, Medium Gold — Silver — and Bronze Medals. 1st. George
Syme, Couston, Aberdour, Fife. 2d. George Syme, Couston, Aber-
dour, Fife. 3d. The Duke of Montrose, K.T., Buchanan Castle, Glas-
gow. Commended — Arthur J. Balfour, of Whittingham.

35. Highland Oxen calved after 1st January 1863. — Premiums, Medium

Gold — Silver — and Bronze Medals. 1st. James Stewart, Newmarket,

Aberdeen. 2d. No Entry.
33. Highland Oxen calved after 1st January 1864. — Premiums, Medium

Gold — Silver — and Bronze Medals. 1st. The Duke of Athole, Blair

Castle, Blair Athole. 2d. The Duke of Athole, Blair Castle, Blair

Athole. 3d. No Entry.
37. Cross Heifers calved after 1st January 1865. — Premiums, Medium

Gold — Silver — and Bronze Medals. 1st. Alexander Bruce, Keig,

Whitehouse, Aberdeen. 2d. No Entry.

EXTRA CATTLE.

Silver Medals were awarded to the following : — Sir John P. Orde, Bart.,
of Kilmory, Lochgilphead, for Cow and Calf (Athole Breed). Sir
John P. Orde, Bart., of Kilmory, Lochgilphead, for Bull (Indian Breed).
Sir John P. Orde, Bart., of Kilmory, Lochgilphead, for Cow and Calf
(Indian Breed). William Wingate, Nether Croy, Kilsyth, for Cow
(Jersey Breed).

Class II.— HORSES

FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.

First Prize Stallions at former Shows — Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.
Kelso, 1863, when the property of the present Exhibitor —

" Campsie." David Riddell, Kilbowie, Duntocher.
Stirling, 1864, when the property of the present Exhibitor —
u Lord Clyde." Andrew Logan, Crossnat, Kilbarchan.

1. Stallions foaled before 1st January 1864. — Premiums, L.30 — L.15 — and

Bronze Medal. Breeder of best Stallion — Silver Medal. 1st. Samuel
Clark, Manswrae, Kilbarchan. 2d. Alexander Galbraith, Croy Cun-
ningham, Killearn. 3d. John M'Donald, Duntocher. Commended —
Robert Brewster, Barabeth, Kilbarchan. Breeder of best Stallion —
John Gemniell, Overton, Lochwinnoch.

2. Entire Colts foaled after 1st January 1864. — Premiums, L.20 — L.10 —

and Bronze Medal. 1st. William Rigg, Banks, Kirkcudbright. 2d.
William Moffat, Shirva, Kirkintilloch. 3d. Robert Arkley, Philips-
town, Linlithgow. Commended — Alexander Galbraith, Croy Cun-
ningham.

3. Entire Colts foaled after 1st January 1865. — Premiums, L.15 — L.8 — and

Bronze Medal. 1st. Sir William Stirling Maxwell, of Keir, Bart., M.P.
2d. Samuel Clark, Manswrae, Kilbarchan. 3d Robert Andrew, Allans,
Paisley. Commended — Robert M'Kean, Lumloch, Bishopbriggs.

4. Entire Colts foaled after 1st January 1866. — Premiums, L. 10 — L.5 — and

Bronze Medal, 1st. David Riddell, Kilbowie, Duntocher. 2d. J. N.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1867. 51

Section

Fleming, Keil, Campbeltown. 3d. Thomas Mnir, Bowhouse, Lanark
Commended — William Kerr, Newhouse, Dairy.

First Prize Mares at former Shows — Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.
Edinburgh, 1859, when the property of the present Exhibitor —

" Sally." Sir William Stirling Maxwell, of Keir, Bart., M.P.
Battersea, 18(32, when the property of the present Exhibitor —

" Nancy." Sir William Stirling Maxwell, of Keir, Bart., M.P.
Stirling, 1864, when the property of the present Exhibitor —

" Peggy." Sir William Stirling Maxwell, of Keir, Bart., M.P.
Stirling, 1864, when the property of the present Exhibitor —

Mare. Alexander Buchanan, Garscadden Mains.
Kelso, 1863, when the property of Duke of Hamilton —

Mare. Lawrence Drew, Merryton, Hamilton.

5. Mares, with Foal at foot, foaled after 1st January 1864. — Premiums,

L.20 — L.10 — and Bronze Medal. 1st. John Watson, jun., Glencairn
House, Motherwell. 2d. John Findlay, Boturich Castle, Dumbarton.
3d. Lawrence Drew, Merryton Home Farm, Hamilton.

6. Mares, in Foal, foaled before 1st January 1864. — Premiums, L.15 — L.8 —

and Bronze Medal. 1st. Lawrence Drew, Merryton Home Farm,
Hamilton. 2d, John Hendrie, Kirkwood, Coatbridge. 3d. The
Duchess Dowager of Athole, Dunkeld. Commended — William Moffat,
Shirva, Kirkintilloch.

7. Fdlies foaled after 1 st January 1864. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and Bronze

Medal. 1st. Lawrence Drew, Merryton Home Farm, Hamilton. 2d.
John Buchanan, Coldrach, Drymen. 3d. Robert Weir, Brownhill,
Carnwath. Commended — William Veitch, Castlehill, Houston.

8. Fillies foaled after 1st January 1865. — Premiums, L8 — L.4 — and Bronze

Medal. 1st. Alex. Buchanan, Garscadden Mains, East Kilpatrick.
2d. Lawrence Drew, Merryton Home Farm, Hamilton. 3d. Moses
Steven, of Bellahouston, Glasgow. Commended — Robert M. Buchanan,
Livingston Mill, Mid-Calder.

9. Fillies foaled after 1st January 1866. — Premiums, L.6 — L.3 — and Bronze

Medal. 1st. Peter Crawford, Dumgoyack, Strathblane. 2d. David
M'Gibbon, Inveravon, Polmont. 3d. A. B. Yuille, of Darleith, Card-
ross. Commended — Abram Kerr, Castle Hill, Durrisdeer.

EXTRA SECTIONS.

10. Mares or Geldings foaled before 1st January 1863, suitable for Field. —

Premiums, L.20 — L.10 — and Bronze Medal. 1st. Lawrence Drew,
Merryton, Hamilton. 2d. Andrew Hunter, 18 Cleveland Street,
Glasgow. 3d. James Mackie, of Bargaly, M.P., Castle Douglas.

11. Mares or Geldings foaled between 1st January 1863 and 1st January

1864, suitable for Field. — Premiums, L.20 — L.10 — and Bronze Medal.
1st. George Stodart, Netherton, Newton Mearns. 2d. John Newton,
Chollerton, Hexham. 3d John Hepburn, Pitcairn, Lochgelly.

12. Mares or Geldings foaled before 1st January 1863, suitable for Harness.

— Premiums, L.20— L.10— and Bronze Medal. 1st. A. J. H. Sonier-
ville, Bothwell. 2d. Matthew Clark, Croftengea, Alexandria. 3d.
William White, Nether Arthurlie, Barrhead.

13. Draught Mares or Geldings in Harness. — Premiums, Medium Gold-

Silver — and Bronze Medals. 1st, Andrew Wallace, West Burn, Cam-
buslang. 2d. David M'Gibbon, Inveravon, Polmont. 3d, John
Wallace, Stonelaw, Rutherglen. Commended — John Clark, Flender,
Busby.

14. Mares or Geldings, not exceeding 15 Hands high, for Milk Carts of heavy

draught. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and Bronze Medal. 1st. Robert

52 PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1867.

Section

Wilson, Forehouse, Kilbarchan. 2d, James Young, Duncauridge, East
Kilbride. 3d. Archibald Bulloch, Milliken, East Kilpatrick.

15. Mares or Geldings, not exceeding 14J hands high, for Milk Carts of light
draught. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and Bronze Medal. 1st. James
Robertson, Maryhill, Glasgow. 2d. William Cockburn, jun., Glasgow.
3d. James Robertson, Maryhill, Glasgow. Commended — James
Mackie, Springbank, Glasgow.

EXTRA HORSES.

Silver Medals were awarded to the following: — Archibald A. Spiers, of
Elderslie, M.P., for Arabian Stallion. John Macarthur, Inverary, for
Highland Stallion. John Black, Fern Bank, Bishopbriggs, for Pony
Mare. Thomas Coutts Trotter, Bilston Lodge, Loanhead, for Pony
Gelding. Blair Campbell, Auchinley, Dunblane, for Pony Gelding.

Class III.— SHEEP.

LEICESTER.

1. Tups not above 4 Shear. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and Bronze Medal.

—1st. David Ainslie of Costerton, Blackshiels. 2d. William Ruxton,
Farnell, Brechin. 3d. Thomas Ferguson, Kinnochtry, Coupar-Angus.
Commended — David M'Gibbon, Inveravon, Polmont.

2. Dinmont or Shearling Tups. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and Bronze Medal.

— 1st. Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G., Dalkeith. 2d. Duke
of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G., Dalkeith. 3d David Ainslie, of
Costerton, Blackshiels. Commended — George Hope, Fenton Barns,
Drem.

3. Ewes not above 4 Shear. — Premiums, L.8 — L.4 — and Bronze Medal. —

1st. George Simson, Courthill, Kelso. 2d. John Angus, jun., White-
field, Morpeth. 3d. George Hope, Fenton Barns, Drem. Commended
— The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G., Dalkeith.

4. Shearling Ewes or Gimmers. — Premiums, L.8 — L.4— and Bronze Medal.

— 1st George Simson, Courthill, Kelso. 2d. William Purves, Linton
Burnfoot, Kelso. 3d, David Ainslie, of Costerton, Blackshiels. Com-
mended— Lawrence Drew, Merryton, Hamilton.

cheviot!

5. Tups not above 4 Shear. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and Bronze Medal. —

1st. James Brydon, Kinnelhead, Moffat. 2d. Herbert Brydon, Thirl-
stane Hope, Selkirk. 3d. James Brydon, jun., Appin, Tynron. Com-
mended— Thomas Welsh, Ericstane, Moffat.

6. Dinmont or Shearling Tups. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and Bronze Medal.

— 1st. James Brydon, Kinnelhead, Moffat. 2d, James Brydon. Kinnel-
head, Moffat. 3d. Charles Alexander, Easterknowes, Stobo, Peebles.
Commended — John M'Gregor, Bellridding, Dumfries.

7. Ewes not above 4 Shear. — Premiums, L.8 — L.4— and Bronze Medal.

Best Pen of Lambs — Silver Medal. 1st. James Brydon, Kinnel-
head, Moffat. 2d, John Archibald, Glengelt, Lauder. 3d, Sir
Graham G. Montgomery, of Stanhope, Bart., M.P. Commended
— Robert Shortreed, Attonburn, Kelso. Best Pen of Lambs — John
Archibald, Glengelt, Lauder. Commended — James Brydon, Kinnel-
head, Moffat.

8. Shearling Ewes or Gimmers. — Premiums, L.8 — L.4 — and Bronze Medal.

— 1st. James Brydon Kinnelhead, Moffat. 2d. John M'Gregor, Bell-
ridding, Dumfries. 3d, Thomas Elliot, Hindhope, Jedburgh. Com-
mended— W. G. Hunter, Dumfedling, Langholm.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1867. 53

Section blackfaced.

9. Tups not above 4 Shear. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and Bronze Medal. —
1st Thomas Aitken, Listonshiels, Balerno. 2d. John Archibald,
Overshiels, Stow. 3d. J. Malcolm, of Poltalloch, Callton Mor, Loch-
gilphead. Commended — Thomas Murray, Eastside, Penicuik.

10. Dinmont or Shearling Tups. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and Bronze Medal.

— 1st John Watson, Culterallers, Biggar. 2d. John Archibald, Over-
shiels, Stow. 3d. Thomas Aitken, Listonshiels, Balerno. Commended
— James Craig, Polquheys, New Cumnock.

11. Ewes not above 4 Shear. — Premiums, L.8 — L.4 — and Bronze Medal.

Best Pen of Lambs — Silver Medal. 1st John Archibald, Overshiels,
Stow. 2d. John M'Laren, Corrie, Drymen. 3d. Thomas Murray,
Eastside, Penicuik. Commended — J. Malcolm, of Poltalloch, Loch-
gilphead Best Pen of Lambs — John Archibald, Overshiels, Stow.
Commended — Thomas Murray, Eastside, Penicuik.

12. Shearling Ewes or Gimmers. Premiums, L.8 — L.4 — and Bronze Medal.

— 1st. J. Malcolm, of Poltalloch, Calltron Mor, Lochgilphead. 2d.
John Archibald, Overshiels, Stow. 3d. Thomas Murray, Eastside,
Penicuik. Commended — John Craig, South Halls, Strathaven.

SOUTHDOWN.

13. Tups not above 4 Shear. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and Bronze Medal-

ist James Bruce, Burnside, Fochabers. 2d. James Bruce, Burnside,
Fochabers. 3d. Robert Scot Skirving, Camptown, Drem. Commended
— Robert Scot Skirving, Camptown.

14. Ewes not above 4 Shear, or Gimmers. — Premiums, L.8 — L.4 — and Bronze

Medal. — 1st James Bruce, Burnside, Fochabers. 2d. Robert Scot
Skirving, Camptown, Drem. 3d. Alexander Kinloch, yr. of Gilmer-
ton, Drem.

L0NG-WO0LLED OTHER THAN LEICESTER.

15. Tups not above 4 Shear. — Premiums, L.10— L.5— and Bronze Medal. —

1st. Walter Reid, Drem. 2d. John Bell Irving, of Whitehill, Locker ^
bie. 3d, John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith. Commended— John Bell
Irving, of Whitehill, Lockerbie.

16. Ewes not above 4 Shear, or Gimmers. Premiums, L.8 — L.4— and Bronze

Medal. — 1st, John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith. 2d. John Bell Irving,
of Whitehill, Lockerbie. 3d. Walter Reid, Drem. Commended —
John Bell Irving, of Whitehill, Lockerbie.

SHORT- WOOLLED OTHER THAN SOUTHDOWN.

17. Tups not above 4 Shear.— Premiums, L.10— L.5— and Bronze Medal.—

— 1st John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith. 2d. Earl of Strathmore,
Glamis Castle, Forfar. 3d. John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith. Com-
mended— John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith.

18. Ewes not above 4 Shear, or Gimmers.— Premiums, L.8 — L4 — and Bronze

Medal. — 1st John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith. 2d. No Entry.

EXTRA SHEEP.

Silver Medals were awarded to the following :— Sir J. P. Orde. of
Kilmory, Bart., for St Kilda Tups- Sir John P. Orde, Bart., for
St Kilda Ewes and Gimmers.

54 PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1867.

Class IV.— SWINE.
Section

1. Boars, Large Breed. — Premiums, L.8 — L.4 — and Bronze Medal. 1st. Sir

Thomas Miles Riddell, of Sunart, Bart. 2d. R. E. Duckering & Sons,
Northorpe, Kirton Lindsay. 3d. No Award.

2. Boars, Small Breed. — Premiums, L.8 — L.4 — and Bronze Medal. 1st,

George Mangles, Givendale, Ripon. 2d. Thomas D. Findlay, Easter-
hill, Glasgow. 3d. R. E. Duckering & Sons, Northorpe, Kirton
Lindsay. Commended — Lawrence Drew, Merry ton Home Farm,
Hamilton.

3. Boars of a Breed not eligible for preceding Classes. — Premiums, L.8 —

L.4 — and Bronze Medal. 1st. R. E. Duckering & Sons, Northorpe,
Kirton Lindsay. 2d. David M'Gibbon, Inveravon, Polmont. 3d.
Lawrence Drew, Merry ton Home Farm, Hamilton.

4. Sows, Large Breed. — Premiums, L.6 — L.3 — and Bronze Medal. 1st. R.

E. Duckering & Sons, Northorpe, Kirton Lindsay. 2d. Thomas D.
Findlay, Easterhill, Glasgow. 3d. Lawrence Drew, Merryton Home
Farm, Hamilton. Commended — T. D. Findlay, of Easterhill, Glas-
gow.

5. Sows, Small Breed. — Premiums, L.6 — L.3 — and Bronze Medal. 1st. R.

E. Duckering & Sons, Northorpe, Kirton Lindsay. 2d. Thomas D.
Findlay, Easterhill, Glasgow. 3d Lawrence Drew, Merryton Home
Farm, Hamilton. Commended — Jacob Wilson, Woodhorn Manor,
Morpeth.

6. Sows of a Breed not eligible for preceding Classes.- — Premiums, L.6 —

L.3 — and Bronze Medal. 1st. R. E. Duckering & Sons, Northorpe,
Kirton Lindsay. 2d. Lawrence Drew, Merryton Home Farm, Hamil-
ton. 3d. Thomas D. Findlay, Easterhill, Glasgow. Commended —
Jacob Wilson, Woodhorn Manor, Morpeth.

7. Pens of 3 Pigs not exceeding 8 months old, Large Breed. — Premiums,

L.4 — L.2 — and Bronze Medal. — 1st, Thomas D. Findlay, Easterhill,
Glasgow. 2d, Lawrence Drew, Merryton Home Farm, Hamilton.
3d. No Entry.

8. Pens of 3 Pigs not exceeding 8 months old, Small Breed. — Premiums,

L.4 — L.2 — and Bronze Medal. 1st. George Mangles, Givendale,
Ripon. 2d, Robert Philp, Royal Hotel, Bridge of Allan. 3d.
Thomas D. Findlay, Easterhill, Glasgow. Commended — J. Fleming,
East Castleton, Carmunnock.

9. Pens of 3 Pigs not exceeding 8 months old, of a Breed not eligible for

preceding Classes. — Premiums, L.4 — L.2 — and Bronze Medal. 1st.
George Mangles, Givendale, Ripon. 2d. Lawrence Drew, Merryton
Home Farm, Hamilton. 3d. John M'Kay, Cross Arthurlie, Barhead.

Class V.— POULTRY.

1. Silver Grey Dorking — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums, Silver and Bronze

Medals. 1st. David Annan, Torr of Monzie, Cupar-Fife. 2d. Thomas
Raines, Bridgehaugh, Stirling. Commended — Henry Heys, Spring-
field House, Barrhead.

2. Silver Grey Dorking — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. 1st. Thomas Raines, Bridgehaugh, Stirling. 2d.
Lord Binning, Millerstain, Kelso. Commended — Henry Heys, Spring-
field House, Barrhead.

3. Coloured Dorking — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums, Silver and Bronze

Medals. 1st, John M'Callum, Hosh Distillery, Crieff. 2d, John
Allan, Crieffvechter, Crieff.

TREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1867. 55

Section

4. Coloured Dorking — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. Is*. John M'Callum, Hosh Distillery, Crieff. 2d
Thomas Raines, Bridgehaugh, Stirling. Commended— John Allan,
Crieffvechter, Crieff.

5. White Dorking — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums, Silver and Bronze Medals.

1st John Aitken, Paisley. 2d. John Sharp, Johnstone, Renfrew.

6. White Dorking — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums, Silver and Bronze

Medals. No Entry.

7. Coloured Cochin-China — Cock and 2 Hens.- — Premiums, Silver and Bronze

Medals. 1st. John Stuart, Thistlebank, Helensburgh. 2d. John
Stuart, Thistlebank, Helensburgh.

8. Coloured Cochin-China — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. 1st John Stuart, Thistlebank, Helensburgh. 2d.
William Ford, Hardengreen, Dalkeith. Commended — John Stuart,
Thistlebank, Helensburgh.

9. White Cochin-China — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums, Silver and Bronze

Medals. 1st. Miss Biggar, Braes House, Ecclefechan. 2d. John
Stuart, Thistlebank, Helensburgh.

10. White Cochin-China — Cockerel and 2 Pullets.— Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. 1st. Miss Biggar, Braes House, Ecclefechan. 2d.
William Ford, Hardengreen, Dalkeith.

11. Pencilled Bramahpootra — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. 1st. Thomas Raines, Bridgehaugh, Stirling. 2d.
David Annan, Torr of Monzie, Cupar-Fife. Commended — John
Stuart, Thistlebank, Helensburgh.

12. Pencilled Bramahpootra — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. 1st. John Stuart, Thistlebank, Helensburgh. 2d.
George Muirhead, Durdie, Errol. Commended — John Stuart, Thistle-
bank, Helensburgh.

13. Light Bramahpootra — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums, Silver and Bronze

Medals. No Competition.

14. Light Bramahpootra — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. 1st George Muirhead, Durdie, Errol. 2d. No Entry.

15. Malay — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums, Silver and Bronze Medals. No

Entry.

16. Malay — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums, Silver and Bronze Medals.

No Entry.

17. Spanish — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums, Silver and Bronze Medals.

1st. John Dunlop, 82 Broomlands Street, Paisley.

18. Spanish — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums, Silver and Bronze Medals.

1st. John Dunlop, 82 Broomlands Street, Paisley. 2d. John Dunlop,
82 Broomlands Street, Paisley.

19. Scotch Grey — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums, Silver and Bronze Medals.

1st Alexander Grant, Glentayen Mill, Kilbarchan. 2d. William
Park, Morton Cottage, Parkhead. Commended — Stephen Young,
Kirkton Mill, Neilston.

20. Scotch Grey — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums, Silver and Bronze

Medals. 1st. Robert Macnab, Cardonald, Govan. 2d. William M.
Gilmour, Shawburn, Hamilton. Commended — Stephen Young, Kirk-
ton Mill, Neilston.

21. Golden Pencilled Hamburg — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. 1st. James Mitchell, 50 Causeyside Street, Paisley.
2d. John Lindsay, Thornhill, Stewarton. Commended — J. Dryburgh,
Arkleston House, Paisley.

22. Golden Pencilled Hamburg — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums, Silver

and Bronze Medals. 1st. James Mitchell, 50 Causeyside Street,
Paisley. 2d. No Entry.

56 PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1867.

Section

23. Silver Pencilled Hamburg — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. 1st. John Lindsay, Thornhill, Stewarton. 2d. Archi-
bald Glendinning, Strathblane. Commended — James Logan, East-
shield, Carnwath.

24. Silver Pencilled Hamburg — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums, Silver

and Bronze Medals. No Competition.

25. Golden Spangled Hamburg — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. 1st. Thomas Bruce, Busby. 2d. Hugh Currie, 15
Princes Street, Ardrossan.

26. Golden Spangled Hamburg — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums, Silver

and Bronze Medals. 1st. Hugh Currie, 15 Princes Street, Ardrossan.
2d. Thomas Bruce, Busby.

27. Silver Spangled Hamburg — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. 1st. Allan Glen, Erskine, Bishopton. 2d. John
Stewart, South Arthurlie, Barrhead.

28. Sdver Spangled Hamburg — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums, Silver

and Bronze Medals. 1st. Allan Glen, Erskine, Bishopton. 2d. John
Stewart, South Arthurlie, Barrhead.

29. White Crested Black Polish — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. No Entry.

30. White Crested Black Polish — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums, Silver

and Bronze Medals. 1st. Robert Macnab, Cardonald, Govan. 2d.
No Entry

31. Golden Spangled Polish — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. Is*. W. B. Menzies, Moss-side Cottage, Crossmyloof.
2d. No Entry.

32. Golden Spangled Polish — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. No Entry.

33. Silver Spangled Polish — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. — No Entry.

34. Silver Spangled Polish — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. — No Entry.

35. Game, Black or Brown Reds — Cock and 2 Hens. Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. 1st. John H. Macnab, South Arthurlie, Barrhead.
2d. W. D. Dickson, Carroncroft, Thornhill. Commended — John H.
Macnab, South Arthurlie, Barrhead.

36. Game, Black or Brown Beds — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums, Silver

and. Bronze Medals. 1st. John H. Macnab, South Arthurlie, Barrhead.
2d. John H. Macnab, South Arthurlie, Barrhead.

37. Game — Duckwings — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums, Silver and Bronze

Medals. 1st. W. R. Menzies, Moss-side Cottage, Crossmyloof. 2d.
No Entry.

38. Game — Duckwings — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. — No Entry.

39. Any other variety of Game — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. — No Entry.

40. Any other variety of Game — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums, Silver

and Bronze Medals. — No Entry.

41. Bantams — Game — Cock and 2 Hens.- — Premiums, Silver and Bronze

Medals. 1st. John Sharp, Johnstone, Renfrewshire. 2d. Wilham M.
Gilmour, Shawburn, Hamilton.

42. Bantams — Game — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums, Silver and Bronze

Medals. 1st. John Sharp, Johnstone, Eenfrewshire.

43. Bantams — Gold-laced Sebright — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums, Silver

and Bronze Medals. 1st. David Ainslie, of Costerton, Blackshiels.
2d. Lord Burning, Mellerstain, Kelso.

PEEMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1867. 57

Section

44. Bantams — Gold-laced Sebright — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums,

Silver and Bronze Medals. 1st. David Ainslie, of Costerton, Black-
shiels. 2d. No Entry.

45. Bantams — Silver-laced Sebright — Cock and 2 Hens — Premiums, Silver

and Bronze Medals. 1st. David Ainslie, of Costerton, Blackshiels.
2d. Lord Binning, Mellerstain, Kelso.

46. Bantams — Silver-laced Sebright — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums,

Silver and Bronze Medals. — No Entry.

47. Any other variety of Bantams — Cock and 2 Hens.— Premiums, Silver

and Bronze Medals. 1st. James Dry burgh, Arkleston House, Paisley.
2d. No Entry.

48. Any other variety of Bantams — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — Premiums,

Silver and Bronze Medals. — No Entry.

49. Any other distinct Breed of Poultry — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums,

Silver and Bronze Medals. 1st Charles Thomson, Viewfield, Newton-
on-Ayr. 2d. No Entry.

50. Any other distinct Breed of Poultry — Cockerel and 2 Pullets.— Premiums,

Silver and Bronze Medals. — No Entry.

51. Capons of any Breed — 3 Capons. — Premiums, Silver and Bronze Medals.

— No Entry.

52. Ducks — White Aylesbury — Drake and 2 Ducks. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. 1st. James Dryburgh, Arkleston House, Paisley.
2d. Henry Heys, Springfield House, Barrhead.

53. Ducks — White Aylesbury — Drake and 2 Ducklings. — Premiums, Silver

and Bronze Medals. 1st. Lord Binning, Mellerstain, Kelso. 2d.
John Sharp, Johnstone, Renfrewshire.

54. Ducks — Rouen — Drake and 2 Ducks. — Premiums, Silver and Bronze

Medals. 1st John H. Macnab, South Arthurlie, Barrhead. 2d.
Alexander Grant, Glentayen Mill, Kilbarchan.

55. Ducks — Rouen — Drake and 2 Ducklings. — Premiums, Silver and Bronze

Medals. 1st. John Sharp, Johnstone, Renfrewshire. 2d. Miss Mal-
colm, of Poltalloch, Lochgilphead.

56. Ducks — Any other distinct Breed. — Premiums, Silver and Bronze Medals.

1st. John Pollok, West Walton, Neilston. 2d. Peter Wilson, Lansaig,
Tigh-na-bruiach.

57. Ducks — Any other distinct Breed. — Premiums, Silver and Bronze Medals.

— No Entry.

58. Turkeys — Black Norfolk — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. — No Entry.

59. Turkeys — Black Norfolk — Cock and 2 Hens (Poults). — Premiums, Silver

and Bronze Medals. — No Entry.

60. Turkeys — Any other Breed — Cock and 2 Hens. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. 1st. Lord Binning, Mellerstain, Kelso. 2d. No Entry.

61. Turkeys — Any other Breed — Cock and 2 Hens (Poults). — Premiums,

Silver and Bronze Medals. — No Entry.

62. Geese — Grey Toulouse — Gander and 2 Geese. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. — No Entry.

63. Geese — Grey Toulouse — Gander and 2 Goslings. — Premiums, Silver and

Bronze Medals. — No Entry.

64. Geese — Emden — Gander and 2 Geese. — Premiums, Silver and Bronze

Medals. 1st. Henry Heys, Springfield House, Barrhead. 2d. No
Entry.

65. Geese — Emden — Gander and 2 Goslings. — Premiums, Silver and Bronze

Medals.— No Entry.

58 PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1867.

Class VI— DAIRY PRODUCE.

Section

1. Cured Butter. — Premiums, L.5 — L.3 — and Bronze Medal. Is*. Andrew

Litligow, Drumtall, East Kilbride. 2d. Gavin Muir, Fingart, Neilston.
3d Arthur Gilmour, of Crossbill, East Kilbride. Commended — David
Aikenbead, East Kilbride.

2. Powdered Butter. — Premiums, L.5 — L.3 — and Bronze Medal. 1st.

Arthur Gilmour, of Crosshill, East Kilbride. 2d. Andrew Lithgow,
Drumtall, East Kilbride. 3d Alexander Aikenhead, New Farm,
East Kilbride. Commended — William Pollock, Mains, East Kilbride.

3. Fresh Butter. — Premiums, L.5 — L.3 — and Bronze Medal. 1st. Thomas

Morton, Dalmuir, West Kilpatrick. 2d. Andrew Lithgow, Drumtall,
East Kilbride. 3d. Andrew Aitkenhead, Murray, East Kilbride.
Commended — Donald Macfarlane, Bishopbriggs.

4. Sweet Milk Cheeses — Cheddar Variety. — Premiums, L.5 — L.3 — and

Bronze Medal. 1st. James Cowper, Mid Kelton, Castle Douglas.
2d. Andrew Allan, Munnoch, Dairy. 3d John Mackie, Sarkshiels,
Kirkpatrick-Fleming.

5. Two Sweet Milk Cheeses — Any other Variety. — Premiums, L.5 — L.3 —

and Bronze Medal. 1st. Alex. Dunlop, Middlecroft, Strathaven
(Dunlop). 2d. Hugh Whyte, Nether Craigends, Kilbarchan. 3d
Mrs Dickie, Girthill, Dairy (North Wiltshire).

Class VII.— IMPLEMENTS.

The following Implements, &c, were recommended for trial : —

Barometers. — T. Littlewood and Co., Glasgow.

Barrows, Shovels, Bins, and Troughs. — John Pringle, Edinburgh.

Centrifugal Pump and Fan. — Williamson Brothers, Kendal.

Chaff Cutter. — Richmond and Chandler, Manchester.

Fanners. — A. B. Childs, London ; James Elder, Corstorphine.

Fencing. — F. Morton & Co., Liverpool ; A. & J. Main & Co., Glasgow.

Fire Engine or Extincteur. — W. B. Dick & Co., Glasgow.

Grain and Manure Drills. — Mrs Thomas Sherriff, Dunbar.

Grinding Machine and Files. — Mitchell & Burgess, Manchester.

Horse Gear. — Richmond & Chandler, Manchester.

Letter Box. — A. E. Jones, Glasgow.

Mangles. — W. M'Farlane, Glasgow.

Norwegian Drill Clod-Crusher. — A. M'Kerrow, Kilmarnock.

Ploughs and Fittings. — Alexander Denholm, Edinburgh ; William Gray,
Wishaw.

Potato Lifters. — Alexander Jack & Son, Maybole ; John Pringle, Edinburgh;
George Gowan, Drem ; Thomas Hunter, Maybole ; William Kirkwood,
Dalkeith ; Law, Duncan, & Co., Shettleston ; A. & J. Main & Co., Glas-
gow ; Thomas Reid, Monkton, Ayr; Mrs Thomas Sherriff, Dunbar;
Peter Winton, Falkirk.

Reapers and Mowers. — The Beverley Iron Co., Beverley ; Lillie, Goodlet,
Elder, & Co., Berwick ; M-Cutcheon & Sons, Edinburgh ; Samuelson &
Co., Banbury ; James D. Allan & Sons, Dunkeld ; Alex. Jack & Sons,
Maybole ; Kemp, Murray, & Nicholson, Stirling ; J. & T. Young, Ayr ;
Bean & Sons, Stirling ; John Bisset & Son, Blairgowrie ; Brigham &
Bickerton, Berwick ; Haughton & Thompson, Carlisle ; R. Hornsby &
Sons, Grantham ; John Wallace & Son, Glasgow ; Thomas Wardlaw,
Dunfermline ; John Wingate, Alloa ; Peter Winton, Falkirk.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1867. 59

SJieep Racks. — W. & J. Dodds, Haddington.

Steam Engines. — Ruston, Proctor, & Co., Lincoln ; A. & J. Main & Co.,
Glasgow.

Thrashing Machine. — A. & J. Main & Co., Glasgow.

Turbine Wheel. — Williamson Brothers, Kendal.

Turnip Cleaner. — Thomas Hunter, Maybole.

Weigiting Machines. — Heriot & Co., Glasgow; M'Cutcheon &, Son, Edin-
burgh ; Smith Brothers & Co., Glasgow ; A. & W. Smith & Co., Glasgow.

Wood Working Machine. — Peter M'Intyre, Stirling.

LIST OF JUDGES.

Ayrshires. — Alexander Buchanan, Garscadden Mains, East Kilpatrick ; John
Macadam, Blairover, Drymen ; James Pollock, Raws, Kilmarnock. At-
tending Members — Col. Carrick Buchanan, of Drumpellier ; Hugh Kirk-
wood, Killermont.

Short-Horns. — John Grey, Lesswood House, Heyclonbridge ; Robert Hardie,
Harrietfield, Kelso ; Thomas Harris, Stoneylane, Broomsgrove. Attend-
ing Members — Charles M'Neill, Lossit ; James Drennan, Holmston.

Polled. — George Brown, Westerton, Fochabers ; John Graham, of Shaw,
Lockerbie. Attending Members — Allan Gilmour, of Eaglesham ; Robt.
Guthrie, Crossburn.

Highland. — John Macfarlan, Faslane, Helensburgh ; Donald Stewart, Ach-
allader, Tyndrum ; John Lorn Stewart, of Coll, Campbeltown. Attend-
ing Members — Capt. Campbell, of Glendaruel ; James Mackechnie,
Torren.

Fat Stock. — John Bell, 172 Argyle Street, Glasgow ; James Geddes, Orbliston,
Fochabers. Attending Members — James Campbell, of Tilliechewan ;
John Clark Forrest, Hamilton.

Stallions and Colts. — James Crawford, Thirdpart, Greenock ; James Gulland,
Tullygarth, Clackmannan ; James Steedman, Boghall, Roslin. Attending
Members — Sir Michael R. Shaw Stewart, Bart. ; John Young, Fulwood.

Mares and Fillies. — John Curror, Comiston, Lothian Burn ; Robert Findlay,
Springhill, Baillieston, Glasgow. Attending Members — Col. Mure, of
Caldwell ; Robert Craig, Auchentiber.

Extra Horses. — Andrew Gillon, of Wallhouse, Bathgate ; Alex. Kinloch, yr.
of Gilmerton. Attending Members — Sir George Campbell, Bart. ; Alex.
Campbell, Crosshill.

Milk Cart Horses. — The Judges for Stallions and Colts.

Leicesters. — John H. Buckley, The Cottage, Loughbrough ; Alexander Geekie,
of Baldowrie, Coupar-Angus ; William Smith, East Learmonth, Cold-
stream. Attending Members — Captain Speirs, of Eldersjie, M.P. ;
James N. Fleming, Kiel.

Cheviots. — James Oliver, Howpasley, Hawick ; Robert Paterson, Bighouse,
Thurso. Attending Members — William W. Hozier, yr. of Mauldslie ;
Alexander Lang, Garnieland.

Blackfaced. — Robert Elliot, Laighwood, Dunkeld ; William Moffat, Kinleith,
Currie. Attending Members. — Sir Thomas Miles Riddell, Bart. ; John
MacArthur, Inverary.

Southdown, other Short Woollcd, and Long Woolled other than Leicester. —
John H. Buckley, The Cottage, Loughbrough ; William Goodlet, Bolshan,
Arbroath ; Thomas Harris, Stoneylane, Broomsgrove. Attending Mem-
bers— Alexander Bethune, of Blebo ; Andrew Smith, Castle Mains.

Swine. — John Dudgeon, Almond hill, Kirkliston ; D. B. Sadler, Balmuick,
Crieff; Alex. Young, Keir Mains, Dunblane. Attending Members —
John Gordon, of Aitkenhead ; Robert M'Kean, Lumloch.

GO

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1S67.

Poultry. — Richard Teebay, of Fulwood, Preston ; James Wilson, Wester
Cowden, Dalkeith. Attending Members — Thomas D. Findlay, Easter-
hill ; Eobert Pillans Newton, of Castlandhill ; Stewart Souter Robertson,
Hamilton Palace.

Dairy Produce. — James Fulton, 47 Argyle Street, Glasgow ; Thomas Gibson,
93 Princes Street, Edinburgh. Attending Members — Alexander Graham,
of Limekilns ; John Colquhoun, Corkerhill.

Implements.' — Professor Macquorn Rankine, Glasgow, Consulting Engineer to
the Society ; John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith, Chairman of Machinery
Committee ; Alexander Slight, Practical Engineer ; William Gray,
Southfield, Duddingston, Edinburgh ; Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains,
Liberton ; Archibald Russell, Flemington, Cambuslang ; William Sadler,
Ferrygate, Drem ; James Steedman, Boghall, Roslin ; James Wilson,
Wester Cowden, Dalkeith.

ILL— DISTEICT COMPETITIONS.

CATTLE.

The Islands of Shetland.
A grant of L.25 and a Silver Medal were given to the Shetland Agricultural
Society. The Medal was awarded to John Bruce, yr. of Sumburgh, for
best Bull.

Bulls, Class II.
Heifers,

Bulls,*
Bulls, Class 1. 1

Bulls, Class II.
Heifers,

Bulls, Class I.

Heifers,

Bulls,

Bulls, Class I. .

Bulls, Class II. .
Heifers,

The District of Annandale.
John Graham, of Shaw, Lockerbie,

1. Robert Jardine, of Balgray, Lockerbie, .

2. John Graham, of Shaw, Lockerbie,

The Island of Skye.
Nicol Martin, of Glendale, Dunvegan,

1. John Stewart, Duntulm, Portree,

2. John Macleod, Monkstadt, Portree,
John Stewart, Duntulm, Portree,

1. John Stewart, Duntulm, Portree,

2. John Stewart, Duntulm, Portree,

The County of Elgin.

1. Alexander Paterson, Mulben, Keith,

2. James M'Kessack, Earnside, Forres,

1. Alexander Paterson, Mulben, Keith,

2. John Hunter, Dipple, Fochabers,

The County of Nairn.
Charles M'Kessack, Culblair, Ardersier,

1. James M'Pherson, Drumore, Croy,

2. John Andrews, Park, Nairn,
A. F. M'Lennan, Meikle Urchany, Nairn

1. Robert Anderson, of Lochdhu, Nairn,

2. James M'Kessack, Earnside, Forres,

. L.6

0

0

2

10

0*

1

10

0*

Silver Medal.

. L.7

0

0

4

0

0

3

0

0*

5

0

0

3

0

0

. L.3

10

0*

2

0

0*

5

0

0

3

0

0

Silver Medal.

. L.7

0

u

4

0

0

6

0

0

5

0

0

3

0

0

* Half Premiums awarded, the number of lots being under six.
t Class I., Bulls calved before 1st January 1865.
I Class II., Bulls calved after 1st January 1865.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 18G7.

Gl

Bulls,
Bulls, Class I.

Bulls, Class II.
Heifers,

Bulls,
Bulls, Class I.

Bulls, Class II.
Heifers,

0

0*

0

0

Bulls,
Bulls, Class I.

Bulls, Class II.
Heifers,

The County of Banff and District of Turriff.

. Sir George Macpherson Grant, Bart., Silver Medal

. 1. Alex. Paterson, Mains of Mvilben, Keith, L. 7 0 0
2. J. Morrison, Auclilin, King Edward, Banff, 4 0
Andrew Longmore, Rettie, Banff', . 3 0

1. Charles Bruce, Broadland, Huntly, . 5 0

2. Andrew Longmore, Rettie, Banff, . 3 0

The, County of Kincardine.
H. Scott of Brotherton, Crai^o House, Silver Medal.

1. John Milne, Anquherie, Stonehaven, . L.7 0 0

2. William Alexander, Bent of Haulkerton,
Laurencekirk, . . .400

George Stewart, Craigmoston, Fettercairn, 6 0 0

1. Robert Walker, Hillside House, Portlethen, 5 0 0

2. Robert Walker, Hillside House, Portlethen, 3 0 0

The District of Formartine.
Major Ramsay of Barra, Straloch, Aberdeen,SiIver Medal.

1. Alex. Ronaldson, Little Gight, Methlic, L.7 0 6

2. Gilbert Mitchell, Meikle Haddo, Foveran, 4
Amos Cruickshank, Sittyton, Aberdeen, . 6

1. Amos Cruickshank, Sittyton, Aberdeen, 5

2. Amos Cruickshank, Sittyton, Aberdeen, 3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

DRAUGHT HORSES.

The District of Wester Ross.

. Murdo Bethune, Dreim, Beauly, . L.2

. David Ross, Keppoch, Dingwall,

. William Allan, Drummondreach, Ferrintosh

The District of Perth, Fife, Kinross, ayxd Clackmannan.
Stallions, . Andrew Logan, Crossfiat, Kilbarchan, . L.25

Stallions,

Mares,

Fillies,

25

0

0

10

0

0

5

0

0

0 0

ENTIRE COLTS.

The County of Linlithgow.

2- Year old Colts, John Kerr, Bloom, Mid-Calder, . L.3

1-Year old Colts, James Brownlee, Holehouseburn, Whitburn 2

The County of Edinburgh.

2- Year old Colts, Trustees of the late John Finnie, Swanston, L.3
1 -Year old Colts, John Brown, Outerston, Gorebridge, . 2

LEICESTER SHEEP.

Tlie District of the Border Union Society.
Tups, . . Archibald Wotherspoon, Spotsmains, Kelso, L.5

Shearling Turs, William Purves, Linton Burnfoot, Kelso, . 5
Shearling Ewes, George Torrance, Sisterpath, Dunse, . 2

The County of Edinburgh.
Tups, . . David Ainslie of Costerton, Blackshiels.

Tups, . . David Ainslie of Costerton, Blackshiels,

Shearling Tups, David Ainslie of Costerton, Blackshiels,
Ewes, . . William Ford, Hardengreen, Dalkeith,

Shearling Ewes, David Ainslie of Costerton, Blackshiels,

0

0*

0

0*

0

0*

0

0*

0
0
0

0
0
0*

Silver Medal.
L.2 10 0*
5 0 0
2 10 0*

2 0 0*

62

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1S67.

Tups, .
Tups, .

Shearling Tups,
Ewes, .
Shearling Ewes,

Tups,
Tups,

Shearling Tups,
Ewes,

Tups,
Tups,

Shearling Tups

Ewes,

Gimmers,

Tups,
Tups,
Shearling Tups

Ewes,
Gimmers,

Tups,

Tups,

Shearling Tups,
Ewes,

Gimmers,

Tups,

Tups,

Shearling Tups

Ewes,

Gimmers,

Tups,

Shearling Tups,
Ewes,

Gimmers,

Silver Medal.
L.5 0 0
5 0 0
2 10 0*
2 0 0*

Boars,
Boars,

Sows,

CHEVIOT SHEEP.

The District of West Teuiotdale.
William Aitchison of Brieryhill, Hawick, Silver Medal.
William Aitchison of Brieryhill, Hawick, . L.5 0 0
John Moffat, Craik, Hawick, . .500

John Moffat, Craik, Hawick, . .500

John Moffat, Craik, Hawick, . .400

The County of Peebles.
Sir G. Graham Montgomery, Bart., M.P., Silver Medal.
James Johnstone, Capplegill, Moffat, . L.5 0 0

James Johnstone, Capplegill, Moffat, . 5 0 0

A. Fox, Orchard Mains, Traquair, . . 2 10 0*

The Pastoral District of Boss-shire.
Captain Davidson, Inverbroom,
Captain Davidson, Inverbroom,
Captain Davidson, Inverbroom,
Captain Davidson, Inverbroom,
Captain Davidson, Inverbroom,

Th e County of Sutherland.

E. Macivor, Scourie, Lairg, . . Silver Medal.

William Mitchell, Ribigill, Tongue, . . L.5 0 0

William Mitchell, Ribigill, Tongue, . . 5 0 0

William Mitchell, Ribigill, Tongue, . . 5 0 0

William Mitchell, Ribigill, Tongue, . . 4 0 0

BLACKFACED SHEEP.

The District of Lochaber.
Lord Abinger, Inverlochy Castle, Fort-
William, .....
Charles Alexander, Meobile, Fort- William,
Walter Reid, Glenfinnon, Fort- William, .
Charles Alexander, Meobile, Fort- William,
John M. Pender, Auchindawe, Fort- William,

The District of Athole and Weem.
Sir Robert Menzies, of Menzies, Bart.,
John Dickson, Calvine, Blair Athole,
Robert Peter, Urlar, Aberfeldy,
John Dickson, Calvine, Blair Athole,
John Dickson, Calvine, Blair Athole,

The District of Badenoch.
C. T. Pelham, Etteridge, Kingussie, .
Allan Kennedy, Kinchile, Aviemore,
J. Macpherson, Killihuntly, Kingussie,
Messrs Macdonald, Strathmashie, Laggan,

SWINE.
The District of Dalkeith.
Viscount Melville, Melville Castle, Silver Medal_

1. James Stenhouse, Myles, Tranent, . L.4 0 0*

2. William Bertram Brown, Smeaton, Dalkeith, 2 0 0

1. George Smith, Chalkieside, Dalkeith, . 3 0 0

2. James WiLson, Wester Cowden, Dalkeith, 10 0

Silver Medal.

L.5

0

0

5

0

0

2

10

0*

m, 2

0

0*

Silver Medal.

L5

0

0

2

10

0*

2

10

0*

4

0

0

L.5

0

0

5

0

0

2

10

0*

4

0

0

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 18G7. 63

DAIRY PRODUCE.

Tli e Western District of Mid-Lothian.
Cured Butter, . 1. James Walker, Tippethill, Bathgate, . L.3 0 0
2. William Meikle, Last Breich, West Calder, 2 0 0

The District of Kilmarnock.
Medium Gold Medals were awarded to : —

1. Matthew Hannah, Aird, Inch, Stranraer, for Sweet Milk Cheese (Cheddar

variety).

2. George Dunlop, Warwickland, Fenwick, for Sweet Milk Cheese (Dunlop

variety).

SEED COMPETITIONS.

Silver Medals were awarded to the following : —

The County of Ayr.
Robert Guthrie, Crossburn, Troon, for Archer's Prolific Wheat.
Alexander M'Viear, New Mill, Kilmarnock, for Chevalier Barley.
Thomas Bone, East Sanquhar, St Quivox, for Sheriff's Improved Oats.
James Pollock, Raws, Kilmarnock, for Perennial Ryegrass.

Tli e County of Stirling.
Alexander Buchanan, Whitehouse, Stirling, for Trump Wheat.
John Blair, Claybills, Stirling, for Scotch Barley.
Thomas Murdoch, Blairdrummond, Stirling, for Early Blainslie Oats.
Robert Downie, Hillhead, Stirling, for Scotch Beans.

The District of Wester Boss.
William Allan, Drummonclreach, Dingwall, for White Essex Wheat.

The District of the Black Isle.
Major Wardlaw, Belmaduthy, Munlochy, for Potato Oats.

Tlie County of Caithness.
John Scott, Noss, Wick, for Buchan Bere.
George Brock, West Greenland, Castleton, Thurso, for Sandy Oats.

The Islands of Shetland.
John Walker, Maryfield, Lerwick, for Early Angus Oats.

The District of Spey, Avon, and Fiddochside.
James M'Pherson, Pitcroy, Ballindalloch, for Golden Melon Barley,
James M'Pherson, Pitcroy, Ballindalloch, for Scotch Birlie Oats.

Tlie District of Strathearn.
John Whyte, Muirhead, Dunning, for Potato Oats.

Tfte District of Strathspey.
James Stephen, Kinchardy, Aviemore, for Common English Barley.
Charles Grant, Advie, Craigellachie, for Early Angus Oats.

The County of Elgin.
Lewis Smith, Milton of Grange, Forres, for Wheat.
James Smith, Middlefield of Inverne, Forres, for Chevalier Barley.
Alexander Paterson, Mulben, Keith, for Potato Oats.
John Adam, Easterton, Bimie, Elgin, for Perennial Ryegrass.

64 PKEMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1867.

PLOUGHING COMPETITIONS.

In the course of the year 1866-1867 the Society's Medal was awarded at
149 Ploughing Competitions — the details of which are given at p. 68.

MEDALS IN AID OF PREMIUMS GIVEN BY LOCAL SOCIETIES.

Sdver Medals were awarded to the following : — ■

The District of the Ardrossan Farmers' Society.
Alexander Young, Yondertown, West Kilbride, for Lest Sweet Milk Cheese.
Hugh Smith, Lochcraigs, Stevenston, for best Cured Butter.

The District of the Black Isle.
James Cameron, Balnakyle, Munlochy, Inverness, for best Shorthorn Bull.

The Parish of Broughton.
James Merrylees, Culter, Biggar, for best Butter.

The District of Buchan.
James Bruce, Inverquhomerie, Longside, for best Shorthorn Bull.
James Bruce, Inverquhomerie, Longside, for best Shorthorn Cow.

The Island of Bute.
Eobert Macfie, Ettrick, Rothesay, for best managed Green Crop.

The County of Caithness.
James Henderson of Bilbster, Wick, for best Shorthorn Bull.
Sir George Dunbar, Bart., Ackergill Tower, Wick, for best Highland Cow.

The District of Carrick.
James Nicol Fleming of Knockdon, for best managed Green Crop.

The County of Clackmannan.
Andrew and Alexander Mitchell, Alloa, for best managed Green Crop — Dry-
field Farm.

William Menzies, Burnbrae, Kincardine, for best managed Green Crop

Carse Farm.
William Allan, Park, Clackmannan, for best made Hay.

The District of the Cluny Association.
William Downie, Linton Mains, Cluny, for best Shorthorn Bull.
Colonel Fraser of Castle Fraser, Aberdeen, for best Shorthorn Cow.
Henry Downie, Balvack, Monymusk, for best managed Farm.
Robert Adam, Todlachie, Monymusk, for best managed Green Crop.

The District of Cumnock.
Mrs Stewart, Dalleagles, New Cumnock, for best Sweet MUk Cheese.
Mrs Wallace, Piperhill, Ochiltree, for best Cured Butter.
James Wilson, Oldmill, New Cumnock, for best Collection of Roots.
John Wilson, Laigh Tarbeg, Ochiltree, for best Collection of Seeds.

The District of Donside.
George Thomson of Pitmedden, Aberdeen, for best managed Green Crop.

County of Elgin.
John Hunter, Dipple, Fochabers, for Swedish Turnips.
Johh Hunter, Dipple, Fochabers, for Regent Potatoes.

The District of Fetter cairn.
William Alexander, Bent of Halkerton, Laurencekirk, for best Shorthorn Bull.
Charles Middleton, Nether Thainstone, Fettercairn, for best Polled Cow.
David Mitchell, Lower Powburn, Fordoun, for best managed Green Crop.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1867. 65

The County of Kincardine.
David Mitchell, Lower Powburn, Fordoun, for best managed Green Crop.

The, District of Leoclw.l-Ciishnie.
James Emslie, Cardenstone, Alford, for best Polled Aberdeen Bull.
Hary Shaw, Bogfern, Tarland, for best Polled Aberdeen Cow.
Charles Strachan, Tillyoarn, Corse, for best managed Green Crop.

The District of Manchline.
Robert Caldwell, Knockshoggle, Coylton, for best managed Dairy.

TJie District of Nithsdale.
William Borland, Townfoot, Thornhill, for best Sweet Milk Cheese.
William Irving, Barndannock, Auldgarth, for best Cured Butter.

The District of Penicuik.
Andrew Pate, Fidford, Eoslin, for best Ayrshire Bull.
James Wilson, Wester Cowden, Dalkeith, for best Clydesdale Mare.

The District of Spcy, Avon, and Fiddochside.
Sir George Macpherson Grant of Ballindalloch, Bart., for best Polled Bull.
William Cantlie, Keithmore, Dufftown, for best Shorthorn Heifer.
John Fleming, Marionburgh, Ballindalloch, for best managed Farm.
Sir George Macpherson Grant, Bart., for best managed Green Crop.

The District of Stewarton.
James Nisbet, Gameshill, Dunlop, for best Sweet Milk Cheese.

Th e Islands of Shetland.
James Jaffray, Belmont, Unst, for best Cured Butter.

The District of West Linton.
Miss Flora Inch, Wester Deanshouses, Leadburn, for best Sweet Milk Cheese.
Peter Wilson, Noblehall, Noblehouse, for best Cured Butter.

The Western District of Mid-Lothian.
James Young, Bonnie, Linlithgow, for best Ayrshire Bull.
William Aitken, Chapel, Wishaw, for best Clydesdale Mare.

The District of Wester Boss.
John Gordon, Braelangwell, Tain, for best Shorthorn Bull.
John Hendrie, Castle Heather, Inverness, for best Mare.

Forres Fat Shoiv.
Walter Scott, Glendronach, Huntly, for best Bullock.
Robert Bruce, Johnston, Leslie, Aberdeen, for best Heifer.
John Ferguson, East Grange, Forres, for best pen of Sheep.
Robert Munro, Covsea, Elgin, for best Pig.

Edinburgh Christmas Club.
Amount of Vote in Aid of Premiums, ,£50 0 0

Dundee Show.
Amount of Vote in Aid of Premiums, £100 0 0

IV. COTTAGES AND GARDENS.

FOR THE BEST-KEPT COTTAGES AND GARDENS.

First Cottage Premium, L.l, 5s., and Medal when Four Competitors ; Second,
L.l ; Third, 15s. First Garden Premium, L.l, 5s., and Medal when Four
Competitors; Second, L.l ; Third, 15s.

e

66 PKEMIUMS AWAKDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1867.

Parish of Birse. — 1st Cottage Premium and Medal, John Collie ; 2d,
Alexander Bowman ; 3d, David Strachan. 1st Garden Premium and Medal,
David Strachan ; 2d, Alexander Bowman ; 3d, George Birss. Medal to
John Collie, awarded 1st Premium in 1865.

Parishes of Lonmay and Crimond, — 1st Cottage Premium and Medal,
Andrew Jaffray ; 2d, William Clubb ; 3d, Alexandar Sinclair. 1st Garden
Premium and Medal, E. Ritchie ; 2d, Win. Hutcheon ; 3d, James Ewerdine.

Balerno. — Is* Garden Premium and Medal, James Bryce ; 2d, George
Heriot ; 3d, Walter Knox.

Parish of Forgandenny. — 1st Garden Premium and Medal, James
Anderson ; 2d, Thomas M'Ewan ; 3d, John Richardson.

Parish of Abernethy. — 1st Garden Premium and Medal, John Sandi-
lands ; 2d, John Bain ; 3d, James Paterson.

Parish of Gask. — 1st Cottage Premium and Medal, Janet Monteith ; 2d,
David Gilbert ; 3d, Mary Rae. 1st Garden Premium and Medal, Hector
Drysdale ; 2d, Alexander Moncrieff ; 3d, James Kemp.

MEDALS IN AID OF PRIVATE COMPETITIONS.

Ballindalloch. — Alexander Cameron, for best kept Cottage.
Cromar. — James Skeen, for best kept Cottage Garden.
Breadalbane, &c.— William Stewart, for best kept Garden.
Breadalbane, &c. (Amateurs.) — Chas. M'Diarmid, for best kept Garden.
West Linton. — William Rae, for best kept Cottage and Garden.
Culross. — James Bryce, for best kept Cottage Garden.
Logiealmond, &c. — Duncan M'Nab, for best kept Garden.
Hutchesonton Gardens. — Robert Boness, Glasgow, for best kept Plot.
Victoria Gardens, Govanhill. — James Duncan, Glasgow, for best kept Plot.

V. VETERINARY COLLEGE.

Silver Medals were awarded, at the Annual Examination in April last, to
the following : —

1. A. G. Rolls, Weymouth, for best Examination in Horse Pathology.

2. Do. do. for best Examination in Anatomy.

3. Do. do. for best Examination in Physiology.

4. Do. do. for best Examination in Materia Medica.

5. R. C. Edwards, Derby, for best Examination in Chemistry.

G. Do. do. for best Examination in Cattle Pathology.

7. P. M. Walker, Luss, for best General Examination.

VI. AGRICULTURAL CLASS, EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY.

The Prizes of £6 and £4, annually allowed by the Society to the Students
who pass the best and second best examinations in the Agricultural Class in
the University of Edinburgh, were awarded in 1867 to, —

1st, Richard George Scriven, Northamptonshire.

2d, Robert Brydon, Burncastle, Berwickshire.

RETURNS OF SEEDS COMPETITIONS.

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LIST OF PLOUGHING COMPETITIONS.

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James Wliite, Tillyfour.
Joseph Coutts, Ballater.
George Watson, Outliill of Bora.
John Farquharson, Galton.
William Dawson, Wardhead.
James Morrison, Invergeldie.
Peter Duncan, Glen of Dyce.
William King, Ardlaw.
George Meldi um, Dunnydeer.
James Rouson, Newton Hill.
Alexander Reith, Greenbtu'ii.
John Dawson, Walton.
John Bruce, Mains of Kindrought.
James Duguid, Denmore.

James Brown, Eilindonieh.
John Gillespie, Clachan.
Alexander Maconnel, Point Farm.
Jolm M'Queston, Glenechara.
David Kilpatrick, Drimvore.
Andrew Ronald, Brunerican.
Angus Campbell, Soroba.
Dugald M'Callum, Duachy.

James Aird, South Carton.
Ebenezer Speir, Boydstone.
John M'Gill, Braes.
George Welsh, HaU.
James Kelly, Maichbank.
William Fleming, Rushaw.
William Wyllie, MossgieL
James M'Kie, Drumore.
John M'Gregor, Moor.
John Smith, Mossblown.
John MoiTison, HUlhead.
John Auld, Pettoek.
Thomas Gairie, Burnton.
William Glover, Fail Mill.
Francis M 'Allan, Kirkland.

Amount

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Eastfield, .

Lunderton,

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Reeketlean,

Abergeldie,

Pitmedden,

Killiequharrn, .

Headtown,

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Auchronie,

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Banks,

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Maam,
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Claonigart,
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Ardnahua,

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Bonnyton,

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Strath Sanquhar,

Westtown,

Lane,

Bennan, .

Strandhead,

Lawoodhead, .

Name of Society.

Aberdeenshire —
Alford,
Ballater,

Buchan (Deer District),
Coldstoue and Migvie,
Coimtesswells, .
Crathie,

Dyce, ....
Forbes and Fordyce, .
Inch, ....
Kcnnethmont, .
Mar, ....

Strichen,
Old Maehar,

Argyllshire —
Glenorchy, .
Inverary,
Kiltinan,

Killean and ICilkenzie,
Kilmartin, .
Kintyre,

Lorn, ....
Netherlorn,

Ayrshire — .

Ayr

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Cumnock, .

Cumnock, New, . ,

Fenwick,

Gougar,

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Mauchliiie, .

St. Quivox, .

Sorn and Dalgain,

Stair and Coylton,

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STATE OP THE FUNDS

OF

THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,

At 30th NOVEMBER 1867.

I. Investments on Bonds, &c. —

Heritable Bonds, . . ' . £10,800 0 0

Kailway Debentures, . . . 7,450 0 0

Glasgow "Water Corporation Debentures, 1,000 0 0

£19,250 0 0
H. Value of Bank Stocks, at price on 30tli

November 1867, . . . 25,411 9 6

III. Balance due by Boyal Bank of Scotland, 3,224 14 1

IV. Ten Shares (£500) of Stock of British

Fishery Society, valued at . . 200 0 0

V. Property on George IV. Bridge, . 3,100 0 0

VI. Furniture, Pictures, and Books, . 1,000 0 0

VII. Value of Medals on Hand, . . 13 8 0

VIII. Sum outstanding in connection with

Glasgow Show, .' . . 450 0 0
IX. Arrears of Members' Subscriptions con-
sidered Becoverable, . . 180 14 0

£52,830 5 7

KENNETH MACKENZIE, C.A., Auditor.

74
ABSTRACT of the ACCOUNTS of the HIGHLAND and

CHARGE.

1. Balance due by Royal Bank of Scotland at 30th November 1866, £1,065 14

2. Arrears of Annual Subscriptions then due, . £249 15 6

Whereof due by Life Members since compounded,
and thus extinguished, £72, 3s.; since ordered
to be written off as irrecoverable, £77, 16s. 6d., 149 19 6

99 16 0

3. Medals on hand at 30th November 1866, . . . . 23 15 0

4. Balance then due on Inverness Show, . . . . 10 0 0

5. Income from Investments —

Interest on £10,800 Heritably Secured, . £449 2 9

„ on £8,450 on Debenture Bonds, . 389 9 11

,, on Bank Accounts, . . . 7 10 10

Dividends on £12,120, 14s. Id. of Bank Stock
(present value £25,411, 9s. 6d.), £1,239 8 5

Dividend on £500 of the Stock of
British Fishery Society, . 20 0 0

£846 3 6

1,259 8 5

6. Subscriptions—

Annual Subscriptions,
Life do.,

7. Subscriptions to Chemical Department,

8. Receipts at Glasgow Show,

Add received on account of former Shows,

9. Sum in Debenture Bonds uplifted for Re-investment,

£766 1
1,008 8

6
0

£4,889 11
1 7

8
6

2,105 11

11

1,774 9
97 7

6
6

4,890 19
3,120 0

2
0

£13,187 13 4

Edinburgh, 1th January 1868.

75
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY of SCOTLAND, for the YEAR 1866-67.

DISCHARGE.

1. Establishment —

Salary to Secretary for year to Martinmas 1867, . . £700 0 0

Auditor for year 1866, . . . . . 30 0 0

Clerk for 1867, £210 ; Junior Clerk, £27, 12s., . . 237 12 0

Curator of Machinery, £10 ; Messenger, £60, 15s., . . 70 15 0

£1,038 7 0

Feu-Duty, £28 ; Taxes, £33, 2s. Id. ; Water-Duty, £1, 10s., 62 12 1

Gas, £5, 10s. 10d.; Coals, £13, 3s.; Fire Premiums, £6, 10s., 25 3 10
Repairs and Furnishings — Curtains, £43 ; Plans, £21 ; Roof

Lights, £15 ; Sundries, £17, 19s. 6d., . . . 96 19 6

£1,223 2 5

2. Chemical Department —

Salary to Professor, £300 ; Manures and Allowances to Ex-
perimenters, £109, lis., . . . . . 409 11 0

3. Veterinary Department —

Allowance to Professor, £26, 5s.; Medals, £5, 12s.; Adver-
tising, £2, lis. 9d., . . . . . 34 8 9

4. Premiums —

Glasgow Show, £1,374, 15s. 6d.; District Competitions, £55,
9s.; Ploughing Competitions, £96, 17s.; Reports, £98, 4s.;
Prizes (Agricultural Class), £10, .... 1,635 5 6

5. Printing, £54, 3s.; Advertising, £33, 14s.; Stationery, £32,

10s.; Post and Receipt Stamps, £39, 5s. 6d.,

6. Agents for Collecting Subscriptions, ....

7. Society's Transactions — Printing, £173, 3s.; Circulating,

£57, 15s. 10d., . .

8. Old and Remarkable Trees — Printing Returns, &c, £61, 16s.;

Editor, £42, 10s., . . . . .

9. Trials of Steam Ploughs — Fees, &c, to Practical Engineer,

£14, 2s.; Committee's Expenses, £3, 8s.,

10. Vote for Testimonial to Rev. Patrick Bell,

11. Miscellaneous —

Subscriptions to Meteorological Society, £5; Re-striking
Medals, £6, lis.; Frame for Mr Maxwell's Portrait,
£6, 14s. 6d.; Reporting Meetings, £3, 13s.; Travelling
Expenses, £15, 9s. 8d.; Bank Charges, £4, 15s.; Inci-
dental Outlays, £11, 18s., 54 1 2

12. Expenses of Glasgow Show 1867, as per Auditor's States, . 2,047 13 8

13. Investments — On Debenture Bonds, £2000; on Heritable

Bond, £1300, 3,300 0 0

159 12

2 7

<;
5

230 18

10

104 6

0

17 10
100 0

0

0

14. Arrears of Subscriptions to Glasgow Show— Due

by Counties of Lanark, £300 ; Renfrew, £150, £450 0 0

15. Balance in Royal Bank at close of Account, . 3,224 14 1

16. Arrears of Subscriptions considered recoverable, 180 14 0
7. Value of Medals on hand, . . . 13 8 0

£9,318 17 3

3,868 16 1

£13,187 13 4

ANTHONY MURRAY, Convener of Finance Committee.
GRAHAM BINN Y, Director, and Member of Finance Committee.
KENNETH MACKENZIE, C.A., Auditor.

76

ABSTRACT OF ACCOTJNTS-

CHARGE.

Local Subscriptions —

1. Lanarkshire Voluntary Assessment on Proprietors,

2. Ayrshire do. do.

3. Renfrewshire do. do.

4. Argyllshire do. do.

5. Buteshire do. do.

6. Glasgow— Contribution by Town Council,

2. Amount Collected during Show—

1. Drawn at Gates,

2. By Sale of Catalogues and Awards,

3. Rents of Stalls and Shedding —

1. Rent of Stalls,

2. Implement Shedding and Entry-Money,

3. Servants7 Accommodation,

4. Rent of Refreshment Rooms,

5. Litter Sold in Show Yard,

6. Interest from Bank,

£2,817 9 8
188 9 3

£343 18 0

118 9 0

12 10 0

£300 0 0

448 13 2

150 0 0

200 0 0

35 0 0

200 0 0

£1,333 13 2

3,005 IS 11

474 17 0

60 0 0

6 9 6

8 13 1

£4,889 11 8

Edinburgh, 7th January 1868.

ABSTRACT of the ACCOUNTS of the

CHARGE.

1. Balance in Royal Bank of Scotahd at 30th November 1S66,

2. Interest on £3000 Heritable Security,

3. Interest on £2200 Debenture Bonds,

4. Progressive Interest on Bank Account, .

£205 6 2

132 15 0

94 18 0

1 16 6

£434 15 8

Edinburgh, 7th January 1S68.

77

GLASGOW SHOW, 1867.

DISCHARGE.

1. Show Yard —

1. Fitting up Show Yard, .

2. Bedding for Stock, ....

3. Flags, Poultry Dishes, Money Bags, and Boiler,

4. Miscellaneous Expenditure,

2. Police Force, .....

3. Travelling Expenses of Judges, Secretary, Clerks, &c,

4. Hotel and other Bills for Judges, Deputation of Directors

Secretary, &c, .....

5. Tickets to Banquet for Judges and Staff, .

6. Balance on Banquet Account,

7. Bands in Show Yard, ....

8. Printing Catalogues, Awards, &c,

9. Advertising — at Railway Stations, £20 ; in Newspaper

£33, 5s. 9d.,

10. Allowance to Local Secretaries,

11. Allowance to Curator of Machinery, and Travelling Expenses,

12. Extra Clerks, .....

13. Assistants, Porters, and Attendants,

14. Postage Account, .....

15. Stationery, .....

16. Incidental Expenses, Carriage of Catalogues, &c,

Amount of General Expenses,

17. Premiums drawn at 30th November 1867, .

18. Balance, ......

£1,102 0

0

35 15

0

11 10

6

0 16 10

£1,150 2

4

48 2

0

102 3

3

217 11

8

20 14

0

46 14

0

45 3

4

229 17

0

53 5

9

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24 6

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17 11

6

32 18

8

3 10

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2 14

2

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8

1,374 15

6

1,467 2

6

£4,889 11 8

From the above Balance of

There must be deducted the Premiums, &c. undrawn at 30th
November, amounting to

Leaving a surplus of

£1,467 2 6

160 0 0

£1,307 2 6

ANTHONY MURRAY, Convener of Finance Committee.
GRAHAM BINNY, Director, and Member of Finance Committee.
KENNETH MACKENZIE, C.A., Auditor.

ARGYLL NAVAL FUND for 1866-87-

DISCHARGE.

1. Allowance to Five Recipients,

2. Balance in Royal Bank at 30th Nov. 1867,

£186 13 4
248 2 4

£434 15 8

ANTHONY MURRAY, Chairman of Finance Committee.
GRAHAM BINNY, Director, and Member of Finance Committee.
KENNETH MACKENZIE, C.A., Auditor.

78

STANDING COMMITTEES FOE 1868.

1. ARGYLL NAVAL FUND.

Admiral Sir William J. Hope Johnstone, K.C.B., Convener
Vice- Admiral William Ramsay, C.B.
William S. Walker of Bowland.
Graham Binnt, W.S., Edinburgh.
Hew Crichton, S.S.C., Edinburgh.

2. CHEMISTRY.

Professor Anderson, Glasgow, Convener.

Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn of Smeaton, Bart.

Professor Lyon Playfair, C.B., Edinburgh.

„ Allman, Edinburgh.

„ Balfour, Edinburgh.

„ Wilson, Edinburgh.
Henry Stephens, Redbrae, Edinburgh.
Robert Russell, Pilmuir, Leven.
George Harvey, Whittingham Mains, Prestonkirk.
James Melvin, Bonnington, Ratho.
John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith.
Robert Scot Skirving, Camptoun, Drem.
Patrick Dudgeon of Cargen.
William Goodlet, Bolshan, Arbroath.
Thomas Park, Stoneyhill, Musselburgh.
George Hope, Fenton Barns, Drem.
William Gray, Southfield, Duddingston, Edinburgh.

3. COTTAGES.

Harry Maxwell Inglis of Logan Bank, Convener.
John Ord Mackenzie of Dolphinton.
Archibald Campbell Swinton of Kimmerghame, Dunse.
Thomas Coutts Trotter, Bilston Lodge, Loanhead.

4. DISTRICT SHOWS.

Archibald Campbell Swinton of Kimmerghame, Convener.
Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn of Smeaton, Bart.
Robert Pillans Newton of Castlandhill, Kerse, Falkirk.
John Stirling of Kippendavie, Dunblane.
William S. Walker of Bowland.
John Ord of Muirhouselaw, Nisbet, Kelso.
Alexander M'Dougal, Granton Mains, Edinburgh.
Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains, Liberton.

70

STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1868-CW<W.

5. FINANCE.

Anthony Murray of Dollerie, Convener.

Eight Hon. Sir William Gibson- Craig of Biccarton, Bart.

John Ord Mackenzie of Dolphinton.

William S. Walker of Bowland.

John Stirling of Kippendavie, Dunblane.

Graham Binny, W.S., Edinburgh.

Hew Crichton, S.S.C., Edinburgh.

Thomas Coutts Trotter, Bilston Lodge, Loanhead.

Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A., Edinburgh.

6. GENERAL SHOWS.

Alexander Kinloch, yr. of Gilmerton, Convener.
Sir James Gardiner Baird of Saughton Hall, Bart.
Professor Macquorn Bankine, Glasgow.
John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith.
George Harvey, Whittingham Mains, Prestonkirk.
John Curror, Comiston, Lothian Burn.
James Hope, Duddingston, Edinburgh.
William Goodlet, Bolshan, Arbroath.
Archibald Campbell Swinton of Kimmergharae.
George Prentice of Strathore, Kirkcaldy.
William Gray, Southfield, Duddingston, Edinburgh.
George Hope, Fenton Barns, Drem.
William S. Walker of Bowland.
Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains, Liberton.
Alexander M'Dougal, Granton Mains, Edinburgh.
Thomas Coutts Trotter, Bilston Lodge, Loanhead.

7. HOUSE AND BUILDINGS.

John Ord Mackenzie of Dolphinton, Convener.
Sir James Gardiner Baird of Saughton Hall, Bart.
Anthony Murray of Dollerie.
William S. Walker of Bowland.
J. G. Heddle of Melsetter.
Graham Binny, W.S., Edinburgh.

8. MACHINERY.

John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith, Convener.
Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn of Smeaton, Bart.
Professor Macquorn Bankine, Glasgow.
George Hope, Fenton Barns, Drem.
Henry Stephens, Bedbrae, Edinburgh.
William Sadler, Ferrygate, Drem.
James Wilson, Wester Cowden, Dalkeith.
Thomas Park, Stoneyhill, Musselburgh.
Eobert Bussell, Pilinuir, Leven.
Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains, Liberton.

80

STANDING COMMITTEES FOR lBQB-Contmued.

9. PREMIUMS FOR REPORTS ON THE SCIENCE AND
PRACTICE OF AGRICULTURE.

Professor Lyon Platfair, C.B., Edinburgh, Convener.

„ Anderson, Glasgow.

„ Balfour, Edinburgh.

„ Allman, Edinburgh.

„ Wilson, Edinburgh.
Alexander Forbes Irvtne of Drum.
Robert Hutchtson of Carlowrie, Kirkliston.
John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith.
And all the Directors.

10. PREMIUMS FOR REPORTS ON WOODS AND

PLANTATIONS.

Professor Balfour, Edinburgh, Convener.

William S. Walker of Bowland.

Alexander Forbes Irvine of Drum.

Patrick Dudgeon of Cargen.

Robert Pillans Newton of Castlandhill, Kerse, Falkirk.

Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie, Kirkliston.

Charles Lawson of Borthwick Hall.

11. PUBLICATIONS.

Alexander Forbes Irvine of Drum, Convener.

Professor Balfour, Edinburgh.

Henry Stephens, Redbrae, Edinburgh.

Robert Russell, Pilmuir, Leven.

J. G. Heddle of Melsetter.

William S. Walker of Bowland.

Robert Pillans Newton of Castlandhill.

12. VETERINARY COLLEGE EXAMINATIONS.

Andrew Gillon of Wallhouse, Convener.

Sir Alexander C. Ramsay Gibson Maitland of Barnton, Bart.

Professor Balfour, Edinburgh.

„ Allman, Edinburgh.

„ Anderson, Edinburgh.
Dr Burt, Edinburgh.

Archibald Camfbell Swinton of Kimmerghame, Dunse.
William S. Walker of Bowland.
Alexander Kinloch, yr. of Gilmerton.
Henry Stephens, Redbrae, Edinburgh.
John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith.
George Hope, Fenton Barns, Drem.
William Gray, Southfield, Duddingston, Edinburgh,
James Wilson, Wester Cowden, Dalkeith.
Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains, Liberton.
Alexander M'Dougal, Granton Mains, Edinburgh.

The President, Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, and Honorary Secretary, are
members ex officio of all Committees.

GENERAL NOTICE.

The Highland Society was instituted in the year 1784, and
established by Royal Charter in 1787. Its operation was at
first limited to matters connected with the improvement of the
Highlands of Scotland; but the supervision of certain depart-
ments, proper to that part of the country, having been subse-
quently committed to special Boards of Management, several of
the earlier objects contemplated by the Society were abandoned,
while the progress of agriculture led to the adoption of others of
a more general character. The exertions of the Society were
thus early extended to the whole of Scotland, and have, for the
greater part of a century, been directed to the promotion of the
science and practice of agriculture in all its branches.

In accordance with this more enlarged sphere of action, the
original title of the Society was altered, under a Royal Charter,
in 1834, to The Highland and Agkicultukal Society of
Scotland.

The leading purposes of the Institution are set forth in the
following pages, where it will be found that Premiums are
awarded for Reports on almost every subject connected with the
cultivation of the soil; the rearing and feeding of stock; the
management of the dairy ; the improvement of agricultural
machinery and implements ; the growth of timber ; the extension
of cottage accommodation ; the application of chemical science ;
and the dissemination of veterinary information.

Among the more important measures which have been effected
by the Society are —

1. Agricultural Meetings and General Shows of Stock, Imple-
ments, &c, held in the principal Towns of Scotland, at which
Exhibitors from all parts of the United Kingdom are allowed to
compete.

2. A system of District Shows instituted for the purposes of
improving the breeds of Stock most suitable for different parts
of the country, and of aiding and directing the efforts of Local
Agricultural Associations.

3. The promotion of Agricultural Education, under powers
conferred by a supplementary Royal Charter granted in 1856,
and authorising " The Council of the Highland and Ageicul-
tural Society on Education" to grant Diplomas to Students of
Agriculture (see p. 61).

b GENERAL NOTICE.

4. The advancement of the Veterinary Art, by conferring
Diplomas on Students who have passed through a prescribed
curriculum, and who are found, by public examination, qualified
to practise.

5. The appointment of a Chemist, for the purpose of promoting
the application of science to agriculture. Investigations on
subjects of importance are conducted in the Laboratory, and
published in the Transactions. Members can obtain analyses,
reports, and advice, on terms below those charged to others
(see p. 64).

6. The periodical publication of the Transactions, which com-
prehend the proceedings in the Laboratory, reports of experiments,
and other communications invited and approved by the Society.

CONSTITUTION AND MANAGEMENT.

The general business of The Highland and Agricultural
Society is conducted under the sanction and control of a Royal
Charter, which authorises the enactment of Bye-Laws. Business
connected with Agricultural Education is conducted under the
authority of a Supplementary Pioyal Charter, also authorising
the enactment of Bye-Laws.

The Office-Bearers consist of a President, Four Vice-Presi-
dents, Ten Extraordinary, and Thirty Ordinary Directors, a
Treasurer, an Honorary and an Acting Secretary, an Auditor,
and other Officers. The proceedings of the Directors are reported
to General Meetings of the Society, held in January, and in June
or July. The Council on Education, under the Supplementary
Charter, consists of Sixteen Members — Nine nominated by
the Charter, and Seven elected by the Society. The Board of
Examiners consists of Twelve Members.

Members are elected at the half-yearly General Meetings.
The ordinary subscription is L.l, 3s. 6d. annually, which may be
redeemed by one payment, varying, according to the number of
previous annual payments, from L.12, 12s. to L.7, Is. Tenant-
Farmers, Secretaries, and Treasurers of local Agricultural Asso-
ciations, resident Agricultural Factors, and Proprietors farming
the whole of their own lands, whose valuation does not exceed
L.500, are admitted on a subscription of 10s. annually, which
may be redeemed by one payment, varying, according to the
number of previous annual payments, from L.5, 5s. to L.3.

Members of the Society receive the Transactions on appli-
cation, and are entitled to apply for District Premiums — to
report Ploughing Matches for the Medal — to attend Shows free
of charge, and to exhibit Stock and consult the Chemist at
reduced rates.

Orders, payable at the Pioyal Bank of Scotland, are issued by
the Directors, in name of the parties in whose favour Premiums
have been awarded.

All communications must be addressed to " Fletcher Norton
Menzies, Esq., Secretary of the Highland and Agricultural
Society of Scotland, No. 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh."

ESTABLISHMENT FOR 1868.

'BttBibtrd.
THE DUKE OF BUCCLEUCH AND QUEENSBERRY, E.G.

THE EAEL OF DALHOUSIE, K.T.
THE EAEL OF FIFE, K.T.
THE EARL OF SOUTHESK.
THE EAEL OF KINTORE.

Sir Michael R. Shaw Stewart, Bart.
Sir James Fergusson, Bart., M.P.
Sir William Elliot of Wolfelee, K.S.L
Archibald A. Speirs of Elderslie, M.P.
Sir James Horn Burnett, Bart.
Sir Alexander Bannerman, Bart.
John Gordon of Cluny.
Alexander Forbes Irvine of Dram.
Lt.-Colonel William M'Inroy of the Burn.
Alexander Morison of Bognie.

#ritmarg ^iuttots.

Sir Alexander C. Ramsay Gibson-Maitland, Bart.

George Robertson Barclay of Keavil.

John Dudgeon, Alniondhill.

Robert Dundas of Arniston.

William Goodlet, Bolshan.

James Roberton, Ladyrig.

John Stirling of Kippendavie.

Archibald Campbell Swinton of Kimmergliame.

William Stuart Walker of Bowland.

Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn, Bart.

William Wallace Hozier, yr. of Mauldslie.

Colonel William Mure of Caldwell.

Thomas Park, Stoneyliill.

Walter Reid, Drem.

Graham Somervell of Sorn,

Graham Binny, W.S., Edinburgh.

Colonel Archibald Campbell of Blythswood.

Colonel Joseph Dundas of Carron Hall.

Robert Elliot, Laighwood.

James GeddeSj OrblLston.

ESTABLISHMENT FOE 1868. V

John Ord of Muirhouselaw.
Major John Ramsay of Barra.
Robert Russell, Pilmuir.
Sir James Gardiner Baird, Bart.
Hew Crichton, S.S.C., Edinburgh.
Charles Lawson of Borthwick Hall.
Alexander M'Dougal, Granton Mains.
Thomas Mtlne, Niddrie Mains.
Thomas Coutts Trotter, Bilston Lodge.
John Wilson, Edington Mains.

©flkE-§karcrs.

The Right Hon. Sir William Gibson-Craig of Riccarton, Bart., Treasurer.

Sir William Stirling Maxwell of Keir, Bart., M.P., Honorary Secretary.

Fletcher Norton Menzies, Secretary.

Rev. James Grant, D.C.L., D.D., Chaplain.

Thomas Anderson, M.L\, Professor of Chemistry in the University of

Glasgow, Chemist.
Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A., Auditor.
John Wilson, Professor of Agriculture in the University of Edinburgh,

Professor of Agriculture.
W. J. Macquorn Ranktne, LL.D., Professor of Civil Engineering in the

University of Glasgow, Consulting Engineer.
Alexander Slight, Practical Engineer.
Gourlay Steell, R.SA., Animal Portrait Painter.
William Williams, Professor of Veterinary Surgery.
John Adam M'Bride, Professor of Cattle Pathology.
Thomas Duncan, Clerk.
John MacDiarmid, Junior Clerk.
William Blackwood & Sons, Publishers.
Neill & Company, Printers.
Mackay, Cunningham, & Co., Silversmiths.
Alexander Kirkwood & Son, Medallists.
John Watherston & Sons, Inspectors of Works.
William M'Neill, Messenger.

Clnrirmra of Slanbiirg Comntiiftes.
Argyll Naval Fund, . Admiral Sir Wm. J. Hope Johnstone, K.C.B.

Professor Anderson.
Harry Maxwell Inglis of Logan Bank.
A. Campbell Swinton of Kimmerghame.
Anthony Murray of Dollerie.
Alex. Kinloch, yr. of Gilmerton.
John Ord Mackenzie of Dolphinton.
John Gibson, Woolmet.

CJi emistry,

Cottages,

District Shows,

Finance,

General SIioivs,

House and Buildings,

Machinery,

Premiums for Reports on'

the Science and Practice \- Professor Lyon Playfair, C.B.

of Agriculture, . ,J
Premiums for Reports on ) t, e t>

Woods and Plantations, \ Professor Balfour.

Publications, . . . Alexander Forbes Irvine of Drum.

Veterinary Colleqe Exa- ) . ~, ~ TTr ,,,

• ,-y J } Andrew Gillon of Wallhouse.

mmations, . . . )

All communications should be addressed to Fletcher Norton Menzies,
Esq., Secretary of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland,

No. 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.

10 ESTABLISHMENT FOR 1S68.

Council on (KrJucatton.

By a Supplementary Charter under the Great Seal, granted in 1856, the
Society is empowered to prescribe a Curriculum for Agricultural Education,
and to grant Diplomas (see p. 61).

Members of Council named by CJiarter.

The President of the Highland and Agricultural Society — President.
The Lord Justice-General — Vice-President.

The Lord Advocate.

The Dean of Faculty-.

The Professor of Agriculture.

The Professor of Anatojit.

The Professor of Botany.
The Professor of Chemistry.
The Professor of Natural His-
tory.

Members of Council named by Society.

Lord Colonsay.

Sir Wm. Gibson-Craig, Bart.

Sir A. C. R. Gibson-Maitland, Bart.

George Hope, Fenton Bams.

-1;

Robert Russell, Pilmuir.
Henry Stephens, Redbrae.
John Wilson, Edington Mains.

^oaro of fammintw.

Science and Practice of Agriculture — Mechanics and Construction — Professor

Wilson ; George Hope, Fenton Barns ; Robert Russell, Pilmuir ; and

John Wilson, Edington Mains.
Botany — Professor Balfour.
Chemistry — Professor Anderson.
Natural History — Professor Allman.
Veterinary Surgery — Professor Williams.
Field Engineering and Surveying — Professor Macquorn Rankine and

David Stevenson, C.E.
Boole-keeping and Accounts — ELenneth Mackenzie, C.A., and Archibald

Paterson, Meadowfield.

Cjjambm:.
No. 3 GEORGE IV. BRIDGE, EDINBURGH.

PREMIUMS.

GENEEAL EEGULATIONS FOE COMPETITOES.

All Eeports must be legibly written, and on one side of the
paper only ; they must specify the number and subject of the
Premium for which they are in competition ; they must bear a
distinguishing motto, and be accompanied by a sealed letter
similarly marked, containing the name and address of the
Reporter ; initials must not be used.

No sealed letter, unless belonging to a report found entitled
to one-half of the Premium offered, will be opened without the
author's consent.

Eeports, for which a Premium, or one-half of it, has been
awarded, become the property of the Society, and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, nor circulated in any manner,
without the consent of the Directors. All other papers will be
returned to the authors, if applied for within twelve months.

When a Eeport is unsatisfactory, the Society is not bound to
award the whole or any part of a Premium.

All Eeports must be of a practical character, containing the
results of the writer's own observation or experiment, and the
special conditions attached to each Premium must be strictly
fulfilled. General essays, and papers compiled from books, will
not be rewarded. Weights and measurements must be indicated
by the imperial standards.

The decisions of the Board of Directors are final and con-
clusive as to all Premiums, whether for Eeports or at General or
District Shows ; and it shall not be competent to raise any
question or appeal touching such decisions before any other
tribunal.

Eeports on subjects not included in the Premium List will be
received, and honorary rewards will be given when merited.

12 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868.

CLASS I.

EEPOKTS.

Section 1.— ON SUBJECTS CONNECTED WITH THE
SCIENCE AND PEACTICE OF AGEICULTUEE.

1. AGRICULTURE OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND BANFFSHIRE.

For an approved Eeport on the Agriculture of Aberdeenshire
and Banffshire — Thirty Sovereigns.

The Eeport should embrace full details of the different systems of
Farm Management observed in the district, and of the progress
which Agriculture has made within the last 25 years.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st November 1868.

2. AGRICULTURE OF EAST LOTHIAN.

For an approved Eeport on the Agriculture of East Lothian —
Thirty Sovereigns.

The Eeport should embrace full details of the different systems of
Farm Management observed in the district, and of the progress
which Agriculture has made within the last 25 years.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st November 1868.

3. MANURES PRODUCED BY DIFFERENT ETNDS OF FEEDING.

For an approved Eeport of the result of experiments for
ascertaining the comparative value of farm-yard Manure, ob-
tained from cattle fed upon different varieties of food, by the
application of such manures to farm crops — Twenty Sovereigns.

The Eeport must state the effects produced on two successive crops
by the application of manure obtained from cattle fed on
different sorts of food, such as turnips and straw alone ; and
turnips and straw, with an addition of oil-cake, linseed, bean-
meal, grain, or other substances. The animals should be as
nearly as possible of the same age, weight, condition, and matu-
rity, and each lot should receive daily the same quantity of litter ;
and, except as to the difference of food, they must be treated
alike.

The preparation of the manure, by fermentation or otherwise, shoidd
be in every respect the same ; and it is desirable that not less than
two several experiments be made with each kind, and that the
ground to which it is to be applied be as equal as possible in quality
and condition.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st May in any year.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868. 13

4. MANURE MADE WITH AND WITHOUT COVER.

For an approved Eeport on the comparative value of Manure
made in the ordinary manner, and of Manure kept under cover
till applied to the Land — Twenty Sovereigns.

The experiment may be conducted either with manure made in the
open straw-yard, contrasted with that made in covered hammels
or boxes, or with manure made in feeding houses, part of which
shall have been placed under cover, and part removed to the open
dung-pit, and kept carefully unmixed with any other manure.
Preference will be given to experiments embracing both of these
modes. The cattle must be fed and littered alike. There must be
at least an acre of land experimented on with each sort of manure —
the different lots must be manured to the same extent, and be equal
in soil, and the crops must be accurately weighed and measured on
two separate portions of each lot, not less than 20 poles. The
result, as given by two successive crops, to be reported.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st May in any year.

5. AUTUMN MANURING.

For an approved Eeport on the comparative advantages of
applying Manure to the stubble in autumn, or in the drills in
spring, for turnips, potatoes, or beans — Twenty Sovereigns.

The experiment must extend over two years, and comprise a green
crop and a grain crop. It must be conducted on not less than four
acres — one-half of which shall be dunged in autumn, and the other
in spring, with manure made as nearly as possible in the same way,
and of equal quantity and quality. The treatment and condition
of the land prior to the experiment must be mentioned.

As the object of this premium is to determine the comparative advan-
tages of autumn manuring, there will be no restriction as to
labouring the land ; but the reporter must state how that was done
on each lot during the experiment, which, if possible, should be
repeated in duplicate.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st May 1869.

6. IMPROVED VARIETIES OF AGRICULTURAL PLANTS.

For an approved Eeport on the means successfully employed
for obtaining new and superior varieties, or improved sub-
varieties, of any of the cereal grains, grasses, roots, or other
agricultural plants — The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns.

It is necessary that the varieties and sub-varieties reported upon
shall have been proved capable of reproduction from seed, and
also that the relation they bear to others, or well-known sorts,
should be stated. The reporter is further requested to mention
the effects that he may have observed produced by different soils,
manures, &c, on the plants forming the subjects of report, and how
far he may have ascertained such effects to be lasting.

Should any improved variety reported upon be the result of direct
experiment by cross impregnation, involving expense and long-
continued attention, a higher premium will be awarded.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st November 1868.

14 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868.

7. COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVENESS, &C., OF POTATOES.

For an approved Eeport on the comparative productiveness
and general equalities for use and keeping of different kinds
of Potatoes used in field culture — The Gold Medal, or Ten
Sovereigns.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st November 1868.

8. COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVENESS, &C, OF TURNIPS.

For an approved Eeport of the comparative productiveness
and general qualities for use and keeping of the different kinds
of Swedish, Yellow, and White Turnips, generally used in field
culture — The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns.
Eeports to be lodged by 1st May 1869.

9. CULTIVATION OF CABBAGE.

For an approved Eeport on the cultivation of the Cabbage as
a field crop — The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns.

The experiment must be conducted on not less than one acre, and con-
trasted with a like extent under turnips in the same field. Both
lots must have been under one rotation, and must be prepared and
manured in the same manner.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st May 1869.

10. VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS OF INDIA, CHINA, AMERICA, &C.

For an approved Eeport on the hardy and useful Herbaceous
Plants, including Grains and Grasses of China, Japan, the
Islands of the Eastern Archipelago, the Himalaya country, the
Falkland and South Sea Islands, California, the high north-
western districts of America, or any other country where such
climate exists as to induce the belief that the plants may be
beneficially introduced into the cultivation of Scotland — The
Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns.

Eeporters are required to give the generic and specific names of the
plants treated of, with the authority for the same — together with
the native names, in so far as known ; and to state the elevation
of the locality and nature of the soil in which they are cultivated,
or which they naturally inhabit, with their qualities or uses ; and it
is further requested that the descriptions be accompanied, in so far
as possible, with specimens of the plants, and their fruit, seed, or
other products.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st November in any year.

FEEDING STOCK.

The experiments specified in Nos. 11 and 12 must be conducted over
a period of not less than three months. No lot shall consist of
fewer than four Cattle or ten Sheep. The animals selected should

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 18C8. 15

be of the same age, sex, and breed, and, as nearly as possible, of the
same weight, condition, and maturity. The live weight before and
after the experiment must be stated, and, if killed, their dead weight
and quantity of tallow.

11. BEST MODES OF HOUSING FATTENING CATTLE.

For an approved Eeport on the comparative advantages of
fattening Cattle in stalls, in loose houses or boxes, and in sheds
or hammels — Twenty Sovereigns.

The Report must detail the comparative result of actual experiments.
The same quantities and kinds of food shall be used. Information
is required as to the comparative expense of attendance, the cost
of erecting the buildings, and any other circumstances deserving
of attention. The state of the weather during the experiment, in
point of temperature and wetness, must be particularly noted and
reported.

Reports to be lodged by 1st May in any year.

12. DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FOOD.

For an approved Eeport of experiments for ascertaining the
actual addition of weight to growing or fattening stock, by the
use of different kinds of food — Twenty Sovereigns.

The attention of the experimenter is directed to turnips, carrots,
beet, mangold-wurzel, potatoes, cabbage, as well as to beans, oats,
barley, Indian corn, linseed, oil-cake, or rape-cake, and to the effect
of warmth and proper ventilation, and the difference between food
cooked and raw. The above roots and other kinds of food are merely
suggested ; competitors are neither restricted to them, nor obliged
to experiment on all of them.

When experiments are made with linseed and cake, attention should
be paid to the comparative advantages, economically and otherwise,
of the substances in these two states.

Before commencing the comparative experiments, the animals must be
fed alike for some time previously.

The progress of different breeds may be compared. This will form an
interesting experiment of itself, for reports of which encouragement
will be given.

Reports to be lodged by 1st May in any year.

13. EXAMINING HORSES AS TO SOUNDNESS.

For an approved Eeport on the duties of the Veterinary Surgeon
in the Examination of Horses as to Soundness — The Medium
Gold Medal, or Five Sovereigns.

Competition is limited to Members of Veterinary Medical Associa-
tions.
Reports to be lodged by 1st November 1868.

14. PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.

For an approved Eeport on Pleuro-Pneumonia — its reported
disappearance during the restrictions on the movements of cattle

16 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1SGS.

— its reappearance when these restrictions were removed — and
the best method to be adopted for its eradication — The Gold
Medal, or Ten Sovereigns.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st November 1868.

15. DISINFECTING AGENTS FOR STOCK.

For an approved Eeport on disinfecting Agents, especially
Sulphurous Acid and Carbolic Acid, for preventing attacks of
Cattle Plague and Pleuro-Pneumonia, or in extirpating these
diseases when they have appeared — The Gold Medal, or Ten
Sovereigns.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st November 1868.

16. SANITARY ARRANGEMENTS FOR STOCK.

For an approved Pieport on the best construction and arrange-
ment of Byres, Sheds, and Courts for Cattle, with a view to
sanitary requirements — The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns.

The Report must bave reference to all descriptions of stock, whether

breeding, feeding, dairy, or young cattle.
Reports to be lodged by 1st November 1868.

1 7. _ TRANSIT OF STOCK.

For an approved Pieport on the conditions which should
regulate the Carriage of Stock by railway, or by sea, as well as
its transit by road — Twenty Sovereigns.

The reporter will refer to the various modes by which stock is usually
forwarded ; to the disadvantages attaching thereto, and the evils
resulting therefrom ; and to the manner in which these should be
obviated.

Reports to be lodged by 1st November 1868.

18. DIPPING AND SMEARING SHEEP.

For an approved Eeport on the processes of Dipping, Pouring,
and Smearing Sheep, and the materials employed for the pur-
pose— Twenty Sovereigns.

The reporter must discuss the relative advantages of Dipping, Pour-
ing, and Smearing, the use of summer dips, the nature and qualities
of the different materials which have been used, and their effect on
the wool and on the health of the Sheep. The facts detailed must
be derived from the practical experience of the reporter.

Reports to be lodged by 1st November 1869.

19. MANAGEMENT OF POULTRY.

For an approved Eeport on the profitable extension of the
Poultry Department in a mixed Farm in Scotland — The Medium
Gold Medal, or Five Sovereigns.

The Report must specify the breeds most recommended, mode of

PREMIUMS OFFEEFD BY THE SOCIETY IX 1868. 17

housing, feeding, and general treatment, with an abstract of receipts
and expenditure for a year.
Reports to be lodged by 1st November 1868.

20. RURAL ECONOMY ABROAD.

For an approved Report, founded on personal observation, of
any useful practice, in rural economy, adopted in other countries,
and susceptible of being introduced with advantage into Scot-
land—The Gold Medal.

The purpose chiefly contemplated by the offer of this premium is to
induce travellers to notice and record such particular practices as
may seem calculated to benefit Scotland.

Reports to be lodged by 1st November in any year.

Section 2.— LAND IMPROVEMENTS.

1. GENERAL IMPROVEMENT OF ESTATES.

To the Proprietor who shall report the most judicious, suc-
cessful, and extensive improvements — The Gold Medal, or Ten
Sovereigns.

The merits of the Report will not be determined so much by the mere
extent of the improvements, as by their character and relation
to the size of the property. The improvements may comprise
reclaiming, draining, enclosing, planting, road-making, building, and
all other operations proper to landed estates. The period within
which the operations may have been conducted is not limited,
except that it must not exceed the term of the reporter's pro-
prietorship.

Reports to be lodged by 1st May in any year.

2. RECLAMATION OF WASTE LAND BY TILLAGE.

1. For an approved Report by a Proprietor or Tenant of
having reclaimed within the six preceding years not less than
fifty acres of waste land — The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns.

2. For an approved Report by a Tenant of having reclaimed
within the four preceding years not less than twenty acres of
waste land — The Medium Gold Medal, or Five Sovereigns.

3. For a similar Report by a Tenant of having reclaimed not
less than ten acres — The Silver Medal.

The Reports may comprehend such general observations on the im-
provement of waste lands as the writer's experience may lead him
to make, but must refer especially to the lands reclaimed — to the
nature of the soil — the previous state and probable value of the
subject — the obstacles opposed to its improvement — the details of
the various operations — the mode of cultivation adopted — and the
produce and value of the crops produced. As the required extent
cannot be made up of different patches of land, the improvement

9

18 PREMIUMS OFFEEED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868.

must have relation to one subject ; it must be of a profitable character,
and a rotation of crops must have been concluded before the date of
the report. A detailed statement of the expenditure and return, and
a certified measurement of the ground, are requisite.
Reports to be lodged by 1st May in any year.

3. IMPEOVEMENT OF NATURAL PASTURE WITHOUT TILLAGE.

1. For an approved Report of an improvement of the pasturage
of not less than thirty acres, by means of top-dressing, draining,
or otherwise without tillage, in situations where tillage may be
inexpedient — The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns.

2. For an approved Report of a similar improvement of not
less than ten acres — The Silver Medal.

Reports must state the particular mode of management adopted, the
substances applied, the elevation and nature of the soil, its previous
natural products, and the changes produced.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st May in any year.

Section 3.— AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY.

INVENTION OR IMPROVEMENT OF IMPLEMENTS OF HUSBANDRY.

For approved Reports of such inventions or improvements, by
the reporters, of any agricultural implement or machine as shall
be deemed by the Society of public utility — Medals, or sums of
money not exceeding Fifty Sovereigns.

Reports may be lodged -with the Secretary at any time, and shoidd
be accompanied by drawings and descriptions of the implement or
machine, and, if necessary, by a model.

Section 4.— WOODS AND PLANTATIONS.

1. EXTENSIVE PLANTING.

For an approved Report by a Proprietor who shall, within the
live preceding years, have planted not less than 150 acres. The
whole planting operations that may have been conducted by the
reporter within the five years, whether completed or not, must
be embraced, and he must state the expense — description of soil
— age, kind, and number of trees planted per acre — mode of
planting, draining, and fencing — general state of the plantation
— and any other observations of interest — The Gold Medal.

Reports to be lodged by 1st November in any year.
2. FORMATION AND MANAGEMENT OF YOUNG PLANTATIONS.

For an approved Report of Plantations formed within a period
of not more than ten, nor less than five years preceding the date
of the Report — The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 18G3. 19

The Report should comprehend every interesting particular ; among
others, the exposure, altitude, and general climate of the locality —
the character and condition of the soil and subsoil — a detailed state-
ment of the expense, including that of enclosing, draining, and
fencing, and a specification of the manner in which these operations
were performed — the mode of planting adopted — the prevailing
weather while planting, and for a month after the operation — the
kind of trees planted, and the number of each kind per acre — their
relative progress — the proportion of blanks and deaths at the end of
three years — the system of management — the state of the plantations
at the date of making the report — and any other observations of
interest.

Reports to be lodged by 1st November in any year.

3. GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS.

For an approved Eeport of the management of Plantations
from the commencement of the first thinning till the period of
yielding full-grown timber — The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns.

The Report must embrace the following points : — The progress of the
different sort of trees — the effects of altitude and exposure — the
general advantages of shelter — the mode of thinning and pruning
adopted — the uses and value of the thinnings — the plan of registry
and of valuing, or a specimen of the method in which the forester's
book is kept — the valuation at the time of the report — together with
such general remarks as may be thought useful.

The Report is not expected to embrace the formation and early manage-
ment, farther than the description of soil, kinds of plants, whether
mixed or in masses, together with a note of the expense from the
time of planting to the commencement of the first thinning, in so far
as such information is in the possession of the reporter.

Reports to be lodged by 1st November in any year.

4. PLANTING ON EXPOSED OR ON BARREN TRACTS.

For an approved Eeport on successful planting within the
influence of the sea, or on exposed sterile tracts, founded on
observation of the habits and appearance of the different sort of
trees considered best suited for such situations — The Gold Medal,
or Ten Sovereigns.

The plantations reported on must not be less than ten years old.
Information is particularly desired regarding the species and varieties
of trees calculated for growing in situations unfavourable to most of
those generally cultivated, as bleak heaths, sandy links, unsheltered
maritime situations, and high northern exposures.

The reporter must specify the extent of planting and mode of drainage
and fencing — the nature of the soil and subsoil — the elevation and
exposure of the locality — its distance from the sea ; and, if in Ms
power, he should notice the geological features of the district.

Reports to be lodged by 1st November in any year.

20 PEEMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868.

5. CORSICAN FIR.

For an approved Keport on the value, for economical purposes,
of the Corsican Fir, and on its adaptation to different soils and
situations — The Medium Gold Medal, or Five Sovereigns.

The reporter's observations must go beyond the limited knowledge of
this tree as hitherto grown in Britain, and must embrace its nature,
uses, and adaptations in those countries of which it is a native.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st November in any year.

6. AMERICAN AND CANADIAN TREES.

For an approved Report on the American and Canadian forest
trees adapted for cultivation in Great Britain — The Medium
Gold Medal, or Five Sovereigns.

The reporter will enumerate and describe the varieties which have
been, or which may be, usefully introduced from North America —
the soils, situations, and conditions most suitable for them — their
economic uses and qualities, and the success which may have at-
tended the cultivation of any of them in Great Britain.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st November 1867.

7. FOREST TREES OF RECENT INTRODUCTION.

For an approved Report on the more extended introduction of
hardy, useful, or ornamental trees, which have not hitherto been
generally cultivated in Scotland — The Medium Gold Medal, or
Five Sovereigns.

The report should specify as distinctly as possible the kind of trees
introduced. The adaptation of the trees for use or ornament, and
their comparative progress, should be mentioned. Attention is
directed to the introduction of any tree as a nurse in young planta-
tions, which by growing rapidly for several years, and attaining
maturity when at the height of 20 or 25 feet, might realise the
advantages and avoid the evils of thick planting.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st November in any year.

8. ROOTS OF CONIFERS.

For an approved Report of experiments on the uses to which
the fibrous parts of the roots of Coniferous trees may be applied
— The Medium Gold Medal, or Five Sovereigns.

In North-West America, the fibrous parts of the roots of some Coni-
ferous trees are extensively employed for purposes similar to those to
which willows are applied in this country, more particularly when
the wood has been grown on soft, peaty soils. The object of the
premium is to elicit information regarding the possibdity of profit-
ably extracting and economically applying the vast quantities of
roots left in the ground.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st November in any year.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1SG8. 21

CLASS II.

DISTEICT COMPETITIONS.

The Money Premiums awarded at District Competitions will be paid after 1st
January next, by precepts issued by the Directors. No payments must,
therefore, be made by the Secretary or Treasurer of any local Association.

{Grants in aid of District Competitions for 1869 must be
applied for before 1st November next).

Section 1.— CATTLE.

1. The District of Strontian.

2. The District of Kintyre.

3. The County of Dumbarton.

4. The District of Nithsdale.

5. The Islands of Shetland.

6. The District of Annandcde.

7. The Island of Skye.

8. The County of Elgin.

9. The County of Nairn.

10. The District of Perth, Fife, Kinross, and Clackmannan.

11. The County of Banff and District of Turriff.

12. The County of Kincardine.

13. The District of Formartine.

Conveners of Committees.

First District — Sir Thomas Miles Eiddell, Bart.
Second District — John Lorn Stewart of Coll.
Third District — Alexander Smollett of Bonhill.
Fourth District — John Gilchrist Clark of Speddoch.
Fifth District — John Bruce of Sumburgh.
Sixth District — Sir William Jardine, Bart.
Seventh District — Alexander K. Mackinnon of Cony.
Eighth District — C. L. Gumming Bruce, M.P.
Ninth District — W. A. Stables, Cawdor Castle.
Tenth District — Sir Wm. Stirling Maxwell, Bart., M.P.
Eleventh District — Alexander Morison of Bognie.
Twelfth District — Sir Thomas Gladstone, Bart.
Thirteenth District — John Ramsay of Barra.

22 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IX 18G8.

Premiums.

1. For the best Bull, of any pure breed, not exceeding eight

years old, belonging to a Proprietor — The Silver Medal.

2. For the best Bull, of any pure breed, calved before 1st

January 1866, and not exceeding eight years old, £7

3. For the second best, . . . . £4

4. For the best Bull, of any pure breed, calved after 1st

January 1866, . . . . . £6

5. For the best two-year-old Heifer (if Highland breed,

three years), of any pure breed, . . £5

6. For the second best, .... £

o

Proprietors farming the whole of their own lands may
compete for the Money Premiums.

Note. — The Society's Cattle Premiums are granted to each District for
three alternate years, on condition that the District shall, in the two
intermediate years, continue the Competitions by offering for the same
description of stock a sum not less than one-half of that given by the
Society.

At the intermediate Competitions, a Silver Medal will be placed at the
disposal of the Committee, to be awarded to the best lot exhibited.

In 1868,

No. 1 is in competition for the last year.

No. 2 for the second year.

Nos. 3 and 4 for the first year.

Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 compete for local Premiums.

Nos. 11, 12, and 13 are in abeyance on account of the Aberdeen Show.

RULES OF COMPETITION.

1. The Members of the Society connected with the respective Districts are
appointed Committees for arranging the Competitions ; five members to be a
quorum.

2. The Convener of each District shall summon a meeting of Committee
for the purpose of determining the time and place of Competition, the nomi-
nation of Judges, and other preliminary arrangements. The time and place
(which must be within the bounds of the District) shall be publicly intimated
by Conveners.

3. The Competitions™, ust take place between the 1st of April and the
20th of October, and are open to all parties within the District, whether
members of the local Association or not. The animals exhibited must belong
to one of the following pure breeds : — Shorthorn, Ayrshire, Polled (Galloway,
Angus, or Aberdeen), Highland. The Bulls may be of one breed, and the
Heifers of another. The Committee shall select the breed, and specify it in
the returns.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 18R8. 23

4. Stock of an inferior description, or which does not fall within the
prescribed regulations, shall not be placed for competition. The Premiums
shall not be divided. No Money Premiurn shall be adjudged unless tliere
are three lots exhibited, and not more than one-half unless tliere are six. A
competitor may exhibit two lots in each class. For the Medal, two lots are
required.

5. An animal which has gained the Society's first Premium at a previou
District or General Show is inadmissible in the same class, except for the
Medal ; and one which has gained a second Money Premium can only there-
after compete in that class for the first.

6. A Tenant or Factor may compete with Proprietors for the Medal with a
Bull which has gained the first Money Premium at a previous Show. When
there is any doubt as to whether a competitor should be ranked as a Proprie-
tor, or a Tenant, the point is left to the decision of the local Committee.

7. A Bull, the property of two or more Tenants, may compete, although
the Exhibitors may not be joint-tenants.

8. Stock must be the property of the Exhibitor at the date of entry, and
no entry shall be received later than one week previous to the Shoio. Entry-
money shall not exceed 2^ per cent, on the amount of the Premium to be
competed for.

9. Bulls for which the Money Premiums are awarded may be required to
serve in the District at least one season ; the rate of service to be fixed by the
Committee.

10. Should it be proved to the satisfaction of the Committee that an
animal has been entered under a false name, pedigree, or description, for the
purpose of misleading the Committee or Judges as to its qualifications or
properties, the case shall be reported to the Directors, and submitted by
them to the first General Meeting, in order that the Exhibitor shall be dis-
qualified from again competing at the Society's Shows, and his name, if he be
a member, struck from the roll.

11. When an animal has previously been disqualified by the decision of
any Agricultural Association in Great Britain or Ireland, such disqualification
shall attach, if the Exhibitor, being aware of the disqualification, fail to state
it, and the grounds thereof, in his entry, to enable the Committee to judge of
its validity.

1 2. Blank reports will be furnished to the Conveners of the different Dis-
tricts. These must, in all details, be completed and lodged with the Secretary
on or before the 1st of November next, for the approval of the Directors,
against whose decisions there shall be no appeal.

13. A report of the Competition and Premiums awarded at the intermediate
local Shows, in the several Districts, signed by a Member of the Society, must
be transmitted to the Secretary on or before the 1st November in each year,
otherwise the Society's grants shall terminate.

14. It is to be distinctly understood that in no instance does any claim lie
against the Society for expenses attending a show of stock beyond the amount
of the Premiums offered.

Section 2.— DEAUGHT HOESES.

The County of Ayr.

Convener of Committee.
Sir James Fergusson of Kilkerran, Bart., M.P.

24 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868.

PREMIUMS.

1. For the best Stallion, for agricultural purposes, not under

three years and nine months, and not above twelve years
old, £25

2. For the best Brood Mare, for agricultural purposes, £10

3. For the best Filly, foaled after 1st January 1866, . £5

These Premiums are granted for two years, £30 being contri-
buted by the Society, and £10 by the District.

In 1868,
Ayr is in competition for the first year.

RULES OF COMPETITION.

1. The Members of the Society in the several Districts are appointed
Committees of Superintendence. They shall be convened in the manner and
for the purposes prescribed by Nos. 1 and 2 of the Regulations for Cattle
Competitions.

2. The Competition for Stallions, and that for Mares and Fillies, may be
held at different periods, but both must take place within the districts named,
unless, in reference to Stallions, special permission has been obtained to the
contrary.

3. If fewer than three animals be exhibited in any class, half the Premium
only can be awarded. The Eegulations for Cattle Shows, regarding intima-
tion— entry of stock — its exclusion, if of inferior quality — false entries — extra
expenses — and the manner in which the Reports are to be certified and
transmitted to the Society — are severally applicable to the Premiums for
Horses. Evidence must be produced that the Prize Stallions have had pro-
duce. Mares must have foals at their feet, or be entered as being in foal ; in
the latter case payment of the Premiums will be deferred till certificate of
birth.

ENTIEE COLTS.

1. TJie County of Lanark.

2. The District of Wester Eoss.

3. The District of Perth, Fife, Kinross, and Clackmannan.

Conveners of Committees.

First District — J. G. C. Hamilton of Dalzell.

Second District — K. W. Stewart Mackenzie of Seaforth.

Third District — Sir G. Graham Montgomery, Bart., M.P.

PREMIUMS.

1. For the best Entire Colt, for agricultural purposes, foaled
after 1st January I860. . . . £6

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IX 18GS. 25

2. For the best Entire Colt, for agricultural purposes,

foaled after 1st January 1867, . . . £4

Four lots in each Class will warrant the award of full, and two lots of
half, premiums. The other regulations for Horses are generally
applicable. These premiums are granted for two years.

In 1868,

No. 1 is in competition for the last rear.
Nos. 2 and 3 for the first year.

Section 3.— SHEEP.

The Premiums for Sheep are granted for three alternate years, under the same

conditions as those for Cattle. See Note, p. 22.
A Silver Medal, as in the case of Cattle, is allowed for the intermediate

years.

1. LEICESTER BREED.

1. The County of Edinburgh.

2. The Steivartry of Kirkcudbright.

3. The County of Forfar.

4. The District of the Border Union Society.

Conveners of Committees.

First District — Sir James Gardiner Baird, Bart.
Second District — Wellwood H. Maxwell of Munches, M.P.
Third District — Sir John Ogilvy, Bart., M.P.
Fourth District — Sir George H. Scott Douglas, Bart.

1. For the best Tup, belonging to a Proprietor — The Silver

Medal.

2. For the best Tup of any age, . . > £5

3. For the best Shearling Tup, . . . £5

4. For the best Pen of five Ewes, not more than four Shear, £5

5. For the best Pen of five Gimmers or Shearling Ewes, £4

Proprietors farming the whole of their own lands may compete
for the Money Premiums.

In 1868,

Nos. 1 and 2 are in competition for the second year.
Nos. 3 and 4 compete for local Premiums.

2. CHEVIOT BREED.

1. The District of Midi, Coll, and Tyree.

2. The Districts of Eskdale and Ziddesdale.

3. The Pastorcd District of Ross-shirc.

4. The County of Sutherland.

26 PKEMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1S68.

Conveners of Committees.

First District — Farquhar Campbell of Aros.
Second District — William. E. Malcolm of Burnfoot.
Third District — Sir Kenneth S. Mackenzie of Gairloch, Bart.
Fourth District — The Duke of Sutherland, or in his absence,
George Loch.

1. For the best Tup belonging to a Proprietor — The Silver

Medal.

2. Tor the best Tup of any age, ... £5

3. For the best Shearling Tup, ... £5

4. For the best Pen of five Ewes, not more than four Shear, £5

5. For the best Pen of five Gimmers or Shearling Ewes, £4

•Proprietors farming the whole of their own lands may compete
for the Money Premiums.

In 1868,

No. 1 is in competition for the second year.

No. 2 for the first year.

Nos. 3 and 4 compete for local Premiums.

3. BLACKFACED BEEED.

DISTRICTS.

1. The 77pper Ward of Lanarkshire.

2. The District of Argyle.

3. The District of Lorn.

4. The District of Athole and Weem.

5. The District of Badenoch.

Conveners of Committees.

First District — John Ord Mackenzie of Dolphinton.
Second District — William Campbell of Ormsary.
Third District — T. W. Murray Allan of Glenfeochan.
Fourth District — Sir Robert Menzies of Menzies, Bart.
Fifth District — Cluny Macpherson

1. For the best Tup belonging to a Proprietor — The Silver

Medal.

2. For the best Tup of any age, . . . £5

3. For the best Shearling Tup, ... £5

4. For the best Pen of five Ewes, not more than four Shear, £5

5. For the best Pen of five Gimmers or Shearling Ewes, £4

Proprietors farming the whole of their own lands may com-
pete for the Money Premiums.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1SG8. 27

In 18GS,

Nos. 1 and 2 are in competition for the last year.

No. 3 for the second year.

Nos. 4 and 5 compete for local Premiums.

RULES OF COMPETITION.

1. The Members of the Society in the several Districts are appointed
Committees as under Nos. 1 and 2 of the Eegulations for Cattle Competi-
tions, and they shall be convened in the manner and for the purposes specified
in these regulations.

2. The Competition is open to all within the district ; it shall take place
between the 1st of April and the 20th of October, and the time and place
must be publicly intimated by each Convener within his district.

3. Aged Tups shall have served the usual number of Ewes for at least
three weeks during the previous season. All prize Tups must serve within
the district. Ewes and Gimmers must be taken from the Exhibitor's stock,
bred in the district ; and Ewes must have reared Lambs during the season.

4. The Premiums shall not be divided. No money Premiums shall be
adjudged unless there are three lots exhibited, and only one half if there are not
six lots. Each Competitor may show two lots. For the medal two lots are
required. The other regulations for Cattle Competitions, — in regard to the
date of entry — the amount of entry-money — the placing of stock — the exclu-
sion of animals which have gained premiums at previous Shows — the right of a
tenant or factor, under certain circumstances, to compete for the medal —
reporting false entries — the regulation as to expenses — the manner in which
the reports must be certified and transmitted — and the incompetency of
appeal against decisions by the Directors, — are applicable to the Premiums
for Sheep.

5. Blank reports will be furnished to the Conveners of districts. These
must be accurately filled up in all details, signed by the Conveners, and trans-
mitted to the Secretary by the 1st of November. Reports of intermediate
competitions must be lodged at the same time.

4. SHEARING SHEEP.

The Silver Medal will be given to the best Sheep-shearer in
each of the districts in which the premiums for Sheep are in
operation.

CONDITIONS.

1 . Money Premiums must be awarded by the district at each competition
to the amount of not less than £2.

2. The district Convener will fix the time and place of competition, and
make all necessary arrangements.

3. The medal shall not be awarded unless there are three competitors, and
it shall always accompany the highest money premium. If two or more lots
appear to be equally well executed, preference should be given to that executed
within the shortest time.

4. The Conveners shall report the particulars of the competition and the
award of the Judges to the Society, along with the report of the sheep pre-
miums in the district.

28 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1S68.

Section 4.— SWINE.

DISTRICTS.

The County of Orkney.

Convener of Committee.
J. G. Heddle of Melsetter.

1. For the best Boar belonging to a Proprietor — The Silver

Medal.

2. For the best Boar, . . . . £4

3. For the second best, . . . . . £2

4. For the best brood Sow, . . . . £3

5. For the second best, ..... £1

Proprietors farming the whole of their own lands may com-
pete for the Money Premiums.

The above Premiums are given for three consecutive years.

In 1868,
Orkney is in competition for the first year.

ETJLES OF COMPETITION.

1. The Regulations for Cattle Competitions are generally to be held as
applicable to the Premiums for Swine ; and the Conveners and Committees of
the Society's members in the districts are accordingly referred to them.

2. Four lots in each Class -will warrant the award of full, and two lots of
half premiums. There must be at least two competitors for the medal.

3. Blank reports will be furnished to the Conveners of districts. These
must be accurately filled up in all details, signed by the Conveners, and trans-
mitted to the Secretary by the first of November next.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868. 29

CLASS III.

DAIRY PRODUCE.

DISTRICTS.

1. The Lower Ward of Renfrewshire.

2. The District of Lorn.

Conveners of Committees.

First District — Sir Michael E. Shaw Stewart, Bart.
Second District — T. W. Murray Allan of Glenfeochan.

1. BUTTER.

1. For the best sample of Cured Butter (not less than 14 lbs.)

belonging to a Proprietor — The Silver Medal.

2. For the best sample of Cured Butter (not less than 14 lbs.) £3

3. For the second best, . . . . . £2

2. CHEESE.

4. For the best couple of Sweet Milk Cheeses belonging to a

Proprietor — The Silver Medal.

5. For the best couple of Sweet Milk Cheeses, . . £3

6. For the second best, . . . . £2

Proprietors farming the whole of their own lands may com-
pete for the Money Premiums.

The above Premiums are given for three consecutive years.

In 1868,

No. 1 is in competition for the last year.
No. 2 for the first year.

RULES OF COMPETITION.

1. The Members of the Society resident within the districts are appointed
Committees of Superintendence, for the purposes expressed in the regulations
for Cattle Competitions. Each Committee shall fix such general regulations
as they may consider proper, and, in particular, the time and place of Com-
petition.

2. Eight Exhibitors in any one Class will warrant an award of full, and four
of half Premiums. There must be at least two Competitors for the Medal.

3. Competitors must certify that the Butter and Cheese exhibited by them
are average specimens of the produce of their Dairies in 1S68 ; and that the

30 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1808.

quantity produced during the season lias not been less than 1 cwt. of Butter,
or 2 cwt. of Cheese.

4. In the event of two or more competing lots being deemed equal in
quality, the Premium shall be awarded to the Competitor who has made the
larger quantity.

5. The successful Competitors, before receiving the Premiums, are required
to transmit to the Secretary a detailed report of the whole process followed by
them in the manufacture of their Butter or Cheese.

6. Reports of the award of the Premiums to be lodged with the Secretary
on or before the 1st November next.

MEDALS FOR CHEESE.

Two Medium Gold Medals will be placed at the disposal of
the Ayrshire Association, to be competed for at Kilmarnock.
The one, for the best lot of Cheddar Cheese — the other, for the
best lot of Sweet Milk Cheese of any other variety ; the Cheeses
in either case, to be made in Scotland.

Convener of Committee.
Colonel Ferrier Hamilton of Cairnhill.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 18GS. 31

CLASS IV.

CHOPS AND CULTURE.

1. SEEDS.

The Society, with a view of aiding Local Associations, gives the
Silver Medal in the following Districts, for Seeds : —

1. County of Caithness : Convener, Alexander Henderson of

Stemster.

1. Any variety of Barley.

2. Any variety of Oats.

2. Islands of Shetland : Convener, John Bruce of Sumburgh.

1. Any variety of Bere.

2. Any variety of Oats.

3. Perennial Ryegrass.

3. District of Spey, Avon, and Fiddochside: Convener, Sir

George Macpherson Grant, Bart.

1. Any variety of Barley.

2. Any variety of Oats.

4. District of Strathearn : Convener, Viscount Strathallan.

1. Any variety of Oats.

5. District of Strathspey : Convener, The Earl of Seafield.

1. Any variety of Barley.

2. Early Angus Oats.

6. County of Elgin: Convener, C. L. Gumming Bruce of

Roseisle, M.P.

1. Any variety of Wheat.

2. Any variety of Barley.

3. Any variety of Oats.

4. Any variety of Turnips.

5. Any variety of Potatoes.

6. Perennial Ryegrass.

32 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868.

7. County of Stirling : Convener,, John Stirling of Kippen-

davie.

1. Any variety of Wheat.

2. Any variety of Barley.

3. Any variety of Oats.

4. Any variety of Beans.

5. Tares.

8. District of Dalkeith : Convener, Eobert Scott Moncrieff of

Fossoway.

1. Any variety of Wheat.

2. Any variety of Barley.

3. Any variety of Oats.

4. Any variety of Beans.

9. District of Glen Urquhart : Convener, The Earl of Seafield.

1. Any variety of Oats.

10. County of Banff and District of Turriff: Convener,
Alexander Morison of Bognie.

1. Any variety of Barley.

2. Any variety of Oats.

In 1868,

Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are in competition for the fourth year.
Nos. 5 and 6 for the second year.
Nos. 7, 8, 9, and 10 for the first year.

RULES OF COMPETITION.

1. In each district the Convener shall fix the time and place of Competition,
appoint the Judges, and make all other necessary arrangements, in concur-
rence "with the other Members of the Society, and the local Association of the
District. Conveners will be furnished with blank Schedules for reporting the
awards.

2. The quantity shown in Competition by each Grower must not be less
than three quarters of each variety of Grain, or two quarters of Beans or Grass
Seeds. There must at least be two Competitors. The first Premium awarded
by the District shall not be less than £1 for each kind of Grain for which a
Medal is claimed.

3. The Judges shall be guided in their awards — 1st, By the purity of the
Seed ; 2d, By its freeness from extraneous Seeds ; and, 3d, Where there is an
equality in these respects, by the Weight.

4. Successful Competitors must transmit, free of expense, two imperial
quarts of each kind of Seed, addressed to the Secretary, at the Society's Hall,
3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.

5. The Returns must show, as accurately as possible, the produce per im-
perial acre, also the altitude, exposure, and nature of the soil on which the
crops were raised, together with the dates of sowing and reaping, and th*
weight per bushel. The varieties for which premiums have been given muH
be named. Eeports of the several competitions must be lodged by the 1st c>j
November.

PREMIUMS OFFEEED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868. 33

6. The Medals will be continued in each district for five consecutive years.
Applications from other Districts must be lodged with the Secretary of the
Society by 1st November next.

2. PLOUGHING COMPETITIONS.

The Silver Medal will be given to the winner of the first or
highest Premium at Ploughing Competitions, provided a Report
in the following terms is made to the Secretary, within one month
of the Competition, by a Member of the Society : —

FOPM OF EEPORT.

I, of Member of the Highland

and Agricultural Society, hereby certify that I attended the
Ploughing Match of the Association at

in the county of on the when

ploughs competed ; of land was assigned to each, and

hours were allowed for the execution of the work.
The sum of £ was awarded in the following propor-

tions, viz. : —

[Here enumerate the names and designations of successful Competitors.]

RULES OF COMPETITION.

1. All Matches must be at the instance of a local Society or Ploughing
Association, and no Match at the instance of an individual, or confined to the
tenants on one estate, will be recognised.

2. The title of such Society or Association, together with the name and ad-
dress of the Secretary, must be registered with the Secretary of the Highland
and Agricultural Society, 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh,

3. Not more than one Match in the same season can take place within the
bounds of the same Society or Association.

4. All Reports must be lodged within one month of the date of the Match,
and certified by a Member of the Society who was present at it.

5. A Member can only report one Match, and a Ploughman can only carry
one Medal in the same season.

6. To warrant the Medal there must have been fifteen ploughs in Competi-
tion, and Three Pounds awarded in Premiums.

7. Ploughmen shall not be allowed any assistance, and their work must not
be set up nor touched by others ; on land of average tenacity the ploughing
should be at the rate of an imperial acre in ten hours, and attention should be
given to the sufficiency of the work below, as well as its neatness above the
surface.

3. REAPING MACHINES.

The Silver Medal will be given to the servant found most ex-
pert at a trial of Eeaping Machines, when not fewer than four
were in operation, and Premiums to the amount of Two Sove-
reigns were awarded. Eeports must be lodged with the Secre-
tary not later than the 1st of November, by a Member who has
inspected the work.

3

34 PREMIUMS OFFEBED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868.

4. MEDALS IN AID OF PEEMTDMS GIVEN BY LOCAL SOCIETIES.

The Society being anxious to co-operate with local Associations,
will give a limited number of Silver Medals annually, in addition
to the Money Premiums awarded in the district, for —

1. Stock. — To Local Societies not on the list of District Competitions,

awarding Premiums for Stock to the amount of £10 — Two Silver
Medals for the best Male and for the best Female Animals of any Pure
Breed,

2. Fat Stock. — To Local Clubs not on the list of District Competitions,

awarding Premiums for Fat Stock to the amount of £20 — Four Silver
Medals for the best Ox — Best Cow or Heifer — Best pen of Sheep —
Best Pig.

3. Wool. — Best sample of any variety of Wool — Silver Medal for each

variety.

4. Best managed Farm.

5. Best managed Green Crop.

6. Best managed Hay Crop.

7. Best managed Dairy.

8. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

9. Best Cured Butter.

10. Best Collection of Seeds.

11. Best Collection of Boots.

1 2. Best kept Fences.

13. Most expert Hedge Cutter.

14. Labourer most expert at Draining.

15. Best kept Flower Plot.

Aberdeenshire.

1. Buchan Society — Convener, George Baird of Strichen.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals (in abeyance for 1868).

2. Cltt>t Association — Convener, John Gordon of Cluny.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals (in abeyance for 1868).

2. Best managed Farm.

3. Best managed Green Crop.

3. Donside Club — Convener, George Milne of Kinaldie.

1. Best managed Green Crop.

4. Leochel-Cushnie Society — Con., Arthur Forbes Gordon of Rayne.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals (in abeyance for 1868).

2. Best managed Green Crop.

Argyllshire.

5. Ixveraray Society — Convener, John MacArthur, Inveraray.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

6. Kilfixan Society — Convener, Campbell Macpherson Campbell of

Ballimore.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN" 18G8. 35

Ayrshire.

7. Ardrossan Society — Convener, David Cunningham, Chapel Ion.

1. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

2. Best Cured Butter.

8. Carrick Society — Convener, Sir James Fergusson, Bart., M.P.

1. Best managed Green Crop.

0. Cumnock Society — Convener, C. V. H. Campbell of Nether Place.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

2. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

3. Best Cured Butter.

4. Best Collection of Seeds.

5. Best Collection of Roots.

10. Kilmarnock Club — Convener, Frederick J. Turner, The Dean.

1. Best managed Farm.

2. Best managed Green Crop.

3. Best managed Dairy.

11. Mauchline Society — Con., C. V. Hamilton Campbell of Nether Place.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

2. Best managed Farm.

3. Best managed Dairy.

4. Best Cured Butter.

12. Sorn Society — Convener, Graham Somervell of Sorn.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

2. Best kept Fences.

3. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

4. Best Cured Butter.

13. Stewarton Society — Convener, James Lindsay, Thornhill.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

2. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

14. Tarbolton Society — Convener, John Bell of Enterkine.

1. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

15. West Kilbride Society — Convener, John Crawford, Millstonford.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

2. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

Bute and Arran.

16. Bute Society — Convener, Henry Stuart, Rothesay.

1. Best managed Green Crop.

17. Arran — Convener, James Paterson, Lamlash.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

Caithness.

18. Caithness Society — Convener, Alexander Henderson of Stcmster.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

Clackmannan.

19. Clackmannanshire Society — Convener, James Johnstone of Alva.

1. Best managed Green Crop.

2. Best managed Hay Crop.

36 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868.

Dumfriesshire.

20. Nithsdale Society — Convener, Dr Russell, Tkornhill.

1 . Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

2. Best Cured Butter.

21. Sanquhar Society — Convenei', James Veitch of Elliock.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

2. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.
• 3. Best Cured Butter.

4. Best Collection of Seeds.

5. Best Collection of Roots.

Edinburghshire.

22. Penicuik Society — Convener,

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

23. Western District of Mid-Lothian Association — Convener, Peter

M'Lagan of Pumpherston, M.P.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

Elginshire.

24. Forres and Northern Club — Convener, Robert Grant of Kincorth.

1. Best Ox.

2. Best Cow or Heifer.

3. Best Pen of Sheep.

4. Best Pig.

5. Best Collection of Seeds.

6. Best Collection of Roots.

25. Spey, Avon, and Fiddochside Society — Convener, Sir George Mac-

pherson Grant, Bart.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

2. Best managed Farm.

3. Best managed Green Crop.

Inverness-shire.

26. Inverness Society — Conveners, Arthur Forbes of Culloden and Henry

W. White of Monar.

1. Best samples of any variety of Wool (five varieties).

2. Best managed Farm.

3. Best managed Green Crop.

Kincardineshire.

27. Kincardineshire Club — Convener, Sir Thomas Gladstone, Bart.

1. Best managed Green Crop.

28. Fettercairn Club — Convener, Lieut.-Col. MTnroy of the Burn.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals (in abeyance for 1868).

2. Best managed Green Crop.

Lanarkshire.

29. Avondale Society — Convener, John Stewart, Burnside.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

30. Hctchesontown Gardens, Glasgow.

1. Best kept Flower-Plot.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IX 18G8. 37

31. Victoria Gardens, Govauhill, Glasgow.

1. Best kept Flower-Plot,

Linlithgowshire.

32. Whitburn Society — Convener, Robert Gardner, Whitburn.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

Nairnshire.

33. Nairnshire SocieTt — Convener, W. A. Stables, Cawdor Castle.

1. Best managed Farm.

Orkney and Shetland.

34. Shetland Society — Convener, John Bruce of Sumburgh.

1. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

2. Best Cured Butter.

Peeblesshire.

35. Broughton Society — Convener, James Tweedie of Quarter.

1. Best Cured Butter.
30. West Linton Society — Convener, W. A. Woddrop of Dalmarnock.

1. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

2. Best Cured Butter.

Perthshire.

37. Dunblane Club — Convener, John Stirling of Kippendavie.

1. Best managed Green Crop.

Boss-shire.

38. Black Isle Society — Convener, James Fletcher of Rosehaugh.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

39. Wester Ross Club — Convener, K. W. Stewart Mackenzie of Seaforth.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

Wigtownshire.

40. Kirkmaiden Society — Convener, Gilbert R. Murray, Chapelrossan.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

REGULATIONS.

The Medals to be issued will be limited to ten in each Class, except Nos. 1

and 2.
The Money Premiums given in the District must be £2 in each case, and in

No. 1, £10, and No. 2, £20.
A Competitor can only carry one Medal in the same year with the same

animal.
Reports of the several Competitions, and abdications for Medals in 1869

must be lodged by 1st November next.

38 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868.

CLASS V.

COTTAGES AND GARDENS.

The following Premiums are offered for Competition in the
Parishes after-mentioned. The Medals and one-half of the
Premiums are given by the Society, and the other half is con-
tributed by the respective Parishes.

COTTAGES.

1. For the best kept Cottage in each Parish — One Pound Five

Shillings ; and where there are four Competitors — The
Silver Medal.

2. For the second best — One Pound.

3. For the third best — Fifteen Shillings.

GARDENS.

1. For the best kept Cottage Garden in each Parish — One Pound

Five Shillings ; and where there are four Competitors —
The Silver Medal.

2. For the second best — One Pound.

3. For the third best — Fifteen Shillings.

Aberdeenshire.

Leochel-Cushnie — Convener, Arthur Forbes Gordon of Rayne.

Strichen — Convener, George Baird of Stricken.

Birse — Convener, James Dyce Nicol of Ballogie, M.P.

Lonjiat and Crimond — Con., Sir Chas. Bannerman of Crimonmogate, Bart.

Cromar — Convener, Dr Robertson, Indego.

Edinburghshire.
Balerno and Currie — Convener, A. J. Russell, W. S., Edinburgh.

Fifeshire.
Markinch — Convener, William Balliugal, Sweetbank.

Lanarkshire.

Lesjiahagow — Convener, W. E. Hope Vere of Blackwood.

Douglas — Convener, Andrew Smith, Castle Mains, Douglas.

Bothwell, (Addie's Square Flower Show), Con., Robert Addie of Viewpark.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1SGS. 89

Peeblesshire.
Brougiiton — Convener, James Tweedie of Quarter.

Perthshire.

Forgandennt — Convener, Robert Lyal, Farmhall.

Abernethy — Convener, John Bosomworth, Abernethy.

Gask — Convener, Colonel Macdonald Macdonakl of St Martins.

Wigtownshire.

Kikkcolm — Convener, David Guthrie, Stranraer.

Leswalt — Convener, Sir Andrew Agnew of Lochnaw, Bart., M.P.

Stoneykirk — Convener, David Frederick, Dumbreddon.

RULES OF COMPETITION.

1. Competitions may take place in the different parishes for Cottages and
Gardens, or for either separately.

2. The occupiers of Gentlemen's Lodges and Gardeners' Houses, as well as
Gentlemen's Servants occupying Cottages in the Policies, or on land in the
natural possession of their masters, are excluded. The inspection must be
completed by the 1st of October. In making the inspection, the Conveners
may take the assistance of any competent judges.

3. The annual value of each Cottage, with the ground occupied in the
parish by a Competitor, shall not exceed £5 sterling. A person who has
gained the highest Premium cannot compete again, but will be entitled to a
Medal if certified by the Committee to be equal in merit to the first on the
list of Competitors.

4. If the Cottage is occupied by the proprietor, the roof must be in good
repair ; if the roof is of thatch, it must be in good repair, though in the occu-
pation of a tenant. The interior and external conveniences must be clean
and orderly — the windows must be free of broken glass, clean, and affording
the means of ventilation. Dunghills, and all other nuisances, must be re-
moved from the front and gables. In awarding the Cottage Premiums, pre-
ference will be given to Competitors who, in addition to the above requisites,
have displayed the greatest taste in ornamenting the exterior of their houses,
and the ground in front and at the gables.

5. In estimating the claims for the Garden Premiums, the judges should
have in view : — The sufficiency and neatness of the fences and walks ; the
cleanness of the ground ; the quality and choice of the crops ; and the general
productiveness of the garden.

6. Reports, stating the number of Competitors, the names of successful
parties, and the nature of the exertions which have been made by them, must
be transmitted by the Conveners to the Secretary on or before the 1st Novem-
ber next.

Parishes desirous of these Premiums must lodge applications with the
Secretary on or before the 1st November next.

MEDALS FOR COTTAGES OR GARDENS.

The Society will issue annually twelve Medals to local Asso-
ciations or individuals, who at their own expense establish
Premiums for Cottages or Gardens.

The Medals will be issued upon a Report by a Member of the Society in
the terms required by the preceding conditions, describing the merits of the

40 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868.

Cottages or Gardens. The Eeports to be lodged with the Secretary on or
before the 15th October 1868.

Applied for by

The Mauchline Horticultural Society.

Sir George Macpherson Grant, Bart.

Breadalbane and Weem Horticultural Society.

West Linton Horticultural Society.

Culross Horticultural Society.

Dunning Horticultural Society.

Cumbrae Horticultural Society.

Logiealmond and Glenalmond Horticultural Society.

IMPROVING EXISTING COTTAGES.

To the Proprietor in Scotland who shall report the Improve-
ment of the greatest number of Cottages in the years 1865, 1866,
and 1 8 6 7— The Gold Medal.

BUILDING NEW COTTAGES.

To the Proprietor in Scotland who shall report the Erection of
the greatest number of approved Cottages during the years 1864,
1865, 1866, and 1867— The Gold Medal.

RULES OF COMPETITION.

1. Claims for the above Premiums must be lodged with the Secretary on
or before the 1st of October next, to allow an inspection to be made of the
different Cottages. The inspection will be conducted by a Committee of the
Society's Members, and Eeports must be transmitted to the Secretary on or
before the 1st November.

2. The annual value of the Cottage or Cottages separately, with the garden
ground, must not exceeed £5.

3. In estimating the claims of the Competitors, the following points will
be kept in view : — The external appearance of the Cottages ; their inter-
nal accommodation ; the arrangements of the out-houses ; the means of
drainage and ventilation ; and the expense of the building or of the altera-
tion, compared with its durability and accommodation. When the Cottages
of one Competitor are superior in style and comfort to those of another,
though not so numerous, the Inspectors will give them the preference, pro-
vided they amount at least to three, arid have been erected at a moderate
expense.

4. Parties competing will forward to the Society Plans, Specifications,
and Estimates, of which, and of all information sent therewith, copies may be
taken for publication, if the Society shall see fit, and the originals returned to
the parties within six months, if desired.

ACCOMMODATION FOR FARM SERVANTS.

To the Proprietor in Scotland who shall have erected on his
estate the most approved Farm-buildings in reference to the
proper accommodation of Farm-servants — The Gold Medal.

Eeports, Plans, and Specifications to be lodged by the 1st Novem-
ber 1868.

GENERAL SHOW OF STOCK AND IMPLEMENTS

AT

ABERDEEN,
On 28th, 29th, and 30th July 1868.

flresibcju of the Sotutij.

HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF BUCCLEUCH AND
QUEENSBEKKY, E.G.

Chairman of % |ToraI Committee.

ALEXANDER FORBES IRVINE, Esq. of Drum, Convener

of Aberdeenshire.

The District connected with the Show comprises the Counties
of Aberdeen, Banff, and Kincardine, and Eastern Division
of Forfar.

The Competition is open to Exhibitors from all parts of the
United Kingdom.

Members of the Society are admitted to the Show Yard at
half-price during the judging of the Stock. At other periods
they have free access.

New Members may be proposed for election at the General
Meeting in June.

PREMIUMS.

The Medium Gold Medal will be given to any animal which,
having gained the Society's highest Premium at a former Show
in the Classes of Aged Bulls — Cows — Stallions — or Mares, is
disqualified from again competing.

CLASS L-CATTLE.

Section shorthorn.

1. Best Bull calved before 1st January

1866, .... Twenty Sovereigns

Second best, . . . Ten Sovereigns

Third best, . . . Medium Silver Medal

Breeder of best Bull, . . . Silver Medal .

42

GENERAL SHOW AT ABERDEEN IN 1868.

Section

2. Best Bull calved after 1st January

1866, .
Second best,
Third best,

3. Best Bull calved after 1st January

1867, .
Second best,
Third best,

4. Best Bull Calf calved after 1st

January 1868, .
Second best,
Third best,

5. Best Cow of any age,
Second best,

Third best,

6. Best Heifer calved after 1st Janu-

ary 1866,
Second best,
Third best,

7. Best Heifer calved after 1st Janu-

ary 1867,
Second best,
Third best,

8. Best Heifer Calf calved after 1st

January 1868, .
Second best,
Third best,

Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Six Sovereigns
Three Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Fifteen Sovereigns
Eight Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Six Sovereigns
Three Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

POLLED ANGUS OR ABERDEEN.

9. Best Bull calved before 1st Janu-
ary 1866,
Second best,
Third best,
Breeder of best Bull,

10. Best Bull calved after 1st January

1866, .
Second best,
Third best,

11. Best Bull calved after 1st January

1867, .
Second best,
Third best,

12. Best Bull Calf calved after 1st

January 1868,
Second best,
Third best,

Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Silver Medal

Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Six Sovereigns
Three Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

GENERAL SHOW AT ABERDEEN IN 1SGS.

43

after 1st Janu-

after 1st Janu

Section

13. Best Cow of any age,
Second best,
Third best,

14. Best Heifer calved

ary 1866,
Second best,
Third best,

15. Best Heifer calved

ary 1867,
Second best,
Third best,

16. Best Heifer Calf calved after 1st

January 1868,
Second best
Third best,

POLLED GALLOWAY

17. Best Bull calved before 1st Janu-

ary 1866,
Second best,
Third best,
Breeder of Best Bull

18. Best Bull calved after 1st January

1866, .
Second best,
Third best,

19. Best Bull calved alter 1st January

1867, .
Second best,
Third best,

20. Best Cow of any age,
Second best,

Third best,

21. Best Heifer calved after 1st Janu

ary 1866,
Second best,
Third best,

22. Best Heifer calved after 1st Janu

ary 1867,
Second best,
Third best,

HIGHLAND.

23. Best Bull calved before 1st Janu-

ary 1865,
Second best,
Third best,
Breeder of best Bull,

Fifteen Sovereigns
Eight Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Six Sovereigns
Three Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Silver Medal

Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Fifteen Sovereigns
Eight Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Silver Medal

44

GENERAL SHOW AT ABERDEEN IN 18G8.

Section

24. Best Bull calved after 1st January

1865,
Second best,
Third best,

25. Best Bull calved after 1st January

1866, .
Second best,
Third best,

26. Best Cow of any age,
Second best,
Third best,

27. Best Heifer calved after 1st Janu-

ary 1865,
Second best,
Third best,

28. Best Heifer calved after 1st Janu-

ary 1866,
Second best,
Third best,

AYRSHIRE.

29. Best Bull calved before 1st Janu-

ary 1866,
Second best,
Third best,
Breeder of best Bull,

30. Best Bull calved after 1st January

1866, .
Second best,
Third best,

31. Best Cow, in Milk,
Second best,
Third best,

32. Best Cow, in Calf, of any age,
Second best,
Third best,

33. Best Heifer calved

ary 1866,
Second best,
Third best,

of any age,

after 1st Janu-

Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Fifteen Sovereigns
Eight Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Silver Medal

Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Fifteen Sovereigns
Eight Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Fifteen Sovereigns
Eight Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

34. Best Polled Ox
January 1865,
Second best,
Third best,

EAT STOCK.

calved after 1st

Medium Gold Medal
Silver Medal
Medium Silver Medal

GENERAL SHOW AT ABERDEEN IN 1SCS.

45

Section

35. Best Polled Ox calved after 1st

January 1866',
Second best,
Third best,

36. Best Ox, of any Ture or Cross Breed

calved after 1st January 1865,
Second best,
Third best,

37. Best Ditto, after 1st January 1866
Second best,
Third best,

38. Best Highland Ox calved after 1st

January 1864,
Second best,
Third best,

39. Best Ditto, after 1st January 1865
Second best,

Third best,

40. Best Cross Heifer calved after 1st

January 1865,
Second best,
Third best,

41. Best Ditto, after 1st January 1866
Second best,
Third best,

Medium Gold Medal
Silver Medal
Medium Silver Medal

Medium Gold Medal
Silver Medal
Medium Silver Medal
Medium Gold Medal
Silver Medal
Medium Silver Medal

Medium Gold Medal
Silver Medal
Medium Silver Medal
Medium Gold Medal
Silver Medal
Medium Silver Medal

Medium Gold Medal
Silver Medal
Medium Silver Medal
Medium Gold Medal
Silver Medal
Medium Silver Medal

CLASS ll.-HORSES

o

FOR AGRICULTURAL

Best Stallion foaled before

January 1865, .
Second best,
Third best,

Breeder of best Stallion,
Best Entire Colt foaled after

January 1865, .
Second best,
Third best,
Best Entire Colt foaled after

January 1866, .
Second best,
Third best,
Best Entire Colt foaled alter

January 1867, .
Second best,
Third best,

PURPOSES.

1st

1st

Is

Thirty Sovereigns
Fifteen Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Silver Medal.

Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Eifteen Sovereigns
Eight Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

46 general show at aberdeen in 18g8.

Section

5. Best Mare (with Foal at foot) foaled

before 1st January 1865, . Twenty Sovereigns

Second best, . . . Ten Sovereigns

Third best, . . . Medium Silver Medal

6. Best Mare (in Foal) foaled before

1st January 1865, . . Fifteen Sovereigns

Second best, .. .. . Eight Sovereigns

Third best, . . . Medium Silver Medal

7. Best Filly foaled after 1st January

1865, . . . . Ten Sovereigns
Second best, . . . Five Sovereigns
Third best, . . . Medium Silver Medal

8. Best Filly foaled after 1st January

1866, ..... Eight Sovereigns
Second best, . . . Four Sovereigns
Third lest, . . , . Medium Silver Medal

9. Best Filly foaled after 1st January

1867, .... Six Sovereigns
Second best, . . . Three Sovereigns
Third best, . . , Medium Silver Medal

EXTRA.

10. Best Thorough -bred Entire Horse

to serve in the district, . . One Hundred Sovs.

CLASS Ill.-SHEEP.

LEICESTER.

1. Best Tup not above four shear, . Ten Sovereigns
Second best, . . . Five Sovereigns
Third best, . . . Medium Silver Medal

2. Best Dinmont or Shearling Tup, . Ten Sovereigns
Second best, . . . Five Sovereigns
Third best, . . . Medium Silver Medal

3. Best Five Ewes not above four shear, Eight Sovereigns
Second best, . . . Four Sovereigns
Third best, . . . Medium Silver Medal

4. Best Five Shearling Ewes or Gim-

mers, .... Eight Sovereigns

Second best, . . . Four Sovereigns

Third best, . . . Medium Silver Medal

CHEVIOT.

5. Best Tup not above four shear, . Ten Sovereigns
Second best, . . . Five Soverigns
Third best, . . . Medium Silver Medal

GENERAL SHOW AT ABERDEEN IN 1868.

47

Section

6. Best Dinmont or Shearling Tup, .
Second best,

Third best,

7. Best Five Ewes not above four

shear, ....
Second best,
Third best,
Best Pen of Lambs shown with

Ewes, ....

8. Best Five Shearling Ewes or Gim-

mers, ....
Second best,
Third best,

BLACKFACED.

9. Best Tup not above four shear,
Second best,

Third best, . . :

10. Best Dinmont or Shearling Tup, .
Second best,

Third best,

11. Best Five Ewes not above four

shear, ....
Second best,
Third best,
Best Pen of Lambs shown with

Ewes, ....

12. Best Five Shearling Ewes or Gim-

mers, ....
Second best,
Third best,

Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Silver Medal

Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Silver Medal

Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

SOUTHDOWN.

13. Best Tup not above four shear,
Second best,

Third best,

14. Best Five Ewes not above four

shear, or Gimmers,
Second best,
Third best,

Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

LONG-WOOLLED OTHER THAN LEICESTER.

15. Best Tup not above four shear,
Second best,
Third best,

Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

43

GENERAL SHOW AT ABERDEEN IN 186S.

Section
16. Best Five Ewes not above four
shear, or Giramers,
Second best,
Third best,

Eight Sovereigns.
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

SHOET-WOOLLED OTHER THAN SOUTHDOWN.

17. Best Tup not above four shear,
Second best,

Third best,

18. Best Five Ewes not above four

shear, or Gimmers,
Second best,
Third best,

Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

EXTRA SHEEP.

19. Best Five Cheviot Wethers not

above 3 shear,
Second best,
Third best,

20. Best Five Blackfaced Wethers

not above 4 shear,
Second best,
Third best,

21. Best Five Cross-bred Wethers not

above 3 shear,
Second best,
Third best,

Six Sovereigns
Three Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Six Sovereigns
Three Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Six Sovereigns
Three Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

CLASS IV

1.

3.

5.

Best Boar, large breed,
Second best,
Third best,

Best Boar, small breed,
Second best,
Third best,

Best Sow, large breed,
Second best,
Third best,

Best Sow, small breed,
Second best,
Third best,
Best Pen of three Pigs, not exceed
ing 8 months old, large breed,
Second best,
Third best,

SWINE.

Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Six Sovereigns
Three Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Six Sovereigns
Three Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Four Sovereigns
Two Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

GENERAL SHOW AT ABERDEEN IN 1SGS.

49

SECTION

C. Best Pen of three Pigs, not exceed-
ing 8 months old, small breed, Four Sovereigns
Second best, . . . Two Sovereigns
Third best, . . . Medium Silver Medal

EXTRA STOCK.

Animals not included in the Sections for Competition may be
exhibited as Extra Stock, and will receive Honorary Premiums
when specially commended.

CLASS V.-POULTRY.

Section Silver Grey Dorking.

1. Best Cock and 2 Hens,
Second best, . ' .

2. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,

Second best, ....

Coloured Dorking.

3. Best Cock and 2 Hens,

Second best, ....

4. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,

Second best, ....

White Dorking.

5. Best Cock and 2 Hens,

Second best, ....

6. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,

Second best, ....

Coloured Cochin-China.

7. Best Cock and 2 Hens,

Second best, ....

8. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,

Second best, ....

White Cochin-Chixa.

9. Best Cock and 2 Hens,

Second best, ....

10. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,

Second best, ....

Pencilled Bramahpootra.

11. Best Cock and 2 Hens,

Second best, ....

12. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,

Second best, ....

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
4

>0

GENERAL SHOW AT ABERDEEN IN 18GS.

Section Light Bramahpootra.

13. Best Cock and 2 Hens,
Second best,

14. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,
Second best,

Malay.

15. Best Cock and 2 Hens,
Second best,

16. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,
Second best,

Spanish.

17. Best Cock and 2 Hens,
Second best,

18. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,
Second best,

Scotch Grey.

19. Best Cock and 2 Hens,
Second best,

20. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,
Second best,

Golden Pencilled Hamburg

21. Best Cock and 2 Hens,
Second best,

22. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,
Second best,

Silver Pencilled Hamburg.

23. Best Cock and 2 Hens, .
Second best,

24. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,
Second best, .

Golden Spangled Hamburg.

25. Best Cock and 2 Hens,
Second best,

26. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,
Second best,

Silver Spangled Hamburg.

27. Best Cock and 2 Hens,
Second best, .

28. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,
Second best, .

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

GENERAL SHOW AT ABERDEEN IN 18C8.

51

Section White Crested Black Polish.

29. Best Cock and 2 Hens,

Second best, ....

30. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,

Second best, ....

Golden Spangled Polish.

31. Best Cock and 2 Hens,

Second best, ....

32. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,

Second best, ....

Silver Spangled Polish.

33. Best Cock and 2 Hens,

Second best, ....

34 Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,

Second best, ....

Game — Black or Brown Eeds.

35. Best Cock and 2 Hens,

Second best, ....

36. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,

Second best, ....

Game — Duckwings.

37. Best Cock and 2 Hens,

Second best, ....

38. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,

Second best, ....

Any other Variety of Game.

39. Best Cock and 2 Hens,

Second best, ....

40. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,

Second best, ....

Bantams — Game.

41. Best Cock and 2 Hens,
Second best,

42. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,
Second best,

Bantams — Gold-laced Sebright

43. Best Cook and 2 Hens,
Second best,

44 Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,
Second best,

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

52

GENERAL SHOW AT ABERDEEN IN 186S.

Section Bantams — Silver-laced Sebright.

45. Best Cook and 2 Hens, . . . Silver Medal

Second best,
4G. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,
Second best,

Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Any other Variety of Bantams:
47. Best Cock and 2 Hens, . . . Silver Medal

Second best,
48. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,
Second best,

Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Any other Distinct Breed of Poultry.

. Silver Medal

49. Best Cock and 2 Hens, .
Second best,

50. Best Cockerel and 2 Pullets,
Second best,

Capons — Of any Breed.

51. Best 3 Capons,
Second best,

Ducks — White Aylesbury.

52. Best Drake and 2 Ducks, .
Second best,

53. Best Drake and 2 Ducklings,
Second best,

Ducks — Rouen

54. Best Drake and 2 Ducks, .
Second best,

55. Best Drake and 2 Ducklings,
Second best,

Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Ducks — Any other Distinct Breed.

56. Best Drake and 2 Ducks, .
Second best,

57. Best Drake and 2 Ducklings,
Second best,

Turkeys — Black Norfolk

58. Best Cock and 2 Hens,

Second best,

59. Best Cock and 2 Hens (Poults), .

Second best,

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

GENERAL SHOW AT ABERDEEN IN 18G8. 53

Section Turkeys — Any other Breed.

GO. Best Cook and 2 Hens, . . . Silver Medal

Second best, .... Bronze Medal

61. Best Cock and 2 Hens (Poults), . . Silver Medal

Second best, .... Bronze Medal

Geese — Grey Toulouse.

G2. Best Gander and 2 Geese, . . Silver Medal

Second best, .... Bronze Medal

63. Best Gander and 2 Goslings, . . Silver Medal
Second best, .... Bronze Medal

Geese — Emhclen.

64. Best Gander and 2 Geese, . . Silver Medal
Second best, .... Bronze Medal

65. Best Gander and 2 Goslings, . . Silver Medal
Second best, .... Bronze Medal

CLASS VI.-IMPLEMENTS.

Note. — Premiums for Implements and Machinery have been
withdrawn, and trials, during the currency of a Show, discon-
tinued, in terms of a report approved of by a General Meeting
of the Society on 21st January 1863. Beference is made to
General Regulations 33, 34, and 35, for the terms on which Im-
plements may now be exhibited, and the conditions under which
they will be tried and rewarded.

BEGULATIONS.

GENERAL CONDITIONS.

1. Members of the Society are admitted to the Show- Yard without pay-
ment, on exhibiting a " Member's Ticket," except during the inspection by the
Judges, when 5s. will be charged. Tickets will be sent to all Members re-
siding in the District connected with the Show — the counties of Aberdeen,
Banff, Kincardine, and eastern division of Forfar. Members residing in other
localities must apply for Tickets at the Secretary's Office, 3 George IV. Bridge,
Edinburgh, not later than the 18th of July.

2. Stock must be the property and in the possession of the Exhibitor from
the date of the Entry.

3. Each column in the schedule of Entry must be filled uj) so far as within
the knowledge of the Exhibitor.

4. Stallions and aged Bulls must have had produce, and, along with Two-
year-old Bulls, have served within the year of the Show.

5. All Cows must have had calves previous to the Show, and when ex-
hibited, they must either be in milk or in calf ; if in milk, birth must have

5-1 GENERAL SHOW AT ABERDEEN IN 1868.

been within 9 months of the Show ; if in calf, birth must be certified within
4 months after the Show.

6. Two-year- old Heifers — of the Short-horn and Polled Breeds — must be
in calf when exhibited, and birth must be certified within 9 months after the
Show

7. Mares in Section 5 must hare produced foals after 1st January 1868,
and foals must be at foot, except when death can be proved. Mares in
Section 6 must be in foal, and awards will be suspended till birth is certified.

8. All Ewes must have reared Lambs in 1868 ; and Ewes in Sections 7 and
1 1 (Cheviot and Blackfaced) must be in milk, and have their Lambs at foot.
Fleeces must not be artificially coloured.

9. The Pigs in Sections 5 and 6 must belong to the same litter, and be
uncut.

10. An animal which has gained a first premium at a General Show of the
Society cannot again compete in the same section.

11. No animal shall bear on its rug, harness, pail, or other fittings, any
initial, crest, or mark of ownership, nor be distinguished otherwise than by
the number indicating its place in the Catalogue.

12. Except for extra Stock, Commendations will only be given for one lot
in each Section — the fourth in merit.

13. The violation by an Exhibitor of any one of the Regulations will involve
the forfeiture of all Premiums awarded to him.

14. Should it be proved to the satisfaction of the Directors that an animal
has been entered under a false name, pedigree, or description, for the purpose
of misleading the Directors or Judges as to its qualification or properties, the
case shall be reported to the first General Meeting, in order that the Exhibitor
shall be disqualified from again competing at the Society's Shows, and his
name, if he be a Member, struck from the roll.

15. When an animal has previously been disqualified by the decision of
any Agricultural Association in Great Britain or Ireland, such disqualification
shall attach, if the Exhibitor, being aware of the disqualification, fail to state
it, and the grounds thereof, in his entry, to enable the Directors to judge of
its validity.

16. Protests against the awards of the Judges must be lodged with the
Secretary not later than 10 a.m. on Wednesday, 29th July, and parties must
be in attendance at the Committee-Boom, in the Show- Yard, at 12, when
protests will be disposed of.

17. The Society shall not be liable for any loss or damage which Stock,
Implements, or other articles may sustain at the Show, or in consequence of
having been sent to it.

18. The decisions of the Board of Directors are final in all questions re-
specting Premiums, and it shall not be competent for any Exhibitor to appeal
against such decisions to, nor seek redress in respect of them from any other
tribunal.

19. The Premiums awarded will be paid after the 1st November 1868, and
may be taken either in money or in plate.

CERTIFICATES OF ENTRY FOR STOCK.

20. Every Lot must be intimated by a Certificate of Entry, lodged with the
Secretary not later than Friday the 12th of June. Printed forms will be
issued on application to the Secretary, or to Messrs J. and R. Ligertwood,
89 Union Street, Aberdeen.

21. Admission-Orders to the Yard for Stock and Servants will be forwarded
by post previous to the Show.

stall rent.

22. Covered accommodation will be provided for the whole of the Stock

Non-Members.

s. d.

20

0

15

0

10
10

2

0
0
6

GENERAL SHOW AT ABERDEEN IN 18GS. 55

and the following rates shall be paid by Exhibitors at the time of making

their Entries : —

Members.

S. (/.
Stallions — 3 year old — and 2 year old entire

Colts, 10 0

All other Horses and Cattle 2 years old and

upwards, . . . . .76

Yearling Colts, Fillies, Bulls, and Heifers and

Calves, 5 0

Sheep and Swine, per pen, . . .50

Poultry, per coop, . . . .16

ADMISSION OF STOCK.

23. The Yard will be open for Stock on Saturday, 25th July, and Monday,
27th July, and between Six and Eight o'clock on the morning of Tuesday the
2Sth of July, after which hour no Stock can be admitted.

24. One Servant will be admitted in charge of each Lot. Bulls must be
secured by a nose ring, with chain or rope attached.

25. Cattle, Sheep, or Swine cannot be removed from the Yard till Five p.m.
on Thursday, 30th July, except on certificate by the Veterinary Surgeon
employed by the Directors.

26. Horses may be withdrawn at Six each evening on a deposit of £2 for
each animal, which shall be forfeited if the animal is not brought back at
Seven o'clock the following morning.

27. Servants in charge of Stock must bring their own buckets or pails. A
first bedding for Horses, Cattle, and Swine, will be provided by the Society,
but all other fodder and food for Stock will be supplied, at fixed prices here-
after to be published, by a Contractor employed by the Society. Any Servant
removing bedding from an adjoining stall will be fined in double the amount
taken. Exhibitors may fetch their own cake or corn to the Yard, but not
grass, hay, nor straw.

PLACING AND JUDGING STOCK.

28. On Tuesday, 28th July, Exhibitors, and all others except Servants in
charge of Stock, must leave the Yard at Eight a.m. The Judges will com-
mence their inspection at Nine o'clock, when the public will be admitted.
There shall be no award unless the Judges deem the animals to have sufficient
merit, more especially if there is only one lot in a Section ; and it shall be in
their power to suggest the' removal of any lot which appears to them unworthy
of being placed in the Yard.

29. Two Members of Committee will attend each Section of the Judges.
It will be their duty to see that no obstruction is offered to them, and that
the space reserved for them is not encroached on ; to communicate to the
Secretary any question that may arise for the consideration of the Committee ;
to complete their reports ; and to ticket the prize animals.

30. It shall not be competent for any Exhibitor, nor for his Factor or Land-
Steward, to act as a Judge or Attending Member in any class in which he is
competing; and no Exhibitor shall remain in charge of any lot, whether be-
longing to himself or another, while the Judges are in the Yard.

ADMISSION OF PUBLIC.

31. The public will be admitted to the Stock- Yard on Tuesday at 9 a.m.,
immediately before the inspection by the Judges commences. Holders of
Members' tickets, and Exhibitors of Stock, will be charged 5s. for admission
to the judging ; all others 10s. The space reserved for the Judges will be
enclosed by ropes, and no encroachment will be permitted.

56 GENERAL SHOW AT ABERDEEN IN 1868.

32. After 2 p.m. on Tuesday, Holders of Members' Tickets and Exhibitors
will be admitted free. The charges to others will be — Tuesday, after 2 p.m.,
2s. 6d. ; Wednesday, from 8 a.m. till 1 p.m., 2s. 6d., and after 1 p.m., Is. ; Thurs-
day, from 8 a.m. till 5 p.m., Is. The Implement Yard will be open on Tuesday
forenoon while the Stock is being judged ; holders of Members' Tickets and
Exhibitors admitted free ; others at 2s. 6d. ; thereafter one payment admits
to both Yards.

ENTRY OF IMPLEMENTS.

33. All articles must be entered with the Secretary on or before 12th June,
and Exhibitors must intimate whether they wish their goods placed under cover
or not, and specify the space they require. Shedding will be charged Is. 6d.
per lineal foot of frontage, with a depth of 20 feet, to Members, and 2s. to
Non-members.

34. Members may show Implements free if shedding is not required, and
Non-members will be charged sixpence per lineal foot of frontage, with a
depth of 20 feet.

35. When an Implement or Machine is supposed to embi'ace a new inven-
tion, or radical improvement, the nature of such must be specified in the
entry, to enable the Directors to order an inspection with a view to a trial.
Such trial, when recommended by the inspecting Committee, will be instituted
in a convenient locality, and at a season of the year suitable for the operation
of the implement or machine, which, when thoroughly tested, will be entitled
to such a Premium as the Directors may see fit to award, on the report of the
Judges employed by them.

PLACING IMPLEMENTS IN THE YARD.

36. The Yard will be open for the reception of Implements on Tuesday,
21st July, and till Monday evening, 27th July.

37. There must be attached to each Implement, when forwarded to the
Show, a label bearing the Exhibitor's name, and that of the Implement.

38. The articles of each Exhibitor will be all placed in one stand.

39. All articles must remain in the Yard till Five p.m. on Thursday, the
30th July, and may be kept there till the afternoon of Friday.

PLACING AND JUDGING POULTRY.

40. Poultry must be brought to the Show- Yard on Monday, 27th July, or
between Six and Eight o'clock on the morning of 28th July. No lot will be
admitted without an Admission- order. Coops, food, and attendance will be
found by the Society.

41. No lot to be removed from the Yard till Five p.m. on Thursday, the
30th July.

Premium Lists, Certificates of Entry, and Eegulations, may be
obtained by applying at the Secretary's Office, No. 3 George IV.
Bridge, Edinburgh, or to Messrs J. & E. Ligertwood, 89 Union
Street, Aberdeen.

The Secretary will be at the Eoyal Hotel, Aberdeen, on
Thursday and Friday, 11th and 12th June, to close the List.

GENERAL SHOW OF STOCK AND IMPLEMENTS

AT

EDINBURGH, 1869.

Premiums will he offered for the following Classes:—

CATTLE.

SHORT-HORN.

Bulls calved before 1st January 1867

Bulls calved after 1st January 1867

Bulls calved after 1st January 1868

Cows of any age.

Heifers calved after 1st January 1867

Heifers calved after 1st January 1868

POLLED ANGUS OR ABERDEEN.

Bulls calved before 1st January 1867

Bulls calved after 1st January 1867

Bulls calved after 1st January 1868

Cows of any age.

Heifers calved after 1st January 1867

Heifers calved after 1st January 1868

POLLED GALLOWAY.

Bulls calved before 1st January 1867

Bulls calved after 1st January 1867

Bulls calved after 1st January 1868

Cows of any age.

Heifers calved after 1st January 1867

Heifers calved after 1st January 1868

AYRSHIRE.

Bulls calved before 1st January 1867

Bulls calved after 1st January 1867

Cows in milk of any age.
Cows in calf of any age.

Heifers calved after 1st January 1867

Heifers calved after 1st January 1868

HIGHLAND.

Bulls calved before 1st January 1S66

Bulls calved after 1st January 1866

Bulls calved after 1st January 1867

Cows of any age.

Heifers calved after 1st January 1866

Heifers calved after 1st January 1867

58 GENEEAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH, 1869.

FAT STOCK.

Polled Oxen calved after 1st January 1866

Polled Oxen calved after 1st January 1867

Highland Oxen calved after 1st January 1865

Highland Oxen calved after 1st January 1866

Oxen of any other pure or cross breed calved after 1st

January 1866

Oxen of any other pure or cross breed calved after 1st

January 1867

Cross-bred Heifers calved after 1st January - 1866

Cross-bred Heifers calved after 1st January 1867

HORSES

For Agricultural Purposes.

Stallions foaled before 1st January 1866

Entire Colts foaled after 1st January ..1866

Entire Colts foaled after 1st January 1867

Entire Colts foaled after 1st January 1868

Mares with foal at foot, foaled before 1st January 1866

Mares in foal, foaled before 1st January 1866

Fillies foaled after 1st January 1866

Fillies foaled after 1st January 1867

Fillies foaled after 1st January 1868

EXTRA.

Mares or Geldings, foaled before 1st January 1865, suitable for

field.
Mares or Geldings, foaled between 1st January 1865 and 1st

January 1866, suitable for field.
Mares or Geldings, foaled between 1st January 1866 and 1st

January 1867, suitable for field.
Mares or Geldings, foaled before 1st January 1865, suitable for

harness.
Draught Mares or Geldings in harness.

SHEEP.

LEICESTER.

Tups not more than four shear.
Dinmont or Shearling Tups.
Ewes not more than four shear.
Shearling Ewes or Gimmers.

BORDER LEICESTER.

Tups not more than four shear.
Dinmont or Shearling Tups.
Ewes not more than four shear.
Shearling Ewes or Gimmers.

GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH, 1SG0. 59

CHEVIOT.

Tups not more than four shear.
Dinmont or Shearling Tups.
Ewes not more than four shear.
Shearling Ewes or Gimmers.

BLACKFACED.
Tups not more than four shear.
Dinmont or Shearling Tups.
Ewes not more than four shear.
Shearling Ewes or Gimmers.

SOUTHDOWN AND OTHER SHORT-WOOLLED.

Tups not more than four shear.
Dinmont or Shearling Tups.
Ewes not more than four shear.
Shearling Ewes or Gimmers.

LONG-WOOLLED OTHER THAN LEICESTER.

Tups not more than four shear.

Ewes not more than four shear, or Gimmers.

NOTE. — Ewes and Gimmers to be exhibited in pens of five,
and in the Cheviot and Blachfaccd Breeds, Ewes must be
in milk with lambs at foot.

SWINE.

Boars, large breed.
Boars, small breed.

Sows, large breed.
Sows, small breed.

Pigs not exceeding 8 months old, large breed.
Pigs not exceeding 8 months old, small breed.

Note. — Pigs to be exhibited in pens of three.

POULTRY.

Cock and Two Hens, Cockerel and Two Pullets, of each of

the following breeds : —

Silver-Grey Dorking.

Coloured Dorking.

White Dorking.

Coloured Cochin-China.

White Cochin-China.

Pencilled Brahmapootra.

Light Brahmapootra.

Malay.

Spanish.

Scotch Grey.

Golden Pencilled Hamburg.

Silver Pencilled Hamburg.
Golden Spangled Hamburg.
Silver Spangled Hamburg.
White-crested Black Polish.
Golden Spangled Polish.
Silver Spangled Polish.
Game — Black or Brown Eeds.
Game — Duckwings.
Game — Any other variety.
Bantams — Game.
Bantams — Gold-laced Sebright.

60

VETERINARY COLLEGE.

P 0 U L T R Y— continued.

Bantams — Silver - laced Seb-
right .

Bantams — Any other variety.

Any other distinct Breed of
Poultry.

Ducks — White Aylesbury.

Ducks — Rouen.

Ducks — Any other distinct

Breed.
Turkeys— Black Norfolk.
Turkeys — Any other Breed.
Geese — Grey Toulouse.
Geese — Embden.
Capons (coops of three).

VETERINARY COLLEGE.

The Veterinary College of Edinburgh was established by the
Society in 1823, and was conducted by Professor Dick from that
date till the period of his death in April 1866. During that
time the Society has issued Certificates or Diplomas to 821
Students of the College, who had passed the Examinations in-
stituted by the Board of Directors.

The late Professor Dick at his decease endowed the College,
and bequeathed it in trust to the Lord Provost, Magistrates, and
Councillors of the City of Edinburgh, continuing to the Society
the power to appoint Examiners.

The establishment is now conducted by Professor Williams,
assisted by Dr Allan Dalzell, Dr Young, Mr Strangeways, Mr
Worthington, and Mr M'Bride, who holds the chair of Cattle
Pathology, established by the Society. The curriculum embraces
the Principles and Practice of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery,
with Anatomy, Physiology, and Demonstrations ; Cattle Patho-
logy ; Chemistry ; Materia Medica and Dietetics ; and the general
management of domesticated Animals.

Students have the advantage of assisting in an extensive
practice, and of performing the different operations which most
frequently occur.

Attendance on Two Courses is required before a Student can
be taken upon trial for Diploma by the Society.

The examinations are conducted by leading members of the
Medical Faculty and of the Veterinary Profession ; and a
Diploma bearing the arms of the Society, and signed by the
Examiners, is granted to those Students who pass the required
examinations.

Graduates of the College are eligible for appointment as
Veterinary Surgeons in her Majesty's service.

The Session commences in the beginning of November, and
is concluded before the end of April following.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

The following Bye-Laws were enacted in 1866, under the
authority of the Supplementary Charter of 1856, and in terms
of a Report by the Council on Education adopted January
1865:—

BYE-LAWS.

I. That in terms of a report by the Council on Education
the following Board of Examiners be appointed : —

Science and Practice of Agriculture — Mechanics and Construc-
tion.— Professor Wilson ; George Hope, Fenton Barns ;
Robert Russell, Pilmuir ; and John Wilson, Edington Mains.

Botany. — Professor Balfour.

Chemistry. — Professor Anderson.

Natural History. — Professor Allman.

Veterinary Surgery. — Professor Williams.

Field Engineering and Surveying. — Professor Macquorn Ean-
kine and David Stevenson, C.E.

Booh-Kceping and Accounts. — Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A., and
Archibald Paterson, Meadowfield.

II. That the examination shall be both written and oral ;
that the value of the answers shall be determined by numbers ;
and that the oral examination shall be public.

III. That there shall be two examinations, to be styled
respectively the " Certificate Examination," and the " Diploma
Examination." The first to be open to candidates not less than
eighteen years of age ; the second to those who have completed
twenty-one years.

IV. That to pass the " Certificate Examination " a candidate
must be acquainted with farm accounts, mensuration, and sur-
veying, and must possess a good knowledge of practical agricul-
ture, and a general acquaintance with the elements of botany,
chemistry, and natural history.

V. That a certificate in the following terms, signed by the
President or Vice-President of the Council on Education, and
by the Secretary, shall be granted to candidates passing this
examination : —

" We hereby certify that on the A. B. was examined,

and has been found to possess a knowledge of farm accounts,
mensuration, and surveying, a good knowledge of practical agri-
culture, and a general acquaintance with the elements of botany,
chemistry, and natural history, and that he is therefore entitled
to present himself for the further examination, in terms of the
regulations, for the Society's diploma."

VI. That to pass the " Diploma Examination " a candidate
must be in possession of the certificate, and have attained his

62 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

twenty-first year, and must be found to possess a thorough know-
ledge of the theory and practice of agriculture ; of mechanics and
mensuration ; of the physiology and treatment of domesticated
animals ; and of the application of botany, chemistry, and
natural history to agriculture.

VII. That a diploma in the following terms, bearing the cor-
porate seal of the Society, and signed by the President or Vice-
President of the Council on Education, and by the Secretary,
shall be granted to candidates passing the second examination : —

" These are to certify that, on the day of A. B.

was examined in the arts and sciences connected with agriculture,
and has been reported to be proficient therein by a Board of
Examiners nominated by the Council of the Highland and
Agricultural Society of Scotland on Education, in terms and by
authority of a Charter, given under the Great Seal, on the 18th
day of August 1856."

VIII. That a sum not exceeding £100 per annum shall be
placed at the disposal of the Examiners, to be applied in prizes
to candidates who pass with distinguished merit, and on a
standard exceeding that required for the diploma.

The following Gentlemen have passed Examinations : —

For Diploma.

1. Jacob Wilson, Woodhorn Manor, Morpeth, . . 1858.

2. John Milne, Mains of Laithers, Turriff, . . . 1859.

3. William Henry Eley, Cobham, Kent, . . . 1859.

4. Thomas Eome, Groundslow, Staffordshire, . . 1859.

5. William Norman, Ouchterside, Carlisle, . . . 1860.

6. George Campbell, Balbrogie, Coupar-Angus, . . 1861.

7. William B. Smith, Stoneleigh Villa, Leamington, . 1862.

8. John E. Hetherington, Carlisle, . ' . . . 1862.

9. William Brown, jun., Edderstone, Peebles, . . 1864.

10. Arthur James Hill, Bath, 1864.

For Certificate and Diploma
{Under Bye-Laws enacted in 1866).

11. Ft. H. Goddard, Newcastle-on-Tyne, . . .1866.

12. G. Y. Wall, jun., Durham, 1866.

13. Eobert Bryclon, Burncastle, Berwickshire, . . 1867.

14. George Kent Walton, Long Campton, Warwickshire, 1867.

For Certificate
{Under Bye-Laws enacted in 1865).

1. J. C. Bowstead, Halkthorpe Hall, Penrith, . . 1867.

2. Thomas John Elliot, Wilton, Salisbury, . . . 1867.

CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

The objects of the Chemical Department are threefold : —

I. The prosecution of researches in various subjects con-

nected with Agricultural Chemistry, the results of
which are published at intervals in the Transactions.

Dr Anderson will be glad at all times to receive suggestions
from Members of the Society regarding subjects they may con-
sider worthy of investigation, and which will be laid before the
Chemical Committee.

II. To assist in the performance of minute and accurate

Field Experiments.

Tor this purpose it has recently been resolved to institute
field experiments on a systematic plan, and in such a manner as
to obtain exact and comparable results. The experiments will
be conducted in different districts under the superintendence of
a Committee, who will fix the precise nature of those to be made
in each year, and see that the precautions required to secure
accuracy are properly attended to. The furnishing the requisite
chemical data for these researches will in future form an impor-
tant part of the business of the laboratory. Gentlemen who have
any suggestions to make regarding subjects deserving investiga-
tion are requested to communicate with Dr Anderson.

III. The performance of Analyses of Manures, Soils,
Vegetable Products, &c, for Members of the Society
at reduced fees.

In purchasing manures, cattle foods, &c, Members are recom-
mended, in all cases, to do so by guaranteed analyses, and to
ascertain that the article delivered corresponds with it. Partial
analyses, such as Nos. 6 and 7 of the accompanying list, will
generally suffice to check the correspondence of the stock with
the guarantee, and give an approximate, though not a precise
estimate of its value. When an exact estimate is required, a
complete analysis is necessary.

Samples intended for analysis should be sent (carriage paid)
addressed to Dr Anderson, 15 Shuttle Stkeet, Glasgow, and
when of small size, they are most cheaply and expeditiously
forwarded by post. They should be distinctly labelled, marked
with the name and address of the sender in full, and accom-
panied by a letter, specifying the particular analysis required,
according to its number in the following list, — and, if possible,
the object in view, — as, by doing so, much trouble and delay
will occasionally be saved.

64 CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

Some inconvenience having been experienced by persons
sending samples for Analysis which had not been selected with
sufficient care, and were afterwards found not to represent the
average composition of the substance, it is particularly requested
that the following instructions may be attended to as closely as
circumstances will permit.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR SELECTING SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS.

Manures. — A large double handful of the Manure should be
taken from each of at least five or six different bags ; and if any
lumps are found in it, a due proportion of these should also be
taken. The whole being laid on a large sheet of paper, should
be carefully mixed by rubbing with the hand, the lumps being
broken down and mixed as uniformly as possible with the
powdery part. If this mixture be carefully made, a quantity of
it not exceeding two ounces will suffice for the analysis. It
should be folded up in tinfoil to prevent its becoming dry. In
default of tinfoil, the sample may be wrapped in double folds of
strong writing paper. Should the manure contain stones, or be
very moist, or should any difficulty be experienced in making a
uniform mixture, it is desirable that two or three pounds should
be sent.

Soils. — In selecting Soils for analysis, five or six spadefuls
should be taken from different parts of the field, and after being
spread out in a thin layer for several days to dry, should be put
two or three times through a fine sieve, so as to insure uniform
mixture. For a complete analysis, not less than two pounds
should be sent ; for a partial analysis, three or four ounces will
be sufficient.

Waters. — For the complete analysis of a Water, from two to
three gallons are required ; for the determination of the amount
of salts in solution, and lime thrown down by boiling, two quarts
will suffice, A well water may be selected at any time ; but the
water of a spring or running stream should be taken in dry wea-
ther. The jars or bottles in which they are sent must be tightly
corked and sealed. In the analysis of a mineral water, it may
sometimes be desirable to determine the amount of gases held in
solution; in which case certain precautions must be observed
which require the presence of a chemist at the spring.

Limestones, Clays, Ironstones, &c. — If the bed of any of these
substances of which the analysis is required be very uniform in
appearance, a piece of two or three ounces' weight taken from any
part of it will be enough for analysis ; but in all cases, it is better
to send three or four chips from different parts of its thickness.
Sometimes where the characters of different parts of the bed vary
much, separate analysis of these portions may be requisite, in
which case two ounces of each may be sent.

CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. G5

The following are the rates at which analyses, &c, are fur-
nished to Members of the Society, and it is requested that the fee
be remitted along with the sample : —

1. Complete analysis of a Soil, including determination of

Alkalies and Phosphates, £3.

2. A partial analysis of a Soil, such as the determination of the

quantity of Organic Matter, and relative proportion of
Clay, Sand, and Carbonate of Lime it contains, 10s.

3. Quantitative determination of any one ingredient of a Soil,

7s. 6d.

4. Complete analysis of Saline Manures and other substances,

such as Gypsum, Nitrates of Soda and Potash, Ammo-
niacal Salts, Guano, Oil-cake, Bone-dust, Bape-dust,
Superphosphate of Lime, £1.

5. Testing the above substances for adulterations — for each

sample, 5s.

This examination is generally sufficient to determine
whether or not any of these substances are grossly
adulterated, but it gives no idea of the comparative
value of different Samples, where all are genuine.
G. Determination of the percentage of Phosphates and Am-
monia in a Guano, 10s.

7. Determining the Quantity of Soluble and Insoluble Phos-

phates in a Superphosphate, 10s.

This and the preceding determination generally suf-
fice to show whether the sample is of fair quality,
and corresponds with the analysis by which it
was sold, but not to fix its exact commercial
value.

8. Complete analysis of Limestone, Marl, Shell-sand, &c, £1.
0. Examining any of the above substances for the quantity of

Lime, and ascertaining in the same the presence of
Magnesia and Alumina, 7s. 6d.

Ascertaining the proportion of these, 2s. 6d. additional
for each substance.

10. Complete analysis of the Ash of any Plant, £3.

11. Complete analysis of a Water, £2.

12. Determination of the Amount of Salts in Solution, and of

the Lime thrown down by boiling in any water, 10s.

13. Analysis of Tile or Fire Clay, £1, 10s.

14. Complete analysis of Roots, Grains, and other Vegetable

Products, £1.

15. Examining products of Vegetation, or of the Dairy, such as

Nutritive Matters in Wheat, or other grain — quantity
of Butter or Cheese in Milk — 5s. for each ingredient.
1G. Determination of the quantity of Nitrogen in any sub-
stance, 7s. 6d.

66 CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

17. Answers to letters asking advice on subjects within the

department of the chemist, 5s.

The charges for other Analyses not specified in the list will

be settled by the Committee of Management, with reference to

the amount of work which they involve, and on a scale similar

to the above.

F. K MENZIES, Secretary.
Edinburgh, February 1868.

REPORT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 245

EEPOET ON THE GENEKAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS.

By C. Y. Michie, Forester, Cullen House, Cullen.

[Premium — Five Sovereigns."}

The following Eeport applies to four plantations in Scotland
and one in England : —

No. 1 is a mixed plantation, situated in the south of the county
of Eoxburgh, thirty-two to thirty-six years planted. It was
originally enclosed with a thorn hedge, which having decayed in
parts, has been replaced in these parts with post and rail pailing.
The form of the plantation is an irregular oblong, the greater por-
tion extending from north to south, and is about 850 yards long, by
a mean width of about 60 yards, comprising in all about 11 acres.
It was formed with the object of clothing and beautifying the
country, which it does, and with the further object of yielding a
profitable crop of timber, which, however, has not yet been effected.

The ground, previous to being planted, was used as a grazing
for cows, and was much esteemed for that purpose. In conse-
quence of its precipitous nature, it was considered impracticable
to cultivate it, some parts being so steep as to render it unsafe
even for the grazing of cattle. The ground throughout is undu-
lating, irregular, and ragged, and covered with various descrip-
tions of grasses, mostly indicating superfluous water in the soil.
The soil, like the surface of the ground, is variable, but in general
may be termed tenacious clay, resting upon sandstone rock of
various degrees of hardness; some parts are a light sandy loam, a
few spots peat soil, and others a stiff tilly clay.

The plantation is situated at an altitude of between 250 and
350 feet above the level of the sea, and is sheltered, with the
exception of the highest ridge, from the north and west winds by
higher grounds, so essential to the growth of all trees, particularly
larch and spruce.

The trees of which the plantation is composed are embraced
in the following list : —

Oak to constitute the principal ultimate crop.

Ash to be thinned out from amongst the oaks as the last thinnings.

Elm do. do. do. do.

Sweet chestnut do. do. do.

Larch to be thinned out as first profitable thinnings, after
having acted towards the hardwoods as nurses.

Scots pines to be thinned out as secondary thinnings, after
acting to the hardwoods as nurses.

Spruce, a few to remain permanently to impart variety to the
plantation, and act as nurses to the hardwoods, the others to be
thinned out for profit.

The preceding list comprises seven different sorts of trees, in

R

246 EEPOET ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS.

addition to which four other varieties were planted, of which only
a few specimens remain. Such a great variety naturally sug-
gests the inquiry, "Why plant so many sorts ? The answer is, that
at the time of planting it was not known which class of trees
would succeed best ; and, therefore, a great variety was planted,
with the view of thinning out those that did not succeed — ar prac-
tice which, though fast becoming obsolete, is still adhered to by
some planters. The plantation, at the time the writer became
acquainted with it, had been several times thinned. The stools
upon the ground indicated that it had been planted at distances
from 3| to 4 feet apart, the hardwoods at 9 feet to 12 feet apart,
and filled in with pine and firs to the former distances.

The first thinning was performed when between twelve and
fifteen years planted, at which age, owing to the sheltered and
otherwise favourable situation, the trees were considerably too
much drawn up — an evil, probably little thought of at the time,
but the effects of which can never be counteracted.

The plantation, in consequence of its conspicuous situation,
and of its importance in other respects, always received its due
mead of attention in the way of thinning, pruning, and protec-
tion from animals. It was always thinned when thought desirable,
sometimes once in two years, at others not so often. There are
no blank spots in the plantation up to the present time, which
indicates, to a certain extent, that the soil is adapted for the
growth of most forest trees. In one part 35 yards broad, where
the soil is wet, and the trees considerably exposed to north-west
winds, the pines and firs have been occasionally blown down. In
this part the hardwoods are inferior to those in the rest of the
plantation. Decayed trees have been of rare occurrence ; during a
period of fourteen years, the writer is quite certain that he has
not observed above that number throughout the whole extent of
the plantation, though at an early stage of their growth the larches
died on a few soft mossy spots, and thus gave a double advantage
to the spruces, many of which have become beautiful specimens.

In the operation of thinning, the work has always been per-
formed with axes, and in doing so, great attention has always
been paid to keep the stools low, generally quite level with the
surface of the ground, — a system which, in thinning young plan-
tations, is highly commendable for neatness, and future comfort
in travelling through the plantations and clearing the wood. By
this means, also, coppice- wood is almost entirely prevented from
springing up after the hardwoods are cut, which in this case was
considered desirable. In thinning out the spruces at an early
age some were cut over at from 3 to 4 feet above the ground,
which caused them to assume the habit of beautiful shrubs, and
form a cover for game which cannot well be surpassed, though
the latter object was not here contemplated.

REPORT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 247

So long as the trees were small, and could be cut and felled
by one man in the proper place, axe work was certainly, if not
the cheapest, at least the best method of thinning. But from the
time the trees are 9 inches diameter at bottom, they are more
economically cut by means of the saw.

The mode of thinning mixed hardwood plantations is always
attended with greater difficulties than that of thinning plantations
of one sort of trees, hence the great expense always entailed in
doing so, and, consequently, the small returns. In thinning out
a larch tree, for example, growing in the midst of hardwoods,
where an open fall cannot be obtained, it is necessary to ascend
the tree, either by means of a light ladder or otherwise, and the
operator being provided with a hand-saw, to commence as he
ascends, and clear the tree of all such branches as are likely to
come in contact when falling with the standing trees. Frequently
the whole of the branches, and sometimes also the top part of the
tree, have to be cut off in this manner ; and the trunk thus pol-
larded, is by means of a rope attached drawn down into the most
convenient open space. It frequently happens that a tree thus
situated and taken clown, costs considerably more than its worth
in the market. Such was found to be the case in thinning this
plantation. The cost of labour was frequently more than double
the value of the thinnings ; and never, in any instance during
the writer's experience, has the produce of those thinnings
equalled, or even approached, the cost of the labour.

Before commencing the process of thinning, the trees have
always been marked by the head forester, so that the best skill
was brought to bear upon the operations of thinning, and the work
performed in the most judicious and superior manner. At first
the thinning was performed at all seasons, but of late years it has
been principally done during the summer, at which season the
bark is stripped from the oak and larch. The chief difficulty of
thinning at this season is owing to the tenderness of the young-
shoots, particularly of those upon the pines and firs. Spruce
are so tender and easily injured at this period of the year, that a
considerable shake of the tree is quite sufficient to break off the
leading top, and so disfigure the tree ever afterwards.

In consequence of no definite or separate account having been
kept of the expenses or returns from this plantation alone, it is
impossible to give an exact statement of such ; but from notes
taken during several thinnings, the labour exceeded the value by
about 25 per cent. This arose partly from the difficulty of fell-
ing the firs and pines amongst the hardwoods, so as not to injure
the latter, partly from the work having been done at day- wages
instead of by the piece, and partly from the difficulty of clearing
the ground of the wood and branches, which had to be removed
at great expense, and for which no market could be found. Add

248 REPORT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS.

to the more frequent thinning which mixed plantations require,
extra hands in consequence of the great difficulty of keeping the
nurses at a proper distance from the hardwoods, and also the
greater urgency of pruning, from the trees becoming almost
invariably defective of branches on one side, while the growth is
superabundant upon the other.

Pruning had evidently commenced about the time the planta-
tion received its first thinning, and was for a long period per-
formed only during autumn, winter, and spring, it being con-
considered at that time that summer pruning was injurious to
the health of the trees. Experience, however, subsequently
showed that summer is the best season for pruning operations,
and may be performed with greater advantage (upon most hard-
wood trees) during the months of June, July, and August, than
during any other period. In pruning healthy trees of vigorous
growth, no important difference appears at whatever season the
work is performed, but upon trees of stunted growth, or in any
degree sickly, the difference is at once manifest in the manner
in which the inflicted wounds heal up. In winter pruning, a
portion of the bark is apt to decay in the lower part of the wound,
while trees of a similar description pruned in summer are freed
in a great measure from this evil.

The work of pruning was performed with the common clasp
pruning knife, so long as the branches were within a man's reach ;
and afterwards the operation was performed by means of the
pruning chisel, hand-saw, and spokeshave, and the wounds, when
large, were dressed with a preparation of paint, composed of
white lead and oil, with the addition of a little lamp black,
which, when applied, brings the part to a colour nearly re-
sembling the bark of several sorts of hardwood trees.

The principal reasons assigned for pruning in the present case
are as follows : — First, To secure a clean straight trunk of nearly
equal thickness. Second, To give to each tree one single stem by
relieving it of others. Third, To protect the leading top from
others contending against it. Fourth, To remove all decayed
branches from the trunks of the trees. Fifth, To reduce any excess
of branches on one side, in order to balance the tree. Sixth, To
shorten any extra long branches, so as to prevent snow and winds
from breaking them. Seventh, To shorten or reduce any branch
growing off from the main trunk at an acute angle, causing the bark
to fester between the two surfaces at their junction. These are a
few of the leading objects kept in view in the practice of pruning
in the present case; other objects, of course, are aimed at in pruning
plantations differently situated and grown for a different purpose.

The following statement shows the average actual crop upon
the ground in 1864, and represents the market prices per acre of
the whole at that period :

REPORT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 249

Species of Trees.

No. per Acre.

Value
each.

Amount.

*. d.

£

s.

d.

Oaks, . . .

7G

1 6

5

14

0

Ashes, .

12

2 0

1

4

0

Elms, .

20

2 0

2

0

0

S. Chestnut, .

12

2 0

1

4

0

Larch, . . .

10

7 0

3

10

0

Spruce, .

10

5 6

2

15

0

Scots Pine,

10

1 6

0

15

0

Trees per \l5Q

Value per ) r.,-
acre, J

12

0

acre, j

The above statement represents the crop and its market value
nearly, standing, and is about what it is worth at the present
market price, if cut.

The various classes of trees are by no means regularly dis-
tributed over the ground ; they are found closer in one part than
in others, but average the above very nearly.

Ground similar to this enclosure is letting for grazing purposes
at from 15s. to 20s. per acre ; the plantation, however, not being
at a growth at which it can properly be valued as a market-
able subject, no reliable statement can now be given to show the
profit or loss of it.

The next statement shows the value per acre of the plantation
if, instead of being mixed as above, it were of one class of trees
only, allowing them to stand at the same distance apart as they
now do.

Species of Trees.

No. per
Acre.

Value
each.

Amount.

Larch, . . .
Spruce, . . .
Scots Pine, . .
Oak, ....

Elm, ....
S. Chestnut,

150

■>■>

55
55
55
55
55

*. d.

7 0
5 G
1 6

1 6

2 0
2 0
2 0

£ s. d.
52 10 0
41 5 0
11 5 0
11 5 0
15 0 0
15 0 0
15 0 0

The above statement, though showing the actual value per
acre each class of trees would be, yet does not by any means
show the value they would have been if the trees had been grown
separately; for while the larch and spruce, as individual trees,
would not have attained their present value, yet one-fourth the
present number more would have been upon the ground than

250 REPORT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS.

at present exists, while the hardwoods would not only have
stood one-fourth closer together upon the ground if grown un-
mixed, but would on an average have been of at least one-third
more value. This is exemplified in several groups of pine, firs,
and hardwoods growing in various parts upon the same estate
unmixed ; their great superiority over others that are mixed is
quite apparent even to those unacquainted with woods. Indeed
a case in point is to be found connected with this very plantation.
At the southern extremity of it there is growing a group of hard-
woods, which with the disadvantage of being lifted out of the
plantation when 10 or 12 feet in height, and transplanted where
they now grow, are at the present time fully one-third larger
than those from amongst which they were lifted. There appears
no other assignable reason for this decided superiority, except
that the group referred to were unencumbered with pine and firs,
and the ground kept clean.

In consequence of the whole of the plantation never having
been thinned regularly throughout at one time for many years,
and of no actual account having been taken of the thinnings
either before or after being cut, it is only from private notes,
taken at various times, that the writer has been enabled to arrive
at the conclusions above stated, and which from this plantation
having always been regarded as a model one, he has thought it
the more essential that he should be minute in the various
matters of detail.

The purposes to which the thinnings were appropriated were
as follows : — Larch, when small, for net stakes ; when larger, for
paling stakes ; and when further advanced, for gate-posts of
various descriptions, repairs of steadings, &c.

Spruce were used for purposes similar to the larch (save net
stakes), Scots pine and the various hardwoods (ash excepted)
were, till of late years, used for fencing-posts or fuel. The root-
cuts of ash, from twenty years planted, were used for axe
and pick handles, &c, for which they were well adapted. Clay
soil like this invariably produces ash of first-class quality, so
long as it continues in a state of rapid growth; but whenever
this ceases, if ash is allowed to stand, the grain of the wood
very soon becomes short and brittle. The tops and inferior
parts were used for fuel, for which purpose ash is deservedly
esteemed. No wood burns better in the green state, particularly
during frost.

A thinning of the plantation being done during the summer
of 1864, an auction sale was called on 30th July, when the
thinnings disposed of realised the following prices : —

Peeled oaks, per dozen, pit prop size, . . . 12s.

Ash, per dozen, useful size, ..... 24s.

Elm, per do. do., 18s.

REPORT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 251

Larch, suitable for secondary general purposes, per dozen, 80s.

Spruce, „ „ „ „ 70s.

Scots pine, „ „ „ „ 20s.

Branches and burn-wood from Is. 6d. to 4s. 6d. per lot (each
containing about one ton), according to access for loading, descrip-
tion of wood, &c.

It will be observed that the sums realised at the sale for some
sorts of wood (as the oaks) are below the estimated value per
acre, but this is accounted for by the latter being peeled. The
value of the bark is about equal to one-third that of the trees as
they stand.

The state of the plantation generally is favourable, and will
bear comparison with others of a mixed description and equal
age, yet there is a great deficiency in value, as before stated, when
contrasted with those of one class of trees. The spruces are
nearly what might have been expected, and will be found to
correspond in proportions to those of well-grown trees. They are
mostly well clothed with branches, some of them quite to the
ground; but as part of the soil and situations are unfavourable to
the growth of spruce, the trees thus situated are scarcely worth
half that of the others. Nothing is better calculated to prevent
ground-rot in spruce than abundance of branches. Of two trees
growing up side by side, one well clothed with branches, the
other not, the trees on being cut as ripe will prove the truth of
the above statement, at least if the subsoil is wet. The spruces
are best grown in the lowest situations, where the leading top is
preserved and the foliage fresh and healthy.

The larch next in order is equally proportionally developed,
but is in some cases too small in girth for its height. It may
seem remarkable that the spruces and larches are so well grown,
while most of the other trees, particularly the oaks, are the very
reverse. This arises from the circumstance of the former being
the fastest growers, and from their having sufficient room for
their free development wherever the ground was suitable, so that
their present perfect state has been attained at the expense of
their neighbours. The best larches are where the Scots pines did
not at first succeed, and the best spruces where the larches de-
cayed early.

The Scots pines suffered in many cases by the larches dash-
ing against and destroying their leaders, but the former were
mostly thinned out at an early age. Those now remaining are
coarsely grown, occasioned by the system of thinning and the
nature of the soil ; they are likely to become large trees, but of a
soft, inferior quality.

The hardwoods are in general badly grown, especially upon
the best soil and sheltered places ; they are tall compared with
their thickness, have few branches, thin bark, and badly rooted.

252 REPORT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS.

Oaks of this age having the same soil and situation should have
been at least on an average one-third more value, except upon a
few spots where the soil is unsuitable. Most of the soil is suit-
able to the growth of ash, which thrives, but, like the oak, is very-
deficient in branches, and in value only about two-thirds of what
might have been expected. A few specimens of sweet chestnut
are also to be met with, being mostly on the extreme margin of
the plantation ; they are better grown than the general crop of
hardwoods, but the soil, and especially the climate, being unsuit-
able, they are not likely ever to become valuable trees, in conse-
quence of the heartwood becoming ring-shaken. What has been
said of the ash almost equally applies to the elm, save that the
soil is less adapted to the growth of the latter than the former,
which requires both a richer and drier soil to attain perfection.

The plantation is at present sufficiently thin, as it has always
been since the writer became acquainted with it. Yet the hard-
woods will never attain the dimensions, nor survive to the age they
otherwise would have done, had they been allowed to develop
themselves when young by extending their roots and branches,
nor will the crop as a whole ever be so profitable to the proprietor
as it otherwise would have been under a different system of
management. The best skill in future management can never
restore it, seeing that the evil consists almost entirely in tlie
deficiency of branches — a circumstance to which little impor-
tance is generally attached, but wherein coiisists the principal
cause of success or failure in the cultivation of forest trees, more
especially in reference to the age of the tree when the branches
have been checked. Two adjacent trees having an equal weight
of branches are often found to be in very opposite conditions as
to vigour and growth, yet in both cases the trunks will have the
same proportions to the branches weight for weight, and the for-
mation and development of the trees will be in every way alike,
viewed externally. In one case the tree probably retained all its
necessary branches, say till thirty years' growth, at which period
the trees in the plantation were allowed to close. The lower
branches were then checked, but the tree having already spread
its roots far and wide, goes on growing rapidly, while the branches,
except near the top, are held in check. In the other case the
branches were checked in infancy, as in the plantation now de-
scribed, at the time the trees should have been growing freely
and forming a valuable trunk, its growth is stinted, the annual
layers of wood upon the trunk are small, the roots through which
the tree is supported are few in number, of a penetrating rather
than of a spreading nature, liable to early decay, to which the
tree itself also succumbs at an early age.

This plantation is regarded by some as a model one, perfect
almost in every respect, not even allowing that there is a de-

REPORT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 253

ficiency of branches, while in the writer's opinion, at least one-
third of branches are wanting in one-half of the plantation, and
one-fourth wanting in the other. Occasioned by over much
shelter — not over-crowding, as the term generally implies, which
is a widely different thing, the plantation having always been
kept with a number of trees per acre upon it rather below than
above that of a fair crop ; at same time, owing to the naturally
sheltered situation, the damp nature of the soil, and its clayey
consistency, combined with the luxuriant summer herbage upon
its surface, and the shading and sheltering effects of the pine and
fir nurses, the unfavourable results described have been brought
about.

One circumstance connected with this plantation worthy of
special notice, is the regular systematic manner in which it has
always been rather over than under thinned from first com-
mencement up to the present time. In confirmation of this state-
ment the writer would remark, that while in this case 150 trees
constitute the present crop per acre, a professional man, whose
writings on tree culture are well known, gives two instances of
thinning like plantations of ages similar to this, the one having
365 trees upon an acre, and the other 300, being in both cases
more than double the number found in this one. Thus, if the
quotations are reliable, the plantation under consideration is much
too thin, while, judging from the individual appearance of the
hardwood trees, the inference would at once be drawn that they
are not thinned enough. This false appearance is produced by
too much shelter, and not, as might be supposed, by over-crowd-
ing, the principal and only true cause being pines and firs mixed
promiscuously amongst the hardwoods, as nurses in a place where
nature had already provided shelter sufficient. In any case where
artificial shelter or nursing is necessary for the growing of hard-
woods, the better plan is to group the nurses as well as the hard-
woods, the former in such quantities and on such elevated and
exposed parts as to produce the desired effect ; at same time con-
fining the hardwoods to the lower and more favoured places. By
this means better shelter is afforded and less injury inflicted, than
by the general mixed system.

No. 2 is another plantation of a general mixture in the south
of Eoxburghshire, planted in 1850 and 1851, situated at an alti-
tude between 400 and 500 feet. It occupies part of a glen ex-
tending from north to south, the bottom of which is well sheltered
from all points, and only the outskirts along the top of the banks
are exposed ; the length of the plantation is about 700 yards by a
mean width of about 130 yards, comprising an area of about 20
acres. The banks on either side of the glen are too steep for
conveniently cultivating them, though they were under the
plough previous to being planted. A soft boggy part along the

254 REPORT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS.

bottom of the glen was never cultivated, owing to the presence
of several springs and the general spongy softness of the ground,
which is rich in mossy vegetable remains.

The plantation was originally formed with the view of afford-
ing cover for game, to beautify the appearance of the estate, and
for the ultimate object of yielding a remunerative crop of hard-
wood timber. Though the area is small, the soil throughout the
plantation is various. On the upper parts of the slopes it is a stiff
reddish clay — what farmers term a wheat soil ; near the bottom
the soil is a sandy loam, and at the bottom what might appear a
rich black loam, but which is moss well decomposed and variously
mixed with the soil which has been washed down from the higher
ground — the whole resting upon sandstone rock and white sand at
various depths. The soil on the slopes is retentive of water ; this,
together with the dampness of the ground at the bottom of the
glen, the rough herbage which abounds, and the sheltered situation,
render the plantation what may be termed a damp one.

The plantation when formed, was in two different divisions,
or of two separate classes of trees, each planted regularly through-
out with one general mixture. Upon the soft ground all sorts
died or degenerated save the spruces alone, which, in consequence
of plenty of space and air, soon developed themselves to great
perfection ; some of them at eight years' growth were over 10 feet
high, girth of stem at bottom 10 inches, spread of branches 8 feet,
and were making top shoots of from 30 to 36 inches. It was,
however, far different with the plantation on the sloping hard
ground on the west side in particular ; here one mass of trees
stood which from the first grew with great rapidity. This part
of the ground was under fallow at the time of planting, which
promoted the early growth very considerably. The trees in a
general mixed plantation at any age are never so equal in size
as in that of one sort only; so in this instance the smaller ones,
and those of slowest growth, as the hardwoods, were speedily
overgrown by their more flourishing neighbours the larch, spruce,
and Scots pines — all striving for existence, and growing at so
great a rapidity, that, as a natural consequence, they very soon
suffocated and maimed each other. Only eight growths were
completed upon the trees of this part (10 acres), from time of
planting to time when thinned ; yet the plantation, with the ex-
ception of the spruces referred to, and one division almost entirely
planted with larch, suffered so much that never, even under the
ablest future management, can they properly recover themselves.
The trees of which the plantation is composed are larch, spruce,
Scots pine,' oak, ash, elm, and sycamore. The two former were
planted to act as nurses to the three latter, as the ultimate crop.
The reason of the writer's having selected this plantation as one
of the subjects of his report, was to show —

REPORT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OE PLANTATIONS. 255

First, The evil effects of the mixing of different kinds of trees
in plantations — such as the loss and damage occasioned thereby,
the greater difficulty of management, the disadvantage at which
the trees are grown, and the greater expense they entail.

In order to illustrate these results, the writer would endeavour
to draw attention to the following particulars, such as the great
proportion of slow-growing trees sacrificed by those of rapid
growth overgrowing them, so that they are cut down as mere
weeds before they can possibly be of useful size, or if not cut
down till of useful size, the loss is still greater, as in the present
case. The extra labour of thinning and clearing the thinnings
out of the plantation entailed expense almost incalculable, as
will subsequently appear.

The evil consequences of general mixing, in contrast with that
of grouping, may be seen in this plantation. One part of it, a
year younger than the other, was planted all nearly with larch,
while the other part, as already shown, was of a general mixture.
The soil, exposure, altitude, &c, are alike in both ; yet the differ-
ence was altogether in favour of the part slightly mixed. The
trees, by making allowance for the difference of age (one year),
were scarcely so tall as the others, but were more proportionably
grown, and without any appearance of disease, while the larches
in the general mixed part were all but exclusively diseased, being
covered with ulcer.

In the general mixed part the bark of the larch is black, as if
dusted over with soot ; numerous white insects infest them all,
and ulcer is upon most of them. The spring frosts of April 1859
browned the foliage of nearly all the larches in the plantation in
both parts ; but while those partially mixed with pine and
spruce soon recovered without sustaining any visible hurt, the
other part, or that completely mixed and overcrowded, were so
severely injured that most of them lost their leader, while
hundreds were quite killed. The difference of effect produced
seems only to be accounted for on the ground that the one part
being healthy, and of vigorous growth, was able to ward off the
injuries ; while the other being already sickly, has no efforts to
expend to promote similar results.

The Scots pines are tall compared with their thickness, badly
branched, of a dark colour in the bark, and mostly infested with
insects. The spruces (except upon the soft ground) are slender,
with few branches, and badly rooted. The hardwoods are nearly
all deficient of side branches, which is to them the greatest of all
wants, many of them bare on one side, while others are without
a proper leader.

Secondly, To show that a general mixed crop of trees upon
good soil such as this is more difficult to manage, more easily
and permanently injured than upon soil of inferior quality. This

256 REPORT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS.

is owing partly to the powerful tendency of a rapid growth both
in respect to root, trunk, and branch, the trees not having room
to spread their branches, and roots are forced to a rapid upward
growth, thus producing length without thickness in proportion.
Thinning in such cases retards the growth without effecting the
desired object of changing its direction, except to a limited
extent.

Thirdly, The proceeds arising from the first thinnings ought
not to be an inducement to prolong the period of doing the work,
seeing that the extra expense entailed in the performance of the
work more than absorbs the profit ; while the trees are, by such
means, so far injured in their growth as to be ever afterwards a
second-rate crop. It cannot be too strongly recommended to thin
the first time with only one object in view, that of benefiting the
future crop.

Fourthly, Although the operations of thinning were performed
rather before than after the usual time for doing such work, yet
the mixing system has, in this instance, proved a considerable
failure, demonstrating very clearly that a system of general
mixing of trees is always attended with less success than that of
judicious grouping whenever the management requisite for each
is strictly attended to.

On examination of the plantation previous to thinning it, the
following were about the general proportions and distribution of
the trees upon the ground per acre : —

Hai dwoods of sorts, . . . 500

Larch, . . . . .1000

Spruce, ..... 700

Scots pines, . . . . 800

3000

The work of first thinning was performed in September 1858,
beginning the operations by marking all the live trees to be
taken out, and giving instructions to the workmen to cut all de-
cayed ones, which saved the labour of marking. The cutting-
was performed by eight men and a boy. The foreman in direct
charge of the work wrought also as one of the men, being chiefly
engaged marking immediately before them, or pruning close be-
hind them. In consequence of the smallness of the trees, and
their closeness together, considerable difficulty was experienced
in using the axes. Hand hills, therefore, were used instead, —
instruments which, when properly made, and in the hands of
experienced workmen, are much superior to axes for thinning-
small wood.

To prevent any misconception in reference to the hand bill, I
may mention that it is not the instrument purchased from iron-

REPORT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 257

mongers under that name, with sharp edge on hack and front,
which is, in comparison, but a feeble instrument. The differ-
ence and advantage of the one over the other can only be found
out in using it.

Pruning was performed at the same time as the thinning, and
cost 5s. per acre, or Is. per 100 trees. The principal require-
ments in pruning here were to relieve double stems, double tops,
to clear the trunks of lateral branches to one-third of their
height, to remove decayed branches, and to cut over injured or
decayed trees.

Owing to the sickly and generally unhealthy state of the larch,
it was thinned out with a free hand to the number of about 550
trees per acre, including decayed ones. Out of this number only
250 trees were of a sufficient size for net stakes, the others being-
inferior, and fit only for pea sticks or training rods, for which
there was no demand in the district.

The Scots pines were thinned out to the number of 400 per
acre, none of which were of any use, for though some of them
were large enough for net stakes they were too soft for that
purpose.

Spruces were thinned out to the number of 400 per acre ;
10 out of every 100 were fit for and made into net stakes,
but were much inferior to the larch, and sold at one-fourth less
money.

Including hardwoods and all sorts, 1500 trees in all per acre
were thinned out, leaving the crop upon the ground at 5 to 6 feet
apart, being at least twice the number that should have stood
upon the ground at the time if they had been properly clothed
with branches. Owing to the latter defect they were thinned
sparingly.

The work of thinning cost at the rate of 40s. per acre, or 2s. 8d.
per 100 trees. This included pruning, collecting, and carrying
out useful thinnings only, not the branches or useless weeds ;
which latter, if cleared out, would have cost a sum at least equal
to that of thinning. The money received for net stakes was
L.8, 10s., which, after deducting Is. 8d. per 100 for making,
left to the proprietor 14s. 7|d. per acre as clear return from
the ten acres thinned ; 8s. 4d. per 100 received for the stakes.
It may here be stated, that during the performance of the
work of thinning the workmen had a distance of from four to
five miles to walk night and morning, which made a difference
in the amount of labour of fully one-fifth over that of doing the
work near their homes.

"With regard to management, the state of the plantation is good,
except where the Scots pines are too thick ; as respects the health
and development of the trees it is bad, except the spruces upon
the soft ground, which are all that could be wished.

253 DEPORT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS.

The Scots pines are of two classes, either slender, with few
branches, or coarse and badly grown, many of them bent and
crooked, being so disposed from others overcrowding them.

The hardwoods are still in a backward condition, having by
far too few branches upon them, which will ultimately result
either in retarded growth at an early age, or in tall slender trees,
unable to bear the elements of wind and storm.

Owing to the suitable quality of the soil, and other circum-
stance, reasonable hopes might have been entertained of a good
and profitable crop of timber from No. 2. This, it is quite
apparent, will not be the case. What, then, is the cause or
causes of failure ? In what does it consist ? And what is the
preventative or remedy ?

The causes of failure are numerous, but the chief one is
that of mixing trees together that should always be grown separ-
ately, they being uncongenial and antagonistic in their natural
habits of growth. The soil being naturally damp, a free cur-
rent of air and the direct rays of the sun are essential to
evaporate the noxious vapours and impart life to the languish-
ing trees. Unfortunately the very reverse of this was the
case, the crowded condition of the trees precluding both sun
and air.

Thinning in this case should have been performed at five years
on the west side of the plantation, and at six years on the opposite
side. Part of the latter is composed of a large proportion of
Scots pines, standing upon the ground to the number of about
1500 trees per acre. Some of the trees, indeed, though now
fourteen years planted, are standing not more than 4 feet apart,
12 to 16 feet in height, with stems not over 8 to 10 inches girth
at the ground, thus exhibiting an unfavourable example in thin-
ning to be carefully and timeously avoided. Trees of the above
age so situated should not, if properly thinned, be standing
closer than 7 feet to 8 feet apart. The cost in thinning at six
years planted is about 5s. per acre, whereas now it will cost twelve
times that sum.

In thinning at five or six years planted, the thinnings are, of
course, of little or no value, consequently the labour bestowed is
a dead loss of 5s. per acre. In thinning at eight or ten years
planted, the thinnings, as in this instance, are worth 14s. 7|-d.
per acre, but then the cost of labour was 40s. per acre, thus show-
ing that in point of economy the former period is to be preferred,
while the advantages resulting to the future crop cannot be
over estimated.

The results arising from deficiency of branches on Scots pine is
seen at a comparatively early stage of their growth, while the full
amount of injury which hardwoods sustain from a similar cause
are not fully shown till the trees are from forty to fifty years

\

REPOET ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 259

planted, at which time it is often unhappily discovered that the
trees, instead of being worth shillings or pounds, are found to be
worth only pence or shillings.

No. 3 is a so-called fir plantation, also in the county of Box-
burgh, planted in 1822, 1823, 1827, composed principally of
Scots pine, with a small mixture of larch in a few places, a few
spruces in other places, and also a few hardwoods; the latter,
however, are so worthless as unworthy of further notice.

The plantation is in form a long narrow belt or strip about
2000 yards in length by a mean width of four chains. No part
of the plantation boundary is quite straight, but of agreeable
curves, and contains about forty acres. It extends from east to
west across a heathy bleak plain or moor, affording on both sides
shelter to the stock of two separate farms, between which it con-
stitutes the march. It is situated at an altitude of between 400
and 600 feet, and is freely and openly exposed on all sides, the
ground inclining to the north-east, to which one side of the belt
is freely exposed, while the opposite side is equally exposed to
the south-west, where the wind has blown down the greatest
number of trees.

Between the two extremities of the plantation, from east to
west, the surface of the ground undulates considerably, though,
when viewed from either end, it appears nearly level, except at
the west end, which rises in one uniform ascent to the highest
part of it. The soil is upon sandstone rock, and varies in depth
and quality in accordance with the surface of the ground. The
greater part of it is light sandy moorland, with a mixture of sand
and gravel in the subsoil. Several slight valleys occur, which are
drained, each valley having at least one drain through it, which
also serves to convey the water from the pasture ground higher
up. In these valleys the soil is deep, cold, and damp, some
parts of it being a mixture of clay and sand, and others nearly
pure vegetable mould, or clay and moss void of sand; on the
latter description of soil all sorts of trees decayed except spruce,
which alone here luxuriates on such soil.

The fence is a turf dyke with two rails of paling on top. A
whin hedge was also sown, which did pretty well for several
years, but ultimately disappointed the hopes entertained respect-
ing it, having withered and died when a severe frost occurred.
The trees were originally planted to the number of 4000 per
acre, and were once gone over afterwards, making up the blanks,
which did not exceed 10 per cent, upon the number originally
planted.

The plantation, owing to various circumstances, was thinned
at different times; one part of it at twelve years planted, another
at fifteen years, another at twenty years, and another at twenty-
nine years. That portion thinned at the latter age comprised the

260 EEPOET ON THE GENEEAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS.

greater part of it, which, with the former portions thinned, included
nearly the whole of the plantation, a few spots only remaining to
he thinned. A circumstance of the highest importance, and worthy
of special attention, was the order and system which had "been
laid down and adopted in the process of thinning. It has just
been stated that at four different periods thinning was performed
upon this plantation nearly all of the same age, yet differing at
the age of being thinned to over one-half. The principles upon
which this system was based, and the results to which it has led,
will appear in the sequel.

The instructions were to thin first the most advanced parts
upon the best and most sheltered ground, allowing the trees the
greatest amount of space, then the next most advanced and
favoured parts, and so on in succession, leaving the most exposed
parts, and that upon the poorest of the soil, till the last, with the
trees closer together upon it.

To a person partially acquainted with the growing of planta-
tions this system may appear to be a right and proper one,
but its evil effects need only be pointed out to convince any
ordinary mind that it is a false one. To leave the trees closer
together upon the poor soil than upon the rich, was to give the
former a heavier crop to bear than the latter, while, as is well
known, it is less capable of doing so. To leave the trees thicker
upon the exposed parts was in effect to put to the front and
hottest of the battle the undisciplined raw recruit instead of
the tried veteran of many campaigns ; because trees, if allowed
to grow close together, are just in proportion to their closeness
tall and slight, drawn up with comparatively few branches, and
such branches small, slender, and weakly. The trees now stand-
ing in this plantation may be seen as above described, many of
them 25 feet in height, and yet not quite 3 inches diameter
at the ground, with branches not quite 3 feet in length. Of
all sorts of trees these are least fitted to stand the gale, and
least qualified to protect and shelter other trees, or afford shelter
for stock, one of the principal objects for which they had been
planted.

The proper method of thinning in this case would evidently
have been to thin from one end to the other at nearly one time,
at the age of eight or nine years, leaving the trees upon the ground
at 7 to 8 feet apart. By this means the trees on the exposed
parts would have had room to furnish themselves with root and
branch, their only defence against the storm and tempest. Of
course, they would not be so tall as their more favoured neigh-
bours of the same age; but this is just so far to their advantage,
seeing they would be more proportionably grown, having a girth
proportioned to their height, and a spread of branches equal to
the functions they have to perform.

KEP0RT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 261

There is one very prevalent error in the treatment of planta-
tions grown exclusively for shelter, viz., that the trees are allowed
to stand so long in a crowded condition as to destroy the vitality
of the greater portion of their branches, therefore proving next
to no shelter at all, and that little which is afforded is of short
duration. The very means employed to accomplish that one
object (shelter) are the identical means by which its attainment
is frustrated.

The object of planting No. 3 was to beautify the country,
to afford shelter to the stock on two separate farms, to form a
cover for game, and ultimately to yield a profitable crop of com-
mon sized timber, suitable for country purposes and general estate
work. The attainment of any one of these objects has not been
effected, except that of beautifying the country to a certain extent ;
and in so far as there is now a plantation where before only a
wild, heathy, bleak moor existed, by so much has an improve-
ment been accomplished. The trees, individually, of which this
plantation is composed, are more like subjects of art and manu-
facture, being long bare poles, destitute alike of handsomeness and
beauty, as trees, than products of natural growth ; it therefore fol-
lows, that the whole must be of the same quality as the individual
trees are of which it is composed, and which are by no means
beautiful. There is another eminent defect in the beautifying
part, which, however, is not the result of improper management,
lout is the result of want of forethought in planting ; the defect
complained of is the absence of a few groups in certain conspi-
cuous places. There are spots well adapted to grow larch, spruce,
sycamore, beech, willow, and poplar, which would have afforded
a varied and lively contrast to the dull, dark Scots pine, of
which the plantation is chiefly composed. There are, indeed,
a few larch and spruce, and one single tree of Huntingdon
willow, sprung from a withe which was used in binding a bundle
of plants. This withe was stuck into the ground in a damp
place. It grew up, and now forms an object pleasing and agree-
able to the eye, forming, as it does, an excellent contrast to the
grey dark pine.

There are a few larches situated principally at the east end, in
the centre, and at the west end ; with the exception of the latter,
the others are all affected with ground-rot and dry-rot, which if
not produced, are at least greatly aggravated by the trees being too
much drawn up without due branches upon them. Near the
centre is a group of spruce which, at an early age, was duly
thinned, and though neglected in this respect afterwards, yet was
so far benefited, that a useful crop was thereby secured. In
1860, the ground which these spruces occupied was at least
twice the value of any similar area on the plantation ; the largest

s

262 REPORT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS.

of the trees was over 40 inches in girth, at 6 feet from the ground,
while the average girth of the general crop over the whole plan-
tation is about 12 inches.

Shelter, as stated, was another object sought, but from the
manner in which the trees are grown, little shelter is thereby
afforded. The wind and storm, in place of being modified and
filtered, whistles through the lean defenceless shelter-belt with
almost undiminished violence, and, but for the turf-dykes with
which the plantation is enclosed, the snow would drift through it
with perfect freedom.

Cover for game was also contemplated. As respects surface
cover, there has been almost none for many years ; with this, as
with shelter, the means employed to secure either are the means
by which they are destroyed. Live branches below half the
height of the trees are rare. Those which decayed were in some
places very properly removed from the trees by means of the
hand-saw, and carried out of the plantation, and burnt.

The last, but most important of all objects, that of profit, is
even a more signal failure. The trees are now over forty years
growth, and with due care and attention when young, considering
the favourable situation, soil, climate, &c, ought to have been now
timber size, in other words, to contain four cubic feet of measure-
able timber each on an average. Instead of this, the great pro-
portion of the trees are below 3 inches diameter at 12 feet ; while
a considerable number are not quite 2| inches diameter at 6 feet
from the ground.

A few years ago, a friend of the proprietors well acquainted
with woods, asked •the forester if this and some others of the
plantations of similar age were size enough for railway sleepers.
Both parties were much surprised — the gentleman at finding the
woods so far behind what he anticipated, and had great reasons
to expect ; the forester, at what he conceived premature expec-
tation. It soon became pretty generally known that this and
other plantations on the estate, nearly forty years planted, were
much below what they ought reasonably to have been under the
natural advantages they possessed. Little was known beyond
this, that thinning was universally recommended, right or wrong.
Now, while the want of timeous thinning was the certain cause of
the trees being so small, destitute of branches, and ill-proportioned
at that age, it by no means followed as a consequence that sub-
sequent thinning was to remedy such an evil. It is difficult to
state precisely the age at which thinning ceases to be beneficial
to plantations, and when, if continued beyond that age, it becomes
injurious. Suffice it to say, that the writer, in his experience in
thinning plantations grown exclusively for profit, is unable to
point out a single instance in which thinning pine or fir planta-
tions over thirty years planted has proved beneficial, and also

REPORT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 263

his inability to show a subject thinned, over forty years planted,
in which thinning has not had an injurious effect, both in respect
to the health of the general crop and also as tending to lower the
highest attainable value of the crop.

No separate account having been ever kept of the expenses
entailed in thinning this or any one of the plantations upon
the estate, a correct statement cannot now be given. In 1848
a considerable portion was thinned, which occupied eight to
ten men the greater part of the summer; but being in patches
in various places throughout the plantation, no definite state-
ment can be given of the cost per acre, or of the number of trees
thinned out.

The thinnings were cleared out of the plantation by men and
horses. Narrow roads were cleared, and the thinnings laid in
them in heaps, — as many in each as a horse could draw by means
of a chain fastened round them. Four to five lots per day were
cleared-out of the plantation, containing from one to one and a-half
cart loads each. These lots cost in clearing out of the plantation,
exclusive of cutting, about 2s. each, and sold by auction at from
Is. to Is. 6d. each lot ; thus not only was there nothing left to
the proprietor for the thinnings, but an additional expense in-
curred against the plantation.

The uses to which the thinnings were applied were either for
fuel by the cottagers in the district, or in forming temporary
fences upon the farms, such as dividing grass and pasture fields ;
the tenants upon the estate, however, being supplied by the pro-
prietor with a superior class of fencing wood, found very little
use for the former description of wood. Subsequent thinnings
were used almost exclusively upon the estate for fencing pur-
poses ; within the last twelve years a considerable quantity of
paling-wood, posts, &c, were thinned out of it.

The cutting and branching of the trees was done by the pro-
prietor's men, but the tenants carried out of the plantation and
carted to the saw-mill the wood used by them. The largest and
straightest of the trees were used for rails, and the shorter and
inferior class for posts of various sizes.

The stakes, 3 to 4 inches in diameter at small end, were sold
at about Id. per lineal foot, and the rails, 4 x 1^, at about one
farthing per lineal foot. These prices include carting, sawing,
stacking, &c, which, when all expenses are deducted, there is
left to the proprietor about one farthing per lineal foot for the
wood growing in the plantation.

One farthing per lineal foot is what the proprietor obtains for
his wood of this size and description, when disposed of to the
tenants upon the estate for fencing. The following statement in
detail will show this more fully : —

264 REPORT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS.

60 trees marked by forester, including some use-
less ones, . . . =£006

„ cut by two men in one day, @ 2s. 4d.

per day, . . . =048

„ man and horse, carting distance 1 mile,

1 clay . . . . =070

„ clearing out branches and assisting to

load cart, . . . 0 2 4

Sawing 40 roods of paling out of the 60 trees,

at 3id. per rood (3 rails), . = 0 10 10

£15 4

40 roods paling, sold at saw-mill at Is. per rood, = £2 0 0

The proprietor has, therefore, 14s. 8d. for the wood, which
produces 40s. worth of sawn paling. 720 lineal feet of rough
wood are required to produce the above quantity, which, at one
farthing per foot, amounts to 15s. It will be observed that the
trees were only size enough for paling rails to an average length
of about 12 feet, thus requiring 60 trees to make 40 roods of
paling.

A small quantity of the thinnings were converted into pit-
props, for which the proprietor derived still smaller returns, after
carting to railway a distance of 5 miles, thence carriage on railway
about 50 miles, there remained to the proprietor only about one-
eighth of a-penny.

Squirrels commenced their ravages upon the Scots pine when
about fifteen years planted, by stripping off the bark in order to
reach the saccharine matter, of which they are very fond. About
twelve years ago one-half of the number of trees upon the ground
were less or more injured by them, a great part of which were
entirely destroyed ; since that time a considerable number of the
damaged trees have been thinned out, and at present only about
20 per cent, of the whole standing crop is injured.

In 1859 arrangements were made for their suppression, if not
extirpation, prior to which date nothing of any importance was
done to prevent their destroying the trees. The arrangements
and operations were simple, but truly effective. The keepers in
each district of the estate were to kill them and preserve the tails
till stated periods of six months, when, on bringing them to the
district forester, received 3s. per doz. This was the premium fixed
for the first year: 6d. per tail was named for the second; Is. for
the third; and so on to 5s. per tail. The same plan has been
adopted upon other estates, and Works well. If the same system
were practised generally over all Scotland, squirrels would soon
be all but extirpated.

In addition to the injurious effects of the squirrels, other im-

REPORT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 205

favourable aspects of the plantation are the badly rooted condition
of the trees individually, and the disproportional growth — many
trees being nearly 50 feet in height and only 30 inches in girth
near the ground, with trunks from 30 to 40 feet in height with-
out any live branches being upon them ; others 40 feet high,
girth near the ground 24 inches ; others 30 feet high, girth 15
inches near the ground ; others 16 feet high, 7 inches in girth.
The distances of the trees apart vary from 3 feet to nearly 20
feet ; but the average distance apart of the whole trees is about
9J- feet=500 trees per acre, averaging 18 lineal feet each = 9000
feet, at one farthing per foot = L.9, 7s. 6d. per acre, the sum
which the proprietor would derive by selling it at the present
time for paling purposes ; but if sold for prop-wood only about
two-thirds of the above sum would be realised by the proprietor.
The following is the prospective highest attainable value at 60
years' growth, assuming that nothing further is done to the
plantation beyond cutting out each second year the decayed and
wind-fallen trees. At that age the plantation may be expected
to be at its highest state of perfection. The following is the
value it may then be expected to attain, allowing for decayed
and wind-fallen trees during its growth 100 trees, being about
6 trees per acre per annum : —

30 timber trees containing 7 feet each= 210 feet, at 8d. per
foot, £7 0 0

260 sparwood trees, from 5 to 8 inches diameter

at 12 feet, at Is. 6d. each, . . 19 10 0

110 pit-prop trees, 3 J to 5 inches at 12 feet from

the ground, at 4d. each, . . 1 16 8

Estimated prospective value per acre, £28 6 8

The value of the ground occupied by this plantation is

. 7s. 6d. per acre, which in 60 years amounts to £22 10 0

Planting, draining, and enclosing, per acre, .500

£27 10 0

From the above statements, as they stand, it appears that
planting is more remunerative than grazing ; but if we add to
the principal simple interest, or, which is more proper, compound
interest, the balance would be vastly in favour of renting the
ground for grazing. It must be inferred that planting, in order
to pay the proprietor, must be done in the first instance at
moderate expense combined with efficiency, the ground and trees
thereon planted must be adapted to each other, and the manage-
ment throughout must be judicious and skilful.

In the foregoing calculations the value of the general thinnings

266 REPORT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS.

are not taken into account, being allowed to meet the general
expenses.

Any piece of ground taken off for planting has, from the time
it is enclosed, a rent valuation continually accumulating against
it with interest. In many plantations there is good pasturage
for sheep or small cattle during the summer months, hence it is
often advisable to lay such plantations open for grazing, if not
otherwise kept as game preserves, and which, if kept for the
latter purpose, a rent against the game ought to be charged to
the amount the ground is worth for pasturage, by this means
getting quit of what would otherwise very much swell up the
chargeable amount unnecessarily. This is precisely the case in
the plantation described, wherein sheep, for several years past,
could have done no possible injury to the trees.

The writer has never seen sheep produce any injurious effects
upon pine or fir plantations over fifteen years planted, by graz-
ing amongst them in the summer time, nor even during winter,
except in snow and frost, when pinched with hunger. Under
the latter circumstances, when the tops of the trees and green
branches are within reach of the sheep, they do bruise them,
though they scarcely ever eat them. Sheep accustomed to graze
in the pine forests of Strathspey scarcely at all injure the plants,
while sheep unaccustomed to them do at first partially injure
them.

Goats also, though fond of the moss and lichen which grows
upon the bark of the trees, do not appear to injure the plants.
On examination of the trees, where hundreds of goats are graz-
ing, there is no appearance in any instance of the bark being
broken or of the top shoots being bruised or eaten. In the
writer's experience, where the soil is rich and the grasses rank
and luxuriant, it is beneficial to plantations to pasture them
during summer as soon as the branches of hardwoods are above
the animals' reach, and the leading shoots of pine and firs out of
the way of injury ; but on poor dry ground, with little herbage,
grazing seems of little or no advantage to the growing trees, but
in some cases the reverse. The apparent advantages which trees
seem to derive from having the luxuriant grasses kept down by
sheep or otherwise during the summer months are, modification
or prevention of ulcer in larch, and diminution of insects which
infest the trunks and branches of trees, as the Coccus larieis.

No. 4 is a larch plantation in the county of Sussex, in the
south of England, thirty years planted. The trees were irregu-
larly dispersed over the ground, having been so left after clear-
ing a crop of hop-poles at time of cutting. The best of the larch
trees were marked with a streak of red paint previous to the lot
being sold. The trees thus marked were termed tellers, and now
constitute the subjects of the present statement. The trees,

REPORT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 2G7

from the time they were relieved of the surrounding' crop, had
all of them ample room, some of them, as trees grown for profit,
superabundance, but grew with an amazing degree of rapidity.
Many of them were clothed with branches to within 6 feet of the
ground, and the tops of the branches resting upon it, each tree
on an average covering an area of about 300 feet. The annual
growths or rings which indicate the growth of the trees were in
some cases from fths to f ths of an inch thick, showing that the
trees were making from 2 to 3 cubic feet of timber annually.
Some of the largest trees girthed from 7 feet to 8 feet at 3 feet
above ground, and contained as much as 32 feet to 36 cubit feet
each. The average content of the whole trees was 20 cubic feet.
When the trees were cut down, the largest ones, with the greatest
quantity of branches, were found to be quite sound and of vigor-
ous growth ; while the smallest ones, which had their side branches
destroyed to 10 or 12 feet in height before being relieved of the
hop-pole crop, contained only from 12 to 15 cubic feet, and were
found, on being cut down, to be considerably decayed in the
heart-wood, the evident result of deficiency of branches.

The soil upon which those trees grew was a sandy loam, from
10 to 12 inches deep, resting upon white, dry, and open sand-
stone subsoil; altitude about 300 feet above the sea; exposure,
north-east; sheltered from all other points by a belt of Scots pine,
50 to 100 yards broad; the trees 50 to 70 feet high.

No 5. The management of natural forests coincides in many
respects with the management of planted woods, but in some
particulars it differs. Natural woods, from the circumstance of
being self-propagated, originating in the seed being conveyed
from" the parent tree by various means (principally the wind) at
various periods, consequently spring up in an irregular manner,
both in respect to age and distribution of the trees over the
ground .The trees in the natural forest being, therefore, less
regular in size than in plantations, generally require the thin-
ning to be performed by cutting the largest and the smallest
classes of trees, thus leaving the medium class to constitute
the permanent crop. The time most proper for thinning natural
forests cannot well be specified, and owing to the slowness of
growth in some cases, and rapidity in others, no definite age
can be fixed. The distance apart at which the crop springs up
influence in an important degree the period at which thinning is
required.

The writer, during the last four years, having practised thin-
ning pretty extensively, has had the advantage of witnessing its
effects upon portions of forest of all ages and size. The follow-
ing is the system and results of observation : —

To thin in all cases before the side branches touch each other.
In some cases this is required to be done before the trees are

268 REPORT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS.

3 feet high. In all cases, before the trees which constitute the
crop, after being thinned, exceed 8 feet in height, as a rule, we
thin to a general distance of 7 to 8 feet apart, or, in other
words, reduce the crop to about 700 trees per acre when they
are from 7 to 8 feet high. This system of thinning possesses
several advantages, amongst which are, no injurious consequences
having resulted to the trees previous to being thinned. The
work of thinning is performed at a time when it can be done to
greatest advantage in point of selecting the standard trees, and
of doing the work at least expense, seldom exceeding 5s. per
acre ; also that the thinnings, on being cut and laid flat on the
ground, in a very short time rot out of sight, hence the general
untidiness often observable in young woods is prevented, and the
evil consequences believed to result from noxious gases generated
by decomposing wood are also obviated.

First, Thinning of pine and fir plantations and forests, to
be done so as to confer the greatest amount of benefit to the
permanent crop, should be performed not when, but before the
side branches touch each other.

Second, Thinning should not be deferred till the lower branches
begin to decay, but should be performed in order to prevent the
possibility of such occurring within the period of thinning-
operations.

Third, The future object in view with the plantation must in
all cases determine the extent to which thinning should be done.
For example, a larch plantation grown with the object of being cut
down for fencing purposes and general estate repairs, at thirty to
thirty-five years planted, would not require to be thinned at any
time to over 6 feet apart ; whereas the same plantation, if in-
tended to stand till sixty years, and at that date to supply
sleepers, planking, and large scantling, would require to be •
thinned out to a general distance of 20 feet.

Fourth, In thinning a shelter belt, the lowest ground on the
exposed side should be done first, and next in succession the
high ground on the same side. The high ground and most ex-
posed parts, though longer in being ready to thin, should, when
sufficiently advanced, be thinned to the same distance apart as
those upon the good ground were when of equal size. In thin-
ning the girth of the trees ought always to be considered and
attended to as well as the height.

Fifth, As a rule in thinning, with a view to produce good sized
timber trees, the height of the tree in feet ought to correspond
with its girth in inches about 2 to 3 feet above ground. Trees
grown of these proportions will appear about the period when
thinning should be discontinued as if too much taper were upon
them. The circumstance, however, must here be borne in mind,
that as soon as thinning ceases the trees soon close together.

RETORT ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 2G0

The lower branches are first checked, which in turn diminishes
the enlargement in the lower part of the tree, while the upper
part is rapidly expanding itself. Hence, in about twenty years
such trees will girth nearly as much at the middle as they do
near to the root. Another, and not the least, advantage of this
system is that trees thus treated remain healthy, and grow
rapidly at an age beyond that at which, under other treatment,
they languish and decay.

Sixth, Thinning pine and fir plantations which have been
neglected till two-thirds of the height of the trees have been de-
prived of vital branches, with a view to improve and enhance the
value of the permanent crop, appears a fruitless work. As it is
very evident that thinning in such cases does not promote the
growth of the remaining crop, but the reverse, yet, under good
forestry, such plantations may be improved in other respects by
removing small worthless trees, which exclude sun and air from
the plantation ;* also by thinning out worthless rubbish (not in a
growing condition) herbage is thereby encouraged to grow, which
may be turned to advantage for grazing, and a neatness and
uniformity is thereby imparted to the plantation.

Seventh, In thinning hardwood plantations which have pre-
viously stood so close together as to injure the side branches,
great attention should be paid to the soil and exposure before
commencing to thin. An instance illustrative of this came
under the writer's observation a few years ago in the county of
Sussex (famed for its oak). The oaks of which the plantation
was composed stood unthinned till fourteen years' growth, at
which age the trees stood about 4 feet apart. Thinning was per-
formed, and the trees left upon the ground 8 to 9 feet apart. At
the time the writer saw it he concluded, from the size of the trees,
that the plantation was from fifteen to eighteen years planted ; but
the appearance of the trees in other respects were indicative of
greater age. In order to satisfy himself, he cut one of the trees
down, and on counting the rings he found the age thirty-three
years. The annual growths indicated by the rings showed the
tree to have made as much wood in one year previous to thin-
ning as it did during eight years afterwards. A small portion of
the same plantation, left for some reason unthinned, was in a
state of rapid growth ; but, of course, the trees were tall, slender,
and unlikely to attain valuable dimensions. The situation was
exposed, facing the south-west, and the soil a stiff cold clay,
resting upon sandstone rock.

The best season of the year for examining or marking a hard-
wood plantation is in September. At that season trees that are

* In some cases it is as absolutely necessary to preserve shade and moisture
to pine plantations as it is in others to admit air and light, all depending upon
the nature of the soil and age of the trees.

T

270 EEPORT ON THE AGKICULTUKE OF DUMFKIESSHIBE.

sickly show it in the foliage, which is easier observed than at
any other period of the year.

The state of health of pine and fir plantations is most easily
observed in June. At that season trees far gone with decay be-
come brown, while those becoming sickly show it in their leaves
being shorter and of a clotted appearance.

EEPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

By the Rev. John Gillespie, A.M., Mouswald Manse, Dumfries.

[Premium — Thirty Sovereigns.']

Introductory Remarks — General Description of the County.

The large and important county of Dumfries is pleasantly
situated on the north shore of the Solway Frith. It is bounded
on the north by the counties of Lanark, Peebles, and Selkirk ;
on the east, by part of Eoxburgh and Cumberland ; on the south,
by the Solway Frith ; and on the west, by the stewartry of
Kirkcudbright and the county of Ayr. In form, it is irregularly
ellipsoidal, the greater diameter extending from the mountain
of Corsoncone, in the county of Ayr, to Liddel Mount, in the
county of Roxburgh, runs in a south-easterly direction, and
measures about fifty miles ; and the lesser diameter, from Loch
Craig, in the confines of Peeblesshire, to the mouth of the Nith,
near the Castle of Caerlaverock, extends in a direction west of
south, and measures about thirty-two miles. Its ellipsoidal
form is not only irregular in every part of the circumference,
but in three parts it is much indented by the bounding lines of
other districts and counties. These indentations are formed by
the southern point of Lanarkshire extending to ten miles, by
Ettrick Head (five miles) in Selkirkshire, and by the parish of
Terregles (three miles) which lies at the exterior angle formed
by the rivers Nith and Clouden, which are the boundaries of the
county in that quarter. In latitude it extends from 55° 2' to
55° 31', and in longitude from 2° 39' to 3° 53' west from
London.

The county is divided into three dales or basins, which take
their names from the three streams by which they are drained —
the Nith, the Annan, and the Esk. The valleys of Nithsdale,
Annandale, and Eskdale are almost parallel, and are separated
from each other by ridges of various elevations. Annandale,
which is in the centre, contains twenty-one parishes, and the
valuation of it in 1866-7 amounted to L.181,018, 13s. Id. Niths-
dale, on the west of the county, has seventeen parishes, and its
valued rental in 1866-7 was L.162,285, 12s. Id. Eskdale, which

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 271

is the eastern division, contains only five parishes, and was
valued in 1866-7 at L.46,256, 19s. 9d. The whole extent of the
county is 1129 square miles, or 722,813 statute acres, and its
valued rental at the present time is L.389,561, 4s. lid. The
estates of the different proprietors are very various in extent
and value. The Duke of Buccleuch owns more than one-fifth of
the valued rental of the county. There is one estate over
L.20,000, one L.12,000, one L.10,000, four from L.6000 to L.10,000,
twelve from L.3000 to L.6000, twenty-five from L.1000 to L.3000.
More than three-fourths of the above proprietors are resident in
the county, at least during the greater part of the year.

All the northern part of every one of the three dales is very
mountainous, but Eskdale has a much greater proportion of hill
pasture in comparison to its arable land than either of the other
two. Along the northern boundary there are several summits
ranging from fully 3000 to about 2000 feet above sea level.
Almost all the mountains, whether on the boundary or in the in-
terior, have an inconsiderable basis, a rapid acclivity, and summits
in some instances round-backed or flattened, in others conical,
and in a few tabular or flat. The area of the hill pastures
(strictly so-called) is 498,364 acres. There are large tracts of
permanent pasture at an intermediate altitude between the hills
and the arable land. It is impossible to arrive at a correct
estimate of the exact extent of this class of land, because,
while there are 72,550 acres returned as permanent pasture not
broken up in rotation, a considerable portion of it is situated in
the lower districts of the county. 132,039 acres were under
rotation in 1866. Only a very small portion of this is in the
eastern division — the parish of Canonbie and a stripe of the
southern part of Langholm being the only portion of Eskdale
which is under cultivation. There are indeed patches here and
there under crops in all the other three parishes, but these
parishes are almost entirely hilly and mountainous. The culti-
vated part of Nithsdale is about twenty-five miles in length,
and its breadth varies at different points. The arable part of
Annandale extends from Moffat to Annan, a distance of about
twenty-six miles ; and while at the head the dale is very narrow,
it extends at the bottom to a breadth of fifteen or sixteen miles.

The lower portion of the county, comprising lower Annandale
and the most southerly parish of Eskdale, is comparatively low
and flat, and is only occasionally marked by low hills. Ten
miles of the lower portion of Nithsdale is in all respects a plain,
with the exception of a short range of low hills in the parish of
Dumfries, and the Mouswald and Torthorwald " heights," which
divide the plain from the basin of the Annan. Annandale has
within its bounds several minor dales, which are formed by the
Milk, Dryfe, Wamphray, Moffat, and Kinnel waters. The

272 EEPOET ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

greater part of the county, from its undulating character, is very
diversified in scenery, exhibiting an attractive blending of hill
and dale. Many parts of it are well wooded, and the planta-
tions have generally been placed to please the eye as well as to
afford shelter and serve other purposes. This is true in an
eminent degree of the parish of Johnstone, which is on the pro-
perty of Mr Hope Johnstone of Annandale, and of the district
surrounding Drumlanrig Castle, one of the seats of the Duke of
Buccleuch. The largest portion of waste land in the county is
Lochar Moss, which is situated to the south-east of the town of
Dumfries, and extends to several thousand acres. Small parts of
it on the outskirts have been reclaimed ; but it is so fiat and
difficult to make dry, that we fear it will remain unproductive
for many years to come. The rock at the mouth of the Lochar
has been cut, and the proprietors along its course are uniting in
an attempt to deepen the bed of the stream.

Section I. — Soil and Climate.

1. Soil. — Although there is much diversity in the soil of Dum-
friesshire, yet it may truly be said of the lower parts of the
county that the soil is generally light and kindly, being mostly
underlaid with rock, gravel, or sand. About one-half of the
arable land of the county is naturally dry, and does' not require
drainage, some of it being upon freestone, some on whinstone,
and still more upon gravel. Large parts of Nithsdale and upper
Annandale are composed of dry soil, while in the other districts
there are large tracts of land which required drainage, some of it
being of a black mossy surface, and part of the remainder thin
clay.

It will thus be seen that gravel and sand prevail much in the
soils of this county. Most of the ridges and knolls in the larger
dales and lateral vales consist of gravel. Muir soils are also
very extensive, and are in various stages of cultivation. This
whitestone land is well known in this county as a soil naturally
barren, though much improvement has been wrought upon it
generally. Considerable tracts of valuable loam soil are found
in Dumfriesshire, and spots of it are interspersed among other
soils on the low and gentle slopes of the hills. Alluvial soil
abounds along the margins of the rivers and streams. It is
called holm land, and varies greatly in respect of depth and
richness. Peat moss exists in great fields both in the hills and
vales. In many instances it has been drained and converted
into soil. When clay is found as a soil it is commonly not deep,
and is such as in other counties would be called thin clay. It
exists, however, pretty extensively as a subsoil.

It is difficult to arrive at an estimate of the average agri-

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 273

cultural value of the soils of Dumfriesshire. As remarked in a
subsequent part of this paper, the soil on different parts of the
same farm often varies very much both in its nature and value.
A large number of farms are rented at from L.l to L.1, 10s. per
acre ; but many are let at lower rates, and many at higher.

2. Climate. — In treating of the agriculture of any county or
district, the thing next in importance to the nature of the soil
is the character of the climate. Virgil, in the first book of his
Georgics, remarks, that " before we cut an unknown plain with
the coulter we should be careful to learn previously, not only
the genius and habits of the soil, but also the winds and the
various quality of the climate." This is specially important in
describing the agriculture of Dumfriesshire, because it not only,
as a whole, differs materially from other parts of Scotland, but
there is also considerable variety in this respect between the
different parts of itself.

The exposure of Dumfriesshire is generally good. The greater
part of the three dales of which it is composed have a southern
exposure, and thus lie full to the meridian sun. It lies on the
Solway Frith, and therefore a considerable portion of it is low
and warm. It is protected from the north and east winds by
the high mountainous ranges which encircle it on the north and
east. Most of the rain which falls in the county is accompanied
by mild winds from the south and west. Hence these are very
different from the bitter piercing winds which are felt all along
the east coast. But, though the rainfall is in general mild, it is
at the same time very plentiful. From the vast Atlantic heavier
and more extensive clouds are borne on the wind, and discharge
themselves over the western coast, than the German Ocean emits
on the east. Tables will be subjoined from which may be
ascertained the comparative rainfall in this county and in
several other parts of Scotland, including the east coast. It will
be observed that, whereas the average rainfall in middle and
upper Nithsdale was 33'82 inches, of middle and upper Annan-
dale 34'56 inches, and of Eskdale 38-51 inches in 1855, the
total rainfall during the same year at Auchterarder House,
Strathearn, Perthshire, was only 19-20 inches, and at Inveresk,
Musselburgh, Mid-Lothian, 2143 inches. The comparatively
small rainfall in these districts accounts for the vast superiority
in the quality of the grain which they produce compared with
the grain grown in such a moist climate as Dumfriesshire.

But though the climate as a whole is so very moist, yet there
is a considerable variety in this respect between the different
districts into which the county is by natural characteristics
divided. This, which was for many years matter of conjecture,
has at length been established beyond dispute. In the begin-
ning of 1854, Mr Charles Stewart instituted a system of meteor-

274

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

ological observations, which were confined for that year to
middle and upper Annandale. His observers were the school-
masters of the district ; and Mr Stewart having provided them
with the necessary instruments, they entered most heartily into
the project. The success of the scheme was so marked and
satisfactory, and the information which it elicited so interesting
and useful, that the Duke of Buccleuch purchased additional
instruments, to enable the observations to be extended to middle
and upper Nithsdale, and also to Eskdale. This was done in
1855, and the results were published in due course. We sub-
join an abstract of the report for that year, simply premising
that the rainfall in all parts of Scotland was unusually small in
1855, being one-fourth below that of the previous year, and con-
siderably under an average. From these tables the reader will
also observe the heights above sea level of the various localities,
where the observations were made. We also specify the rain-
fall at the various stations from 1st May to 1st November, that
being the most important season for the grain crops.

Weather Table of Districts in Dumfriesshire for the

Year 1855.

Middle and Upper Nithsdale.

Height above
Sea Level.

Places of Observation.

Aggregate
of Rain for

Rainfall
from 1st May

Therm, mean
of Max. and

whole Year.

to 1st Nov.

Min.

244 feet

Morton, Thornhill,

32-30

20-90

44-88

459 „

Durrisdeer School,

27-60

15-10

* • •

206 „

Closeburn, Wallacehall,

23-10

14-40

. . •

195 „

Penpont Manse,

30-80

20-20

155 „

Keir Manse,

33-25

20-85

45-59

629 „

Tynron, Auchenbrack,

37-97

23-30

44-72

354 „

Glencairn, Hastings Hall,

43-75

25-70

43-82

534 „

Kirkconnel School,

29-30

19-10

. . .

499 „

Sanquhar, Crichton School,

32-50

19-50

1564 „

do. Wanlockhead,
Average,

47-65

30-65

...

33-82

20-97

KErORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

275

Middle and' Ujyper Annandale.

Height ab<
Sea Lev(

"e Places of Observation.

Aggregate
of Rain for
whole Year.

Rainfall

from 1st May

to 1st Nov.

Therm, mean

of Max. and

Min.

680 fe

et Hutton, Corrie School,

39-10

26-20

41-10

549 ,

, Moffat, Evan Water School,

37-47

25-85

41-15

374 ,

, Johnston, Good Hope School,

39-40

26-20

40-98

348 ,

, Moffat, Town,

35-60

24-80

• • >

338 ,

, Kirkpatrick-Jnxta School,

35-52

23-67

44-18

317 ,

296 ,

, Wamphray School,

, Dryfesdale, Lockerbie School,

31-97
31-45

21-67
20-35

42-18
45-26

239 ,

, Kirkmichael School,

32-34

21-10

• • •

224 ,
171 ,

, Applegarth, Sandyholm,
, Lochmaben School,

Average,

28-65
3413

18-50
19-73

42-12
43-05

34-56

22-80

Eskdcde.

Places of Observation.

Aggregate of Rain-
fall for whole Year.

Rainfall from 1st
May to 1st Nov.

Langholm School,
Westerkirk do.
Eskdalemuir do.
Ewes do.
Canonbie do.

Average,

38-50
35-95
44-70
43-90
29-50

26-00
21-65
29-90
26-70
20-10

38-51

24-87

The following table exhibits the comparison between the rain-
fall in the three districts of the county and that in other dis-
tricts and localities for the whole of the same year, and also
from 1st May to 1st November. Subsequent observations have
shown that the relative rainfall in these districts in 1855 was
similar to what it is in the average of seasons : —

Names of Places.

Rain Gauge 1855.

Whole Year.

From 1st May
to 1st Nov.

Middle and Upper JNTithsdale,
Middle and Upper Annandale,
Middle and Upper Eskdale,
Dumfries, Town,

Do. Mean Temperature, 45-60.
Hardgrave, Dalton, Lower Annandale,
Carlesgill, Wester Kirk, Eskdale,
Lanrick Castle, West Perthshire, Perthshire,
Auchterarder House, Strathearn, do.
Bridge of Earn, do. do.
Inveresk, Musselburgh, Mid -Lothian,

do. Mean Temperature, 45-50.

33-82
34-56
38-51
26-25

2613

42-10
34-22
19-20
20-92
21-43

20-97
22-80
24-87
16-85

16-68
27-50
23-47
13-04
14-68
14-16

276 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

Section II. — Causes which have contributed to the Advancement
of Agriculture in Dumfriesshire.

The advancement which the agriculture of Dumfriesshire has
made during the present century has been very marked. The
extent of this improvement may in some degree be inferred from
the respective valuations of the county at the close of the last
century and at the present time. The real rents of land in this
county, as computed betwixt the years 1790 and 1800 (assumed
as corresponding to 1795J, were estimated at L.109,700. The
annual value of real property had risen in 1815 to L.295,621 ;
but the intelligent reader will not require to be told that this
large increase was owing only in a very small degree to any
improvement which had been wrought in the condition of the
land, but was almost entirely occasioned by the extremely high
prices which agricultural produce commanded during the time
of the war. A few years after the close of the war, landlords had
to give a very large reduction of the rents of their farms, so that
about 1820 the real rental would not be more than, if indeed as
much as, one-half of what it was in 1815. The valuation of the
county in 1866-67 was L.389,561, being L.279,861 of an increase
since 1795, or fully three and a-half times as much as at that
period. This is exclusive of the valuations of the four parlia-
mentary burghs, and of L.117,500 for the railways which run
through the county. But at no period has the advancement
made been so great and striking as during the twenty-five years
over which this report extends. The very great increase in the
valuation now is principally owing to the improvements which
have been wrought on the land ; and it ought not to be over-
looked that Dumfriesshire being strictly an agricultural county,
the rise in value must be traced almost entirely to the greater
productiveness of the soil. It is different in this respect from
Ayrshire, Lanarkshire, and other mining counties, for they are
largely indebted to their minerals for their increased wealth.
To illustrate this increase further, the Eeporter appends a state-
ment of the rental on a particular property, and also of a single
farm at various periods. The rental of the property in question
had risen in 1815 (in consequence of the war) to L.20,000. In
1830 it had fallen to L.14,000. It is now L.22,000, and if let at
the rates which have been current during the last seven years,
it would yield a good deal more. The farm referred to was
rented in 1792 at L.65. In 1815 it was L.280 ; in 1823 it was
reduced to L.140, and it is now L.230. In both instances, as in
the case of the county generally, this very large increase is prin-
cipally owing to the extensive and varied improvements which
have been carried out.

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 277

Very many causes have contributed to that advancement, the
chief of which we shall now proceed to enumerate and illustrate.
It will be understood that in doing so we confine our attention
to such causes as are peculiar to Dumfriesshire. There are many
circumstances of a general nature which have tended to promote
agricultural improvement over the whole kingdom ; such, for
example, as a more perfect and more general acquaintance with
the principles of agricultural chemistry, and the marked improve-
ments which have been effected in implements of husbandry.
The influence of these has been felt very much alike in all dis-
tricts and localities, and therefore it would be out of place to
burden such a paper as the present with an account of them.
There must always, however, be many causes of a local nature
which have exerted a powerful influence in promoting the
advancement of agriculture in any district or county, and our
object under this section is briefly to specify and illustrate the
principal of such causes as have been in operation in this
county.

1. And prominent among these, because perhaps on the
whole the most influential, ought to be mentioned the results
which followed the application of steam power, as experienced
first in the sailing of a steamboat between Annan and Liverpool,
and afterwards more especially in the opening up of every part
of the county by railways. Before steamboats and railways
were available for carrying away the produce of the land Dum-
fries, as a county, was extremely isolated. Every part of it was
situated at a considerable distance from any of the great centres
of population, where all kinds of farm produce would readily
meet with a good market. Lockerbie, which is geographically
about the centre of the county, is 75 miles from Edinburgh, 80
miles from Glasgow, 90 miles from Newcastle, and 155 miles
from Liverpool. These distances will give the reader some idea
of the difficulties in the way of conveying the produce to places
where it could be consumed, and he will understand how they
could not but retard agricultural improvement. It is true, before
the time of which we speak sailing vessels came into the ports
of Annan and Dumfries, but these ports were both situated at
the extreme end of the county, and besides, they were, especially
in such a thing as live stock, a very slow and unsatisfactory mode
of transit. In fact, live stock were not taken in them at all.
The disadvantages under which the Dumfriesshire farmer
laboured, from the isolated situation of the county, may be under-
stood from the fact which is recorded by Rev. Dr Singer, and to
which further allusion will be made in a subsequent part of this
paper, that in 1812, potatoes, for the growth of which the soil of
the county was unusually well adapted, could not be sold for
more than half the price which they realised in Edinburgh, and

278 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

that Is. 3d. per cwt. was an average price for that commodity.
It is true of all departments of industry, commercial and manu-
facturing, as well as agricultural, that a keen demand for any
article has always a tendency to encourage its supply, and that,
on the contrary, the supply is meagre if the demand be fiat.
Thus the difficulty which the farmer experienced in meeting with
a ready and favourable market for his produce naturally operated
as a check rather than as a stimulus to improvement.

The running of a steam-vessel between Annan and Liverpool
first opened up a good outlet for the surplus produce of the
county, and thereby gave a considerable stimulus to agricultural
improvement. This boat was started in 1821 ; but it was a very
tiny craft, and was capable of carrying only a very limited cargo.
In 1825, however, a larger vessel was put upon the station, and
a great deal of farm produce of all descriptions was conveyed by
it to Liverpool, where much higher prices could be realised than
had hitherto been commanded at home. In 1835 a similar
vessel was put upon the Dumfries and Liverpool stations, and
was also largely patronised. Advantageous as this system was
for the transmission to a good market of all kinds of farm pro-
duce, its advantage was specially felt in regard to live stock fit
for the fat market. Before these steamers were started com-
paratively few cattle were fed within the county. Turnips were
cultivated to a very limited extent, and the stock grazed upon
the parks were despatched to the south before they were fit to
be killed. Only as many were fed as would supply the local
demand, and they were mostly exposed for sale on the sands of
Dumfries, and were used for home consumption. But the in-
creased facilities for the transmission of stock to such a favour-
able market as Liverpool, which the steamers afforded, encour-
aged the feeding of both sheep and cattle, and this in process of
time began to be carried on to a considerable extent. About
1830, the late Mr John Pagan, who was well and favourably
known to the farmers of Dumfriesshire, commenced business as
a cattle salesman in Liverpool, and the satisfaction which he and
others engaged in the same trade gave in selling stock on com-
mission acted as a further encouragement to the preparing of
cattle and sheep for the fat market. This state of matters
was continued until, in 18-46, the Caledonian Railway traversed
the county through its entire length, and opened up a still
more speedy and cheap mode of transit. Farm produce of all
kinds, even of such a perishable nature as milk, could be for-
warded to a good market on moderate terms. Prices, in conse-
quence, became equalised over the different parts of the king-
dom, and the Dumfriesshire farmer, who, from his isolated
situation, had at one time been placed at such a disadvantage,
was now enabled to compete with the producer who was in

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 279

the most central and populous locality. The stimulus which
these facilities gave to improvement cannot hut he obvious to
even the most cursory observer.

Another advantage which resulted from the opening up of all
parts of the county by railways (which has been amply done by the
Caledonian, Glasgow and South- Western, and North British sys-
tems), was the bringing into the county, and the conveying through-
out it, of artificial manures and lime. The farmers in the inland
districts had to cart these articles such very long distances that
sometimes the expense of doing so, as in the article of lime, was
so great as to exceed the original cost of the lime itself ; hence
they were applied more sparingly than they wrould have been if
they could have been more readily obtained. Guano, bones, and
other artificial manures, were imported to Annan and Dumfries;
but these places, as well as Kelhead, Closeburn, and other lime-
kilns, wrere situated at long distances from the higher districts,
for which lime at least was best adapted, and to which it has
recently been most extensively applied ; hence the farmers in the
upper parts of all the three dales of which the county is com-
posed could only improve their land by incurring an unusually
great expense, which they were naturally slow to do, simply
because it might not prove remunerative. When the railways
were opened, all these articles were conveyed to the different
stations at a much cheaper rate than the cartage of them would
have cost, and therefore they are at the present time tenfold more
used than formerly. Lime can be laid down in many parts of
the county at about one-half what it cost previous to the intro-
duction of railways ; while in other remote parts, such as Beattock,
it costs only one-third of what it did at that period.

2. A second cause which contributed largely to the rapid
advancement which agriculture has made in Dumfriesshire within
the memory of living men, is the introduction and gradually
extended use of bones, guano, and other artificial manures.
Until 1822, no other, except farm-yard manure, was in use in the
county, for the cultivated land. In that year, Mr Hepburn
entered upon a lease of the farm of Cumrue, in the parish of Kirk-
michael; and we believe he was the first in the district to use bones
as a manure, at least to any extent. His farming was, in conse-
quence, very conspicuous, and attracted much attention through-
out the county. His example was gradually followed by some of
the more enterprising farmers of the county, until a belief in the
beneficial effects of bones as a manure was pretty widely estab-
lished. By-and-by guano came gradually into use, and rose so
high in the favour of many, that some expected it to supersede
bones altogether; but it was soon found out that it partook
of the nature of a forcing manure, and imparted little or no
permanent richness to the soil ; hence it came to be used along

280 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

with bones, sometimes in a raw state, and often in a manufactured
form.

But highly beneficial to the soil as these and other artificial
manures were, and great as was the stimulus which their appli-
cation gave to agricultural improvement in the county, they
proved all the more so from the fact that turnip cultivation
became necessarily so important a part of the arable farmer's
work. Dumfriesshire was, previous to the potato failure, un-
usually well adapted for the growth of that root, and large
quantities of them were grown; but after the failure, it became
as ill adapted for their growth as previously it had been suitable;
hence the attention of the arable farmer was earnestly turned to
turnip husbandry, which had not hitherto been much practised,
and was imperfectly understood. Experience showed that the
farm-yard manure, when applied by itself, was not sufficient to
produce a full crop of turnips. It was found that some forcing
manure, like guano, was necessary to bring away the plants at
the earlier stages of their growth, and that that farm-yard
manure, supplemented by bones, was required to sustain them
throughout the later stages. The application of these artificial
manures not only enables the farmer to raise a more weighty,
and therefore more valuable, green crop, but it further, both
directly and indirectly, improves the condition of the land —
directly, by the additional strength which it imparts to it ; and
indirectly, by the large proportion of turnips which are in the
habit of being consumed upon the land by sheep. There is no
better method of leading any one to understand how much
Dumfriesshire as a county owes its agricultural prosperity of late
years to the use of artificial manures, than by asking him to
conceive an embargo put upon the use of such manures. Why,
such a result would place the county in a much worse position
than it occupied during the first quarter of the present century ;
for the arable farmer would not have the potato crop to fall back
upon, as was then so largely the case ; and experience has shown
that unless the farm- yard manure is supplemented by artificial
manures, turnips cannot be cultivated so as to be remunerative
in any great degree.

3. Drainage is an indispensable condition to the agricultural
improvement of such a county as Dumfriesshire. It has been
carried out to a large extent, though much yet remains to be
done. It may be said generally, that about one-half of the land
in the county which required draining has been drained, and
that the other half has yet to be overtaken. Fully L. 71,000 of
the Government Drainage money was expended in Dumfries-
shire, for which, as our readers are doubtless aware, interest
has to be paid at the rate of 6£ per cent, for the period of
twenty-two years. The expense of the remainder has been

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 281

defrayed in the first place by the proprietor, but it is customary
for the tenant to pay interest on such money as has been expended
on drainage during the currency of his present lease.

4. In accounting for the rapid advancement which the agri-
culture of Dumfriesshire has made during the last twenty-five
years, we would specify, as another source of that improvement,
the fact that the landlords are generally liberal and enlightened,
and the great body of the tenant farmers intelligent and enter-
prising. It will be unnecessary to remark that a landlord may
do much, both directly and indirectly, to advance or retard
agricultural improvement. If, for example, a proprietor is in the
habit of offering his farms in the market at the end of every
lease, and if, giving no preference to the present tenant, he accepts
the offer of the highest bidder, in such a case the tenant is not
to blame if he takes as much as he can out of his farm before the
lease expires. The consciousness that his landlord will show
him no favour, naturally leads him not only to make no improve-
ments during the currency of the concluding part of his lease,
but even to subject his farm to the most remunerative course of
cropping which the terms of that lease will permit. It matters
not how severe and exhausting to the soil his treatment of it
may prove, the sole consideration with him is what will yield
him the largest return. Happily, the conduct of the principal
landowners of the county affords the tenant farmers no apology
for pursuing such a system as wre have supposed. The tenants on
most of the large estates, and on many of the small ones, have
learned by experience to feel assured that they will, on the
expiry of their leases, get an offer of their farms at rents not
above current rates, and that therefore they may safely continue
to manure as liberally, and clean as thoroughly, as they have
been accustomed to do ; and they almost invariably act upon
this assurance. Liming and any extra improvements are
commonly carried out during the first half of the lease ; but
little or no difference is usually made in the general manage-
ment towards its close. The influence which such a state of
matters as we have described cannot but exert in fostering and
maintaining the agricultural advancement of a district, will be
apparent to every one; and, moreover, this influence is all the
greater from the fact that the landlord's treatment of his tenants
is in general discriminating, as well as just and liberal. There
are " drones " in the agricultural " hive," as elsewhere; and while
the industrious and enterprising meet with every encouragement,
the " sluggards " experience little or none.

The general body of the landowners (we say the " general
body," for there are exceptions) not only act in this fair and
liberal manner by their tenants, but many of them also take a
lively personal interest in all practical questions connected with

282 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

the mode of culture pursued in the county. Some of them — as
the Duke of Buccleuch, Mr Hope Johnstone, Mr Carruthers of
Dormont, and Mr Jardine of Castlemilk — have home farms, on
which stock of the finest breeds are reared, and the most approved
systems of farming pursued. They thus compete with their
tenants in rearing the same kind of stock, and in raising the
same kind of crops ; and have not unfrequently at show dinners
to do honour to their own tenants as their successful rivals.
Altogether, Dumfriesshire may congratulate itself on the posses-
sion of a class of landowners second to none in any other county
for considerateness and enlightened liberality.

The general body of the tenant farmers in Dumfriesshire are
intelligent and enterprising. They have all received at least as
good an education as the parish schools can supply; and the
parish schools of this county would bear a favourable comparison
with those in any other part of Scotland for the substantial
character of the education which they afford. Others have been
principally educated in academies and other public seminaries,
while a few have received the advantages of a university
education. From what we say in a subsequent section, it will
be understood that there is much diversity in the general
intelligence, refinement, and pecuniary means of the farmers of
Dumfriesshire. The sheep-farmers are very generally men of
education and capital ; and they would bear a favourable com-
parison with men of their class in any other county. But the
arable farms are so different in extent that they are occupied by
men of every grade ; there is, in fact, as much diversity in the
farmers as there is in the size and quality of the farms which
they cultivate.

However, the advancement in agriculture which a district or
county makes is more largely dependent upon the few than upon
the many. When the pioneers of progress have made a decided
step in advance, the others, perceiving the pecuniary advantage
to be derived from it, — for no change is an improvement in farm-
ing unless it yields a larger return, — sooner or later follow in their
wake. It has been so in all the great improvements which have
been wrought in the agriculture of Dumfriesshire ; as, for ex-
ample, in draining, liming, and in the application of artificial
manures ; and in the nature of things it must always be so.
There are many names " familiar as household words" throughout
the county, because of the leading part which their bearers have
taken in all agricultural matters, and we could easily quote them
here, but there are so many deserving commendation, that the
list could not be curtailed within reasonable limits without
omitting several which ought not to be passed over ; we think it
better, therefore, to speak of the tenant farmers in these general
terms, without mentioning the names of individuals.

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 283

5. The last cause which we would specify as contributing to
the advancement of agriculture in Dumfriesshire, is the influence
which has been exerted by the various agricultural associations
of the county. Shows for the exhibition of cattle and sheep have
for many years been held at Moffat, Lockerbie, Annan, Thornhill,
Sanquhar, and Langholm, and have had the same influence in im-
proving the quality of the stock in these respective districts which
similar shows elsewhere have had. In 1852, a union show,
which comprised the counties of Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, and
Wigtown, was inaugurated at Dumfries, and has been held every
five years since. To explain its object we cannot do better than
quote the language of the Earl of Dalkeith, in proposing the
toast of the evening at the dinner which wound up the proceed-
ings of the last show (1st October 1867). That noble Lord said,
" The show was originated for this purpose, that the different
societies of which it is composed, after having had their annual
exhibitions, might come together once in the five years, and, by
comparison, see the relative progress of their neighbours and
themselves. In district shows they saw some men get the first
prizes for two or three consecutive years, to the discouragement
of others, and perhaps they thought their animals the best in the
whole country ; but on turning out to the union they found that
their neighbours had animals as good, if not superior, to theirs.
The importance of this would be fully appreciated by practical
men."

But there is another society, whose object is somewhat dif-
ferent from, or, to speak more correctly, more comprehensive than
that of any of the associations we have referred to. Its efforts
have been so praiseworthy and beneficial that, in specifying the
causes which have contributed to the advancement of agriculture
in Dumfriesshire, it ought not to be passed over in silence ; we
refer to the Lockerbie Farmers' Club. The sole object of the
other societies is to improve the stock of the county, and they
seek to do so by one means — that of shows. The Lockerbie
Farmers' Club, however, while not neglecting this very impor-
tant object, has at the same time other equally important ends
in view. The principal object contemplated at its commence-
ment was the discussion among its members of practical ques-
tions directly connected with agriculture. It was started in
1848, and as arable farming was in a transition state at that
period, the discussions which took place at its periodical meet-
ings produced a most beneficial effect upon the arable farming of
the district. But there are two branches of husbandry in which
the farmers of Dumfriesshire have achieved no mean reputation,
and it is because the Lockerbie Farmers' Club did so much to
advance these branches to their present satisfactory condition,
that we feel called upon to take such special notice of its opera-

284 -REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

tions ; these are the cultivation of turnips, and the consumption
of them upon the land by sheep. Previous to the potato failure
turnips were not much grown, at least in the upper districts of
Dumfriesshire. When it became apparent that that calamity
was permanent, and when, in consequence of the failure, potatoes
proved so unremunerative, the attention of arable farmers was
earnestly turned to the cultivation of turnips ; but their cultiva-
tion was very imperfectly understood, and the crops of them
which were produced were comparatively light. This deficiency
arose from many causes ; the radical one was the fact that suffi-
cient farm-yard manure could not be produced to raise a good
crop, and most farmers had yet to be convinced that the expense
incurred in supplementing such manure by bones, guano, and
other artificial manures, would be highly remunerative. But there
were other points on which much light required to be thrown
before turnips could be successfully cultivated. There were, for
example, the varieties which would best suit particular districts
and elevations, the time at which each variety should be sown,
what width of drill and hoeing would yield the heaviest crop.
A great revolution of public sentiment on all these points has
taken place since turnips began to be extensively cultivated, and
we confidently assert that the Lockerbie Farmers' Club was
largely instrumental in hastening this change. We say " hasten-
ing" this change, for we are far from saying that without their
exertions it would not have taken place at all ; all we believe
and assert is that, by the practical and decisive steps which that
club took, it brought about this improvement much more
speedily, at least in that immediate district, than would other-
wise have been the case.

To detail all their operations would occupy more space than
we can spare. We may merely remark that the turnip crops of
the members, and of others who desired it, were weighed every
November for twelve consecutive years. A tabulated report was
printed and circulated throughout the district, which specified
not only the weights, but also the kinds of turnips, width of
drill, and of hoeing, quantity of farm-yard manure given, quan-
tity of artificial manure given, distinguishing the different
varieties, and the date of sowing. There was appended to the
report a condensed summary of the information which another
inspection had elicited. The stimulus which it gave to a more
liberal application of artificial manures, and the light which it
threw on the various important practical points which the inspec-
tion embraced, was very great. The credit is due to the members
of the club generally, who entered most heartily into the whole
scheme, and who, moreover, were not slow to act upon the new
information which the periodical inspections elicited. But the
intelligent interest which Mr Robert Elliot, Hardgrave (now at

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 285

Laighwood, Dunkeld), took in the scheme, and the remarkable
crops of turnips which, with a liberal application of artificial
manures, and great width of drill and hoeing, he year after year
produced, did much to extend an improved style of turnip
husbandry.

There is one branch of arable farming in which Dumfriesshire
and the eastern part of Kirkcudbright (for the two are similar in
this respect) are perhaps about the top of the tree, and that is
sheep feeding upon turnips. A high authority ascertained, from
returns which he procured about twenty years ago, that turnip-
fed one-year-old sheep in this county exceeded in weight and
value the best in the Lothians and in Norfolk. Latterly, how-
ever, Norfolk and Lincolnshire are treading close upon our heels,
as well indeed they may with their superior climate and other
advantages. The gentleman referred to is of opinion that there
are various arable farmers in the middle of Annandale whose
management produces profits from their sheep scarcely equalled
anywhere in Britain. The Lockerbie Fanners' Club has helped
in no small degree to bring about such a satisfactory state of
things. A show of turnip-fed hogs has long been held, under
their auspices, at Lockerbie in the April of each year. We shall
refer more minutely in a subsequent part of this paper to the
weights of the sheep exhibited on these occasions ; we merely
remark now, that the annual weighing of the hogs, accompanied,
as it was for a good many years, with detailed statements of the
quantities of turnips, grain, &c, consumed by each sheep, gave a
considerable stimulus to the good feeding of them, not only over
Dumfriesshire, but throughout a large part of Galloway.

Section III. — 1. Site of Farms. 2. Length of Leases. 3. Different
kinds of Entries. 4. Course of Rotation.

1. Size of Farms. — There are few counties in Scotland where
the arable farms vary so much in extent as in Dumfries-
shire. In every part of the county are to be found farms of
large and small extent, varying as they do from 700 or 800,
down to 60 or 70 acres. There are no farms (properly so called)
in the county less than 60 or 70 acres in extent, each of which
gives employment to one man-servant and one pair of horses.
The tendency of late years, however, has been to convert two or
more farms into one holding, so that the number of tenant-farmers
is becoming less numerous. There are many obvious advantages
attending this system of enlargement ; as, for example, the estab-
lished fact that a large farm can be wrought at less expense than
the working of the same extent of land divided into several small
farms would cost. But while we would regret to see all the
farms small, neither would it, in our opinion, be beneficial to

u

286 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

have them all made large. In districts where there is a regular
gradation in the size of the farms, a strong inducement is held
out for men in every grade to be industrious and careful in their
management, so that they may improve their position and their
prospects, by becoming lessees of more extensive and more valu-
able holdings. Nor is this mere theory, for this motive is found
to be in practice very influential. Many men, who long acted
in the capacity of ordinary farm servants, have by their industry
and thrift managed to save sufficient capital to warrant them in
becoming offerers for farms of comparatively small extent, while
their intelligence, general good conduct, and practical skill have
recommended them to the favourable notice of landlords and
factors, who are generally not slow to recognise merit, and to
encourage such as show a disposition to help themselves. In proof
of this, the reporter would cite one case out of many within his
own knowledge. A farm of one plough in Upper Annandale be-
came " open" a few years ago. Of the thirteen offerers, there were
nine who had "risen from the ranks f and he has the authority of
the agent for saying, that though there were of course differences
in their qualifications, " pecuniary and personal," yet not one of
them could be objected to on any reasonable ground. Others,
again, who commenced life in comparatively small farms, have
by the same qualities succeeded in increasing their capital and
the extent of land in their possession. And we maintain that
the gradation in the size of the farms in Dumfriesshire not only
renders this practicable, without the parties having to remove
from the same district of the countiy, but that it also acts as a
strong inducement for such men to strive to improve their cir-
cumstances, and to endeavour to raise themselves in the social
scale. We trust, therefore, that such a gradation as at present
prevails may long be continued, for we believe it to be produc-
tive of the most beneficial results. There are comparatively few
arable farms in the county on which the tenants do not reside,
landlords being averse — very properly, we think — to letting led
farms.

There is a class of holdings of small extent existing on the
estate of Mr Hope Johnstone of Annandale, in the parishes of
Johnstone and Kirkpatrick-Juxta, which ought not to be passed
over in such a report as the present. A very full account of this
system appeared in the Transactions of the " Highland and Agri-
cultural Society" for March 1844 and for July 1859, and there-
fore we do not think it necessary to describe it now, all the more
so that justice could not be done to it in the limits now at our
disposal.

2. Length of Leases. — At the commencement of the period over
which the report extends, the leases of most arable farms in
1) umf riesshire extended over a period of nineteen years. Fifteen

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 287

years is now the more common length, while in a few instances
eighteen or nineteen years is the period adopted. It appears to
the reporter that this shortening of leases is much to be regretted.
When the farms are wrought on a five years' "shift," the farmer has
three courses of rotation during the currency of a lease of fifteen
years' duration ; but when the rotation is a six years' one, he is
enabled to go only twice over a part of it. Thus the same en-
couragement for improvement is not given as would be the case
were the leases to extend over a longer period. This is especially
true of farms which through any cause happen to be in poor
condition at the time when the tenants enter upon them. If the
tenant is enterprising and liberal in his management, he must
sink a good deal of capital during the course of his first rotation.
It is only at the end of that time that he begins to reap the
benefit of his outlaid capital, and a comparatively limited period
remains during which he has an opportunity of reaping it. We
apprehend, therefore, that short leases, even when they extend
to fifteen years, operate as a check to improvement. They are
practically lengthened on some estates, however, by the occu-
pants being offered a new lease a year or two before the former
one expires. Such a system not only prevents the farmer from
impoverishing his land at the end of his lease, but further en-
ables him to resume his improvements with increased liberality
and vigour. It will scarcely be necessary to add that these
remarks are not meant to refer to sheep farms, for a long lease
is not so important in their case as in that of strictly arable farms.

3. Kinds of Entries. — There are three principal kinds of
entries common in Dumfriesshire, the nature of which we shall
now explain, afterwards pointing out the respective advantages
and disadvantages of each. The first of these is what is usually
called the Candlemas entry. In this case the tenant enters upon
the land which falls to be in crop at Candlemas, and he gets
possession of the house and grass lands at Whitsunday. He is
usually called upon to pay his first half-year's rent about January
or February.

Then, secondly, there is the Whitsunday entry, under which,
the tenant gets possession of the whole farm at that term, with
the exception of that part of it which is under grain crops. The
tenant usually pays for the grass and clover seeds sown during
the preceding year, if they were not pastured after the cutting
of the grain crops in autumn. He either provides the seeds to
be sown along with the grain crop which belongs to the outgoing
tenant, or pays for them at valuation. It is not uncommon to
bind the outgoing tenant to offer to hand over the whole or a
part of the growing (white) crop to the incoming tenant, at a
valuation fixed by persons mutually chosen, and in the event of
his offer not being accepted on these terms, he has liberty to sell

288 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

it by auction. When the entry is a Whitsunday one, the rent is
payable in November, but it is not usually taken until January
or February.

And, thirdly, there is the Martinmas entry. Under this system
the tenant gets possession of the whole farm at Martinmas, with
the exception of that portion of it on which turnips are growing ;
but the owner of these is bound to have them removed or con-
sumed in time to allow the land to be ploughed for the succeeding
white crop. The one party is generally bound to hand over to
the other so much of the unthrashed grain crop as may not have
been consumed, with the view of preventing the straw being re-
moved from the farm. The rent could be legally demanded at
Whitsunday, but it is not customary to require payment of it
before August.

The Martinmas entries are not numerous, Lord Mansfield's
estate being the only large one on which it is found. The re-
mainder of the county is almost equally divided between the
Whitsunday and Candlemas systems, the former being slightly
the more numerous. The entries on the Annandale estate and
on most of the estates in Mthsdale are at Whitsunday, whereas
on the estate of Jardine Hall, and on the estates in middle and
lower Annandale, Candlemas is the term of entry. In the case
of all sheep farms, the entry is at Whitsunday. But although
the Whitsunday entry is so general, it is, we think, the least
favourable for the tenant. Under it he must have a larger
capital than would be necessary under either of the other two
systems, as he is nearly eighteen months in possession before he
reaps a grain crop. At all events, that long period elapses before
he can dispose of any considerable portion of it in the market.
He has thus only his green crop and pasture during the whole
of that time, and both of these together will do little more than
defray the working expenses of the farm. The Martinmas and
Candlemas entries are evidently the most advantageous for the
occupant, as under them he reaps the first white crop, and has
no outlay in connection with it, except the expenses of ploughing
and seed. The very fact that it requires a large capital to enter
upon a farm at Whitsunday, is what recommends this entry most
strongly to landlords. They believe that under this system they
get more substantial tenants, and that, therefore, they have a
greater security for their rent than when the entry is either at
Martinmas or Candlemas. But many high authorities are of
opinion that the security is as good as could be desired when
you have in the offerer personal character and practical skill,
along with the possession of a moderate amount of capital.
However, there are obvious difficulties of a serious nature in the
way of changing the term of entry in the case of any farm which
passes directly from one tenant's possession into that of another.

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 289

4. Course of Rotation. — Though the county is remarkably
diversified in respect of both soil and climate, yet the rotation
pursued is almost identical in every part of it. Indeed, the
order of cropping followed is always the same, the only difference
being in the length of time during; which the land is allowed to
remain in pasture. The order is as follows : — 1st year, grain,
always oats; second year, green crop; third year, grain (oats), and
very occasionally barley or wheat, with grass and clover seeds ;
4th year, hay or pasture, and on some farms only one additional
year of pasture, and on others two years. In the former case a
live years' rotation is acted on, and in the latter a six years' one.
The tendency has been of late years to shorten the rotation,
which we think is much to be regretted, all the more so that, as
we shall find by-and-by, such a frequent recurrence of green
cropping increases the probability of sustaining the damage
caused by the disease commonly called " finger-and-toe." The
six years" system is pursued on the estate of Annandale and on
some others, while the five years' rotation is followed on the
estates of the Duke of Buccleuch, Mr Carruthers of Dormont, Sir
Alexander Grierson, Mr Paterson of Brocklehirst, &c. Although
the farms on the Annandale estate are managed on a six years'
rotation, yet liberty is given to the tenants to pursue what
course they choose at the middle of the lease, the only restric-
tion being that the farm be left according to the six years' plan
at the close.

The reporter has made a calculation, based on the statistics
collected by the Inland Eevenue in 1866, which shows that
two-thirds of the arable farms of the county are wrought on a
five years' rotation, while only one-third of them are managed on
the six years' plan. The calculation is as follows : —

Total under grain crops, 49,577 acres.

„ green crops, 26,974 „

fallow, 5,039 „

„ artificial grasses, 50,449 „

Total under rotation, 132,039 acres.

It may be assumed that one-half of the extent of the grain
crops represents the number of acres broken up from lea every
year. If then 132,039 (total acres under rotation) be divided by
24,788 (being estimated grain crop after lea), it will give
almost exactly 5 \, which is thus the average rotation pursued
over the whole county. But if the arable farms be managed,
some on a five years' rotation and others on a six years' one,
and if the average be, as we have seen, 5^, then it follows
that two-thirds must be wrought on the five years' " shift," and
the remaining one-third on the six years' plan.

290 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

Five and twenty years ago it was not uncommon to take two
white crops in succession after the land was broken up from
pasture, but this practice has grown gradually into disuse, until
now it is seldom to be found, and that only in cases where the
crop is taken from land long out of rotation. Where this plan
was permitted the tenant was generally bound, by the terms of
the lease, to allow his land to remain longer in pasture than is
common under the present system. Thus, although the method
appears at first sight beneficial to the occupier, yet it was in
reality more advantageous for the landlord, for the " rest " which
the soil got while in pasture had the effect of improving its
condition.

Section IV. — Com Crops.

In 1866 there were 132,039 acres under rotation in the
county. These were divided as follows : — 49,577 acres of corn
crops ; 26,974 acres of green crops; 5039 acres of bare fallow;
50,449 acres under clover and artificial and other grasses under
rotation. There must be added to the above 72,550 acres of
permanent pasture, meadow or grass not broken up in rota-
tion (exclusive of hill pastures). The total of acreage, then,
under all kinds of crops, bare fallow and grass, amounts to
204,589. Thus the percentage of corn crops of the whole
acreage, under all kinds of crops, bare fallow and grass, is 24-2.
Only five counties in Scotland have a lower percentage of corn
crops in relation to the whole under rotation and in permanent
pasture than Dumfriesshire has. These are Eenfrew, 23-6 ;
Selkirk, 23-5; Ayr, 23-2; Kirkcudbright, 21-3; Argyle, 20-6.
The percentage in many of the remaining counties is very much
higher. We give a few examples of the highest : — Clackmannan,
421 ; Haddington, 41-6 ; Fife, 40-8 ; Forfar, 40-7 ; Kincardine,
401 ; Elgin or Moray, 39-5 ; Banff, 38-9 ; Koss, 381 ; Aberdeen,
37-5 ; Edinburgh, 35'3, &c.

The 49,577 acres of corn crops comprise the following varieties:
— Wheat, 962 acres ; barley or bere, 1031 acres ; oats, 47,338
acres ; rye, 58 acres ; beans, 164 acres ; peas, 24 acres.

As oats are the most largely cultivated corn crop, we shall
reat of them at the outset. There were, as we have seen, 47,338
acres of oats in the county in 1866, being 95'4 per cent, of the
whole corn crops grown within its bounds during that year.
Many varieties of oats are grown. " Potato " oats used to be
very extensively sown in most parts of the county — in all, indeed
except the higher districts. Latterly, however, this variety has
greatly diminished, and is not much found, unless in the lowei
districts, within six or eight miles of the Solway. " Sandy " and
" Early Argus/' occupy the- greatest breadth at the present time.

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESS HIRE. 291

" Berlie " is also grown a good deal ; and in elevated and poor
localities Barbaclilaw or "Tarn Finlay" is much used, and found
to answer well.

Much of the seed is brought from the Lothians, but it is
commonly preferred after having been grown in the district for
a season, as it has become acclimatised. The seed for the higher
districts is often procured in the lower.

In a county where there is so much variety, both in respect
of soil and climate, it would be rash to attempt an estimate of
the average number of bushels per acre and the average weight
per bushel. Dumfriesshire is, on account of the quantity of
moisture which yearly falls, not a first-class grain county. This
is especially true of the higher districts, where, as we saw in a
previous section, the rainfall, especially during the summer and
autumn, is very great. In the parishes towards the Solway the
climate is drier and warmer, and therefore the quantity and
quality of the grain produced exceed that grown in the inland
parts. The largest single tract of good grain land is that stretch-
ing from Mouswald Church until a little north of Tinwald
Church, extending to about eight miles in length, by an average
of one and a-half mile in breadth. Oats until recently were
universally sown broad-cast from the hand. Latterly, however,
sowing machines are getting into favour and becoming more
generally used. They are so highly advantageous in every
respect, both as regards speed and regularity, that they are
certain to become much more common. Their advantage is
especially manifest in the sowing of grass and clover seeds, which
are difficult to sow from the hand unless in the most favourable
circumstances, and it is quite impossible to sow them satis-
factorily in this way in windy weather. Oats are usually sown
on the better class of land at the rate of five and a-half to six
bushels per Scots acre, and on the poorer soils fully six bushels
are given. A few farmers begin to sow about the middle of
March if the weather permits, but a very common period to
commence is the 20th of that month. Much, however, depends
on the state of the weather and on the character of the season.

Grass and clover seeds are sown along with the corn after the
green crops. About two bushels of ryegrass seed is usually
sown on each Scots acre, though some farmers, especially if
neither the land nor the seed is very good, give a bushel or half
a bushel more. The quantity and kinds of clover seeds sown
vary a good deal. The practice is so various that it would be
impossible to state the different quantities within reasonable
limits. We are persuaded, however, and we know it is the
opinion of many good judges, that as a rule too small a quantity
of clover seeds is given.

The quantity of wheat and of barley or bere grown in Dum-

292 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

friesshire is very nearly the same, the latter having fully the
greater breadth. The exact extent of each in 1866 was, barley
or here, 1031 acres ; wheat, 962 acres.

Soon after the commencement of the present century wheat
began to be extensively cultivated in the county, and continued
to stand high in the favour of practical agriculturists until
about 1830, after which a gradually decreasing breadth of it was
grown. A very extensive and accurate observer records in an
Agricultural Eeport, published in the "Dumfries Herald" in
1838, that "taking a retrospect of the results of a number of
years on a good arable farm, not more than 200 feet above
sea level, it may be held a fair rule for the farmer to have from
one-third to one-fourth of his fallow and green crop break in
wheat." This will give the reader, who is acquainted with the
county, a pretty definite idea of the extent of this crop at that
period. Immediately after, however, from various causes, the
chief of which were the extension of turnips and a succession of
unfavourable seasons, its cultivation became very much less
extensive, and it has continued steadily to decrease. In 1855
there were 3244J imperial acres, whereas, as stated above, there
were in 1866 only 962 acres. The extension of turnips tended
to lessen the breadth of wheat, inasmuch as these could not be
consumed so early as to allow the wheat to be sown in time.
The land which was in potatoes and in fallow used to be that on
which wheat was sown.

Barley was also very extensively cultivated at the commence-
ment of the present century, and continued long in favour ; but
it, like wheat, also gradually decreased, although it continued to
be grown, at least on what are familiarly styled the "barley
soils," to a later period than wheat. In 1855 there were 2578
imperial acres of this crop, while, as we have seen, 1031 was
the acreage in 1866. Many causes have led to lessen the extent
of this crop. One is the fact, that unless on the best " barley
soils " it has proved a very uncertain crop, the produce per acre
and weight per bushel being frequently very small. Another is
the superiority of oat-straw over that of barley, and especially
since the introduction of the dairy system much weight has been
attached to this consideration.

Eye, beans, and peas are not much grown. The breadth of
each in 1866 was as follows : — Eye, 58 acres; beans, 164 acres;
and peas, 24 acres.

Having treated of the kinds and proportions of corn crops
which are grown in Dumfriesshire, we proceed to describe the
manner in which they are cut, dried in the fields, stored in the
stack-yard, thrashed, and disposed of in the market. As to the
first of these, namely, the cutting, it may be remarked that at the
commencement of the period over which this report extends,

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 293

the "sickle " was being gradually superseded by the " scythe;" and
now, at the close of it, the latter implement is giving place, in
some measure, to the "reaping machine." There are two principal
circumstances which will limit the use of the reaping machine
in this county. The one is, the steep character of a considerable
portion of the cropping land ; and the other is the fact that a
good deal of the grain, especially in upper Annandale, and in
such high districts, is very much " lodged." The reporter has
frequently seen twenty-acre fields, in the district above referred
to, almost as flat as a road ; it is needless to say that, in cases
such as these, the reaping machine would be practically useless.
It frequently happens that although the crop on most of a field
is standing, portions of it here and there are flattened, and as the
machine would be interrupted by such places, we believe it would
be cheaper and more expeditious to cut down the whole by the
scythe. In the lower portions of the county, again, the grain
crops seldom, even in moist seasons, are so laid as to prevent
their being cut by the machine. Although they are lodged to
some extent, they very rarely become so flattened as to interfere
with the filling of the grain, and a machine, when made to cut in
the opposite direction to that in which the straw is inclined, will
make tolerably good work.

The grain is generally put up in " stooks " of from eight to
twelve sheaves, sometimes with and sometimes without hoods ;
it is certainly becoming more common to dispense with the
hoods. " Hutting " in the fields is very rarely resorted to, even
in the worst seasons, in Dumfriesshire. The crop is taken direct
from the stook to the barn-yard, and there stored in stacks,
which are universally built in a circular form. The size of these
stacks varies on the same farm according to the state of the
weather, and the consequent condition of the grain when put up;
and their size on different farms is generally regulated by the
size of the barn — as much being put into each stack as that
building will contain. Sheds are being erected on many farms
for the purpose of storing hay and unthrashed grain ; they were
at first used almost exclusively for hay, but sheds have latterly
been erected on several farms expressly for holding the grain.
Their principal recommendation when used for storing the white
crop is that the straw, which is used in thatching and roping
stacks, is saved, as well as the time which is spent in preparing
it for these purposes ; and, moreover, the grain is perfectly secure
the moment it is put into the shed, whereas it is always liable to
suffer from wet when in stack until the thatch is put upon it,
which process may necessarily be delayed for some days. Their
chief advantage in the case of hay, is that the hay, instead of
being put up in " stamp coles " in the field, can be stored in
the shed at once ; thus not only rendering the process of

294 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

" thatching and roping " unnecessary (thereby saving labour and
material), but also saving the work of putting it up in the field.
They are generally made 18 feet wide and 12 feet high ;
the length being, of course, regulated by the quantity of crop
which it is intended they should contain. A shed 18 feet
wide, 12 feet high, 60 feet long, with wooden posts, and
slated, would cost about L.45 ; so that a shed of the width and
height we have specified, would cost about 15s. per lineal foot.
The above estimate does not include the carting of the materials,
which, it is presumed, will be done in all cases by the tenant.
.On estates where good timber is plentiful, the proprietor might
provide the wood and slates, while the tenant might reasonably
be expected to cart the materials, and pay the wages of the
tradesmen who erect them. Many have already been erected in
the county on these terms, and we hope to hear of this arrange-
ment being acted on in many more instances. On the estate of
Corrie, the proprietor erects substantial hay barns, with cast-
metal columns, and the tenants pay five per cent, on the outlay.
They are built 12 feet high to the wall-plate, and 17 feet
wide, and are boarded down about 5 feet from the wall-plate,
and cost about L.l, Is. per lineal foot ; in other words, a shed
100 feet long (which will hold about 6000 stones of hay)
will cost about L.105. Before passing from this subject, we
would mention a plan of a shed which is adopted at Townhead,
Mouswald, and which appears to us to be a very good one.
The shed is 18 feet high from the ground to the top of the posts.
Nine feet from the ground, it is partially boarded with strong
slabs. The lower portion, to which is attached a large court-
yard, is used as a shed in which 30 young store cattle are
kept during winter ; while the upper portion is used for storing
unthrashed grain. This plan is peculiarly advantageous when
the farm-steading, as is often the case in Dumfriesshire, is
situated on an incline. The court-yard can be made to extend
down the slope, while the upper part of the shed can be more
easily reached, from the rising ground behind.

Water, steam, and horse power are each called into requisition
in thrashing the grain crop. Water is employed whenever
practicable, as being the cheapest agency that can be used ; and,
on account of the undulating character of a considerable portion
of the county, it is largely available. On many large farms
where water-power cannot be commanded, steam-engines have
been erected; so that the chimney-stalks, which are such
familiar objects in mining districts, are to be seen here and
there throughout a county where the air is pure and bracing.
A considerable portion of the grain — at least the oats — grown
is consumed on the farms on which it is produced. As we shall
find by-and-by, when treating of sheep and cattle feeding, oats

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 295

are given to both these kinds of stock, especially in seasons
when markets are low. When oats are given to cattle, they are
generally bruised ; and it is not uncommon for farmers to have
bruising machines attached to their thrashing-mills. Such of
the surplus stock of grain as is not bought by the millers in
each district, is sold in the Dumfries and Carlisle markets. A
large number of farmers in the lower part of the county have
long been in the habit of disposing of their grain at the latter
place. The grain market used long to be held at the centre of
the principal street in Dumfries, and was, on that account, very
unsatisfactory. Grain dealers from a distance, and especially
such as came from the other side of the Border, justly complained
that when they attended the Dumfries market, they had no
means of ascertaining who had grain for sale, as there was no
place where samples could be exposed ; hence they absented
themselves, and thereby lessened the competition. In the
autumn of 1866, a committee of gentlemen was formed with the
view of organising a grain market, which should be held in a
hall, situated in some central locality, and which should also be
confined to a limited time. One difficulty was at once sur-
mounted by Mr James Sloan generously placing the Market Hall
at their disposal. It is situated in the immediate vicinity of the
Cattle Market, and there a regular sample market has been con-
ducted for the last twelve months. This arrangement has answered
the purpose admirably ; and the reporter would venture to
express the earnest hope that nothing will be awanting on the
part of the producers to make it still more successful. An open
sample market is unquestionably for the benefit of the farmer,
for it enables him to submit his article to the inspection of a
greater number of purchasers than was possible under the
previous system, and he thus reaps the advantage which competi-
tion never fails to carry along with it.

Until about twenty-five years ago, a large quantity of grain —
wheat, barley, and oats — used to be sent out of the county from
the ports of Annan and Dumfries. Previous to that time, the
Dumfriesshire arable farmer depended on three sources for the
payment of his rent — grain, pork (in the feeding of which the
green crop was mainly consumed), and young cattle. Now, the
first source of revenue is not much looked to, at least directly.
The greater portion of it is given to sheep and cattle, to prepare
them for the fat market. Moreover, not only is little grain now
exported, but large quantities of feeding stuffs, such as Indian
and bean meals, are imported ; thus showing how speedily and
completely the practice of a district, in regard to such things,
may change.

296 REPOET ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

Section V. — Green Crop Cultivation. Potatoes and Turnips; and
Consumption of the latter upon the Land by Sheep.

1. Potatoes. — Five and twenty years ago a good deal of the land
which is now under green crop was allowed to lie fallow. At
the present time almost none of the strictly arable land is left in
that unproductive state. The only " bare fallow " now is land
which is in process of being reclaimed, and which after being
ploughed is left in that condition for a season. It appears from
the Government Eeturns of 1866 that there were 5039 acres of
" bare fallow " in the county in that year. But we doubt very
much the correctness of the return, as no arable land which is
under ordinary management is permitted to remain uncropped.
We are confirmed in our opinion as to the inaccuracy of the
above return by finding that the Highland Society Eeturn of
1856 gives only 352 acres in " bare fallow." Possibly there is a
clerical error in the last Inland Eevenue Eeturn, and it should
stand 539 acres. The most of the green crop grown in the
county five and twenty years ago consisted of potatoes. As
remarked under a previous section, the soil was well adapted for
that root, and large quantities of them were grown. This was
more particularly the case in the middle and upper districts,
where turnip husbandry was not much practised. In the lower
districts, however, this latter crop was year by year being more
extensively cultivated. By degrees the growing of turnips be-
came better understood, until a large proportion of what had
hitherto been devoted to the production of potatoes, and the
whole of the fallow land also, were employed to raise turnips.
In 1866, there were about four acres of turnips in the county
for every acre of potatoes, the exact extent of each being —
potatoes, 5173 acres ; turnips, 20,300 acres. A few farmers in
the neighbourhood of Dumfries have of late years been in the
habit of growing potatoes for the early market. They are pur-
chased by dealers and sent to Newcastle and Glasgow, but this
system is not carried on to a large extent. It was long cus-
tomary to use no other except farm-yard manure in the pro-
duction of this crop, but now it is usual to supplement it by the
application of various kinds of artificial manures.

2. Turnip Cultivation. — Turnips have become an extremely
important crop to the Dumfriesshire arable farmer ; not that
they directly yield him such a large return, for when the manure
and labour spent upon them are taken into account, the clear
profit is considerably reduced ; but they help to clean the land,
and when eaten off by sheep, which, as we shall see by-and-by,
a large proportion of them generally are, they so enrich and
consolidate it that their importance can scarcely be . over-

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 297

estimated. In fact, it is difficult to understand how the Dum-
friesshire arable farmer could get on without this crop.

There were, as remarked above, 20,300 imperial acres of turnips
grown in the county in 1866. It is difficult to arrive at a pro-
bable estimate what proportion of these may be swedes and
what proportion other varieties, as there is not only a difference
in this respect between the different parts of the county, but
farmers even in the same district vary in the proportions which
they sow of each. In the lower portion of the county about
one-half of the turnips sown are generally swedes, whereas in the
upper districts certainly not more than one-third, and probably
only one-fourth, are of this variety. It is generally observed that
the quantity of swedes grown in the higher districts is gradually
lessening. It is found that on farms 400 or 500 feet above
the level of the sea the temperature is too low to produce
a full crop of them. We believe we are not far wrong in esti-
mating the swedes at from one-third to one-fourth of the
whole grown. The other varieties are white, yellow, &c. The
white variety is generally grown for consumption in October and
November, and when early sown a very large crop is commonly
produced. The swedes are preferred for spring use, as being
hardy they keep better than the softer kinds. When early
sown as much weight of them can be produced as of almost any
other variety, and it is found that they feed further in proportion
to size and weight than the other sorts.

The land which is intended for green crop is ploughed from
the stubble in October and November. Autumn cleaning of
land intended for green crop is not much practised in Dumfries-
shire. With regard to the process of cleaning, we may simply
remark that the grubber has of late years been more used than
was customary fifteen or twenty years ago. There is no depart-
ment of husbandry in which the Dumfriesshire arable farmers
have made so much progress as turnip cultivation. Take, for
example, the matter of manuring. The reporter has before him
a summary of answers to queries, which were addressed in 1842
to about a dozen of the leading agriculturists of the county in
regard to the cultivation of this crop by a gentleman, whom we
have had frequent occasion to refer to by name and otherwise in
this report, and who is universally admitted to have done more
in very many ways to promote the advancement of the agricul-
ture of Dumfriesshire than any other man, namely, Charles
Stewart, Esq., Hillside. From these answers it appears that in
the case of ordinary farms in 1842 not more than 14 or 15
yards of well-rotted farm-yard manure, or 20 bushels of bones,
were applied. These gentlemen all agree in opinion that the
average produce of good arable land rented at 30s. per acre,
and not over 300 feet above sea level, would not be more

298 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

than thirteen tons per Scotch acre. One of the gentlemen (the
late Mr William Currie, Pumplaburn), who " took " large quan-
tities of turnips to be consumed by sheep, mentions in his reply
that the turnips he took (and for which he paid an average
price of fourpence per week for each sheep), would yield their
owners from 30s. to L.3 per Scotch acre, and that there was
only one instance in which they yielded L.5. These facts will
give the reader some idea of the backward state of turnip
cultivation at the commencement of the period over which this
report extends. Immediately after that time, guano, bones, and
other artificial manures, became used more generally and in
larger quantities. This increase has steadily continued, as its
advantage has become more manifest, until now a considerable
quantity of artificial manure is applied by almost all farmers,
and a very large quantity is given by some. This is in addition
to the farm-yard manure, which, it ought to be mentioned, is
much better in quality than formerly, in consequence of the
feeding stuffs and turnips which are given to all kinds of cattle.
It is difficult to say how much the produce has been increased
on land of the quality specified above, in consequence of the
more liberal application of artificial manures ; but we think we
are not far from the mark when we estimate that increase at
from five to six tons (or nearly one-half more) per Scotch acre.
The immediate profit of this is easy of calculation ; but there is
a further profit, inasmuch as these additional turnips will do
much to enrich the land, whether they be consumed upon the
field by sheep or at the farm steading by cattle.

The drills vary in width from 26 to 30 inches, the most
common width being from 27 to 29 inches. From 1840 to 1850
the great majority of farmers hoed their turnips at a distance of
from 7 to 8 inches apart and even less. Mr Elliot, Hard-
grave, was the first to hoe at the distance of 12 to 13 inches,
and the very heavy crops which he produced by this system
did much to., convince turnip cultivators of the advantage of
wide hoeing. The reporter has found, from an examination of
the tables of weights published by the " Lockerbie Farmers'
Club," that whereas in 1849 the ordinary width was 7 to 8
inches, it increased in one year to 10 to 12 inches, and it is not
too much to say that this is to be accounted for by a publication
of the success of Mr Elliot's plan. Latterly, however, they are
being generally hoed slightly closer than was customary ten
years ago, the reason being that moderately-sized turnips are
found to keep better during winter than very large ones. The
sowing of swedes is usually proceeded with about the middle of
May, if the weather permits ; and the time of sowing his turnips
is really a very busy and anxious one writh the Dumfriesshire
arable farmer. He has learned by experience that the growth

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 299

of the crop depends so very much upon the weather and the
condition of the land, that his anxiety is not much less than
during harvest.

Two causes have rendered the growth of the turnip crop in
Dumfriesshire, as in other counties, less certain than it would
otherwise be. The one is the ravages of the fly upon the leaves
of the recently brairded plants, and the other is the disease com-
monly called " finger-and-toe." No preventive for the former
has been discovered so far as we are aware, but certain measures
are found to prevent, in a large degree, the latter. It has com-
monly been observed that " finger-and-toe " is most prevalent
and destructive on undrained or defectively drained land, and on
farms where the rotation of green crops is very frequent. An
obvious preventative, therefore, to the disease is thorough drainage
and a less frequent rotation. Lime, put upon the stubble after
the lea crop, is a means which has often proved effective in
guarding against this disease. Another promoting cause of the
disease is giving affected turnips to sheep or cattle upon lea or
stubble which is about to be ploughed up for green cropping.
The reporter is aware of several who, after lengthened and
careful observations, have never known this fail in bringing on
the disease.

A portion of the turnips are removed from the fields and
given to the cattle in the sheds and byres. The proportion of
the whole lifted for this purpose varies on different farms and
in the various districts of the county. Some take two furrows,
leaving four, thus removing one-third of the whole ; others take
two furrows, leaving three, thus removing two-fifths of the whole ;
while a third plan is to take exactly one-half of the crop. We
would estimate the proportion removed from the field and con-
sumed by cattle at two-fifths of the whole produced.

3. Consumption of Turnips upon the land by Sheep. — The remain-
ing three-fifths are eaten off by sheep. There are two principal
advantages which result from this system. On the one hand,
the droppings from the sheep enrich the land very materially ;
and on the other, the treading of the sheep consolidates the land,
which has a tendency to become too loose in consequence of the
system of frequent rotation which is pursued. The soil is very
generally well adapted for feeding sheep in this way, being
porous, and thus the sheep have almost always, even in wet
weather, a comparatively dry bed. Some are, however, of
opinion that although the soil is on the whole well adapted for
sheep feeding on turnips, yet that too large a proportion of this
crop is consumed by white stock. It is held by such that it
would be much more profitable to give the land a larger quantity
of manure when the crop is sown than is customary, to give
a greater proportion of the turnips to cattle (in the sheds) which

300 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

yield a "better return than sheep, and to consume only as much
of the crop by the latter as would consolidate the land. Part
of the additional manure, by this system, would be supplied by
the increased number of cattle which could be kept ; and it is
alleged, moreover, that frequently a large proportion of the
droppings from the sheep are washed away and thereby lost.
The reporter does not mean to enter on a discussion of the merits
of this theory, merely remarking that it is deserving of careful
consideration, and that their indisposition to apply manure
liberally at the time of sowing would lead many to reject it.

The sheep are penned upon the turnips in October and
November, the white and yellow varieties being generally con-
sumed first. After Christmas, the turnips, before being given to
the sheep, are almost universally cut into long thin pieces by a
machine, and eaten out of wooden troughs made for the purpose.
This method has the threefold advantage of supplying the turnips
in a form in which they are easily masticated, of causing them
all to be eaten, thereby preventing the waste which unavoidably
takes place when they are consumed in an uncut condition, and
of keeping them very clean. In fact, some farmers, whose land
is of a sandy description, are so particular as to have their turnips
washed before they are put into the cutting machine.

The greater proportion of the turnips given to sheep after
Christmas, except those intended to be consumed by Highland
wethers and other old sheep, are stored in a variety of ways.
The simplest method adopted is to go through them with a
jDlough so as to get the bulbs well covered over with earth.
Another plan, which very commonly prevails, and which has
been found to answer well, is, after cutting off the shaws and
roots, to store the bulbs in pits, each containing between one
and two cart-loads, the pits being covered over with a little
straw and a thin coating of earth. The straw, however, is quite
unnecessary. Where this method is adopted the pits are
arranged in rows, so that the sheep bars may be placed alongside
of a row of pits. A third plan is, to draw a furrow with a single-
moulded plough, and having pulled the turnips to throw them
into the furrow as pulled, the plough being again used for the
purpose of covering them. The plough is once more called into
requisition to turn them up during winter as required. The
quantity stored in one way or another throughout the county
varies from year to year. The reporter has never failed to
observe that a short succession of open seasons has the effect
of inspiring many farmers with too great a confidence in the
mildness of the seasons, as evidenced in their leaving a large
portion of their turnips unstored. Just as in the commercial
world, it seems to require a crisis every few years (some say
seven) to check the spirit of reckless speculation which gets

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 301

abroad, so many farmers are not made sufficiently careful and
cautious in the matter of storing their turnips without now
and again suffering the loss which an unusually severe winter
entails.

Artificial food is often given to the sheep along with the
turnips. Several advantages result from giving them a liberal
supply of such food. One obvious one is, that stock is thereby
made more speedily fit for the fat market, and thus capital is
more speedily turned over. Further, when cake or grain is
given, the clip of wool is better in respect of both quantity and
quality than when the sheep are fed on turnips alone. Again,
as we shall see by-and-by, the quantity of turnips consumed is
diminished as the amount of artificial food given is increased.
Another advantage, which is not the less important that it is not
so apparent, is that the droppings of the sheep, being enriched in
proportion to the quantity of artificial food given, increase the
value of the succeeding white crop. We have heard this esti-
mated by a good authority as equal to one-half of the outlay in
such food. This may be an exaggerated estimate, but we are
persuaded that sheep feeders generally are not sufficiently alive
to the benefits resulting from this practice.

As remarked under a previous section, Dumfriesshire stands
at the top of the tree in the practice of sheep feeding upon
turnips. The best class of sheep that are fed upon them are the
half-bred lambs which are reared on the arable farms. Many
arable farmers purchase the five and six-year-old Cheviot ewes
from the hill stocks, and take delivery of them about the begin-
ning of October. They are put to Leicester tups, and yield about
one and one-third lambs on an average. These are weaned about
the 10th or 12th of August ; and the ewes, having been fed upon
grass and turnips, are principally sent to the fat market about
January, and generally weigh about sixteen pounds per quarter.
The clip of wool taken from them the preceding summer may
weigh four pounds. A few farmers are in the habit of selecting
about one-half of the best of the lambs so produced on the low
lands and feeding them separately. When put upon the turnips
in October they may weigh about eleven pounds per quarter.
The white varieties are consumed first, but from the middle of
November until the 1st of February they feed upon the yellow
kinds, and afterwards they are put upon the swedes. In the
lower districts, where that variety is more extensively grown,
they are put upon swedes as early as Christmas. So long as
sheep of this class get no artificial food they will each consume
about twenty-eight pounds of turnips per day, but if one and a-
half pound of oats are given per day to each, the consumption
of turnips will be reduced to about eighteen pounds. When fed
in the manner now specified, the above quantity of oats being

x

302 KEPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

given them from the 1st of January to the end of April, they
may be expected at the latter date to weigh about nineteen
pounds per quarter, and to yield a fleece of eight and a-half
pounds. The above figures are quoted on the authority of an
eminent sheep feeder, who, throughout a lengthened experience,
has been most minute and exact in his observations. To produce
such results, however, great care and attention must be spent
upon them ; and, in fact, unless this is done, sheep feeding on
turnips can never be highly suecessful.

The greater number of the half-bred (Leicester and Cheviot)
lambs that are fed in the county are from the hill stocks, and
they are of a less size, and consume a smaller weight of turnips,
than the heavy ones of which we have just been speaking.
Twenty to twenty-four pounds per day is the quantity usually
consumed by this class of stock when no grain is given. It is
customary to give them about two imperial bushels of oats each
in the course of the winter. They usually get the oats for the
first time about the 1st of January, and from one-half to three-
quarters of a pound per day is an ordinary allowance for each
sheep.

Eeference has been made in a previous section to the prizes
which have long been given for the best turnip-fed sheep, at
the annual show under the auspices of the Lockerbie Farmers'
Club. We append an abstract of the table of the weights of the
prize sheep for the last twenty-two years. It will be observed
that the competitions embraced two classes of sheep, the one being
one-year-old half-bred hogs, and the others one-year-old Cheviot
wedder hogs. The show is held about the middle of April.

(1.) One-year-old Half-bred Hogs. — Average weight of heaviest
20 sheep for twenty-two years, 163 lbs. ; average weight of
heaviest 20 sheep in one year (1865), 180 lbs. ; average of
heaviest single sheep for twenty- two years, 186 § lbs. ; heaviest
single sheep ever exhibited (1862), 215 lbs.

(2.) One-year-old Cheviot Wedder Hogs. — Average weight of
heaviest 20 sheep for twenty -two years, 114 lbs.; average of
heaviest 20 sheep in one year (1855), 131 lbs. ; average of
heaviest single sheep for twenty-two years, 132 lbs. ; heaviest
single sheep ever exhibited (1855), 155 lbs.

Section VI. — Grass Lands. Clover and Artificial and other
Masses under Rotation.

We come now to treat of the management of such pasture
land as is under regular rotation. There were, as we have seen,
50,449 acres of the county under this kind of pasture in 1866.
As explained under the section on corn crops, grass seeds are
always sown with the grain after green cropping. In the

EEPOKT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 303

succeeding year, part of these " seeds " are pastured, and part of
them kept for hay. The proportion used for these respective
purposes varies from year to year. The extent kept for cutting
is principally dependent upon the state of the hog market in
April. If the demand for hogs is not good at that period, the
farmers who have wintered them are induced to put them upon
their young grass rather than accept of the small prices which
are offered for them. In the average of seasons, fully less than
one-half is reserved for hay, while the remainder is pastured.
The practice of seeding rye-grass hay, which prevails to such a
large extent in Ayrshire, is happily very little followed in
Dumfriesshire. We say "happily," because it is a practice
which is most hurtful to the land. Scarcely as much rye-grass
seed is preserved as is sufficient to supply the wants of the
county. It is customary for most farmers to preserve as much
seed as will suffice to sow their own lands, and a few bags are
commonly exchanged or purchased, with the view of securing a
change of seed. The hay, or part of it, produced from this new
seed is preserved for seeding purposes in the succeeding year.
The above is a pretty accurate account of the practice pursued
over the county generally, although it should be borne in mind
that there are a few exceptions — some keeping no seed, and
others preserving a large quantity.

Permanent Pasture. — It appears from the Government Eeturn
of 18(36, that the extent of land in Dumfriesshire in permanent
pasture is very great ; in fact, so great that the return must be
meant to include Lochar Moss and other waste land of a similar
nature. The total acreage under permanent pasture (meadow or
grass not broken up in rotation) amounted at that time to 72,550.
This is exclusive of hill pastures. Lochar Moss, which (with
the exception of small parts of it on the outskirts which have
been reclaimed) is quite unproductive, measures several thousand
acres ; so that if it and land of a similar nature, of which there
are patches here and there all over the county, were deducted
from the above, the extent of permanent pasture of any value
would be very much reduced. The grass land not broken up in
rotation may be divided into two parts : the first includes all
land which, being either naturally dry or drained, is pastured
" all the year round;" the other part comprehends meadow land
which has been only partially drained, and off which the hay is
cut every autumn. A large number of even the arable farms in
the county, especially in the higher districts, include patches of
both kinds within their bounds. There are few counties in
Scotland that have such a variety in the nature and quality of
the soil, even on the same farm, as Dumfriesshire. From the
undulating character of much of the county, there is sometimes
a great difference in the altitude of separate parts of the same

304 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

arable farm ; hence the management which is most suitable for
the lower portion of it may be ill adapted for the higher, seeing
that the soil and climate are alike so different. In such cases, it
is not uncommon to keep the lower portion under regular
rotation, and to allow the higher to remain in permanent pasture.
There are other districts of the county again, such as Corrie,
which are too high above sea level, and too moist, for grain
crops to be cultivated with profit, and accordingly these districts
are kept principally in grass. Around most of the mansion-
houses in the county there are numerous " grass parks," which
are usually "let" in spring by auction. These are principally
taken by the cattle and sheep dealers, and sometimes by farmers,
who use them for grazing their young breeding-stock. Such are
the principal varieties of the one kind of permanent pasture
which prevail in Dumfriesshire. When we come to treat of
draining and liming, we shall have our attention directed to the
means which are employed to keep such land in good condition.
We merely remark now, that the greater part of what is kept in
permanent pasture is well adapted for grazing purposes ; in
fact, Dumfriesshire is well known as a capital grazing county;
the very moisture which prevents it from being a good grain-
growing district, helps the growth of grass. Much of the pasture
is, in consequence, rich and luxuriant A large proportion of the
permanent pasture is situated in the higher parts of the county,
where the rainfall is very plentiful. Top-dressing with lime and
other manures takes effect very speedily, and increases the value
of the pasture.

There is a method sometimes adopted for laying down per-
manent pasture which, though not entirely new, was not until
recently practised to any large extent, and that is, to sow grass
and clover seeds after turnips, without a white crop, There can
be no question as to the advantage of this system, where the
pasture is intended to be permanent. It does not yield such a
large return during the first year as is done by a grain crop, but
the loss is only temporary, for an ample compensation is afforded
by the superior quality of the pasture in subsequent years. The
grass and clover seeds, to which is added a little rape seed, are
sown in the end of April or beginning of May, and sheep are
usually put upon the field about the middle of July. It is
doubtful if this system would prove profitable in any part of the
county upon land which is in regular rotation, and that for two
reasons — on the one hand, the land would not be sufficiently
long in grass to compensate for the loss sustained by the want
of the white crop ; and on the other hand, if the soil had been
previously well manured, there would be a great danger of the
next white crop being " lodged " very much. This danger would
be especially great in the higher districts, where the great

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 305

moisture which falls so encourages the growth of the straw, that
lodging is no uncommon thing, even when the ordinary course of
cropping is pursued.

So much for the first kind of grass land which is not broken
up in rotation, namely, that which is either naturally dry or
drained, and pastured throughout the whole season. There is
another variety, commonly called meadow land, which is only
partially drained, and off which hay is cut every autumn. It
exists more or less in almost every district of the county, and
the hay reaped off it is very valuable, especially to dairy
farmers, who give it to their cows in spring. The reporter is of
opinion that sufficient expense is not generally incurred in im-
proving the condition of the meadow land. In too many in-
stances, little or nothing is done to replace the strength which is
annually taken from it, and it seems to be expected that it ought
never to cease to shed its " grassy fleece." The incessant cry of
its owner to it is " Give ! give ! " and bitter reflections are cast
upon it if the fleece which it sheds happens to be a light one.
However much it yields, it never seems to strike them that they
ought to " give " it something in return. But while the above is
too true of many whose farms are partly composed of meadow
land, there are others whose treatment of it is much more liberal.
As mentioned under the section on dairies, there are some who,
having only a limited extent of green crop, put a portion of
their farm-yard manure upon the meadows ; but these con-
stitute a very small fraction of the farmers in the county.
Others apply occasionally a " compost " of earth and lime, which
never fails to exert a most reviving influence upon the herbage ;
while a top-dressing with bones is sometimes tried with very
good results. Abundance of good meadow hay is so important
for use in spring, especially when given to dairy cows, that
much more attention ought to be paid to the land on which
it is produced than is done at present ; for it appears to the
reporter that this is one department of husbandry in which the
Dumfriesshire farmer might make much advancement. Sep-
tember or early in October is generally regarded as the best
season for top-dressing meadows, whatever be the material
applied.

Section VII. — Cattle.

Dr Singer, in his " View of the Agriculture of Dumfriesshire,"
published in 1812, gives an estimate of the number of cattle
which he supposed were in the county at that period. He
estimates the number of all kinds at 30,000 head. His cal-
culation was made in the following way : — He sets out on the
supposition, which seems to have been generally granted, that
there were about 12,000 milch cows within its bounds. He

306 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

remarks that it was general for breeders to keep two young
beasts for every milch cow. Presuming this proportion to be
general, the total number would be 36,000 ; but allowing for
deficiencies in that proportion, he states them at 30,000. It is
somewhat inteiesting to find that the same mode of calcula-
tion would give results almost exactly correct now. It appears
from the Inland Revenue Keturns, there were 15,861 cows in
1866. Supposing two young beasts for every cow, the number
of young cattle would be 31,722, whereas there were in reality
28,503, the proportion of these two years of age and above being
11,230, and the number under two years of age 17,273. Thus
the total, according to Dr Singer's method of computation, would
be 47,583, whereas the real number was 44,364. If a similar
allowance be made for deficiencies in the proportion to what he
made, the result would be almost identical with what we know
from statistics to be perfectly correct, thus showing how careful
and accurate he must have been in his calculations.

The 44,364 cattle which were in the county in 1866 were
mainly composed of animals belonging to the three following
breeds, namely, Galloways, Ayrshires, and Shorthorns. There
would be a few West Highlanders and some young Irish cattle,
but these are comparatively few.

1. Galloways. — The " Galloways " were for a long series of years
the almost universal breed of the county. Latterly, however,
Ayrshires, as we shall see, have supplanted them to a consider-
able extent, until now there are not above one-half of the farms
in the county on which Galloways exclusively are kept. A
large number of the breeders keep their young cattle until they
are two years old, when they are sold to the graziers and larger
farmers. These are again sold in autumn, and the greater
proportion of them which were not fattened in the county used
to be sent to Norfolk. Of late years, however, this trade has
been gradually diminishing, and at the present time many of
them are sent to the Lothians and Fifeshire. We have adverted
in a previous section to the stimulus which the growth of
turnips, and the opening up of the county by steam communica-
tion, gave to the preparing of cattle for the fat market. The
introduction of the dairy system to such a large extent also
lessened the number of store Galloway cattle sent to the south.
Before the practice of feeding cattle and keeping Ayrshire cows
became so common, almost all the store cattle of the county
were Galloways, and were driven by the road to Norfolk and
adjacent districts. About thirty or forty years ago as many as
20,000 good cattle of this class were sent annually from the
district of which the town of Dumfries is the centre. The most
of the Galloways which are fattened in the county are de-
spatched to the fat markets when from two years and nine months

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 307

until three years old. The heifers are generally ready first, and
are disposed of at the former age. Many of the best of them
are sent to the Smithfield market, and they usually sell at from
sixpence to ninepence per stone more than the bullocks. This
class are not commonly fat until they are three years of age, and
they generally weigh about fifty stones. The heifers are in most
instances from five to ten stones less in weight.

A very marked improvement has taken place in the quality of
the Galloway stock of the county during the last twenty-five
years. The means which have contributed to that improvement
are for the most part similar to those which have been employed
for the same purpose in other counties. But the most conspi-
cuous and influential of these was an annual sale of young bulls
which has taken place at Lockerbie since 1851, under the
auspices of the Lockerbie Farmers' Club. Previous to that
time many private sales of such animals were made at the
annual show which was held there in April. It occurred to
Mr Charles Stewart, that if a sale by auction were started it
would afford great facilities for the interchange of blood between
the Annandale, Cumberland, and Galloway breeders. This idea
has been practically carried out since the above year, and un-
precedentedly high prices were obtained. Most of the one-year-
old animals disposed of realised from L.12 to L.20, while a few of
the best gave from L.20 to L.30, and even some were sold for
more than the last mentioned figure. Some years after a similar
sale was started at Castle Douglas, and has been continued since
with equally beneficial results. The following nobleman and
gentlemen have long been distinguished for the superiority of
their stocks of Galloway cattle : — The Duke of Buccleuch, Mr
Graham of Shaw; Mr Gillespie, Annanbank ; Mr Carruthers,
Kirkhill ; Mr Beattie, Newbie ; Mr Koddick, Greenhill-head, and
others.

2. Ayrshires — The Dairy System. — The dairy system is such a
recent, and has become such a prominent, feature in the agricul-
ture of Dumfriesshire, that the history of its gradual introduction
into the county ought to form a leading part of such a report as
the present. It was first introduced on the farm of Kirkbank,
in the parish of Johnstone, which is on the property of Mr Hope
Johnstone of Annandale. Dr Singer, whose work was published
in 1812, records that Mr John Aitken (who was a native of
Dairy, in Ayrshire, and who had originally come to the county
for the purpose of making fences and roads) " introduced many
years ago the Dunlop method of making cheese, and has con-
tinued to maintain a respectable character as a maker of superior
cheese for many years. His cows are not of the Galloway
breed, but of the horned and red and white speckled breed of
Ayrshire." Mr Aitken died in 1812, and his successors con-

308 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

tinned the same system of management. Two brothers, Messrs
W. & G-. Jamieson, natives of Eaglesham, in Kenfrewshire,
entered upon a lease of the above farm in 1813. They brought
a stock of Ayrshire cows with them from their native district.
Being thoroughly acquainted with the process of cheese-making
then most highly approved of, and being moreover most in-
dustrious men, they succeeded in making their farm very re-
munerative. Four years after, the younger of the brothers
removed to Longhill, near Lockerbie, on the Castlemilk property,
and carried the dairy system still farther into the county. It is
probable that Ayrshire cows were kept about this time in the
parishes of Kirkconnel and Sanquhar, which are quite contiguous
to Ayrshire, but the reporter has been unable to ascertain the
exact period at which they were introduced into that district.
In 1823, Mr Hutchison had a dairy on the farm of Tinwald
Parks, in the Dumfries district. In course of time the system
was adopted on the farms of Lochbrow, Panlands, Dinwoodie
Green, Castlemilktown, and others in Annandale, and on a few
farms in various parishes of Upper Nithsdale. In 1832, the
late Mr William Stewart came from Fenwick, in Ayrshire, and
commenced a dairy on the farm of Hollybush, Cummertrees,
and was the first, so far as we are aware, to introduce the system
into the Annan district. Such was the extent of the inroad
which the dairy system had made into the county at the com-
mencement of the period over which this report extends.

Between 1840-50 several Ayrshire men became lessees of
various farms at what were considered by local judges extremely
high rents, but they succeeded beyond expectation, by pursuing
the dairy system, which they were well able to do from their
practical acquaintance with the best methods of cheese-making.
Their success induced many native farmers to adopt the system ;
but in most instances, instead of keeping the cows in their own
hands, they let them " abowing " to men who principally came
from Ayrshire, and who had been trained from their earliest
years to such work. In course of time coavs were put upon
comparatively high lands, which many practical farmers regarded
as too high for such stock, and where only sheep and young
cattle had hitherto been pastured. The writer of this report
well remembers when, about 1853-54, dairies were introduced
upon such high farms as Boreland and Gillesbie, in Dryfe, and
Whitcastles and Cowburn, in Corrie (which are about 700
feet above sea level), surprise and disapproval were very freely
expressed by men who are generally regarded as no mean
authorities on most agricultural questions. But the leading
position which the cheese produced at these dairies has frequently
taken at local shows is an incontestable proof, — the force of
which even the adverse critics above referred to are now ready

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 309

to admit, — that such land is at least as suitable for dairy pur-
poses as any soil in the county. On high farms of this class the
dairy farmer has not only the advantage of rich old pasture for
his cows during summer, but, what is of equal importance, he
has also a large quantity of superior meadow hay to give them
during winter. He generally ploughs only as much land as will
suffice to supply him with turnips for his cows. He thus re-
quires ouly a portion of his farm-yard manure for that part of
his farm which is under regular rotation, and as he generally
puts the reminder on his meadow land, the hay reaped off it is
both rich in quality and plentiful in quantity.

We have already adverted to the fact that the cows on many
farms are let to dairymen, who may thus be said to " farm " the
cows. This system prevails pretty extensively, although since an
acquaintance with the process of cheese- making is becoming
more general it is getting more common for farmers to manage
their own dairies. There are, as in other counties, various
methods of fixing the rent paid by dairymen, some preferring to
take payment in kind — that is, they are paid so much weight of
cheese per cow ; while others are paid in money. There are two
considerations which seem principally to weigh in leading dairy
farmers to prefer the rent for their cows to be paid in kind. On
the one hand, they regard it as the fairest plan for all parties, as
it leaves them, as well as the dairymen, to take their chance of
the price of cheese in the market ; and on the other hand, they
have the idea that their rent is more secure than when it is paid
in money. Many of the dairymen have come only recently from
Ayrshire and elsewhere, and being comparative strangers, their
antecedents are not much known. It is perfectly possible that
a dairyman might sell his cheese and run off with the proceeds,
leaving the farmer minus his rent. It is due to the Bowers
to say that this rarely, if ever, happens. But such a result is
not only quite possible but even easy of accomplishment, and the
farmer cannot be blamed if he guards against it, and makes him-
self secure by bargaining for a certain quantity of cheese, which
is always upon the spot, and difficult of removal.

Dairies are seldom let for a longer period than one year, and
the dairyman generally gets possession of the cows at Martinmas.
This term is found most convenient for exchanging any of the
cows in the dairy, such as replacing old cows and others (which
may be found unsuitable from any cause for dairy purposes) by
the young queys, and putting the former into the stalls to be
fed. The allowance of pasture for each cow varies in accord-
ance with the quality of the soil. It is found to be of great
advantage to have a portion of the land assigned to the cows in
permanent pasture, and well top-dressed with lime or bones.
Such pasture is of great use in the end of June or July, when

310 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

the younger grass on land which is under regular rotation
generally becomes very bare. About one imperial acre of grow-
ing turnips is allowed for every ten cows from about the 1st
October until the 1st January, at the latter of which periods the
cows generally become dry. About November, turnips, at the
rate of about one ton per cow, are stored for spring consumption.
These with the addition of from six to ten stones of bean-meal, or
an equivalent of oats, which are given in a mashed condition,
are allowed to the cows from about the 20th March, when they
begin to calve, until they are turned out to the grass about the
15th May. Sometimes half an acre of potatoes is allowed to
the dairyman for the use of his family, and to enable him to
fatten his pigs. We may here explain also, that the dairyman
generally fattens one pig for every two cows. The most of these,
as explained in the section on pork feeding, are sold to be con-
sumed as fresh pork in the summer and autumn, and the re-
mainder are disposed of for curing purposes in November and
December.

As remarked above, the dairymen sometimes pay their rent
in kind — that is, they pay to the farmer so much weight of
cheese per cow ; indeed, this is the most common plan. The
amount of money paid per cow varies in the same dairies from year
to year, according as the price of cheese fluctuates in the market ;
and the rent, whether paid in money or cheese, varies on different
dairies according to the extent and the quality of the pasture
and the quantity of turnips and artificial food allowed. From
L.9 to L.ll may be quoted as an average amount when the rent
is in money, while from 3 cwt. to 3J cwt. is a common quantity
when the payment is in kind. Three-fifths of the cheese rent is
generally weighed and handed over to the owner of the cows
about the beginning of October, and the remaining two-fifths is
handed over at Martinmas. It is generally made a condition of
the dairyman's lease that he rears one quey calf for every six
cows. These calves have new milk given them until they are
eight weeks old, when they are fed upon whey for another month,
and then delivered to the farmer, who rears them to replace the
old cows which are periodically taken from the dairy. The
plentifulness of turnips in Dumfriesshire induces most dairy
farmers to prepare their old cows for the fat market. In only a
very few instances are they sold as " back-calvers," as is com-
monly the case in Ayrshire.

The " Dunlop " system of cheese-making was universally pur-
sued in the dairies in the county until about six years ago, when
the " Cheddar " system began to be adopted, and grew gradually
into favour, until now it is practised in at least three-fourths of
tire dairies.

Cheese is made from the time the cows are put upon the

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 311

pastures in May until about the 1st November. During the
winter months skim-milk cheese and butter are made. The
extremely high rate at which milk can be sold in Glasgow
during the months of January, February, and March, and the
great facilities afforded by the Caledonian Railway Company for
its transmission, have induced many to send thither large
quantities of milk at that period. It is highly important, in
a philanthropic point of view, that large quantities of milk
should be sent into such populous towns as Glasgow. A serious
obstacle to its transmission " all the year round " is, that from its
perishable nature it is apt to become useless while being con-
veyed during the hot weather. We will be surprised, however,
if, in this inventive age, means are not devised to overcome the
difficulty. The calves are sold when a day or two old, and
realise from 6s. to 7s. each. Some dairymen, however, prefer
to fatten their calves, the earlier calved ones, after being kept
for six or seven weeks, bringing from L.2 10s. to L.3 each. The
later ones cannot be kept so long, and do not command such
a large price, as the calves are always cleared out before cheese-
making is commenced at the middle of May. Some farmers who
manage their own dairies put a Shorthorn bull to their cows, and
rear the calves as store cattle.

The agricultural statistics have never been collected in such a
form as to determine how many Ayrshires were in the county at
any particular period. Their number, in comparison with the
other breeds, is therefore a matter of conjecture. Five and twenty
years ago, Galloways were the universal breed, with the exception
of the Ayreshire cows in a few dairies, and a few Shorthorns close
upon the Border. Now every arable farmer, almost without excep-
tion, in at least four or five of the parishes of upper Nithsdale,
has a dairy, and the system prevails more or less in the whole of
that dale, while Ayrshire cows are kept on many of the farms in
every part of middle and upper Annandale. The increase of
Ayrshires in point of numbers, and how the fashion has set in
in their favour, may be inferred from the fact that, whereas, at
the time we specify, it was never dreamt of to offer a prize for
them at a local show, now an equal number of prizes are given
for them at almost all local shows as for any other breed of cattle,
and the attention of the public is divided between the prize-takers
belonging to the two breeds. A further idea of the extent of
that increase may be gathered from the fact, that whereas there
were only 14,025 milch cows in the county in 1855, there were,
as we have seen, 15,861 in 1866, showing an increase in eleven
years of 1836, or fully one-eighth. Even more than the above
number of Ayrshires would be added in that time, for the
Galloways are diminishing almost as much as the Ayrshires are
increasing.

312 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

"Were the writer disposed to give way to sentiment, he might
give expression to a sad lament that the substantial beef-pro-
ducing Galloways should be supplanted to so large an extent by
the less familiar and less imposing Ayrshires ; but as his present
duty is to act as a " reporter," he rests contented with simply
recording the changed state of things. Besides, it cannot be
reasonably expected that farming should be much influenced by
sentimental considerations. The object of the farmer is pro-
fessedly to obtain the largest return he can secure for his land,
and therefore the first and most natural question for him is,
what pays best ? If observation or experience teaches him that
Ayrshires yield a larger return than Galloways, a mere feeling
of attachment to a particular breed of cattle cannot be expected
to induce him to hesitate in effecting a change, seeing his main
object is one of profit. It will be evident that we are here
speaking of the tenant farmer who is making his livelihood from
agriculture, and not of the person who has come in some way
or other into the possession of money, and who takes to farming
as a mere agreeable pastime, and with whom profit is a mere
secondary consideration. The latter may be left to follow his
fancies without raising the question whether or not these prove
profitable, whereas with the former profit is everything.

It is a fair question for debate, whether in such a county as
Dumfriesshire, Ayrshires or Galloways are the more profitable,
and the reporter believes that, although the tide of public senti-
ment has set in in favour of the former breed, yet many of those
in the county who are usually looked to and followed as high
authorities on agricultural questions would be found to rank
themselves on the side of the Galloways. The county is so
diversified in respect of both soil and climate that no monotonous
rule can be laid down which should be universally followed.
This diversity is not only found in different districts, but in
different parts of the same district. In fact, farms are often
found alongside of each other which in their natural character-
istics have very little in common. Some are therefore adapted
for dairies, while others are not.

3. Shorthorn and other Breeds. — In addition to Galloways and
Ayrshires, there are a few cattle of the Shorthorn breed kept
within the county. The greater number of these are kept on
the heavy land adjoining the Border, though there are isolated
farms in other parts of the county on which they are reared.
The quality of the animals of this breed is on the whole pretty
good. Mr Carruthers of Dormont had for some years an annual
sale of first-class Shorthorns, which did much to diffuse pure
blood throughout the county. The number of pure-bred Short-
horns is very limited. It is found that the Ayrshires milk
better than they do ; and when a Shorthorn bull is put to the

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 313

Ayrshire cow, a cross-bred animal is produced which, though not
so heavy as, is yet much easier reared than a pure Shorthorn.

The West Highland cattle brought into the county have by
degrees been becoming less numerous. This is doubtless owing
in some degree to the fact that the inbuying price is higher than
formerly, and therefore they do not leave such a large profit as
they used to do. Another explanation probably is, that the
ground they used to feed upon has of late been occupied by
sheep and dairy cattle.

A few Irish cattle are being imported, and have in many
instances been found to pay well. They can be bought at
comparatively little money ; and although they have a pining
look for some time, yet they are not long upon the good pasture
until they begin to improve rapidly.

It is becoming fashionable for county gentlemen to keep a
few Shetlanders, which they kill for the supply of their own
households. These have the double recommendation for private
use, of yielding beef of the finest quality and of a limited
quantity, their ordinary weight when fat being from twenty to
twenty-five stones.

With regard to the rearing of young store cattle generally, it
may be remarked that they are much better kept at every stage
of their growth than used to be the case. Many breeders are in
the habit of giving them a liberal allowance of turnips along
with their fodder.

Very little remains to be said as to the feeding of cattle for
the fat market. Stall feeding is more generally practised than
the open shed system, though the latter does prevail to some
extent. Oilcake, mashed oats, and other feeding stuffs, are
given in different quantities by different individuals. Only a
limited number of cattle are sent direct from the pastures to
the fat market. A few of the cattle are sent to the Smithfield
market, but the greater number used to be forwarded to Liverpool.
Latterly, auction marts for the sale of fat cattle have been
established in Dumfries and Lockerbie, and many of the animals
are consigned to the auctioneers in these places. Butchers and
dealers from the populous towns in the north of England often
purchase largely at these sales. Christmas fat shows have been
held for several years, at which many first-class animals are
exhibited and disposed of.

Section VIII. — Pork Feeding.

Pork feeding has been carried on to a large extent in Dum-
friesshire, so much so indeed that the county has earned a wide
reputation alike for the quantity and the quality of the bacon
which it produces. There are no more common labels in the

314 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

windows of provision shops in Glasgow and several other large
towns than those with " Dumfriesshire Hams," " Dumfriesshire
Bacon/' upon them. A pretty accurate estimate of the quantity
produced in the different counties of Scotland may he formed
from the agricultural statistics collected by the Inland Eevenue.
It seems there were the large number of 18,612 pigs within the
county on the 5th March 1866, being nearly 1000 more than in
any other county in Scotland, the next largest being Perth, which
had 17,782 within its bounds. In estimating the quantity
produced annually in Dumfriesshire, there must be added
to the above upwards of 4000 which are pigged between the
beginning of March and the middle of June, and fattened before
the succeeding March. Thus the number of pigs fattened in
the county, in the average of seasons, may be correctly enough
reckoned at about 22,000 head, which, if computed at fourteen
stones each and valued at 6s. 6d. per stone, would yield a little
over L.100,000. The reporter has compared the foregoing cal-
culation with the annual estimate, founded on a summation of
the quantity sold weekly during the curing season in the different
markets, which the "Dumfries Courier" has made of the pork trade
of the county for a series of years, and has found that the agree-
ment between them is pretty close. Dr Singer estimated the
number fed in Dumfriesshire in 1812 at 13,000, and he reckoned
the annual return from this source over the whole county as
amounting to about L.60,000.

A trade in fresh pork has arisen in Dumfriesshire almost
entirely within the last eight or ten years. There has never
been much demand for fresh pork for consumption in the county,
and therefore pigs were seldom brought to maturity except during
the winter months, when they could be cured and forwarded in a
dry state to the large towns. But since the Caledonian and the
Glasgow & South-Western Eailways traversed the county, and
opened up a cheap and speedy transit to the populous mining
and manufacturing towns in the north of England, the demand
has created the supply, and large numbers of live pigs, varying
in weight from seven to fifteen stones each, the greater number
being nine and ten stones, are now forwarded every summer
to Newcastle, Liverpool, Manchester, Preston, and elsewhere.
These are principally from the dairies, and they are mainly fed
on the whey, which proves itself most nutritious and fattening.
But while it is true that the pigs which are sold during summer
as fresh pork are principally from the dairies, it ought also to be
mentioned that not a few of them are animals fed by cottars,
especial] y in middle and upper Annandale. It appears to the
reporter that the opening of the trade in fresh pork is highly
beneficial to this class. The fact that they can dispose of their
pigs during summer as well as in winter acts as an inducement

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 315

for them to make the most of their vegetables, and to be careful
in their management at all seasons.

There has been comparatively little variation in the quantity of
pork produced in Dumfriesshire during the last twenty-five years.
About the same number of pigs would be fed in 1842 as now,
but they were then kept to a greater age, and fed until they
reached a heavier weight than at present. At the former period
every farmer kept a considerable proportion of his pigs until
they were fourteen or fifteen months old. Now, very few are more
than one year old when they are killed, and the great proportion
are taken to market when nine and ten months old; consequently
the average weight is much less now than formerly. Eighteen to
twenty stones of 14 lbs. used to be a very common weight ; now
they generally run from fourteen to sixteen stones. This differ-
ence in weight is owing in some degree to a change in the breed,
as well as to their age, a kind of smaller bone and finer quality
having come now into fashion. The curers express a decided
preference for the lighter class of carcasses, and this induces the
feeders to rear the smaller kind.

So much for the relative quantity produced in the county at
the commencement and close of the period over which this
report extends. It may not be uninteresting to inquire further
what proportion of pigs are fed in Dumfriesshire in comparison
with other counties. A perfectly accurate estimate of this may
be formed from the agricultural statistics collected by the Inland
Eevenue. The quotations we make are from the Eeport of 1866.
As remarked above, there are nearly 1000 more pigs in Dum-
friesshire than in any other county in Scotland. Dumfries has
18,612 ; Perth has 17,782 ; Forfar, 14,868 ; Aberdeen, 14,763 ;
Fife, 14,193; Ayr, 13,502; and Kirkcudbright, 10,289. There
are several counties, however, which have more pigs, in pro-
portion to the number of cattle kept, than this county ; whereas,
for example, Dumfries has 2-38 cattle for every pig, Haddington
has only 1-26 ; Edinburgh, 1-35 ; Berwick, 1-82 ; Fife, 192, and
Forfar, 1-92.

The question may be asked, How is the fact to be accounted
for that the aggregate quantity of the pork fed in the county is
so great ? We believe that one main cause is to be found in the
large quantities of potatoes which used to be grown in the county
before the failure in that root took place. The expense of con-
veying these to the populous districts was so great, that, as
Dr Singer mentions, the price of potatoes was usually double in
Edinburgh what they could be sold for in Dumfriesshire, and he
specifies Is. 3d. per cwt. as an average price. Hence it was
found more profitable to feed pigs with them, and thus convert
them into a more portable form. A coarse variety, which yielded
a very large return per acre, used to be cultivated for the ex-

316 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

press purpose of pig-feeding. This explains the large number
of pigs which were fed in the county previous to the potato
failure. For a few years after this calamity took place the num-
ber of pigs kept slightly decreased ; but farmers gradually got
into the habit of giving them turnips in place of potatoes, until,
as we have seen, the quantity of pork produced in the county is
now as great as ever it was. Another reason is that, especially
among the smaller class of farmers, the pigs are found to be a
most convenient as well as profitable means of consuming the
smaller produce of the farm. They thus serve as a sort of " sav-
ings' bank" to them. We say " especially among the smaller
class of farmers," because many more pigs are kept by such
farmers, in proportion to the extent of land in their possession,
than by farmers whose holdings are larger. Employment is
also given to the members of the family, who are thereby kept
at home.

Section IX. — Sheep.

The sheep grazed in the county may be divided into two
classes — 1st, Those kept for breeding purposes ; and 2d, the ones
which are fed for the fat market. Before estimating the num-
ber in each class, we shall give a brief account of the various
breeds, and of the parts of the county in which each is kept.

The sheep kept for breeding purposes are composed mainly of
the Cheviot and Black-faced breeds. There are also a few ewes
of the pure Leicester breed, but they are not numerous. From
the Cheviot ewes two different kinds of lambs are bred. The
ewes on the hill pastures strictly so called, which measure
498,364 imperial acres, have invariably rams of their own breed
put to them. But there are a large number of Cheviot ewes
pastured on the arable lands, and on the permanent grass lands,
which are situated at an intermediate altitude between the
higher hill pastures and the cultivated land, and from these
cross-bred lambs (Cheviot and Leicester) are produced. This
crossing of the Cheviot ewe with the improved Leicester ram
has within the last forty years been carried to a great extent,
and has much enhanced the value of the Cheviot breed. The
mothers being hardier than the Leicester ewe, are better nurses,
and their progeny produces as heavy and finer mutton than the
pure Leicesters. The lambs, after being weaned in the beginning
of August, are kept upon good grass until October or November,
when they are put upon turnips, and fed off in the manner de-
scribed under the section on green cropping.

To give the reader some idea of the situation of the farms on
which the Cheviot stock is kept, as well as the character of the
herbage and the general management pursued, we cannot do
better than quote some extracts from a concise and valuable

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 317

paper, which was drawn up before the Paris Exhibition in 1856,
with the view of affording to those unacquainted with Scotch
farming information regarding the Cheviot breed of sheep :—

"The farms extend from 700 to 800 acres up to 6000 or 7000,
the most common size being .about 2000. But in many cases
one farmer holds several of these farms, though detached from
each other and his residence. The increase of capital and skill,
and facility of intercourse, have created a tendency of late par-
ticularly to accumulation. The height varies from 500 feet
above sea-level to nearly 3000, which the hills attain on the
northern boundary of Dumfriesshire, being the most inland
point. In general a very small portion of the farm is cultivated,
rarely exceeding 50 to 100 acres, and often none. At 800 to
1000 feet above sea-level, in the inland county, rain falls more
than half the days of the year. The rain-gauge shows 48 inches
of rain during the year ; the mean annual temperature about 44°
(Fahrenheit), that of the season from 1st May to 1st October
being about 53°.

" The natural herbage varies much in quality and quantity.
On some farms heath preponderates, and the grass for food
among it is scanty ; on others a green sward of fine or coarse
herbage covers the hills ; and on the lower slopes, on damp clay
subsoils, there is a coarser green growth, which affords much
sustenance, particularly in winter and spring, when the finer
summer grasses fail. A mixture of the various soils and grasses
is conducive to health.

" On the majority of farms the sheep remain on the farm, going
at large during the whole year, each sheep keeping within a
range of a mile or little more. In a few high-situated farms
(not above a tenth in number) the flocks occasionally, in deep
frozen snows in winter, have to be removed for a few weeks to
lower situated farms, where there is little snow ; but this happens
only once in several years. On many farms subject to such
snows, hay is cut from the grounds sufficient to serve the flock
some weeks. It is the practice on some, but not many, farms to
keep a part or the whole of the one-year-old sheep on turnips or
grass on the lower grounds during winter, and occasionally the
weak of all ages. Loss by diseases and hunger occurs on all
farms, varying from 2 to 10 or 12 per cent, on the whole stock-
averaging, exclusive of lambs when suckling, about 5 per cent.
The loss of lambs is also about 5 per cent., excepting in bad
seasons, when it will reach 10 per cent.

" The ewes have their first lambs in April, when two years old.
They are kept to either five or six years old, then sold, and
replaced by the best of the ewe lambs."

The quality of the pure Cheviots of Dumfriesshire is not
surpassed anywhere in Britain. Great care and attention have

Y

318 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

been bestowed upon them by individual flockmasters, with a
view of improving the breed, and the most gratifying success
has attended their efforts. Mr James Brydon, formerly in
Moodlaw, has earned a reputation as a breeder of Cheviots
second to no breeder of any class of stock in any part of the
kingdom. The following gentlemen have of late frequently been
distinguished at national and local shows for the purity and
superiority of their animals belonging to this breed, viz.,
Messrs Borthwick, Hopsrigg ; Carruthers, Kirkhill ; Johnstone,
Capplegill. All these gentlemen have had biennial sales (by
auction) of rams, at Beattock, Langholm, and other central and
accessible localities, at which extremely high prices have been
obtained for many animals, and the average of the whole exposed
has always been very high. These have been dispersed not only
throughout the higher parts of Dumfriesshire, but also over all
parts of Scotland where Cheviot sheep are kept, and they have
been the means of effecting a marked improvement in the quality
of this valuable breed of sheep.

The hill pastures of Dumfriesshire, on which Cheviot and Black-
faced sheep are grazed, are stocked, on an average, at the rate of
one ewe for a little less than two imperial acres. The pecuniary
return from a Cheviot ewe varies from year to year as the
price of lambs and wool fluctuates in the market. The progeny are
not kept until they are three years old, as is done in the High-
lands, but are sold when lambs. The annual sale of lambs in
August runs from 450 to 500 for every 1000 ewes kept, of which
three-fourths are wedder lambs, and the remainder small ewe
lambs. From 130 to 150 old ewes are also sold each year, the
number of ewes and lambs varying according to the healthiness
of the farm and the season. These sales, with the price of the
wool varying from 3 to 3 J lbs. (washed) for each sheep, constitute
the whole revenue derived from the Cheviot sheep-farm.

Almost all the Cheviot ewes that are kept on the arable farms,
are the draft five and six year-old ewes from the hill stocks. They
are brought to the low lands about the beginning of October ; and
half-bred lambs (Cheviot and Leicester) having been reared from
them, they are fattened upon grass and turnips, and generally
sold before the Christmas of the following year.

Blackfaced sheep are also kept to some extent on some of the
mountain pastures of Dumfriesshire. Indeed, during the earlier
part of last century, this hardy breed was almost the only
kind of sheep kept on the higher sheep-walks. But in the end
of last century, the Cheviot breed had spread over the eastern
portion of Dumfriesshire, supplanting the Blackfaced on the
hills in this as in other counties. The extent of the encroach-
ments which the Cheviots had made in 1812 on the walks of the
Blackfaced is definitely recorded by Dr Singer, who says that

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 319

"at the present time it is believed that all Eskdale is under
Cheviot stocks, and also by far the most part of Annandale, up
to the marches of the county, including the vales of Evan and
Moffat. They are not yet so numerous in the upper part of
Xithsdale, where short sheep still prevail." Though there have
been pauses in the progress, when from bad seasons the farmers
were deterred from changing, yet it may be said on the whole
that it has been regular and steady. The Blackfaced, however,
still hold their own on some hills, especially on the more rugged
and heathy in Nithsclale. About one-sixth of the hill stocks are
Blackfaced sheep, the remaining five-sixths being Cheviots. In
some cases pure Blackfaced lambs are bred, while in other
instances Crosses (Blackfaced and Leicester) are produced.

The farmers who breed Leicester and other long-wooled sheep
are not numerous. The quality of many of the stocks, however,
is very good, as has often been proved at the Highland Society's
and other shows. Messrs Wilkin, Tinwald Downs, and Hamil-
ton, Torthorwald, have long bred first-rate animals of this class ;
while more recently they have had formidable competitors in
Messrs Smith, Dalfibble ; Bell Irvine, of Whitehill ; and Beattie,
Newbie.

In forming an estimate of the number of sheep in Dumfries-
shire, much depends on the time of the year at which the
estimate is made. The statistics have been always collected at
an unfavourable season for affording satisfactory information on
this point. When collected through the Highland Society and
the late Mr Hall Maxwell, the enumerators made their inquiries
on one occasion on the 1st of June, and another on the 1st of
July ; but it w7ill be evident to most readers that there are usually
more sheep in the county at that particular season than at any
other. Many of the old feeding sheep are not cleared out to make
room for the lambs ; and, moreover, many of the latter are taken
out of the bounds of the county altogether in August and
September. Again, the statistics collected through the Inland
Revenue were gathered on the 5th of March, when there were
almost no lambs at all. This explanation regarding the dates at
which the inquiries were made, accounts for the vast difference
in numbers between the returns of 1856 and 1866. The High-
land Society return of 1856 gave 243,783 sheep of all ages for
breeding, 38,666 sheep of all ages for feeding, and 186,023 lambs;
the total number of sheep of all ages being thus 468,472. The
return of the Inland Revenue, made on the 5th March 1866, was
as follows : — One year old and above, 243,758 ; under one year old,
127,728 ; the total at that date being only 371,486. It appears to
the reporter that the period at which the estimate should be
made is the 1st of November, for the stocks both on the high and
the low lands are generally adjusted at that season as they are

320 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

meant to stand for the winter. The following estimate, as at the
above date, has been made after consulting some of the most
competent authorities in the county : —

1. Cheviot and Blackfaced stock on the hill pas-

tures, 220,000 to 230,000

2. Cheviot ewes on intermediate

pastures and low lands from
which half-bred lambs are
reared, .... 60,000 to 70,000

3. Sheep of various breeds in the

low lands, and principally

wintered on turnips, . . 100,000 to 110,000

Making, of all kinds in the county,

a total of .... 380,000 to 410,000

The 220,000 to 230,000 sheep which are supposed to be kept
on the hill pastures are meant to include not only ewes, but also
young sheep which are being reared for breeders.

Dr Singer estimates the total number of sheep in the county,
at the time he wrote, at 200,000, of which he supposed 175,000
belonged to the mountain flocks, and the other 25,000 to the low
farms. It will thus be seen that the principal increase has taken
place on the low lands ; and it is not too much to say that the
introduction and improvement of cross-bred sheep has largely
benefited the arable farmer, in the profitable consumption of his
root crops and sown grasses, so necessary to keep up the fertility
of his lands.

Section X. — 1. Draining. 2. Liming. 3. Subsoil Ploughing.
4. Comparative Expense of working an Arable Farm twenty-five
years ago and now. 5. Auction- Marts. Concluding Remarks.

We come now to treat shortly of several miscellaneous topics,
some of which have indirectly been referred to in previous sec-
tions, but they are of such importance as to require separate
notice, and the first is —

1. Drainage. — The extent to which drainage has been exe-
cuted in Dumfriesshire has been indicated in the second section,
and need not be repeated here. It began to be extensively
carried out immediately after 1840, until now about one-half of
the land in the county which required it has been drained. The
L.71,000 of the Government grant which was appropriated in
Dumfriesshire, was carefully and profitably spent, under the
able superintendence of the late Mr James "W. Patterson, who
acted as inspector. The soils and subsoils are so different that
the drains are cut at various depths and distances apart. Many
used stones to carry off the water, when drainage first became

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 321

extensive, but latterly tiles have been all but universally em-
ployed. It may be said generally, that about as much yet
requires draining as has been drained. A considerable extent
of permanent pasture land in the comity admits of extensive
improvement by means of tile draining. With the exception of
the estate of Corrie, to which more particular reference will
subsequently be made, comparatively little of this class of land
has been satisfactorily dried. Open drains have been cut in
many parts, but few covered ones have been made. L.7 per
imperial acre is about the average cost of drainage, at the depths
and distances apart which are necessary in Dumfriesshire.

2. Liming. — Liming has been very extensively carried out
in Dumfriesshire, especially of late years, on permanent pasture
lands. Previous to the opening of the Caledonian and Glasgow
and South-Western Railways, many parts of the county were
situated at such long distances from the lime-works that the
cartage cost more than the original price of the lime itself. It was,
therefore, sparingly applied in these districts. Now, however,
that it can be had so reasonably at the various railway stations,
it is being extensively applied to both cropping and pasture
land. The quantity given per acre varies according to the char-
acter of the soil, and the purpose for which the land is to be sub-
sequently employed. On land under regular rotation, from 20 to
50 Carlisle bushels are given, the general quantity being from 30
to 40. (A Carlisle bushel is equal to 3 imperial bushels.) On
permanent pasture land about 50 or 60 bushels are an ordinary
allowance, while some apply as much as over 100 Carlisle
bushels. Practical men are beginning to be convinced that it is
highly profitable to give a liberal allowance of lime to permanent
pasture land, situated at an intermediate altitude between the
high hill pastures and the low arable farms, and the reporter
feels assured that much improvement will be wrought in this
way in coming years. There are several extensive lime-works
in the county — at Kelhead (Cummertrees), Closeburn, Barjarg,
and other places — but part of the lime which is used is brought
from Cumberland.

Before passing from this subject, the reporter proposes to give
a short account of the improvements in draining and liming,
which have recently been carried out on an extensive scale on
the estate of Corrie, the property of Andrew Jardine, Esq. of
Lanrick Castle. Mr Jardine became the proprietor of the
Barony of Corrie at Whitsunday 1853. The leases of most of
the farms expired in the following year. New leases were
granted for a period of nineteen years, on the express condition
that extensive improvements were to be carried out in the
draining and liming of pasture lands. The proposals which
were made on the part of Mr Jardine proved acceptable to

322 KEPOET ON THE AGEICULTUEE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

the tenants, who went to work with great energy and good-
will.

A bed of clay of very moderate depth was discovered at Corrie
Common, but of sufficient extent to warrant the proprietor erect-
ing a tile kiln and drying sheds. At this place, which is a very
central one for the property, and 680 feet above sea-level, all
the tiles that have been used in draining operations since 1854
have been manufactured.

The 2,'eneral agreement entered into between landlord and
tenant was as follows : — That three years' rents of the farms were
to be expended by the proprietor in tile draining during the first
four or five years of the leases, and that the tenants were to cart
the tiles free of charge, and pay 5 per cent, on the whole outlay.
Draining has been executed at various depths and distances, from
3 feet deep and 18 feet apart to 3| feet deep and 24 feet apart,
and in a few cases to 4 feet deep and 30 feet apart. We
believe the most satisfactory results have been obtained when
the drains have been made 3 feet deep and 18 feet apart. And
here it may be necessary to explain that the soil of the pasture
land of Corrie is of a strong, deep, retentive character. The
drains are very easily cut for the first two spadings, but the soil
is very stiff and tenacious farther down.

The rates per rood have varied according to the character of
the soil and subsoil, but the average rate for cutting and filling
three-feet drains, including generally main drains, has been, we
understand, about 8cl per rood. At 18 feet apart, there are 134i
roods in a statute acre, and

134| roods at 8d per rood, . . . .£498
2133 tiles, 13 inches long, will be required

for an acre, and these at 19s. per thousand, 2 0 6
Laying tiles, occasional extra cutting, and

large tiles for main drains, may be stated at 0 9 10

Thus the cost per statute acre has been about £7 0 0

About four millions of tiles have, we believe, been manufactured
on the estate since 1854, and the extent of land drained has been
about 1700 acres.

So much for drainage. As regards liming, the general rule
was for the proprietor to allow one year's rent for lime to be
applied in the first instance to drained meadow or pasture land,
and secondly, to dry pasture land lying adjacent to or interspersed
among tile-drained land. The tenants were bound to lay out
also one year's rent, and to cart the whole quantity at their own
cost, either from the neighbouring lime kilns or from the Caledo-
nian Railway station at Lockerbie. It was stipulated that the
lime was all to be applied in the course of the first five or six

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 323

years of the lease. There are several small holdings in Corrie
of less annual rent than L.12. In these c ases the proprietor has
always furnished the lime himself, and charged the tenants the
moderate rate of interest of 5 per cent.

The application of lime has varied in quantity, but the average
quantity applied has been, we believe, about 75 Carlisle bushels
per acre. This is equal to 225 imperial bushels, or about 9| tons.
The price of lime at Blackwoodridge has been lid. per bushel
for many years, and the cartage, when let, would cost the tenants
about 8d. Thus the price of the lime, when laid on the land,
would be Is. 7d. per bushel, or L.5, 18s. 9d. per acre, wherever
75 Carlisle bushels have been applied. Part of the lime put
upon the farms on the Corrie estate was brought from Cumber-
land by railway to Lockerbie, and carted the remainder of the
distance. This lime has varied in price, but, including cartage,
it has cost about L.6, 12s. lOd. per acre, when 75 bushels were
applied, which is 13s. lid. per acre more than the lime from
Blackwoodridge. Mr Jardine does not allow any part of the
price of lime applied to arable land.

Exclusive of lime supplied to tenants of small possessions, the
quantity applied to meadow and pasture land during the current
leases, the most of which, as remarked above, are dated from
Whitsunday 1854, has been about 102,000 Carlisle bushels, or
at 8 Carlisle bushels to the ton, 12,750 tons. This, at 9f tons
per acre, would lime about 1400 acres of land.

The improvements on this estate, the rental of which we may
remark is entered in the Valuation Poll at about L.4000, have
not been confined to draining and liming. The dwelling-houses
and farm-steadings have been greatly renovated and extended,
and this has been done in such a way as to give the tenants the
accommodation necessary for the proper carrying on of their
various modes of management. No interest is charged on build-
ings, the only exception being hay barns, to which reference is
made in the section on grain crops. Plantations have been
laid out of considerable extent, and these have chiefly been
enclosed by stone walls affording immediate shelter. Water
courses have also been improved, and occupation roads made and
repaired.

The reporter leaves the above facts, for the correctness of which
he can vouch, to speak for themselves. They speak volumes
regarding the enlightened liberality of the landlord, who is well
represented in the person of his intelligent and active factor, Mr
Andrew Glover. The best proof that this "high farming" is
satisfactory in a financial point of view, is furnished by the fact
that the allowances of lime covenanted for in the leases have in
almost all cases been exceeded, and that the applications made
for further grants have in no instance been refused by the pro-

324 REPORT OF THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

prietor. This shows at least that both landlord and tenant
believe such liberal treatment of the land to be remunerative.
In judging of the advisability of applying such a large quantity
of lime per acre, it ought to be borne in mind that the climate is
very moist, about fifty inches being the rainfall in an ordinary
season.

3. Subsoil Ploughing. — Subsoil ploughing was practised to
some extent on some of the larger farms in the county from
twenty to twenty-five years ago. It is now unknown. This
has arisen from many causes. One is, that it was found to serve
a good end only when the subsoil was kindly. Another is, the
very great expense which it costs ; and the shortening of the leases
to fifteen years does not give the tenant a reasonable prospect
of being repaid for that expense during the currency of his lease.
A further reason for the limited extent to which it has been
carried is, that it cannot be properly executed unless on the
larger class of farms where at least six horses are kept.

4. Comparative Expense of working an Arable Farm twenty-five
years ago and now. — We adverted in an early part of this
paper to the greater productiveness of the soil of the county
now than at any former period, as evidenced in the increased
valuation of the lands within its bounds. This increased pro-
ductiveness must be all the greater, from the fact that the
expense of cultivating it is, principally on account of the rise of
wages which has taken place, very much augmented. This will
be the more apparent from a comparison of the wages which
were paid in 1842 and those that are current now.

1842. 1867.

Ploughman's half-yearly

wage, with victuals, £5 10 0 to £6 ... £9 9 0 to £10 10 0

Man's wage during har-
vest, with victuals, 2 20 400

Labourer's wage per day,

without victuals, 0 19 026

"Woman's half-yearly

wage, with victuals, 2 10 0 to 2 15 0 5 5 0 to 5 10 0

Woman's wage during

harvest, with victuals, 110 0 220

Woman's wage per day,
without victuals, 0 09 0 1 0 to 0 1 2

Not only is the expense of working an arable farm increased in
proportion to the rise of wages which appears from the above
table, but it ought also to be borne in mind that, especially at
certain seasons of the year, more labour is actually spent now
than was necessary under the management pursued then. For
example, before turnips were grown so extensively, and even at

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 325

a later period, before so many of tliem were stored in the field
for consumption by sheep, there was comparatively little outside
work for women after the time when the potatoes were lifted.
Now, however, all persons capable of shawing turnips are almost
as constantly employed, when the weather permits, during the
last two months of the year as at any other season, thereby en-
tailing a largely increased expenditure upon the farmer. Thus
the iucrease in the productiveness of the soil is much greater
than appears from the rise in rents which has taken place, for
the farmers have not only this increased rent to provide against,
but also a heavier manure account to pay than formerly, in
addition to nearly one-half more in servants' wages than twenty-
five years ago.

5. Auction-Marts. — The introduction of auction-marts has
changed the methods of effecting sales in the south of Scotland
as elsewhere. Three marts have been established in Dumfries
for several years, all of them in buildings erected for the pur-
pose, and one in Lockerbie. At every one of these an immense
number of animals fit for the fat market, and store cattle
and sheep, are weekly exposed for sale. The system has been
gradually growing in favour, and bids fair to revolutionise the old
methods of disposing of stock. Before their introduction, all the
fat stock fed in the county, except what was bought for home
consumption, was consigned to salesmen in Liverpool and else-
where. Now, the greater number of the animals are sold in these
marts, and they are principally bought by butchers from the
populous towns in the north of England, only a small propor-
tion of what used to be sent to Liverpool now finding its way
to that market. In addition to their other advantages, the
auction-marts have this recommendation, that the feeder can
dispose of any, even the smallest number of cattle or sheep at
them ; whereas, under the former system, unless he had a large
number to dispose of, he required to combine with one or more
of his neighbours before he could send his stock to Liverpool at
a reasonable expense.

Our remarks under the different sections have extended to
such a length that little remains to be said. Great as is the
progress which the agriculturists of Dumfriesshire have made,
much yet remains to be accomplished. The writer would be
trespassing beyond his legitimate province were he to speculate
as to what should be done in the future, his task being con-
fined to "reporting" on the past. He has every confidence,
from his intimate knowledge of the tenant-farmers of the
county, that they will continue, as heretofore, to be industrious
and enterprising.

326 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

By H. Newbt Fraser, Wyseby Hill, Ecclefechan.

[Premium — Silver Medal.]

The county of Dumfries ranks as the seventh in extent in
Scotland, containing an area of 722,813 acres, or 1129 square
miles. It extends fifty-five miles from east to west, and thirty-
two from north to south ; and the population at the last census
in 1861 was 75,878, allowing almost ten acres for each inhabitant.
The county valuation in 1791 was L.117,621 ; in 1841,
L.272,217 ; while at present it stands at L.389,561, having thus
more than trebled its value in about seventy-five years, a fact
which in itself speaks volumes for the improvement which must
have taken place in the land, it being, in the strictest sense of the
word, a purely agricultural county. The towns are small, and
manufacturing only carried on to a limited extent in two of them.
So far as regards situation, its advantages are great for the con-
veyance of stock, grain, or other agricultural productions, either
north or south ; the Caledonian line of railway running through
the centre of the county, the Glasgow and South- Western along
the west up to the extreme north; while the Sol way Frith, which
bounds it partially on the south and west, allows of goods being
shipped, principally to Liverpool, from various points on its
coast, the chief being Dumfries and Annan. The climate is
moist and humid, the rainfall being about the greatest of any
county along the west coast, and the rains off the Solway are
often exceedingly heavy. The frosts, however, are not so severe
as along the east coast of Scotland, nor does the snow, except
on the high and cold districts, ever lie long, or to a great depth,
which is to be regretted, for most farmers think the winters are
too mild. If there were more frost and snow, the land under
cultivation would be greatly benefited, both by making it looser
and destroying grubs and insects. The county may be said to be
divided into three straths or dales, viz., Annandale, Nithsdale,
and Eskdale ; the two former running almost north and south,
and the latter east and west. Through these straths, from which
they take their names, flow the Annan, the Mth, and the Esk —
three fine rivers, vieing with each other in the beauty and variety
of the scenery through which they pass. The most extensive
and richest of these districts is the first named, many of the
holms along the banks of the Annan being unsurpassed either
for grazing or cropping by any land in Scotland, while the high
ranges carry Cheviot sheep of great excellence. The soil of
Annandale is heavier and stronger than Nithsdale or Eskdale,
that of the latter being generally what is termed sharp — that is,
dry and porous, with a subsoil of gravel. Probably the soundest

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 327

land iii the county, and certainly the finest quality, is found
along the slopes of the Tinwald hills, in the parish of the same
name, facing the south-west, on which grain of the best quality
is grown, while for green crop it is unsurpassed. In the lower
districts of Aniiandale, approaching the borders of England, and
especially in the parishes of Kirkpatrick-Fleming, Gretna, and
Canobie, a great breadth of moss is met with, but the extent,
although still large, is much reduced ; and, this, where drained,
improved, well cultivated, and manured, makes good land, and
yields heavy crops of grain and roots. Eskdale is almost
entirely pastoral; the breed of Cheviot sheep in Eskdalemoor
being superior to any in Scotland, regarding which more will be
said anon.

Having thus briefly glanced at the natural statistics of Dum-
friesshire, its divisions, climate, soil, &c, we shall now proceed
to the more important part of our report, viz., the different
systems of agriculture practised, which may be divided into
three classes or branches — first, mixed ; second, arable ; and
third, purely pastoral farming.

First, then, we shall notice mixed farming as being the most
extensively carried out in Dumfriesshire, the farms (especially
in certain districts) being better adapted for this class than any
other ; and to illustrate our subject we shall take for example
farms of 300 acres arable land — that is, land which is or has been
under the plough, together with pasture to carry a flock of 1000
sheep and some young cattle; this description of farms being very
common throughout Dumfriesshire, especially in Upper Annan-
dale and Nithsdale, but of course varying in size, &c. On a
farm of this kind two regular pairs of horses are usually kept,
with young or odd ones to harrow, &c. in spring, and from 60 to
80 acres of white crop, and 30 to 40 of green crop grown, leaving
from 180 to 200 acres in pasture, on which cattle and sheep
are grazed during summer. The straw, and any hay there may
be, is consumed by horses, feeding-cattle, cows, and young stock,
in the byres and sheds during winter, which also require a
proportion of turnips pulled, the remainder being eaten on the
ground by sheep. This is the plan usually followed out in the
arable department ; and next as to the sheep. Out of a flock of
1000, there will be 800 ewes of different ages, the remainder
being hogs bred on the farm for beating up stock, which are
wintered on the arable or low ground. The lambs of the 800
ewes are usually sold in August (except the top ewe lambs
which are kept for stock), either privately, or at the lamb fairs of
Lockerbie and Langholm, where they are all shown, or at the
character market of Sanquhar. The ewes, when six years old
(being the general age), are drafted in the beginning of October,
and sold, either for taking half-bred lambs off or turnip feeding.

328 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

The whole of the sheep are clipped in June, and the wool
disposed of to local buyers or sent to the sales. This, then, is
the general system followed out in the mixed system of agricul-
ture ; but frequently, instead of cows being kept to rear calves
for grazing or feeding purposes, a dairy is substituted, and cheese
made ; which system, owing to the high price this valuable pro-
duction has for the last two or three years been realising, is now
becoming very general.

We have thus, described the mixed system ; and next in order
comes arable farming ; and we must here remark that, in the
strictest sense of the term, there is no thorough arable farming
done in Dumfriesshire, by which we mean the continuous crop-
ping of the land, as is the case in the Carses of Gowrie and
Stirling, and most of the highly farmed counties of England.
Arable farming is principally carried on in middle and lower
Annandale and Mthsdale, the farms varying from 60 or 70 to
.500 acres in extent, the average being about 200, and the system
generally adopted is the simple five-course shift, although, owing
to stock having paid so well for the last six years, until the sudden
downfall in the value of sheep within the last twelve months,
many farmers have embraced the six-course rotation. The five-
course shift is, however, looked upon as the legitimate one, many
proprietors making it a rule to have a clause inserted in their
leases, whereby the tenant is bound to carry out the fifth rotation;
and the system of cropping is as follows : — First — oats (almost
always), barley, or wheat ; second — turnips, potatoes, mangolds,
beans, or fallow ; third — oats, barley, or wheat; fourth — seeds sown
out, either cut or depastured by stock ; fifth — second year's grass.
Thus, on a farm of 200 acres, there are 80 acres white and 40
of green crop, the remainder being grass, part of which may be
cut for hay or not, at the farmer's discretion. Very little wheat
is grown in Dumfriesshire, the climate being too moist, while
the soil is not sufficiently strong ; so that oats and barley are
the principal grain crops grown ; but by far the greatest propor-
tion is in oats. On the management of the second rotation —
that is, for green crops — entirely depends the condition of the
land until this rotation again comes round ; for if it be well
cultivated, thoroughly cleaned, and liberally manured, the effect
will be apparent for years, and tell equally for good on the
land, as a badly managed green crop break will for the reverse.
On an arable farm the grain grown is mostly sold, although,
of course, a proportion is used for the feeding of horses, cattle,
sheep, and pigs ; the good potatoes marketed, and the turnips
partly consumed in the house by cattle, and partly by sheep on
the ground. On a medium sized arable farm, say of 250 acres,
a certain proportion of cattle and sheep are generally kept ;
but where there is a dairy, of course, it is very seldom that

REPORT OX THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 329

there are any sheep, as they take the finest of the grass from
the cows. Where sheep are kept, the general plan pursued Toy
arable farmers is to purchase lambs, be they half-bred or Cheviot,
at some of the lamb fairs in August or September, allowing
them to run on the pastures and stubble until the beginning of
November, when they are put into turnips, which are cut for
them in spring ; and, if liberally fed with corn and oilcake up to
April, they are sent direct to the fat market, but if not prime,
are sold to go into England, to be finished on some of the rich
pastures during summer. On most arable farms sufficient cattle
are wintered to convert the straw into manure, and a few usually
stall fed, which are sold so soon as circumstances warrant. It is
generally calculated, that for every 75 acres there are in one arable
farm, a pair of horses are required the year round to get work done
in due season. On many arable farms in Dumfriesshire large
numbers of pigs are reared and fed ; but this species of stock is
not often very profitable, unless pork is commanding a high
price, and grain and potatoes cheap, which sometimes happens.
Harvest is generally earlier in certain districts of the county
than in any other in Scotland, but the difference between the
time the grain ripens in the early and late localities is from a
month to six weeks. Thus the land around Dumfries, and in
the parishes of Gretna, Kirkmahoe, and Tinwald, is very early,
harvest generally commencing before the middle of August ;
while that in the parishes of Sanquhar, Kirkonnel, parts of
Middlebie, Tundergarth, Kirkpatrick-Fleming, Half-Morton, and
Canobie, is late, and harvest not general until the middle of
September, most of these lands being cold and clay, and some
undrained. The implements used in the cultivation of the soil
are generally of good and approved construction. The reaping
machine is becoming very common on large and medium-sized
farms, and thrashing-mills, driven either by steam, water, or
horse power, are upon every farm above fifty acres ; but, so far,
no steam plough has found its way into the county, although
there are many farms on which one might be worked to advan-
tage ; but, generally speaking, the land is not favourable for
steam cultivation, being too hard and stony. So far as regards
arable farming, Dumfriesshire cannot certainly be said to rank
among the foremost counties in Scotland ; the Lothians, Berwick-
shire, Eoxburghshire, Forfarshire, Stirlingshire, Perthshire, and
Wigtownshire being decidedly in advance, although it must
be admitted that there are many arable farmers in Dumfriesshire
not to be excelled as practical and enlightened men, upon whom
the management of their farms reflect the highest credit ; and
if distinctions were not odious in this paper, numerous instances
of land as well farmed as any in the kingdom could be adduced.
The next system is pastoral farming, and if Dumfriesshire

330 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

does not rank high as an agricultural county, we question if it is
second to any as a pastoral ; for stock farmers seem to grudge no
expense in improving their flocks and herds by procuring the
best blood of both cattle and sheep ; while, on the other hand,
arable farmers generally seem disinclined to expend sufficient
capital in the improvement of their land by liberal manuring
and cultivation, the consequence being, that the crops grown in
Dumfriesshire are certainly not what they ought or might be.
while the sheep stocks are almost perfection. Why this should
be the case we cannot tell, unless the stock farmer has more
means at command than the arable.

Pastoral farming, by which we mean the farming of land
which is, and generally speaking always has been, unploughed
and entirely grazed, is chiefly carried on in Upper Annandale
and Nithsdale, and throughout the greater part of Eskdale ; and
some of the finest farms in this class in the country are to be
found in the districts mentioned, especially Eskdalemoor, where
the soil is strong and deep, and the grasses succulent, raising
sheep of great size and bone.

On many of the pastoral farms of Dumfriesshire 2000 to 4000
sheep are kept, and probably from 100 to 150 head of grazing
cattle, sometimes dairy cows, which do uncommonly well feeding
on this strong but coarse pasture. No ploughing or cultivation of
any kind is done ; but usually on such farms a large quantity of
natural hay is cut (frequently 100 acres) to give to the sheep
during winter in case of storms, and upon which the dairy cows
are also wintered; and it is surprising to see the condition in which
they come out in spring upon this keep alone.

Often there are superior dwelling-houses upon these farms; but
being in out-of-the-way districts, they are not often occupied by
their tenants, who have generally another farm, upon which they
reside, in the low country. The life of an entirely pastoral
farmer is a very easy one : the only busy times in the year being
clipping, lambing, and weaning ; all of which are, however, very
important occasions. Lambing on the hills generally begins
about the 1 0th April, continuing until the same time in May ;
clipping is done in June and July, the last week of the former
and the first week of the latter month ; the lambs are weaned in
August, and the old ewes drafted in October. One or two
horses are generally kept to cart coals, peats, meal, &c, for the
shepherds, as well as to lead home the hay when secured.

We have thus endeavoured to describe as simply and lucidly as
possible the different systems of farming practised in Dumfries-
shire ; and shall now pass on to the various kinds of stock kept,
viz., horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs.

First, then, horses for agricultural uses, as well as for riding,
driving, and hunting. For agricultural purposes, there are two

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 331

breeds of horses, — one, the pure Clydesdale ; and the other, a
thick-set, short-legged, compact animal, peculiar to the county,
very useful, but without any particular name. We may here
state that the farm-horses, as a rule, are anything but first-rate ;
but, as we said before, that there were exceptions with regard to
the farmers, so there are as to the horses. There are really no
first-class stables of farm-horses in Dumfriesshire ; and any judge
travelling along the roads for a day, will see but few really good
horses in the carts, ploughs, &c. If any further proof were
wanting, those interested have but to visit the local shows, where
the very pick are exhibited ; and how seldom do wTe see horses
belonging to Dumfriesshire carrying away prizes at the Highland
Society's shows ? The horses kept are no doubt found to answer
the purposes for which they are intended very well, but without
any pretentions to quality or breeding in a general way. There
are few first-rate thoroughbred sires kept for use in the county,
and the thoroughbred mares, with the exception of those
belonging to gentlemen connected with the Dumfriesshire Hunt,
are anything but of good quality ; consequently the class of
hunting and harness horses is not first-rate. But as the county
is not adapted for hunting (being too uneven, except in certain
parts of it), nor the sport gone into with the same zest as in
many counties of Scotland, it is not surprising the breed of
hunters should be middling.

The next most important class of animals connected with the
farm, is cattle, the principal district breeds being the Ayrshire,
Galloway, and Shorthorn ; but very frequently, for feeding
purposes, the Ayrshire and Galloway cow is crossed with a
Shorthorn bull, the produce of either being animals much sought
after by the best feeders, who seem to prefer them to the pure
breeds ; besides which, they come to great weight — in some
instances 80 to 100 stones, 60 being a very common one. Dairies
being very numerous in Dumfriesshire, Ayrshire cattle occupy
the most prominent place — cows of this useful and valuable
breed being considered the best milkers, and at the same time
easier kept than any other. Great attention is bestowed by
farmers in endeavouring to develope the chief points of merit
in Ayrshire cattle, be they male or female — a capacious and well-
set udder in the latter being the principal object aimed at ;
although a straight back, with a sweet head and branching horns,
are also viewed with favour in the show-yard. Many of the
dairies in Dumfriesshire contain from 40 to 60 valuable cows
(the average being about 30), and it is no unusual thing for some
of the cows to give 4 gallons of milk per diem at the pride of the
grass ; and several first-class dairies average 18 stones of cheese
per cow, which, when the price is 14s. or 15s. per stone, comes
to something considerable in the year. Ayrshire bullocks, are

332 EEPOET ON THE AGMCULTUKE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE,

however, generally speaking, useless animals to feed, and never
attain to a considerable weight, unless four years old, and at the
same time are slow feeders ; the consequence being that, as a
rule, the male calves (unless first-rate ones, which are kept for
bulls), are all castrated, milk given to them for a few weeks, and
then sold to the butchers for veal. On the whole, however, for
the dairy, the Ayrshire is by far the most useful breed ; and in
no county are there better specimens, as can be evidenced by the
displays made at the local shows of Sanquhar, Thornhill,
Lockerbie, and the Union Show held at Dumfries, where bulls,
cows, and heifers of the very best stamp, and possessing every
point of good breeding and quality, are to be seen. We might
mention the names of many eminent breeders of Ayrshire cattle,
but these are so numerous that it is not advisable. Next in
importance comes the Galloway, an old and deservedly favourite
breed, not so much for its milking properties as the excellence of
the beef, being preferred in the English market to any other class
of cattle, and frequently selling at from 6d. to Is. per stone more
than the Shorthorn or cross. Although, as we before said, the Gal-
loway cow is not, generally speaking, a " pail-filler," yet the milk
is very rich, and less makes a better calf than from the Ayrshire.
In this breed, bullocks are as valuable as heifers, all calves being
reared and carried on until they are ready for the butcher, at the
age of three or four years, when they generally run from 50 to 60
stones in weight. The breed is on the decrease in Dumfriesshire,
the best specimens of it coming into the county from Galloway,
where there are many first-class breeders. Probably the best
Galloway cattle in Dumfriesshire are to be found at the Duke of
Buccleuch's home-farm on the Drumlanrig estate, where several
Highland Society's winners can be seen. The last, and least ex-
tensive, breed is the Shorthorn; but in saying this, we do not
mean to cast any slur upon this noble animal ; but the climate is
not good enough, nor the land sufficiently rich and heavy, to bring
cattle of this fashionable breed to perfection. It is only by about
half-a-dozen crack farmers, who have land suitable, that they
are kept, although many keep a Shorthorn bull to put to their
Ayrshire or Galloway cows. The Eedkirk herd of Shorthorns,
dispersed three years ago, was in great repute, and many splendid
animals were sent thence to America, realising enormous prices.
A well-bred and selected Shorthorn herd is kept at the Howes-farm
near Annan, which at present stands foremost in the county.

We now come to sheep, the most favourite and numerous breed
of animals connected with the farm ; and in this class (especially
Cheviot) Dumfriesshire stands foremost in Scotland, both as a
feeding and breeding county. The breeds of sheep in Dumfries-
shire are the Cheviot and Black-faced, this being the pure and
native breeds of the county ; but many farmers have lately com-

REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 333

menced the rearing of Leicester rams. The heaviest and best
Cheviot sheep in Dumfriesshire are found in Eskdalemoor,
medium in Annandale (some of the sheep walks about Moffat
carrying very good stocks), while the lightest are in Nithsdale,
the land there being barer and higher than either in Eskdale or
Annandale ; at the same time, when brought into the low country
to feed, &c, they are found to do uncommonly well. Cheviot sheep
bred on Moodlaw, Capplegill, Garwald, Kirkhill, and Dumfedling,
are well known to all farmers interested in Cheviot stock, but
more especially the former ; the sheep off Moodlaw, under Mr
Brydon's painstaking and judicious management, being invincible
wherever exhibited in the public show-yard. Fabulous prices
have been realised by Mr Brydon for his rams at his bi-annual
sale at Beattock, " Glenpatrick " having been sold this season
in September for the enormous figure of 185 guineas, the
highest price ever paid for a Cheviot sheep ; while many others
sold from 50 to 120 guineas. Blackfaced sheep are almost
entirely confined to Nithsdale ; but this breed is not nearly so
numerous nor valuable as the Cheviot. Many of the Blackfaced
stocks in Dumfriesshire are excellent, and great pains taken in
their management ; but none stand out so prominently among
them as the Moodlaw flock does among the Cheviots. Leicesters
are in small compass in the county, and only kept by a few
gentlemen ; but the rams bred by Mr Irving of Wkitehill are
considered very good. On a number of arable farms the draft
ewes (both Cheviot and Blackfaced) are brought down from
the hills and crossed with Leicester rams1, the produce being
a lamb much sought after by feeders, possessing the feeding-
properties of the ram, and the hardiness of constitution of the
ewe.

Although a great bacon producing county, the breed of pigs is
very inferior — in fact, few feeders can tell the breed of their
animals ; but they are not great favourites, except on dairy farms,
where they can be inexpensively and well fed through summer
on whey.

The improvements which have taken place on the various
estates throughout Dumfriesshire during the present century,
such as building, draining, and fencing, have been both nume-
rous and extensive ; but much yet remains to be done, especially
on hill farms, which have not participated as much in liming
and draining as the arable ground, although, owing to the high
price of sheep for the last six or eight years, more attention is
now being paid to them. Dumfriesshire having always stood
well as an agricultural county, the improvements carried out
have been progressive, consequently the appearance of the land
has not been so rapidly changed as in many backward counties,
A very large extent of moss has been reclaimed during the last

334 REPORT OF THE AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

fifty years, and land which, within that time, was simply grow-
ing wild heather, is now, by paring, draining, and cultivation,
bearing excellent grain and green crops. There is yet, however, a
very large extent of moss to break in, which will be the work of
many years, but if this was accomplished the improvement of the
low lands would be almost complete ; and we know of no better
subject for improvement than the wide tract of country known
as Lochar Moss, the land which has been already reclaimed
from it having proved very productive. Draining has been
carried on very extensively for the last twenty years, and on
many arable farms there is scarcely a field undrained, while on
others very little has been done ; and this operation is now
being extended to the low hill pastures, so that in the course
of ten years little land, high or low, should be left wet. On
many estates throughout the county the farm-house, offices, and
cottages have been lately much improved, especially on the
Duke of Buccleuch's estate in Upper Nithsdale, where the whole
of the buildings are in first-rate order, and most of the dwelling-
houses, especially on the larger farms, resembling gentlemen's
mansions. Under such an enlightened and generous landlord,
the tenantry enjoy special advantages ; and the contrast be-
tween the appearance of the country around Drumlanrig gener-
ally, as compared with the lower district of Annandale, is very
marked. Holstane and Tibbers, the two home-farms of the Duke
of Buccleuch, will well repay a visit to those interested in farm-
ing, the buildings being in the model style, while at the former
a first class Ayrshire, and at the latter a Galloway stock is kept.
Although the farm-houses and buildings are generally good
throughout the county, there are no very fine steadings, such
as are met with in many counties ; still the homesteads of Hol-
stane and Tibbers, Gateslack and Drumcrub, in the parish of
Durrisdeer; Porterstown and Barndennoch, in the parish of
Keir ; Kirkland and Dabfibble, in the parish of Kirkmichael ;
Pennersaughs and Broacllee, in the parish of Middlebie — all on
the estate of the Duke of Buccleuch ; Old Gretna and Long-
bridgemoor, on the estate of the Earl of Mansfield ; Howes, the
property of Mr Mackenzie of Newbie ; and Stapleton Burn, the
property of Mr Critchley of Stapleton, are large and commo-
dious, and afford every convenience for stock, as well as the
proper working and management of the respective farms. The
fences generally are not good, except on the Drumlanrig estate,
on which a regular staff of hedgers is kept, the landlord and
tenants bearing equal share of the expense, and the consequence
is that the hedges are in a complete state of repair, and add
much to the beauty of the district. It would be well if some
arrangement of this kind was more frequently made, especially
in Lower Annandale, where the fences are in a wretched state ;

RErORT ON THE PRUNING OF THE RARER CONIFERS. 335

but those in the upper part of the county are generally stone,
which are easily kept up, and at the same time are excellent
shelter for stock. Although lime is plentiful and cheap through-
out the county, there is not so much used as might be ; and it
would be advisable if farmers were bound by their leases to lime
all their land once during the currency of their lease, as suffi-
cient advantage is not taken of this valuable fertiliser, which is
by far the cheapest manure that can be used. The principal
landed proprietors in Dumfriesshire are the Duke of Buccleuch,
whose rent roll reaches nearly L.80,000 per annum ; the Earl of
Mansfield ; Marquis of Queensberry ; Mr Hope Johnstone of
Annandale ; Sir William Jardine of Applegarth ; Sir Frederick
Johnstone of Western all ; Sir John Heron Maxwell of Spring-
kell ; Mr Jardine of Castlemilk, M.P. ; the Misses Baird of Close-
burn; Messrs Curruthers of Dormont; Mackenzie of N/ewbie; and
Leny of Dalswinton.

REPORT ON THE PRUNING OF THE RARER CONIFERS.

By Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie, Kirkliston.

[Premium — Medium Gold Medal.]

We are aware that, in advocating the pruning of coniferse,
especially of the rarer and more recently introduced varieties,
we are opposing the opinion and practice which is commonly
received and followed on the subject. Many foresters, even
among those who use the pruning-knife and chisel freely upon
hard-wood trees, never interfere in any way with the habit and
growth of a conifer, deeming that the risk of fatal injury from
gumming, or bleeding, is so great as to counterbalance any good
that might be expected to result from removing superfluous and
ill-placed branches. The consequence of this course of action
may be seen all over the country in the gaunt specimens of larch,
silver, spruce, and Scots fir, which are constantly met with —
much too small in diameter and trunk for their height, and
carrying too little timber for their age ; whereas, had these
trees been subjected in their youth to a system of judicious and
skilful pruning, they would have been materially improved, not
only in beauty but in value. It is much safer and better,
however, under any circumstances, to leave trees to grow as
nature and the soil prompt, than to commit the chisel or pruning-
knife into the hands of an ignorant and unskilful workman.
One forester's injudicious pruning may do mischief which years
will not repair ; and it is much to be regretted that in many
cases the care of plantations is committed to untrained and
consequently unskilful hands. The pruning of coniferce, in parti-

336 REPORT ON THE PRUNING OF THE RARER CONIFERS.

cular, requires to be conducted with great care and judgment,
and we are convinced that the beneficial results of such pruning
would very soon be apparent.

In pruning coniferse, the great risk of injuring the tree, by
inducing too much bleeding or gumming, should always be borne
in mind; and to obviate this danger we would suggest that, where-
ever it is practicable, " pointing " or " disbudding," by pinching
off with the fingers the terminal points of lateral shoots, is the
safest mode of pruning to adopt, and if done at a sufficiently
early stage of the growth of the rebellious branch, no further
treatment will be found necessary. Should it, however, be need-
ful to remove a large branch which is disfiguring the tree, and
whose existence had been overlooked till it attained considerable
dimensions, we would not hesitate to cut it back, if it is a lateral
branch, to one half of its length, if necessary, but we would care-
fully avoid removing it close to the main stem, as it is of great
importance in pruning resinous trees not to inflict a wound very
near the trunk, because the bark in healing grows up round the
edges of the wound in the form of a cup, forming a receptacle for
the rain, and as the wood of trees of the pine tribe is of an open
and porous nature, the water eats into informing black knots in the
timber which materially detract both from its beauty and value.
If, for any reason, it is absolutely necessary to remove a branch
close to the main stem, a preparation composed of equal parts of
Archangel and coal tar, boiled together till of a proper thickness,
and when cold applied with a common paint-brush or a piece
of wood, will be found very useful in excluding the air and
preventing rot. This mixture is also very valuable for applying
to small branches of the rarer coniferse which may require
foreshortening, and we would recommend every person who is
interested in pine culture to keep a tin flask of it ready for use.

If it is needful to remove a large branch from any valuable
specimen tree, the risk in doing so will be much obviated by
preparing the branch for its removal. The method we pursue is
to cut it back about one-third of its length, and then to denude
the limb of its young shoots ; by these means we lessen the flow
of sap in the part, and after a little time the removal of the rest
of the limb may be effected with comparative safety. It is of
great consequence in pruning coniferee to go to work gradually,
and not to do too much at one time, as over-bleeding or gumming
is very apt to ensue when the wounds made are either numerous
or large. We may remark, that a ragged abrasion bleeds far less
than a clean cut, and for this reason we always employ the
" averuncator," when its use is at all practicable ; it easily cuts
branches off an inch in diameter ; and for amputating large
limbs close to the trunk of the tree we find a saw answers best.
The superiority of the averuncator to an ordinary knife may

RETORT ON THE PRUNING OF THE RARER CONIFERS. 337

easily be tested by cutting two twigs of Weymouth pine (Strobus)
of two years' growth, one with a knife, the other with the averun-
cator, when it will be found that the wound made by the latter
will not only bleed far less, but will also heal much more quickly
than that made with the knife — the bruised grain of the wood
acting as a kind of salve or plaster to exclude the air. We
consider the averuncator quite indispensable for the successful
pruning of eoniferse ; and we would also recommend every pruner
to possess a good hand-knife, a long-handled hedge bill and shears,
a Kentish bill (Fenn's, Newgate Street, London), fine and rougher
hand-saws, and a long-handed down-cut saw.

Although the method of pruning is the matter of most con-
sequence, the state of the tree and the season of the year have
also much to do with the successful issue of the operation, for
the same tree will exhibit very different results from being
pruned at different stages of its growth and in various conditions
of climate. Generally speaking, the younger a tree is the better
it will bear pruning, and the more marked and decided will be
the benefit it derives from the operation ; indeed, we would
strongly recommend a regular system of examining all nursery
lines and young conifers in borders, for the purpose of removing
at once any superfluous or misplaced shoots, and we are con-
vinced that the trouble of doing so would be amply repaid by
the increased strength and vigour of the plants, as well as by
their more graceful form. Another great advantage resulting
from the proper training of plants in their infancy is, that trees
which have been carefully pointed and disbudded when they
were young will require very much less pruning and interference
with afterwards than specimens which have been neglected
in their youth ; and it must be always borne in mind that the
removal of a large branch from a tree which has attained maturity
is not only attended with a certain amount of danger to the life
of the plant, but that it invariably leaves an unsightly scar, and
very often makes a blank in the leafage of the tree, which is not
supplied by the other branches for many years.

With regard to the season of the year at which the operation
of pruning is attended with most success, we think that June
will probably be found the best month in which to remove rival
leading shoots and to pinch in obtrusive side twigs ; but as it is
always better, if possible, to rub out the bud-eyes of double tops,
this should be done in spring, as soon as the offending point is
observed ; indeed, conifers may be pruned with complete safety
at any time late in spring if the weather is favourable, or about
the end of October after a dry autumn. The Larix tribe do not
bear pruning well in summer, as they are apt to bleed too freely
if wounded at that season; but Mr Skirving, of Walton Nurseries,
Liverpool, who is a most experienced and skilful manager of

338 REPORT ON THE PRUNING OF THE RARER CONIFERS.

coniferee, informs us that as late as the month of May he has
pruned the Cedrus deodara and atlantica with complete success.
The Murthly pines, which are beautiful specimens of what coni-
fers may become under good management, are pruned when
necessary, if the weather is suitable, in November, December,
and January; while many persons, whose opinion on the subject
is valuable, select the end of October for the operation. When
the specimens stand singly, and the averuncator alone is used,
they may be pointed at any season.

There are many beneficial results attained by the judicious
pruning of conifers, and indeed we consider that, as a family,
they benefit most materially by the process. The liability to
lose their leaders, to which many of the newer coniferse are sub-
ject, may be obviated by a careful attention to pruning. By
foreshortening the branches of each of the three upper tiers to
one-third of their length, a stronger leader is secured, and nature
herself will often complete the cure. Should this operation,
however, not prove completely effectual, and several heads ap-
pear, all the bud-eyes except the centre one must be carefully
rubbed out, and after a year or two of such treatment the leading
shoot will have acquired sufficient strength to hold its own
ground against all rivals. Besides improving the beauty of the
tree, this treatment will be found materially to enhance its value
as timber, for the sap which would have gone to nourish large
superfluous limbs, being all retained in the main stem, vastly
increases the bole of the tree, and improves the quality of timber.
Instances have occurred in which spruce trees so foreshortened
and trained, have made nearly a third more timber in the trunk
than unpruned specimens of the same age growing beside them.

When it is desired to grow the Cedrus deodara on a heavy
soil, upon a close clay subsoil, pruning will be found imperatively
necessary, to enable the plant to throw up a leader, and assume
the tree habit ; for on clay the deodara inclines to grow like a
thick straggling bush, and the only way to overcome this ten-
dency is to cut off the lower tiers of branches, and to thin out by
the foreshortening process the two upper tiers of young wood.
The Cedrus libani in its young stage, till it has attained the
height of four feet, requires the same treatment, and will be found
to benefit much by it.

There are some conifers which will not stand the use of the
pruning-knife, but they are few in number. None of the Pinus
family bear pruning well, and the Scotch fir (Pinus i^alustris)
proves quite intractable under the treatment. All the Pinus
family bleed so freely when cut as to run a great risk of perish-
ing in the process. The only way in which they can be trained
with safety is by "finger-pruning" or " dis-budding," and if
under any circumstances it is requisite to have recourse to fore-

REPORT ON THE PRUNING OF THE BARER CONIFERS. 339

shortening, the tar ointment already referred to should imme-
diately be applied. The Picea family also bear pruning badly,
but their habit is by nature so pyramidal and regular as to
render any interference, except by " disbudding," quite unneces-
sary. When, however, the Picea nobilis is grown from a graft
instead of from seed, very severe pinching when young is neces-
sary to obtain a good plant ; and in some cases it has been found
needful, after the graft had attained nearly the length of a foot,
to cut it back close to its junction with the stem, and confine it
to one bud, in order to overcome the lateral habit of the graft.
Pinus cembra and Pinus austriaca have iu some instances within
our knowledge been cut back in their sides without any damage
resulting to the health of the tree, but these are exceptional
cases. The Araucaria imbricata is another conifer which bleeds
exceedingly freely when cut at any season of the year, even when
the branch has been previously prepared by shortening, so in
this case the "disbudding" or "rubbing-out" process of pruning
is the only one that can be adopted with impunity. Fortunately
the instances in which interference with the habit of growth of
the araucaria is necessary are very rare ; and seeing that the
Pinus and Picea genera are so easily injured by pruning, we
would not recommend it to be attempted with them, except in
the case of " forking," or throwing up a double leader.

When a side shoot threatens to grow vertically at the point,
and so contend with the proper leader in a specimen plant
which will not bear cutting, we have found it a good plan to
give the offending branch a twist downwards, so as to weaken it
and induce it to grow laterally, or to hang a weight to it with a
piece of cord ; and if of a confirmed and obstinate tendency, it is
advisable to have the shoot pegged back by means of a crooked
stick, which may be fastened either to the stem or to a lower
branch. In this position it should be retained for several
months, until the vertical tendency has been quite overcome.

Conifers grown on poor soils and in cold exposed situations
require but little pruning, and it should be carefully and spar-
ingly administered in such circumstances. Most of the branches
should be left, unless the trees are so thickly planted as to cause
interlacing, and even then thinning out the trees will be found
more advantageous than pruning. In wet, damp, heavy soils, and
in sheltered or confined situations, on the other hand, pruning will
be found quite indispensable for promoting the freer circulation
of air, and for assisting the trunk of the tree to secure a fuller
share of nourishment by the removal of superfluous branches, and
thereby preventing the close " drawn-up" habit which trees in
such localities are apt to assume.

It must be always borne in mind, however, in pruning a
conifer, especially the newer and more recently introduced varie-

340 EEPOKT ON THE COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVENESS OF TURNIPS.

ties, that the object to be aimed at primarily is to assist the tree
in attaining the shape for which it was intended by nature, and
not to contort it into any fanciful or artificial form.

EEPOET ON THE COMPAEATIVE PEODUCTIVENESS OF

TUENIPS.

By John Milne, Mains of Laithers, Turriff.

[Premium — Medium Gold Medal.]

Whether we take its extent, or its value in the production of
beef and mutton, the turnip crop is the most important of all
green crops to the British farmer. Indeed, a large extent of
light soil in the northern counties of Scotland could scarcely be
cultivated profitably were it not for the valuable turnip crops
which such soils generally produce. It is of the utmost im-
portance to the stock-farmer to produce a large, sound, and
nutritious crop of turnips. Hitherto, the attention of experi-
menters has been directed chiefly to the manures which assist in
the production of large crops. Comparatively little attention has
been directed to the relative weight and quality of the different
varieties, though considerable differences are generally believed
to exist. If sown for a few successive years on poor unmanured
soil, the turnip rapidly degenerates from a large fleshy bulb to a
small elongated fibrous root. In such a case the bulb shrinks
into the taproot, and it requires years of careful cultivation to
restore it to its former value ; hence it is of importance to use
seed grown for a series of years from full-sized transplanted bulbs ;
and the difference in productiveness between one variety and
another, or between two samples of the same variety, may be
entirely due to the method in which the seed has been raised.
The method of growing seed also influences, in some cases at least,
the soundness of the crop. We have repeatedly seen the produce
of one sample of seed badly affected with anbury or " finger-and-
toe ; " while another sample of the same variety, sown alongside,
remained almost sound. How such a difference should occur
is very mysterious, and is deserving of careful investigation.

The following experiments on the comparative productiveness
of different varieties of turnips were made in the years 1864,
1865, and 1866, on a farm in Aberdeenshire, 12 miles inland,
and about 250 feet above sea-level. The soil is light turnip soil,
incumbent on clay slate. The rotation is five-course. The manures
applied in each case were 15 tons of farm-yard dung, 1 cwt. of
Peruvian guano, 2 cwt. of bone dust, and 2 cwt. of superphosphate.
The plots consisted of 4 drills of each variety. All were topped
and tailed, and weighed in the field on a sack-weighing machine.

REPORT ON THE COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVENESS OF TURNIPS. 341
Experiments on Thirteen Varieties of Swedes in 1864.

SEED

TONS TER

SPECIFIC

LOT.

VARIETT.

1

PURCHASED FROM

ACRE.

gravity.

Drummonds' extra im-
proved,

Wm. Drummond )
& Sons, Stirling, \

15-804

1-0092

2

East Lothian,

{

Lawson & Son, )
Edinburgh, . )

15-804

1-0025

3

Do.,

\

Mr John Hut- )
cheon, Turriff, \

16-607

1-0041

4

Green-top,

Lawson & Son,

12-946

1-0169

5

Do.,

Mr John Hutcheon,

13 035

1-0271

6

Laing's swede,

do.

16-607

1-0167

Shepherd's golden-globe,

do.

14-955

1-0122

8

Skirving's purple-top,

do.

14911

1-0142

9

Do.,

Lawson & Son,

13-035

1-0127

10

Banghohn swede,

do.

16-562

10131

11

Champion swede,

Mr John Hutcheon,

15-535

1-0100

12

Kinaldie swede,

\

Mr Milne, of Kin- )
aldie, . . j

16-919

1-0140

13

Skirving's king of the
swedes,

Mr Skirving, Liv- )
erpool, . . \

15-268

1-0095

14

Drummonds' extra (same
as Lot 1),

Wm. Drummond ^
& Sons, . J

16-116

1-0092

The seed was sown on 25th May, and the crop was lifted and
weighed on 9th December. The season of 1864 was favourable
to the growth of the turnip crop. The weights indicated are
about the average of the district.

Experiments in 1865 — Swedes.

SEED

TONS

lot.

variety.

PURCHASED FROM

PER ACRE.

1

Drummonds' extra im-
proved,

Wm. Drummond )
and Sons, . j

12051

2

East Lothian purple-top,

do.

11-787

3

Green-top,

Mr John Hutcheon,

12-412

4

Laing's swede,

{

Wm. Drummond |
and Sons, . j

10-075

5

Shepherd's golden globe,

Mr John Hutcheon,

12-000

6

Skirving's purple-top,

do.

12-150

7

Banghohn swede, .

do.

13001

8

Champion swede,

do.

12-875

9

Hardy green-top,

{

Wm. Drummond \
and Sons, . j

13-212

10

Improved red-top, .

Lawson & Son,

13-175

11

Skirving's ringed blue,

Mr John Hutcheon,

12-600

12

Shepherd's golden-globe,

do.

13-600

13

Mixture of all the above kinds,

• « •

11-800

342 REPORT ON THE COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVENESS OF TURNIPS.

Experiments in 1865 — Yellows.

LOT.
1

VARIETY.

SEED
PURCHASED PROM

TONS
PER ACRE.

Wait's improved,

Home-grown, .

8-806

2

Green-top,

Mr John Hutcheon,

8-912

3

Green-top, Aberdeen,

•1

Wm. Drummond )
and Sons, . j

12-342

4

Dale's hybrid,

do.

11-212

5
6

7

Imperial purple-top,
Purple-top yellow,

Tweeddale purple-top,

:l

do.
Mr John Hutcheon,
Wm. Drummond \
and Sons, . J

11-000
11-562

9-650

8
9

Early yellow,
Early field yellow,

do.
Mr John Hutcheon,

12-425
8-518

10
11

Skirving's purple-top,
Long tankard,

I

do.
Wm. Drummond )
and Sons, . j

12-093
12-064

12

Eobertson's golden ball,

do.

11-150

13

Mixture of all the above ki

nds,

• • •

11-006

Experiments in 1865 — White Turnips.

LOT.

VARIETY.

SEED
PURCHASED FROM

TONS
PER ACRE.

1

2
3
4
5

Green globe imperial, <

Greystone,
Pomeranian white, .
Red Lincolnshire, .
Mixture of all the above kinds,

Wm. Drummond 1

and Sons, J

do.

do.

do.

13-125

14-625
13-875
11-937
12-800

The swedes were sown on 23d May, and the crop was lifted
and weighed on 28th December. The yellows were sown on 2d
June, and the crop was lifted and weighed on 28th October.
The white turnips were sown on 7th June, and the crop was
lifted and weighed on 10th November.

The season of 1865 was extremely dry throughout. The tur-
nip crop on light soils came up beautifully, and grew well till
about the middle of August, when, in consequence of the con-
tinued dry weather, it became almost universally affected with
mildew, which very much interfered with the development of
the bulbs, and the crop turned out very light.

REPORT ON THE COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVENESS OF TURNIPS. 343

Experiments in 1866— Swedes.

LOT.

VARIETY.

SEED
PURCHASED FROM

TONS
PER ACRE.

1

2

Drummonds' extra im-
proved,
East Lothian,

"Wm. Drummond \
and Sons, j
do.

16-850
14-250

3

Green top,

do.

14-700

4

Laing's swede,

do.

13-150

5

Kinaldie swede,

Home-grown,

14-750

7

Aberdeen yellow on same land,

do.

23-775

Experiments in 1866 — Yellows.

lot.

1
2

4
5
6

8
9

10

11

12

13

14
15

VARIETY.

Wait's improved, .
Green-top,

Green-top, Aberdeen,

Dale's hybrid,
Imperial purple-top,
Purple-top yellow, .

Tweeddale purple-top,

Early yellow,
Skirving's purple-top,

Long tankard,

Tweeddale purple-top,

New hybrid, .

Green-top, Old Meldrum

variety,
Green-top golden yellow,
Mixture of all the above k

kinds,

SEED
PURCHASED FROM

Home-grown,

Mr John Hutcheon,

Wm. Drummond )

and Sons, j

do.
do.
Mr John Hutcheon,
Wm. Drummond

and Sons,
do.
Mr John Hutcheon,
Wm. Drummond \

and Sons, /

Mr John Hutcheon,
Wm. Drummond

and Sons,

Mr John Hutcheon,
do.

TONS
PER ACRE.

12-955

17-425

14-625

13-675
14-450
14-500

12-250

13-025
16-125

13-825

16-800

14-600

12-650

12-600
15-425

Experiments in 1866 — White Turnips.

LOT.

VARIETY.

SEED
PURCHASED FROM

TONS
PER ACRE.

1

2
3
4
5

Green globe imperial, <

Greystone,
Pomeranian wdiite, .
Red Lincolnshire, .
Mixtureof all the above kinds,

Wm. Drummond 1

and Sons, )

do.

do.

do.

19-625

16-250
17-750
15-750
18-350

344 REPORT ON THE COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVENESS OF TURNIPS.

The swedes were sown on 19th May, and the crop was lifted
and weighed on oth December. The yellows were sown on 14th
June, and the crop was lifted and weighed on 5th December.
The white turnips were sown on 18th June, and the crop was
lifted and weighed on 5th December.

The season of 1866 was, in the north of Scotland, highly
favourable to the growth of the turnip crop, which was above an
average, with the exception of some fields where anbury or "finger-
and-toe" prevailed. The experimental plots were all somewhat
affected by the disease, which reduced the weight of the crop.

General Observations. — The purple-top varieties of swedes, and
also of yellow, are all more or less oblong or oval in shape, con-
sequently the bulbs stand farther out of the ground, and are
more exposed to the deteriorating action of frost than those of a
more globular shape. They are usually of less specific gravity,
but if used early, or if lifted and stored, they are quite as good
as the green-top varieties, and they usually grow to be a heavier
crop. The green-top varieties are generally of a round or
globular shape, the bulbs do not stand so far out of the ground,
and are more easily earthed up than the purple-topped varieties.

Wherever it is practicable, the great bulk of the turnip crop
should be lifted and stored by the end of December, so as to
avoid the risk of severe bare frosts, which in some years dete-
riorate the quality and weight to a great extent. We have tried
the specific gravity of turnips, both before and after a severe
bare frost, and found swedes reduced by it from 1*01 to "92,
and even to "90, while yellows were reduced from about -1 to
as low as '8, which showed that one-fifth of the entire weight
had disappeared ; and the feeding qualities were so reduced,
that, to keep the cattle in an improving state, we had to use an
additional quantity of oilcake, not previously calculated upon.
If the crop is lifted and properly stored, all risk from frost is
avoided ; and even white turnips, if sound when lifted, can be
kept till the warm weather of spring induces decay in the heap.

Drummonds' extra improved purple-top swede is a large free-
growing variety ; it produces a heavy crop of large fleshy bulbs.
On account of its tankard shape it does not stand frost well, and
the top or shaw is rather coarse. For early use, or if lifted and
stored before severe frost, this is one of the best varieties in
cultivation.

Hast Lothian purple-top is an excellent variety; it produces
a good crop of oval-shaped bulbs.

Green-top is a very hardy variety, of excellent shape ; stands
the winter well. The weight per acre is seldom so great as the
purple-top varieties.

Laincjs swede did well in 1864. We sowed a few acres in
1805, but were disappointed with the result. It seems too

REPORT ON THE COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVENESS OF TURNIPS. 345

delicate for general cultivation. It is very distinct in appear-
ance ; the leaves are cabbage-shaped, low, and spreading.

Skirvings purple-top is a very good variety, brought out by
Mr Skirving of Liverpool.

Bangholm swede, brought out by Messrs Lawson & Son, ap-
pears well adapted for general cultivation. It is purple-topped,
and oval in shape.

Champion swede is a purple-topped variety; its weight per
acre was under some of the others.

Kinaldie swede, improved by Mr Milne of Kinaldie, is one of
the best varieties in cultivation ; unexceptional in shape, weight,
and quality.

Skirvings king of the swedes is a purple-top variety, somewhat
resembling Drummonds' improved, but not such a free grower.

Shepherd's golden globe seed, grown in Morayshire, is a purple-
topped swede, with a coarse crown. There appears to be two
varieties with this name.

Wait's improved yellow, brought out by Mr Wait of London,
does not seem to have fixed characteristics, and produced lighter
weights than some of the others.

Green-top, when well grown, is an excellent variety, producing
a good crop of sound nutritous bulbs. The great influence of
good seed is well seen in experiments with this variety.

Dale's hybrid, a useful variety, does not appear to grow so
heavy a crop as some of the others.

Purple-top is a free growing variety, but inferior to Tweeddale,
which was selected from it.

Early yellow is excellent either for early or late sowings. If
sown by the middle of May, it will be ready for use by Septem-
ber. It is beautifully globular in shape, grows to a large size,
and is of fine quality.

Long tankard is a free grower, but is suitable only for early use.

Green globe imperial grows to a large size, and is of good quality.
It appears to be the hardiest of the whites.

Greystone is a large free grower, but of coarse quality.

Pomeranian white is a globular turnip, of good quality and
large size.

Bed Lincolnshire is inferior to the others, both in weight and
quality.

346 SCAB IN SHEEP.

EEPOET ON SCAB IN SHEEP.
Bj Hugh Bokthwick, Shepherd, Middlestead, Selkirk.

{Premium — Five Sovereigns. ]

AMONG the diseases of the skin British sheep, especially Scotch,
are subject to, the scab stands predominant in frequency of occur-
rence, deterioration to the wool, the flesh, and the thriving of the
animal ; and if allowed to gain a footing amongst a flock of sheep,
and means are not taken to arrest its progress, there is no disease
sheep are subject to that spreads witli so ruinous effect both to
the flock and flock-master. It attacks young and old, from the
suckling lamb of fourteen days to the aged dam of six years old.
Its ravages are as severely felt amongst the hardy blackfaced
breed of the Highlands, as among the more tenderly constituted
breed of the Lowlands ; in fact, there is no variety of breed,
age, or condition of sheep able to repel its attacks. If it has
fairly gained a footing amongst a hirsel, the contagion is com-
municated in a more or less degree according as sheep come
in contact with each other. Thus the disease spreads more
rapidly amongst a flock of sheep grazing in parks than on the
wide and mountainous ranges. Scab in sheep is something
akin to itch in the human being ; and amongst flock-masters of
experience and good management it is looked upon with the
same abhorrence in the sheep as a family of human beings effected
with this disease are viewed by every individual they come in
contact with. Itch in a human family that has existed for any
length of time is denounced by the highest medical authority as
the result of ignorance, indolence, or sloth ; and the acute prac-
tical stockman does not hesitate to apply the same reprehensible
language to his neighbour who allows his stock to be overrun with
scab. These are strong assertions, but they are no less strong
than true. There is no doubt scab may, and does occasionally,
break out amongst the best-managed flocks ; but it is always im-
ported, or the result of having come in contact with diseased
animals ; but I have never known it spread to any extent if the
proper cure is applied with alacrity, which I will afterwards en-
deavour to prove.

The symptoms are easily recognised. In the first stage of
the disease, a sheep is observed to bite or pull with its teeth
a few fibres from the wool, consequently a spot of a whiter hue
is observed than the general colour of the coat, and is com-
monly termed "flowering" by shepherds. As the disease ad-
vances, the animal becomes very irritable and uneasy, rubbing
itself against every projecting part of a dyke, post, or earthen
bank that comes in its way, and tearing off the wool with its
teeth from every diseased part of the body it can lay hold on.

SCAB IN SHEEP. 347

By degrees the skin becomes hard, large patches of scab are
formed, and the wool comes off in considerable flakes; the animal
looses condition rapidly ; no amount of liberal feeding will sustain
it ; on the contrary, it has rather a tendency to aggravate the
disease, and sooner or later the animal falls a prey to the tor-
menting disorder — a distressing spectacle of the negligence and
inhumanity of the owner. If sheep are first attacked with scab
on a part of the body where neither its mouth nor feet can reach,
the symptoms may for a time pass unobserved, but generally an
uneasiness will be recognised before the disease spreads to any
extent, No definite period can be stated how long a sheep will
sustain life under the disease. A good deal depends upon the con-
stitution and condition of the animal when attacked, also upon
the period and state of the season, at least upon hill pasture.
For example, if a sheep is effected with scab in the end of the
year, and means are not taken to cure it, if the winter is stormy
it runs a great risk of dying of poverty in the spring. A strong
proof of this fact came under my own knowledge in the severe
winter and spring of 1860 and 1861, in the county of Mid-Lothian,
where a hirsel of sheep, numbering between 400 and 500, had
been effected with scab for some years previous, no effectual
means having been taken to eradicate the disorder, and by
the month of May 1861, only about forty remained alive.

It is asserted by some writers of high authority that scab
assumes different forms in different seasons; the only forms of the
disease in the south of Scotland that have come under my own
observation have all a striking resemblance. When the animal
is examined in the first stage of the disease, where it has been
scratching or biting off the wool with its teeth, small red pustules
or pimples are observed, the skin feels hard to the touch, and if
scratched with the finger or any instrument the animal exhibits
a remarkable uneasiness, chacking with its teeth, and will even
seize the operator and bite severely ; and at no time, either in
health or labouring under any other disorder, will a sheep attempt
to bite a human being except when suffering from scab. By de-
grees the pimples spread over the body, the skin becomes rough
and hard, an extensive eruption ensues, large patches of crust or
scab are formed, which increases over the body, and ultimately
the animal becomes exhausted from continual suffering, or dies
of poverty by the perpetual irritation. I have never had any
experience in the post-mortem examination of scabbed sheep, con-
sequently can give no minute account of the appearances from
my own observation ; and, as I have already hinted, there ought
to be no deaths of sheep from scab, as it yields readily to treat-
ment, and a post-mortem examination is either the result of igno-
rance or negligence, or allowed to take place to derive informa-
tion.

348 SCAB IN SHEEP.

Youatt describes the appearances as very uncertain and incon-
clusive. He says there is generally chronic inflammation of the
intestines, with the presence of a great number of worms ; the
liver is occasionally schirrous, and the spleen enlarged ; and there
are frequently serous effusions in the belly, and sometimes in the
chest. There has been evident sympathy between the digestive
and cutaneous systems. Several of these appearances, however,
are observed in ill-nursed lambs and old sheep dying of poverty,
although free of scab. In the former, the intestines are often in-
vaded with worms to a great extent, and water is found both in
the. belly and chest; whereas, in old sheep dying of poverty, water
is very often in the chest. I once slaughtered a strayed sheep
effected with scab, to prevent the disease from spreading amongst
the flock I had the charge of, and found no trace of disease in-
ternally; all the organs were apparently healthy; the animal
affected, however, was in the first stage of the disorder.

It is clearly ascertained by scientific men that the scab
in sheep, like the itch in the human being, is connected with
and propagated by certain minute insects belonging to the
class of acari, which inhabit pimples or pustules. But the
question naturally arises, How came they first into existence ?
This problem is very difficult of solution, and puzzles the most
eminent physiologists. But, as I have already said, I have
never known it break out spontaneously amongst a flock of
sheep properly managed, during a period of thirty years' experi-
ence as a shepherd in pastoral districts. This fact alone, I think,
is conclusive proof that its origin must be sought for in mis-
management. To show what kind of mismanagement is most
liable to produce the disease, I will quote the authority of my late
employer, Mr Gardner, who was at one time and for many years
a large flock-master in Australia, where the disease prevailed to
a great extent. Amongst settlers in Australia the idea was com-
mon that when sheep were heated by being overrun with dogs,
and being huddled close together into folds all night, as was the
custom in the colony, the heating and overcrowding, combined
with the fold at times getting foul or dirty, had a great influence
in producing the disease in that warm country.

Mr Gardner, however, states from his own experience that he
generally could trace scab amongst his own flock to have been com-
municated from buying sheep affected with scab, or having come in
contact with some neighbouring flocks so affected. Nevertheless, it
is quite evident that overheating or overcrowding in folds, espe-
cially the latter, has a tendency to bring on disease of the skin.
A strong proof of this fact came under my own observation on
several occasions. It was the practise on the farm of Traquair
Knowe, for several years to draw from the stock a few of the
worst conditioned and unthriving sheep in the month of October,

SCAB IN SHEEP. 349

amounting from ten to twenty in number. They were generally
confined in a small enclosure, well sheltered, and fed off for the
butcher on cut turnips, corn, and hay. They were allowed to
remain white, that is, no dipping or smearing was had recourse to,
and in the beginning of the spring of each year an unusual erup-
tion broke out on the skin, and although it could not be termed
scab, still the wool began to fall off, and there was a certain irri-
tation or itch about the skin which prevented the sheep from
feeding, and they had always to be sold off in the course of three
or four months after the feeding had begun. It may be argued
that the want of dipping or smearing was the cause of the erup-
tion on the skin. This, however, was not the case, for amongst
the rest of the feeding sheep, also undipped or unsmeared, vary-
ing in number from five to twelve score, enclosed in a turnip
field and fed in the same manner, nothing of the kind ever ap-
peared on the skin although fed for a longer period. Thus I
think it is clear that confining sheep too close is injurious to the
health, and has a tendency to bring on disease of the skin, and
may, if persisted in for any length of time, combined with other
causes of mismanagement, produce scab, and in this respect it
only follows the laws by which other diseases are governed, and
are produced in a great measure by neglect or mismanagement.
For example, sturdy in sheep, the hydatid in the brain of sheep,
is a parasitical insect propagated in a great measure through im-
proper nourishment and shelter of the animal. Mr Gardner
states that moist, showery weather had a great influence in
spreading the disease. When the weather had been dry for a long
time only slight symptoms were visible amongst the flocks, but
when it changed into soft and frequent showers, the disease
spread with alarming rapidity. This fact is easily explained. If
the acari are newly hatched and kept dry, they die in a few
days and crumble into dust ; the same fact may also be recog-
nised in the maggot. If the fly deposits its eggs on the wool in
very dry weather a great many perish ; but if the atmosphere is
soft and warm they spring into life with amazing rapidity, and
multiply exceedingly. As I have already said, I have never seen
scab arise spontaneously ; it was always communicated from
sheep to sheep by the coming in contact of the sound animal
with the diseased.

The following are a few of the examples that have come under
my own observation : — In the back end of the year a sheep
having strayed from a drove that had been bought at Falkirk,
and after passing through a great many stock-farms, took up
its abode on one of the farms in the high pastoral districts of
Peeblesshire, and although it had been often observed by the
shepherds, no particular attention was paid to it, as it is an event
of frequent occurrence. In the course of a few weeks the animal

2 a

350 SCAB IN SHEEP.

was observed to be drawing the wool off with its teeth, and when
it was caught and examined, the body was found to be affected
with scab to a considerable extent. The sheep was instantly de-
stroyed, as the owner was not known. But in the course of six
weeks several of the sheep belonging to the hirsel where the
diseased sheep had taken up its abode showed symptoms of dis-
ease. They were instantly taken home and dressed ; also, every
sheep belonging to the cut or lot that grazed together, and it was
considered that effectual means had been taken both as to the cure
and the preventative. But in the spring of the year the disease
broke out anew amongst several of the cuts or lots of the sheep
in the hirsel, and, after several unsuccessful attempts, the disease
could only be eradicated by dressing the whole flock, both sound
and diseased.

Buying in diseased rams is often a fruitful cause of spreading
the disease ; and as the insect at a certain stage remains dormant,
and baffles the most acute eye to detect its presence, still it
retains life from autumn to spring, — a circumstance which shows
that the most practical stocksman may purchase scabbed sheep
unawares, of which the following is a proof. A farmer in
Peeblesshire bought four Cheviot rams in the month of Septem-
ber, and after being brought home, rumours were whispered that
scab had been prevalent amongst the stock from which they had
been bred. This led to the rams being minutely examined, and
no trace of scab could be recognised. They were put to serve hill
ewes in the month of November, after passing another careful
examination, and passed as sound. But in the course of a month
two of them showed symptoms of scab ; and upon examina-
tion it was found the disease had clearly manifested itself. The
four rams were immediately taken in and dressed ; but in the
month of January several of the ewes were affected. The whole
hirsel was subjected to a minute examination, and although a
very few were slightly infected, the whole were dressed, and the
disease at once disappeared. This shows the great importance of
applying a cure as soon as the disease is observed, and of dress-
ing every sheep that may have had an opportunity of coming in
contact with the diseased ones. To illustrate this fact, I may
relate the following, which occurred on a stock-farm not far
distant from the last mentioned, and where scab was communi-
cated to the ewe from buying in diseased rams, and where also
no disease could be traced on the animals at the time of purchase.
They were put to serve the ewes at Martinmas, and were brought
in at the New- Year, and put on liberal feeding, and in the course
of a few weeks the disease manifested itself. Scab broke out
among the ewes by the middle of February, and those that could
be recognised by sight or showed symptoms of disease only were
dressed. The cure, or rather what may be termed no cure at all,

SCAB IN SHEEP. 351

was continued in this half measure for a year, till not only the
whole hirsel had become affected, but the disease was communi-
cated to the flocks of three adjacent farms. In this case, had not
a strict inquiry been made, the disease might have been said to
have arisen spontaneously. This, however, was not the case, for it
was clearly proven that scab had existed amongst the flock from
which the rams had been bought ; and at the time of sale the
sheep were not thoroughly cured.

Various and conflicting opinions exist as to what extent the
disease is infectious. Some affirm that it requires sheep to come
in contact with the diseased before it can be communicated ;
whilst others maintain that the disease is propagated by the
mere travelling on a road, such as a public drove-road, from
large markets or fairs. I, however, do not think the disease so
catching as the latter advocates affirm. For example, I have
acted as shepherd for sixteen years on various farms, where the
drove road from Falkirk to the south passes through the sheep
pasture, and every year some of the lots of sheep were more or
less affected with scab, and during all that period not a single
sheep of which I had the charge caught the disease. Strict
measures were always taken to prevent intermixing, but the
sheep were always daily passing along, and crossing and re-
crossing the road through which the scabbed droves were driven.

A stronger proof than this, that scab is not so catching as
some affirm, may be deduced from a neighbouring farm, where
the drove-road from Falkirk not only passes through the sheep
pasture, but it is what is termed a stage from the market
to the south, that is, part of the regular sheep pasture is
usually let for sheep and cattle to stay all night on, and not a
single sheep on the farm was ever known to catch the disease.
The ground set apart for letting to droves is very high and
exposed, and is free of dykes or rubbing-posts, and is eaten bare,
and rendered foul by the droves ; and, consequently, no induce-
ment is left for the sheep on the farm to pasture on that par-
ticular space for a time. Nevertheless, they are daily crossing
and recrossing, which, we think, is sufficient proof that the disease
is not so catching as some affirm, and that it requires sheep to
come in contact with the diseased animals, or a longer period of
time than a single night, for the acari to be deposited on the
pasture, or any projecting substance, so that it may be commu-
nicated to sound animals. I think this fact illustrates a very
important point, regarding which a great discussion has arisen
of late, in the Cattle Disease Prevention Bill, namely, to what
extent scabbed sheep ought to be allowed to travel publicly, and
I think it will appear quite clear that if scabbed sheep are driven
straight on the public road, without coming in contact with
sound animals, there is no danger of the disease being commu-

352 SCAB IN SHEEP.

nicated ; and it is a fact yearly experienced amongst dealers and
drovers, when buying sheep in the Highlands to bring south,
that although no scab can be detected amongst them at the time
they are lifted, still, after a drive of several weeks, before they
get to their destination, the disease frequently breaks out ; and
I have never heard the origin of the disease attributed to the
driving, but the irritation, and sometimes overheating, only tends
to rouse into action the latent germs of the disorder which mani-
fests itself more early than if the sheep were allowed to graze at
their own leisure. Then, in these cases, if a lot of sheep were
stopped on their road homeward, a case of great hardship and
difficulty would occur, which the most acute dealer could not
avert nor foresee, and the danger of spreading the disease would
be increased tenfold more, by the lot being stopped at some
station than if they were allowed to pass straight on.

There is no doubt that railway travelling is a very different
question, and a very fruitful source of spreading the disease.
Tor example, if a lot of scabbed sheep were placed in a truck,
and conveyed for several hours, and, when taken out, if a lot of
sound ones were put immediately in, which sometimes occurs,
great risk is run of catching the disorder. To illustrate this
point, I will relate the following fact : — On a farm in Mid-Lothian
already alluded to, where the disease prevailed to such an extent,
no fences or march dykes existed between it and several of the
adjoining stock-farms, and from the shepherds paying particular
attention in keeping the sheep from intermixing, the disease for
some years never spread to any extent ; still, there was always
a few catching the disorder. To obviate this, and the constant
care and trouble of the shepherds, one of the adjoining tenants
put a paling along the boundary on the top of the hill, between
his sheep pasture and the farm where scab prevailed. Instead,
however, of the fence having the desired effect, it was exactly
the opposite, and the disease spread and increased to a far greater
extent. The reason is plain, and can be easily explained. Sheep
naturally draw to a hill top at night, if the weather is mild — con-
sequently the paling served as a rubbing-post, where the diseased
sheep naturally drew, to ease their torture, and on which the
acari must have been plentifully deposited, consequently the
sound sheep on the other side were attracted by their neighbours,
and not only carried off the acari, but the wool of each cnme in
contact through the bars of the paling, so that the disease wras
transferred from sheep to sheep. Thus, in a similar manner,
scabbed sheep conveyed by the railway is a more fruitful source
of infection than travelling on the open road.

Cure of scab undoubtedly lies in the destruction of the insect,
but the important question is — What is the best composition or
infusion for that purpose ? The remedies that are commonly

SCAB IN SHEEP. 353

applied are numerous; but the. most effectual, with the least
danger of injuring the animal, that ever I have seen applied, is
the common spirit of tar, and, if properly applied, will penetrate
and destroy the insect concealed in the pustules, or buried be-
neath the skin. The quantity applied may vary according to
the condition and age of the sheep, but for hill or ordinary
breeding stock, one bottle of the spirits of tar, mixed with twelve
times the quantity of water, is sufficient for twelve sheep, or one
common glass of the spirit of tar, mixed with a bottle of water,
is sufficient for one. But if a large number of sheep require to
be dressed, a quantity of liquid, or as much as will dress a hun-
dred sheep, may be mixed at a time. If mixing for a hundred,
six gallons of water, with six pounds of common soda, ought to
be warmed to the boiling pitch, then add the spirit of tar. The
soda acts as a chemical substance to combine and thoroughly
mix the spirit of tar with the water — without it the spirit of tar
will not intermix with water; afterwards fill up the mixture
with cold water to the quantity required. The operation ought
then to be conducted in the usual way of pouring, but with a
great deal of more time, care, and attention. The shepherd sheds
the wool, and a boy or girl with a small tin dish, in the form of
a coffee or tea pot, but a great deal smaller at the outlet, mea-
sures out the exact quantity for each sheep, and pours out the
liquid slowly, following up the furrow behind the shepherd's
hands. The sheds ought not to be above one inch apart, so that
the skin of the animal may be thoroughly examined ; and where-
ever the scab has got into a hard crust, a blunt instrument or
knife ought to be used, to scarify or scratch off scab, to enable
the liquid to penetrate more easily. The shepherd ought also to
have a quantity of the pure spirit of tar at hand. If the animal
is badly diseased about the hind quarters, particularly about the
tail or thighs, or even about the forearms, he may apply the
liquid freely, and rub well in with the hand. There is little
danger of injuring the animal on these parts. I have put four
glasses of the pure spirit of tar on one sheep, without any
injurious effects. But great caution ought to be used about
the shoulder, and above the kidneys, and nothing but the
mixture ought to be applied to these parts. If a sheep
shows symptoms of having got an overdose by staggering a
little, which it will clo in the course of fifteen minutes, — if
such is the case, a pitcher of cold water poured along the back
and shoulder will give immediate relief, and is an effectual cure.
There ought always to be two apartments for the dressed sheep.
As I have already said, a cure cannot be relied on without dress-
ing the whole flock where scab breaks out, so that when the
shepherd finds the least speck of disease on any animal, he
ought to put it into one apartment, and the clean, or apparently

354 SCAB IN SHEEP.

so, into another. The latter may be turned to their former pas-
ture when thoroughly dressed, but the scabbed ones must be
kept separate for ten or fourteen days, and then undergo a second
dressing, even although the disease may appear entirely subdued,
as the first dressing cannot always be relied upon as an effectual
cure. They may then be turned out to join the rest of the flock,
and I have never known the disease break out afresh under that
treatment.

I have cured two lots of hogs seriously affected with scab in
the manner described. The first lot was bought from a dealer in
the month of October, and after being brought home, and put on
a second crop of clover, they showed symptoms of scab in two
weeks, but no means were taken to arrest its progress for two
months. Application was then made to the dealer to get them
returned. He refused, on the ground that the application ought
to have been made as soon as the disease appeared ; and there
was no doubt the owner made a mistake on this point, as he had
allowed the whole lot of hogs, amounting to a hundred, to be-
come affected, and a good many had lost condition. I was asked
by the owner to try and effect a cure, and use any application
I considered best. I consulted an old shepherd I knew had a
great deal of experience amongst scabbed sheep, and he advised
the above remedy, namely, spirit of tar. I dressed every hog.
Those that were badly diseased I applied an extra dose of the
pure spirit of tar. I instructed them to be turned into a clean
pasture field for fourteen days ; and although the disease at that
time appeared to have been subdued, I dressed the whole lot
again. The hogs were clipped during the summer, and fed on
turnips in winter, and no symptom of the disease ever ap-
peared.

The second lot of hogs was also bought from a dealer, and
had been three times returned on his hand for being scabbed.
The dealer asked my employer to buy them. This he agreed to
do at a price much below the original cost, and on condition
that every sheep that died of dressing was at his loss. They
were greatly reduced in condition, and the wool was falling off
in large flakes. I applied the same remedy, but I was instructed
by my employer to make certain of a cure, although I killed a
good many ; consequently, to every hog that was badly diseased,
I applied the spirit of tar liberally, putting as much as four
glasses on some animals. A good many of them sickened and
staggered a few minutes after being dressed. I at once applied
the cold water, which was an immediate cure. After fourteen
days I dressed the whole lot again, which was in the month of
January ; and at the term of Whitsunday, when I left, they
remained quite clean, and in thriving condition. I never had an
opportunity of seeing them again, but, upon inquiry, I was in-

SCAB IN SHEEI\ 355

formed they were fed off on turnips during the following winter^
and no symptoms of the disease again appeared.

It will be seen, however, that these experiments were con-
ducted upon sheep that had only been for a comparatively short
time affected with scab ; and, from my own experience, 1 cannot
say how the cure would succeed with a Hock of sheep where the
disease had existed for years, and, consequently, the ground had
become foul, and liable to communicate infection.

I take the liberty of quoting, on the authority of a friend, an
experienced shepherd, who was engaged a good many years ago
to superintend a large stock-farm in the Highlands, and where
scab had prevailed amongst the flocks for many years previous.
He states he bathed the whole flocks twice with the spirit of
tar; afterwards, in the month of November, he smeared the
whole heavily with the usual mixture of tar and butter, which
effectually eradicated the disease. But, he adds, although the
cure of scab in a large stock-farm entails a great deal of trouble
and expense, it can be accomplished. But whilst stock-farmers
are not all equally zealous in keeping their flocks free of scab,
the great difficulty is how to prevent it. Whilst sheep are
newly poured with the spirit of tar, or heavily smeared with
tar and butter, there is no danger of them catching the disease
from coming in contact with scabbed sheep ; but it is no uncom-
mon occurrence, and very mortifying, after your whole flock is
thoroughly cleaned and clipped, for a strayed scabbed sheep to
find its way among your own ; and, in these mountainous, wide
districts, it may have taken up its abode for weeks, or perhaps
months, before it is discovered, consequently a fresh outbreak of
the scab is the result.

To corroborate this statement, Mr Gardner states his experi-
ence in curing scab in Australia. When he first went out and
commenced stock farming, scab prevailed almost generally
throughout the colony, and it was the greatest pest and difficulty
sheep masters had to contend with. No sooner had he got his
flock cured, than they caught the disease afresh, from coming in
contact with some more indolent neighbour, who allowed his
flock to be overrun with scab. At length stringent laws were
passed, inflicting a heavy penalty on every stock-master who
allowed his sheep, if scabbed, to come within a mile of his
neighbour's boundary. Mr Gardner then saw there was a possi-
bility of eradicating the disease. His flock at that time
amounted to upwards of 10,0(J0, and the disease was spread
throughout the whole, which was certainly a very formid-
able task to attempt to cure. Clipping time was the period
selected for the operation. After every sheep was stripped of
its wool, three men were appointed for each sheep, which was
thoroughly dressed with an infusion of tobacco and sublimate

356 SCAB IN SHEEP.

of mercury. All the sheep that showed the least symptom of
disease were kept apart by themselves, and underwent a second
dressing in a few weeks. In the course of six months the whole
flock was clipped a second time, a system which was practised
in some of the districts of Australia at that time — clipping twice
in the year. Mr Gardner dressed his whole stock again, putting
them through the same process ; and whilst he resided in the
colony, which was for several years, a scabbed sheep never was
seen amongst his flock, — a very important fact, and a demonstra-
tive proof that scab amongst sheep can be totally eradicated,
even although it has been of several years' standing. " Thus,"
says Mr Gardner, "in the course of six months, after a great
deal of trouble and expense, I got rid of the most troublesome
disease that can affect sheep. But the trouble and expense
were doubly repaid in the same space of time. The stock fed
a great deal better, and the wool was of more value ; and instead
of being compelled to pay a shepherd for every 600 sheep,
to keep scab in moderation, I put under one man's charge
1600 sheep, and found he could manage the latter number
with more ease and satisfaction than he could formerly the
600 when scab prevailed ; and I was enabled to live, my-
self, in comparative ease and quietness. The quantity of liquid
applied was one ounce of the sublimate of mercury, mixed in
two gallons of water, and a few ounces of tobacco boiled, which
was sufficient for twelve sheep." Mr Gardner adds that the
mixture was attended with a good deal of danger, and, in
general, a good many died after the operation, especially if
allowed free access to water. They drank greedily in that hot
climate, and doubly so after the operation ; and when allowed
to do so, a severe swelling took place about the head, and death
was generally the result. But when the operation was conducted
with care, and the sheep kept entirely free from water, the loss
was trifling.

The loss resulting from dressing scabbed sheep with the sub-
limate of mercury in Scotland has at times been severe, and has
led generally to the disuse of it. There is no doubt a more
powerful substance cannot be used for destroying the insect, but
it is often attended with injurious results to the constitution of
the animal. And there is no doubt the spirit of tar is a safer and
equally as effectual a cure. The only objection to its use is
staining the wool, and a good reduction of price is sometimes
experienced at the time of sale. This, however, is certainly the
least evil, and can be remedied to a great extent ; for example,
if a flock of sheep has to be poured twice with the spirit of tar,
there is no doubt the wool cannot be sold at a high figure for
white, but, again, let the sheep be smeared with tar and butter,
and sold for laid wool. The extra weight in a great measure

SCAB IN SHEEP. 357

counterbalances for the high price obtained for white wool ; and
the smearing serves a double purpose — it acts as a safe and an
effectual cure for scab, where the disease has been of long stand-
ing, if the sheep have been dressed with the spirit of tar previously.
Indeed, some men of great experience maintain that a mixture
of tar and butter, properly laid on sheep, will effect a cure of scab
in sheep in whatever stage of the disease. And I am informed
by a large English dealer and grazier, who has bought annually
for the last twenty years at Falkirk from fifty to eighty score of
sheep, that during that period, with the exception of one year, scab
always broke out on the way, or shortly after his arrival home,
and the only cure he applies is smearing with tar and butter,
and he never has had to apply the cure twice to the same animal ;
but he adds, the great secret of success lies in the shepherd or
operator paying attention that no part of the animal is missed.
Fifteen sheep per day is all that the most proficient hand can
accomplish. Thus, we think, it will appear clear, when scab has
existed for any length of time, smearing with tar and butter is
an essential application after dressing with the spirit of tar.

As I have already said, I have never seen nor known the
disease break out spontaneously amongst sheep ; and I am firmly
impressed with the idea that, if cases do occur, it is the result of
bad management, such as overcrowding, overheating, or the
want of bathing annually, especially the latter. For example,
about thirty years ago, when smearing with tar and butter was
the general practice, it was the common belief that sheep would
not live during the winter without being smeared once a-year, at
least they were certain to become scabbed. So prevalent was
this idea, that when an enterprising stock-farmer in Peeblesshire
commenced pouring his flock with an infusion of arsenic and
water, to obtain a higher price for his wool, he was looked upon by
his neighbours with dread, as they considered he was certain to
produce scab in his flock, whereby they were sure to catch the
disorder. After a successful trial of some years, almost every
stock-farmer followed his example, and some ran to the opposite
extreme, and kept their sheep in a natural state, without apply-
ing any composition whatever ; but the vermin, such as tick,
kade, and lice, increased to such an extent that a kind of itch or
scales appeared on the skin, which prevented the sheep from
thriving, and the owners were compelled to have recourse to some
kind of composition to pour or dip their flocks with annually.
Although the itch or scales could not be termed scab, still, if
their flocks had been allowed to run " white," as it is termed, for
years, the result might have terminated in scab ; and there is
no doubt that bathing or dipping once a-year with some kind of
composition is a safe preventative.

The great drawback in dipping compositions is the poisonous

358 SCAB IN SHEEP.

ingredients they are composed of, and many practical stock-
owners consider they weaken the constitution ; other stuffs can,
however, be obtained free of poison, and equally as good for
destroying vermin. Mr Gardner, Traquair Knowe, has been in the
habit for many years of bathing his sheep annually with a
mixture of rough turpentine and butter, and has found it more
effectual in destroying the vermin than any of the common dip-
ping mixtures in use, and being of an adhesive nature, it mats
the wool together, which tends to keep the animal warm, and has
no injurious effect whatever, but, on the contrary, it promotes the
growth and quality of the wool. In proof of this, Mr Gardner
has been in the habit for some years of sending his wool to the
Leith sales, and for three years it brought the highest price for
white Cheviot wool.

Although it is a point generally conceded by practical stock-
owners that scab will not break out spontaneously in sheep if
properly managed, still it is equally as clear that scab abounds
in certain districts. Thus an important question arises, How is
it to be prevented from spreading ? for whilst no law exists to
compel negligent stock-farmers to clean their sheep, it is clear
that the most careful and cautious run great risk of their stock
catching the disease, especially those that buy largely at market.
So much is this the case, that I am informed by a large stock-
farmer and dealer of thirty years' experience, who is in the habit
of buying annually at Falkirk, that for many years scab always
broke out amongst some of the lots he purchased after they were
brought home, and even spread amongst his home-bred stock by
coming in contact with each other. To prevent this evil, he has
been in the habit in latter years of pouring every sheep he pur-
chased at Falkirk with the spirit of tar immediately on their
arrival home, and every sheep that shows the least symptom of
disease is kept apart and receives a second dressing. Thus,
although a great deal of trouble and expense is incurred, it is the
only sure preventative for the disease spreading. Although this is
a successful preventative in bought-in stock, a more difficult point
presents itself; for example, scab is allowed to prevail amongst
a flock of sheep in some of the pastoral districts where there are
no march fences, and where the flocks on various farms are daily
intermixing, In such cases it is a matter of impossibility to pre-
vent scab from spreading, and the only remedy is to get a law to
compel the owner of the diseased sheep to get them cured, or to
keep them apart from neighbouring healthy stocks under a severe
penalty. If some stock-farmers are so careless and negligent
as to allow their stocks to be overrun with scab, there is no reason
they should be allowed to bring trouble and expense on their
neighbours ; and until some stringent law of this nature is passed
scab will never be totally eradicated from amongst our sheep.

THE ISLE OF MAN — ITS AGRICULTUKE, CLIMATE, ETC. 359

But if stock-farmers and graziers were all alike anxious to get
clear of the disease, and apply the proper cure, it might be
eradicated from amongst the flocks of Great Britain in twelve
months.

THE ISLE OF MAN— ITS AGRICULTURE, CLIMATE, ETC.

By John Honeyman, Crosby, Isle of Man.

[Premium — The Medium Gold Medal]

The Isle of Man is situated in the Irish Sea, at about equal
distance from England, Scotland, and Ireland. Its nearest point
from England is St Beeshead, Cumberland, about 30 miles east ;
from Scotland, Burrowhead, 16 miles north; and from Ireland,
Strangford, 27 miles east. The distance from Douglas to Liver-
pool, 60 miles ; from Ramsay to Whitehaven, 28 miles ; from
Mull of Galloway, 21 miles ; Belfast, 38 miles ; and from Holy-
head, 45 miles. The centre of the isle is 54° 16' north latitude,
and 4° 30' west longitude. Its length from north-east to south-
west is about 30 miles, and its greatest breadth about 12| miles.
Its circumference is about 75 miles, embracing an area of 209
square miles, or about 145,000 statute acres; of these 30,000
are occupied by bare and bleak mountains and commons. Its
population is upwards of 52,000.

Eor civil purposes the island is divided into two districts,
northern and southern. Each district contains three sheadings,
of which Ayre, Garff, and Michael are the northern, and Kushen
Middle and Glenfaba the southern districts. Each sheading
comprises six parishes, except Garff, which has only five ;
there are thus seventeen parishes in the island altogether. In
ecclesiastical affairs, the isle constitutes a diocese, under the
jurisdiction of a bishop, an archdeacon, a vicar-general, and an
episcopal registrar. The see is in the province of York, and in
the patronage of the Crown.

The island is long and narrow. On approaching it, its appear-
ance is rugged, bold, and mountainous. A chain of hills running
from south-west to north-east, a distance of twenty miles, divides
it north and south. Considering the small extent of country, the
hills are high, — the highest, Snafell, is over 2000 feet above the
level of the sea ; and in clear weather, from its top may be seen
the shores of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. This chain
of hills, running west beyond the town of Peel, terminates in a
precipice overhanging the sea ; the mountains are for the most
part rounded, and are covered with turf and heather to their very
summits. The inhabitants for ages have carried away the sur-
face soil and used it as fuel, which has materially injured the
pasture ; even the heather is short and stunted, and sheep do not

360 THE ISLE OF MAN — ITS AGRICULTURE, CLIMATE, ETC.

eat it as they do the heather on the hills of Scotland. The
mountains are chiefly composed of grey wacke, clay- slate, and
schistone ; towards the south of the island, considerable portions
of granite contain silvery mica, grey quartz, and felspar, both
red and white. From each of these mountains there are several
streams, but little advantage is taken of them for agricultural pur-
poses. Lead is found nearly all over the island, and advantage
is taken of the rivers in propelling the machinery required for
crushing and preparing the lead ore for market.

The island is divided for the most part into small properties,
which have been handed down from generation to generation.
These proprietors generally farm their own land, and intermarry
one with another. Their sons at an early age go to the herring
fishing during the spring and summer months, and when herrings
are plentiful, they live idle during the winter, doing nothing
but smoking tobacco during the whole day. Should the season
be unsuccessful, they are obliged to work at any farm work they
can find during the winter ; are mostly indifferent workmen, and
accept of low wages. The girls are cleanly and industrious ;
but many farmers' daughters, with large holdings, can neither
read nor write. Upon the death of the father, the eldest
son gets the inheritance, which requires to be burdened to pay
off the other members of the family their patrimony. The
small estate having thus been burdened over and over again,
there may be little inheritance left for the new proprietor.
Being thus poorly left, he struggles on in the old premises, which
are composed of a row of houses, or even worse, a house planted
here and there, the walls of which are built of stones and mud,
pointed on the outside with lime. The roof is made of two or
three couples placed about 8 feet apart, with rough branches
placed across, about 10 inches apart ; upon this a thin divot or
sod, about 3 feet broad, and 8 to 12 feet in length, is placed
upon the top of the branches ; it is then thatched and roped in
the form of a corn stalk. This requires to be done every year,
as the straw rope soon decays, and it must be renewed in order
to keep on the straw. The dwelling-house and out-houses are
generally of the same description. The dung from the byres and
stables is thrown to the door in a heap. If the place is high, the
urine is allowed to run away where it best can ; and if the dung-
stead happens to be in a hole, it is left to soak until it is required.

The men-servants are engaged at Holintide. Married men are
engaged by the year, at so much weekly wages, averaging about
10s. per week. In addition to the money, they have a free house,
and from two to three bushels of potatoes planted, they providing
the seed, the master the ground and manure. They get their
coals driven free from the nearest shipping port, for which they
have to pay at the ship's side (as there is no coal upon the island).

THE ISLE OF MAN — ITS AGRICULTURE, CLIMATE, ETC. 3G1

As a rule, they are in the stable by sharp six o'clock in the
morning, when they feed and clean their horses, and return
home to breakfast ; the horses are turned out to work about
half-past seven o'clock, returning at twelve noon, when the men
go to dinner, and turn out again at half-past one, when they go
on until six in the evening. Manx ploughmen are, in general,
adepts at the plough, and will make good work, ploughing lea
across a hill that Scotch ploughmen would not think of attempt-
inn;. During harvest they commence to work the same as
throughout the year, and when drawing home corn, whatever the
weather may be, they unyoke their horses and put them in the
stable for an hour and a half, and drop the day's work at six
P.M. We cannot blame the men for this, but the masters. Were
they to be allowed a drink and a little extra food during harvest,
there is no doubt they would work from early morning until
gloaming grey. Take Manx ploughmen from their horses and
place them at any other farm work, two ordinary Scotchmen
will work more than any three of them, as they are not fed to
stand the roughing of a Scotchman ; at scythe-work, in parti-
cular, they fall far short. As regards quantity, an imperial
acre of oats is a good day's work.

Young men are engaged by the year. Their average wage is
about L.13 sterling, with their meat in the farmer's kitchen,
sleeping either in the farmhouse or some one adjacent. They
thus sit at the kitchen fire along with the family and female
servants, and as one-fourth of them can neither read nor write,
it may easily be imagined what their conversation will be. These
young men get oatmeal porridge and milk in the morning, with
herrings and bread after, or bread, butter, and cheese. On three
days in the week, during winter, they have broth and meat ; the
alternate days they have herrings and potatoes for dinner ; in
the evening, the supper varies. Married men live mostly upon
tea, barley bread, and herrings. It is quite the exception to see
a married man feed a pig, consequently butcher meat is seldom
at his table. Receiving his wages every Saturday evening, he
deals at some small grocer's shop in the village, where he receives
an inferior article, and for which he pays the highest price.
With oats at 20s. per boll, barley at 30s., and wheat verging
upon 40s. per boll, the wonder is how a man with a small family
can live upon 10s. per week ; it therefore does not surprise us
that he is not fit to perforin a good day's labour. Manxmen,
in general, are bad grooms of their horses ; they do not take
sufficient time in the morning, and in the evening they are
in too great a hurry to get home. Their state of morality is
much worse than that of Scotland. The cottage consists of
one cooking and one sleeping apartment ; there is thus no
separation of the sexes. Few of their children go to school;

362 THE ISLE OF MAN — ITS AGRICULTURE, CLIMATE, ETC.

as whenever they are able to work in the fields, they are bnt
too glad to send them out ; they thus grow up in ignorance.
Many of the parishes are large, and the parochial school may
he at some distance, which no doubt operates against their in-
struction.

The parsons of the different parishes do not pay much
attention to the instruction of the people. Ploughmen in
general seldom attend any place of worship, although the
same cannot be said of their wives. Parish churches are very
indifferently filled. The Wesleyan Methodists have established
a good footing on the island ; they have several commodious
chapels in every parish, and preaching is supplied by what are
termed local preachers, who are planned to preach a day here
and another there, so that you do not hear the same preacher
two consecutive Sundays. Some of these preachers are well
read in Scripture, and from such you can get a tolerably fair
discourse ; from others you receive no edification. Many of
the rural labourers make a hobby of Methodism ; and although
they can neither read nor write, they will pray in public with
great fluency.

A large portion of the inhabitants are employed at the various
lead mines throughout the island. Foxdale Mine, in the parish
of Patrick, employs several hundred miners ; they are paid so
much per fathom, or so much per ton of lead ore, after it is washed.
They generally make good wages ; and they work from seven to
eight hours per day. They work in gangs of four together, and
can make from 4s. to 6s. per day, clearing all expenses. At
Laxey, in the parish of Lonan, there is another extensive lead
mine, which has been worked for upwards of forty years. During
this period they have produced upwards of three-quarters of a
million sterling worth of ore, consisting of zinc and lead. The
present monthly produce is between 60 and 70 tons of ore,
containing about three ounces of silver to the ton ; about 300
tons of zinc ore, of about forty- five per cent.; and upwards of 200
tons of copper ore, of from six to seven per cent. The mine is
between 200 and 300 fathoms in depth. The machinery for
preparing these different metals is all driven by water, and is
considered the most extensive and efficient of the kind in exist-
ence. It requires six water-wheels to propel this machinery,
besides two powerful turbines ; the latter are used for the pur-
pose of drawing the produce out of the mines. P>esides these,
there is an overshot wheel, supposed to be the largest water-
wheel in Her Majesty's dominions ; it is over 200 horse power,
and is supported by a substantial structure of masonry. Though
properly an overshot, it moves in an opposite direction to the
stream of water. The following are its dimensions : — Diameter,
72 feet 6 inches ; circumference, 217 feet 6 inches ; breadth of

THE ISLE OF MAN — ITS AGRICULTURE, CLIMATE, ETC. 363

wheel, 6 feet; length of shaft, of malleable or wrought iron, 17
feet ; diameter, 21 inches ; weight, 10 tons ; makes two revolu-
tions per minute, and can be increased to four and a-half. Two
revolutions per minute keeps the mine clear of water. It pumps,
from a depth of 400 yards, 250 gallons per minute, which can be
materially increased if required. There are upwards of 400 men
employed under ground, and 200 men above ground.

A search was" made for coal during the spring and summer
of 1867, but without any success. Several companies have
started in various directions throughout the island in search of
slate and flag metal, but with very little success ; one company
alone having spent upwards of L.50,000, and did not realise L.100
worth of metal.

The climate of the island is much more mild, uniform, and
equal throughout the year than any of the neighbouring coasts,
nevertheless, it is very moist. From a carefully kept register,
during the year 1867, we find that less or more rain fell during
some period of the twenty-four hours upon 254 days, and 78
days throughout the year were actually dry, and 33 frost wTith
snow; and mist is seldom off the mountain tops. Only on 19
days during the year was the mist not observed upon them,
which is materially against the value of their pasture for sheep.
The climate varies more in a short distance on the island than it
does from the city of Edinburgh to the Castletown of Braemar.
The mean annual temperature is, however, higher than any
place in Europe. Frost or snow are always slight and of short
duration. Gales of wind are very frequent ; and there is a want
of sunshine and sufficient heat during the summer to produce a
good sample of wheat.

There is a great variety of soil. In the northern districts it is
sandy, resting upon clay or marl ; the clay is seldom more than
two feet from the surface. Clay is frequently used to top-dress
the light land, to give it consistency to produce wheat. In this
district there is a large tract of land called Curragh, hundreds
of acres of which are still unimproved, with every access at
command for drainage. Along the centre it is poor soil, and it
has been very appropriately termed the backbone of the island.
Here the land is thin, and where it is wet is of the worst descrip-
tion, even when drained artificially ; but if of a dry bottom
naturally, and in fair condition, it yields Swedish turnips in large
quantity at an elevation where it would be useless to sow them in
Scotland, but their quality is inferior. Towards the south the soil
rests upon limestone ; it is chiefly loam, though clay prevails in
some parts, and in some places it is sandy. Lime of good quality
is wrought in abundance, and driven for agricultural purposes over
the whole island ; it is sold cheap. Manxmen give to their land
very small doses of lime at a time, from ten to twelve barrels per

364: THE ISLE OF MAN — ITS AGRICULTURE, CLIMATE, ETC.

acre, or at the rate of three to four cart-loads at most. Limestone
is found very near the surface. Towards Castletown it crops out
upon the surface for a considerable distance along the sea shore.
The land in this district is of good quality, and lets at from L.3 to
L.5 per acre. There are also large quantities of sea ware driven in
upon the southern coast ; hundreds of carts may be seen loading
of a morning if the wind is of a westerly or south-west direction.
Every farmer in the district takes advantage of it, which materially
adds to the produce of the land. This is the best farmed portion
of the island ; and where the land is not naturally dry, it has
been made so artificially. The farmers here generally manage
to clean a portion of their land intended for green crop immedi-
ately after harvest. This they ridge up for potatoes, and leave it
in this way during the winter ; it is thus ready to receive the
sea ware, come when it may. It is drawn direct from the shore on
to the land, placed in the ridges at the rate of from thirty to fifty
loads an acre, is spread into the ridges, and left in this way until
the potatoes are planted. On the west and north shores very
little ware is to be had, except occasionally ; and that which is
driven ashore is small and weedy compared with that of the south.
Large quantities are occasionally found in Douglas Bay.

The rotation of cropping generally followed is the five course
shift, viz., first year grass, always cut for hay ; the average pro-
duce does not exceed one and a-half ton per acre. There is no
second crop capable of being cut for soiling or otherwise, and it
is eaten by sheep or cattle. The second crop is pastured. The
third is for the most part ploughed for oats ; but in the north,
from the repeated marling of the land, oats do not succeed well,
and wheat, without any manure whatever, is sown after the lea
land. A top-dressing of marl or clay is usually applied about or
after harvest. The third crop is potatoes or turnips. The stubble
is ploughed as soon after harvest as circumstances will permit.
This they plough as roughly as possible, when it is left for the
winter ; gets no second ploughing ; the grubber is drawn once
through it ; no matter what quantity of dirt, it is seldom taken
out, but ridged by the single plough. The green crop is then
put in in the spring. The whole crop is drawn to the yard, and
barley or oats is then sown.

As I have already observed, the first year's grass crop is cut
for hay. This they generally sell before harvest to the stable
keepers in the different towns, and, on an average of years, the
price is from 50s. to 60s. per ton. The second crop of grass,
which is generally very scanty, is eaten by the milch cows, or
by ewes that may have had late lambs. The third year the
grass is broken up, and as the land for the most part is very
steep, they in general plough the lea across the face of the hill,
and it is surprising how they make so good workmanship. On

THE ISLE OF MAN — ITS AGRICULTURE, CLIMATE, ETC. obo

no occasion is the land ploughed up and down hill ; the plough-
ing is light and narrow. In spring, when they have light for
a day of ten hours, few, if any of them, can accomplish the
ploughing of an imperial acre. After harvest, when all the her-
bage has been eaten by the keeping sheep so bare that it is a
matter of surprise how they can exist, the stubble is then ploughed
to remain for the winter. This they do in narrow stitches.
In February they generally commence to plant potatoes, but if
the land is very wet, it is deferred until March. Seldom or
never do they stir the land ; it is well harrowed and grubbed
across, then upon the angle, and well harrowed afterwards. It
matters not if the land is dirty or clean, if they can ridge it,
it is sufficient. This they always do with the common plough ;
in fact they could not get a double mould-board plough to go
through it, as the land is not made sufficiently loose for that
purpose. They never draw the ridges (drills) up and down hill ;
it is always upon the angle, making a rib down hill, and cover-
ing the dung or artificial manure up hill upon large holdings.
Any number of ploughs can proceed at the same time. In this
way the turnips are then sown ; and so dirty is the land, that
the drill harrow works with difficulty when the turnips come up,
from the quantity of couch-grass left, and growing between the
drills. It is quite common to sow turnips, the winter furrow
being scarcely broken, and if well manured, it is surprising to
see what fine turnips grow. The singling of the crop is all
done by the hand. They have never been accustomed to use
the hoe, and cannot do it. The women employed upon the farm
are paid at the rate of 8d. to 9d. per day of ten hours ; but,
like the ploughmen, a well trained country Scotch girl would
do more work than any two of them. When extra hands are
required, they have to be sent for from the nearest town, and
driven home at night, if the distance is over two miles. For
the most part they are inferior workers, and they get Is. per
clay, with no certain number of hours. There is no attempt
made to clean the land during the raising of the turnip crop,
with the exception of what dirt may be drawn out by the drill
harrow.

The crop of turnips is in most instances wholly removed from
the ground, the tops and bottoms being left. As soon as a field
is cleared, the young cattle and sheep are turned into it, to pick
up whatever is left ; and so long as a vestige of green food of any
description is left they are kept there. The following crop is
barley or oats, as the case may be. When barley, it is usually
not sown until it is what they term between the two Mays.
The consequence of this practice is that they never grow a good
sample, and the natural weight is always light. Oats are grown
all over the island, and are of ordinary quality. All land is sown

2 B

366 THE ISLE OF MAN — ITS AGRICULTURE, CLIMATE, ETC.

with grass seeds after green crop. A few farmers (Scots) consume
a portion of the turnip crop with, sheep ; but this is the exception,
by no means the rule.

Every farm, whether large or small, is sub-divided and enclosed.
This has been done in the days of old, and it would be a
matter of difficulty to make them as crooked as they are, were the
present generation to try it. This was done, they say, so as to
afford shelter in some of the corners, whatever way the wind
might blow. These fences are all made feal dykes, that is, of
divots taken from the surface, and filled with soil between. These
were made from six to eight feet in width at the bottom, and
about two and one half at the top, with a ditch upon either side.
The top is sown with whins, but many of the old fences are so
wide, that you may easily drive a horse and cart upon the top of
them. So fond are the Manx of such fences, that they are
building them of the same material at the present day, although
plenty of stones could be conveniently got. It will thus be
seen that from four to five yards are lost with such a fence, and
about three or four yards more on either side are robbed by the
surface being taken for its erection, besides, it is continually
requiring repairs, and, at best, it is a very bad substitute for
a fence. So accustomed are the sheep to them when they are
loose, that they make a run in a slanting direction, and are over
the top in a moment, although they are generally from five to six
feet high. They are in consequence obliged to tie their sheep
with what is termed a lanket. This is made of menella, three
ply thick, with a loop upon each end, and about one foot long
(according to the size of the sheep). A running noose is formed
upon each end, and a fore and hind leg placed in the loop, which
prevents them from leaping. When walking, they form a step,
and then a half one as they proceed ; and, if pursued, they hold
up the hind leg, and run swiftly upon the three. Many of them
even go over the fences although thus tied.

There is a breed of sheep said to belong to the island ; and I
am inclined to believe it, as no other agricultural community
would think it worth the trouble to rear them. They are from
six to eight pounds per quarter when fat, but their mutton
is superior to the Scotch Black-faced. The ewes are excellent
mothers, evidently giving a large quantity of milk, as the lambs,
when fat, produce the largest quantity of fat upon the kidney of
any we ever saw slaughtered, and the meat is of excellent quality.
When the lambs are fat they are heavier (per carcass) than they
ever are if kept on for breeding. In former times the mountains
were commons, and every inhabitant could send as many sheep
as he chose to be grazed upon them. This was taken advantage
of, and they generally had as many sheep as would yield wool to
keep the family in clothing of every description. The wool was

THE ISLE OF MAN — ITS AGRICULTURE, CLIMATE, ETC. 367

spun at home, and wrought into cloth by some country weavers.
They managed to sell a few sheep yearly, which kept them in
little necessaries during the winter.

The Crown has taken the greater part of this privilege from
them, and sold these lands, and expended a portion of the money
in improving and making new roads throughout the mountains.
A small proportion is still retained for the use of the inhabitants,
and a rent is charged for the pasture.

The whole grain crop is cut either by means of the scythe, or
small reaping machine. The scythe is most usually employed,
and whole fields are cut and left in the swaith for several days, hi
order to win it. In wet seasons it often happens that it lies until
it is growing to the ground. In three or four days, if the
weather is favourable, all hands are sent to tie and stook it up.
Neither men nor women receive any victuals during harvest.
The men are paid 12s. per week, and the women 9s. They are
usually employed wet and dry during harvest, at drawing straw
for thatch, making ropes, &c. The stacks are made long, in the
form of hay-stacks in Scotland. Bound ones are seldom erected,
and when they are, they have no idea of putting an opening in the
centre, by means of the old Scots three legged kiln. During the
lifting of potatoes the women get 9d. per day, but if sent for from
the town, Is. per day has to be paid them.

The old-fashioned flail is still in operation on many of the small
holdings, but where farms are of two or three pairs of horses, the
old mole mill with a long bar is in general use. One company has
three or four travelling steam mills at work, and they are generally
well employed during the winter season. In the dressing of the
gram they have no hand riddles ; the grain, in consequence, is
very badly prepared for market, and would not pass elsewhere as
dressed at all ; the whole is sold by the boll. Wheat is weighed
to 256 lb. ; barley, to 366 lb. ; oats, 252 lb. There is no measure
of any kind. Potatoes, 4 cwts. per boll. We have never seen
grain for sale that would come up to the weight by several pounds
per bushel.

Their system of disposing of their produce is worthy of remark.
When they have grain for sale they proceed to Douglas market,
which is held upon Saturday ; and if they wish to find a mer-
chant, they must look for him in the public-house, or go to the mill
in search of the miller, or to the stables of the horse hirer. There
is no regular market for the sale of farm produce. In the market
of Douglas every Saturday, the butchers throughout the country
bring their meat to the town in carts, and they, along with the
butchers in town, erect stalls in the market-place for the sale of
beef, mutton, &c. The farmers send carts of potatoes in the same
way ; these they sell at so much per stone. There is also a green
and fish market held at the same place. The wives or daughters

363 EEPOET ON LARCH FORESTS.

of the farmers stand in the open market (on the street) and sell
their eggs, butter, and poultry in the same way ; and during the
summer, when visitors are in the island, large prices are demanded,
and often obtained.

The cattle are of no precise breed, although two or three
spirited farmers have lately imported pure bred Short-horned
bulls so as to improve the breed ; but Manxmen would rather
send their cows to some mongrel, no matter what the breed, if
he was one or two shillings cheaper for Ms service, than the best
Short-horned bull England could produce. The consequence is,
that the breed of cattle is so much mixed up with Irish, which
are imported in considerable numbers, that the breed is small,
and of little value. The cattle are sold to the butcher just when
they are commenced to grow, and would pay more for the next
two or three months keep than they did for the six preceding, —
in truth, they never saw really fat cattle in their lives.

The horses are exceeding small for farm work, yet they are
wiry, and stand a large amount of fatigue. They are mere ponies,
compared to farm-horses in general use in Scotland. The same
may be said in regard to breeding horses as we have said of
cattle.

EEPOET ON LARCH FORESTS.

By C. Y. Michie, Forester, Cullen House, Cullen.
[First Premium, 1867 — Tiventy Sovereigns.]

In this paper it is not presumed that anything expressly
new will be made to appear, and yet the writer contemplates
setting forth several statements, the results of considerable re-
search and much experience, whieh he has found as a compass
in guiding him in his own operations in the culture of larch,
and concludes they will be equally useful and profitable to
others.

In order fully to ascertain the circumstances under which
larch grows well, it is important to have seen it upon eveiy
variety of soil, situated at various altitudes, differently exposed,
subjected to varied climatical influemces, ;and extended over the
whole area of the country.

All that is considered truly essential to show how larch has
been, and is still, grown successfully, and as a highly remunera-
tive crop, — how its failure, when it occurs, is produced, and how
it is to be avoided, will, the writer trusts, be fully and clearly
shown in this report.

The same laws which influenced the lareh for good or for evil
a century ago continue to do so stilL It was equally liable to

REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS. 369

all known diseases when first introduced into this country as it
is at the present time.

Larch, under similar circumstances, continues to thrive at the
present day equally as well as it did on its first introduction, and
there is abundance of trees recently planted throughout the
whole area of Scotland (or, it may be said, Britain), the growth
of which will bear a favourable comparison with those planted
a century ago. However, it must be admitted that the propor-
tion of diseased larches at the present day far outnumbers those
of any other period, and is greatly in excess of trees in a state
of health and soundness. To explain or account for this, requires
only a consideration of the great number of trees now planted,
compared with what was formerly done, the inferior descriptions
of soil now planted, and the unnatural treatment it frequently
meets with at all stages of growth.

The common white larch (Larix Europca) belongs to Monacca
Monodelphia of the Linean system, and to the fir division of
the natural order Coniferce. It bears a strong resemblance
to the cedars generally, but particularly in having its leaves
single upon the young shoots, but always fasciculated upon the
old twigs, with the embryo bud containing next year's leaves in
the centre of the fasicle. It differs also in another respect from
the firs and pines in having its stigma semi-globular, cupped,
and glandular ; and in another still more obvious manner, in
being deciduous.

The cones of the larch, like those of the cedar, grow upright
upon the branches, but are very much smaller in size. According
to some writers, the name larch is derived from the Celtic word
" lar," fat, in allusion to the resinous juice which it exudes. The
Gaelic of larch is " learag," said to be derived from the Latin larix,
and it is not improbable that the English " larch" was derived
from the same source. Its male catkins are stalkless, and irregu-
larly distributed amongst the female ones, the former being much
more numerous than the latter, some trees being quite covered
with stameniferous catkins, while scarcely a pistiliferous one is
to be seen ; and on some trees there are abundance of female
catkins, and scarcely a male one appears.

The male catkins are a pale yellow, sometimes darker and
sometimes lighter in colour. The female catkins or cones (in
embryo) vary greatly in colour, from a deep crimson or scarlet
to pure white or pink. The prevailing colour is a bright red,
seldom scarlet, and as seldom pure white. The colour of the
flowers often differs on opposite sides of the tree. They are
always darkest on the south side, and where fully exposed to
the sun.

In size as well as in colour the flowers vary greatly ; they are
always largest upon young, healthy trees, and the cones corres-

370 KEPORT ON LARCH FORESTS.

ponclingly large. On old trees, — at least such as are in decay from
general weakness, — female catkins are most abundant, and cones
correspondingly numerous.

It is principally native to the southern regions of central
Europe, and some districts of the north of Asia. It is met with
pretty generally all over the Swiss and Tyrolese mountainous
districts. The Alps are said to be the most abundantly produc-
tive of larch, and next to these the Tyrolese mountains, the
Carpathian mountains, Hungary, and in Italy. In the north
and east of France larch grows abundantly, but is not met with
in Spain, Portugal, or Germany.

The Tyrolese larch are by some considered of faster growth
than those of the Swiss Alps ; but this difference of growth, so
far as can be perfectly ascertained, is confined to the plants in
their early stages. The Tyrolese larch, from its more eastern
position, and the superior quality of seed, comes earlier into leaf
than that of Switzerland, or from the same latitude in France.

From what we know of the growth of trees, we are led to
believe that they sometimes do equally as well in countries to
which they are transported as they do in their native place. The
ash and the sycamore are not considered natives of Britain, and
yet both trees flourish well there. Nor are we to conclude
respecting the larch, that because it grows well upon the slopes
of the Alps and Tyrol, that it will only thrive there, or under
circumstances precisely similar in this or other countries.

An opinion commonly prevails that since the larch in foreign
countries is invariably associated with mountains, as the Alps,
the Tyrol, and others, it must of necessity have for its successful
growth a sloping bank and high elevation. Those who have
travelled in larch-growing countries tell us that equally good
timber is grown upon fiat as upon sloping ground, provided only
the soil is dry and open. Local observation corroborates this
statement, since it is obvious that the largest and best grown
trees in Britain are upon flat but dry ground.

Passing from the geographical to the geological, we observe
that the larch best thrives in a loose and dry soil, where the
earthy particles are finely divided.

The quality of soil (rich or poor) affects the growth of larch
little compared with other conditions, as dryness, looseness, and
temperature.

The Alps are composed of granite, gneiss, mica-slate, and other
rocks, but where other formations occur, such as sandstone and
limestone, larch disappears.

Upon the Alps and in Tyrol, larch grows at an altitude much
higher than the loftiest mountains in Scotland. Large trees are
found on the Alps at 5000 feet altitude, but, generally speaking,
the trees diminish in size at an altitude exceeding 4000 feet.

REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS. 371

Botanically, we have described the varied colour of flowers,
proportions of male and female catkins, size and quality of flowers
and fruit ; any of these, however, are too unimportant to deter-
mine the quality and condition of larch timber, or to mark the
source of its disease.

The geographical boundaries of the larch-growing countries
are not easily defined. The eastern provinces of France, Switzer-
land, the north of Italy, Tyrol, and Baden, are considered the
principal larch-growing countries ; but it is also mentioned as
growing in Asia, and several other countries as well, all going
to prove that it is a tree adapted to different localities, and might
therefore grow in many countries into which it has not yet been
introduced.

Much importance is attached by some writers to the circum-
stance of larch growing upon sloping, precipitous, or rocky
ground. The accounts of this by travellers are somewhat con-
flicting. While some say the largest and best trees are upon
the slope, others say they are best upon table land.

Larch is less choice of climate than it is of soil, and yet a low
temperature at certain seasons is inimical to its growth.

From the circumstance of the larch being a deciduous tree, its
foliage suffers nothing in winter ; and should a severe frost occur
either late in spring or early in autumn, the tree, if otherwise
healthy, though frost-bitten, will in time recover, with few excep-
tions, though much retarded in growth.

The larch, when it has matured its wood in autumn, may be
considered safe from the severest winter frosts ; it dreads no
weather in its normal state. In spring, however, the case is
widely different, and where the trees are situated in a sheltered
valley, they come early into leaf; and unless abundantly clothed
with branches, and otherwise in good health, they are certain to
suffer severely from frost ; and a repetition of such frost before
the tree has fully recovered will in all likelihood prove fatal.

In valleys where the soil is damp, and water stagnant, frost is
most destructive to larch ; but where a rapid flowing stream
occurs, or a river flows, frost is thereby dispelled — hence larch
will succeed well, soil and other circumstances being favourable.

While the temperature of the atmosphere of this country
generally, and those formerly named, is such as to favour the
growth of the larch, it is vastly different with regard to the
temperature of the soil. No tree with which the writer is ac-
quainted is so easily injured as the larch, when planted in soil
of a low temperature. What the temperature of the soil is at
which the tree perishes is probably unknown.

Two examples may be adduced to establish the above state-
ment. In 1862-63 the writer superintended the planting of
500,000 larch plants interspersed amongst Scots pines, upon a hill

372 REPORT ON LAECH FORESTS.

in the county of Morayshire. Part of the planting Was per-
formed in November, and part in February and March the
following spring. The south side of the hill and north side were
planted alternately, as the weather allowed. The same stock of
plants were planted throughout, and the same persons performed
the work of planting. The altitude on both sides of the hill
thus planted was the same — between 800 and 1200 feet. The
soil was pretty nearly of equal quality, save that upon the north
side, which was rather deeper and richer, and of a light, mossy,
and sandy loam, varying in depth from two inches to two feet,
and resting upon granite rock. On the north side of the hill,
owing to the extra depth of soil, the herbage, consisting prin-
cipally of heath and cranberry, was more rank than upon the
opposite side ; but as the herbage was cut in the act of planting,
no injurious results could arise from that circumstance.

On the south side of the hill scarcely one per cent, of the plants
died ; whereas upon the north side, on examining the plantation
four months subsequent to planting, fully 75 per cent, of the
plants were found to have perished. The writer at the time being
quite at a loss to account for the circumstance, invited several
intelligent men to inspect the plantation, in order to explain the
cause of failure. Some suggested one cause, and some another,
but all opinions were conflicting and unsatisfactory. The cause
of failure suggested itself in the following manner : — Two small
but separate enclosures were planted with the same sample of
plants as those that perished, and about the same time — the one
exposed to the south, the other inclining to the north. Those
plants in the southern exposure all succeeded well, while those
on the north almost entirely failed. Since the same sample of
plants succeeded when exposed to the south, and failed when
exposed to the north, the soil, manner of planting, &c, in both
cases being alike, led to the conclusion that the low temperature
of the soil was the cause of failure. The early part of the season,
after planting, being cold and wet, probably contributed in pro-
ducing the above effects.

The other example was as follows : — A nurseryman in Aber-
deen, in the autumn of 1866, planted out into the usual lines in
his nursery grounds several thousands of two-year old seedling
larch, from beds in his own nursery ; but owing to unfavourable
weather, and other work requiring to be done, further planting
out was postponed till the month of March 1867. The weather
during several weeks after the planting was finished continued
cold and wet, hence a low temperature of the soil was produced.
Of those planted in autumn scarcely 1 per cent, died : of those
planted in March fully three-fourths perished. On consulting
with the nurseryman, who is a man of scientific knowledge, he
stated that he considered the failure was due either to what is

EErORT ON LARCH FORESTS. 373

termed " sweating in the bed" (a form of wet rot), or a low tem-
perature in the soil for a time after removal.

The writer planted a row of larch in deep, rich black garden
loam, in March of the present year, and at the time he writes 30
per cent, are dead. The soil is rich with manure, but cold and
damp. Only a few yards distant another row was planted at
the same time, of the same sample of plants, upon light loam,
rather poor, but warm ; and these are all growing well, no
deaths having occurred.

The circumstance of larch plants perishing by being planted
either at a time when the temperature of the soil is at its lowest
point, — at a season of the year when the plants remain long in
the soil before vegetation takes place, — is not peculiar to larch
alone, but is observed also, though to a less extent, with many
other species of trees.

As the success or failure of larch planting depends so much
upon the temperature of the soil, it is safest to plant southern
exposures, and dry, warm soils, during the coldest part of the
planting season, and those exposures and soils less favourable
during a higher temperature. The number of larch plants that
perish annually, consequent upon low temperature of the soil, is
very great, and ought to be avoided, if possible.

Although the larch grows at an altitude at least equal to that
at which any other forest tree succeeds, yet it is mechanically
less suited than some others to stand severe exposure. The
larch forms its young wood later in the season than any other
forest tree, often growing till the end of October, the top shoot
extending upwards in some cases at the rate of nearly half an
inch daily. It is subjected at that season of the year to high
gales of wind, which prove injurious to the tender shoots, espe-
pecially the top ones. It is often in consequence of the tender
top shoot sustaining damage by high winds that plurality of tops
are produced ; and hence also the short trunk, and broad bushy
top of trees highly situated and much exposed. Severe exposure
produces another bad effect upon larch, — especially such as are
upon the side of a hill, exposed to the prevailing wind, — by in-
clining them to one side. All larches thus exposed grow up
with the greatest number of branches situated upon the sheltered
side of the tree. If the tree is freely exposed to the south, the
greatest number of branches will be upon the north side ; the
consequence of which is that the tree becomes bent or like a bow,
the arc being to the north, and the cord to the south. The pith
of the tree, too, is nearest the south side, upon which side the
zones or annual layers of wood are thinner than upon the north
side. The cause of the difference of thickness of zones on op-
posite sides of the tree is caused by the additional increase of
woody matter formed in the vicinity of the branches. Whatever

37-4 REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS.

side of a tree is most abundantly clothed with branches, upon
that side the bark is furthest removed from the pith. In order,
therefore, to grow larch tall, straight, equally and duly branched
all round, with the pith in the centre, and the tree proportionally
developed throughout, requires a situation where it is protected
from prevailing and high winds, but especially the south and west.
As the prevailing winds in Scotland are from the west, larch
is therefore best grown in an eastern exposure. Though there
are many famous larches and larch plantations in this country
upon southern exposures, yet, to say the least, there are equally
good ones upon northern exposures. As samples of trees grow-
ing upon northern exposures, may be mentioned those splendid
old trees at Dunkeld, Dawick House, Kippenross, Novar, Mony-
musk, Arniston, &c. All the preceding, though northern ex-
posed, have attained at least 90 feet in height, and contain an
average of 200 cubic feet of timber. As a rule, the northern
side of a hill is best adapted to grow larch to age, and large di-
mensions, while upon the south side it grows more readily when
newly planted, and comes sooner to maturity.

Of all the subjects connected with the cultivation and growth,
&c. of larch, none have been so keenly discussed as the kind and
quality of soil most suitable for it. Every person accustomed
to work in soils and to examine them, knows how much their
properties and qualities change as he digs his way down ; and
though the appearance of soils upon the surface may be much
alike, yet at a depth of less than twelve inches they may differ
essentially. The different layers or strata of soil may be com-
pared to the geological formation of stratified rocks. In forming
an opinion as to the cause of failure of a crop of larch, the trees
are inspected, the upper surface of the ground only examined, and
the conclusion arrived at is as often erroneous as correct.

Moss is not generally regarded as soil suitable for larch, yet
the writer has seen as good larch cut upon pure moss as upon
any other soil, the roots of which never penetrated either gravel,
sand, or clay. This, however, requires a few words of explana-
tion. The moss referred to was thoroughly decomposed, with
no fibres, as seen in common peat moss. The moss had also
either been rendered dry by deep open ditches, or rendered loose
and open by being turned over in the work of draining. Dry-
ness and looseness are essential conditions in soil termed moss,
in rendering it suitable for the growth of larch. The best trees
are always found upon the margins of the ditches.

The writer is acquainted with a moss of great depth in the
county of Cheshire, near Macclesfield, under a crop of excellent
larch, and another deep moss in Banffshire bearing a good crop
of healthy larch. In both cases the moss was well drained, with
deep open ditches, and the trees planted in the earth excavated

EErOKT ON LARCH FORESTS. 375

from them. A very successful method of planting deep moss is
to wheel upon it a quantity of sand, clay, marie, gravel, or any
other earth, laying it down in heaps six feet apart, or if difficult
to procure, at a greater distance, say nine feet apart, one wheel-
harrow load, or even less, in each heap. The heaps are laid up
with a spade in shape of a cone, and a larch planted upon the
top of each. By this means the roots are kept upon, or near the
surface of the ground, which, upon damp, flat, or table-land, is a
decided advantage to the trees. Larch planted upon the mound,
or hillock system, not only grows faster, but is less liable to
ground-rot than those planted in the usual way. In a larch
plantation with which the writer is acquainted, one portion was
planted upon mounds, and the other upon the flat surface of a
deep moss. At about forty years old the difference in value of
the two classes of trees was as pounds to shillings in favour of
the mound planting.

In planting moss it is essential that it be thoroughly drained
to a depth of about four feet. In order sometimes to secure this
depth of dry soil above the water table, for want of fall to
deepen the drains, ditches have to be cut, and the soil thus
excavated employed in raising the ground between them till
sufficiently high above the water. Second, Moss suitable for
growing larch must be pure decomposed vegetable matter, such
as presents no resistance to the progress of the roots. Third,
The trees planted in such a manner that the roots may run
upon the surface ; and in order to promote the latter object,
the branches should have ample room to spread ; otherwise,
from a well-known law, the tap and other roots are forced to dip
perpendicularly, to the ultimate decay of the core of the tree.

The surface of gravelly soils, as well as of moss, does not always
indicate what is underneath ; but that larches have both suc-
ceeded and failed on gravelly soils of various qualities is certain.
At first sight, it is not very easy to discover why a certain
gravelly soil, whose granules are nearly the same both in size
and proportions, should fail to produce a good crop of larch,
when another gravel, exactly like it should yield, a valuable crop.

The difference is mechanical, not chemical, and is simply ex-
plained by the circumstance of one gravel being sufficiently
loose and open for the roots to enter and run, while the other
is compact, solid, and resistive of the roots, all depending upon
the solid or loose condition of the soil.

Amongst others, the following examples may be quoted. A
plantation of larch in Strathspey was planted upon a hard,
gravelly plain, in which pits had been formed by digging gravel
for roadmaking. In and around these pits, which consisted of pure
shingle and sand, larches were planted ; and while those on the
plain unbroken ground were struggling for existence, and many

376 REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS.

of them dying, those on the loose gravel were growing luxuri-
antly, making top shoots from eighteen to twenty inches annually.
In this case nothing evidently could produce the difference of
growth except the loose, open state of the gravel. Three years
ago the writer's attention was drawn to two plantations in
Morayshire, situated upon the banks of the Findhorn. The
one, ten years old, w^as formed partly upon the sloping bank of
the river, extending from south to north in the course of the
river, and backwards upon the table-land at top. The trees
upon the slope were growing vigorously, while those upon the
flat ground were making little progress. On examining the soil
and subsoil, it was found that the sloping bank consisted of a
loose, open sandy gravel, mixed with a little clay, while that on
the flat ground was similarly composed, but was firm and solid.
The other at the time referred to was fifteen years old. On the
side facing the south the trees were doing well ; while upon the
side facing the north they were making very little progress the
bark was black, and the whole trees covered with Coccus laricis.

On taking a general look at the plantation, it was difficult to
account for the inferiority of growth ; but on digging up the soil
the cause soon appeared. The surface soil having been washed
and crumbled off, left almost nothing for the roots to subsist
upon, the subsoil being hard, compact masses of gravel and
moor-pan. On the opposite side of the glen the larches were
growing well, and will so continue till the roots enter the hard
subsoil, which occurrence will be greatly determined by the
future mode of thinning adopted. The above cases illustrate
the necessity of examining carefully even unsuspected soils
previous to planting.

Next to moss and gravel, clay is considered the most unsuit-
able for the growth of larch. Drainage may render the soil dry,
but it does not sufficiently divide the earthy particles, so as to
admit the spreading of the tender roots. Another, and proba-
bly the most fatal result of clay soils, wet or dry, consists in
the premature and sudden decay of the roots. It appears that
the roots of larch grown upon clay soils, which grow luxuriantly
for several years, varying from ten to twenty-five, according to
circumstances, are of too soft and spongy formation to endure long;
hence they suddenly decay, and the tree, in consequence, withers
and dies. The temperature of damp clay soils is also too low
for the healthy development of larch, and injuriously affects it at
all stages of growth. It is on this account probably, more than
any other, that flat fertile districts are less adapted to grow
larch than precipitous mountain tracts. Much of the failure of
larch is due to it having been planted on cold clay soils.

The comparative absence of rosin in the roots of the larch is
one of the chief causes of ground-rot (pumping), dry-rot, &c.

REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS. 377

The writer's maxim for planting clay soils is, — avoid doing so
with larch, as it almost invariably fails on clay within twenty
years.

Pure sand is not well adapted for larch, the roots ramify
widely at first ; but while they increase rapidly, both in length
and numbers, such roots as rapidly decay, and render planting a
failure. If, however, the trees are allowed abundance of room,
the branches and surface roots spread, and the trees may prolong
their growth and appear healthy ; meanwhile, they are decaying
in the base of the stem or trunk. Sand, therefore, though the
opposite extreme from clay, produces upon larch the same fatal
results, but differently brought about.

Soils composed of certain proportions of sand and clay are
termed loams, these vary greatly in quality, according to the
proportions of which composed, but are all to some extent
adapted to the growth of larch. Soils in which sand greatly
preponderates have the tendency of producing over rapidity of
growth, with its baneful effects. Those in which clay pre-
ponderates either produce succulent roots, which are short-
lived, or those of an opposite extreme, which do not nourish
the plant. The first is the result of too much water, the second
the result of stiffness of clay, which the roots refuse to enter in
dry weather.

The writer was accpuainted with a larch plantation in the
county of Sussex, near Tunbridge Wells, grown upon a sandy
loam, with a subsoil of white sand at a depth of 18 inches.
The plantation was upon elevated ground, 400 to 500 feet
altitude. At the time the writer first saw it, it was thirty years
old, and was being cut down. On examining the zones or annual
layers of wood, they were found to vary from one-fourth to one
inch in thickness. In some cases the trees individually were
making 5 cubic feet of wood annually. The plantation was not
cut down on account of having attained maturity, but for other
reasons. Though only thirty years old when cut, it already
showed signs of decay, and would, if it had stood till forty years
planted, been considerably past maturity. The heart-wood was
soft and spongy, and difficult to cut, producing the same effect
upon the saw as poplar or willow. Notwithstanding the soft-
ness of the wood when newly sawn, it became much hardened
when exposed to sun and air, and such wood was highly valued
for weather-boarding houses, being very durable.

The above is a singular instance of the successful growth of
larch on sandy loam, and but for the trees being clothed with
branches to the ground, and the elevated position of the ground,
and thorough open subsoil, which absorbed all superabundant
water, they would have died at an early age. Upon similar soils
throughout the county of Sussex, where the ground was flat, the

373 REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS.

larcli died at about twelve years planted, having grown very
rapidly up to ten or eleven years. Soft sandy loam on low
situations, though, the ground was undulating, produced similar
effects ; hence such soils should not be planted with larch for
timber. Spruce is much better adapted for these soils, and pays
better upon them than larch.

Upon muiry soil of certain qualities larch grows well, while
upon other descriptions it degenerates. In an extensive larch
plantation in Roxburghshire, in an elevated district, grown upon
moor soil, is an illustration of both success and failure. Part of
the ground bears a good crop, and part an inferior one, while
some parts are quite bare. Of the soil, when it is dug up or
trenched, there is little difference in the appearance throughout
the plantation. The difference of growth seems due to the
varied conditions of the soil as to compactness or firmness ; and
as an unvarying rule throughout this plantation, wherever the
spade enters freely there the larch thrives well. Where the
plants have failed, a hard " pan " is found within a few inches of
the surface.

Moor soil that has been under cultivation at any time, and
subsequently planted with larch, invariably disappoints the ex-
pectation of the planter. The plants grow rapidly during a few
years, so long as they enjoy the benefits of the cultivated soil,
and inexhausted manure ; but the main roots of the tree thus
grown very soon decay, and it is henceforth only supported by a
few minor surface roots, which at most only maintain its vitality ;
meanwhile the heart-wood is contracting rot, and the whole tree
gradually decays.

At the present time the writer is cutting a plantation of larch,
about twenty years planted, upon soil as above described, and he
finds nearly all the trees " pumped." The few exceptional sound
trees are where the soil is naturally deep, and the roots well
exposed to the surface.

Within the same inclosure, and similarly situated, are portions
of larch planted upon the ground in its uncultivated state, and
hereupon the trees, though generally not so large as those upon
the once cultivated ground, are quite sound in the heart, and but
for the hardness of the soil, I have no doubt would attain a good
size and considerable age.

Moor soils are in general adapted to coniferse, but are often
compact and overlying a subsoil of " moor pan," in which latter
case no roots Avill enter or go through. What is therefore required
on the part of the planter, is to see that moor soils are free, loose,
and open ; if they are naturally so (except sand) he may safely
plant, but if bound and hard, he must either break up and render
them open, or forego the attempt at growing larch.

Sandy soil can probably be less improved for planting (if natu-

REFORT ON LARCH FORESTS. 3 i 9

rally unsuitable) than all others. Trees root well in sand —
few deaths occur immediately after planting, but trees grown
upon it are always, when aged (except Scots pine), decayed in
the heartwood, and seldom attain large dimensions.

Planting upon gravel is either succeeded by considerable
success or almost total failure, — just in proportion as it is loose
and open, and mixed with other substances, or solid and pure
shingle. Pure gravel is incapable of sustaining larch, but is a
beneficial ingredient in clay, moss, and other soils, by keeping
them open. Tenacious clay soils are fatal to larch, although it
grows fast upon them during ten or fifteen years after planting.
The flourishing state of young plantations upon clays often induce
such soils to be planted. Loams are adapted to grow larch to the
highest state of perfection; and yet as many larches have pro-
bably died (prematurely) upon loams as upon any other descrip-
tion of soil. Dry loams, rather poor, are suitable. Damp, clayey,
and rich loams are not. It is not only necessary on the part of
the planter to know the different varieties of soil by name, but
also to know them practically, so that when turned up by the
spade he knows which are suitable and which are not.

The larch has gained for itself in history a name and place
next to that of the oak, and on that account alone claims atten-
tion. Our plea for adverting to its history here, is in order to
form comparisons, and make deductions, to enable us more fully
to ascertain how far it has degenerated or improved since its
introduction into Britain.

The first mention of the cultivation of larch in England is
made by Parkinson, in the " Corollary to his Orchard," 1629.
Evelyn, in 1664, mentions "a large tree of good stature at
Chelmsford, in Essex." Sir James Nasmyth planted some larches
at Dawick House, Peeblesshire, in 1725. It is also stated that
Lord Karnes planted some larches at Blair Drummond in 1734.
In 1738 Mr Menzies of Meggernie, in Glenlyon, Perthshire,
brought from London in his portmanteau sixteen small larch
plants, five of which he left at Dunkeld, and eleven at Blair-
Athole, as a present to the Duke of Athole. Those left at
Dunkeld were for a time kept in the greenhouse, but growing so
fast, and for other reasons, were planted outside, where two oi'
them still remain.

In 1738 five larches were planted at Monzie Castle, in Perth-
shire, said to be of the same sample as those planted at Dunkeld
and Blair- Athole. It is said that they were stolen from the
carrier, who brought a quantity of larch for the Duke of Athole a
few years after those were planted at Dunkeld and Blair- Athole.

Between the years 1740 and 1750, James, Duke of Athole,
planted at Dunkeld 350 larches, and during the same period he
planted at Blair 873 larches. In 1759 the Duke of Athole

380 REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS.

planted 700 larches in one plantation at Dunkeld, mixed with
other trees, the last his Grace planted. In 1768, John, Duke of
Athole planted 3 acres, all of larch, at Craigviiian, near Dunkeld,
at an altitude of from 500 to 600 feet.

Duke John finished the planting of 400 Scotch acres before
his death, in 1774 The same account says — " the Duke raised
plants to the number of 1000 yearly, from cones grown upon the
larches planted by Duke James, and the remainder of plants he
purchased from nurserymen (at 6d each) and had great difficulty
of procuring them even at that price." " The late Duke John
planted, between 1774 and 1815, 1,108,998 larch trees upon
8071 Scotch acres."

A few particulars regarding larch planted in England about
th.e time of its introduction may not be uninteresting.

In 1788 the Bishop of Llandaff planted upon 18 imperial acres
48,500 larches, near Ambleside, Westmoreland.

In 1790 Mr G. Wright, of Yorkshire, planted 11,573 larches
upon 3f acres, at Geldingwells, in Yorkshire.

In 1798, John Sneyd, Esq., of Belmont, Staffordshire, planted
12,000.

In 1800, J. Jones, Esq., of Hafod, Cardiganshire, in Wales,
planted 400,000 larches, at distances apart, varying from 2 to 3J
feet.

In England and Wales, several landed proprietors planted,
within seventeen years, between 1788-1805, inclusive, 1,240,000
larches.

In 1820, the Duke of Devonshire planted nearly 1,000,000
larches.

Considering the short distances apart at which many of the
English proprietors planted their larches, compared with what the
Dukes of Athole planted theirs at (6 feet apart), no wonder that
the success on their part generally has been less. The wider apart
the planting was done, all things taken to account, so in propor-
tion was the success and favourable returns. Notwithstanding
the failure of larch in certain places where first planted, and every
proprietor, including the Duke of Athole, since 1795, suffered
less or more by it, planting of larch has uniformly continued,
and still continues, to increase throughout the kingdom. As
many millions of larch are planted now, as thousands fifty to sixty
years ago.

The number of larches planted annually must be very great ;
and judging from the increasing stock in the hands of nursery-
men, the demand must be increasing also. If diseases of larch
were as fatal, and the loss as great (great though it is), as some
writers ask us to believe, planting would undoubtedly have long
since been discontinued, and the market left unsupplied with
wood before now. The reverse of all this is the case. Planting

EEPORT ON LARCH FORESTS. 381

of larch has continued, and uniformly increased since its first
introduction ; the markets have continued well supplied, and the
quantity has gradually increased. The trade in larch is an im-
portant one ; numberless are the purposes to which it is applied,
and endless the demand. The disposer of larch finds a good and
ready market, and the buyer can always be supplied at moderate
rates. Judging from present appearances, the larch forests through-
out Great Britain, taken as a whole, will continue to yield abund-
ance of sound and healthy wood for many years. Instead of larch
wood being exhausted, or even scarce, the prospects are those of
increase and abundance. From all the information we can gather,
it appears that the failure of larch seventy years ago was due to
the same causes as we now find in operation, — wet clay soils ;
low situations ; rich black loam ; loose light sand ; hard moor, or
cultivated and manured soils, having been planted which should
never have been.

The Duke of Athole, speaking of the larch blight which oc-
curred in 1725, says — " Trees thirty feet in height, and in high
situations, escaped this affection, where the wind could shake
them. This blight destroyed the flower of the larch, and pre-
vented the formation of the seed, and consequently the propa-
gation of the plant. The first indication of the blight was a
substance upon the leaves resembling small balls, of a fine white
matter like cotton. These balls or nidi enclosed small insects, a
species of aphis, the two sexes of a very different appearance.
They appear to live upon the juice exuding from the bark of the
tree, and not upon the leaves, and they probably prevented the
sap from ascending, at least no fresh shoots were thrown out
by the tree that season. Many trees were much injured by this
disease, and for a long time afterwards they presented a remark-
able appearance — that of being completely covered over with
lichens. On cutting the wood, the fogged part was no more
injured in quality than the wood of the healthiest trees, though
the lichens had adhered to them for fifteen years. The effect of
this blight then was only superficial." The writer has uniformly
regarded the Coccus laricis of itself a harmless thing, but looks
upon it as an indication of confinement, low situation, richness
of soil, and general sluggish growth. Healthy growing trees are
often partially infested with Coccus laricis, and yet attain large
dimensions, and are quite sound in the wood. The probability is,
that the Duke of Athole describes two or more diseases as one, viz.,
Coccus laricis, and the effects of spring frosts or wet soils. The
lichens upon the trees were doubtless due to a wet surface, which
luxuriant herbage often induces or promotes. On examining the
forests, the writer was very much surprised at the immense
quantity of lichens upon the trees at high altitudes, and yet
the trees quite healthv. The rocks, stones, palings, and stone

2 c

382 REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS.

dykes were all equally covered, presenting quite a hoary ap-
pearance.

Before proceeding with a statement of those plantations formed
within the present century, we may take a retrospective glance
at those trees and plantations planted previous to that time.

The old trees at Monymusk, Aberdeenshire, planted in 1740,
still healthy and growing ; the number and spread of their branches
show what ample space they have uniformly occupied. The soil
in which they grow is a dry sandy loam, with an open clayey
subsoil, abounding with stones. They are exposed to the north,
and situated at an altitude of 400 feet.

At Arniston, in Mid- Lothian, there are several fine larches,
planted about 1726, all in good health. Their situation is moder-
ately sheltered, but most open to the north. Soil, sandy and
gravelly loam ; subsoil, porous yellow sand and clay. Some of
the larches are growing amongst hard-woods, and have enjoyed
similar advantages of room for their branches to spread. Height,
70 feet and upwards ; contents, from 100 to 200 cubic feet.

One fine larch is growing at Novar, in Boss-shire, 96 feet
high, with a clean stem of 36 feet. Top moderately clothed with
"branches ; age supposed 100 years ; contents of trunk, 205 cubic
feet ; exposure towards the north ; soil, dry sandy loam ; subsoil,
pure water-gravel and sand.

Several fine larches are growing in a glen at Cullen House,
Banffshire, planted about 1767. They contain from 100 to 160
cubic feet of timber, are in excellent health, and now increasing
at the rate of from 2 to 4 cubic feet annually. They are inland
from the Moray Firth from one to three miles, and are sheltered
from the sea and other exposures by rising grounds. The soil is
a light, dry, gravelly loam, resting in some cases upon clay, and
in others upon sandy gravel and water-worn stones. The trees
are well clothed with branches, having always had ample room.

An excellent tree is growing at Kippenross, Perthshire, 108
feet in height, and contains 515 cubic feet. Its age is 123
years ; exposure north and east. This tree is growing upon dry
sandy loam, with a loose gravelly subsoil.

The old larches at Dunkeld, the finest specimens of larch the
writer has seen, were planted in 1738, the only two out of the
five originally planted at that date. They are situated upon the
lawn, and are growing upon a dry sandy loam, mixed with stones
and gravel. The trees are well sheltered all round, but most
open to the north. The branches of the largest measure, from
top to top, 85 feet, and are situated upon the trunk to within
thirteen feet of the ground. The estimated present contents of
the two trees are 870 cubic feet.

Another very fine specimen of larch at Dunkeld is a tree
planted in 1780, about a mile above the abbey, situated within

REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS. 383

sixty feet of the river Tay, upon a piece of table land elevated
six feet above the water. Its lower branches are 23 feet in
length, situated upon the trunk forty feet from the ground, at
which height the trunk diminishes comparatively little in girth.
Its girth at the surface of the ground is 13 feet, and at four feet
up it girths 9 feet 7 inches. It is 110 feet in height, and
contains the estimated quantity of 225 cubic feet of timber ;
soil, light gravelly loam ; subsoil, gravel and sand.

Some very fine specimens of larch are growing at Darnawav,
in Morayshire, also at Altyre in the same county. Some of the
hitter contain as much as 208 cubic feet of timber. On both
properties the trees are upon light, dry, gravelly loam, mixed
with stones ; subsoils, gravel and sand.

Many more trees of interest might have been added to the
preceding list, but for want of space. It will be found by those
who may examine the preceding list of trees, that they are all
grown under the conditions set forth as favourable in the pre-
ceding pages, viz. : — 1st, Dry loose soil, and open subsoil ; 2d,
Open, but not severe exposure ; 3d, Elevated above the frost
line ; 4th, Ample room, with branches all preserved vital till at
least twenty-five years old; 5th, If planted on moss or flat ground,
planted either upon the margins of ditches or upon hillocks of
earth, so that the roots have been kept near the surface.

Having briefly examined and described, as far as space will
allow, the state and condition of the first planted, and now the
oldest larches in Britain, the writer will next endeavour to give
some particulars of those plantations planted more recently,
premising by assuming any one extensive plantation to represent
(nearly) all the plantations in Britain.

In giving, therefore, a statement of a large plantation, it may
be assumed that an account is given of all upon an estate, or
even the country at large. In order to continue the historical
chain of the larch unbroken, the following subjects are selected,
beginning with No. 1, a plantation comprising about 900 acres,
including groups of Scots pine, and also some parts mixed (Scots
pine and larch.) It was situated in the county of Inverness, and
planted about 1785. It was sold standing, and cut in 1865, being
eighty years old. The planting and early history of this plantation
are little known, save that the trees had been planted about five
feet apart, and the plantation enclosed with a turf dyke. Judging
from the nature of the soil, and other circumstances, and a know-
ledge of the cost of other similar work, the dyke would cost in
erecting about 3d. per lineal yard, 2s. 6d. per acre, or L.112, 10s.
for the whole fence. The cost of plants, labour of planting, &c,
would be about 30s. per acre, or for the whole enclosure, includ-
ing fencing, about L.1462, 10s.

The object of planting being partly for shelter and partly for

Q

384 EEPOET ON LAECH FOEESTS.

ornamentation, little early attention was paid to it, and no regular
systematic thinning adopted at any period, but only trees taken
out as required for estate purposes. The thinnings throughout
might amount to about L.10 per acre ; and the crop in several
places, when cut down and sold, realised about L.100 per acre.
About 200 trees per acre occupied the ground when sold, which
varied in size from 8 to 80 cubic feet. The timber was quite sound,
save in a few exceptional cases some ground-rot appeared ; but
this was confined to a few dry sandy hillocks — subsoil also sand.
In pure sand, as previously described, the roots had enlarged
greatly ; but after ten or fifteen years they had contracted rot, and
speedily decayed. The trees varied much in size, consequent on the
irregular manner of being thinned when young. Those trees
with fewest branches were the smallest in size, while those most
abundantly clothed were the largest, and so on ; just in propor-
tion to the number of branches, so the quantity of timber. In
proof of the very valuable state of the trees in this plantation,
a wood merchant, previous to the sale, gave an offer of L.300 for
100 selected trees. No better proof could well be adduced of the
valuable state of the trees than this, considering the distance
from market, and the difficulty of conveyance to railway, distant
about ten miles. The altitude is between 800 and 1000 feet ;
exposure towards the north ; soil, light gravelly loam ; subsoil
gravel, with large granite stones, and boulders often upon the
surface. The mountains surrounding this plantation are nearly
the highest in Scotland ; the snow is rarely out of view from the
site of it in summer, no less than in winter. The locality of this
plantation is to Scotland what Switzerland is to Europe, being
in each the part farthest inland from the sea. In climate, soil,
and other respects, the two countries differ greatly, but are one
in the production of larch. The distance from the sea is probably
of some consideration in favour of the larch, yet vital importance
here cannot be attached to the circumstance. The surrounding
land in the neighbourhood of this plantation is letting for graz-
ing purposes at 2s. 6d. per acre, while under larch (at same time
during the last forty years it was used as a grazing for sheep) it
has produced a return equal to 25s. annually ; but from the latter
sum must be deducted compound interest on the original 32s. 6d.
per acre. After this deduction is made, there is still a large
balance in favour of larch planting.

No. 2 is a plantation of larch in Eoss-shire, containing 60 acres,
planted in 1812, being now fifty-five years old. This plantation
was originally enclosed with a turf dyke, and planted with larch
at 5 feet apart all over the ground. Little drainage was required,
as the ground is naturally dry and open. The whole operations
of planting, draining, and enclosing, together with the price of
plants, cost about L.l, 15s. per acre. Thinning was w ell attended

EEPOKT ON LARCH FORESTS. 3S5

to at an early age, owing to young wood "being required in the
district, and especially on the estate, for fencing purposes. So
well was this plantation thinned, that it is found on cross-cutting
the trees that they show from their growths to have been rather
over than under thinned.

The plantation is situated three-quarters of a mile inland, and
at an altitude of 150 feet. It is somewhat sheltered from the
extreme influence of the sea by rising ground intervening. The
exposure is towards the north-east, and the ground sloping in the
same direction.

The soil is a dry sandy loam, with an open gravelly subsoil
upon sandstone rock. The herbage is a mixture of coarse grasses
and heath. The number of trees upon the ground is 136 per acre,
which averages 30 cubic feet of saleable timber. The annual in-
crease of wood at this date is a little over one foot per tree, or say
Is., which multiplied by 136, the number of trees per acre, gives
L.6, 16s. per acre per annum. The whole of the crop throughout
this plantation is in a thriving and promising condition, and cal-
culated to remain in a healthy growing state till at least eighty
years old ; at which age, assuming the growth to continue at the
present rate, the value would stand thus — 136 trees, at present
value 30s. each=L.204 per acre. Add to the above the increase
of the next twenty-five years, at L.6, 16s. per year, L.170 + L.204
=L.374 amount at eighty years. Though quite within the bounds
of possibility to attain the latter amount, yet the probability is
that it will not attain it, as there are innumerable obstacles that
come in the way. Few plantations altogether escape the disasters
of wind, and scarcely any altogether escape disease. It is, how-
ever, worthy of remark, that this is amongst the most valuable
plantations of similar extent of any in Scotland at the present
time. Its superiority of growth is due exclusively to the soil and
the timeous and judicious early thinning which it received.

The ground surrounding this plantation, and similar to it, is
letting for grazing purposes at 2s. 6d. to 3s. per acre. The planta-
tion has been depastured with cattle from an early age ; but the
ground being hard and dry, the trees have suffered no evil from
it ; on the contrary, certain benefits are derived from cattle graz-
ing in a larch plantation such as this. The effects of the treading
of cattle about the base of the trees are to bare the roots, exposing
them to the atmosphere, and thereby encouraging their growth,
and rendering them hard and less liable to contract ground-rot;
also strong roots so exposed are in great demand for boat-building
purposes, and for these high prices are paid. There is little doubt
that the grazing in this case has been highly beneficial. Let not
this, however, induce any one to pasture plantations with cattle
where the soil is wet and of a clayey description; the effects in such
cases are decidedly bad.

386 REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS.

ISTo. 3 is a series of larch plantations in " the laigh o' Moray,"
comprising about 300 acres, planted between 1816 and 1826.
The cost of enclosing with turf dykes, plants, planting, &c,
was between 40s. and 50s. per acre, as near as can be ascer-
tained.

The plants used were generally small, — two year seedlings, —
and planted at distances varying from 3 feet to 5 feet apart in
the common way of slit planting.

Early thinning was little attended to, except in conspicuous
places, till the trees were too far advanced to benefit by it. At
twenty years, when thinning was performed, the trees had become
tall and slender, with few branches, and could never again, by
subsequent treatment, be restored to the state of vigorous growth
and value they would have attained if in due time properly
thinned.

This plantation is inland from the Mory Firth about 10 miles,
and is situated upon the banks of the Eiver Findhorn. The sur-
face of the ground is very irregular, being what is termed hill
and vale. Both the active and subsoil vary greatly in quality.
The active soil is a sandy loam or gravelly loam, parts also clay
and parts gravel.

A very common but mal-practice of thinning had been followed
upon this plantation, viz., continuing to cut out trees subsequent
to the plantation arriving at an age when thinning could be of
no further benefit to the standing crop. Thinning, after the larches
were reduced to from 12 feet to 13 feet apart, while it reduced the
number of trees per acre, failed in producing any equivalent
advantage by way of promoting extra growth in those trees left
to constitute the future crop.

The existing crop consists of trees of various sizes, containing
from 5 to 50 cubic feet each. The average content is about 10
cubic feet, and the worth about 10s. per tree. The number of
trees per acre varies from 150 to 200, and the value in most
cases is in inverse proportion to the number of trees per acre.
One part, for example, contains 200 trees per acre, at an average
value of 8s. = L.80. Another part contains 160 trees per acre, at
10s. per tree =L. 80. Another portion contains 150 trees per
acre, worth lis. per tree = L.82, 10s. Small patches, with only
120 trees per acre, are worth 14s. each=L.91 per acre.

In this plantation the soil varies considerably throughout, and
no better or truer index need be sought for to point out the
quality than the larch growing upon it. Upon the dry, loose,
stony, and poor soil, the trees are most healthy and of largest
size. Upon stiff, wet clays they have all died. Upon hard
ferruginous gravel their growth is slow, and in many cases at an
end. Upon moor-pan the remains of small trees are to be seen,
pointing to premature deaths. " Deceptive soils " also occur,

REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS. 337

good on the top, but bad underneath ; upon such the trees occa-
sionally grow till about twelve years old, and all of a sudden
die. But here, though the trees in some cases show signs of
impaired health, they yet remain in a paying condition, and
continue growing for a number of years longer, especially if duly
thinned and the surface dried.

There is probably as much good larch timber, and as large an
area of plantation of all ages, sound and healthy, to be found upon
the banks of the Findhorn, or, more properly speaking, " the laigh
o' Moray," as in. any other district of similar extent in Scotland.
The larch on Darnaway estate, justly celebrated, has for many
years been a source of great traffic. Both the extent and
quality of the Darnaway larch have long commended it to just
admiration.

The ground originally was planted at 3 feet to 4 feet apart ;
but for want of early thinning much of the future value of the
crop was lost, and being mixed in some cases with Scots pine
and Norway spruce, also tended materially to detract from the
value of the crop.

The practice of mixing larch and pine will by degrees cease,
as the conditions under which each grow best become more
fully known and understood.

Notwithstanding various unfavourable circumstances, the larch
on Darnaway estate yielded very profitable returns ; but as most of
the wood was disposed of as thinnings, no definite statement can
be given of the value per acre, or of any particular plantation.
The greater part of the larch was planted between 1800 and 1820,
and soon began to yield profitable returns, and would have paid
as a clearing at forty years' old, and might have been so cleared
to great advantage, but for a partial mixture of other species of
trees.

The soil on Darnaway estate, and especially where the larch
best succeeded, is a dry, sandy, and gravelly mixture of earth,
and the subsoil in general is either sand or gravel ; but the trees
are of soundest quality upon granite rock or stones. The tallest
and best of the trees are in hollows, where sheltered by higher
ground ; and as the surface in many parts is very undulating,
the difference in value of the crop varies accordingly.

The Darnaway woods are most exposed to the north, but the
surface of the ground, being so very irregular, neutralises all
effects of exposure from any particular point. The woods referred
to are inland from the Moray Firth from 4 miles to 6 miles, but
are generally protected from the influence of the sea by interven-
ing high ridges of ground.

In any isolated cases where the larch has failed of making pro-
fitable returns upon the above-named estate, it is either from
having been planted upon ground too hard, with a stratum of

388 REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS.

moor-pan, or in consequence of neglect of thinning at first till
too late for the trees to regain clue proportions.

If asked by what means the most profitable crop of larch
might be grown upon an estate Mke Darnaway, with soil, situa-
tion, exposure, &c, similar, the answer would be — Plant small
plants, say two-year seedlings, one year transplanted, at 6 feet
apart, or, if exposed to much vermin (as rabbits), plant at 3 feet
apart ; and when the trees are from 2 feet to 3 feet high thin
out one-half, and continue thinning so as the lower branches
may be preserved vital, till the crop is reduced to 300 trees per
acre. The crop to be cut and cleared when the usual signs of
maturity make their appearance.

All clays to be planted with oak and ash, rich spots of dry
dark loam with elm, flat sand and moss with Norway spruce,
bare barren peaks with Scots pine, and the remainder with larch.

Another excellent estate for larch in the same neighbourhood
is Altyre. There the soil, situation, &c, being much the same as
on Darnaway, no description is required. The larch plantations
on Altyre estate are worthy of particular notice, both on account
of their extent, condition of growth, and general importance.
The woods comprise about 6000 acres, a large extent of which is
composed of larch. The surface of the ground is diversified and
irregular; part of it is flat, and parts at every degree of inclination.
On some parts, especially the sloping banks, there is larch of
surpassing perfection, and trees approaching magnificence. On
the flat ground, extending backwards from the tops of the banks,
larch in some places refuses to grow at all. The soil, both on
the slope and plain, is alike. Whence, then, the difference in
point of growth ? It may be explained thus : — On the sloping-
ground, from the position of the particles constituting the soil
being different from that of the flat ground, they being more loose
and open, admit the roots more freely than where they are firmly
compressed on all sides, as is the case on the flat ground.

On examining the roots of trees differently grown as above, it
is found that in the case of compact gravelly soil the roots are
crooked, twisted, and often so compressed as to stop circulation
of the sap. On the other hand, on loose open soil the roots are
comparatively straight, more fleshy, and less compressed. The
effects of hard compact gravel are twofold. First, an obstruction
to the roots, and a means of corrupting the fluids to the entire
stoppage of the sap ; and second, by the extreme difficulty of the
roots elongating their spongioles in search of food, the trees are
consequently improperly nourished.

Along the base of the precipitous banks, where the ground is as
flat as on the top, larches are growing in a very superior way,
better even than those upon the incline. The latter circumstance
is explained by the soil upon which they grow having crumbled

REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS. 389

off the ground above, and in course of time accumulated at the
base, forming just the sort of loose open soil which larch thrives
best upon.

On certain parts upon the sloping banks, the trees are either
of stunted growth, or have failed entirely. Upon such parts it is
found that the active soil has entirely crumbled, and been washed
off, leaving only a stratum of hard graveTquite impervious to the
roots. Some young trees so situated are partly covered with the
Coccics laricis, and are looked upon and spoken of by many as
subjects under prejudicial atmospheric influences and " diseased
larch."

No. 4 is a plantation in Aberdeenshire, comprising about fifty
acres, and is thirty-eight years old. It was enclosed with turf
dyke and paling, and planted at distances apart of 2>l to 4 feet.
It is inland from the sea about twenty miles, and situated at an
altitude of about 400 feet. The original cost of plants, plant-
ing, and enclosing, would be about L.2, 5s. per acre.

The combined objects of planting were — shelter to the sur-
rounding fields, in which it has proved a true success ; — beauti-
fying the estate, and finally, of yielding a good return for the
money invested.

No thinning of any importance was ever done ; but nature
assisted in her own work, by way of the largest and strongest
trees overgrowing and destroying the weaker ones. The result of
the plantation being left to nature was, that out of 3500 trees
planted, one-third only now remains of living and growing trees ;
and were the plantation to remain till sixty years old, 500
healthy growing trees would be the maximum number per acre.

Owing to want of early thinning, the crop of trees, when the
plantation was cleared of all dead wood (which was abundant),
had a clean and pleasing effect. The tall, clean, though slender
stems, left the ground clear and open, and good for pasturage.

This plantation is probably now at its highest attainable value,
when about 1000 trees per acre occupy the ground, and are worth
about Is. 8d. each, making the value per acre L.83, 0s. 8d. Allow-
ing L.13 per acre for original outlay and interest, L.70, 0s. 8d.
remains to be divided over thirty-eight years — the medium age —
equal to 37s., nearly the annual return per acre.

The ground surrounding this plantation is letting at about 5s.
per acre, thus showing that certain soils planted with larch is a
very profitable investment, and ought to be taken advantage of
when it occurs. This plantation is also depastured, and for that
purpose is worth at least 3s. to 4s. per acre, at same time the
progressive value of the crop of wood is over L.2 per acre an-
nually, and calculated to increase.

No. 5 is a series of plantations upon an estate in the south of
Inverness-shire, comprising in all about 200 acres, which may be

o

90 BEPORT ON LARCH FORESTS.

described as one plantation. The whole was planted between
the years 1817 and 1827, the oldest part being now fifty, and the
younger part forty years old. The trees were planted 4-| to 5 feet
apart. Turf dykes enclosed nearly the whole plantations ; but,
as already stated, being in detachments, nothing reliable can be
given as to the actual cost. As the joint object in forming this
plantation was for shelter and profit, so long as it fulfilled the
former, and was too young to yield to the latter, no attention was
paid to it by way of thinning till nearly thirty years' planted,
when parts were thinned for pit props ; and in thinning for this
purpose, instead of cutting clown all the inferior growths and
sickly trees, the reverse of this was practised, and in general
those trees were cut which were most suitable for the market,
without respect to the permanent crop. The result of this was
that many of the slender updrawn trees were blown down.

This practice of thinning was not continued throughout the
whole extent of the plantation, hence portions of it escaped the
improper treatment. At the present time this plantation is in
general in a thriving state. Having a dry soil and subsoil favours
it greatly. Where the trees are not in a vigorous state of growth,
it is owing to the soil being too hard and impervious for the roots
to run in ; but where the soil is at all loose and open, the trees
are growing well. The following are three respective valuations
of the crop : — First valuation, 300 trees, at 5s. 8d. each = L.100.
Second, 240 trees, at 4s. each = L.49. Third, 220 trees, at 3s. 6d.
each = L.38, 10s. In the former estimate those acres containing
the largest number of trees are of most value, because the good
trees were not cut down ; and in the latter case, when the num-
ber of trees is small, the value is also small, because that in
thinning both the best trees were cut, and the number per acre
at same time reduced, so as not to leave the ground properly
covered.

The altitude at which No. 5 is situated is between 700 and 800
feet. The exposure is towards the north, but variously sheltered
and exposed by the undulating nature of the ground. The plant-
ing in this instance is quite successful, but would have been more
so had the trees either been planted at 6 feet apart, or the first
thinning been performed when under ten or twelve years of age.

The ground similar to that planted is letting for grazing pur-
poses at 2s. 6d. to 4s. per acre, and here the grass in the planta-
tion is of as much value.

No. 6 is a larch plantation in Eoxburghshire, intermixed with
Scotch firs. It was planted from 1820-1822, both inclusive.
The plantation is situated upon the ridge of a hill extending from
south to north, at an altitude between 400 and 500 feet. The
soil is of various qualities, but the greater proportion is of a clayey
nature, resting upon yellow clay, whinstone rocks abounding in

L.0 14

10

1 16

0

0 12

0

1 10

0

0 4

0

L.4 16

10

REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS. 39 1

the district. The plantation extends to about 35 acres ; its form
is oblong, about 1300 yards long, by 120 broad. It is enclosed
with a turf dyke, at the time of its erection the most common
fence in that part' of the country.

As far as can be ascertained, the following is the cost per acre,
including all expenses : —

89 yards turf dyke, at 2d. per yard,
3000 plants, at 12s. per 1000,
Planting the above, at 4s. per 1000,
360 yards open drain, at Id. per yard,
Incidental expenses, including carriage of plants,

The young trees were slit-planted with the common spade.
Some beating up was required each of three seasons after planting,
the expense of which is included in the original estimate. After
planting, the trees received no further attention till about seven-
teen years planted, when thinning was performed upon the most
advanced parts, at which time about one-half of the number of
trees planted had died ; a healthy larch was the exception. After
the first commencement of thinning, it was regularly and sys-
tematically carried on up to the present time, but nothing like a
profitable crop at any time occupied the ground. At forty
years planted, parts of the crop were valued, and the valuations
stood thus :— No. 1, 200 trees, at Is. 6d. each = L.15. No. 2, 220
trees, at Is. 8d. each = L.18, 6s. 8d. No. 3, 190 trees, at 2s. = L.19.
No. 4, 240 trees, at 2s. 6d. each = L.30. From the above it will
appear what progress the trees had made. The wood in each tree
is calculated at Is. per cubic foot, so that the largest average did
not exceed 5 feet, which is a small increase compared with the
growth of many larch plantations. The deficiency of growth may
be accounted for from the stiff clay soil, cold subsoil, and neglect
of timeous thinning.

That the clay soil was the chief cause of failure may safely be
inferred from the circumstance that two dry gravelly hillocks
occurred, one near each extremity of the plantation, and it was
on these hillocks that the best trees were found. For grazing
purposes these hillocks were not nearly so valuable as the general
ground throughout the plantation, yet for the profitable growth
of larch they were infinitely better. One portion, a piece of heath-
covered ground, produced decidedly the best crop of trees, free
from " ground-rot," and equally free from " blister/' and in gene-
ral good health.

A section of this part also showed a great superiority of growth
over all the rest, which may be accounted for from the turf having
been pared off the ground previous to planting. On this parti-

392 REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS.

cular part the best grown trees in the plantation are to be found,
and the soil, &c, being the same as that which surrounds it, if
the favourable growth is not to be accounted for from the turf
having been pared off, it is difficult to conceive how it is to be
explained. The same superiority of growth is also observable
where the turf was taken off to form the fence ; this latter cir-
cumstance, though often observed, is generally attributed to the
shelter afforded by the fence, which might be so in the latter
case, but not in the former, it being in the central part of the
plantation, and distant from the fence.

One other observation is, that near the north end of the plan-
tation the trees are much taller and of faster growth than near
the south end. The most likely way of accounting for this is in
consideration of the shelter from the south being more essential
than shelter from the north, which the main body of the planta-
tion here gives.

No. 7 is a tract of larch in Ashdown Forest, between East
Greenstead and Botherfield, in the county of Sussex. One part,
comprising about 300 acres, is worthy of special remark.

The larches here, and generally all over this part of the country,
are planted from 2 to 2§- feet apart, and allowed to remain at that
distance till about twelve to fourteen years old ; at the latter age
about three-fourths of the crop are cut down for hop-poles, leaving
the remaining one-fourth to grow up as a crop of timber. The
result of this severe thinning is injurious to the remaining crop,
even in England, and would probably be fatal in Scotland.

If a high wind occurs within twelve months from the time of
thinning, many of the trees are thereby uprooted, as was the
case to some extent with the plantation referred to. One cir-
cumstance favours greatly those trees left as the crop, viz., their
comparative conical form ; this circumstance happens on account
of conical-shaped trees being less suitable than cylindrical ones
for the purpose of hop-poles, hence such are left, their girth at
base being too great in proportion to their height. After a few
years the trees recover, and increase in size just in proportion to
the number of branches upon them ; those trees always growing
quickest which are most conical in shape, while those of a cylin-
drical form are much slower in growth, save in height.

The difference of growth is not due to the shape of the tree,
but to the branches situated near the base of the trunk which
supply the roots with nourishment.

Several circumstances tend to the success and rapid growth of
these plantations. The distance from the sea, twenty miles ; alti-
tude, 400 to 500 feet ; soil, dry, open hazel loam, resting upon iron
ore ; free open exposure ; and no mixture of evergreen trees. The
variable state of the soil manifested itself here in the following
ways : — In one place a poor white sand prevailed, upon which

REPORT OX LARCH FORESTS. 303

the trees were all "pumped," and their growth nearly over. In
a few places clay prevailed, and hereupon the dead stocks showed
that the trees had died about fifteen years planted. " Moor-pan"
wa.s found in some parts, and where the trees came in contact
with it, the growth had ceased early, and those still living showed
a general rigidness and stuntedness of growth.

The only apparent difference between larch grown in the south
of England and the north of Scotland, consists in the rapidity of
their growth in the former country, and of attaining maturity at
an earlier age. Eighty years may be the maximum age for a larch
plantation in the county of Argyle or lioss-shire, and fifty the
maximum age for plantations in Sussex, Surrey, or Kent.

To what extent the climate affects the larch is difficult to know;
all the difference may arise from qualities in the soil. To all
appearance, larch would not survive to so great an age in the south
as in the north, and the quality of the wood generally in Sussex
is much softer than it is in Inverness-shire, taking trees of the
same dimensions and a^e.

One district of Ashdown Forest, on which the writer has seen
much larch cut, leads to the belief that soil is the producing
cause of all difference and distinctions. The larch referred to was
grown upon dry gravelly moorland, on the exposed part of a hill
500 feet altitude ; here the quality of the wood was hard, and
close in the grain, but not so red in colour as is often seen.
Where the quality of the larch was of the latter description, it
was grown on soil of the poorest class, and where much exposed,
and only in small patches. The great consideration in planting-
larch in Sussex, Kent, &c, is to select dry soils of the poorest
description, avoiding pan, sand, and ferruginous gravel. Almost
all other dry soils are safe to plant, except when the ground has
been under cultivation, or newly cleared from a previous crop of
trees. Throughout Ashdown Forest many acres of larch are to
be seen, of equal value and importance to that in any other part
of this country.

The following are a few valuations of different small plantations
in Ashdown Forest : — No. 1. Trees fifty years planted ; soil dry
gravelly loam, with gravelly subsoil ; exposure east, sheltered
from south and west ; 300 trees per acre, average contents, 20
cubic feet; G000 feet at lOd. per foot = L.250. No. 2. Age of
trees forty years ; soil light hazel loam, sand subsoil ; 400 trees
per acre, average contents 10 cubic feet ; 4000 feet at lOd. per
foot = L.1G6, 13s. 4d. No. 3. Age thirty-five years ; soil sandy
loam ; 400 trees per acre, containing 6 cubic feet each, at lOd.
per foot = L.100. No. 4. Age forty years; soil light moorland,
open dry bottom ; 500 trees per acre, average contents, 4 cubic
feet ; 2000 feet at lOd. per foot = L.83, 6s. 8d. No. 5. Age thirty-
two years ; soil clayey loam, subsoil white sand ; number of trees

39-4 REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS.

per acre, 60 ; average contents, 30 feet ; 1800 feet at lOd. per
foot=L.75,.

The following is an example given of the value of a crop of
larch in the county of Huntingtonshire, the property of His
Grace the Duke of Bedford. This plantation was originally a
very large one, and the first planted upon the estate, but the
part to which the following statements apply composed the last
part of the clearing, twelve acres, at fifty years old. The plan-
tation was sold in 1864, and realised the following amount,
stated thus : —

1300 trees, containing altogether 10,000 cubic

feet, at Is. 2d. per foot, . . . . £583 6 8
And 43 tons larch bark, at 40s. per ton, . 86 0 0

£669 6 8
Or thus : — L.669, 6s. 8d-r-12 acres = L.55, 15s. 6|d. per acre.

The following is a statement of some interest upon the culti-
vation of larch, upon the Duke of Bedford's estate in Northamp-
tonshire, parish of Thornhaugh : —

The plantation comprises an area of 55 acres, upon rather
stiff but dry soil, resting upon limestone rock.

This enclosure, previous to cropping with larch, bore a crop of
oak and ash, which was cut down, and the ground trenched.

It was planted with larch at the rate of 4000 trees
per acre, and thinned at twenty-three years old,
yielding to the amount of . . . . £10 14 0

The expense of thinning was 18s. per acre, — deduct 0 18 0

£9 16 0
Standing upon the ground after thinning, 1000 at

Is. 6d., 75 0 0

Net value of crop, at twenty-four years planted, £84 16 0

Expense of trenching the above, per acre, . . £16 0 0

Plants and planting cost 5 8 0

Incidental expenses, 10 0

Total cost per acre, . . . £22 8 0

To those interested in the growth of larch, an account of His
Grace the Duke of Athole's will be gladly received. Various
statements regarding the Duke of Athole's larch forests are
already before the public. A very full account of them is pub-
lished in the " Transactions of the Highland Society" for 1832,
from which the writer has taken some extracts. Thirty-five

REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS. 395

years have elapsed since the account referred to was given,
hence great and important changes have taken place since then.
To give anything like a detailed account of the above forests
would occupy space far beyond the limits of this paper. No-
thing, however, will be withheld that is considered sufficiently
important to prove of practical use to those interested in the
culture of larch.

As already stated in a foregoing part of this paper, the first
larches known authoritatively to have been planted in Scot-
land are the two now growing at Dunkeld, and six at Blair
Athole, planted in 1738. Those at Dunkeld are very fine speci-
mens. Those at Blair are neither so tall, so thick, nor contain
so much timber as those at Dunkeld. Of the five planted at
Dunkeld in 1738, two were cut in 1809 ; one of them contained
147 cubic feet of timber, and the other 168 feet, and were sold
at 3s. per cubic foot. One of the remaining three was cut some
years afterwards by Mr M'Crostie, the gardener and superintend-
ent of planting, by misapprehension, to make an axle for a mill
wheel, but was never applied to the purpose for which it was cut.

The two remaining ones of the five are still in a growing con-
dition, and though they have begun to show signs of decay,
they might yet survive many years. The largest, in 1831, was
estimated to contain 350 cubic feet of timber, and now contains
altogether, of measurable wood, about 470 cubic feet, the other
about 50 feet less. In 1831 the largest tree at four feet from the
ground girthed 12 feet, the other at same date girthed 11 feet.
In 1867 the largest tree girthed at four feet from the ground,
16 feet 10 inches, and the smaller one at same height girthed
14 feet 10 inches.

Of the eleven larches planted at Blair, six only now remain,
the others having been cut or blown down. They are by no
means either so large or so handsome as those at Dunkeld of
the same age, but are equally healthy, and, in the writer's
opinion, will continue to grow when the latter have ceased. In
1867 their circumferences were as follows, measured at three feet
from the ground: — No. 1, 12 feet 9 inches; No. 2, 11 feet 6-|
inches ; No. 3, 10 feet 10 inches ; No. 4, 10 feet 8 inches; No.
5, 10 feet ; No. 6, 10 feet 8 inches.

The average estimated contents of the above are 180 cubic
feet of measurable timber. One reason, and probably the prin-
cipal one, why the larches at Blair are both of smaller size, and
less handsome than those at Dunkeld, is in consequence of severe
exposure ; they had evidently all lost their leading top at a
comparatively early age, and large branches have at different
times been broken off — a common result of severe exposure.
They are also much bent and crooked, like those at Dawick
House, Peeblesshire.

396 EEPOET ON LARCH FORESTS.

The trees are situated along the margins of the stream Ban vie,
and though sheltered for a time by the rising ground on either
side, yet as soou as they had reared their heads thirty or forty
feet, the cutting winds had blasted, broken, and contorted their
tops.

The soil is a dry gravelly loam, resting on gravel and stones ;
altitude above the sea about 500 feet. These large larches at
Blair and Dunkeld are so far distant from each other, and from
other trees, as to render their condition similar to that of single
trees. None of them have ever been pruned, or in any way cut,
save when wind-broken branches occurred. Some of the large
branches near the ground are sufficient to make railway sleepers,
and spread a great distance all round. The circumstances which
have favoured the growth of the above are briefly these : — Dry
soil and subsoil ; open, but not severely exposed situations ;
abundance of room ; free from the influence of the sea and
spring frosts ; young plants well branched and rooted ; ebb
planting, or means whereby the roots are kept upon the surface.

In addition to the trees above described, there are many more
worthy of description, both in the grounds about Blair and Dun-
keld, whose ages vary from 117 to 127 years, and contain at
least 200 cubic feet. One tree, on the south banks of the river
Tay, is worthy of special notice ; it is by far the finest grown
larch the writer has yet seen. It stands from the margin of the
river sixty feet, and at an altitude of six feet above it. The soil
is a dry sandy loam, mixed with gravelly stones. The tree is
120 years old, 115 feet in height, girth at four feet from the
ground 14 feet, and contains 230 cubic feet of timber.

A class of trees still younger than the above, having been
planted in the year 1759, in detachments, about Dunkeld, — the
greater part of the trees of this age have been cut down on
account of showing signs of decay. They were planted as a
plantation, hence less room afforded them than those as single
trees for ornamentation.

Those trees remaining of what was planted in 1759, are mostly
in a backgoing condition, caused in some measure by want of
room ; though sufficiently well grown as a crop for profit, they
are not so well calculated to stand till old age.

His Grace John Duke of Athole planted in various ways 410
acres, between the years 1859 and 1774, the greater part of
which was cut down several years ago, at various stages of per-
fection, but in general they proved remunerative. A large
enclosure was planted near Blair Athole, between the years
1777 and 1782, being now between eighty-five and ninety years
planted. Thinning was attended to when about twenty years
planted, but in this case it was evidently too long delayed. The
trees in this plantation were planted between five feet and six

REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS. 397

feet apart, and, as a natural result, some of the trees died when
young, which gave the surviving ones double advantage, winch,
as may be seen at the present time, they fully availed themselves
of, and enjoyed. Some of the trees so favoured now contain 75
cubic feet and upwards, and are from 80 to 90 feet in height,
while the average trees, though quite as tall, contain only about
25 cubic feet of timber. This plantation is now partly cut down,
hence cannot be properly valued ; but, seven years ago, it con-
tained an average of about 200 trees per acre, at 25 cubic feet
each=5000, which at Is. per foot amounts to L.250, being the
maximum value it was capable of attaining. The plantation, as
it now stands, is worth about half the latter sum per acre.

The trees in this plantation are of largest size, and altogether
best upon the north side, which is sheltered from the south by
the rising ground, at an altitude of about 600 feet. The ground
is upon an incline of about one in four, and the surface smooth
and regular. The soil is a hazelly loam, with a dry gravelly
subsoil, except where " rotten rock " prevails, which is wet.

One portion of this plantation, at the medium altitude, presents
some ground rot ; and the writer being anxious to know the
cause, on examination, found, at a depth of about one foot, a com-
pact solid substance known as " rotten rock." This soil being
impervious to the roots, and surcharged with water, had caused
the central roots to decay, whence proceeded the rot in question.

The gross return per acre per annum from this plantation
throughout the period of its growth is over L.3. Deductions,
however, must be made for general maintenance, and compound
interest upon the original outlay : with due allowance for the
latter sums, the planting of larch in this case has proved a profit-
able investment. The surrounding ground in its uncultivated state
is worth about 10s. per acre for grazing purposes, while the grass
in the plantation is, and has been during the last twenty years,
worth about two-thirds of the value of that unoccupied with trees.

Loch Ordie and Loch Hoshnie plantations may be regarded as
one, or at least described here as such, being all within one
boundary, and in most other respects much the same. The com-
bined contents of the two plantations amounts to 5190 Scotch, or
6545£ imperial acres — the largest larch plantation probably in
Britain. The planting was completed in eleven years, being com-
menced in 1815 and finished in 1826, and is perhaps the greatest
undertaking of planting ever executed 1 >y one person. The total
number of larches planted upon the estate between 1738 and 1826
amounted to 14,096,719 plants, which at the rate of 2000 plants
per acre (some of the ground only 1200 per acre), covered an area
of 10,324 imperial acres.

The instructions were to plant larch (alone) at distances apart
of 6 feet ; but they seem not to have been duly attended to, as

2 i)

393 EEPOET ON LAECH EOEESTS.

at the present day the trees are still growing within 4 feet of each
other (from centre to centre). This, however, is more the case
at Loch Hoshnie than at Loch Ordie, which may be accounted
for in various ways. Loch Hoshnie being an out-of-the-way
place, and far distant from the home of the inspector (Mr
M'Crostie), inspection might be less assiduous. The ground
being muiry, poor, and thin and cold, failure to some extent at
least might be anticipated. Be this as it may, the orders from
his Grace were to plant six feet apart. The soil throughout this
vast forest varies greatly — in some cases it is wet and boggy, in
others bare and rocky ; some parts are stiff clay, and others deep
rich loam.

The rock formations most prevalent are gneiss, clay-slate, and
mica-slate : the last and first mentioned sorts are most abundant.
The altitudes of this forest vary from about 500 to 1200 feet ;
and it is remarkable how little the altitude effects the growth of
the trees. Where the soil is deep and dry near the tops of the
hills, the trees are equally as healthy as at their base, and in
point of girth are nearly the same, but not so tall. The only
material difference arises from the casualties which befall the
top shoots severely acted upon by high winds, causing the growth
in autumn to stop before it would otherwise do so. It is on
the latter account that trees increase more in girth than height
as the altitude ascends ; but, as already stated, this is consequent
on damage done to the leading shoots while they are soft and
tender, and it is by preventing the latter occurrence that shelter,
especially from the prevailing winds, is so highly beneficial.

The earliest planted portion — that at Loch Ordie — now fifty-
two years old, is a very fine crop of larch, but must be seen to
be duly admired. A hundred acres or more may be met with
in one place where the trees bear a marked resemblance to each
other — the straightness of the trunk, with a gradual but impercep-
tible diminution of girth from the base to near the top, cleanness
of stem, as if polished, by the hand of art, to a height of thirty feet
to forty feet and upwards, where a light canopy of drooping spray
crowns the elegant column. The trees, according to altitude,
vary in height from fifty feet to seventy feet and upwards. The
bark is peculiar. When the ground is dry, it is of a reddish-grey
colour ; when somewhat damp and sheltered, the bark is light,
almost to whiteness ; and when situated at a high altitude, and
where the soil is damp or wet, the trees are covered with moss and
lichens, presenting quite a hoary and shaggy appearance.

The rule of six feet distant planting had been more strictly
observed on some of the hill-sides around Loch Ordie than in
most parts of the forest. In some instances the trees are yet
standing at the same distances as when planted, showing that
they had not at any time been thinned. On such parts the

EEPORT ON LARCH FOHESTS. 399

value of the trees is three-fourths less than where they had been
thinned when about twenty years old. Not only is the present
difference in value in favour of tiraeous thinning, but the older
the trees grow the difference becomes still greater. At fifty-two
years old the thinned part is worth 8s. per tree on an average,
while the unthinned part is worth only 2s. per tree. Allowing
the plantation to stand till eighty years old, the difference in
value, as indicated by the present proportional growth, will then
be — the thinned trees 35s. each, and those unthinned 5s. each.
In other words, the unthinned trees at fifty-two years old are
worth one-fourth that of the thinned ones, while their prospective
value at eighty years old will be only one-seventh.

Though the individual trees differ in value seven-fold, the
value per acre does not so differ. The unthinned parts, 6 feet
distant, contains 1200 trees per acre, at 5s. per tree = L.300 ;
and the parts thinned out to double that distance, contains only
302 trees per acre, at 30s. each = L.472, thus making the true
value of an acre thinned out to half the number planted at 6 feet,
between one-fourth and one-fifth more value than the part left
standing at the distance planted. At the end of eighty years
there is a balance in favour of thinning to the amount of L.l 72
per acre.

The above calculations show the proportional rather than the
true increase and value of the wood. In consequence of the
want of thinning till the lower branches had withered and died,
the trees thus lost the means by which their growth is promoted,
and which under the best future management could never again
be restored, or attain the above estimate.

On examining the concentric rings or layers of wood of a
number of trees in various parts of the forest where they were
cut and laid in heaps upon the road sides, it was quite observ-
able where the proper period of thinning had been exceeded.
Most of the trees planted at from five feet to six feet apart had
made annual layers of wood from one-sixth to one-fourth of
an inch thick, till about twenty years old, about which time the
branches met each other, and thus excluding light and air, speedily
destroyed their vitality. After this occurred, the growths annually
decreased, and by the thirtieth growth, in many cases, instead
of making annual layers of one-sixth to one-fourth of an inch
in one year, one-fourth of an inch was only made in four or
five years. With these facts before us, the urgency of thinning
at the proper time, in order to keep vital the lower branches,
must appear natural and reasonable to any one acquainted with
the laws of vegetation. The important function of the lower
branches to trees of any age (but especially young ones) are too
little regarded. By the lower branches the roots are nourished
and fed, by the latter the sap is absorbed and conveyed to all

400 REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS.

parts of the tree ; and just so in proportion to the healthy and
proper condition of the roots is the whole structure of the tree
supplied with wood-forming materials.

The crop of this immense forest may average 200 trees per
acre, and the average market value may be 6s. per tree, thus
making the value L.60 per acre. Doubtless, many acres are worth
more than the above, but others are worth less; so that L.60 per
acre may be considersd a fair average of the whole. The fencing,
planting, &c, of these forests are stated to have cost something
less than 30s. per acre, detailed thus : —

2000,1-year transplanted larch, at 7s. 6d. per 1000, L.O 15 0

One man 2 days, at 2s. 3d. per day, . . 0 4 6

One boy carrying plants, at 6d. per day, . 0 10

Enclosing at the rate of 5s. per acre, . . 0 5 0

Clearing Juniper, Draining, &c, . . . 0 4 0

L.1 9 6

The success of the above forests will bear a favourable com-
parison with any in Scotland ; and yet it is very evident that
much is to be learned from points of failure as well as success ;
and with the additional experience of half a century, it is only
strange that so very little advancement has been made in the
growth and culture of larch. The undulating nature of the
ground favours the growth of larch in the Athole forests. It is
well understood how readily water runs off a hill face, and how
soon not only its herbage, but its soil, becomes dry after rain or
melted snow, compared with level ground. Much of the soil in
the Athole forests is too clayey and wet for the proper growth of
larch, and but for the sloping nature of the ground, would fail
to grow it at all, or at least to valuable dimensions. The soil,
therefore, though too stiff and wet to grow larch on flat ground,
will nevertheless grow it comparatively well upon an inclining
surface.

Again, the Athole forests are far inland, and beyond the in-
fluence of the sea, an advantage which many districts otherwise
suitable do not possess.

On elevated grounds, the effects of frost are little felt compared
with low and damp situations, and in this respect the Athole
larch (with few exceptions) enjoys an advantage.

The great extent of forest, too, contributes its beneficial in-
fluence by modifying and softening hard blighting winds, which
greatly damage the foliage in early summer ; the irregular sur-
face of the ground (hill and vale) also acts in a similar way.

An immense advantage given to the Athole larch forests was
the distance apart at which the trees were planted. Six feet was
the distance specified, and where that was adhered to, the great

REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS. 401

advantage to the crop is still apparent as compared with closer
planting. It is true, close planting and early thinning will ac-
complish the same end; but it rarely happens that thinning is
done in time to prevent the death of the lower tier of branches.
As well may we expect an animal to be healthy and thriving with
only one lung, as look for a tree to be so with only a few
branches at top. The plants were in general small, and were
planted without burying the roots too deep, a very prevalent
error even in modern planting, and one which should be carefully
avoided on the part of the larch.

The writer has made several experiments in order to prove the
difference between deep and ebb planting, and has found as the
result, that on rich and deep soil the deep planting proved more
frequently fatal than on light dry soil ; but in all cases, and
on all soils, if the roots are covered, it is all that is required for
the prosperity of the trees.

No importance seems worthy of being attached to the rock
formation ; the trees grow equally well upon all the different
rocks, provided only there be open fissures and crevices for the
roots, and the ground dry — all of which advantages the Athole
larch possesses in a large degree, with exceptional cases, how-
ever, sufficiently clear to prove the rule.

The practice of keeping down rank and luxuriant plants, in-
cluding juniper, whins, brackens, and grasses, for several years
subsequent to planting, tended greatly to promote the prosperity of
the young plantations, and is a practice worthy of our imitation.

Another circumstance, regarded by some persons as the most
potent of all, in rendering the Athole larch so pre-eminently suc-
cessful, was the seed, most of it having been imported direct from
its native mountains in Italy or Switzerland. Whether this be of
vital importance or not has not yet been fully established ; but
one thing is certain, that the first plants introduced have not been
surpassed in growth by those raised from seeds from trees acclima-
tised in this country, or from Tyrol. Again, from the fact of the
oldest larches at Dunkeld and Blair having been grown in the
London nurseries, and even grown and treated as exotics, was in
no way prejudicial to their future success.

The greater part of the Athole larch forest is depastured with
blackfaced wethers, which are purchased in autumn when two
years old, kept over winter and during the succeeding summer,
and sold next autumn, having been kept twelve months. This
mode of consuming the plantation grass is profitable, and adds
very considerably to the revenue from the woods and forests. In
conversation with the shepherds, they informed me that though
their cows do very well in the forests, yet they produce more
butter, by at least one pound per week, when grazing on open
pasture. The butter, however, is fully admitted to be sweeter

402 REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS.

and of richer quality, produced while grazing under the larch.
It is here worthy of notice, that a considerable portion of the
forest is in a state too wet to he judiciously grazed with cattle,
their footprints are such as to form basins for the water to stand
in, to the injury of the roots of the trees. Dry ground does not
so suffer.

The forest operations are conducted under one general manager,
with a staff of subordinates to carry out details.

The wood is generally disposed of to wood-merchants in the
growing state, who cut and manufacture it themselves. The
prices (abating bark) are from Is. to Is. 4d. per cubic foot, Is. 2d.
being the general selling price. Much of the wood, in form of
thinnings, being too small to admit of being sold by measurement,
instead of being sold by the foot, is sold by the tree or number of
trees.

Having briefly described the soil, condition of the crop, its
value, &c, we shall next proceed to indicate certain conceived
defects, feeling justified only in doing so by the loud and earnest
demands of rural progress and enlightenment of the age : —

First, Much of the soil is too stiff and cold, and surcharged
with water, hence the results of slow growth, &c. Second, The
commencement of thinning had been too protracted, and evi-
dently, in some cases, continued till overdone. Third, Consider-
able portions of ground are under larch which should have been
under oak, silver fir, Norway spruce, and Scots pine, thus giving
rise to the unjust complaint, " Failure of the larch."

His Grace John Duke of Athole, who was perfectly aware
that larch would not grow on every description of soil, says, " It
is an error to suppose that the larch will thrive on all soils and
in all situations. There are many kinds of soil in which it will
not thrive, and ought not to be planted. It has been found that
larch cankers in wet situations, and contracts heart-rot in wet
subsoils. In cold and damp situations it becomes fogged and
covered with lichens." The duke's observation and experience
in these matters entirely agree with our own, and are forcibly
confirmed by what is to be seen throughout the forests in which
he took such high delight and deep interest, and in which he
won unprecedented fame, thereby endearing himself to all true
lovers of sylvan grandeur and magnificence.

Under all circumstances, the Athole larch forests have suc-
ceeded to admiration ; and, considering that the planting was in
a manner experimental, the result may justly be regarded a
success.

The Athole forests are very extensive, the largest in Britain
(of a private kind). The entire area under larch is stated to be
about 10,324 imperial acres, and the treeg originally planted
upon it 14,096,719. The earliest operations of planting were

REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS. 40

o

conducted under very unpropitious circumstances, amongst which
may be mentioned the difficulty of obtaining plants, and the con-
sequent high prices. All the larch plants the duke was able to
obtain, between 1774 and 1783, amounted only to 279,000, and
cost (two years transplanted larch) 6d. per plant. After about
1780 the price of plants (two years transplanted) fell from 6d.
per plant to 35s. per 1000. From that time downwards the
prices have varied from 18s. to 12s. per 1000, according as the
crop was plentiful or scarce ; but the average price during the
last fifty years is considered 12s. 6d. per 1000.

One of the causes of disappointment as to the pecuniary
returns of the larch arises out of the circumstance of too much
having been expected of it. In a report of the Athole larch, to
which reference has been already made, the duke expected to
realise £1000 per acre. "Suppose," says the report referred to,
" the plantations are thinned out by thirty years old to what they
are to stand for ship-timber — that is, to 400 trees per Scots
acre — suppose after that period the whole were cut down at the
following respective ages, the value of the whole per acre at the
different periods would be as follows : — ■

400 trees, 30 years old, at 2| cubic feet each tree = 1000

cubic feet, or 20 loads, at Is. 6d. per foot, . L.75 0 0
400 trees, 43 1 years old, at 15 feet each tree

= 6000 cubic feet, or 120 loads, at Is. 6d.

per foot, . . . . 450 0 0

400 trees, 59 years old, at 40 cubic feet each

tree = 16,000 cubic feet, or 320 loads, at 2s.

6d. per foot profit, . . . 2000 0 0

400 trees, 72 years old, at 60 cubic feet each

= 24,000 cubic feet, or 480 loads, at 2s. 6d.

per cubic foot profit, . . . 3000 0 0

The average of these prices would be L.1381, 5s. per acre, so that
L.1000 per acre is not too high, a calculation of the value of the
duke's larch plantations."

A modern writer of considerable eminence, and whose au-
thority in general arboriculture is of no small weight, gives as
the result of his experience of a plantation in Mid-Lothian, at
sixty years old, a clmr profit of L.509, 17s. 4d. per acre.
Another author, still more modern, gives as his experience a
statement of a larch plantation at forty years old yielding a clear
profit of £548, 15s. per acre.

With a belief in the preceding statements, any person finding
their larch plantations to come far short of them, are led to think
and speak of their own as a failure. The writer may here state
his own experience. He has not found any considerable crop of
larch in value within 50 per cent, of the preceding statements; and,

404 REPORT OX LARCH FORESTS.

at the same time, lie believes that he has seen as good larch plan-
tations as are to be found in Scotland, and these, by competent
judges, are considered quite successful productions, and pay at
least equal to any other crop the soil produces. Very few writers
who make a prospective statement of the value of a crop of larch,
take into account all the impeding circumstances, hence the many
false conclusions. It is only by present observation of what is
an existent crop upon the ground that a true knowledge of its
value is ascertained.

The first account of larch disease, of which the writer has a per-
sonal remembrance, occurred atThhistane, inEttrick, Selkirkshire.
The manner in which it appeared, as described, was by the foliage
becoming brown early in summer, and afterwards the branches
and tops of the trees died. This occurred about thirty years ago.
In the beginning of May 1846, a frost occurred in the south of
Scotland which browned many larch plantations, especially those
in districts predisposed to frost, such as Chisholm on Borthwick
Water, Stobbs on Slitrig Water, Wolfelee on Paile Water, and Sin-
ton on Ale, &c, &c. The effects of that frost were seen for several
years afterwards in the withered ends of the branches and dead
tops of the trees. In after years, when larches were observed to
decay, it was considered the manifestation of injuries sustained
by the frost of 1846. Many foresters who then believed that
frost was the cause of failure still do so at the present day. They
can only be justified in their views assuming that they have only
taken notice of that form of disease produced by frost. A young
larch plantation, then eight years old, situated in a glen upon the
Marquis of Lothian's estate near Jedburgh, suffered much from a
frost which occurred in April 1859. The trees in the bottom of
the glen, which was rather wet, were nearly all killed, and those
which escaped were all less or more injured, while those on the
tops of the banks on either side, about 60 to 80 feet higher alti-
tude, escaped without harm. Experience has proved that it is
much safer to plant Norway spruce in damp, low-lying districts
liable to late spring frosts. Frost may therefore very properly
be classed amongst the agents destructive to larch. The foliage
of larch is very tender, especially early in the season ; indeed,
not excepting the beech, it is easier injured by severe blasts than
any other tree in the forest. Cold easterly winds occurring in
May or June frequently render the larch as brown as if it were
frosted. So much so is this the case, that some foresters, whose
observations have been chiefly confined to larch within the in-
fluence of the Frith of Forth, Moray Frith, &c, maintain that
larch disease is alone due to severe or maritime exposure. In the
past summer a severe easterly wind prevailed in the north of
Scotland, between the 15th and 20th of May, which left the larch,
where exposed to the north-east or east, quite red, and in some

BEPOBT ON LAECII FORESTS. 405

cases the trees upon the outside of the plantations have their
branches and tops killed, leaving it doubtful whether or not the
trees will recover. All along the coasts of the shires of Banff,
Moray, and Aberdeen, the larch has been twice during the past
summer, in exposed places, quite defoliated. This is not the
effect altogether of the sea air, as larches ten miles inland have
also suffered, though not to such a degree.

If the soil is good, and the tree otherwise healthy, it may
struggle on and attain a fair size and medium age ; but when
the soil is cold, or otherwise such as to produce a weakly tree,
the likelihood is that it will die prematurely, and if not, it will
continue unsightly and uproductive of wood.

Some years ago the writer observed a plantation in Tweedside
where the larches were pruned of a large proportion of their
branches ; and on inquiry of the reason, was informed that it
was believed the branches contracted disease, and that pruning
was done with a view of preventing it.

The writer thinned a mixed plantation on one occasion, and
in order to relieve some hardwoods he cut off or shortened a
quantity of larch branches, and on examining the plantation
two years afterwards, found the shortened branches making
fresh shoots, and the trees had an improved appearance ; but
this undoubtedly arose more from the additional room afforded,
and the admission of sun and air, than from pruning. On the
Marquis of Lothian's estates at Mounteviot, Ferniehurst, Oxnam,
&c, and also at Cortachy and Airlie Castles, the property of the
Earl of Airlie, and at Drumlanrig Castle in Dumfriesshire, the
chief residence of His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch, and several
other places, the foresters prune off all the dead branches from
the larch ; and to this there is no important objection, though
from the orifice left in the trunk where the branches are broken
(instead of sawn off), the rosin and turpentine occasionally oozes
out, but when the trees are healthy, little or no harm arises
from this circumstance, and the trunks grow cleaner without
them.

A farmer in Strathspey planted some larch trees around his
garden when he was a boy ; the trees in time grew up, and the
branches overhung his garden, which suggested pruning, which
he did. Two of the number not overhanging so much as the
rest were left unpruned ; and at the present time, when the trees
are sixty-four years old, the unpruned trees are more healthy,
and contain more than double the quantity of timber the others
do. If the branches of healthy larch are foreshortened mode-
rately, it will do little or no harm, but evidently no good can
arise from pruning in any form to unhealthy or diseased trees,
unless perhaps in such cases where blasting winds have destroyed
the vitality of the ends of the branches ; in such cases snag

406 REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS.

pruning will induce fresli shoots, or at all events remove the un-
sightly dead parts of the branches.

Some foresters attribute much of the larch failure to confine-
ment of the trees, keeping them so close together as to destroy
the vitality of their lower branches. Of this view there appears
scarcely room for division of opinion ; the rule seems to be, to
keep the latter in life till the heartwood is fully formed with
which the branches are connected. The shedding of the
branches should never supersede the forming of the heartwood.
The importance of branches, and their uses in developing a tree>
are too well known to require further comment.

One circumstance of considerable weight ought not to be over-
looked, namely, larch in its native countries receive no such aid
as the pruning-knife. If pruning, therefore, were essential to
health and development, such trees as those at Dunkeld, Mony-
musk, Kippenross, Castle Menzies, &c, would undoubtedly have
come short of the perfection they have attained.

Again, it is maintained that all the diseases of larch are en-
gendered in the nursery, either by crowding the plant in the
nursery beds, or stimulating their early growth by strong
manures. All nursery-grown plants, however, are by no means
crowded, neither are they all forced by manure, although the
first planted larches in this country, being grown in the London
nurseries, were probably so raised. In selecting the plants
for small plantations, choice is generally made of trees which
have stood open and clear of each other in the nursery ; but
as it has been shown to the writer's satisfaction, that the best
grown specimens fall a prey to disease as well as those less
favoured, and even self-sown plants, though standing as single
specimens grown free from all artificial manures, fall a prey to
disease along with those otherwise raised and planted amongst
them.

Strong and exciting manures are decidedly injurious and
objectionable, and ought to be carefully avoided with larch.
Diseased seed is also regarded by some as the cause of disease
in the trees grown from it. It is maintained that a strong
analogy exists between plants and animals, and that the off-
spring inherits the constitution of the parent, be it healthy or
otherwise. The result of sowing diseased seed appears to the
writer to be, either no plant produced, or a small and weakly
one. In the latter case, time and attention may restore it to
strength and vigour which, if once attained by natural and
proper means, there appears no good reason why it should after-
wards relapse into a state of degeneracy and disease. If the
diseases of plants are hereditary, we may assume that each
species of disease will propagate its own kind ; hence, in sowing
or planting from seeds taken from trees variously affected, we

REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS. 407

must expect the plants after their kind. For example, a col-
lection of seed is made from trees affected with various forms of
disease, and some also quite sound. If the theory of hereditary
disease be correct, a crop would occupy the ground as promis-
cuous as were the diseases of the seeds : one tree affected with
dry rot, another by its side with ground rot, one tree affected
with blister, another close by it with Coccus laricis ; and in the
centre of a group which have died off suddenly, one or two are
in perfect health. The reverse of all this is the case. However
mixed the trees are when planted, subtle disease attacks them
all alike or in groups.

It is maintained by some, that only seeds procured from
trees thoroughly acclimatised produce plants hardy enough
to withstand the rigours of our seasons, and declaim the prac-
tice of growing plants from foreign seed. Considerable import-
ance is attached to the acclimatised plants ; but little is known
as to what takes place with a larch tree when undergoing the
process of acclimatising, or how far the original nature of the
plant has been changed, or its constitution rendered more
hardy by the climate of the country. In the absence of cor-
roborative proof in support of the above view, the writer dis-
cards it, believing, as he does, that plants which were raised
from imported seed are better, or, at least, equal to any that
have been grown from what is termed acclimatised seed.

Many, on the other hand, hold the opinion, that sound trees
can only be grown from imported seed, and contend that the
action of the pollen in local plantations is such as to corrupt the
seed, that the pollen of diseased trees is conveyed to those that
are sound, and thereby contaminate the seed. They, too, point to
the first introduced larches, the best yet grown, in support of
their views. It is, however, an undeniable fact, that thousands of
trees grown from foreign seed become diseased, and many of the
Duke of Athole's first planted larches were affected with blight
and other diseases.

It is maintained by some, that to grow larch sound, it should
be grown as single trees, or at least they should never touch
each other, because, as soon as the branches touch, disease is
gendered. Single trees are pointed out as proof of such opinion,
but it is scarcely necessary to say that thousands of single trees
may be seen almost anywhere quite diseased. It is, however,
beneficial to larch to give its branches free and full scope.

Deep planting is also looked upon by many as the cause of
disease, and they point out trees where the roots are near the
surface as the soundest and most healthy, while others whose
roots are deeper in the ground are affected with ground-rot. The
benefit of ebb over deep planting is twofold.

First, The roots are larger and of better quality when near

408 REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS.

the surface, being better carbonised ; and, second, the admission
of air and light to that part termed the neck of the plant, thereby
exciting it to grow in a way superior to others not so exposed.
Deep planting upon a slope is not so injurious to the trees as it is
upon fiat ground.

The practice of mixing pines and spruce with larch confines it
too much, thereby causing that insect called the Coccus laricis
to infest it. Too much confinement in low places (especially
damp ones), soils too rich with manure, and exhausted muiry
soils, are all producing causes of Coccus laricis. Whatever the
amount of damage to the trees is, as occasioned by this insect, is
difficult to say; but one thing is certain, that noble specimens of
trees now exist and plantations flourish which were at one time
much infested with Coccus laricis. The writer's opinion is, that
the presence of Coccus laricis shows that something is wrong with
the tree, but as soon as it becomes vigorous in growth the insect
leaves it, being not the cause, but an attendant or consequent of
disease. Newly planted trees (though healthy), and others of
sluggish growth, are both subjects of the insect in question.

In the larch, as in other plants raised from seed, there are con-
siderable variety, and in this variety, it is supposed, are concealed
the plants liable to be diseased. The red flowering larch is by
some considered hardy enough to endure the climate and other un-
favourable circumstances, it being a native of the Alps in Switzer-
land; while others assert, quite the reverse, that the white variety
is best adapted for planting in this country, it being a native of
Tyrol. This difference of opinion arises from the fact that, under
certain conditions, both varieties fail or succeed. The success is
not, however, due to the variety, but to the soil in which' it is
favourably planted. The writer is prepared to point out trees of
every shade of colour of flower in a sound and healthy condition,
and also to show every variety in various stages of disease.

There appears some difference between trees whose seed was
direct from Tyrol, and that of home-grown larch, in their first
and early stages of growth. The difference in the nursery ground,
especially in the seed-bed, is at times quite obvious, and in other
cases quite undistinguishable.

When home-grown seed is plump and well-grown, and that
from Tyrol of inferior quality, as sometimes happens, and the
two sorts are sown side by side, by way of experiment, and in
order to compare the two sorts together, the difference is so small
as scarcely to be distinguishable; while in other cases, where similar
trials have been made, and the seed happens to be of opposite
extremes of quality, in such cases the difference is so obvious as
to produce an honest impression that the species of larch are
different. Good sound Tyrolese seed produces plants several
days earlier than Swiss or Scotch seed.

REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS. 409

When the plants grow older, the marks of distinction become
fainter, till at last they quite disappear ; and though a good deal
is said about the superiority of the Tyrolese seedlings, nothing is
heard of the older trees, or pointed out in the mixed forest.

An example of this appeared in a plantation on the estate of
Invercauld, Aberdeenshire, which was planted by Mr Morrison,
nurseryman, Elgin, in 1854. One of the conditions in the con-
tract was to plant a certain quantity of Tyrolese plants in stated
parts of the enclosure, Those parts are at the lower end of the
plantation confronting Balmoral Castle, and about half a mile
distant from it, and quite observable from the Deeside turnpike
road. In August last the writer examined very minutely the
larches in this plantation, now thirteen years old, and on com-
parison of the Tyrolese groups with those of Scotch produce,
taking soil, situation, altitude, &c, into account, he left the
plantation quite unable to say which had the superiority, or
whether or not there was any difference between the two sorts.

On viewing the plantation from the county road, three of the
Tyrolese groups appear much in advance of the others, but on
entering the plantation it is found that this appearance is only
produced by the rising ground on which they are situated. The
greater part of the larches in this plantation are in a very thriving
condition, both those from foreign and home-grown seed. The
only exceptions are weakly plants overgrown by stronger ones ;
such overgrown plants are black in the bark, of a sooty appear-
ance, and soil the hands on touching them.

The foliage on such sickly trees is of a pale green, and covered
with Coccus laricis. On the hillocks alluded to, both Scotch
and Tyrolese plants are in vigorous growth, with scarcely any
sickly plants amongst them, but where the larch and Scots pine
are mixed, there are many sickly plants of the former species.

To the writer there appears so very little difference between
the Scotch and Tyrolese larch, that all practical operations should
be conducted (in planting) as if they were one and the same sort
of plants. If not identical, they are very closely allied, to each
show no reliable difference.

Low temperature in the soil is very hurtful to newly-planted
larch, especially in a northern aspect ; and older trees growing
upon it soon die in consequence of decay of the roots. It is
probably owing in some degree to the temperature in the soil
that paring off the turf, previous to planting, is of such decided
advantage to the growth of the trees.

Burning rough herbage, previous to planting, is also found to
be of great service in promoting the early growth of the trees.
Hoeing and raking the surface of the ground, where such is
practicable, also tends greatly to their welfare.

The way in which deep planting proves injurious to the trees

410 REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS.

is probably by placing their roots at a depth beyond the immediate
action of the solar rays. The writer made some experiments
with larch (three years transplanted) in a nursery. In planting,
he put each alternate row two inches deeper than the other row,
and found as the result that 30 per cent of the deep-planted trees
died, while the others all lived. The experiment was made on
several soils, and it was found that deep-planting on rich black
loam and that of tenacious clay were nearly alike, while very
few died upon light dry soil, sand, or gravel.

It is a settled question with many persons, that freely circu-
lated water in some way applied to larch is all that is needed ;
but when asked in what way it should be applied, the answer
is seldom forthcoming. It seems well to endeavour to correct
this misapprehension, for although water may be near well-
grown trees, it is not from the water or from wet soil that the
tree derives its nourishment. It is nourished and sustained not
by the water, but in spite of its presence. It is from other
favouring circumstances than these that the tree attains size or
longevity.

Drainage has its strong advocates, who think and act as if open
drains would make larch grow. Wet ground is drained and
planted, the trees flourish for a while, are seen so flourishing,
and so inspiring confidence, convey the result to others, and thus
the impression is spread abroad. On clay-drained ground the
larch, after flourishing for a period of about fifteen years, dies
.suddenly, and all about the drains is forgotten. Or some one
thinks the two-foot drain not deep enough, and ascribes to that
circumstance the cause of failure, recommending, from his own
experience of failure, a two and one-half foot or three feet drain.

On looking at a plantation with drains in it, it must be obvious
to the least observant how well the trees grow along the margins
of the drains, being often, at ten years old, 15 feet high, while the
general plantation is only 7 feet or 8 feet high. This superiority
of growth is at once attributed to the drainage, which leads to
erroneous conclusions throughout of its being (almost) entirely
due to another cause explained thus. The earth excavated from
the drains is sometimes laid upon one side and sometimes the
other, as it happens to answer the hand of the workman ; and it
is upon the excavated earth that the plants so well flourish. It is
due to the loose open soil, and not to the drainage (proper) that
superior growth is to be ascribed.

Drainage, as formerly stated (unless upon moss), can benefit
the growth of larch very little, because wet clays and such soils
as truly require draining are not, even though dry, suitable to
larch, hence should be planted with other trees.

In proof that the superior growth in drained ground is clue
only to the loose dry soil excavated from the drain, and to no

REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS. 411

other cause, look at the two margins of the drain : on the one
side is the earth, with its luxuriant crop ; on the other, with
only a three feet drain between them, is a poor stinted growth,
with no loose earth to grow in.

Some persons maintain that dry soils are as injurious to larch
as wet ones are. This is not borne out in the writer's experience.
It is true larches die on dry soils, but it is not simply on account
of the soils being dry that they die, but because of some dele-
terious or obstructive substance being in the way of the roots.
Either the subsoil is pan, or the soil may have been exhausted
by preceding crops of similar or different kinds. One descrip-
tion of exhausted soil is met with in moorlands which is fatal to
larch ; it is termed a deaf soil, and in it the roots at an early age
lose their vitality. The manner in which larch decays in this
sort of soil gives rise to the belief of its contracting disease,
through fungi, of the spongioles of the roots. Such soils are
impure, hence unfit for larch. Lime applied to such soils pre-
vious to planting might be of some benefit, but in the meantime
it is much safer to plant spruce or poplar.

Larch as a succeeding crop succeeds much the same as others
do. But as ground cleared of a crop of trees requires in general
both draining and trenching, it is after this is done that the
ground is in readiness for another crop.

Wet clay soils are admitted without dissent to be fatal to larch,
and yet upon such soils larch is not only planted, but promises
to do well for a time, and then speedily dies off. The cause of
this is pretty clear. In the first stage of growth the roots are
upon the surface, and the under herbage thin, so that they have
the advantage of solar heat. Afterwards the roots dip into the
cold and wet soil, and those roots that extend upon the surface
are matted over with a rank, deep-rooted herbage, which herbage
probably also impoverishes the soil and obstructs the roots of the
trees. Whether the manner in which a wet clay soil proves fatal
to larch be fully understood or not, experience shows that it is
inexpedient to plant larch upon it, however well it may grow at
first.

The preceding are the principal theories and opinions enter-
tained respecting the causes of failures of the larch ; but without
following in detail the various forms of disease, and tracing them
through their various stages, the writer will conclude this part of
the subject by adding briefly, that it is his opinion that all the
diseases embracing what is generally known as the larch disease,
are either due to low temperature in the soil, the result generally
of superabundant water — a soil too compact, stiff, or hard for the
roots to spread or dip in — the sudden transition of the roots pass-
ing through a o;ood strata of soil into an inferior one, or entering
a soil either naturally destitute, or exhausted of those elements

412 REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS.

which constitute its proper food, or brought into contact with
poisonous ingredients, which either destroy the absorbing power
of the spongioles of the roots, or contaminate the fluids of the tree
after absorption.

The commercial value of larch is very great ; scarcely any pro-
duct of the soil is more valuable, and certainly no species of
timber is so much sought after and so highly esteemed as larch.
The price of larch has uniformly decreased since the year 1809,
when the Duke of Athole obtained from 3s. to 3s. 6cl. per cubic
foot for his.

In Scotland, as in other countries, the prices are now much
more equalised than in other years. The prices now obtainable
for larch timber throughout Scotland (I might say Britain) varies
from lOd. to Is. 6d. per cubic foot. As a rule, the further north
larch is dearer and oak cheaper, though to this rule there are
exceptions.

The great demand for larch at the present time is for railway
sleepers, props for mining purposes, and fencing of all kinds,
especially stakes for farm fences. The bark of larch under forty
years old is valuable for tanning, and pays from 20 to 25 per cent.
upon the labour, minus felling the trees.

It is sometimes asked what proportional duration the sapwood
of larch bears to the heartwood. The question is difficult to
answer directly, but may be understood thus : A larch tree twelve
years old will stand as a paling-post three years, at the end of
which the heartwood is quite decayed. At twenty years old the
root-cut will stand as a post four years, and the heartwood one
year longer, or is one-fifth more durable than the sapwood. At
forty years old the sapwood of a larch-post will stand five years,
and the heartwood would stand good ten years, hence the heart-
wood is twice as durable as the sapwood. There is considerable
difference in the quality of sapwood, but not nearly so much as in
the quality of the heartwood.

The returns from larch plantations are very variable ; in some-
cases they have paid well, in others they have proved a great loss.
The districts where larch have paid best are npon dry, porous
land, precipitous or flat, but generally thin and poor. Some
have concluded that the north country is better adapted for
larch than the south. In this there is no obvious difference,
save what soil and situation produces. There are equally as good
larches in the counties of Sussex, Surrey, and Kent, as there are
in Inveruess-shire, Eoss, or Sutherland ; but in the latter counties
good larches and larch plantations are more numerous.

In Wales there is much fine larch of all aG;es, not exceediug
one hundred years, and diseases are little known save upon slate
rock, and even there only on clays, wet and cold. Throughout
Xorth Wales, wherever larch has been planted on dry soils, and

REPORT OX LARCH FORESTS. 413

duly thinned, the crops have proved remunerative. The accounts
from Ireland are also favourable, and diseases are all but unknown ;
the exceptional cases are upon soft, boggy ground, where its roots
decay, as in Scotland upon certain mosses and cold clays.

No proprietor in Scotland has suffered so much from diseased
larch as His Grace the Duke of Buecleuch, and the reason is that
extensive tracts of damp clay land have been planted. In Liddes-
dale, and the southern parts of Teviotdale and Tweeddale, larch
in general grows indifferently, owing doubtless to the cold and
clayey soils that prevail. It is also owing to the cold clays in
Roxburghshire, Selkirkshire, Peeblesshire, and Dumfriesshire,
that so much disease has occurred amongst the larch. In the
above named counties, where the soil is sufficiently dry to main-
tain life, the trees frequently survive to forty years old, and con-
tain from eight to ten cubic feet of red, hard, and most durable
wood, which, though not of large dimensions, pays well to grow
for fencing purposes, and common farm buildings, including
cottages.

There is a red clay soil overlying sandstone, and sometimes
porphyritic rocks, which proves fatal to larch, but just so in pro-
portion to its wetness. This soil predominates in the neighbour-
hood of Melrose, in some parts of Jed Forest, in Annandale
about Drumlanrig, and some parts of the Lothians. There is,
however, nut only in every comity in Scotland, but probably
in every parish, patches of ground capable of growing and sus-
taining good larch, even in those districts regarded as unsuitable,
at same time in every locality there are soils entirely unsuitable
to grow larch timber ; so that exceptions may justly be taken
"pro and con? The writer, though anxious to make his state-
ments clear and understood, feels he has but imperfectly per-
formed the task.

Some statements are doubtless introduced which may appear
irrelevant to the subject, but as they have all contributed in
some degree to enlighten the question to the writer, he concludes
they may so act with others, and in conclusion he remarks —

First, There are no important phenomena connected with the
diseases of larch but are clearly traceable, either directly or
remotely, to defects of the soil, situation, or climate.

Second, The diseases of larch are confined to districts, locali-
ties, or classes of soil, rather than to individual trees. The well-
grown larches are in certain groups or localities by themselves,
and so are diseased ones (speaking generally), a circumstance
that could not readily occur from other cause than that of the soil.

Third, The soils inimical to larch are essentially different, and
produce different diseases, e.g., wet ground produces ulcers ; rich
soils, Coccus laricis; low situations attract frost; severe and

1* ]•:

414 EEPOET ON LAKCH FOEESTS.

maritime exposures suffer from cold cutting winds, while the
foliage is young and tender ; exhausted soils cause a general
drying up of the tree, and ultimate death; stiff clays produce
sluggish growth, and superabundance of fruit ; soils dry on top
and wet below, produce pumping or ground-rot. Such are some
of the connections between soils and diseases.

Fourth, The essentials of soils calculated to produce health,
rapid and vigorous growth, and sustain trees till seventy or
eighty years old, are briefly these : — Soil dry, free, and open, to a
depth of 3 feet ; virgin, or soil rather poor (not exhausted by
cropping).

Fifth, Situation elevated, or freely exposed to evaporation,
but protected from cutting winds while in foliage.

Sixth, The absorption, by the roots, to be maintained accord-
ing to evaporation by the branches ; this is attained by thinning,
so as to preserve the proper number of branches clear.

Seventh, The crop of larch when 6 feet high (for timber)
should not exceed 1200 per acre. If destruction by game, &c,
has necessitated closer planting, an early thinning, say at three
or four years, should be adopted, and the crop reduced to the
above number.

Eighth, Thinning should not be continued after about thirty
years old, and the crop, according to description, cut down at
fifty, sixty, seventy, or eighty years.

Ninth, The crop to stand as timber at thirty years of age, should
not exceed 300 trees per acre upon good deep soil, and between
250 and 200 upon poor thin soil. It is not essential, in order to-
secure a proper crop, that the trees be either perfectly regular as
to distance, or of equal size, but in thinning this should be aimed
at as desirable.

Tenth, The layers or zones of wood should be about ith of an
inch thick till forty years old, £th till fifty, ^th till sixty, and T\th
till seventy or eighty years.

Eleventh, The form of a larch tree, grown for large timber till
nearly forty years old, should be conical, and its girth in inches
a little above ground should correspond to its feet in height.
Say at forty years old it girths 50 inches, at same time it should
stand 50 feet in height; at sixty years old, its girth at 10 feet
from the ground in inches should be equal to its height in feet ;
and at 20 feet from the ground, when seventy years old, its
girth in inches should correspond with its height in feet.

Twelfth, After thirty to forty years old, larch plantations, where
the soil is dry, may be depastured with sheep during summer ;
and even in winter they do no damage, except in severe storms
they bark the exposed roots, hence must be excluded when the
latter circumstance occurs.

Thirteenth, According as the lower branches loose their vitality

REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS. 415

they should be taken off with the pruning saw, and the ground
cleared of them for the mutual benefit of the trees and pasture.

Fourteenth, In thinning the aim should be to have upon the
ground 1200 trees at ten years old, 900 at fifteen, 600 at twenty,
450 at twenty-five, and 300 at thirty years, to stand as crop.

Fifteenth, Larch, in the form of thinnings, and below thirty
years old, should be peeled for the sake of the bark : the operation
pays from 15 to 25 per cent., minus the cutting clown and
pruning.

Sixteenth, The north of Scotland is better adapted to grow
larch than the south ; the reverse is the case with regard to
England, the south being better than the north, owing to the soil.

Seventeenth, Larches, save in cold clays and upon moor-pan, with
a few other unimportant exceptions, even when they have not
attained timber size, have in general paid the proprietors equally
as well, if not better, than any other crop of wood.

Eighteenth, There are three points to be attended to with the
larch, viz., freedom for its roots, which are soft and tender ; keep
the roots dry and cool, but not cold ; and protect the foliage from
cold easterly winds.

Nineteenth, To grow larch well, it should be by itself or among
hardwoods, but not mixed with evergreens, except to thin out early.

Twentieth, The disease termed " blister," being the result of
superabundance of moisture, is in many cases susceptible, if not
of cure, at least of arrestment, by drainage and clearing off the
herbage, which attracts moisture.

REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS.

By John Grigor, Forres Nurseries, Forres.

[First Premium for 1866 — Ten Sovereigns.]

There is no subject connected with the growth of timber that
stands more in need of close investigation than that of the
formation of larch plantations in this country. In some districts
we see plantations of this tree advance vigorously, readily
assume a timber size, hold on, and with judicious thinning
yield the greatest bulk of valuable timber of any tree adapted
to our climate. On the other hand, we find plantations ap-
parently under similar circumstances advance but slowly, or if
vigorous for a time, fall back after severe weather, display dead
twiggy branchlets, and become affected with every disease to
which the tree has a tendency. Numerous instances of this
sort give no hope of improvement, and the young trees in
some cases can only be removed from the ground at a cost nearly
equal to that of the formation of the plantation. Such is the
diversified and precarious state of the larch plantations in Scot-

416 REPORT OX LA11CH FORESTS.

land at the present time. In order, therefore, that the reader
may the more clearly apprehend the leading causes of success
and failure, it may be expedient that I should give a short
detail of the rise and progress of the tree in this country.

Introduction of the tree. — It is well ascertained that the larch
was known as a rare tree in the Apothecary Gardens of London,
during the third decade of the seventeenth century. Evelyn,
in 1664, mentions it a flourishing and ample tree at Chelmsford;
and in 1731 large trees stood at Wimbledon, and yielded an
abundant crop of cones yearly; and plants were then common in
English nurseries. It was in the year 1738 that Mr Menzies of
Meggernie brought small plants of the tree from London, and
left five at Dunkeld, and eleven at Blair, as presents to the
Duke of Athole. These sixteen plants, no doubt, formed the
source from whence sprang the great proportion of the larch
plantations throughout Scotland during the last and early
portion of the present centuries. And although it was, no
doubt, the most important accession to the arboriculture of the
country that occurred during the century, yet it appears to
have been a reintroduction of the tree, for, according to Head-
rick's Agriculture of Angus, the larch was first planted in Scot-
land shortly after the middle of the seventeenth century. He
says, in 1813 — " It is generally supposed that larches were first
brought to this country by one of the Dukes of Athole about
eighty or ninety years ago. But I saw three larch trees of extra-
ordinary size and age in the garden near the mansion house of
Lockhart of Lee,, on the northern banks of the Clyde, a few miles
below Lanark. The stems and branches were so much covered
with lichens that they hardly exhibited any signs of life or
vegetation. The account I had of them was that they had been
brought there by the celebrated Lockhart of Lee, who had been
ambassador to Oliver Cromwell at the Court of France soon
after the restoration of Charles II. After Cromwell's death,
thinking himself unsafe on account of having served an usurper,
he retired some time into the territories of Venice. He there
observed the great use the Venetians made of larches in ship-
building, in piles for buildings, and other purposes ; and when
he returned home he brought a number of larch plants in pots,
with a view to try if they could gradually be made to endure
the climate of Scotland. He nursed his plants in hot-houses
and a greenhouse sheltered from the cold, till they all died,
except the three alluded to. These, in desperation, he planted
in the warmest and best sheltered part of his garden, where
they attained an extraordinary height and girth."* Now, it is so

* General View of the Agriculture of the County of Angus or Forfarshire, drawn
up for the consideration of the Board of Agriculture, by the Rev. James Head-
rick, minister of Duuuichen. Edinburgh: Keill & Co. 1813.

EEPORT ON LARCH FORESTS. 417

far confirmatory of Headrick's report, that there exists an old
tradition respecting the Dunkeld trees having been imported
from a foreign country, nursed in a glass-house, and afterwards
treated as Mr Lockhart is said to have treated his larches on the
banks of the Clyde. In their absence, however, it is likely to
suppose the story of treatment would descend to, or be en-
grafted on, the next oldest trees of the species in the country ;
but be this as it may, it is worthy of notice, that although the
larch plants of the first introduction, taken direct from their
native country, had existed for a long period, yet they became
of no value in a national point of view, compared to the re-
introduction of the tree by plants, the produce of English seed,
and consequently hardier, and better adapted to the climate of
Scotland. This leads to acclimation, which I have found to be
of the greatest importance to several species of coniferae, and to
the larch in particular. Yet the influence of acclimation is
denied by some, and doubted by many ; and it is quite clear
that the great majority of planters pay no attention to the sub-
ject whatever. Few men have done more in behalf of botany
and vegetable physiology than the late Professor Lindley ; yet,
as far as I have seen from his writings, he had little or no faith
in the powers of acclimation.* But, as his statements are
made respecting agricultural and annual crops which have no
existence during winter, perhaps his remarks should not be
held as relating to trees. The stems of the Indian cress, kidney
bean, mignonette, potatoes, &c, are succulent and annual, and
no climatic influence could reasonably be expected to inure
them to the frosts of winter, or render them hardy to any per-
ceptible extent. With the larch, however, it is very different ;
in a congenial soil and climate, with judicious management, it
sometimes displays its top shoot at the height of 100 feet, after
having stood that number of winters. I am not prepared to
say the influence of acclimation will extend, making the tree
more and more hardy in proportion to the number of succes-
sive generations that are produced by seed sowing ; it may be
that a few generations of the tree in this country will render
it as hardy as its nature will admit of becoming. The planta-
tions with which I am surrounded, and from which I draw
my experience, are generally very healthy, and probably are

* Dr Lindley says : — " But if no good evidence can be produced of plants
having become, acclimated by repeated sowings of their seeds, the facts on the
other side are numerous and conclusive. The Peruvian annual called Marvel
of Peru or Mirdbilds, the common Indian cress or Tropceolum, the scarlet
running kidney bean, the Tomato, the mignonette (an African plant), tin*
Palma Christi or Ricinus, all natives of hot climates, have been annually raised
from seed ripened in this country, some of them for two hundred generations,
yet have in no appreciable degree acquired hardiness, but the earliest frosts
destroy them as formerly." — Agricultural Cyclopadia, p. 26.

418 REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS.

composed of the third, fourth, and fifth generations of trees from
the Duke of Athole's woods.

Where bare moorland adjoins some of these hardy woods the
young seedlings may be seen in acres, from self-sown seed, like
the indigenous growth of young pines beside the native forests.

I understand that, in the end of the last and during the
first twenty years of the present century, the Perthshire planta-
tions were the chief source of supply for the nurseries through-
out the country, and as far as I can learn little or no foreign
larch seeds were imported during that period. In course of time,
however, duties were relaxed, international communications were
opened up, and foreign seeds have now for many years been im-
ported to the extent of many tons yearly, yielding plants in
the Scotch nurseries of certainly not less on an average than
twenty millions annually. The four years succeeding to 18G0
were too wet and cold for the larch seed crops in this country,
and Scotch seed could only be obtained to a small extent in the
more favoured districts, from old woods, where some of the
acclimated trees were being felled ; so that during the last few
years fully double the above stated number of larch plants
from foreign seeds must have been produced in Scotland.

I have frequently had the opportunity of seeing the dif-
ference between the plants grown from Scotch seed and those
grown from seeds imported from the continent, and I find it
is very great indeed. I have experienced it many years since,
and have attributed the dead twiggy state of some planta-
tions to the more tender nature of the tree from imported seed.
Now, I do not mean to affirm that all the plants grown from
imported seed are equally tender ; but I think, from the speci-
mens that have lately come under my observation, that during
the last twenty years the evil has greatly increased, and that
the plants from imported seed generally during that period have
become more and more unsuitable for the climate of Scotland.
This I account for by the extended cultivation of the tree of late
throughout warmer parts of the continent, in France, Germany,
and Prussia, from whence the chief importations are made. No
doubt, in the native habitat of the tree, it is to be found far
hardier than in a cultivated state, in low and warm situations ;
for the influence of acclimation extends, no doubt, in both
directions — to the endurance of heat as well as of cold, and
the seed collectors may be expected to gather them from the
trees most convenient, though inured to heat, when they can
be obtained at their doors. Now, let it be observed that these
remarks respecting the gathering of the seeds in warm localities
are only conjectural, having no experience as to where the seeds
are gathered, farther than having seen many larch plantations in
warm climates, throughout many parts of the continent, and

RErOKT ON LARCH FORESTS. 419

believing that plants from imported seed are not now equal
in respect to their endurance of cold to what they once were.
I can account for the difference in no other way. As to the
existence, however, of a very great difference in hardiness
between larch plants from home-grown seed and that grown
from seed recently imported, I can speak positively from a prac-
tical knowledge of the fact extending over many years.

A very noticeable instance of the difference between the two
sorts appeared in November 1865, at a time when I would have
least expected it to be apparent ; for in this district the autumn
was excessively warm, and so dry that water became scarce, and
I would have expected that weather so ripening in September
and throughout October would have assimilated the plants, at
least as to appearance for the time, but the case was very
different. I had a few plants of both sorts two years old ; they
stood in the same seed-bed, sown at the same time in the same
quality of soil, and with treatment exactly the same ; yet, at a
distance as far as the plants were visible, the difference was
quite distinct in colour. Those from home seed had their foliage
thoroughly ripened, of a mellow yellow or golden colour all
over, with shoots well ripened, and the terminal buds visible,
full and plump. Those from foreign seed had their foliage quite
green on the extremities of the shoots, and ripened foliage only
on the lower portion of the growths, which were soft and succu-
lent near' the top, having the terminal buds concealed in the
green twist of the foliage, such as is usually seen on the young-
larch shoots in the end of September. These symptoms of the
want of hardiness may therefore be said to appear on the plants
of imported seed even in the best of seasons.

A person unacquainted with the nature of the plant, and the
influence of seasons, would be apt to suppose that if the plants
were too tender, the severity of winter would clear the ground of
them in early life, so that there would be no chance of their
remaining to die by the influence of frost in a more advanced
state in the forest ; this, however, is not the case so uniformly
as might be expected. Many are severely injured; but plants
in nursery lines often renew their tops or leading shoots. Re-
moval, by transplanting, into the nursery or into the forest
has a tendency to harden the plant, and to sustain it for a short
time against the frosts of a severe climate.

The period of the larch's greatest vigour is that at which it is
most likely to suffer ; that occurs near the time it is about to
assume a timber size, or from 12 to 20 feet high, more or less
in some plantations, dependent to some extent on the nature of
the soil and the seasons. The period is readily seen by referring
to the concentric circles on the root of a felled tree, in the same
description of soil. The failure of larches at this period of their

420 report ox lurch forests.

growth, in many districts throughout Scotland, arises from their
being too tender; and the display of dead wood they present, with
a few young shoots emerging here and there from their stems, is.
just the symptom which all other half-hardy plants present when
frost-bitten. This casualty frequently occurs in the vicinity of
very healthy larch woods standing on the same description of
soil, showing that it arises not from disease, but from the want
of that hardiness in the one case which is possessed in the
other.

The want of hardiness at the present time is apparent in the
Ccdrus Dcodara in a similar manner ; the casualty arrests the
tree at the time of its greatest vigour, the top fails, and dead
branches appear. The evil is seen with singular uniformity
throughout the country.

Before leaving this subject, T. should have been glad to have
been able to support my statements by referring to authors who
have written in favour of the necessity of acclimatising or inuring
plants to a climate in which they are not indigenous ; but I
have only found very few that notice the subject. It appears,
however, that Sir Joseph Banks and Dr M'Culloch both ably
advocated that doctrine. The late King of the Belgians may
also be quoted as a firm believer in the importance of having
plants acclimatised.*

I have frequently heard that, during his tour through Scotland
about the year 1817 (then Prince Leopold), his remarks on the
larch plantations in the Highlands awakened an interest for the
tree among some of the landowners ; and afterwards, in forming
a large forest of the tree in Belgium, his Majesty gave special
orders to have the plants from the nurseries of Messrs John
Grigor & Co., Torres, giving the orders twelve months before re-
quiring the plants, each year, during three years, until the forest
was completed. These plants, being all the produce of Scotch-

* Leopold of Belgium, whose loss we lament in this country almost as much
as do his own subjects, had a character for shrewdness which the subjoined ex-
tract from a pamphlet of our friend Professor E. Morren of Liege, will go towards
justifying. Speaking of the progress of horticulture and botany, the good old
king remarked on the benefits conferred on the world at large from the alliance
of the two branches of science, and expressed his opinion that " we need not pay
so much attention to the discovery of plants likely to be useful as food for man,
as to those capable of being employed as forage plants. The human race spread
throughout the world must be in possession of nearly all the plants profitable as
sources of food for man ; but with reference to those indirectly useful there is
more scope. Moreover," continued the sagacious monarch, "it is not necessary to
ransack the whole world ; China and Japan are the most important countries for
us in this particular. In them is to be found a very ancient civilisation and
skilful culture, carried on in a climate like our own. It is more advantageous to
seek what we want under such circumstances than to begin anew with wild
nature. We shall find in those countries plants adapted for cultivation and for
our requirements, offering less resistance to our proceedings than those that we
procure direct from their native wilds. Centuries are required to acclimatise
plants."— Gardener's Chronicle, 18G5, p. 1178.

REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS. 421

grown larch seed, formed at least part of the third or fourth genera-
tion of the tree in Scotland. There can be no doubt that the
reason why acclimatised plants of the larch are so seldom sought
after is, that the great difference is not known ; it is seldom
their advantages are brought before the planter's notice ; but
once having seen the great contrast in the hardiness of the
one compared to that of the other, it forms a subject not to
be forgotten. Then, no more would a judicious planter allow the
plants from foreign seed to be inserted in his plantation, in an
elevated or exposed situation, than he would any other species
of half-hardy trees* He then sees that in most cases, acclima-
tion is the grand basis of health in the tree, forming the
difference between success and failure, life and death. Most
people acquainted with the commonest operations in gardening
have experienced the great difference in cauliflower plants sub-
jected to the influence of cold during winter compared to those
protected in heat. Even our hardiest weeds, that spring up
under glass in a high temperature, suffer greatly when exposed
to the severity of weather in the open ground ; this influence,
which is so perceptible in the succulent plants of a season, is,
with respect to trees, assuredly transmissible by seed to their
future generations ; and it is likely to suppose that that hardi-
ness, or tenderness, will be the more or less fixed according to
the length of time or the number of former generations the tree
had been subjected to such temperature or climatic influence.

I had lately a consultation with the owner of one of the largest
and longest established nurseries in the west of Scotland respecting
the tender nature of the larch of late years, both in the nursery
and in the forest. He said, so far as the nursery was concerned,
he was well aware of the fact, from dear-bought experience, that
for several years his crops grown from imported seed had been
so severely damaged by frost, that on an average of years only
about a fourth part of the seedlings had escaped with their tops ;
that in future he was fully resolved to sow none but Scotch-grown
seed, which produced plants far hardier than that from foreign
seed ; and in the event of a failure of Scotch seed, he would be
obliged to purchase young seedling plants raised in a better
climate than that which his ground possessed.t Great as are the

* I observe from a paper presented to the Botanical Congress this year, on the
raising peaches, nectarines, and other fruits from seed, by Mr Thomas Rivers,
Sawbridgeworth, he states, that by repeated generations from seed, they are
produced of a more hardy nature than the old sort, and that he has more than
one proof of the fact. He adds — " I may be accused of enthusiasm, but I look ta
the future for new races of fruits with qualities far superior to the old, and the
trees of so hardy a nature as to resist some of the unfavourable tendencies of our
climate. I have formed this opinion on the solid basis of observation during a
lifetime devoted to the cultivation of fruit trees in all stages of their growth."

t The difference also between Scotch fir plants (Pinus sylve&tris), from con-
tinental seed and seeds grown in Scotland, is also very marked. A nurseryman

422 REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS.

advantages of international commerce in many commodities, it
is to be feared that the importation of the seeds of plants that
are required to stand in exposed situations is neither to benefit our
forests nor our fields. Whatever may be the fate of annuals or
the crops of a season, that law in nature which I have experi-
enced to stamp its influence so deeply and legibly on the trees
■of the forest, may be expected to be impressed, at least to some
extent, on the perennial and biennial plants of the field* Of
course it cannot be expected that plants, under the most skilful
precautions, will be exempt from frost or the casualties of seasons.
The hardiest indigenous plants are not always exempt from in-
jury; their recovery, however, is speedily effected by seasonable
weather. Late spring frosts are more fatal to the larch tree in
this country than any other casualty, and this usually falls with
remarkable uniformity about the second week in May. In nur-
sery gardens it is easily averted with respect to seedlings, by in-
serting twigs of evergreens or clippings of beech hedges with
the leaves on in the seedbeds ; and although these do not
exactly cover the plants, yet their shade is generally a suffi-
cient protection.

In parts of Yorkshire, where late frosts are very common,
some of the landowners, who nurse their larches a year before
planting them into the forest, prefer to insert the young seed-
lings into the nursery lines as late as the month of April ; by
this means the newly transplanted plants are less vigorous during
the critical period, and by that means are uninjured.

In the forest, however, no screen can be employed for its protec-
tion, though much may be done by precaution, in adapting the
tree for successfully withstanding the inclemency of a country
in which it is an exotic.

On transporting the larch into the forest, it is not necessary
that I should say much. Various modes are usually adopted
throughout the country, dependent on the state of the ground,
and the description of the herbage that overspreads it, the
strength of which also regulates the size of the plants to be
employed. In Scotland I never saw any necessity for planting
larch above the age of four years — that is, two years seedling,
two years transplanted, and that only when furze or other herb-

in England informed me, that even in his grounds in Derbyshire, where the
two-year old seedling plants of both sorts stand in the same lot, after an ordinary
winter, those from foreign seed are brown and withered by frost, while, to use
his own words, " those from seeds from the Highlands of Scotland are as green
as a leek." I know this is the case in cold exposures, and that it accords with
the experience of many cultivators throughout Britain.

* " The unfortunate circumstance which attends clover is its being extremely
apt to fail in districts where it has been long a common 'article of cultivation.
The land, to use the farmer's term, becomes sick of it. After harvest he has a
fine plant, but by March or April half or perhaps more of it is dead." — Fanner's
Calendar, p. 155.

REPOET ON LARCH FORESTS. 423

age is apt to overcome and injure smaller plants. In England
larger plants are frequently employed ; but in Scotland the re-
moval of a larch at a size beyond two or three feet commonly
checks its progress, so that a smaller and younger plant would
more than overtake it. Besides, there is an idea among the most
experienced planters, that removing the larch of a large size has
a tendency to increase the disease in the tree known by the name
of pumping or heart-rot ; and from several examples that have
come under my notice, I think the opinion is well founded, par-
ticularly with respect to land that has been manured and under
tillage. According to the laws of vegetable physiology, the spon-
giolcs, or terminal parts of the roots of a plant, have the power of
selecting proper food, and in rejecting injurious substances, at
least in ordinary circumstances, to a very great extent, so long-
as they are in a healthy and perfect state. But when the roots
are cut or mutilated, they are rendered capable of absorbing any
fluid substance with which the mutilated part comes in contact ;
hence large plants, whose roots are generally pruned, or to some
extent curtailed by removal, are apt to imbibe substances which
engender myceleum, for which the tree has a tendency. There
are more larch plants used for forest plantations in Scotland, at
the age of two and three years, than at any other. Those of two
years are commonly one yearseedling, one year transplanted.
Few planters in Scotland have, during the present century,
planted more, or understood the subject better, than the late Sir
William G. Gr. Gumming, of Altyre, Bart. He informed me
that when he came into possession of his estates, the best larches
on the property were ascertained to have been planted out when
they were only one-year old seedling plants. Soon afterwards,
in forming a plantation, I planted from twenty to thirty acres of
bare heath, on a hazelly gravel soil, with one-year seedlings ; and
although after doing so the plants were hardly visible on the
surface, yet in a few months they emerged above the heath ; and
in autumn, when their leaves began to fade, the plants displayed
their well-ripened foliage, and were seen in their proper places,
and in a few years could not be distinguished from those that
were twice their age at the time of planting ; and there is this
advantage in inserting the plants when young, that they arise in
a hroad stocky figure, with a justness of proportion which is the
life of a larch.

On thinning larch plantations. — This is an operation which
is very much neglected throughout Scotland. I believe there is
no yearly loss attending the cultivation of any other crop in this
country which bears any comparison to it. It would be a much
more judicious mode of procedure to insert only half the usual
number of plants per acre, than to neglect the timely thinning.
But since early thinnings are everywhere valuable for such

424 EEPOET ON LAECH FOEESTS.

purposes as hurdles, or sheep flakes, posts to wire fencings, &c.T
it is surprising that neglect or want of skill is so prevalent in
plantations of larch. It is a tree that cannot exist in a healthy
or vigorous state without a large display of foliage ; for the
massiveness of its bole, its vigour, and its permanence are in
direct proportion thereto .* Where larches are grown for the
sake of small timber, such as hop-poles, sheep flakes, or fence-
wood, it is necessary to have them closely planted, and by con-
finement adapted for the intended purpose ; but it is a mistake
to suppose that plantations trained for such purposes, with a
space between the trees of only three, four, six, or eight feet,
where they must be drawn up, destitute of lateral branches to a
great height by confinement, can ever be profitably cultivated for
the more important purposes of heavy timber, such as ship-
building or for railway sleepers. All heavy larch timber requires
early thinning and ample space ; and it is easy to see when the
trees approach so close, to one another that they begin to weaken
and subdue their side branches. It is then that thinning is in-
dispensable, if large timber is to be obtained. For want of timely
thinnings the plantations of Scotland are to a great extent com-
paratively worthless. The loss to the country arising from this
circumstance must be estimated anually at least by tens, if not
by hundreds of thousands of pounds sterling. The husbandman
who would fail to single out his turnips or mangolds, the crop of
only one season, would be talked of as worse than unskilful, while
the ruin of the crops of a lifetime is often passed by without
remark. A few practical details will place this matter in the
clearest light.

From thirty to forty years ago I formed some extensive plan-
tations, and some of them I had not seen till very lately since
the time of their formation. One plantation in a remote quarter
I was anxious to inspect. It is now thirty-six years old, and
about twenty acres of it appeared to me to be composed of the
finest soil for larch I had ever met with, — I therefore planted
this portion of the ground with larches chiefly. With the view
of reporting on larch plantations, I lately visited this estate.
The spot in question formed a gentle slope in a ravine along the
banks of a mountain stream. The soil is a brown loam, of a good
depth, and the surface was of a thin peaty substance, overspread
with heathy vegetation. It was planted with two-year old larch
plants, with a slight mixture of about a fourth or fifth part of
Scotch fir. The plants were notch, planted nearly four feet
asunder, which gives nearly 3000 to the imperial acre. Judging

* " A grove of crowded saplings, elms, beeches, or almost any deciduous tree,
when thinned, will throw out new lateral branches, and in time recover a state
of beauty; but if the education of the fir (or larch) has been neglected, he is
lost for ever." — Lander's Gilpin, vol. i. p. 173.

KEPOKT ON LAECH FORESTS. 425

from the apparent suitableness of the soil, I expected a remark-
able instance of the value per acre of young larch timber. I was
accompanied by an experienced forester, who is in the constant
practice of selling timber, and, on nearing the plantation, the
party had the advantage of the accession of a wood merchant
from the saw-mills of the district. A narrow track or road to
the peat moss, about nine or ten feet wide, which was reserved at
planting time, had become so completely obscured by the growth
of trees that it could not be recognised, and the remote corner
was reached with difficulty. I found that, on account of a suc-
cession of proprietors and managers, the thinning of the planta-
tion, though performed to some extent, had not been practised
sufficiently. The Scotch firs had been nearly all removed, but
the larches stood far too close. The dead, grey, twiggy branches
formed an almost impassable thicket, and extended up to the
height of from twenty to thirty feet on the stems of the trees,
surmounted by a canopy of waving foliage, in some instances
sixty feet in height. I found the average distance of the trees
to be about 7 feet, or about 900 trees per imperial acre.
We heard the sound of the woodman's axe at the time, but in
his absence the plantation was irreparably ruined. The trees
were far too tall for their girth, and, for want of side branches,
will not readily swell or acquire girth. They are adapted for
propwood, posts for wire fences or other palings, and valued at
Is. 6d. to 2s. each ; or if sold in one lot, they would readily fetch
L.60 per acre. The trees have become top heavy, with roots
very contracted through confinement ; they are now apt to be
blown over on being relieved by thinning. They are just in
that precarious state which makes it difficult to say what should
be done with them. The extent of the part referred to is from
twenty to thirty acres ; and, under the treatment they have re-
ceived, the goodness of the soil has accelerated their ruin. Had
the spot in question stood on the outside of a forest, or had it
1 >een contiguous to arable land, no doubt the cutting down of the
space at once would be the most profitable mode of procedure ;
but as it stands surrounded by many hundred acres of wood, the
difficulty of establishing a succeeding crop of young trees among
the old roots, and exposed to the ravages of vermin, makes one
hesitate.

Another plantation of the same age (thirty-six years), com-
posed of equal numbers of larch and Scotch fir, planted by the
same mode, stood on the lower slope of a hill, and at an eleva-
tion similar to the plantation formerly described, of about 400
feet. This plantation was of easy access : it stood along a public
roadside, and was very much under view. There the management
was all that could be desired. The trees, chiefly larehes, stood

426 EEPOET OX LAECH FOEESTS.

at from twelve to fifteen feet apart, or about 280 trees per acre.
They ranged from 50 to 60 feet in height, and displayed a
justness of proportion, and a vigour that is seldom surpassed.
The very largest to be found measured 24 cubic feet, and were
fit for railway sleepers, and valued at 20s. each. The best Scotch
fir measured 15 cubic feet, but the average of both kinds was
far underneath these dimensions. The value per acre here was
estimated at from L.70 to L.75 as they stood, a price at which
the plantations could have readily been disposed of in lots of
twenty or thirty acres each.

Now, it is to be observed that the difference in the present
value of the two plantations, viz. L.15, represents only a small
portion of the loss sustained by the management of the first-
mentioned plantation; for it could easily have yielded other
L.15 or L.20 for thinnings, even had they been removed at an
early age when the wood was of little value, which would have
had the effect of leaving the plantation much more valuable than
it now stands. But it is to the future of these plantations that
we must look for the difference in respect to the value of manage-
ment. The first, or crowded plantation, is not likely ever to-
become more valuable than it is at the present moment. The
trees in the other stand in the full vigour of early life, possessed
of ample foliage, and of that justness of proportion indispensable
to the most profitable growth or speedy formation of cubical
contents, with the prospect of yielding 100 trees during the
first twenty years, which may be estimated at not less than
L.60, leaving the plantation at the end of that period contain-
ing about 150 trees per acre, worth at least, on an average, 40s.
each.

In looking at the future of the other plantation, our experience
only points to a loss in the case of its being allowed to stand
(as the interest of the present value would exceed the value of
its future growth), and to disease, and wind-fallen trees of little
comparative value.

In the event of a clearance at once being made, there follows
the outlay of re-establishing the plantation — a work always diffi-
cult on ground where wood has been recently removed, expensive
and uncertain when surrounded with wood where vermin
abounds — consequently the difference in value of these two
plantations at the age of sixty years must be very great. Yet the
least remunerative is attended with great profit compared with
the yield of the waste land of similar quality throughout the
country.

The ground of both plantations before planting was a common
heath or sheep pasture, and not worth more than Is. or Is. 6d.
per acre yearly. The formation of the plantations cost under

REPORT ON LARCH FORESTS. 427

20s. per acre, including plants, planting, and fencing ; no drains-
were required.

As to the yield from thinnings, I can give no accurate account ;
but, no doubt, in the best managed part, the revenue up to the
present time has been more than enough to repay the formation
of the plantation, and to give a rent for the land equal to that of
the best cultivated soil in the district. It already appears quite
certain that at the age of sixty years the judiciously thinned planta-
tion will have yielded more than three times the value of that
raised in a thicket.

In a Highland district, I planted thirty-five years ago 500 im-
perial acres with larch chiefly, but mixed with Scotch fir. Only
very few transplanted plants were used, — two-year old seedlings of
both sorts prevailed. The larches were grown[from Scotch seed,
and were consequently acclimatised ; the Scotch fir were from
seed of the native forests in the north of Scotland. The plants
were all inserted by the notch system of planting, giving nearly
3000 per imperial acre, or placing the plants a little less than
four feet asunder. The formation of this plantation on the
whole, including fencing, plants, and planting, did not exceed L.l
per imperial acre, and the previous yearly value of the ground —
500 acres of bare heath soil — was only about Is. per acre, orL.25
rent. The larches being generally vigorous, the thinnings have
been chiefly formed by the removal of Scotch fir, although in
some parts each kind prevails according to circumstances. I am
unable to give an account of the revenue derived from thinnings,
but they are believed to have been sufficient to defray all
expenses, and to have yielded a rent equal to that of good arable
land. This plantation is altogether very vigorous, and though
only about half-grown, its present value of timber has been
estimated by competent wood merchants at L.31,600, or L.63,4s.
per imperial acre.

The introduction of railways throughout the country has given
rise to a constant demand for railway sleepers ; and as there is
every prospect that the demand will be permanent, those entrusted
to the management of woods can hardly commit a greater mis-
take than to imagine that railway sleepers can be produced at any
age, in close plantations where the trees stand at distances of only
six or eight feet asunder. Yet the common practice too frequently
goes to indicate a belief in this fallacy, and sometimes it is even
asserted by writers on forest management. This is greatly calcu-
lated to mislead, for no such productions can ever be met with.

Judicious thinning protects the tree very much against the
influence of disease. Trees that become top-heavy for want of
being early relieved, are apt from the influence of winds to have
their roots broken and injured, although they are not thrown

428 HEPOET ON LAECH FOKESTS.

over, and the dead and decaying parts of broken roots very
frequently engender the rot or myceleum, which being exactly
in contact with the living root, is absorbed into the trunk.
Again, trees for want of thinning are reduced to too scanty a
supply of foliage, so that after a severe summer frost, when the
foliage becomes inoperative, there is a marked difference between
the rapid recovery of a tree well furnished with branches and
one that is sparingly supplied ; in the former case, the casualty
often disappears in a week or two, while in the latter the new
foliage is more slow to break out ; and this being the condition
of the tree most favourable for the larch aphis {Coccus laricis),
this insect prevails, and often destroys not only the growth of a
season, but, in the case of trees previously enfeebled by confine-
ment, the attack becomes altogether ruinous.

The difference in the health of larch plantations in Scotland in
a favourable year, compared with an unfavourable, is very great.
1865 was far better than any of the four preceding years.
Casualties will come to many kinds of trees in spite of every pre-
caution ; yet precaution can effect much, while cure is seldom or
never applicable to the disease of a forest.

Respecting the produce of our fields, the efforts of the High-
land and Agricultural Society have already effected much. "With
animals of every kind the greatest care is now taken to have the
stock of a pure and unclegenerate order ; care is bestowed also
in the pedigree and cultivation of our various agricultural crops,
and though only the growth of a season, the vigilance exercised
in the propagation of the various strains of excellence has brought
numerous kinds to a high state of perfection. The inquiry of the
Society into the formation, progress, present condition, and pros-
pects of larch forests, cannot fail to be productive of the best
results, the importance of which is greatly enhanced by the length
of time the crop occupies the ground, therefore no tree is more
worthy or stands more in need of investigation.

Numerous specimens of the tree, fully acclimatised, and of the
soundest constitution, are felled for railway sleepers and other
purposes every winter, where seeds are commonly readily obtained,
and when care is taken in procuring such of worthy extraction, no
tree, with the exception of the native Highland pine, is adapted to
yield so much to the general wealth of our country. With respect
to both, the spirit is needed which animated that patron of plant-
ing and prince of English letter-writers, Horace Lord Walpole,
when he wrote inviting a friend to Walterton, Norfolk, May 29,
] 745. After giving a description of his residence, he says — " It
is encompassed with a most delightful and innocent array of
vegetable striplings of my own raising, which are already
(though but of twenty years' urowth from the seed) with a

REPORT OF THE RECLAMATION OF WASTE LAND. 429

becoming rivalship stretching and swelling themselves into
timber. They are all of noble and worthy extraction. . . .
If this description pleases you, come, my dear friend, come
and partake of the beauties from whence it is drawn."*

REPORT on the RECLAMATION of WASTE LAND on the FARMS
of LOCHEND and SYSTER, in the COUNTY of CAITHNESS.

By James Purves, Lochend, Thurso.

[Premium — Tlie Gold Medal]

The farm of Lochend, the property of the trustee of the late
W. J. J. A. Sinclair, Esq. of Freswick, was entered to on a
nineteen years' lease from Whitsunday 1851. It then contained
260 acres of arable land, 40 acres of waste ground contiguous to
the arable, and 600 acres of hill pasture. Under the lease, L.400
at 6| per cent, interest was advanced, to be expended by the tenant
in completing the drainage and enclosure of the arable land.

In 1859 the drainage and enclosure of the old arable land was
thoroughly completed, and the 40 acres of waste ground was
reclaimed by drainage, enclosure, and liming, the arable land
being thereby increased to 300 acres in regular rotation. A new
agreement was then entered into, whereby, for the further im-
provement of the property, the lease was extended to nineteen
years from Whitsunday 1860, and L.400 at 6 per cent, was
advanced to the reporter, to be expended by him in the reclama-
tion of 82 acres of waste ground, added to the farm, lying near
the new steading, which had been removed from the old grange
to a more central situation for increasing the area of the arable
land. The reclamation of the 82 acres was completed in 1864.
In 1865 the rest of the property, viz., Syster townlands and
mill, fell out of lease, and it was then arranged that the whole
property should become one possession. The reporter agreed to
expend L.400 in the reclamation of 43 acres of waste ground
lying immediately above the 82 acres formerly reclaimed. The
43 acres were divided into two fields, and thoroughly drained
in winter 1865-6, and were enclosed and had a road of access
made to them in the summer of 1866.

The estate of Lochend and Syster is situated in the parish
of Dunnet, at about an equal distance of four miles from the
Pentland Firth on the east, and the Atlantic Ocean on the
west of Dunnet Head, and about six miles from Dunnet Head
Lighthouse, the most northerly point in Scotland. The estate
contains 1814 imperial acres or thereby, whereof, including
the 125 acres to be reported upon, 425 acres are now arable,

* Coxe's "Memoirs of Horatio Lord Walpole."

2f

430 REPORT ON THE RECLAMATION OF WASTE LAND.

and, as will be shown, the improvement of 260 acres additional
is in progress, which will make 685 acres arable, 65 acres under
small tenants, 129 acres sandy solum of loch, and 935 acres of
hill pasture, surface drained, and carrying a stock of Cheviot
ewes. The arable land falls to the S.E. and S.W., which is a
good exposure ; but, un fortunately, the estate was bounded on the
south by flow-moss, on the east by the Loch of Syster, and on the
west by the Loch of Hallan. The cold of the wind from the
north is always intense, and it could not blow over the estate
from any other " airt " without carrying cold vapour along with
it from either of the lochs, or from the flow-moss. The wind
prevails from E. back to S.W. The cold from the N.E. over
Syster Loch was so severe that turnip sheep could not be pre-
vented from stiffening, or taking chronic rheumatism in their
joints, in spring. The cattle of the small tenants next the loch
also often stiffen, and one of them lost a cow by it in 1864. The
crops on the estate were always a week or ten days later than
on neighbouring farms, which was caused to a certain extent
by the cold referred to. In fact, it appeared desirable, for the
amenity and benefit of the estate in every respect, to have the
loch drained. The water of the loch was forrneiiy';kept up for sup-
plying Syster mill. The mill was taken down at the last tenant's
out-going in 1865, and as the loch was the sole property of the
estate there was no prohibition on its drainage. The proprietor
allowed the water to be cut off after the nature of the solum was
ascertained, the levels taken, and expense calculated, and the
loch was run dry in 1866 at a cost of L.84, whereby 269 acres
of solum have been exposed, over 150 acres of which are mud,
and will make first-class arable land when underdrained and
thoroughly azotised, and the remainder being sand will become
good and sound pasture for sheep. Since the solum has been
exposed and its value ascertained, the proprietor has obtained a
loan of L.1500, sanctioned by the Drainage Commissioners, for the
under- drainage and reclamation of 150 acres of the loch's solum,
and for the drainage of 110 acres of townlands and waste ground
still unimproved on Syster. The lease of the estate has been
extended to nineteen years from Whitsunday 1867, the reporter
being bound to pay the interest charged on the drainage loan,
and to expend L.400 of his own capital on enclosures, making-
roads of access, &c. When this reclamation is executed the
improvement of the estate will be complete, and there cannot be
a doubt of the ultimate advantage thereof to the property,
whether it pays the reporter or not. Triptolemus Yellowley
propounded true experience when he declared that " the carles
an' cart avers mak' it a', an' the carles an' cart avers eat it a' ; so
that improvers dinna get rich."

Eeference is made to the extended improvement now in pro-

REPORT ON THE RECLAMATION OF "WASTE LAND. 314

gress, merely to show that the reclamation of the 125 acres of
waste ground between the two portions of the estate of Lochend
and Syster, which is now specially to be reported of, was a
necessary part of the improvement of the estate for connecting
the arable land by bringing into cultivation waste ground inter-
vening, and in proximity to the steading, without which it could
not have been complete as a whole or done systematically. The
extended improvement when executed may form the subject of a
future report.

The surface area of the county may be classified as — 1st, How-
moss ; 2d, Heath ground with more than 18 inches of decayed
vegetable mould or humus over the clay or rock ; 3d, Heath
ground, with from 2 inches to 18 inches of humus ; and 4th,
Green ground, formed by alluvial deposit from disintegration of
the rocks and rain-washings of the soils at a higher level. The
cultivated land, extending to about one-fifth of the area of the
county, has been principally taken from the third class.

The shore sides have been long in cultivation, but the interior
has not been so. The granges of the mains' farms, which up to
about 1830 were generally in the occupation of the proprietors,
can be easily distinguished passing through the county, as they
are situated on the dry eminences of its undulating surface, the
land attached to them having the advantage of the natural fall
for carrying off the superfluous rain water. The soils on these
farms have been accumulated to considerable depths by the
former practice of carrying midden feals from the out-fields and
commonties ; and with all deference to modern improvement, the
truth of the Caithness saying, that " the auld rigg is the best ane,"
must be admitted, although in many cases it has been made so at
the expense of its poorer neighbours. Keclamation has been ex-
tended principally by working from the old mains land as a base
of operations. The introduction of thorough drainage has enabled
a large proportion of the fourth class of low-lying, and swampy
ground to be put into cultivation, which is next in value to the
old arable, and in some cases equal to the best of it. A good
deal of inferior ground, having less than 6 inches of mould above
the subsoil, has been reclaimed in extending the area of cultiva-
tion by straightening lines and squaring fields. Strangers are
often disgusted with the poor, hungry, and unequal appearance
of much of the land after it is turned over in spring and before
it is covered with vegetation. A Morayshire man, who held a
farm for less than seven years in the county, pertinently remarked,
" Yer aacres, aacres ! I've seen mair Ian' on yae aacre in Murrayshire
than on twenty o' yer Caithnuss aacres." But there is an extra-
ordinary virtue in the Caithness clay, which in early autumn is
equally deceptive, as there is generally then a more luxuriant
vegetation on the ground than there is climate to mature.

432 REPORT ON THE RECLAMATION OF WASTE LAND.

The subsoil is generally a friable sandy stratified clay, altering
in density from being easily workable with the tramp spade to
being almost impervious to the pick. The percentage of sand
in the clay is always large, but varies in different localities.
There is not a vestige of clay in the county sufficiently plastic
to make bricks or pipe tiles, which have all to be imported. The
subsoil clay varies in depth from less than a foot to over six feet,
and rests either on boulder clay or pavement rock. The colour
of the clay shades from light brown to yellow and dark red, and
as a general rule the darker the better. The richest descrip-
tion of red clay is seen in the county at Kilminster and Acker-
gill, in the parish of Wick, the property of Sir George Dunbar,
Bart.

The same nature of soil and subsoil prevails over Orkney, but
there the subsoil clay is richer and the land better quality on an
average. The finest specimens of rich red subsoil clay are seen
in the island of South Eonaldshay, partly the property of the
Earl of Zetland and of Mr Heddle of Melsetter ; in Stronsay, on
the property of George Traill, Esq., M.P., and others ; and in
Sanday, on the farm of Stove, the property of David Balfour, Esq.
The extraordinary fertility of a large proportion of the Orkney
land cannot be surpassed, and with a seaboard equal in extent to
the east coast of Scotland, affording an unlimited supply of shell
sand and seaweed, Orkney is capable of being made one of the
most productive districts of the kingdom.

There is often an iron-pan below the mould in the upper
stratum of the subsoil. Where iron prevails, the deposit from
the water is very injurious to drainage, by filling up the openings
and bursting the drains. In this case the drains should be sunk
as deep as possible ; leaders with large openings put into every
hollow, and the regular gradients of incline in the bottoms of
parallel and leading drains strictly adhered to. Of course, this is
applicable to all drainage. The water often springs from fissures
in the rock, and is tapped between the subsoil and boulder clay.
The drainage cannot be executed perfectly at any fixed depth ;
but all drains ought to be 3 feet 3 inches deep, except where
rock intervenes, and there cut clown as near that depth as possible.

The principal desiderata in reclamation of waste ground in
this county are thorough drainage ; trench ploughing, with three
or four horses to mix a portion of the subsoil with the vegetable
mould above it ; subsoil ploughing, to break the pan, allow the
water to sink, &c. ; and lastly, a top-dressing with calcareous
matter, either in the form of lime, marl, or shell sand.

The statement of the subject in two divisions, one of 82 acres
and the other of 43 acres, is adopted, because the reclamation was
executed at two different periods under different contracts, the
accounts being kept separate, and because the 82 acres portion

EEPORT OX THE RECLAMATION OF WASTE LAND. 433

has been through a rotation, whereas the 43 acres section has
only been once cropped.

The 82 acres lot was divided into four fields, as follows : —

No. 1. — 22 acres, 10 acres of which were the solum of a peat
moss from which the peat had been cut, with irregular blocks
left uncut, about 3 feet high, here and there over it, with 2\ feet
of subsoil clay above rock. The other 12 acres were the worst
description of waste ground, covered with short heather, having
not more than 6 inches of decayed mould above 2h feet of the
densest subsoil clay lying on pavement rock.

No. 2. — 23 acres, 17 acres of which were the same as the 12
acres portion of No. 1, and 6 acres formerly in cultivation, but
very wet, with 2 feet of soft subsoil clay, impregnated with iron,
and lying on rock ; this portion had to be drained at every 15 feet.

No. 3' — 20 acres, and No. 4. — 17 acres, 15 acres extending
across both fields were the same as the 12 acres in No. 1 and
17 acres in No. 2. The 22 acres remaining formed a ridge run-
ning across the extent of both fields, 10 acres of it covered with
stunted heather, having about 3 inches of heath mould above
raffy clay, and 12 acres formerly cultivated with same subsoil.
The last 22 acres were the only portion naturally dry, and which
had not to be drained regularly at every 30 feet.

The rent paid for the 82 acres is L.8, 10s., or within a fraction
of 2s. Id. per acre.

Expenditure in Reclamation.

Imperial Chains.

1586'55 Drains and open Ditches, as per detailed

statement, .... L.380 13 6

12-00 Roads of access, as per do. . . . 24 7 0

144-00 Flag fences, conduits, and 5 gates, complete,

per do. ....

L.400 advanced by proprietor, at 6 per cent.,

60 reporter's capital to be returned during lease,
at 10 per cent.,

Money rent payable, ....
Interest charge, to pay up principal and interest,

Yearly rent charge, nearly 9s. 5d. per acre, L.38 10 0

Field No. 1 was drained entirely with stones, the others with
pipe tiles, 2 inches bore being the smallest used; and most of the
leading drains were done with stones, either built or coupled.

The actual date of entry to the ground was Whitsunday 1860 ;

55

2

0

L.460

2

6

. L.24

se,

6

0

0

0

0

L.30

0

0

. L.8
30

10
0

0
0

434 REPORT ON THE RECLAMATION OF WASTE LAND.

but after the agreement was completed, the drainage of No. 1 field
was pushed on, and it was ploughed at Martinmas 1859, and
sown with 5 bushels of oats per acre, top-dressed with 2 cwts.
of Peruvian guano per acre, sown and harrowed in along with
oats in 1860. There was no rent paid for this crop.

In July 1860, the heather ground in Nos. 2 and 3 fields was
ploughed. No. 2 field, 23 acres, was sown with oats in 1861,
5 bushels oats and 2 cwts. Peruvian guano per acre on first furrow.
No. 3 field, 20 acres, was trench-ploughed over, along with No. 1,
22 acres, and both wrought in for turnips in 1861. The portion
of moss ground in No. 1 was top-dressed with 6 tons of shell
sand per acre, after the land was reduced, and before the turnips
were sown. Both fields got 1 cwt. Peruvian guano, 1 cwt. dis-
solved bones, 1| cwt. bone meal, and 1-| cwt. bone dust, along
with 15 tons of farm-yard manure per acre.

Field No. 4 was top-dressed on the heather with 5 tons of
shell marl in 1861, ploughed and sown with 5 bushels oats, and
2 cwts. Peruvian guano per acre in 1862. Field No. 1 was sown
down to grass with oats in 1862. No. 3 was sown with oats in
1862. And No. 2 was trench-ploughed in winter and wrought
in for turnips, the heather portion of it being top-dressed with
5 tons of shell sand per acre, before the turnips were sown with
same manure as Nos. 1 and 3 got.

In 1863 No. 2 was sown down to grass with an oat crop, No. 3
was subsoil-ploughed, No. 4 trench-ploughed, and both were
wrought in for turnips ; No. 3 was top-dressed with 5 tons of shell
sand per acre before the turnips were sown. Turnip manures as
above.

In 1864 Nos. 3 and 4 were sown down to grass with an oat crop.

Nos. 1 and 2 have both been taken up this season (1867) after
No. 1 has been four years in grass, and No. 2 three years, and
both will be subsoil-ploughed next winter. Nos. 3 and 4 have
been two years in grass, and remain so for another year.

The average produce in oats of the first crop of the 82 acres
was about 3| qrs. per acre, and of the 102 acres after turnips 3f
qrs. per acre, with little variation in either case, except that field
No. 4, which was marled, yielded most, but lightest per bushel.
The shell sand seemed to make no difference on the oat crops.
The crops on the new land ripened each year eight or ten days
earlier than those on the rest of the farm, and weighed about
2 lbs. per bushel heavier, averaging nearly 42 lbs. The oats were
such a fine sample that they were always used with advantage
in seeding the old land.

The turnip crops were comparative failures. They were always
too late in being sown ; the new land, requiring a great deal of
working, was invariably postponed till the rest of the break was
laid down, and the first week in July was generally well through

REPORT ON THE RECLAMATION OF WASTE LAND.

too

before the sowing was finished. The shell sand had been too
recently applied to tell on them effectually, but the benefit was
apparent on the portion of field No. 1 first done with it. The
line where it stopped was seen at a glance across the drills, the
shaws being more luxuriant and the bulbs clean skinned, and as
smooth as a globe ; whilst the turnips on the undressed portion
were sickly looking, knarry, and rough skinned, from which it was
deemed advisable not to sow down field No. 3 to grass till sanded
and made into turnips again. Field No. 4 was also the best crop
of turnips, being about 15 tons per acre, whilst the average per
acre of the crops on the new ground was only about 10 tons. This
is attributed to the more immediate effect of the marl on it.

The new land as a whole has done uncommonly well in grass.
The effect of the shell sand on field No. 1 was most decided.
There was not a vestige of clover on the unsanded portion, whilst
on that sanded every seed must have grown. The remainder of
fields Nos. 1 and 2 was sanded in young grass, the men having
no difficulty in ascertaining what was to sand from the difference
of the pasture, and though too late for last rotation, the benefi1
will be got when by cultivation the sand will be mixed with tht
soil. Fields Nos. 3 and 4 have grazed both years better than the
finest land on the farm, and it will be a moderate estimate to average
the grazing of the 82 acres at 20s. per acre for each year's grass.

Statement of Cost and Produce.

Cost of Corn Manure per acre.

2 cwt. Peruvian guano, at 13s. 6d. . . . L.l 7 0

Cost of Turnip Manure per acre.
1 cwt. Peruvian guano, at 13s. 6d.

1 ,, Dissolved bones,

H „ Bone meal, at 8s. .

L2 »

Bone dust, at 7s. 6d.

Cost of Turnip Seed in fuel.
100 lbs. Common white globe, at 6d. .
100 lbs. Fordel's hybrid, at 8d. .
100 lbs. Dale's hybrid, at 7d. .

Cost of Grass Seeds per acre.
1| bush. Eyegrass seed, at 3s. 6d
j bush. Italian do., at 4s.
2 lbs. Cocksfoot, at 8d.
2 lbs. Meadow fescue, at 8d.

2 lbs. Timothy, at 6d.

3 lbs. Cowgrass, at 9d.

1 lb. Alsike,
3 lbs. White clover, at lOd.

2 lbs. Yellow clover, at 5d.

L.0 13

6

0 7

G

0 12

0

0 11

3

L.2 4

o
o

L.2 10

0

3 6

8

2 18

4

L.8 15

0

L.0 5

3

0 1

0

0 1

4

0 1

4

0 1

0

0 2

3

0 1

8

0 2

6

0 0

10

L.0 17

2

436 EEPOET ON THE RECLAMATION OF WASTE LAND.

Cost.
82 acres (5 "bushels Seed oats, at 2s. 6d.) at 12s. 6d. L.51 5 0
82 „ Peruvian guano, at 27s.
82 „ Grass seeds, at 17s. 2d.
102 „ Seed oats, at 12s. 6d.
102 „ Turnip manure, at 44s. 3d.
102 „ Turnip seed,

6 years' rent and interest charge, at L.38, 10s

110 14 0

70 7 8

63 15 0

225 13 6

8 15 0

231 0 0

L.761 10 2

Produce.

82 acres Oats (3f qrs. at 20s.), at 65s. . . L.266 10 O

102 „ Oats (3f qrs. at 20s.), at 75s. . . 382 10 0

102 „ Turnips (10 tons at 6s. 6d.), at 65s. . 331 10 0

231 „ Grass, at 20s 231 0 0

1211 10 0

L.449 19 10

of balance in favour of improvements against labour, the straw of
oat crops being reckoned of equal value with the farm-yard manure.

The 43 acres reclaimed since 1865 were divided into two fields
by extending the lines of Nos. 1 and 2, No. 5 containing 23 acres,
and No. 6, 20 acres.

No. 5. — 23 acres, 15 acres of which were formerly cultivated
along with the 6 acres portion in No. 2, being sharp land of fair
quality, but excessively wet, with from 6 inches to 18 inches of
a rich soft subsoil clay, lying above very hard surfaced rock, and
the remaining 8 acres heather ground, with sufficient mould on
same subsoil as above.

No. 6. — 20 acres, partly heather and partly green marshy
ground, with more mould than any of the other five fields, and
4 feet of rich subsoil clay, lying on boulder clay.

The rent of the 43 acres is L.7.

The serious obstacle opposed to the improvement of this
division was the nearness of the solid rock to the surface in No. 5
field, making it difficult and extra expensive to cut the drains
sufficiently deep through the rock to render them effectual and
permanent.

Expenditure in Reclamation.

Imperial Chains.

1168-56 Open ditches and drains, as per detailed

account, ..... L.334 1 3J
68-00 Flag fences, with 2 gates, as per do. . 23 17 3

25-00 Poad of access complete, as per do. . . 60 10 6j

L.418 9 01

L.418, 9s. Capital to he returned during currency of

lease, at 10 per cent., . . . L.41 16 0

Pent of the 43 acres, . . . 7 0 0

Ahout 22s. 8d. per acre, . . L.48 16 0

EEPOET ON THE RECLAMATION OF WASTE LAND. 437

The cost of the road ought not fairly to be charged against
the 43 acres, as it will afford access to the loch solum and iSyster
ground beyond.

The parallel drains in No. 5 field were put in 20 feet apart,
and in No. 6, 30 feet apart, 5 acres of the middle of it being done
at every 15 feet. The depth of the whole drains is stated in the
detailed account, which shows that the drains in No. 5 were cut
down through the rock to a depth of 2 feet 6 inches in the shal-
lowest, and to an average depth of 3 feet. The leader drains in
tins field had to be cut 3 feet wide to get down against the lay
of the rock; and on this account, and the impossibility of jointing-
large tiles perfectly on a rock bottom, built conduits were put in
them, which increased the expense greatly.

The heather ground in field No. 5, and all the ground in field
No. 6, was ploughed in summer 1865. Both fields were drained
in winter 1865-6. The whole of field No. 5, was shell-sanded
and subsoil-ploughed, after being drained and wrought in for
turnips last year. The importation of raw bones being prohi-
bited on account of the cattle-plague, the manure given was 1|
cwt. Peruvian guano, 14 cwt. superphosphate, and 2 cwts. dis-
solved bones, costing 44s., along with 15 tons of farm-yard
manure per acre. The produce was 16 J tons of turnips per acre,
which were eaten on with sheep, and the field is to be laid down
to grass with an oat crop this year.

No. 6. — 15 acres of field No. 6 were sown with 5 bushels oats,
getting 1 cwt. Peruvian guano, and 2 cwts. superphosphate, cost-
ing 24s. 6d. per acre. The other 5 acres were sown with beans,
tares, and oats for soiling, and same manure, the whole on the
first furrow. The produce of oats, when thrashed out for seed,
amounted to 69| qrs., weighing 42 lbs. per bushel ; about 4f qrs.
per acre. The field was shell-sanded after harvest, and has since
been subsoil-ploughed for turnips.

The rotation not being completed, a statement of cost and
produce of crops cannot be made in this case.

No charge is made in the statements of cost for cartages, which
were very heavy. The tiles were carted from Castle Hill Har-
bour, 6 1 miles distant. The marl from the Loch of Durran,
which was drained by the reporter's father in 1850, on the pro-
perty of George Traill, Esq., M.P., who kindly granted the privi-
lege of lifting it there, about 6 miles distant. The shell sand
from Dunnet Sands, about 5 miles round by the road. The
rubble stones for drains, roads, &c, and the flags for fences, were
raised from a quarry on the farm immediately above No. 5 field.

The corn crops had to be thrashed with the horses, which
impeded the work very much, and prevented the extra turnips
on the new land from being got down in time. However, on
entering into the agreement for the extended improvement, a

438 REPORT ON THE RECLAMATION OF WASTE LAND.

fixed ten-horse power steam engine was procured from Mr Eobert
Bridges, North Berwick, which obviates that difficulty for the
future.

The implements employed, in addition to those in ordinary use
on the farm, were —

1st, Two land-reducers, made by the blacksmith, each formed
of an iron plate 7 feet by 3 feet, bored for three rows of sabre-
shaped knives, set that each cuts separately, which can be loaded
to any weight required by stones above the plate. The reducers
were very useful, especially for bringing the first furrow of the
heather ground to a sufficiently fine tilth for the oat crop ; their
advantage being that they cut deeper than the common harrows,
and can be drawn across as well as along without tearing up the
furrows.

2d, Finlayson's Norwegian harrows were used for breaking up
the turfs after cross-ploughing for turnips.

'3d, Subsoil-ploughs made by the blacksmith. The plough
consists of a long beam with four wheels attached before a single
tine, on the Marquis of Tweeddale's principle, with a shill
arranged to confine the draught to the line of the preceding
plough furrow, made suitable for two, three, or four horses, as
required for the density of the subsoil.

The old land on the farm is enclosed with flag fences, having
quickset thorn hedges on the sun side and whins on the other.
The new land was thought too poor for thorns; and as whin dress-
ings are valuable for fodder, and a mill for bruising them erected
at the steading, it was judged advisable to sow all the new lines
with double rows of whins on each side. The whins have grown
well, make an excellent fence with the flags, and have a pleasant
appearance, but don't give the same shelter that thorns do.
They are dressed each alternate year, and the cuttings make good
food for horses, from the time they come in from grass to the new
year.

The improvement of the 125 acres is complete as to drainage,
enclosure, and roads of access. The whole has had a calcareous
top-dressing of shell sand or marl. Lime costs from 2s. 9d. to
3s. per boll at the harbours, which makes it excessively dear for
agricultural purposes. Shell sand is slower in acting, but has
one advantage over lime or marl — it does not require to be re-
peated. Lime in some form will soon have to be applied exten-
sively over the interior of the county, as turnips and grass are
becoming uncertain crops without it.

The proprietor receives the original rent of L.15, 10s., along
with 6 per cent, on the L.400 advanced on account of the im-
provement of the 82 acres, which sum will be paid up, principal
and interest, in twenty-six years, or at the expiry of the reporter's
lease in 1886. The statement of the cost and produce of the

REPORT ON THE RECLAMATION OF WASTE LAND. 439

crops of the 82 acres for a rotation, and of the first crops of the 43
acres, shows the reporter's prospect of being repaid his outlay of —

On 82 acres, ...... L.60 2 6

and on 43 acres, ..... 418 9 0

L.478 11 6

at 10 per cent, during the currency of his lease, and also of a
margin for profit on account of the labour of the undertaking.

Exclusive of any prospective rise in the value of land, the
original rent, with whole charge for paying up principal and
interest on the outlays at the expiry of the present lease, may be
assumed as a moderate estimate of the rent of the 125 acres then;
and it is evident that the produce would have remained stationary
if the ground had not been reclaimed ; therefore the profit of the
reclamation to the property will, at the expiry of the present
lease, stand thus : —

Eent and interest charge on the 82 acres,
Do. do. on the 43 acres,

L.87, 6s. of yearly rental, at 30 years' purchase,
Less L.15, 10s. original rental, at 30 years' purchase,

. L.38

48

10
16

0
0

L.87

6

0

, L.2619
, 465

0
0

0
0

L.2154 0 0

The actual profit of the reclamation to the property is thus
shown ; but the improvement of the appearance of the estate
would require to have been seen to be appreciated. The fact
that the reclamation of the worst ground on the estate, above
reported of, has led to the extended improvement now in progress,
and that it forms a part of the complete improvement of the
estate, has also to be taken into consideration.

The extended improvement has been inspected and reported
upon by men of skill, who estimate that when it is executed
the value of the property will be increased L.5000 thereby. The
reporter will use every endeavour to bring out that result ; but
eight years, at least, must expire before such a report as the fore-
going can be made thereon.

REPORT of the IMPROVEMENT of MEADOW PASTURAGE on
Part of the CROWN LANDS of DORRERY, in the COUNTY of
CAITHNESS, with Plan.

By James Purves, Lochend, Thurso.

[Premium — Hie Gold Medal.]

The reporter entered to the grazings and shootings of D orrery
on nineteen years' leases from Whitsunday 1860. The property

440 EEPOET ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF MEADOW PASTUEAGE.

is a detached part of the parish of Thurso, running up between
the highlands of the parishes of Halkirk, Latheron, and Keay.
It is about eight miles distant from the Crown lands of Scrabster,
and seems to have been the summer grazings and shiellings of the
barony belonging to the bishopric of Caithness. By the settle-
ment of marches with surrounding properties, it is now curtailed
to a narrow strip of ground about nine miles long, and less than
one mile in breadth. The lower or north-east end consists of
Dorrery mountain and townlands. The upper end embraces the
Avaterfall to the river of Torran from its source to within thirty-
five chains of where it flows into the Loch of Shurrery, on the
north-west side of the mountain. The river is called the Water
of Forss from the outlet of Loch Shurrery to its fall into the sea,
five miles west from Thurso. The " Leens of Torran " are ten
miles from the sea, and at an elevation of 175 feet. The improve-
ment to be reported of is the reclamation of these leens or
meadows from the flooding of the river of Torran.

The ground between the Crown property and Loch Shurrery
belongs to Mr Sinclair of Forss, and is called Lamsdale. The
reporter, that he might occupy the Crown grazings properly with-
out the expense of a march dyke, endeavoured to negotiate with
Mr Sinclair for a lease thereof. They could not agree person-
ally, but made a mutual remit to the local factor for the Crown,
who gave Mr Sinclair the rent he wanted, " on consideration
that the tenant of Dorrery shall have free liberty to make such
cuts as might be necessary for the carrying off the water of the
farm of Dorrery, and that without any compensation. A plan
of the cutting to be submitted to Mr Sinclair, and approved of by
him before the work was proceeded with." The reporter made
the necessary arrangements, and procured tools for executing the
work referred to, on his entry to Dorrery. But being favoured
by Colonel Guthrie of Scots Calder, nephew and a trustee on
the estate of the late tenant, Mr Dunbar, with the use of a
report on the subject, by James Flint, C.E., in 1831, in accord-
ance therewith he thought it advisable to obtain consent of the
proprietor of the ground below Loch Shurrery to widening the
loch's outlet sufficiently to give an outflow discharge equal to
the inflow of water, and thus prevent the loch from rising 4 feet
6 inches with highest floods. All that was requisite could have
been done without interfering with the ordinary level of the
loch, and for an outlay of about L.10. This would have lessened
the cost of the works above L.57, as a 3 feet narrower channel
would then have been sufficient, and embankment would have
been unnecessary. A correspondence on the subject was entered
into, which delayed procedure with the improvement till 1864,
when consent was not obtained, and it had to be executed with-
out enlargement of the loch's outlet.

REPORT ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF MEADOW PASTURAGE. 441

In 1861-63, the burns that fall into Torran water were cut,
and the upper ground surface drained, which brought down the
water immediately, and rendered the flooclings much more fre-
quent and continuous. In 1863 the flood came clown on 18th
August, when the hay was lying in swathe, and scarcely as
much of it was saved as served the shepherds' cows. Although
the flooding several times subsided, the ground never again was
safe for sheep that season. Thirty cattle were sent up to try and
get some good of it, but they were twice or thrice surrounded by
water, and eventually had to be taken round Loch Shurrery and
home again. Any one acquainted with the management of
sheep stock will understand the impossibility of maintaining a
hirsel of ewes under such circumstances. The leens, having
been saved on account of the hay portion, were lost, as well as
the hay, when at their very best, and the stock were to tide over
winter without an opportunity of getting into condition to stand
it. But this was not all ; for no power could keep sheep on the
ground, and prevent them from getting to the leens when the
water subsided, on account of the curtailed extent of green
ground, and their predilection for leens' grass. The consequence
was, that the reporter lost L.800 value of sheep by rot in the two
years, 1862-63 ; and thus found that to go on with the leens
unsecured would be ruinous, that to give up the farm after such
a loss at the beginning of the lease would be equally so, and that
his only alternative was to secure the leens with the least pos-
sible delay. Had this been done in 1860 the saving would have
been inestimable. The former rent was only one-third of the
present, and could be met comfortably with very different
management. The ground was under black cattle till within a
few years of the reporter's entry.

On 23d March 1864, as soon as the leens were clear of flood
water, the reporter had Mr William Eeid Tait, C.E., at the
ground, who made a survey, and took the levels along the channel
proposed in 1860, as laid off on the ground by roanfeals cut on
each side. He gave in a plan and section thereof, accompanied
by an able report early in April following.

The plan and report were submitted to Mr Sinclair of Forss,
who approved of them, but demurred to allowing such extensive
cuttings through his ground without relieving his portion of the
leens from flooding. This, the levels show, could not be done,
as the extraordinary flood-level of the loch and the surface-level
in the centre of Lamsdale leen is the same. However, in con-
sideration of the terms of Lamsdale lease, he signed his approval
of plan and report on 18th April 1864.

A specification of the works was prepared and estimates ad-
vertised for the following week. On 25th July 1864, a contract
was entered into with Mr George Sinclair, who. undertook to

442 REPORT OX THE IMPROVEMENT OF MEADOW PASTURAGE.

execute the work for the sum of L.281, exclusive of woodwork
of bridges. He agreed to execute the portion between the loch
and flooding ground that season, which was done, and the cut
carried up, 50 feet wide, four chains through the flooding leens.

The reporter had observed, during the interval from 1860, that
the flooding invariably commenced at the upper end, and that
frequently in the summer season the leens flooded when the loch
did not rise. He ascertained by levelling that with full floods
the flood-level of the leens was always higher than that of the
loch, the difference of level being least when the wind blew up
the loch, heaping the water to the upper end, and greatest when
it blew down ; varying from 13 inches to 33 inches. He saw that
with all floods there was a rapid current through the neck of
higher ground between the leens and the loch. The channel
from the leens to the loch was formerly tortuous, and only 20
feet wide ; whilst the channel of the river, above the leens,
averaged over 22 feet. It was therefore evident that, by straight-
ening and widening this throat below the leens, the flood-level of
the leens would be reduced nearer to that of the loch. On 20th
October 1864, the most tremendous flood of sleet and rain ever
remembered fell over all Britain, by which much damage was
done in England. The flood-water in the leens poured into the
new cutting from all sides, carried down to it a bridge and
temporary embankment for taking the shepherd across, and broke
in from the old channel. When the reporter saw the effect
thereof, he was satisfied that his object would be accomplished,
and that the leens belonging to the Crown could be secured
thoroughly. Formerly the flood-water was perfectly still, merely
rising as a bank for the current, confined to the sinuous old
channel, through which it circled and eddied from the surface to
the bottom, and bubbled and boiled from the bottom to the
surface again, flowing much more rapidly than above or below
the leens. This it did, by flooding the leens to such a height,
that the weight of water gave the velocity required to discharge
the same quantity of outflow as of inflow water through the
tortuous channel, nearly double the length of a straight line.
The old channel through the leens was narrowest in the lowest
ground, being only 14 feet wide in some places, and where
narrowest the pools were deepest ; evidently showing that the
lateral weight of still water bore the current downward, wearing-
out the bottom and saving the sides. Though the flood-water in
the leens looked level, the levels showed one inch of fall on every
two chains, from upper to lower end.

The reporter being determined on securing the leens of Torran
thoroughly and permanently, on consideration of the levels and
observations stated above, concluded that, -with anv flood that
might fall, the river water could be conveyed into the loch with-

REPORT ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF MEADOW PASTURAGE. 443

out flooding the leens, on the aqueduct principle — that is to say,
embanked on each side, and that the whole weight of water, con-
fined to one channel, would make the most rapid discharge, an
outfall for the surface water of the ground on each side having
to he provided, as afterwards explained. The contractor and the
reporter made a remit to Mr David Smith, C.E., for ascertaining
the additional cost of altering the course of the remainder of the
channel and embanking, that the work might be executed as
above. He awarded —

Cost of altering course of channel, . . . L.32 12 6

Cost of embankment, . . . . . 24 15 0

L.57 7 6
And it was done accordingly.

Eeference is made to the annexed copy of plan and section.
The section shows, by a cross line, where the extraordinary
Hood level of the loch strikes Lamsclale leen, and consequently
the extent to which the leen is affected by the flooding of the
loch. In 1864 the channel was straightened, and made 50 feet
wide up past the cross line, and thereby the flood-level of the
leen at that point was reduced almost to that of the loch. The
- distance from the cross line to the point B, at upper end of
flooding ground, is 57 chains. The section shows a rise on
the surface of the ground, above the extraordinary flood-level
of the loch of 3 feet 8 inches on this distance. An embankment,
4 feet high, has been added, which makes 7 feet 8 inches at the
point B, giving more than 1| inch of fall per chain. Since
Mr Tait reported on 13th April 1866, the embankment has been
carried clown from C 3 to C 1, and the loops of the old channel
at C 3 and C 2 filled up, the water being thereby confined to the
new channel, 50 feet wide. This was done to restrain the whole
weight of the water to one channel, on account of sand deposits
beginning to be formed where the water diverted into the old
channel. The sand has since been carried completely away.

An embankment commences at C 1, and is carried up to high
ground at D, on the east side of new channel. This embankment
secures Lamsdale leen and lower portion of Torran leens from
the flood-water confined thereby to the new channel. From C 3
to C 2, a cut carries down the surface water which falls into the
new channel at C 1. Lamsdale leen, which is still affected by
want of discharge for the flood-water from the mountain, has
been enclosed by a wire fence along with the tumulus, and
makes a park in lambing time, and is saved for hay afterwards.
Another embankment commences from the high ground at H,
and is carried round the west side of the new channel to the
high ground at F. A catch-water ditch conveys the hill water
into the new channel at E below H, and into the river above the

444 REPORT ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF MEADOW PASTURAGE.

leens at E. The upper portion of Torran leens is thus hermeti-
cally secured from the flood-water of the river and the surface
water of the hill. The rainfall during floods is contained in the
cut-off loops of the old channel. At G- there is a self-acting sluice,
which shuts when the flood-water rises, and opens when it falls. j

The new channel is 50 feet wide to above cross line on plan,
and the remainder is 35 feet. From CI to E it is carried
along the west side of leens, between the embankment and the
high ground, the water of which falls directly into it. From E
to D it is carried across the leens between the embankments,
and from D to B it is carried along the old channel, on the east
side of the leens between the embankment and high ground, the
water of which also falls into it. Thus a channel of sufficient
capacity has been made, that carries down the water on the east
side of the upper portion of the leens, across between the upper
and lower portions, and down the west side of the lower portion
and Lamsdale leen to the loch. All risk of foodie g is prevented
by the embankments, which confine the flood-water between
them where the channel crosses the leens, and throw it out
against the high grounds above and below. The lower embank-
ment is carried down past the leens nearly half way to the loch.
Since the works were executed in 1865, flood-water has only
once or twice risen to the embankments, and the highest time,
when the channel was obstructed by ice, only to an average
height of 15 inches up the embankments.

The works have answered the purpose for which they were
intended perfectly, and "Torran leens" are thoroughly secured
from flooding.

Cost of Works.
1865.
Dec. 27. — To Geo. Sinclair, amount of first contract

for new channel, . . . L.281 0 0

„ 27. — To Do., additional cost of do., fixed by Mr

Smith, . . . . . 32 12 0

„ 27. — To Do., cost of embankments, fixed by Mr

Smith, ."' . . . 24 15 0

„ 28. — To Geo. M'Kay, account of woodwork of

three bridges, . . . 15 5 9

,, 28. — To Do., account of self-acting sluice, . 5 11 10

May 29. — To W. R. Tait, account for survey and

reports, . . . 12 12 0

L.371 17 1

1900 cubic yards of soil have been excavated and wheeled to
the leens side of channel, sloped on the channel side, and faced
up with turfs to a height of 4 feet, for the embankments. The
whole excavations have been sown with grass seeds.

The whole leens are about 100 acres in extent — Torran leens

Tm/u: Sigh. &A(/r. Society, February, 1869.

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REPORT OX THE IMPROVEMENT OF MEADOW PASTURAGE. 445

75 acres, and Lamsdale leen 25 acres, or thereby. The soil is a
rich and free alluvial loam.

The upper portion of Torran leens, before it was secured, grew
an immense quantity of rashes and some sedges. The lower
portion grew a variety of benty and tufty grasses, amongst which
Phalaris arandiiiacca and Agrostis vulgaris were conspicuous.
The higher and drier parts of both the above grew luxuriant
and succulent meadow grasses. Lamsdale leen, from being
regularly mown, was as smooth as a lawn, and gave sweet and
nutricious meadow hay when safely secured. The sedges have
disappeared from the upper portion since the flooding has been
prevented. The rashes look as if the decayed yellow growth of
1864 had not yet fallen from them, and seem from want of the
former moisture incapable of growing green. The sheep during
the long-continued snow storm of last year lay into the rough
grasses of the lower portion, and, when the snow took off, the
surface wras as if it had been cut with a scythe. Suitable storm
stells have since been erected for enabling the sheep to work the
leens safely with snow.

The injury by flooding to the sheep stock has been already
stated. Up to 1864 one-half of the ewes on the hirsel were Black-
faced, and the other half Cheviots ; since then the whole has
been put under Cheviots. They came through the severity of
last year without assistance, and produced a good crop of lambs.
This winter, there have been one hundred more on the ground
than when the half were Black-faced, and they are in good con-
dition now. There has not been the slightest symptom of rot,
or a pocked sheep in the hirsel since 1864.

Mr Andrew Hall, Sutherlandshire, one of the first authorities
of the north in connection with sheep, inspected and reported
on the capability of the farm for carrying a sheep stock, on
account of the former tenant, about fourteen years ago. He
told the reporter last summer that, in his opinion, the Torran
side of the farm, before the leens were relieved from flooding,
was only suitable for Highland cattle, and was not safe for them,
but that he knew it would make a good ewe hirsel now. Mi-
George Glend inning, Hatton Mains, llatho, inspected the im-
provement in September 1866. He thought it highly beneficial
for the property, and that it would pay well. He also expressed
his satisfaction with the engineering and execution of the works.

2g

446 REPORT ON TREES NOT LIABLE TO BE DESTROYED BY RABBITS.

EEPOET ON TREES NOT LIABLE TO BE DESTROYED BY

RABBITS.

By C. Y. Michie, Forester, Cullen House, Cullen.

[Premium — Five Sovereigns.]

The destruction of forest trees, shrubs, and hedges, &c., is so
great, and in most cases such an increasing evil, as to call serious
attention to the subject. From the circumstance of so much
land being under cultivation, summer food is thereby abundantly
provided ; but when harvest is over, and the turnip crops stored,
or the fields occupied with shepherds, and their dogs and flocks,
rabbits and hares have no retreat but the plantation, and hither
they repair, both for safety and food, and the plantation suffers
in consequence.

The destruction of forest trees, shrubs, and hedges is much
greater than appears to the cursory observer ; but it is a subject
which those who can best speak upon seldom do, from reasons
unnecessary to be explained. Which sorts of forest trees to plant,
and how to plant them, so as to be most secure against the
destruction of rabbits, is a twofold subject, well calculated to
agitate and perplex the minds of all interested and reflective
persons at the present day.

Finding that year after year the crop last planted had fallen
a prey to rabbits, after a great amount of labour and expense
had been bestowed upon it ; and, generally speaking, the more
labour bestowed and greater the expense, so in proportion was
the destruction and consequent loss ; it, therefore, occurred to the
writer, as a matter of economy, that it would be well to lessen the
expense, so that if plants could not be preserved, money might at
least be saved ; reasoning thus — If one plant out of ten escapes,
for every hundred trees planted ten will be saved ; and the
smaller the plants the greater their safety. It also appeared that
the larger (not exceeding 4 feet) the plants the greater the destruc-
tion and money loss upon each. Another self-evident circum-
stance was, that wherever the ground was newly dressed or in
any way disturbed, as in trenching, paring, pitting, pulling off
the heath, or cutting whins, broom, &c, all such operations ren-
dered the ground more attractive to rabbits ; hence almost every
tree planted under such circumstances fell a ready prey, and
were frequently destroyed within twenty-four hours of the time
of planting.

Under the circumstances above detailed, a gentleman suggested
to the writer the following plan, and which accomplishes all
that was anticipated of it : —

First, To select small plants, 1-year seedlings 1-year bedded,
at a cost of from one-third to one-half that of transplanted trees.

ItErORT ON TREES NOT LIABLE TO BE DESTROYED BY RABBITS. 447

Second, To make a slit on the side or even in the centre of
tufts of heath, grass, or other herbage, carefully put in the plant,
covering the herbage all around, as if no derangement or dis-
turbance had taken place, and thus secure the plant against the
destruction of its enemies. The top only being exposed, which
has little attraction at that age, being passed by on the first visit,
is never again so liable to destruction, save during a protracted
snow-storm, when it appears a few inches above the surface of
the frozen snow.

The work of planting is best either to be done in the end of
September and October, or delayed till April ; the latter month
is preferable. In spring, the winter's severity is over ; and as
soon as fresh shoots of grass appear, the rabbits are thereto
attracted, and thereby the plants escape for at least one season.
If possible, the planting of larch should be delayed till spring,
at least if the ground is bare, as the plants, if at all conspicuous,
are all but certain to be eaten the first or second night after
planting. After the middle of May scarcely any further damage
occurs (to evergreens at least) till a severe storm occurs the suc-
ceeding winter.

Rabbits, like all other animals, have a greater preference for
some sorts of food than for others ; and while some sorts they
covet and seek after, others they dislike and shun. Upon this
hypothesis the Highland and Agricultural Society have invited
reports. Not only has the rabbit a preference for one descrip-
tion of food over another, but has a stronger affinity for one class
of plants at one season of the year than at another. Whether it
is that winter severity whets the appetite or imparts a certain
flavour to the food, or both combined, is neither easily ascer-
tained nor of much importance to the present subject to know.
This much, however, is self-evident, that many plants are eaten
in winter which are despised in summer, and many are devoured
during winter frosts which are passed by in open fresh weather.

The following are the rates per acre at which the work of
planting under a head of rabbits is efficiently executed : —

5000 1-year seedlings 1-year bedded Scots pine,

at 4s. 6d. per 1000, . . . L.l 2 6

Two men and one boy planting the above, . 0 10 0

Carriage of plants and incidental expenses, . 0 2 6

L.l 15 0

As already stated, pitting is incompatible with growing a crop
of trees under a head of rabbits, and the same may be said of
trenching ; yet there is much ground where the breaking up of
its surface is of primary importance. In order to secure the
benefits resulting from pitting, and yet avoid breaking the turf,

448 REPORT ON TREES NOT LIABLE TO BE DESTROYED BY RABBITS.

or rendering the surface " reel," as it is termed, and the conse-
quent destruction from rabbits, an instrument termed the bore-
bill, a peculiar sort of footpick, is used, which does its work
most efficiently ; is much in preference to pitting, and answers
all the purposes of trenching (save extracting the roots of trees),
and adds to the expense of an acre of 5000 plants about 20s.

Larch, spruce, and Scots pine, &c, are all planted in a similar
way, and the only difference in cost consists in the difference of
the price of the plants, which vary from Is. to 2s. 6d. per 1000.

Compared with the above practice is the following old but
common one : — Pitting at 4J feet apart, and planting with 2-year
seedlings 2-year transplanted Scots pines, cost from L.3 to L.4
per acre ; while planting an acre as above recommended costs
less than half, and at the same time secures a proper crop of
trees.

Preparatory to planting moorland under a head of rabbits, the
heather should be burnt, say three years before planting. By
this means it is greatly sweetened, and the rabbits are equally
fond of young heather as of pines ; hence if the plants are not
higher than the young heather, which they should not be when
planted, they thereby escape injury for a time.

Hedge Plants.

Much difficulty is experienced in growing hedges from the
disposition of rabbits to destroy the plants, and it is a matter of
serious consideration in planting which sorts of plants to use, in
order to avoid disappointment. After long experience, observa-
tion, and experiment, the following appears the order in which
rabbits show their preference for the various plants of which
hedges are usually composed. Beginning with those for which
they appear to have the strongest liking, these are —

First, The crab-apple, when planted either in a hedge or as a
single plant, is the first to be attacked and unbarked. Its young
shoots and leaves are also much relished. The crab-apple is
therefore a plant which should not be planted unprotected in
the vicinity of rabbits.

Second, The common white thorn, of which our general hedges
are composed, is very liable to be destroyed by them. The young
shoots and leaves are preferred to the bark ; but in winter, when
a snow-storm prevails, the bark is readily peeled off and devoured.
Owing to its extreme liability to have its young shoots eaten,
it is not to be depended upon as a hedge in the neighbourhood
of rabbits.

Third, The beech suffers much from them, and has the peculiar
disadvantage, that when once eaten on the top, it is a long time
before it fully recovers itself. The terminal bud of the beech is
that from which emanates the only strong shoot ; and if this bud

REPORT ON TREES NOT LIABLE TO BE DESTROYED BY RABBITS. 440

is destroyed, none of the others produce a shoot equally strong
that season, nor frequently for several years to come.

Fourth, The black thorn or sloe is less liable to be eaten than
any of the preceding sorts of hedge plants. Babbits are at least
less fond of its young shoots than of either the crab-apple or
white thorn, neither are they so fond of its bark. The greatest
injnry it sustains is to its leaves; its bark, even in frost, suffers
little.

Fifth, The hornbeam suffers most from the loss of its young
shoots, especially the terminal ones, which, in the case of small
plants, are certain of destruction in winter. Its leaves are less
attractive than those of the beech or of the preceding sorts of
plants. The hornbeam, like the beech, should be planted when
about 3 feet high ; and in planting it to form a hedge, it is well
to mix it with privet, of each an equal number.

Sixth, The Siberian buckthorn is not liable to have either its
leaves or its twigs eaten, or its bark peeled. The latter only
occurs during severe storms of frost and snow. It is to be re-
gretted that this plant is so little cultivated or employed as a
hedge plant. It possesses several points of merit for the latter
purpose.

Seventh, The holly is not liable to have its leaves or twigs
eaten ; but while its leaves and young shoots escape, it is far
otherwise with its bark. The bark of the holly suffers much in
severe frosts ; even large trees of it are frequently barked by rab-
bits during snow-storms. In planting a holly hedge it is very
advisable to mix it with privet ; the latter forms a good protec-
tion to the former. In preserving single specimen plants of
holly during winter, when so formed as with difficulty to be
protected with other means, an application of blood, oil, or milk,
mixed with soot, and applied to the lower parts, renders the
bark distasteful for a while, but requires frequent renewal, as
rain in a short time washes it off.

Eighth, The berberry is little liable to destruction from rabbits,
either in its leaves, shoots, or bark. In summer its leaves are
partially eaten, and in winter its bark is occasionally peeled off
and eaten ; but it is a plant which, under ordinary circumstances,
is seldom much injured by rabbits.

Ninth, The common privet is very rarely injured by rabbits.
In summer it may be seen in hedges of thorn and beech with
its twigs and leaves perfect and entire, while the former species
are bared of their leaves as high up as the rabbits can reach.
In winter, too, when other surrounding plants have their twigs
eaten and their wood much barked, the privet all but entirely
escapes. After much experience of the privet, the writer can
with confidence recommend it as all but safe against the attacks
of rabbits.

450 REPORT ON TREES NOT LIABLE TO BE DESTROYED BY RABBITS.

Tenth, The elder, though as a hedge it is now seldom planted,
yet on account of its entire exemption from the attacks of rabbits
(and probably all other animals), it is on that account alone
entitled to a more important place than it now occupies.

Eleventh, The box-tree, though not employed as a common
hedge plant, is yet at times planted as a hedge for ornament,
about the shrubbery and other places exposed to rabbits. For
any such situation it is well adapted. The writer has never
observed it injured by rabbits, though exposed to a large stock
of them during severe snow-storms. The box-tree may therefore
be planted under exposure to rabbits with perfect safety.

Twelfth, The butcher's broom, though not suitable as a hedge
plant under ordinary circumstances, is yet at times made to
occupy such a position, and, when placed on the top of a face
wall or other eminence, it looks well, and has the important
merit of being " distasteful to rabbits."

The preceding list embraces most plants grown as hedges, and
a few others seldom so grown ; but to that list might still be
added some plants which might form hedges, and at the same
time remain uninjured by rabbits. Such plants, however, will
be enumerated under another head.

Another class of plants, equally important in their place (the
shrubbery), deserves special notice ; but those plants already
named as hedge plants, though equally appropriate for the shrub-
bery, will not be again recognised.

First, The raspberry, which is very excellent cover for phea-
sants and other game, presents no appearance of being eaten.

Second, The bramble, which, while it resembles the rasp, like
it is exempt from injury by rabbits, hence is entitled to certain
situations in the woodland where pheasant cover is wanted

Third, Ivy being a favourite plant, and one which delights
the eye both in summer and winter, is all but exempt from the
attacks of rabbits. Its leaves they can scarcely be induced,
even through hunger, to eat. Its young wood they refuse, and
it is only the bare stem, as it clasps the trunk of the stately
tree, and when the gnawings of hunger are very keen, that they
bark it.

Fourth, Honeysuckle is a favourite plant with all admirers of
nature. It renders fragrant the dell, the grove, and the garden,
and is also much employed in trellis-work, both in the garden,
the shrubbery, and in the policies. In the latter places it is
much exposed to the injuries inflicted by rabbits, and it is very
satisfactory to know that they seldom or never injure it.

Fifth, The spirsea is never injured to any extent. During
severe weather the extremities of the side branches are slightly
nipped, but it scarcely appears conclusive that any of it is actually
eaten as food.

RETORT ON TREES NOT LIABLE TO BE DESTROYED BY RABBITS. 451

Sixth, The snowberry is a beautiful plant, especially in winter,
with its wax -like balls richly hanging from the extremities of
the spraying branches. The injuries which this plant receives
from rabbits are so slight as to entitle it to a place amongst those
acknowledged as rabbit-proof plants.

Seventh, The spurge laurel is a beautiful plant, not only on
account of its flowers, but specially for its foliage. It deserves
more extensive planting in all demesnes where rabbits, &c, are
numerous. Like the elder, it appears as if no animal would eat
or even touch it. Growing in the midst of a large head of
rabbits, it is perfectly free from injury in all its parts, and may
safely be planted where rabbits are numerous.

Eighth, The rhododendron is in point of safety ecpial to the
spurge laurel ; very seldom is a branch nipped off, and still more
seldom is its bark injured or a leaf wholly or even partially eaten.

Ninth, The periwinkle, of which there are several varieties, all
beautiful and much to be admired, appear almost entirely exempt
from injuries by rabbits.

Tenth, The azaleas are almost entirely exempt from injuries,
and it does not appear that there is any important difference as
to the variety. I have scarcely ever seen a twig eaten off by them
either in summer or in winter, and never saw any of the stems
peeled or the bark in any way injured.

Unfortunately, the preceding list excludes many of our best
and most admired shrubs, including the bay laurel, Portugal
laurel, sweet bay, yews, &c. These, with many others, if planted
without proper protection, might as well not be planted, as their
destruction is inevitable.

The birch is not greatly liable to sustain injury from rabbits,
except in the early part of summer, when they eat the leaves off
the lower branches.

The willow is a plant which rabbits are in general fond of ;
they eat the shoots at all seasons, and seize Tipon the bark in
winter.

The poplar comprises many varieties, and those I have found
most liable to be eaten are as follows, and in the order given :
— 1st, The black poplar ; 2d, The black Italian ; and 3d, The
aspen. Those of which the rabbits are least fond are also given
in the order of dislike : — 1st, The Abele poplar ; 2d, The balsam
poplar ; and 3d, The Lombard y. Eabbits are by no means fond
of any varieties of the poplar, but seem to prefer the black
and have a strong aversion to the Abele, and indeed to all hoary-
leaved plants.

The mountain ash suffers a little in the early part of the sea-
son by having its young shoots topped, and in severe winter
weather the young trees are occasionally barked ; but it is a tree
which rabbits are by no means fond of, either leaf, branch, or bark.

452 REPORT ON TREES NOT LIABLE TO BE DESTROYED BY RABBITS.

The leaves of the common beech are fondly relished in the
early part of the season, but as summer advances they are less
coveted, and in autumn and winter remain untouched. The
purple and copper-coloured varieties are less relished than the
common sort.

The elm is much relished by rabbits, and they prefer the
English to the Scotch variety. Its leaves, branches, and bark
are all fondly relished, both during summer and in winter, so
that it cannot be recommended as at all safe under rabbits.

The horse chestnut, in case of young plants, is occasionally
peeled in winter, but older trees are not injured, neither are the
leaves eaten ; hence this tree may be safely grown amongst rabbits,
if planted of considerable age and size. The sweet chestnut is
liable to damage of the bark in winter, and to have its leaves eaten
during summer, hence cannot be recommended to plant near
rabbits unless protected.

The walnut is not liable to injury from rabbits ; they neither
eat its leaves in summer nor its bark in winter.

The sycamore may be considered the safest of all the common
hard-wood trees to plant under a head of rabbits. During sum-
mer they seldom eat or injure the leaves or young wood, and as
seldom peel the stems in winter. The sycamore has been
esteemed by the writer for many years as decidedly the safest
of the hard-wood class to plant under the above circumstances,
and he therefore with confidence recommends it for that purpose.
The common ash. is so well known as choice food of rabbits,
that it needs no comment ; and even the varieties embracing the
weeper and entire-leaved ash are if anything still more pre-
ferred. Ash is quite unsuitable under rabbits.

Being unable to satisfy myself as to the preference which
rabbits have for the different varieties of oak, I cut branches
from them and stuck them into the ground during snow-storms,
and found as the result that the Lucumbe oak was the first which
had its twigs eaten and the branches barked ; next in succession
and degree wras the Turkey oak, next the common oak, and
lastly, the scarlet oak. This experiment was carried out with
tame rabbits with similar results.

The alder is by many persons considered quite distasteful to
rabbits, which unfortunately is a wrong impression. A gentle-
man near Inverness planted alder extensively two years ago, in
good faith of its not being injured, but was disappointed at finding
last spring, after the severe preceding winter, that nearly all the
plants were peeled and destroyed. I planted a row of silver
alder (Alnus incana) in a nursery row, between sweet chestnuts
and oaks. A rabbit having inadvertently got into the nursery,
ate the bark off some of the alders in preference to the other trees.
The writer having closely examined the work of barking and

REPORT ON TREES NOT LIABLE TO BE DESTROYED BY RABBITS. 453

eating deciduous trees and shrubs and some evergreens (not coni-
ferse), he concludes this part of the subject by drawing it within a
narrow compass, and, by way of showing clearly what is truly
practical, he will repeat the names of those plants which he
believes may be planted with considerable safety under a full
stock of rabbits : — ls^, As hedge plants are the elder, the privet,
and box; 2d, Shrubs — The spurge laurel, rhododendron, arborvitre,
butcher's broom, ivy, honeysuckle, and periwinkle ; 3d, Orna-
mental trees — The evergreen, oak, and walnut ; 4th, Forest trees
— The sycamore, Abele, and aspen poplar.

Though the above may all be regarded as plants which rabbits
will not eat or injure, yet, when severe and protracted storms
occur, and rabbits are famishing for want, none of them are en-
tirely safe, not even when of large size.

There are certain varieties of the same species of plants more
liable to be eaten than others. We often observe a few plants
selected for eating from amongst others ; whence the preference
we cannot tell. The way in which plants are made choice of for
eating has given rise to division of opinion as to the species
which they prefer, and it is only through wide and extensive
observation that a just conclusion is arrived at.

Conifer cc.

Having given an account of deciduous trees, shrubs, and a few
others, I shall next make a few statements upon the pine and fir
class, beginning with the more common sorts and ending with
the rarer conifer*.

Scots Pine, — I have carefully and minutely examined the
effects of rabbits upon this tree — 1st, Because of the many oppor-
tunities of doing so ; and, 2d, Because of its immense import-
ance as a timber tree. There are two circumstances under which
this tree is injuriously eaten — 1st, When planted into ground
where the surface is broken, or rendered bare of herbage ; and, 2d,
When planted amongst whins, broom, or rank heath, which is
cleared away from the trees a few years subsequent to planting,
thus exposing the stem, which never fails of being peeled.

Larch. — There is no way known to the writer in which larch
can be grown with safety where rabbits are numerous. The most
successful way is that recommended at page 447-

Norway Spruce. — This is a tree that may be grown with greater
success under a large head of rabbits than either larch or Scots
pine. It possesses the following advantages : — 1st, It grows well
on damp rough ground, which rabbits do not usually frequent,
hence is less liable to be destroyed ; and, 2d, Babbits are by no
means partial to eating or barking it.

The silver fir, though a noble and fast-growing tree after the
first few years, is very liable to destruction from rabbits. They are

45-i REPORT OX TREES NOT LIABLE TO BE DESTROYED BY RABBITS.

not so fond of the leaves as of the young branches and the hark.
As a proof of their preference for the bark of silver fir over that
of Norway spruce, in a plantation under care of the -writer,
composed of spruces and silver firs of about equal numbers, in
the spring of 1867, the whole of the silver firs were found to
be less or more peeled, while not one of the spruces were at all
injured.

The Pinus Laricio is one of the few species of trees little liable
to injury from rabbits. When it is grown amongst Scots pine
and larch it quite escapes, while they are destroyed.

Pinus Smithiana is a tree as little injured by rabbits as any
in the forest or pinetum. They do occasionally nip off the ter-
minal shoots of the branches, but they do not consume them as
food, nor peel the stems of the trees.

Pinus Menziesii is a tree that stands in the same list as the
preceding one, and is exempt from the destruction of rabbits to
much the same extent. I have seen it growing all but entirely
untouched in the midst of a colony of rabbits.

Pinus alba (white American spruce) is very rarely eaten in any
of its parts, leaves, branches, or bark, hence is very suitable for
planting under hazardous circumstances.

Pinus nigra (black American spruce) is, in regard to safety,
first in its class. Having seen the black American spruce grow-
ing in highest perfection, surrounded with others quite destroyed,
leads to the conclusion that it is a tree all but entirely exempt
from the injuries inflicted by rabbits, and may, therefore, be
planted under a numerous head with perfect confidence of future
safety.

The Araucaria imbricata is often spoken of as a rabbit-proof
plant ; this unfortunately is not the case. Eabbits do not eat its
leaves ; but as soon as they fall off the lower part of the stem,
leaving it bare, it is readily seized upon and peeled.

The Cupr&ssus Zambertiana is a tree almost quite safe to plant
under rabbits ; it is only during extreme snow-storms that it is
injured, and that very slightly in the bark.

The Cupressus Lawsoniana is also a tree which rabbits dislike.
aSTone of it is injured under a full stock of rabbits ; and when most
other plants are eaten, I have no hesitation in classing the C. Law-
soniana amongst game-proof plants.

In order to test the tastes of rabbits for certain plants, the writer
procured a number of tame ones, and kept them in a large loft,
giving them nothing to eat for three months but branches of trees,
shrubs, &c. He <mve them from four to six different sorts at a
time, and allowed them nothing else till a fresh supply was
brought after two or three days. This mode of testing which
plants they liked and which they disliked was very tedious, and,
moreover, unpleasant to the feelings to see the creatures so lean

REPORT ON TREES NOT LIABLE TO BE DESTROYED BY RABBITS. 455

and hungry, almost preferring to die rather than eat certain of
the plants given them. He found that the same species of
plants which the wild rabbits preferred were also preferred by
the tame ones, and the plants chosen or rejected by both were
alike.

The following is a summary of all the observations and experi-
ments made, showing their practical results : —

First, I find that amongst hard-woods, which suffer little by
rabbits during frost and snow-storm, and may be regarded as
safe, are the sycamore, scarlet oak, and evergreen oak.

Second, Conifene. I find almost no practical difference amongst
the following sorts in point of liability to destruction. I give
them in the order in which I find them least liable to be injured.
1st, The black American spruce ; 2d, The white American
spruce; 3d, The Norway spruce; 4th, Abies SmitJiiana ; 5th,
Abies J/rnzicsii; 6th, Picca cephalonica ; 7th, Pinus Pinsapo ;
8th, Pinus Laricio ; 9th, Pinus ponderoso.

Third, Hedge plants :— 1st, The common privet ; 2d, The elder ;
3(7, The box ; and, 4th, The hornbeam.

Fourth, Evergreen shrubs : — 1st, Spurge laurel ; 2d, The rho-
dodendron ; 3d, The butcher's broom ; 4th, The periwinkle ; and
5th, The ivy of sorts. To these may be added the spiraea, honey-
suckle, and azalea.

Fifth, The arborvitses (Chinese and American) are seldom
nipped, and probably never eaten. The Irish juniper is also ob-
noxious to them; and they rarely injure either the common
juniper or the yew.

Remarks.

1. Either very large or very small plants should be planted
amongst rabbits.

2. The ground should be prepared by means of the borebill,
and not by trenching or pitting, which attract the rabbits.

3. Extensive groups, which cannot practically be protected
with iron cages, should have their stems anointed during winter
with blood, grease and soot, or soap, so as to prove offensive.

4. The leaves of all evergreens are either utterly despised or
less relished than those of deciduous trees, &c.

5. There is no plant with which the writer is acquainted but
rabbits will eat, when sufficiently hungry, even though they die
from eating it, which they frequently do.

6. Save the white thorn, crab-apple, laburnum, and a few
others, plants do not suffer during summer ; but as winter ap-
proaches, and before it sets in, all plants liable to destruction
should be protected.

7. Districts much infested with rabbits should be planted
closely together, and as large an area at one time as possible.

456 EEPORT ON TEEES NOT LIABLE TO BE DESTEOYED BY RABBITS.

8. In spite of all efforts to prevent it, rabbits destroy a large
area of plantation and shrubbery every year.

9. Policies can never be made to look so sweet and neat, and
be kept at the same expense, with rabbits.

10. Specimen plants cannot easily be grown to such perfec-
tion (even with additional expense) when protected against rabbits.

11. The expense necessarily incurred in growing wood under
a head of rabbits is such as to render the investment hazardous
and often profitless.

12. Those trees and plants exempt from injuries of rabbits are
too limited in number, too expensive to raise, and many of them
of too little value, when grown to their highest perfection, to
warrant reasonable hopes of satisfactory results from planting
them.

REPORT ON TREES NOT LIABLE TO BE DESTROYED BY

RABBITS.

By Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie.

[Premium — Silver Medal.}

In these days of outcry by the agricultural tenantry against
the game laws, and their alleged pernicious administration and
destructive effects in protecting hares and rabbits in many
localities, to the deterioration and partial destruction of the field
crops, it is well to be reminded that the ravages of such vermin
are not confined, as farmers seem to imagine, to the acreage of
the farm alone, but that they commit other depredations quite as
troublesome and annoying, if not ultimately more serious, in
nibbling the bark and young terminal points, and so destroying,
year by year, the very existence of many millions of thriving,
newly-planted young woodlands in recently formed plantations
throughout the country. There is, probably, less ado made about
such devastations, seeing the land so ravaged is not rented, but
is generally in the natural occupation of the proprietor; yet
when it is considered that the importance of all land now-a-days
yielding some revenue is of considerable moment, the return
from the acreage under woodland and plantations becomes valu-
able, and it is interesting as well as instructive to inquire how
far, and by what means, the ravages of hares and rabbits upon
our plantations can be controlled, or what sorts of pines and other
useful timber trees moj be safely planted, with hopes of ultimate
commercial advantage and successful culture.

It is during winter that the most destructive attacks of such
vermin are usually made, and they are then most severe upon
newly planted or transplanted subjects. At this season, pressed
to find subsistence, and with snow frequently covering any scant
pasturage or herbage that may exist in their neighbourhood, it is

REPORT ON TliEES NOT LIABLE TO BE DESTROYED BY RABBITS. 457

naturally most difficult to deter them from attacking almost any-
thing, whether young hard-wood or fir, up to about ten or twelve
years of age. They are especially destructive to many, if not all
variegated foliaged evergreens, such, for example, as the Golden
Hollies, Golden and Silver Yews, and Golden Thujas. These
they will devour and entirely destroy. Amongst the dark-green
foliaged coniferse we find that they are very prone to attack the
Finns austriaca, and that even the green-clad young terminal
buds of the common Scots fir, or the young tender shoots of the
larch, do not escape their attention. "We have frequently ob-
served them at work upon the pendulous lateral lower shoots of
Cedrus Deodar a in the autumnal evening ; but were the hares
and rabbits to confine their attacks to it, in heavy soil they
would do a material benefit, for no small amount of the success
attending the growth and formation of a good leading shoot of
the Cedrus Dcodara, in the locality referred to, is owing to the
admirable close side pruning or foreshortening of the plants
by the nibbling of rabbits, thus directing a greater amount of
growth into the upper tiers of branches and terminal leaders
which happen to be beyond their reach. "We have found them
very severe upon young transplanted specimens of the English
yew, say from 9 inches to 1 foot in height • and, without pro-
tection, we do not find it safe to plant or transplant out in open
ground such specimens.

It is almost impossible to specify a list of trees, either hard-
wood or coniferous, that will withstand the ravages of hares and
rabbits in all situations. A few years ago, when the Finns
Laricio was first sent out by nurserymen, it was lauded as the
only pine of any value as to timber that was adapted to resist
the attacks of hares and rabbits. Since then, in many cases,
public opinion has altered somewhat in its views in this respect
regarding this conifer, and many people now assert that it does
not possess the repellent nature originally ascribed to it. On
this point we have pretty conclusive testimony, and have come
to the deliberate conclusion, after several trials and reported
experiments, that of all the hard-wooded conifers in general
use, the true variety of Finns Laricio is best calculated by its
inherent properties to withstand the attacks of hares and rabbits.
From several instances recorded in our notes on this point, we
would here merely adduce the testimony of Lord Ducie, whose
careful and exact observations on arboricultural subjects are
well known, and who in 18(35 planted at Tortworth Court
(Gloucestershire) a P. Laricio, then about 6 inches in height,
in the middle of a swarm of rabbit burrows. For the first winter
it was untouched ; then came the severe storm of the spring of
1866, when hard pressed, and with no natural supply of food
near the spot, the rabbits " tried " in their dire extremity the

458 REPORT ON TREES XOT LIABLE TO BE DESTROYED BY RABBITS.

tips of the leaves of the lately planted Laricio, stumping back
their points, but without at all damaging the health of the plant,
which, notwithstanding, made a leading shoot that season of
about 2 inches, quite as much as could be expected after being
transplanted that year. In January 1867, Lord Ducie reports,
that " although the leaves are somewhat cropped, the plant is
substantially sound, and promises a strong growth this year."
Lord Leicester has also demonstrated this innate repellent quality
of the Laricio at Holkham ; and Mr Gorrie there recommends it
highly, unless in any locality where vermin swarm so thickly as
to have difficulty in getting an ample food supply from natural
sources near their burrows, and he considers it very likely to
stand uninjured until almost every other tree has fallen a prey
to their destructive attacks. In the extensive and varied pine-
tum of Durris (Aberdeenshire), Mr Gordon informs us that he is
at a loss to know what description of young trees hares and
rabbits will not eat when hard pressed for food, and starved
during a snow-storm, and that, under such circumstances, the
Laricio is not safe, although it is the last tree they seem to care
to touch. In other localities we have been told that this valu-
able property alleged to be possessed by the Laricio is erroneous,
and that in some quarters it is quite as much eaten as the Finns
austriaca, or any other pine ; but this, we think, is a mistake,
and has arisen from the fact, that some years ago, when the
demands for plants of Pinus Laricio was very great, after the
larch disease became so generally prevalent, many thousands of
young plants were imported and sent out as Laricio, which were
not the true variety, but of a description more allied to the Pinus
pyrcnaica ; for we have not yet found, after trial, that the true
Pinus Laricio is at all palatable either to hares or rabbits.

Unless very hard pressed for food, we have found that the
common spruce, about one foot in height, resists their attacks
very well, and is one of the very safest pines to plant where
hares and rabbits abound ; and we know instances where parts
of a plantation have been got up by use of this tree, when the
forester had been baffled with everything else.

Among the lists of newer coniferse, whose flavour and fibre
seem most distasteful to these vermin, we may name the Sequoia
scnupcrvircns, W ellingtonia gigantca, Ceclrus atlantica, Thuja
gigantea. and Thujopsis borealis, and, indeed, many of the Picea
family, the Juniperus tribe, and many of the Cupressus. They
seem to resort more to the Pinus species, and eat out the young
buds from the lateral branches within their reach. Of the young
tender buds of the Pinus Pinsajjo, and especially of its terminal
shoots, they are particularly fond ; and as an instance of their
partiality for the larch, we may remark that in January 1867, at
Ilarewood, near Leeds, ten acres of cover were planted with a

REPORT ON TREES NOT LIABLE TO BE DESTROYED BY RABBITS. 459

mixture of larch, privet, sloe-thorn, and hazel, about four feet
apart, and that by the end of February not more than one or
two plants of larch in every ten planted had escaped. Amongst
hard-wood trees, the species we find least interfered with is the
sycamore ; they will, however, attack the bark of newly planted
trees of beech, ash, chestnut, oak, and common laurel. They are
very fond of the bark of young laburnums ; and it may not be
mistaken policy to plant pretty thickly amongst young planta-
tions shoots of that, and other small wood of comparatively
little value, of which they are fond, so as to induce them to con-
fine their attention to them, and thus save the more valuable
hard-wooded trees and conifers.

For cover, we find that the Rhododendron ponticum, Malionia
Aquifoliwn, Berberis Darwinii, and large plants of the common
garden boxwood, grouped in thickets, are most serviceable to
game, and are untouched by hares or rabbits. Indeed, they will
rather starve than touch the Rhododendron ponticum ; while the
Mahonia affords not only shelter and cover, but also fruit as food
for winged game.

But while it is difficult to find a selection of trees that are
certain to resist the ravages of these "ferce naturcc," and as it is
inexpedient to limit ourselves to plant merely such varieties as
hares or rabbits would not touch, there are precautions which
may be adopted, and which serve the purpose well, of preventing
the attacks of vermin from becoming serious, if, indeed, they are
not thereby effectually prevented.

One of the simplest of these contrivances is, as soon as any
plantation is fit to be thinned, to commence doing so in the
beginning of winter, and to cut gradually through that season
such young trees or branches as are destined to come out. The
thinnings and primings are left lying, and so long as there is
a scrap of bark on these, the hares and rabbits will not touch the
standards. Where the quantity to be cut out is small, it is even
worth while to turn the thinnings ; and if any young plantation
is not far from those which are old enough to be thinned, it may
not be too expensive and unprofitable an operation to cart or
carry the thinnings, and lay them round the edges and outskirts
of the young plantation. The propensity to attack newly trans-
planted trees or shrubs of almost any description is very great ;
and even if these be of large size, they will nibble and injure
them severely. In such cases, it is a good practice to protect
valuable specimen trees or rare varieties with a straw band, or
rope of cocoa-nut fibre (a material cheaper than straw in the
long run, and which is now sometimes used in stack-yards in
lieu of straw ropes), closely twisted round the stems to a height
of about two feet from the ground, and which will last for several
years, by which time the bark of the protected plant is safe.

460 REPOKT ON TREES NOT LIABLE TO BE DESTROYED BY RABBITS.

Another method sometimes employed for warding off the
attacks of vermin from newly formed plantations is very easily
applied, and is very efficacious. It consists in applying the well-
known fact that these animals are easily kept off by the presence
of anything distasteful to them. A mixture of the common
Baltic (or Archangel) tar, with the requisite quantity of the
cheapest anti-friction grease, well boiled together in equal parts,
is prepared ; and after planting any young wood, the boys who
are usually employed in assisting at the planting operations are
each furnished with a pot-full of this mixture, which they carry
in the left hand, and dipping the right into the composition, they
gently and quickly draw it from the neck of the newly planted
tree at the ground surface up the stem to beyond the risk of
damage from hares and rabbits. This simple and effectual
remedy takes very short time, and one stout boy will soon go
over a whole plantation. This coating, which, of course, does
not require to be applied too thickly, has not been found to be
pernicious to the trees in the smallest degree, and is indeed far
superior to, and is more capable of being quickly applied than
another composition frequently used, namely, coal tar mixed
with cow dung and soil, and applied to the bark with a brush.
This last named mixture we do not consider beneficial to the
young newly transplanted trees, and the bark of some species
may be injured by its injudicious use.

A writer in the "American Agriculturist," Jan. 1867, mentions
blood as a specific, and recommends a slight sprinkling on the
ground amongst the young plantations as quite efficacious ; but
of this remedy we cannot speak from experience, and should
certainly prefer the composition of Archangel tar and grease.

In noticing some of the varieties of conifers? which resist the
attacks of hares and rabbits, we omitted to mention that many
of those possessing the cork or spongy description of bark resist
best, whether it be that the bark of such sorts is like the com-
mon cork wood, and will swell in the stomach if eaten or nibbled,
or whether they are merely unpalatable, we do not pretend to
know ; but this is certain, that such trees are less liable to in-
jury than the smooth-skinned species are.

Tew proprietors can form the least estimate of the damage done
to their woods and strips from the ravages of hares and rabbits
alone ; hence it is that we frequently find that the result of fifty
or even a hundred years' growth of timber produces but a stinted
crop, only because the trees have sprung from plants or stools
unhealthy, and which have been stunted in their growth from this
cause from the very commencement.

REPORT ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK. 461

REPORT ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK.

By George Menzies, Trentham, Stoke-upon- Trent.

[Premium — Ten Sovereigns.]

The transit of stock, in its effects on the animals, is a subject
which hitherto has scarcely received that amount of attention
its importance demands. Until within a comparatively recent
period, the modes of transit were simple, and the attendant evils
were proportionally of less consequence. In modern times, how-
ever, conveyances for stock have been multiplied, and while these
have conferred incalculable benefits in many ways, they are yet
attended by evils of their own which have been too much over-
looked. Thus the mere fact that stock could be sent from
Belfast to Glasgow in eight hours, or from Aberdeen to London
in eighteen hours, seems to have so far satisfied owners of stock,
that they have practically ignored the evils of the systems by
which these results could be obtained, and have thought little
about, not only the discomforts and miseries the animals endure —
in other words, the diminution of their value — but also of the
more serious and lasting injuries, in the diseases that are thereby
produced and propagated.

In considering this subject, it seems desirable to divide it into
three heads, viz., Transit by Eoad, by Sea, and by Railway,
adding a few observations on the subject of disease, in reference
to transit, after the various systems of conveyance have been
noticed. And before entering on details, it may be well to
mention here, in reference to legislation bearing on the subject,
that previous to the appearance of the cattle plague in 1865,
traffic in stock in this country was practically free of restriction
so far as the Statute Book was concerned. There certainly ex-
isted the Act 11 and 12 Vict., cap. 107, but it was little known,
and less used, and until the dire ravages of the cattle plague
called forth energetic legislative action, it might almost be said
that there were no laws for the regulation of traffic in stock, and
owners could move animals about, in health or disease, very
much as they pleased. Now, however, the powers of the Privy
Council have been renewed and enlarged, and constitute an
authority for the provision and application of regulations in
stock traffic, according to the exigencies of circumstances. At
the present moment, the foreign trade in stock is kept under
control, while in the home trade restrictions have been almost
entirely removed.

We now proceed to notice the various modes of transit, and
first —

Transit by Eoad. — The conveyance of the various descriptions

2 ii

462 REPORT ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK.

of stock by road — in other words, making the animals convey
themselves by the use of their own feet — may be termed the
natural mode of transit, if its antiquity, simplicity, and the
small amount of artificial help required be considered. The
animals themselves do all the labour, man only giving intelligent
guidance to their movements. To describe minutely anything
so well known, seems unnecessary, and a brief outline of its
general features will probably be sufficient for the purposes of
this inquiry.

Horses are usually conveyed singly or in pairs, threes and
even fours, and are walked along at the rate of about 3 miles
per hour ; they are seldom sent more than 25 to 30 miles (about
one day's journey), greater distances being usually done by rail.
Horses are usually baited once in every five hours, or for about
each 15 miles of the journey. The only descriptions of the horse
tribe which present any difficulty in transit are unbroken colts
down to foals, unaccustomed to any kind of control, and full of
the buoyant, playful spirit of early youth, they exhibit as much
objection to being either led or driven as any obstinate member
of the porcine race, and it certainly is a very awkward business to
get them quietly along a road. The method usually adopted is
to lead along with them the dam, or any horse with which they
are acquainted, when they readily follow. Where this, however,
cannot be done, there is nothing for it but to put on a halter,
and administer the first lesson in " breaking." Ponies of all ages
are frequently conveyed in droves, and generally walk along as
quietly and circumspectly as so many sheep. These are often
walked hundreds of miles, and are treated very much as mountain
sheep, being walked slowly along by day, rested by night, and
expected to pick up most of their living by the way; and a
very poor living it generally is, as is witnessed by the poor con-
dition and spiritless appearance they have when they reach the
south, country markets. Nevertheless, they do not appear to be
permanently injured by this treatment, natural hardihood (being
natives generally of high and bleak districts) apparently enabling
them to bear great privations with comparatively little harm.

The horse is pecuniarily so valuable, and besides occupies so
high a place in our affections, that his wants are seldom over-
looked or forgotten, while he bears walking so well, that for
moderate distances there seem few disadvantages, and scarcely
any evils attending this mode of transit. Of the latter, the
greatest is the chance of contact with diseased animals ; but as
the consideration of this falls in with, the general question of
disease in reference to transit, it is deferred in this and through-
out the sections describing the modes of conveyance. It therefore
seems only necessary to add here one suggestion, which, as it
will certainly enable the horse to bear better the fatigues of

REPORT ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK. 4G

•>

travelling, may "be admissible, and although it has many times
been pressed on the attention of farmers, it has received less
attention than it merits, viz., a thorough good grooming at the
journey's end, and by the way, if the journey be long. It is
scarcely possible to overestimate the benefits of this to the
travel-tired horse, whether he be about to appear in a market
or merely resting by the way. No greater argument in favour
of this is needed than a simple comparison of the animal's
appearance before and after the operation ; but it must be done
in earnest, and not the mere " wisp down " which farm servants
usually give.

Cattle, — The bovine race in all its stages, from the calf to the
old cow, is so patient of control, and so easily driven in any
required direction, that from 20 to 30 animals may easily be
managed on the road by one man.

Store cattle of all ages are frequently walked very consider-
able distances — two or three days' journey is not uncommon,
and West Highland cattle are often weeks by the way. Amongst
the heavier breeds of cattle, however, which do not bear travelling
like these mountaineers, 50 miles may be taken as nearly the
limit of distance that cattle are now sent by road. They are
usually driven at the rate of about 2 miles per hour, and will
get over from 20 to 25 miles per day. They are almost never
supplied with food during the journey, and seldom rested, being
kept constantly moving slowly on, drinking as they like of such
waters as they meet with, and picking up what they can from
the roadsides, until they reach the end of the stage, and are
turned into a field to graze, or to be supplied with hay, straw,
turnips, &c, according to the season of the year. Sometimes a
field cannot be got, or is dispensed with, and a common or a
quiet lane is taken advantage of.

Fat cattle, especially those that have been fed in confinement
when first started on the road, are rather frisky, and require a
good deal of care to prevent damage to themselves or to fences,
fur which at first they seem to have a supreme contempt, but
after the first two or three miles they sober clown to a very
quiet pace, and give little more trouble. As may be supposed,
fat cattle do not bear the fatigues of travelling well, and there-
fore they are seldom walked more than 15 or 20 miles. Their
supplies of food are regulated according to their destination. If
going direct to the shambles, they are usually sent fasting ; if
going to market, the object being to make them appear to the
utmost advantage, they are fed accordingly.

It may be well to notice, in passing, the difficulty generally
experienced in moving single animals of this class. Attach-
ment to their quarters and to their companions, added to the
excitement animals usually display when first liberated from

464 EEPOET ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK.

confinement, or taken from amongst others, renders their con-
veyance singly very difficult. The method commonly adopted
is to secure the animal's head to one of its fore feet with a rope
so closely as to impede any action beyond a limping walk.
Sometimes the animal's nose is secured with twiers, and if a
double rope be used, one man going before the beast, and another
following it, the transit is generally both quickly and comfort-
ably effected. For bulls, this latter method seems the only
safe one, and it ought always to be used. For ordinary fat
stock, the former being simpler, as requiring only one man, may
be preferred ; but certainly it is much better to inflict complete
restraint than to grant a liberty, which nearly always leads to
the overheating of the animal at the best, and in many cases to
downright fury, causing both danger and loss.

The chief evils which attend the transit of fat cattle by road are
overheating and over-fatigue, the former frequently inducing a
state of body which, after the animal is slaughtered, shows itself in
the peculiar flabbiness — want of firmness — of the meat ; while
heavy animals often break down from sheer fatigue before they can
reach the market or shambles, and are of so much less value in
consequence. For these evils the remedy seems to be to drive them
not faster than one mile per hour, to prepare house-fed cattle by a
little daily exercise for a week or so previous to their journey,
never to walk them distances over 10 miles if possible, and to give
a little food and water once in five hours when on the way. For
store stock the evils of the road are not very great, unless in
extreme cases. So long as good quarters for the night can be
obtained, they will go on from day to day with little detriment
for many days together ; but if they are compelled to subsist on
what they can gather from a roadside or a bare field, and, still
more, if no shelter be provided during inclement weather, the
natural result is, that the animals rapidly lose condition, their
coats stare, and they take cold, which, it is to be feared, is often
the parent of many subsequent ills. The remedy, of course is
very simple — proper food and shelter, and no over-driving. "With
these, and for moderate distances, there are not many objections
to this mode of transit, and the time can scarcely be anticipated
when it will cease to be the chief means of local traffic.

Shcejy. — The transit of sheep by road presents very few points
for remark. They are easily managed. A man, usually assisted
by a dog, which is, for this purpose, worth a couple of men, will
drive a flock of 200 or 300, and even sometimes as many as 500..
They walk slowly — not much over one mile an hour — and fifteen
miles will be a fair day's journey. Like store cattle, they are-
generally only rested and fed during the night, and water is
generally found in abundance by the way if required, which,,
however, is but seldom. The distances which sheep are sent by

REPORT ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK. 465

road are frequently very considerable. From Sutherland to York-
shire was not uncommon before the opening of the railways, and
now even Highland sheep, to the south, or to and from the winter-
ing grounds, walk hundreds of miles. Like mountaineers gener-
ally, they stand the fatigue with little injury. The scantiest
picking seems to support them in the many days of a long march,
and they arrive in the south with but few traces of the long way
they have come.

Leicester sheep do not bear travelling well. Their great
weights, heavy fleeces, and comparatively tender constitutions,
soon make them show signs of weariness ; yet crosses, and in-
deed most descriptions of sheep, bear travelling very well ; and
if only good quarters could be obtained nightly, they might be
walked with advantage distances which are now generally done
by rail. But in an enclosed and cultivated country this accom-
modation is difficult to get, so that two days' journey may be
looked on as about the limit for sheep in the ordinary traffic of
the Lowlands. Unless the difficulty of getting sheep properly
fed during their journey, there does not seem to be many objec-
tions to the ordinary mode of conveying them by road.

Fat sheep, like fat cattle, should be walked as short distances
;as possible. The least possible fatigue, with attention to food
and rest, if the distance be over five miles, is perhaps the best
treatment for them.

Pigs. — The conveyance of pigs by road is a very limited matter.
Occasionally a herd of them is to be met, and generally under
the care of an individual of Hibernian accent, who by some
peculiar means contrives to get them along in a tolerably steady
and satisfactory manner. Sometimes they are to be seen in lots of
three or four on the way to the shambles, or if in store condition
they are marched on foot by cottiers and small farmers to or
from market, distances seldom exceeding two or three miles.
Frequently they are carried in carts, and this seems on the whole
the best means of getting them over the road, as by nature they are
bad travellers, walking very slowly, soon becoming fatigued and
footsore, and withal generally determined to go the wrong way.
It may, therefore, be considered fortunate that the majority of pigs
are either slaughtered where they are bred, or are moved when small
enough to get into a " poke," which indeed seems to have been
the natural conveyance for a juvenile pig from time immemorial.

Before closing the subject of transit by road, it may be worth
while to notice one of its adjuncts, viz., the ferry-boat, with or
without steam. Usually these are mere iioating pens, into which
the stock may be put and conveyed both with comfort and safety,
if only properly used ; but whenever the number of stock to be
ferried becomes larger than the boat can comfortably carry, the
common practice is to force into it as many as possible ; and

466 REPORT OX THE TRANSIT OF STOCK.

again and again I have seen animals squeezed over the side
of the pier into the water, in attempts to drive a greater
number in than the boat would hold. The ferry-boat now
plays a very subordinate part to what it once did ; but still
the practice of overcrowding both sheep and cattle in it ought
to be repressed.

Transit by Sea. — In the northern and western islands stock
are carried over sea in small sailing vessels, generally only half-
decked ; but as these approach more to the ferry-boat in character
and use than to the sea going vessel, it appears unnecessary to
notice them further ; and the following remarks will be confined
to the consideration of the conveyance of stock in the modern
vehicle of rapid sea traffic — the steamer — sailing vessels being
now very rarely used for the conveyance of stock.

It can scarcely be said that any steamers are built for the
purpose of carrying stock only, and this probably accounts for
the very indifferent accommodation provided for stock in most of
them, viz., that the vessels have to be applied to two purposes,,
which require different kinds of accommodation, and are accord-
ingly built in the simplest form, leaving the erection of fittings
which would facilitate the conveyance of stock to be put up in a
temporary manner as occasion requires, and for the reason ap-
parently, that the erection of these fittings in a permanent form
would render the vessel comparatively useless for the conveyance
of other kinds of cargo, hence all that is done is to fix rings-
around the bulwarks and sides of the holds, to which the animals
can be secured, when stock forms the cargo.

Perhaps it may help the consideration of the subject
to describe first the usual quarters into which stock are
stowed on board steamer. On deck, the shape and appearance
of which every one knows, there are usually two or more pens
enclosed with strong paling, and the spaces around the bul-
warks, from the quarter-deck to the forecastle, devoted to stock.
The holds, which are not quite so well known, may be de-
scribed as large dark apartments, varying in size, according to
the size of vessel. Generally they are from 50 to 80 feet long,
25 to 35 feet wide, and from 7 to 9 feet high. All the light in
them is supplied by the hatchway, so that in the lower hold at
least darkness only is visible, and even in the upper one there is-
only twilight. Ventilation, properly so called, there is none, the
hatchway being the chief vehicle of air as well as light. When
the weather admits of it, the ordinary ventilating effect of the
open hatchway is increased by stretching a sheet of canvas from
the lowest point at which fresh air is wanted, to a point about
10 feet above the deck, and at such an inclination that the part
of the sheet above the deck forms an angle of 45° with a line

o

REPORT OX THE TRANSIT OF STOCK. 4G7

parallel to the direction in which the wind is blowing. A current
of air is thus intercepted, and carried clown by the sheet, which
greatly helps ventilation. Sometimes, also, one or two air-pipes
are introduced ; but any I have yet seen are altogether inade-
quate for thorough ventilation of a hold, into which perhaps fifty
head of cattle may be packed. Such is a short description of the
ordinary stock-conveying steamer ; but it would be quite incom-
plete without some notice of a very important and grim-looking
functionary, "the cattleman." Dressed in what originally had
been coarse blue flannel, but now begrimed with sweat and dirt,
until his dress and face and hands are the colour of soot, with
matted hair and a fortnight's beard, and utterly unconcerned
about the comfort of the animals under his care, he moves about
his own peculiar domain, the hold, with the most absolute power,
knocking the animals about, beating and cursing them in the
most unlimited manner — evidently his leading principle being to
resent as the greatest insult any resistance on the part of the
animals to his manner of handling and securing them, and to
visit them with condign punishment accordingly. So much for
the cattleman. But to return to the subject of shipping stock,
and to begin with

Horses. — These are usually put in "boxes," made just large
enough to contain one animal. They are made movable, so that
if the horse cannot be walked on board, the box is landed, the
animal placed in it, and then hoisted on board by the crane.
Horses are kept on deck or in the hold, according to the weather
anticipated, being kept on deck in the generality of cases, and
only sent below when very stormy weather is threatened. Valu-
able horses usually have a groom to attend them, but ordinary
animals are left to the care of the cattleman, and sometimes
have, and sometimes have not, provender sent with them.
They are supplied with water generally three times a-day, so
that, on the whole, the better classes of horses are here, as
on the road, pretty well cared for. The chief evil to which
they are exposed is the risk of catarrh, from the draughtiness
of their boxes. This appears capable of being greatly miti-
gated. Boxes which have only open rails for the upper part
ought to be condemned altogether, and the whole box, sides,
ends, and roof close boarded, with a window for light, and a
louvre ventilator in the end under the animal's head, and another
in the roof over it, the louvre boards of both of which being-
movable, ventilation could be regulated according to the weather,
and the animal supplied with fresh air in abundance, without
being chilled in a draught. If these boxes were properly con-
structed, and food and water were supplied to the animals in
a systematic manner (to prevent which there is absolutely
nothing), there would not remain many disadvantages in this

468 REPORT ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK.

mode of transit for the horse, except those which are inseparable
from sea-travelling — viz., the dangers of stormy weather.

Besides the horses that are carried in boxes, another class of
them, less valuable, are simply tied to the rings in the bulwarks,
as cattle are, while the smaller descriptions of ponies are usually
placed twenty or thirty together in a pen. Both these classes
are treated so much after the manner of cattle, that the account
of the latter may almost include them, with this difference, that
an attempt is generally made by the cattleman to give all of
them a little water occasionally ; and to those that have a long
voyage — say from Shetland to Leith — a little hay provided by
the shipper. The usual manner of doing this is very unsatis-
factory. The cattleman takes an armful of hay into a pen con-
taining perhaps twenty ponies, and scatters it amongst them as
fairly as he can. There are no racks or anything to keep it out
of the mire, and consequently more than one-half of the scanty
supply is trodden under foot by the ponies in their haste to get
as much of it as possible. The horses tied to the bulwarks
are little better off : a handful of hay is placed under the head
of the animal, and very often before the beast can take a second
mouthful the wind has blown it away. For both of these classes,
in the matter of food, the nets described for cattle and sheep
are recommended as being the simplest and best remedy.

Cattle. — These are each provided with a short halter ere they
are brought alongside of the steamer. They are sometimes
walked on board, but generally they are hoisted by a crane.
This is effected by means of a sling, which is simply a broad
sheet of canvas ; this is passed under the belly of the animal,
and reaches up its sides to within 12 inches of the backbone ;
its ends, which are finished with wooden bars to keep the sheet
out to its width, are furnished with eye-holes to receive the
hooks of the crane chain. The animal is thus lifted by its middle
without injury, and the process both of putting on and taking
off the sling is very rapidly done, while accidents from the
beast slipping out of the sling are very rare, although I re-
member once seeing an ox fall out of one into the sea. The
sling being fixed, the animal is swung on board, and lowered
to the deck or to the hold, as the case may be. As soon as
its feet touch the floor, its halter is seized by the cattleman,
while one assistant unhooks the sling, and another seizes it
by the tail, and, before the beast can recover from the surprise
of its aerial trip, or attempt any overt movement, it is dragged,
pushed, and beaten into its intended position, its halter passed
through the ring, and its head pulled up to the side of the vessel
almost as close as it will go, from 6 to 9 inches being the usual
limit of rope allowed. Struggles are thus unavailing, and are
quite unheeded, the process being repeated until the hold is full.

REPORT ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK. 469

The animals are first arranged in two rows, with their heads
to the sides of the vessel, and are packed as close as they can
•stand. When these are rilled up, a third row is placed in the
-space between them by means of temporary fittings, leaving only
narrow passages between the rows. The number of beasts that
may be packed into a hold is limited more by the size of them
than any other consideration, the practice invariably followed
being, to fill up every inch of space possible."

Cattle for deck passage are treated similarly. They are usually
arranged around the sides of the ship, with their heads secured
to the bulwarks, and as close together as they can stand. _ These
are also further secured by having broad planks fixed in tem-
porary standards run along behind their buttocks, while a
similar plank is fixed as a division to every tenth beast or
so. The effect of this arrangement, when the animals are not
actually jammed between the planks, as they sometimes are, is
very good, especially during rough weather, steadying and sup-
porting the animals during the rolling of the vessel. Systematic
arrangements for supplying the animals with food and water on
the voyage there are none. Shippers do occasionally send hay
for their beasts ; but if they do not, the steamer provides none ;
and even when the owner does, the position and method of
securing the beasts in the vessel almost prevents the possibility
of their either eating or drinking. What the cattleman does,
when he has received hay for any particular lot of cattle, is
simply to throw a little of it along the heads of these animals,
*ind they certainly may get a little, but the bulk of it is dragged
down amongst their feet in their attempts to reach it ; and once
down, it is irrecoverable. And so with water. Look at a row
of twenty or thirty cattle standing as close together as they can
be put, with their heads tied hard and fast to the side of the ship,
and say how water is to be got within reach of their mouths, unless
with greater labour than can be undertaken on ordinary voyages.
When delay in transit occurs, and necessity compels the supply
of food and water, the vessel is usually taken into a port, sup-
plies got, and given to the animals ; but these are special cases,
and scarcely apply to general traffic, in which, as a rule, the
beasts cjet nothing at all.

Shccj) are treated on board ship very much as the cattle are.
They are generally walked on board by means of gangways, are
placed in pens, and carried on deck as much as possible, as they
are found to stand the exposure on deck better than the close
atmosphere of the hold.

The transit of sheep by sea calls for little further special
remark, except as to its disadvantages and evils ; and as cattle,
as well as the inferior classes of horses and ponies, suffer similar
■evils, these, to avoid repetition, may be considered together.

470 REPORT ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK.

The evils which afflict these various classes of stock during
transit by sea are manifold. To begin with the deck, the first
serious evil that presents itself is the almost total want of shelter.
During two or three months in summer, when the weather is
warm and fine, the want of this may not be much felt ; but let
any one observe the appearance of animals as they are taken
into the vessel, and watch the progress of the effects of exposure
(intensified undoubtedly by the want of food and water) ; see
how they first begin to look cold, and their coats stare ; gradually
their backs begin to arch, and continue to rise, while their bellies
are tucked up until their natural shape is almost lost ; their feet
and legs become numbed, and, after two days of it perhaps, a
more complete picture of misery it would be difficult to find ;
while the discharge of mucous from the nose tells of mischief
within, which may, and often does, lead to fatal consequences.
Be it remembered that these animals are exposed to all kinds of
weather, wind and rain, frost and snow, and, what is often worse
than all, the lash of the spray in stormy weather. I have stood
on the bridge of a steamer and watched how, even in a small
storm, each wave as it was met sent a shower of spray over the
vessel from stem to stern, and with a force which only those
who have experienced it can fully appreciate ; and the condi-
tion of the stock exposed to it was pitiable indeed. This state
of things may not occur in every voyage, but it does occur suffi-
ciently often to call for the application of everything that can
be done to increase shelter ; and the following suggestions would
perhaps help somewhat towards so desirable an end : —

1st, Let the pens have light corrugated iron (galvanised) roofs
thrown over them, slightly arched in the middle. The standards
at present used for the boarding would be quite sufficient to
carry them, if made of a suitable height, and a toprail added to
receive it. 2d, In windy or cold weather, it is essential to pro-
tect the animals from the sweep of the blast, and this might
readily be done by tying a tarpaulin along the side of the pen
exposed to the wind.

Along the bulwarks a light roof, as suggested for the pens,
might be erected by increasing the height of the standards into
which the planks already alluded to are fixed, keeping the inside
higher considerably than the toprail of the bulwarks, to allow
water to run off. Then, instead of a division plank, a light close-
boarded partition might be inserted. These would break the
force of the wind to the animals, and also keep them tolerably
dry, and thereby greatly increase their comfort ; and as they
might be constructed to be readily erected and taken down, there
does not appear to be any very serious objection to their use.

In the hold, the first, and perhaps the greatest, evil to the
stock is exactly the reverse of what occurs on deck ; fresh air is

EEPOHT ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK. 471

the great desideratum. The want of ventilation in the hold, and
consequent foul air, heat, and stench, produce results more dis-
astrous than even the exposure of the deck, rapidly producing
low typhoid fever, which it is to be feared more frequently ends in
pleuro-pneumonia than is generally supposed.

The condition of a hold rilled with cattle or sheep, a few hours
after they have been put in, must be actually examined to be
fully appreciated ; and the visitor must not be content with
going merely down to the foot of the ladder, or even taking two-
or three steps towards the interior of the hold, as the stifling
sensation experienced naturally suggests, but let him grope his-
way to the back corners, where nothing can be seen, but where the
ventilation is worst, and where the quick breathing and constant
moaning of the unhappy beasts only too truly indicate their
sufferings, and we believe he will turn away sick at heart, and
astonished that the animals can endure it. Then when a storm
comes, and the hatches have occasionally to be closed for however-
short a time, these evils are a thousandfold intensified.

The hatchway, and the sheet for increasing its ventilating power,
have already been noticed ; and, while these must be used to
their utmost capacity, some other arrangement must be devised
to bring these holds up to even a moderate state of ventilation,
the absolute necessity of which is now recognised on all hands.
The following method is suggested : — Holds sufficiently raised
above the water-line to be fitted with windows similar to those
used in ordinary passenger cabins. These might be made suffi-
ciently numerous to thoroughly ventilate a hold, with the help-
of one or two openings through the deck, for the escape of foul
air. Such an arrangement, in smooth water, would be very
effectual ; but, of course, the windows could only be used in
comparatively smooth water, and therefore some arrangement to-
effect ventilation in all weathers, in these upper holds as well as
in the holds which are below the water-line, must also be found ;
and for this purpose there appears nothing so good as the mul-
tiplication of air-pipes, similar to those now used to ventilate the
engine-room of a steamer. These pipes are about 12 inches in
diameter, are raised about 10 feet high from the deck, and have
bell-shaped mouths, which are curved forward so as to face the
direction in which the vessel is sailing, thus meeting the current
caused by its passage through the air, intercepting it, and con-
veying it downwards. A row of these might be placed along the
sides of the vessel, a sufficient number of which could he carried
down to the lower holds by means of light wooden, movable
tubes, or gutta-percha ones, which, when not in use, would
occupy very little space ; then, along the centre line of the hold,
another row of similar pipes would be required to carry off the
foul air; these would be in shape precisely the same as the

472 REPORT ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK.

others, but the bell-shaped mouth would be curved in the reverse
direction, so that the action of the external air on them would
be to quicken the discharge of air from them. Movable con-
necting tubes might be used to carry the foul air from the lower
holds through the upper ones, without any risk of increasing the
•contamination of the air in the latter. The effect of this arrange-
ment would be, that a current of pure air would enter at the
sides, and as the temperature of the air in the hold would nearly
•always be higher than that of the external air, this current would
naturally sink to the lowest parts, and would pass from the sides
towards the centre, from which it would be discharged by the foul-
air pipes. Thus circulation would be established, and all that
wTould remain to be ascertained would be the capacity of the
tubes required for a given number of cattle or sheep, to effect
thorough ventilation. This latter question would soon be settled
~by practical experience ; but, in the meantime, we suggest one
•down- pipe of 12 inches in diameter, and one up-pipe of similar
capacity, for every 5 cattle or 15 sheep ; and we further suggest
that the mouths of both sets of pipes be made movable, so that
they can be faced to, or from, the direction in which the current
of external air is moving most strongly. By this means, and
with ample capacity of tubes, the ventilation of the holds could
at all times be completely regulated.

The next evils to be noticed affect both the stock on deck and
in the hold — viz., the want of food and water. For stock that
■are only to be on board the steamer for not more than eight or
ten hours, the want of food is not of very much consequence,
unless accompanied with severe exposure to cold or wet, and
therefore the following remarks are intended to apply rather to
stock which are to be a longer time on shipboard : — water,
however, we are inclined to insist on for all stock on board
a steamer at least once in every six hours. The considera-
tion of how these are best to be supplied brings up again what
lias been already alluded to — the usual method of securing the
animals, cattle and horses, by tying their heads as closely as
j)ossible to a ring in the side of the vessel, and by placing them
so closely together that access to their heads is almost impossible.
If such is to continue to be the arrangement of these animals on
board a steamer, the supply of the necessaries of life to them will
continue, as it hitherto has done, practically impossible ; but we
believe the absolute necessity of supplying these will compel a
■change of arrangement, and therefore, as a preliminary to the
main question, we suggest a method of effecting this. For the
cattle on deck, let the standards and planks now placed along
the buttocks of the animals be made a little stronger and more
seciirely fixed than they are at present, and the animal's position
may be reversed, and its head tied to a ring in the plank, instead

REPORT ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK. 473

of to oue in the bulwarks. For the cattle in the hold a similar
erection might be used — such, indeed, as is at present used — to
accommodate more animals than can be tied to the sides of the
vessel. This arrangement would bring every animal's head
within the most convenient reach of the cattleman that is pos-
sible, so that both food and water could be supplied with ease.

As to the kind of food to be supplied, there may be differences
of opinion, but for general stock nothing appears to be better than
hay, the natural food (dried) of horses, cattle, and sheep, and
which, to the recommendations of being cheap and easily ob-
tained in most places, adds this property, that its nature fits it
for being supplied to the animals by an extremely simple means,
viz., a net made of tarred cord, and for cattle and horses in the
form of a bag capable of containing 5 or 6 lbs. of hay, For ponies
or sheep in a pen or hold the net would require to be made
oblong, of sufficient length to stretch across, secured at the ends
to the sides of the pen or hold, and supported by light stakes
when necessary. For horses and cattle, a bag-net should be sus-
pended alongside of each animal's head, or, if made a little larger,,
one between each pair of animals might be found sufficient. The
use of nets in the feeding of animals with hay is perhaps less
known on the north side of the Tweed than on the south side ;
but, from personal observation and experience, every confidence
is felt that the net, in one form or other, is capable of being-
adapted for the purpose in view, and that it offers greater
facilities, when the requirements of a steamer are considered, than
any other apparatus yet tried. Its chief advantages are these —
it is very portable and cheap ; the hay, when once in it, is secure
from the effects of wind, so that it forms the best vehicle for con-
veying hay in a steamer from the store to the stock, and for pre-
serving it when placed before them— (hay might be put into the
nets before shipment) ; it occupies the least possible room when
not in use ; it won't become sour or injuriously dirty ; and it will
allow the animals to consume the food with less waste than an
ordinary rack, while its use, as suggested, would place the sup-
plies within the reach of each animal ; and we therefore, without
hesitation, suggest it as the best apparatus for supplying food to
stock on board steamers.

The supply of water, fortunately, presents much greater
facilities than food ; and, bearing in mind the reversal of the
animal's position, already suggested as a sine qua non, we
offer the following arrangement : — Let a small service-tank
be erected on some elevated portion of the steamer (such
as the small portion of deck usually built over the bow-
sprit), if possible sufficiently high to send water by gravita-
tion along the deck, the supply of which alone requires the
elevation of this tank above the main deck. This service-

474 REPORT ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK.

tank may be supplied from the general tanks (probably them-
selves requiring enlargement) by help of the engine at any time,
and from it let pipes be laid along the deck, near to the line of
the heads of the animals arranged along the bulwarks and sides
of the holds, having taps at intervals of 20 feet or so, to which a
gutta-percha pipe can be screwed. One set of pipes would
supply both the deck and upper hold — the lower hold being
supplied by a set of pipes laid in the floor above it. With
such an arrangement as this the watering of the stock would
be made comparatively easy ; to effect it, the cattleman, keep-
ing up the service-tank supplies, and having screwed on his
gutta-percha pipe (10 or 15 feet long), would take it in one
hand, and with a pail in the other (light movable wooden
troughs being used for sheep), would pass from beast to beast,
supplying each in turn in probably not more, on an average, than
one minute each ; and this would in general be quick enough for
all practical purposes.

The only objection to this system that occurs as likely to be
made, is on the score of expense ; but even although it entailed
increased storage tankroom, the whole apparatus for a large
steamer could not cost a larger sum than would be repaid ten-
fold by the benefit to the stock ; and when it is further considered
that water might thus be supplied without interfering with
almost any of the existing arrangements of a steamer, and that
quickly and conveniently too, the matter of expense becomes
very small, and does not appear as a very great objection to such
a, mode of supply, and we therefore suggest it as the best
■arrangement possible in the circumstances.

The only other evil of this mode of transit to which we can
allude here, is the knocking about, the falls, and consequent
trampling, suffocation, and strangulation, to which cattle and
sheep are especially liable during rough weather, and which
appears to be simply, as to the last named results, the effect of
overcrowding. The animals are packed together as closely as
they will stand, and when an ox falls, through its feet slipping on
the slimy boards, the chances are very great that the animals
next it on both sides will be thrown down on the top of it. This
is easily understood, when it is remembered that the animals
standing together in a row press mutually against each other ;
the moment, however, a vacancy is made by the fall of one, this
pressure tends to fill up the space left, by pushing the adjoining
beasts until they meet over the fallen one, which then has
scarcely a chance to regain its feet, even when these don't fall
over it ; but when this happens, and in a storm, the confusion
becomes inextricable, and the lives of three or four animals are
lost through such a small accident as the slipping down of one
1 least. So much is this felt, that almost the whole vigilance of

HEPORT ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK. 475

the cattleman is directed, during the voyage, to the one ohject of
keeping the beasts on their feet, and the difficulties of achieving
it can only be fully realised by those who have witnessed the
effects of a storm on the occupants of the hold. As a remedy for
this great evil, we suggest that, instead of a division plank to
every tenth beast as is now usually allowed, a similar plank
shall be fixed between each animal. The advantages of this
would be very considerable ; if a beast did get down it would
prevent its being either trampled or strangled to death by its
neighbours before it had a chance to get up again, while
the support these planks would give to all would relieve the
individuals from the swaying and crushing effect now ex-
perienced in the rolling of the vessel, and which is produc-
tive of much mischief to all except the strongest animals. It
may be thought a disadvantage to the introduction of these
planks, that such a system would fix the limits of the space
allowed to each beast, and that a large animal and a small one
would have precisely the same accommodation ; further, that
these planks would occupy space which might be better employed.
To the first of these objections it may be replied, that as nearly
all steamers are built with a view to the requirements of the
particular station on which they are to be employed, the descrip-
tions and average sizes of the stock usually conveyed could be
known, and suitable grades of spaces provided accordingly, and
that as the fixing of the spaces would prevent overcrowding and
all its attendant evils, a great advantage would thereby be gained ;
while the greater comfort and security of the animals would
more than repay for the extra space occupied, and which, after
all, would be comparatively trifling, only an addition of three
inches (the thickness of the plank) for each beast, while its cost
would be very trifling.

Pigs. — The shipping of pigs is not very extensively practised.
It is done by the gangway, or the crane, when the animals are
placed in small movable pens and hoisted on board. By the
gangway the shipping of pigs is no easy matter, as they invari-
ably refuse to move in any required direction. It is generally
effected by seizing one or two of the number, and by main force
dragging them along, the sympathies of the herd becoming so
excited by the screams of these victims that they are induced to
follow them. They are almost invariably kept on deck in open
pens ; and although naturally they are better fitted for bearing the
atmosphere of the hold, their unmanageableness nearly always
renders it impossible to get them beyond the deck, and they
suffer in consequence even more than the preceding descriptions
of stock. Generally they are never offered either food or water,
and suffer from the want of them on a prolonged voyage very much.
Cold, hunger, and thirst are the chief evils from which pigs

476 REPORT ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK.

suffer on board a steamer, and to mitigate them somewhat, we*
propose that the pens in which they are placed should be boarded
and roofed over, as already described for sheep ; in addition to
this, a sparred floor should be put in their pen, raised about six
inches above the deck floor, so that the water and droppings from
them would pass through and afford the pigs a dry bed. This
alone would be a great benefit to them, as the wet and filth of the
pens, in which they are usually to be seen after a few hours' sailing,,
increases the evils of exposure in a very high degree. Further,
after the pigs are placed in the pen, a quantity of clean dry straw
should be shaken over them, as the best covering they can have ;
and if they have a dry bed, and a good straw blanket such as-
this, rain being kept off, they will stand the voyage pretty fairly.
The sparred floor suggested should be made movable, for the
purpose of cleaning; and although this floor would entail expense,
it need not be very costly, and it certainly would add much to
the comfort of the pigs. Food and water ought to be combined,
and with light wooden troughs, which might be readily placed
in or taken out of the pens, there does not seem any reason
against the proper feeding of pigs on shipboard. Some kind of
liquid food, such as meal boiled in water, or meal mixed with
whey or brewery wash, might readily both be carried, and sup-
plied at least three times a-day, without any great amount of
labour. It is therefore submitted, that the greatest of the evils
under which pigs labour during transit by sea may with com-
parative ease oe remedied.

Before concluding this section, it seems necessary to notice-
the subject of cleaning, in reference to all descriptions of stock
on board a steamer. In general, no cleaning beyond the washing,
of the deck is attempted during the voyage ; and for the stock
in pens, perhaps it would entail more labour than can easily be
spared to it. However for the stock in the hold, arranged in
lines, cleaning is not attended with any practical difficulty;
and when the usual want of ventilation in the hold is
considered, the absolute necessity of the utmost cleanliness
becomes apparent, and the benefits of it must be too well
appreciated by all to need the support of any argument..
The whole question, in fact, is one of labour — and no great
amount of labour either ; and it is simply submitted as an absolute
necessity, in securing the comfort and health of stock during
transit by steamer, that they shall be duly cleaned — the holds
three times a-day if possible, and all at least twice a-day ; and,
further, that after each cleaning a sufficient quantity of chloride
of lime, or other disinfectant, shall be scattered on the floors, to-
purify the atmosphere ; and that the pens and holds shall be
whitewashed with quicklime between the shipping of each cargo
of cattle.

EEPORT OX THE TRANSIT OF STOCK. 477

There is just one other consideration which we desire to urge
in this section, and that is, the placing of all stock-carrying
vessels under the supervision of government inspection, and that
a code of rules be prepared, setting forth the space to be allowed to
each, ventilation, food, water, and sanitary arrangements gener-
ally, which would meet both the requirements of the animals
and the necessities of the steamer.

The only argument submitted in evidence that this is required
is one of analogy, drawn from the experience of passenger vessels ;
and if it has been found that human beings cannot be trusted in
these vessels without constant supervision, how is it to be ex-
pected that cattle and sheep will be better treated ? Therefore,
until the law steps in with active practical supervision, it is
much to be feared that there will be but comparatively little
mitigation of the many and great evils from which stock
now suffer.

Transit by Eail. — This may truly be called the great mode
of transit in these modern days, if the numbers and distances
be considered, and its benefits and evils are widespread in pro-
portion.

The Horse. — In this, as in all other modes of conveyance, the
horse has more attention bestowed on him than any other animal.
The " boxes" in which they are conveyed are too familiar to need
description. Usually they are constructed to carry three animals,
have a compartment for the groom and a box for provender, so
that they afford every facility for the comfortable and safe con-
veyance of the animals. Moreover, as they usually are attached
to passenger trains, and so insured rapid transit in addition to
their other advantages, they may be looked upon as first-class
passengers amongst stock, and dismissed on the ground that their
wants are as well supplied as are the wants of first-class passengers
usually. There is one point, however, which should not be over-
looked, viz., that notwithstanding this seeming comfort, clothing,
and all the rest of it, a great number of horses catch cold during
transit, and this appears to be wholly attributable to the draughts,
from which no horse-box seems to be free. The remedy we would
suggest is, that instead of the louvre windows in these carriages,
which are made fixed usually, moveable louvre boards ought to be
used, so that the person in charge of the animals can regulate the
openings with sufficient nicety to give abundance of fresh air
without causing a chill, and that a ventilator over the head of
each be inserted, under control, thus causing a current of air only
where required.

Occasionally inferior horses are carried in cattle trucks, just as
so many oxen, a practice altogether to be condemned. However,
if it be found necessary sometimes, the considerations affecting

2i

478 REPORT OX THE TRANSIT OF STOCK.

cattle in similar circumstances apply with greater force to them,
and need not be advanced here, as this case may be considered
an exceptional one. We therefore leave the horses to take care
of themselves, and turn to

Cattle — perhaps the most important group in this mode of con-
veyance. The animals are walked into trucks (sufficiently well
known in appearance) from a stage. These trucks are made in
three sizes, usually to hold (officially) eight, ten, and twelve cattle
respectively ; but as they are charged for by a mileage rate, —
generally from 5d. to 6d. per mile, — the practice is to put as many
beasts into them as can be packed, the only difference made by
the railway company being between half and full trucks — that
is, if the number of animals does not exceed the official half-
number of the truck, a certain reduction is made in the charge ;
but if a whole truck be taken, the company takes no notice of
whether there be only the official number put into it, or half as
many more.

Cattle are ordinarily conveyed by goods trains, which, in-
cluding stoppages, average a speed of from eighteen to twenty miles
an hour. But between certain stations, where cattle traffic is
large, special through trains are sometimes run, which, travelling
at about thirty miles an hour, shorten the period of transit very
much. As these, however, are exceptions to the general rule,
the ordinary character of cattle transit is not much affected by
them.

After the cattle are placed in the trucks aud the doors closed
on them, nothing more is done until the doors are opened again
at their journey's end. They are never offered either food or
water by the way, and the only change in the monotony of their
journey consists of the stoppages and shuntings at the various
stations along their route ; indeed, it may with truth be said that
the fact of the occupants of these trucks being alive, is not to be
discovered from the treatment they receive from the railway
company, but are shunted backwards and forwards, and left
standing often for hours together without either shelter or
shade, just as so much coal; and when it is considered that
cattle are often carried along in this manner for two, and even
three days, it is not surprising that the results are anything but
satisfactory ; but perhaps it will be better to glance at these in
detail.

The first evil of this system which strikes an observer is the
overcrowding of the trucks. This, however, is not an evil of the
system itself, but arises from the greed and narrow-mindedness
of certain stockowners, who in this way try to lessen the ex-
pense of transit per head. The remedy for it seems simple
enough, viz., that the railway company should only allow the
official number (supposing these to be properly gauged) to be put

REPORT ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK. 479

into each truck ; or a rate per head might he substituted for the
-usual mode of charging. Indeed, the latter mode would be a
decided improvement for other considerations beside this. If such
a plan of charging were adopted, the disadvantage under which
single animals — or any number of animals less than a full truck
load — at present suffer from the proportionally higher rates they
are charged would be obviated, while the railway company
wi mid not lose, being compensated by the fares of the numbers
carried in excess of the proper truck numbers, thus equalising the
fares of all ; in fact, approximating the system of fares for cattle
to the system applied to passengers.

The next evils to be noticed are, the shaking and knocking
about the animals sustain from the jolting of the trucks, and
from the concussions of stopping and starting, much increased by
the frequent shuntings. It may be impossible to carry on railway
traffic without these shuntings, still a great deal may be done to
mitigate the evils of them ; and we recommend — first, that cattle
trucks be constructed with spring buffers, similar to those sup-
plied to passenger carriages and to horse-boxes, instead of the
usual box-spring buffer of trucks ; secondly, that screw couplings
be used instead of the ordinary chain couplings, and that these
be tightened up in the same manner as in passenger trains. In
this manner the vibration of travelling, and the concussions of
stopping and starting, would be immensely reduced, and the com-
fort of the animals thereby greatly enhanced. This will be fully
appreciated if the difference between the starting or stopping of
a passenger and of a goods train be observed ; and considering
how trifling comparatively the expense involved would be, it is
surprising that this has not been done long ago. If, in addition
to these improvements a rule was made that stock trucks were
always to be placed next the guard's van, so as to have the least
possible amount of shunting, these evils would be reduced to the
minimum.

Another evil is, the great and grievous delays which are con-
stantly befalling stock in transit. These nearly all happen at a
<c junction," and are caused by the necessity for splitting up the
train to allow different parts of it to go in different directions.
Many of these delays are caused by sheer carelessness and neglect,
but, for the most part, they are incidental to the present system.
As a general rule, railway companies try to run their goods
trains as punctually as passenger trains, with, of course, more
time for the distance, but, practically, the delays are so numerous
and uncertain, that the time a goods train will take over a
certain distance can scarcely be calculated, especially where it
has to pass over the lines of different companies. For this evil
remedies are difficult in proportion as railway companies are
difficult to bring under pressure. If they could be influenced,

480 REPORT ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK.

there is little doubt that the transit of stock might be greatly
hastened by a little management ; but unless the matter is a very
glaring one they are difficult to reach, and we would rather pro-
pose a legislative enactment, such as that a train (principally for
the accommodation of stock), regulated as to time, shall be run
each way every day, and with suitable penalties for shortcomings.
Until stock traffic is separated from ordinary goods traffic, so as-
to be freed from the delays incidental to the latter, we fear there
will be little amendment in this matter ; but considering the large
development of the cattle trade of the country, it does not seem
that one train per day, each way, would be too much to ask for it-
There are several minor evils of this system ; such as the
damage the animals sometimes inflict on each other, but they
require little notice, and we therefore proceed to what may be
truly called the great evils of this mode of transit, viz., exposure,,
hunger, and thirst. All three are caused by the form of the truck
in which the animals are carried. These trucks are generally
of two forms ; the simplest having the sides and ends boarded
up to four feet from the floor, with two or three rails covered
round the top ; the others have in addition the ends carried
up to the top, and a light roof over them. In the open trucks, it
needs little argument to prove that the animals suffer extremely
from cold ; one look at them after a night journey in winter
will convince the most sceptical, and even in summer it is too-
much for them. In the covered trucks they are much more
comfortable, but still they suffer from the tremendous draught
that rushes through the open sides of these trucks during transit.
As a remedy for the evil of exposure, we propose, taking the
ordinary form of truck as a model, to have the two ends boarded
up to the top, the upper half of the sides to have movable
louvre boards, which admit of being regulated according to the
necessities of ventilation, and that may be turned either way to
suit the direction in which the truck is moving, the lower half
of the sides to be boarded, and along the top, which must have a
roof, a ventilator with louvre openings, thus placing the whole
ventilation of the truck under complete control, and mitigating
very perceptibly the evils of exposure, which in general terms
may be stated as the loss of condition and inflammatory colds.

The questions of food and water come next, and are unfor-
tunately more difficult to deal with. There always will be a
class, probably, which can pretty well dispense with these requi-
sites, such as are not to be in the trucks longer than eight or ten
hours, and fat stock perhaps a little longer ; still the great bulk
of stock do require attention very urgently in these matters. So
far as we are aware, there are no statistics in existence showing
the loss of weight which stock suffer during a railway journey,,
or the colds, inflammation^ and other ills engendered by its pri-

REPORT ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK 481

vations ; yet it is a fact patent to all who have observed the con-
sequences of the present system, that these evils do attend all
transit by rail more or less, and especially when the journey
exceeds twenty-four hours. If any one be in doubt, let him take
an animal and keep him in a house for one, two, or three clays
without food or water, and observe the effects there ; and if to
these be added the exposure of a railway truck in all kinds of
weather, we believe the result will prove irresistibly that food
and water are absolute necessaries in railway transit. The
truck presently used has no accommodation for the supply of
these ; and it seems practically impossible to take the animals
out of them, from time to time, to feed and water them. The
•only thing, therefore, that can be attempted, is to fit up the trucks
in some way for this purpose, and the following is submitted as
feasible, viz., that the trucks be made one foot three inches higher
(admissible), and that a rack, made of iron rods, be run along each
side of the truck ; the roof over it being made in the form of a door,
to open, when required, for filling it. This would not interfere
with the accommodation of the cattle at all, and would at once
provide for the supply of hay to them as often as required, while
it would be so simple and inexpensive that it could hardly be
objected to, either on the score of cost or difficulty of construction.
P>ut, supposing the rack fixed, some arrangement must be made
for its regular supply. This might be done in the following way : —
Let the railway companies provide a supply of hay at all their
large stations, and make it compulsory to supply the animals, at
least once within every six or seven hours, with a certain weight of
hay per beast, and for which they are to be allowed a fair charge.
Let this department be put under a responsible official, who will
•order a supply when necessary, see it given, and grant a receipt
which would accompany the stock, showing what the animals
had got, and when, and for which the owner would pay at their
journey's end.

We have no doubt that railway companies would find con-
tuactors ready to undertake such a department as this, as readily
as they find them to undertake their refreshment rooms. In
regard to the supply of water, the difficulty is great. It is hardly
possible to supply it satisfactorily inside the trucks, from the
inconvenience the necessary troughs would cause, and from the
difficulty of filling them, and therefore the following method of
supplying the animals with water from the outside is submitted.
Let the upper half of the sides of the truck be made in the form
•of doors, to open outwards. These being opened, there would be
nothing to prevent the cattle stretching their heads out and
drinking from a trough alongside. The trough for this purpose
would be raised to a suitable height on a wall or pillars, and
placed on both sides of a siding for the purpose, and of a length

482 EEPORT OX THE TRANSIT OF STOCK.

to suit the average length of the trains. The trough might he'
kept always full of water, and would enable a train of cattle to-
be watered in little more time than was required to open and
shut the doors. The expense of such a system might be alleged
against it, but there does not appear to be any great practical
difficulty in the way, and as these watering places would only be
required at the large stations, the cost could not possibly over-
balance the immense benefit to be derived by the stock.

Sheep suffer during transit by rail from all the evils noticed
as affecting cattle, although from some of them in a less degree.
The mode of conveying sheep by rail being in many points iden-
tical with cattle transit, it wTill only be necessaiy to notice here
the points of difference.

First, as to the trucks in which they are conveyed, — usually the
ordinary cattle truck, or else what is called a double sheep truck.
The latter, familiar enough in form, is simply a truck with two
stories ; its ends are boarded generally, and its sides enclosed with
iron rods. The floor of the upper story forms a roof to the-
lower, while the upper also has a roof over it. The space between
the floor and roof of each seldom exceeds three feet in height,
and as there is no means of ventilating the interior, save the
draught from the outsides, which in this case, unfortunately, is
too much stopped by the fleeces of the occupants, the closeness
of these becomes almost suffocating in the centre, when perhaps
at the outside the sheep next to the rails are starved with cold.
Unless for the consideration of the large number of sheep which
this truck carries, usually 70, while an ordinary truck carries
40, there is no redeeming point about it : it is utterly bad, and
as the requirements of railways as to the height of trucks are
such that it is impossible to construct one of two stories, with
any regard for the comfort or wellbeing of the sheep, this form
of truck ought to be condemned altogether.

In the ordinary cattle truck sheep travel very comfortably,
and should have no roof over them in summer, but are the better
of it in winter. The chief evils which afflict them are the want
of food and water ; and although it is somewhat difficult to bring
these within the reach of each individual in a truck, still a good
deal might be done. We suggest the following method as the
best : — In trucks that are to be used for sheep only, iron racks
might be fixed along the sides and ends, sufficiently high not to-
interfere with the standing room, and yet within the reach of the
sheep. These might even be made to fold up when not required,
and the truck used for other purposes without detriment from
the presence of the racks. Should, however, permanent racks be
found inconvenient, the object might be obtained by placing two
movable bars of wood along the middle of the truck, longitudin-
ally, say four feet apart, with a net stretched between, on which hay

EEPOBT ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK. 483

could be placed. This would put the hay within the reach of all
the animals, and although an objection might be made to this
method, from the interference with ventilation which the hay
would cause while on the net, yet it can hardly be supposed that
a lot of hungry sheep would allow it to remain long enough above
them to cause any serious harm in this way, and therefore such
a system may be practicable, as neither the expense nor the dif-
ficulty of erecting the net can be pleaded against it.

Water is difficult to supply from the outsides, because the
sheep in the centre of the truck are beyond its reach, unless the
animals could be moved round a little within the trucks ; but
this would cause a good deal of labour. Any system of supply
inside the trucks, however, would certainly require a great deal
more, and an arrangement of watering-troughs, similar to those
recommended for cattle, but adapted for sheep, is suggested.
These would require to be placed lower, and closer to the trucks,
than for cattle, and would be altogether smaller and less expen-
sive. Then, to enable the sheep to drink from them, a plank in
the sides of the truck, at a suitable height, would require to be
hinged, and made to fold down inside like a door. This latter
part of the arrangement would be extremely simple, and the con-
struction of suitable troughs does not seem a very difficult matter
either ; so that although this system might sometimes fail to
reach every individual sheep, it would perhaps afford the greatest
facility to the greatest number that can be achieved in a simple
and easy way.

Before dismissing the sheep, we recommend as the best truck
for its conveyance the ordinary cattle truck now in use, without
a roof, but with a light framework over which a tarpaulin might
be stretched when the inclemency of the weather required the
shelter of a roof.

Pigs. — These, as may be anticipated, suffer even more than the
preceding kinds of stock during transit by rail. They are usually
put into cattle trucks, and left to take their chance against the
evils of the way, without attention of any kind. Being naturally
highly susceptible of cold, they suffer more perhaps from this
than any other cause, although the want of food and water also
affects them most severely. The first thing towards the im-
provement of their condition during transit is to place them in
closed, covered, and ventilated trucks, such as are recommended
for cattle. In these also should be fixed movable sparred floors,
as recommended for pigs in steamers, that they may be able to
lie dry ; and if a covering of straw could be added, their comfort
would be most materially increased.

In regard to food and water, the only thing that can be done
is to supply them with liquid food by means of light movable
troughs placed inside the truck. This certainly would entail a

484 REPORT OX THE TRANSIT OF STOCK.

considerable amount of labour, but there seems no other way of
managing it; and considering the smallness of the amount of pig
traffic, it might be accomplished without any great difficulty.
With arrangements such as these, we believe pigs might be con-
veyed by rail any distance without much harm.

Before closing this section, we recommend the placing of stock
transit by rail under strict government inspection, as without
some constant supervision, and a readier means of investigating
grievances and punishing neglect than now exists, it is hopeless
to expect much improvement in the system of railway transit.

We now approach the last section of our subject, viz., Disease
in reference to Transit. It is scarcely possible to over-estimate
the importance of this consideration. Disease in the located
individual may mean death to that animal, and danger to a cer-
tain number of animals in its immediate neighbourhood ; but at
the utmost this is limited to a circle, and that not a large one,
but in the individual in transit the danger is increased tenfold.
A single animal may carry infection along many miles of road,
or into half a dozen counties, and therefore the evil of disease is
greatly intensified by the mere fact of the transit. of the animal.
The subject may be divided into two parts, viz., disease existing
previous to transit, and disease engendered during transit.

The first of these is perhaps the most important, and unfor-
tunately is too patent to all to need proof, if proof were re-
quired, viz., that stock labouring under disease is constantly
being sent to market ; of course, disease in a perceptible stage
is not meant, but disease in a stage too incipient to be detected
by the sharpest and most practised eye, though none the less
real and dangerous on that account. Reference would only have
to be made to the passing record of agricultural matters to find,
almost any day, the fullest illustrations of the fact ; but for the
most striking proof perhaps that can be adduced, the history of
the cattle plague may be taken not only as establishing the fact
of diseased animals being moved about the country, but also as
showing the disastrous effects of such traffic ; and although in
pleuro-pneumonia, scab, and other infectious diseases, the results
are not so well marked as in cases of cattle plague, they are never-
theless equally real and far more destructive ; for although that
pestilence swept off its hundreds of thousands, it lasted but a
comparatively short time, and all its ravages were known ;
whereas these other evils are constantly at work, and one-half of
the loss they cause is never published. Without, therefore, giv-
ing a list of details, which the experience of most farmers can
only too readily supply, we assume it as an established fact, and
one, too, calling most urgently for remedy.

A complete remedy for an evil so gigantic and so subtle may

REPORT OX THE TRANSIT OF STOCK. 485

be hard indeed to find, yet, looking at the experience gained
during the cattle plague, there appears good reason to hope that
some of the measures then applied might, if adopted as per-
manent regulations, be most beneficial in checking this mischief.

Taking these as a pattern, we recommend, as a first step, the
enactment of a law, that all stock shall be provided with cer-
tificates of health previous to being moved over any public road
or in any public conveyance ; that these certificates shall con-
tain a description of the stock, the route to be followed, and its
destination ; and that they shall be signed by the owner, and also
by an authority competent to judge of the state of health of the
animals.

Here arises the first difficulty, how is the " competent autho-
rity" necessary to such a system to be achieved ? During the
prevalence of cattle plague, this authority was constituted
variously (see Vict. 29, cap. 2, and the various Orders in
Council on the subject) ; but without following these in detail,
we sketch from them the outline of an authority both practicable
and probably sufficient.

First, A declaration, signed by the owner, setting forth the
number, description, route, and destination of the animals ; that
the animals have been (at least) four weeks in his possession,
and are in health ; and that no disease has been on his premises
for the three months preceding the date of the declaration.

Secondly, A declaration, signed by two tenant-farmers, each
paying an annual rent of more than L.100, attesting, after inspec-
tion, the truth of the owners declaration, both declarations to be
enforcable by suitable penalties for fraud or non-compliance.

Let this certificate be carried along with the stock, and be made
forthcoming to the inspection of the police or any stock owner.
AVhen stock are taken to market and there sold — over and over
again perhaps — let the certificate be simply endorsed by each
successive purchaser. When the lots are divided, let an attested
copy of the original certificate be given with each part of the lot.
Further, we recommend that every public market-place should be
licensed, and placed under the authority of a cpialified veterinary
inspector, whose duty it would be to examine the certificate of
all stock as it entered, stamping them with the name of the
market-place, [date, &c. The benefit of a system such as this
would be the greatest possible facility in tracing a lot of animals
through any number of hands and places up to their original
starting-point, and thus reaching the real offender in cases of
diseased animals. It would also in great measure stop the
movement of animals from places where disease has broken out.
Nothing is more common than for farmers, among whose stock
a serious disease has appeared, to send to market the whole of
the apparently healthy animals — too often proving, however, to

4SG KEPOET ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK.

have carried with thern the seeds of disease, and thus spread the
mischief tenfold. The chief objection against it would be the
trouble involved ; but it should be borne in mind that, without
some trouble to all owners of stock, it is idle to expect any im-
provement of any value ; and as stockowners are principally
interested, it may be well worth their consideration how much
trouble might uot be well spent on any system that would in-
crease the security of their property from contact with disease.
And as these certificates could be scheduled and printed, leaving ■
only the special particulars of each case to be written, which
could scarcely occupy more than one minute, the only labour
required would be the inspection, and without this no measure
can be of any use ; and we suggest inspection by two farmers in
preference to a paid district inspector, because their declaration
would be more valuable as regards some points, and if less so-
in others, it would be done gratuitously, being simply a neigh-
bourly office, which farmers may very reasonably be asked to do-
for each other.

The second division of the subject, viz., disease engendered
during transit, is more difficult of direct proof than the former,
inasmuch as the evidence is more difficult to reach, and in itself
only circumstantial at best — whereas the other cases admit of di-
rect proof ; and, therefore, while actions at law to recover against
the first-named evil are frequent enough, scarcely anything is
ever attempted in the latter, notwithstanding the frequent occur-
rence of cases where the evidence seems almost conclusive.
The chief want that is felt in regard to this matter is a series of
statistics, showing the state of health of the animal when placed
in the conveyance, when taken out of it, and also after the elapse
of a period sufficient to develop any disease that might have been
therein contracted, carried over a considerable period of time,
and including a large number of animals. From such statistics-
alone, carefully prepared and fully noting all the incidents, can
safe general conclusions be deduced. Judging, however, in the
absence of statistics, by individual experience alone, there seems
to be little doubt that disease is very frequently contracted
during transit, either by infection from the conveyance itself,
acquired in carrying stock that are actually under disease, or
induced by the privation to which the animals are subjected.
For the former of these, the best remedy appears to be such a
system of inspection, and provision of a bill of health, before
stock can be moved at all, as has been already suggested, and to
a careful disinfection of every public conveyance between the
carrying of each lot of stock. The latter is now done by the
railway companies, by whitewashing the inside of their trucks,
and scattering a little chloride of lime over them, and a similar
rule ought to be applied to every public conveyance for stock-

REPORT ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK. 487

For diseases induced by privation, remedies must be found by
providing better accommodation for the animals ; and having in
the preceding sections given suggestions in detail for the accom-
plishment of this object, we need only here enumerate the chief
items required. They are proper food, rest, and shelter for stock
travelling by road ; shelter, ventilation, food, and water by sea ;.
and shelter, with ventilation, food, and water by rail. And were
stockowners only properly alive to their own interests in this
matter, means of remedying these evils would be found, of one
sort or another, and that ere long.

The next question that arises in connection with this subject
is, What ought to be done with animals taken in disease in
transit ? First, We suggest that a rule be definitely settled what
diseases shall — having consideration to the exigencies of transit,
and to the practical value of medical treatment, and also risks
of infection — be considered as warranting and requiring the de-
struction of the animal affected, together with the placing of its
companions in quarantine, or also their destruction. That even
the last alternative may be necessary in extreme cases, we believe
the cattle plague has sufficiently established. Secondly, What
diseases may be considered as requiring the quarantine of the af-
fected individual and its companions, and apply them accordingly.
Then let the application of such regulations be placed in the
hands of the police, under the authority of the magistrates, who-
shall grant the necessary order, on the certificate of a duly
qualified veterinary surgeon. With such a system quarantine
grounds would be required ; and although the establishment of
these might be a serious difficulty, yet the necessity for them is-
great ; and as they would only be needed at considerable dis-
tances apart, probably only near the towns, they might be got.

As a necessary consequence of these regulations, the question
arises, On whom would fall the loss for animals slaughtered
or quarantined ? We believe there can be only one reply, viz., the
owner. Since the days of the cattle plague stockowners have
come to regard the destruction of their animals— when attacked
by disease — by the government as a matter for which the public
should pay ; but as we are now considering regulations applicable
rather to the ordinary stock traffic of the country than to the
prevalence of an epidemic amongst stock amounting to a great
national calamity, we believe that the special reasons for com-
pensation which may exist in the latter case do not apply.
Disease in this case is equivalent simply to the decay and
deterioration to which all things are liable. Merchandise of
every kind has in it some element peculiar to itself, that sooner
or later would reduce its value or destroy it altogether, and the
merchant's ordinary profit must cover this drawback, as well as-
include the other elements which regulate the price of the com-

488 REPORT ON THE TRANSIT OF STOCK.

modify. And so in this case, stock is simply a description of
merchandise, and can claim no exemption from the ordinary laws
of trade. The stockowner's ordinary profit must cover the risk
of disease as well as any other consideration affecting it ; and
the operation of these proposed regulations can in no way con-
stitute a claim for compensation, because they would not tend to
increase that risk, but to lessen and modify it ; and therefore, to
propose compensation for animals slaughtered or detained in this
way, is simply to propose to insure the stockowner against loss
from disease, which of course is preposterous. We therefore
•consider that this matter does not admit of doubt.

We submit these regulations of transit as sufficient for the ordi-
nary purposes of stock traffic, having consideration to the neces-
sities and peculiar requirements of the trade, being free enough
to obviate all danger to the development of the trade, and com-
prehensive enough to grasp the main difficulty ; and although
more stringent measures have been already in force, we do not
think they are called for under ordinary circumstances, but
should be held in reserve for times of unusual danger.

In connection with this part of the subject, a passing allusion
seems necessary to the traffic in foreign stock, which, so far as the
accommodation in transit for the animals can be regulated by
the home authorities, ought to be placed under conditions similar
to those proposed for home stock. In regard to the debarkation
and transit of this description of stock, experience has proved
over and over again that great restrictions are necessary for its
safe conduct, and we heartily endorse the proposal that has been
made, viz., to assign or license certain ports, at convenient points
on our coast, for the importation of foreign stock, and that these
ports only should be used; farther, that all fat stock so im-
ported be slaughtered there, the offal of which (hide, &c.) be
also either manufactured there, or be thoroughly disinfected
before being sent inland. Secondly, that all store stock be sub-
jected to a quarantine of twenty-eight days before being allowed
to proceed. These restrictions, it is believed, would not mate-
rially injure the foreign trade, while they would almost entirely
stop the door by which the worst epidemics to which stock is
heir have been introduced into this country ; and if these
restrictions did lessen the foreign trade somewhat, the loss would
far more than be repaid in the security thus insured to the home
stock, which is certainly entitled to the first consideration in a
matter so important.

Having now glanced over this important and wide-spreading
subject, and endeavoured to set it forth truly and fairly as it now
exists, with all its benefits, wants, and disadvantages, we cannot
■close this paper without earnestly beseeching the attention and
help of all societies and chambers for the promotion of agriculture,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 480

for the consideration and agitation of it, until thoroughly good
practical remedies be applied to its many evils. That there are
many difficulties in the way there can be no doubt, yet if the
main body of agriculturists would but give their attention to it —
and it is chiefly a farmer's question — these would soon disappear,
and a system would be introduced which, in providing care and
comfort for the animals during transit, would far more than repay
for any consequent trouble in the immense saving of " condition,"
injury from disease, and loss by death, which it would effect.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

By Thomas Anderson, M.D., F.R.S.E., Chemist to the Society.

ON THE COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF LINSEED,
AND THE CAKES THEY YIELD.

Having had occasion lately to inquire into various matters
connected with the adulteration of oil-cake, it became of import-
ance to me to have some information as to the extent to which
the composition of genuine linseed from different localities might
vary. That it did vary, abundant experience of the analysis of
oil-cakes had sufficiently shown me ; but from these analyses it
was not possible to draw conclusions as accurate as I required,
owing to the difficulty to proving the entire absence of foreign
contaminations. On looking into the matter, I found that there
was really little reliable information on the subject. The number
of analyses of linseed on record is small ; and though that of cakes
is very large, the analyses very rarely tell whether the sample
was free from foreign seeds or not. To those who are acquainted
with the mode in which commercial articles are prepared for
the market, it is obvious that absolute purity is neither to
be expected nor found, and that it is necessary to be contented
with what may be called commercial purity, in which the quantity
of foreign matters is not sufficiently large to produce any per-
ceptible effect on the commercial value of the article. My object
being to ascertain what would be the composition of a perfectly
pure cake, and what effect would be produced on its value by the
presence of such impurities as may be legitimately allowed in a
genuine oil-cake, I found it necessary to proceed in another way,
and to commence with a series of samples of linseed of different
kinds and prices, in which the amount of impurity was ascertained,
by determining the weight of the foreign seeds, sand, &c, which
could be separated by picking them out, and then analysing the
samples, both in their impure and pure state. From these data,
it was possible to calculate, on assumptions, the grounds of which

490

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

will be afterwards explained, the composition of the cakes which
these samples wonld yield.

It is sufficiently obvious that this mode of proceeding is very
laborious for to arrive at perfectly fair averages of the composition
of all the different varieties of linseed, some hundred analyses
would be required ; and as this would have necessarily occupied
a very long time, it became necessary to limit the inquiry, and I
therefore restricted myself, in the first instance, to twelve samples
of linseed, selected so as to show both the differences of locality
and of quality.

The first point to be ascertained was the amount of impurity
in each sample, which was most easily effected by spreading it
•out on a sheet of paper, and with a fine camel's-hair pencil
brushing the grains of linseed to one side of the sheet and the
impurities to the other. The impurities consisted generally of
small seeds, such as wild mustard, various species of the genus
Polygonum, among which buckwheat (Polygonum Fagopyrwm)wa&
■occasionally observed, and a great variety of small seeds, which it
would be impossible to recognise without growing them, which I
had no means of doing. In the Indian samples, the seed called
Indian rape was recognised.

The following table gives the percentages of impurities in the
different samples, and their prices, so far as they are known to
me.

Variety.

Price. Percentage of Impurities.

Irish,

50s. per qr.

1.60

St Petersburg,

■ j>

4-17

Do.,

55s. per 408 lbs.

15-58

Munich,

48s. per 408 lbs.

28-18

Silesian,

)>

5-84

Massiua,

54s. per qr.

8-50

Black Sea, .

59s. per 424 lbs.

10-10

Calcutta,

50s. per qr.

5-78

Good ordinary Calcutta,

60s. per qr.

19-68

Ordinary Calcutta,

5Ss. per qr.

30-73

Bombay,

j;

3-94.

Fine Bombay,

64s. per qr.

6-32

The inspection of this table shows very distinctly that no
i-elation exists between the purity and price of any sample of
linseed ; for we see that the Irish linseed, which is practically
pure, containing only 1*6 per cent, of foreign matter, brings only
50s. per quarter, while ordinary Calcutta seed, with 30 percent,
of impurity, sells at 58s. ; and of two samples of Calcutta seed,
sold at the same price, one contains 5 and the other 19 per cent,
of impurity. It is difficult to understand how this should occur.
It certainly cannot be due to ignorance, for though the eye cannot
estimate with accuracy the amount of impurity in any sample,
even the most careless observer cannot fail to distinguish the great
difference between 5 and 19 per cent, of foreign seeds.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 491

It is clear that buyers and sellers of linseed do not attach the
amount of importance to the purity of the seed which might he
anticipated, but that they must have some other standard of value
by which the price is fixed. What this standard may be it is
difficult to say, but I am inclined to think they are guided to a
great extent by the appearance of the seed. In this respect, very
material differences are observable between the samples, the
seeds being in some cases much larger, plumper, and brighter
looking than in others. The extent to which the seeds differ in
weight will be seen from the following table, giving the weight
in grains of 1000 seeds of each of the samples examined, to which
I have added the number of cubic feet occupied by 1 ton.

Cubic Feet
occupied by 1 ton.

54-73

49-97

51-25

49-60

51-65

53-07

5041

51-66

51-64

51-40

51-77

50-00

Here, to a certain extent, size of seed appears to have regulated
price, for the Messina and fine Bombay, which are among the
heaviest, bear also the highest price ; and the Irish and St Peters-
burg, which are light, cost less than the others, but the connection
is not very close. It may be doubted also whether the standard
is a correct one, for the value of linseed to the oil-crusher must
mainly depend on the percentage of oil it contains ; and though
this varies in different samples, it does so to a very small extent,
compared with the differences in price of the seed. Possibly
there may be some difference in the quality of the oil obtained
from the seed grown in different localities ; but as this is a matter
which does not bear upon the particular point into which was
the object of my inquiry, it is not necessary for me to consider
it more minutely on the present occasion.

As already stated at the outset, my object was to ascertain the
composition of the cake which would be yielded by perfectly
pure linseed of different kinds. To do this by freeing the linseed
from all impurity, and then pressing it, being manifestly impos-
sible, I have proceeded in this way. The seed in its ordinary
state, and the pure linseed obtained by picking out the impurities,
were separately analysed, and the composition of the cake which
it would yield was calculated in accordance with what occurs
when the seed is pressed. In performing this operation, the seed

Weight in

Grains of 1000 Seeds.

Irish,

54-48

St Petersburg,

. .

6547

Do.

.

6357

Munich,

, ,

.

73-00

Silesia n,

#

119-44

Messina,

, #

14455

Black Sea,

73-10

Calcutta,

82-48

Good ordinary-

Calcutta,

.

85-19

Ordinary Calcutta,

.

89-86

Bombay,

, .

,

118-40

Fine Bombay,

.

.

118-90

492 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

is ground, and is then exposed to heat in a pan heated by steam,
a small quantity of water being added to it in the pan. The seed
is then introduced into bags made of a coarse kind of cloth, and
exposed to powerful pressure in hydraulic presses. The quantity
of oil obtained in this way depends, of course, on that existing in
the seed, and also on the length of time it is exposed to pressure,
which is usually about ten minutes. The oil then obtained
amounts to rather more than one-fourth of the seed, and the-
remainder constitutes the cake. In making my calculations, I
have assumed that in every case the residual oil amounts to 9
per cent., and that the water added in damping the seed amounts
to 4 per cent. When the calculation is made on this footing, it
will be seen that the result approximates closely to that of average
oil-cakes.

Irish Linseed. — This sample was remarkably clean and uni-
form in size of seeds and appearance throughout, the seeds being-
small and fiat. It contained only 1-5 per cent of impurity. It
contained —

Calculated Composition.

Impure.

Pure.

of Cake of Pure Seed.

Water, . .

5-70

5-15

11-87

Oil, .

34-77

35 92.

11-67

Albuminous compounds, .

20-06

19-62

25-46

Mucilage, Gum, &a,

29-22

30-96

40-16

Fibre,

5-55

4-70

5-34

Ash,

4-70

3-65

4-50

100-00

100-00

100-00

Nitrogen, .

3-21

3-14

4-30

The Ash contains —

Phosphates,

.

1-40

1-55

Phosphoric Acid, combinec

!}

1-09

0-93

with Alkalies,

Sand,

.

0-80

0-05

A moment's inspection shows that the calculated composition of
the cake which this seed should yield tallies well with that of
an ordinary average quality. The ash, indeed, is somewhat lower
than is usually found, but it must be remembered that in this
case every impurity was separated, while in practice the best of
linseed must always contain dust and a few foreign seeds. In
this particular case the impurity contained in the seeds consisted
chiefly of a small seed, apparently charlock or wild mustard, and
its quantity was far too small to have any effect on the composi-
tion of the cake.

St Petersburg Linseed, No. 1. — A good sample, with 447 per
cent, of impurities, consisting of a mixture of all the seeds
usually found in linseed.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

493

Calculated Compoai-

Impure.

Ture.

tion of Cake yielded
by the Pure Seed.

Water, ....

8-25

7-85

14-48

Oil,

34-65

3670

11-78

Albuminous Compounds, .

20-00

2162 j

28-46

Mucilage, Gum, &c,

2175

24-78

32-50

Fibre, ....

10-20

6-10

7-87

Ash, ....

5-15

375

4-91

100-00

100 00

100-00

Nitrogen,

3-20

346

4-53

The Ash contains —

Phosphates,

2-10

1-55

Phosphoric Acid, cc
with Alkalies,

imbined

}

076

1-08

...

Sand,

•

115

...

...

St Petersburg Linseed, No. 2. — This sample contained 15-58
of impurities, which consisted largely of wild mustard, and
several other small seeds, most of which appeared to be olea-
ginous, an opinion borne out by the results of analysis.

Impure
Seed.

Calculated Com-
position of Cake
from Impure
Seed.

Pure Seed.

Calculated Com-
position of Cake
from Pure Seed.

Water,

Oil, ....

Albuminous Compounds,

Mucilage, Gum, &c, .

Fibre,

Ash, ....

Nitrogen, .

The Ash contains —
Phosphates,
Phosphoric Acid, com- )

bined with Alkalies, j
Sand

7-54

3433

20-56

23-08

8-90

5-59

14-66
11-44
26-14
2933
11-33
7-10

7-65

36-22

22-19

20-50

9-55

3-89

1531
11-71
28-88
2666
12-38
5-06

100-00
3-29

1-84
0-46
1-60

100 00
4-18

...

100-00
355

1-60
0-60
0-19

100-00
4-62

...

Here the presence of 15 per cent, of impurities has produced
an appreciable effect on the composition of the eake which
would be yielded by the seed, an effect,, however,* restricted
mainly to the albuminous compounds, and to the mucilage, &c,
the former being diminished by rather more than 2§ per cent.,
while the latter is higher to about the same extent. The ash of
the impure cake is also higher, as it must necessarily be, from
the presence of sand and dirt which must inevitably be found in
greater or less quantity in all samples of linseed.

Mcmel Linseed. — The seeds in this sample were small in size,
somewhat dull on the surface, and it contained 28-l8 per cent, of
impurities. These were of various kinds. Wild mustard and

2k

494

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

dodder were found, though in small quantity. Grass seeds were
abundant, and there was a perceptible amount of the small black
seeds which the eye often detects in inferior oil-cakes. They are
the seeds of various species of the genus Polygonum. The
sample could not be considered as adulterated, for all the seeds
found in it were those of plants which had grown along with the
flax. The seed was remarkably free from sand. Its composi-
tion was —

Impure
Seed.

Calculated Com-
position of Cake
from Impure
Seed.

Pure Seed.

Calculated Com-
position of Cake
from Pure Seed.

Water,

7-90

13-88

6-15

15-00

Oil, ....

27-30

10-50

34-85

11-52

Albuminous Compounds,
Mucilage, Gum, &c, .

16-72
3613

19-51
42-16

18-63

32-47

23-84
41-54

Fibre,

7-70

8-99

4-50

575

./xSIl* • • • •

4-25

4-96

3-40

435

100-00

100-00

100-00

100-00

Nitrogen, .

2-67

311

2-98

3-81

The Ash contains —

Phosphates,

Phosphoric Acid, com- )
bined with Alkalies, J

1-30
0-70

• • •

1-63
073

Sand,

0-50

...

o-io

...

Here the large quantity of impurity produces a marked effect
on the composition of the cake, and again the effect is chiefly
in diminishing the percentage of albuminous compounds. This
is due to the fact, that the seeds with which the linseed was
mixed consisted largely of species remarkably poor in albuminous
compounds. In this case the quantity of impurity was so large
that it was easy by picking to obtain a sufficiently large quantity
for analysis, which gave the following result : —

Analysis of the Impurities of Memel Linseed.

Water, ...... 9-40

Oil, ...... 9-05

Albuminous Compounds, .... 12'06

Mucilage, Gum, &c, .... 54-49

Fibre, ...... 8-65

Ash, 6-35

100-00

Nitrogen, . . . . . . 1'93

The Ash contains —

Phosphates, . . . . . 1'85

Phosphoric Acid, combined with Alkalies, . 077

Sand, ...... 3'35

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 495

The low percentage of nitrogen in this mixture necessarily
produces a marked effect on the cake in which it is contained.
The small proportion of oleaginous seeds contained among the
impurities, as indicated by the proportion of oil, is also to be
noticed. It may be well also for me to explain, that this does
not affect the quantity of oil found in the cake. The fact is, that
the presence of non-oleaginous seeds prevents the crusher from
expressing as large a proportion of the oil in the mixture as he
otherwise would, and hence it comes that when seeds containing
very different proportions of oil are pressed, about the same resi-
due of oil is left in the cake.

Silesian Linseed. — An excellent sample, consisting of large,
plump grains, 1000 seeds weighing 11944 grains. It contained
584 per cent, of foreign seeds.

Impure.

Pure.

Calculated Composition of

Cakes from Pure Seed.

Water,

8-80

5-85

1312

Oil, .

35-80

37-97

11-98

Albuminous Compounds,

18-31

4-31

28-40

Mucilage, Gum, &c.

2049

23-62

3138

Fibre, ....

10-55

7-80

10-53

Ash, ....

6-05

345

4-59

100-00

100-00

100-00

Nitrogen,

2-93

341

4-55

The Ash contains —

Phosphates,

1-25

1-70

• • •

Phosphoric Acid, com- )
bined with Alkalies, )

1-30

0-70

...

Sand,

2-10

...

...

In comparing these analyses, it will be noticed that there is
a very considerable difference in the percentages of water found
in the pure and impure linseed. This is due to the seed becom-
ing dry during the picking out of the impurities. This process
is a slow one, several hours being required for the purpose of
picking the necessary quantity, and as during the whole of this
time the seed remains spread out in a thin layer, the effect in hot
and dry weather is very marked. This is an unavoidable con-
sequence of the mode in which the experiments are made, so
that in practice the cake actually obtained in this case would
contain more water than is here given, and be somewhat inferior
to the analysis, though still of excellent quality.

Messina Linseed. — This sample of seed was the finest to the
eye, and composed of the largest grains of any of those analysed,
each seed weighing nearly 2 \ times as much as those of the Irish
linseed. It was very bright and clean-looking, but nevertheless
contained 8-50 per cent, of impurity. Analysis gave —

496 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

Impure.

Pure.

"Water,

7-45

6-05

Oil,

37-07

37-87

Albuminous Compounds,

19-40

19-40

Mucilage, Gum, &c, .

2063

2733

Fibre,

10-80

5-80

Ash,

465

3-55

100-00

100-00

Nitrogen,

3-10

3-10

The Ash contains —

Phosphates,

1-00

1-90

Phosphoric Acid, com- )
bined with Alkalies, )

1-05

073

Sand,

8-90

0-05

Calculated Composition of
Cake from the Pure Seed.

13-38
11-98

25-82
3651

7-72
4-59

100 00
4-12

Black Sea Linseed. — The seeds in this case were small, only
about half the size of the last, and they were flat and thin. The
impurity amounted to 1010 per cent. Notwithstanding this,
however, the sample is of excellent quality, and the pure seeds
give a cake of high quality. The foreign seeds appeared to be
almost entirely oleaginous. Analysis gave —

Calculated Composition

Impure.

Pure.

of the Cake of the Pure
Seeda.

"Water,

,

7-15

7-30

14-65

Oil, .

.

3363

35-90

11-67

Albuminous Compounds,

24-19

23-19

30-08

Mucilage, Gum, &c,

.

21-73

24-66

31-98

Fibre, '

.

9-50

5-85

7-60

Ash, .

3-80

3-10

4-02

100-00

100-00

100-00

Nitrogen,

•

3-87

3-87

5-02

The Ash contains —

Phosphates,

.

9-90

1-50

• • .

Phosphoric Acid, com-
bined with Alkalies,

:}

1-15

069

...

Sand, .

0-40

...

...

Calcutta Linseed. — Three samples of this variety of seed have
been examined — one simply described by that name, the others
distinguished as good ordinary, and ordinary, terms which, as we
shall soon see, appear to be used in a somewhat lax manner. In
all three the linseed is small, but the grains are round. The
first sample, which was not distinguished in any special way,
cost 50s. per quarter, and contained 5-78 per cent, of impurities.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

497

Calculated Composition

Impure.

Pure.

of the Cake of the Pure
Seed.

Water, ....

730

6-15

14-38

Oil, ....

35-97

3772

11-95

Albuminous Compounds,

17-12

16-69

22-09

Mucilage, Gum, &c.,

2686

27-74

36-84

Fibre, ....

7-80

8-75

10-83

Ash, ....

4-95

2-95

391

100-00

100-00

10000

Nitrogen,

274

2-67

355

The Ash contains —

Phosphates,

1-40

1-75

...

Phosphoric Acid, com- )
bined with Alkalies, 1

1-10

0-64

...

Sand,

1-35

• . .

.. .

Good Ordinary Calcutta Linseed. — This sample contained no
less than 19-68 per cent, of impurity, consisting chiefly of olea-
ginous seeds, among which Indian rape and a few grains of a
small variety of Teel seed (Sesamum orientate) could be recog-
nised. There were also a good many small fragments of what
appeared to be flax straw. Other seeds were present which I
could not recognise, no doubt those of weeds which had grown
along with the crop.

Impure.

Calculated Com-
position of Cake
from the Inferior
Seed.

Pure.

Calculated Com-
position of Cake
from Pure Seed.

Water,

Oil, ....
Albuminous Compoimds,
Mucilage, Gum, &c., .
Fibre, ....
Ash, ....

Nitrogen,

The Ash contains —
Phosphates,
Phosphoric Acid com- )

bined with Alkalies, }
Sand, .

6-60
38-15
18-00
1935
13-65

4-25

14-16
1 2-03
24 05
25-85
18-24
5-65

6-00

40-37

1737

2346

9-85

2-95

13-76
12-39
23-91
32 30
13-58
4-06

100-00

2-88

0 50
0 85
0-55

100-00

3-84

100-00

2-78

1*10

0-64

100-00
3 82

The low percentage of albuminous comjxmnds here again
merits notice, as well as the larger quantity of fibre. In the impure
sample, the excess is explained by the presence of the flax straw.
But even in the pure seed it is far above the average of European
samples.

Ordinary Calcutta Linseed. — This sample must be described
as very ordinary indeed, for it contained 3073 per cent, of im-
purities, consisting mainly of oleaginous seeds. In this case

498

PKOCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPAETMENT.

Indian rape was present among the impurities, but not to a
very large extent. There were, however, several other small
seeds resembling it, and also a few somewhat like the lentil,
though certainly not identical with that seed. The seed con-
tained— -

Impure.

Calculated Com-
position of Cake
from the Inferior
Seed.

Pure.

Calculated Com-
position of Cake
from Pure Seed.

Water,

Oil .

Albuminous Compounds,

Mucilage, Gum, &c, .

Fibre,.

Ash, ....

Nitrogen, .

The Ash contains —

Phosphates,

Phosphoric Acid, com-
bined with Alkalies,

Sand,

5-39
35-77

18-87

21-17

12-40

6-40

12-16
11-66
24-43
27-41
16-06
8-28

5-11
39-42
1631
22-59
13-45

3-12

1238
12-23
22-16
30-70

18-28
4-25

100-00
3-02

2-24
0-38
2-55

100-00
391

0-91
...

100-00
2-61

100-00
3-55

0-57

The impurities in this sample being so abundant as to admit
of their being separated in large quantity, an analysis of them
was made with the following results ; and as the seed contained
so much oil that it might be pressed, I have added the calcu-
lated composition of the cake it ought to yield.

Water,

Oil,

Albuminous Compounds,

Mucilage, Gum, &c,

Fibre,

Ash,

Nitrogen,

The Ash contains —
Phosphates,
Phosphoric Acid, combined

with Alkalies,
Sand, ....

Bomlay Linseed. — Two samples have been analysed, both of
excellent quality, the seeds being large, well developed, and
polished on the surface. They were very pure, the percentage
of foreign seeds being 3-94 in the one, and 5-32 in the other.
The results of analysis of the first sample, containing 3-94 of
impurity, were —

Calculated Compositi
of Cake.

6-25
27-60
21-06
25-39

8-35
11-35

12-01
10-54
24-66
29-73
9-77
13-29

100-00

100-00

3-37

3-94

2-50

...

0-74

6-00

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

499

Calculated Composition

Impure.

Pure.

of Cake yielded by the
Pure Seed.

Water, ....

6-45

5-70

13-34

Oil, ....

3912

40-27

1237

Albuminous Compounds,

18-25

18-50

25-44

Mucilage, Gum, &c,

23-78

2373

3262

Fibre, ....

8-70

905

12-44

- \ "It, • * • *

370

2-75

3-79

10000

100-00

100-00

Nitrogen,

2-89

2-96

4-07

The Ash contains —

Phosphates,

0-50

1-15

• •«

Phosphoric Acid, com- i
bined with Alkalies, j

0-75

0-41

...

Sand,

. 0-65

0-25

• 4 •

The second sample, in which there were 6'32
impurities, contained —

per

cent, of

Calculated Composition

Impure.

Pure.

of the Cake from Pure
Seeds.

Water, .

.

5-00

5-55

12-78

Oil,

,

38-55

38-30

12-05

Albuminous Compounds,

18-75

19-37

25-94

Mucilage, Gum, &c,

,

27-05

24-28

32-60

Fibre,

5-85

9-53

12-78

Ash,

*

4-80

2-95

3-95

100-00

100-00

100-00

Nitrogen,

.

3 00

3-10

4-15

The Ash contains —

Phosphates,

„

1-70

1-60

Phosphoric Acid, com-
bined with Alkalies,

1

0-48

0-70

• .*

Sand,

i-30

0-30

...

A comparison of the foregoing analyses shows that considerable
variations exist in the composition of the different samples of
linseed, though they do not point to any very decided connection
between that and the locality in which they were grown. The
oil differs less perhaps than any other constituent, varying from
about 35 per cent, up to 40. In general, the samples from
warm climates appear to contain the largest quantity, but it can
scarcely be said that the difference is such as to enable us to
say that this is to be considered as a general rule. The albu-
minous compounds vary more widely, ranging from 16 6 up to
24, and their proportion appears to depend very greatly upon
the full development of the seed. In all cases the samples com-
posed of the heaviest seeds are richest in albuminous compounds,
and there can be little doubt that in these cases the linseed is
also most matured, and probably has been cultivated in a careful
and liberal manner. Considerable difference exists also in the

500 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

amount of fibre, which varies from 47 to 10-0 per cent. It is fair
to say, however, that in these determinations I have experienced
unusual difficulties. The process usually employed for deter-
mining fibre in vegetable bodies, and which for most of them,
and especially for oil-cake, gives extremely concordant results,
fails to some extent with linseed itself; and notwithstanding the
most careful work, it was found that in some cases determina-
tions made in precisely the same manner varied to the extent of
as much as 2 per cent., while in other cases no such difference
occurred. I am inclined to think that this difficulty is connected
in some way with the large quantity of oil contained in the
seeds. The error, however, is not very material, and does not
exceed 1 per cent. The mucilage, gum, &c, vary also to a large
extent, and are of course largest in those cases in which the other
constituents are low ; but there does not seem to be any connec-
tion between their proportion and the locality from which the
seed has come.

The composition of the cake obtained from linseed depends of
course on two circumstances — first, on the mode of manufacture,
and secondly, on the composition of the seed. Under the first
head, the variations depend on the quantity of water used for
moistening the seed, and the amount of pressure to which it
is subjected, in respect to both of which some difference exists.
In this country the quantity of water used is such that
the cake usually contains from 10 to 14, on the average
12 per cent, of moisture, and the occurrence of samples con-
taining more or less than this is rare. In America, however,
a smaller quantity is generally used, because experience has
shown that moist oil-cakes are apt to heat during the voyage
across the Atlantic, and to be deteriorated by the change. Hence,
when cakes are made in that country for the British market,
it is customary either to omit moistening the seed, or to do so to
a much smaller extent, so that American oilcakes are often met
with containing not more than 7 or 8 per cent, of water, with of
course a proportionate increase of all the other constituents.
Perfection of the machinery, and the length of time the cake is
allowed to remain in the press, have a very important influence
on the quantity of the oil remaining in the cake. At present, in
this country there is but little difference in the kind of presses
used in different oil-mills, the construction of such machinery
being in the hands of a comparatively small number of manu-
facturers, and the mode of conducting the pressing being similar
in most respects. In general, the cake is kept in the press for
ten minutes. The flow of oil, at first rapid, has at the end of that
time become so slow that it is not generally remunerative to
continue it longer. On the other hand, when the demand for
oil and cake is large, and the prices high, the manufacturer is

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 501

sometimes tempted to hurry on the process, so as to get a larger
amount of material through his hands, in which case more oil is
left in the cake.

In the calculated composition of the cakes which would be
yielded by the different seeds analysed, I have sought to avoid
all questions depending on the mode of pressing, by assuming
that this operation has been performed in an exactly similar
manner in all cases. The variable results, therefore, which
these calculations show, are due to the difference in composition
of the seeds alone. In regard to the amount of oil, the varia-
tion is very small, and scarcely exceeds 1 per cent., while in
most cases it is less even than this. The quantity of water
varies to a greater extent ; because I have assumed that in all
cases, no matter what amount of that substance was contained
in the seed, the same quantity was used in moistening before
going into the press, and hence possibly I may sometimes have
overrated the quantity of water which would be found in actual
practice. I have thought it better, however, to adopt a uniform
system, than to make any allowance in particular cases.

Turning to the other constituents of the cakes, we notice a cheater
amount of variation, and this is seen most conspicuously in the
albuminous compounds, to which, and to the nitrogen, which is
only another mode of expressing the percentage of albuminous
compounds, I shall mainly direct attention. The latter, it will be
seen, can always be calculated from the former by multiplying by
6-25. The amount of nitrogen, therefore, measures that of albumin-
ous compounds. Now, to the percentage of nitrogen or albuminous
compounds great importance must be attached in estimating the
quality of different oil-cakes. In regard to the estimation of the
feeding qualities of different substances a good deal of difference
of opinion exists among different authorities. Some have sup-
posed that, inasmuch as the process of fattening consists to a
great extent of the accumulation of fat in the animal frame, the
respiratory or fat-forming constituents of the food must possess
the highest value ; while others attribute, if not the chief, at least
a most important, influence to the nitrogenous or flesh-forming
substances. Without entering here on the discussion of this
difficult question, it may be said that oil-cake, which is the most
highly nitrogenous food, has been found by experience to be that
best fitted to promote the fattening process ; and without under-
rating the importance of the respiratory substances, it is impossible
to doubt that it is the abundance of the former which makes
oil-cake surpass other foods which are quite as rich, or even
richer in the latter. As indicating the quality of oil-cake, great
importance must be attached to the quantity of nitrogen. From
the calculated composition of the cake from pure linseed, it
appears that the nitrogen may vary from 3 55 up to 5 02. It is

502 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

remarkable, also, that the three samples of Calcutta linseed are
the only cakes falling below 4 per cent, of nitrogen, and that all
the European samples exceed that number, with the exception of
one from Memel of very inferior quality. I have always been
in the habit of assuming that an oil-cake of the highest quality
should contain about 4*5 per cent, of nitrogen, and that which
falls below 4* must be looked upon with suspicion ; while
at 3-5 it is almost certain to be adulterated, or at least, like some
of these samples now analysed, be mixed with considerable
quantities of the seeds of weeds. So far this opinion must be
modified, for we see that an oil-cake may be pure, and yet contain
only 3 '5 5 per cent, of nitrogen. But though this may be the
case, I must say that among the very many commercial oil-cakes
analysed by me, I have never met with a pure sample contain-
ing so small a quantity of nitrogen. I believe this to be due to
the fact that it is a practice of the trade to mix different kinds
of linseed in crushing. I have been told, indeed, that this is
particularly attended to with Calcutta oil-cake, which is known
to yield a large amount of fibre, and is always mixed with some
of the finer varieties, so as to diminish this peculiarity. How-
ever this may be, it must not be forgotten that a pure oil-cake,
with little more than 3-5 per cent, of nitrogen, is possible. It is
doubtless of rare occurrence, and the sample would unquestion-
ably be considered of inferior quality.

On the other hand, fine samples may contain as much as 5*
per cent, of nitrogen. But we must guard against supposing
that this is in itself a proof of quality, unless we know that the
linseed has been free from other seeds or adulterations. If
merely the numerical results of the analysis are looked to, a
mixture of comparatively cheap articles may be made up, and
is made up, which imitates completely the composition of a
first-rate oil-cake. I have already so often adverted to this fact,
and pointed out that the analysis of a genuine oil-cake should
always state in the most distinct terms that it is made from
pure linseed, that I should not have mentioned it here at all,
had not experience taught me that it is a matter too much over-
looked by the farmer, and that numerous instances occur in
which, owing to its omission, mixtures made up of very inferior
matters pass muster as genuine.

ANALYSES OF THE SOILS AND SUBSOILS ON WHICH THE
FIELD EXPEEIMENTS OF 1867 WERE MADE.

In the introductory remarks which prefaced the analyses of the
soils of the year 1866, I went into some details regarding the kind
of analyses required for soils, which render any lengthened obser-
vations on the present occasion unnecessary. I particularly pointed

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 503

out that one of the most important considerations is to obtain
a means of determining not only the total quantity of any sub-
stance that exists in a soil, but also its different states of combina-
tion, so as to discriminate between those portions which the plant
can easily obtain and assimilate, and those which are, as it were,
locked up in an inaccessible condition. Hitherto chemists have
divided the soil constituents into those soluble in water, those
insoluble in that fluid but soluble in hydrochloric acid, and those
insoluble in both menstrua. The latter, it has been supposed,
and apparently with justice, are at this moment entirely inac-
cessible to plants, though they may, in the course of time, be-
come accessible, by virtue of those changes constantly induced
by the action of air and moisture. On the other hand, it has
been supposed that the portion soluble in water must be the
most readily available, and the portion soluble in hydrochloric
less so, though still capable of assimilation.

The recent researches of chemists on the absorptive power of
soils and allied subjects, which show that plants can and do take
a great part of their food from the portion of the soil insoluble
in water, has diminished the importance of the soluble part ;
while other experiments tend to show that of the part soluble in
hydrochloric acid, a portion, and in some cases a very large
portion, may be unavailable. With the intention of making a
further distinction between the different states in which the
constituents of the soil exist, I last year introduced the use of
acetic acid as a solvent, supposing that that feeble acid would
give, in the portion it dissolved, an indication of the amount
of very accessible matters in each soil. The first impression I
derived from these analyses was not of a very favourable cha-
racter; and therefore, when the analyses for 1867 were com-
menced,- I resolved to omit what is a very troublesome and
laborious part of the analysis, and returned to the old plan.
More mature consideration has led me to doubt as to the propriety
of this ; and I now think that the information derived from the
composition of the acetic solution was greater than at first
supposed, and I therefore regret the omission, which it is now
too late to supply.

With this exception, the analyses were conducted in the same
manner as last year. As the process, so far as necessary, was
described in the Transactions then, it is unnecessary to revert to
it here. I must only mention that the quantity soluble in hydro-
chloric acid includes also that soluble in acetic acid.

SOIL FROM MR DOVE, ECCLES NEWTON.

This was a soil of fair quality, but rather light, and containing
but a small quantity of clay. It was pale in colour, and judging
from the small pieces of rock it contained, appeared to be formed

504

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

by the disintegration of a sandstone containing a considerable
proportion of felspathic rock. The subsoil was paler, and more
grey in tint. It appeared very similar in all respects to the soil,
but contained some fragments of a trap rock. Judging, however,
from the small quantity of alkalies found in the analysis, but a
small proportion of the soil can have been formed from this
substance.

Soluble in Hydrochloric Acid.

Soil.

Subsoil

Silica, . . ::

•104

Peroxide of Iron,

4-200

6-336

Alumina,

2-580

4004

Lime, .....

•504

•470

Magnesia, ....

•461

•338

Potash, ....

•038

■131

Soda, ....

•022

•081

Sulphuric Acid,

•082

•078

Phosphoric Acid,

•064

•025

Carbonic Acid, ....

■150

•070

Chlorine,

•081

•012

Total soluble in Hydrochloric Acid,

8-406

11-649

Insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid.

Silica, ..... 69-337

73 373

Peroxide of Iron, . . . '228

•569

Alumina, .... 12-463

6-408

Lime, ..... -510

•295

Magnesia, . . . . *419

•263

Alkalies and Loss,

Total insoluble in Hydrochloric Ac

•537

•213

id, 83-494

81-121

Water, ..... 2110

1-920

Organic Matter,

5-990

5310

100-000

100000

Nitrogen, . . . . ''117

•085

Equal to Ammonia, . . . *143

•104

Hygrometric Water, . . . 6'860

2-940

Mechanical Analysis.

Gravel, . . . . .4-60

22-402

/ Coarse Sand, .
a ., ) Fine Sand,
&011' Clay,,

' Organic Matter,

79-96

56150

3-92

•473

5-86

15-768

5-84

5-207

100-00 100-000

SOIL FROM MR BOWIE, MAINS OF KELLY.

A soil of a very uniform appearance. Pale grey in colour, and
free from stones. It is in a fine state of division, and contains
more clay than is generally met with in our soils. Such stones
as are met with appear to be fragments of felstone. The subsoil

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

505

consists almost entirely of coarse sand, among which scales of
mica are found in small quantity.

Soluble in Hydrochloric

• Acid.

Soil.

Subsoil.

Silica,

,

•341

•120

Peroxide of Iron,

,

2-140

2-430

Alumina,

, (

3-280

3-790

Lime,

.

•470

•336

Magnesia,

,

•525

•794

Potash, .

, #

•180

•130

Soda,

t

•125

•122

Sulphuric Acid,

.

•115

•048

Phosphoric Acid,

, ,

•114

•022

Carbonic Acid, .

, ,

•120

•080

Chlorine,

•

•002

■ooo

Total soluble in Hydrochloric Acid, 7-412

Insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid.

Silica,

Peroxide of Iron,

Alumina,

Lime,

Magnesia,

Alkalies and Loss,

Total insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid, 84'288

Water, ..... 2-374
Organic Matter, . . . 5-926

•872

67760

71-350

1-207

1-303

13441

13-190

•597

•689

•337

•110

•946

•146

86-788

2-640
2-700

100-000

100-000

Nitrogen, ....

•198

•030

Equal to Ammonia,

•240

•036

Hygrometric Water,

3-600

4-080

Mechanical Analysis

Gravel, .....

4-832

3-99

t Coarse Sand, .

69-620

91-81

o -i \ Fine Sand,
bou, < n, '

' J Clay, ....

2-018

•75

17765

•79

[ Organic Matter,

5-765

2-66

100-000

100-00

SOIL FROM MR MUNRO, FAIRNINGTON.

The soil and subsoil in this case had a somewhat greyish tint,
the latter rather lighter in tint, but so similar that they could
be distinguished only with some difficulty. Both soil and subsoil
contained an unusually small proportion of iron. The gravel
was large in the subsoil, and consisted chiefly of fragments of
sandstone, with a few pieces of a felspathic mineral.

506

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

Soluble in Hydrochloric Acid.

Silica, .

Peroxide of Iron,

Alumina,

Lime,

Magnesia,

Potash,

Soda,

Sulphuric Acid,

Phosphoric Acid,

Carbonic Acid, .

Chlorine,

Total soluble in Hydrochloric Acid, 4-339

Soil.

Subsoil

•144

1-133

•248

1-580

2-692

1-060

•369

•224

•288

•253

•154

•077

•156

•165

•054

•054

•127

•126

•100

•080

•007

•020

Insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid.

3-672

Silica, .

78-336

87-121

Peroxide of Iron,

•666

•483

Alumina,

t

8-596

4-319

Lime,

m

•620

•510

Magnesia,

.

•513

•185

Alkalies and Loss,

Hydrochloric

Acid,

•850

•000

Total insoluble in

89-581

92-618

Water, .

1-280

•790

Organic Matter,

•

*

4800

2-920

100-000

100-000

Nitrogen,

•133

•069

Equal to Ammonia,

. .

.

•162

•084

Hygrometric Water,

•

•

3-160

2-850

Mechanical Analysis.

Gravel, .

14-57

27-56

f Coarse Sand,

75-46

61-93

cj ., j Fine Sand,

boil, < <-,, '

' ) Clay, .

.

1-99

2-01

. ,

.

3-88

6-31

( Organic Matter,

•

4-10

2-19

100-00

100-00

SOIL FROM MR HOPE, FENTON BARNS.

This was a light loamy soil, of a pale yellowish colour. It
contained a considerable number of small rounded stones, most
of which were fragments of trap, some of them much decom-
posed, but there were also pieces of what appeared to be a
ferruginous sandstone. The subsoil was similar in appearance,
but contained a much larger quantity of highly divided matter
or clay.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

507

Soluble in Hydrochloric Acid.

Soil.

Subsoil

Silica, ..... -080

•758

Peroxide of Iron,

3690

1-750

Alumina,

4390

9-136

Lime,

■291

•601

Magnesia,

•916

1-355

Potash, .

•350

•094

Soda,

•416

•053

Sulphuric Acid,

•116

•087

Phosphoric Acid,

•051

•120

Carbonic Acid, .

•210

1-120

Chlorine,

•022

•067

Total soluble in Hydrochloric Acid

, 10-532

15-139

Insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid.

Silica, . ... 7P976

69-243

Peroxide of Iron,

• -613

■111

Alumina,

7-991

8-514

Lime,

•365

•268

Magnesia,

•367

•502

Alkalies and Loss,

f

•246

•203

Total insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid, 8T558

Water, .... 1-620

Organic Matter, . . . 6*290

100-000

Nitrogen,

Equal to Ammonia,

Hygrometric Water,

Mechanical Analysis.

Gravel,
Soil,

Coarse Sand, .
Fine Sand,
Clay, ; .
Organic Matter,

78-841

1-680
4-034

100-000

•160

•033

•195

•041

4-460

4-700

10-97

6-259

68-26

59-960

5-09

7-074

9 96

22-569

572

4-138

100-00 100-000

SOIL FROM MR HARPER, SNAWDON.

This is a light soil, containing a large quantity of gravel,
amounting in the soil to 41* per cent., in the subsoil to 55*.
Its colour is very pale, and the gravel it contains consists almost
entirely of angular fragments of some kind of schistose rock,
the nature of which it is not possible to define more exactly.
The subsoil is remarkably similar to the soil, and approaches it
very closely in composition.

;508

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

Soluble in Hydrochloric Acid.

Silica,

Peroxide of Iron,
Alumina,
Lime,
Magnesia,
Potash, .
Soda,
Sulphuric Acid,
Phosphoric Acid,
Carbonic Acid, .
Chlorine,

Soil.
•316
5-270
2710
•549
•382
•090
•010
•225
•344
•050
•017

Insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid,

Silica,

Peroxide of Iron,

Alumina,

Lime,

Magnesia,
Alkalies and Loss,

64-403
•859

14-380
•296
•454
•385

Water, .
Organic Matter,

Nitrogen,

Equal to Ammonia,

Hygrometric Water,

2-160
7-100

Mechanical A nalysis.

Gravel,
Soil,

Coarse Sand,
Fine Sand,
Clay, _ .
Organic Matter,

Subsoil.
•036
5-476
3-510
•492
•360
•192
•079
•137
•178
•070
•010

Total soluble in Hydrochloric Acid, 9-963 10-540

66-907
1-443

11-169
•364
•384
•613

Total insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid, 80-777 80-880

1-980
6-600

100-000

100-000

•181

•160

•220

•210

3-410

4-450

41-09

55-827

44-82

36-072

1-02

•740

8-80

4-388

4-27

2-973

100-00 100-000

SOIL FROM MR MUSTARD, LEUCHLANDS.

The soil in this case was a loam of somewhat light texture,
containing a considerable quantity of small gravel and much
coarse sand, with but a small quantity of clay. The subsoil
Mr Mustard describes as an inferior sand, but it is remarkable
that the mechanical analysis shows a much larger proportion of
finely divided matter — that is, of clay — than the soil itself. The
chemical analysis also shows a very close resemblance between
both — closer, indeed, than is usually observed.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

509

Soluble in Hydrochloric Acid.

Soil.

[ Subsoil.

Silica, ....

•238

•396

Peroxide of Iron,

1-341

3-524

Alumina,

5-699

5-176

Lime, ....

•358

•257

Magnesia,

•600

•043

Potash, .....

•379

•267

Soda, ....

Oil

•102

Sulphuric Acid,

•108

•020

Phosphoric Acid,

•051

•076

Carbonic Acid, .

•620

•020

Chlorine,

•012

•029

Total soluble in Hydrochloric Acid

9-417

9-910

Insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid.

Silica, ....

65-317

68-978

Peroxide of Iron,

1-437

■892

Alumina,

13-012

13-699

Lime, ....

•710

•712

Magnesia,

•308

•213

Alkalies and Loss,

•159

•346

Total insoluble in Hydrochloric Ac

id, 80-943

84-841

"Water, ....

2-200

1-270

Organic Matter,

7-440

3-980

100-000

100-000

Nitrogen,

•180

•no

Equal to Ammonia,

•221

•134

Hygrometric Water,

3620

2-940

Mechanical Anahji

is.

Gravel, ....

. 14-45

21-239

/ Coarse Sand,

. 7340

61-157

c -, j Fine Sand,
Soil, < ni '
' / Clay,

1-79

3-128

377

11-342

[ Organic Matter,

659

3034

100-00

100 000

SOIL FROM MR NICOLL, LITTLETON.

Mr Nicoll's soil may be described as a somewhat stiff loam
of good quality, and remarkably free from gravel, of which it
contains only a fraction of a per cent., consisting of fragments of
rock of such small size that it was impossible to make out their
nature. Its colour was pale brown, and it contained a rather
large proportion of small roots mixed through it. The subsoil
was very similar, but more sandy. The soil is remarkably
deficient in phosphoric acid.

2L

510

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

Soluble in Hydrochloric Acid.

Silica,

Peroxide of Iron,
Alumina, .
Lime,

Magnesia, .
Potash,
Soda,

Sulphuric Acid,
Phosphoric Acid,
Carbonic Acid,
Chlorine, .

Total soluble in Hydrochloric Acid,

Soil.

Subsoil

•250

•138

3-456

1-425

3-419

3-455

•292

•107

•252

•231

•165

•295

•160

•105

•179

•638

trace

•001

•100

•120

•069

•014

8-342 5-929

Insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid.

Silica,

Peroxide of Iron,
Alumina, .
Lime,
Magnesia,
Alkalies and Loss,

Total insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid,

Water, .....
Organic Matter, ....

59-922 67-614

1-339 2-419

20653 14-836

•715 1-092

•430 -750

•349 -000

83-408 86-711

3-100 1-800

5-150 5-560

100-000 100000

Nitrogen, ■
Equal to Ammonia,
Hygrometric Water,

Gravel,

Mechanical Analysis.

Soil, 4

['Coarse Sand,
j Fine Sand,

Clay,

I, Organic Matter,

•224

•155

•273

•188

5-100

3-260

•758

•016

85-988

84 648

•837

•350

7-143

9524

5-274

5-461

100-000 100-000

SOIL FROM MR BONE, GREENAN, MAYBOLE.

This soil was of a rather heavy texture. It contains, accord-
ing to the mechanical analysis, a considerable quantity of clay ;
but it is obvious that the sand must to a large extent consist of
argillaceous matter, for the portion soluble in acids is very large.
The next important peculiarity in composition is. the unusually
large proportion of magnesia it contains.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

Ill

Soluble in Hydrochloric Acid

Silica,

Peroxide of Iron,
Alumina, .
Lime,

Magnesia, .
Potash,
Soda,

Sulphuric Acid,
Phosphoric Acid,
Carbonic Acid'
Chlorine, .

Soil.
•132

3-028

10-832

•716

2-523
•284
•312
•082
•051
•300
•029

Subsoil.

•184

6-930

8-890

1-795

3-476

•112

•129

•034

•000

•040

•101

Total soluble in Hydrochloric Acid, .

18-289

21-691

Insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid.

Silica, .'.'..•

56-069

56-592

Peroxide of Iron, ....

•778

•343

Alumina, .....

9-408

4-926

Lime, .....

•341

•383

Magnesia, .....

•314

•090

Alkalies and Loss,

•181

•355

Total insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid,

67-091

62-689

Water, .....

4120

4-320

Organic Matter, .

10-500

11-300

100-000

100-000

Nitrogen, .....

•235

4-527

Equal to Ammonia,

•286

7400

Hygrometric Water,

7-320

•182

Mechanical Analysis.

Gravel, .....

4-041

929

( Coarse Sand,

66-484

74-11

c, ■-, Fine Sand,

Soil> Iday, ! . . .

2-485

206

16-482

9-42

i. Organic Matter, . <

10-508

5-12

100000 100-000

I shall not attempt on the present occasion to enter into any
lengthened discussion of the results of these analyses. The
remarks which I made on the soils of the previous year, in the
last number of the Transactions, apply with equal force to the
present analyses. It is obvious that the amount of produce is
not always in accordance with the chemical composition of the
soil, but that it must depend in some cases to a great extent on
its mechanical texture, or on the state of combination in which
the elements exist in the soil. Very remarkable in this respect
is the comparison between Mr Mustard and Mr Nicoll's soil.
Judging from the analyses alone, the former would be pronounced
the better soil of the two, and I think this is the conclusion at
which a practical farmer would arrive, from the mere examina-
tion of the soil. Certainly the chemist would prefer a soil con-

512 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

taining 037 of potash, and 0-051 of phosphoric acid, like Mr
Mustard's, to one containing a trace of phosphoric acid and
0165 of potash, like Mr Mcoll's ; and yet the unmanured soil in
the latter case yields 8 tons 9 cwt. of crop, and the former only
1 ton 6 cwt. The natural capability of Mr Mcoll's soil, not-
withstanding the comparatively small quantity of these two
matters, is the larger. But when they are manured, this difference
disappears, for on the naturally poorer soils manures produce by
far the largest effect. A mixture of superphosphate and sul-
phate of ammonia raises the produce of Mr Mustard's soil from
1 ton 6 cwt. to 13 tons 8| cwt., or by 12 tons 2| cwt., while
exactly the same application brings Mr Mcoll's up from 8 tons
9 cwt. to 13 tons 14 cwt., giving an increase of only 5 tons 5
cwt., or less than half of the former. Such facts are most in-
structive to the agricultural experimenter, for they teach him to
be cautious, and prevent his drawing conclusions from too
limited a series of experiments. Indeed, there is no conclusion
that forces itself more strongly on his mind than the necessity of
gathering together a very large number of experiments before he
attempts to draw conclusions from them at all. Unfortunately,
the opposite course is that too often adopted. A single experi-
menter makes some experiments, and from their results he con-
siders himself entitled to draw conclusions applicable to all
possible conditions, an inference which the facts by no means
justify. Uncalculable injury has been caused in this way to the
progress of scientific agriculture, and until experiments are
sufficiently multiplied, no good results can be obtained. The
experimenter, in place of rushing to conclusions, must endeavour
to exercise a degree of patience which is often very trying. It
is this course which we are endeavouring to pursue in regard to
our field experiments, and to avoid drawing conclusions which
the results of another season may upset. Not adhering to this is
the cause of the numerous conflicting results which are found in
the records of experimental agriculture, results which might
have been reconciled, had similar experiments been continued
sufficiently long to eliminate differences which might thus have
been easily explained, but which, from the absence of this pre-
caution, are now hopelessly irreconcilable.

Field Experiments of 1868.

It was intended to have published now the field experiments
of 1868, but the late period at which some of the results have
been obtained from the experimenters, has made it entirely im-
possible to do justice to them without delaying the publication
of the Transactions. This course, however, having been con-
sidered inadvisable, I am reluctantly compelled to postpone
them for the present.

APPENDIX (B),

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

SPECIAL GENERAL MEETING, 13th MAY 1868.
Sin Thomas Buchan Hepburn, Bart., in the Chair.

This meeting was held to vote an address to Her Majesty the Queen on the
providential escape of His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh from the recent
attempt on his life, and also to congratulate His Royal Highness on his merciful
preservation.

The Chairman, before proceeding to the special business of the meeting, stated
that owing to the Duke of Buccleuch, the President of the Society, being on the
continent, it was impossible for his Grace to take the chair on this occasion. He
also mentioned that letters of apology had been received from a large number of
noblemen and gentlemen who were unable, from previous engagements, to be
present.

Viscount Melville read and moved the adoption of the following Addresses : —

" To the Queens Most Excellent Majesty.

"Most Gracious Sovereign, —

" We your Majesty's most devoted and loyal subjects, the Highland and Agri-
cultural Society of Scotland, incorporated by royal charter, in special general
meeting assembled, deeply impressed with feelings of ardent attachment to the
sacred person of your most gracious Majesty, and in all our national warmth of
loyalty, beg respectfully to approach the throne with an expression of the abhor-
rence which we, in common with all classes of your Majesty's subjects, feel for
the atrocious attempt which has been recently made on the life of His Royal
Highness the Duke of Edinburgh.

" AVe deeply sympathise with your Majesty and the Royal Family in the distress
this murderous assault must have occasioned, and we humbly beg leave to offer to
your Majesty our heartfelt congratulations on the merciful interposition which
has preserved the life of your beloved son, who, by his manly and generous con-
duct on all occasions, has so endeared himself to his country.

"We thank Almighty God that He has been pleased to spare the life of His
Royal Highness, and we earnestly pray that he may be speedily restored to his
wonted health.

"Sealed with the corporate seal, and signed at the 'desire and in presence of a
Special General Meeting of the Society, by Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn
of Smeaton, Bart., Senior Director present, Chairman, in the absence of his
Grace Walter Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G., President of
the Society.

"Society's Hall, Edinburgh, 13th May 1866."

" To His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh.

' ' May it please your Royal Highness, —

" We, the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, assembled in special
general meeting, beg most respectfully to offer to your Royal Highness our
sincere congratulations on the providential escape from the danger to which your
life has been recently exposed.

" Your Royal Highness being connected with Scotland by many ties, we desire
to express our most devoted feelings of national indignation on the infamous
attempt upon your life, and to express our heartfelt gratitude at the merciful in-
terposition of Almighty God in preserving you from the hands of an assassin.

/

82 PEOCEEDINGS AT GENEEAL MEETINGS.

" It is our sincere hope that it may please Divine Providence to restore your
Eoyal Highness speedily to the full enjoyment of health and strength ; and we
earnestly pray that your life may be long preserved as a blessing to your Royal
mother and to your country.

" Sealed with the corporate seal, and signed at the desire and in presence of a
Special General Meeting of the Society, by Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn
of Smeaton, Bart., Senior Director present, Chairman, in the absence of
his Grace Walter Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G., President of
the Society.
" Society's Hall, Edinburgh, 13th May 1868."

Lord Melville, in proposing the adoption of the addresses, referred to the sym-
pathy felt by all classes with Her Majesty, and said he could not understand why
a Prince so popular and so justly beloved had been made the object of such an
attack. Whatever grievances, he said, the Fenians might be supposed to have
had, that was not the way to have them redressed. The attempt had also been
made at a time when the people were congratulating themselves upon the suc-
cess of their efforts to give a loyal reception to His Royal Highness, who was in
the execution of his duty. His Lordship, after referring to the stay of His Royal
Highness in Edinburgh, expressed a hope that he would soon arrive in England,
restored to his wonted health.

Mr Laavson of Borthwick Hall — I rise to second the motions which your Lord-
ship has so feelingly put to this meeting. No words of mine can add to the
universally spread thankfulness that our Royal Duke has been spared to us and
to a country which so sincerely esteems and beloves him. I am sure also that I
may say, on behalf of this Society, that we appreciate the value of such ties the
more when we see the possibility of losing them, and that we accept his Royal
Highness's escape from a fatality too dreadful to think of, not as an accidental,
but as a providential interposition, highly calculated to cement more strongly
than ever the bond of attachment which exists between us and the person and
family of our Sovereign.

The addresses were unanimously adopted.

Mr Irvine of Dram moved that the addresses be transmitted to the Duke of
Montrose for presentation ; which was seconded by Sir James Gardiner Baird,
Bart., and unanimously agreed to.

Lord Melville proposed a vote of thanks to the Chairman, and the proceed-
ngs terminated.

GENERAL MEETING, 24th JUNE 1868.

His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, E.G.,
President of the Society, in the Chair.

New Members. — The noble Chairman, in opening the proceedings, said —
The first business that comes before the meeting to-day is the election-of new
members. I see there is a very large number, which the Secretary will read.

Mr F. N. Menzies then read the names of 104 candidates, who were balloted
for and duly admitted.

Reply to the Address to the Queen. — The noble Chairman said he had
now to report to the meeting that an answer had been received to the address from
this Society to the Queen on the occasion of the atrocious attempt on the life of
the Duke of Edinburgh. The Duke of Montrose was still in charge of the address
to the Duke of Edinburgh until he had an opportunity of presenting it to His
Royal Highness on his arrival in this country.

Chair of Agriculture. — Mr Walker of Bowland said it would be in the re-
collection of the members of the Society that at the last general meeting of the
Society it was agreed to give a sum of L.150 for ten years towards the endowment
of the Chair of Agriculture in the University of Edinburgh, or rather to assist in
providing a salary for the Professor of that Chair. The grant was given on con-
dition that Government should contribute an equal or greater sum for that pur-
pose. He had now to report that the Directors made the necessary application to

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 83

the Government, and that he had the satisfaction to state that a reply had heen
received to the effect that the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury were pleased
to place on the estimates of 1868 the sum of L.150 for that purpose. He had also
to state that the University had fulfilled their pledge in order to make the Chair
more useful than it had hitherto heen, by instituting degrees in agriculture, the
examination in which is to be conducted by the University examiners in conjunc-
tion with an examiner appointed by the Society.

The noble Chairman said it was very satisfactory to learn the result of the
application to Government in this matter. The University had done well in rais-
ing the position of the chair, and he had no doubt that it would be followed by a
good practical result.

The report was adopted.

The Aberdeen Show. — Mr F. N. Menzies, the Secretary, said— In the un-
avoidable absence of Mr Kinloch, yr. of Gilmerton, Chairman of the Committee
on General Shows, I have to report that the arrangements for the Show at Aber-
deen, on the 28th, 29th, and 30th July, are in a satisfactory state of advance-
ment, and that there is every promise of a most successful meeting. Nearly
1200 head of stock have been entered for competition, besides upwards of 460 head
of poultry, and a very large number of implements, as well as general collections
of seeds and roots, and coniferae, and other forest trees. The Directors have on
this, as on all former occasions, received the cordial co-operation and liberal
assistance of the Lord Provost and Magistrates of Aberdeen. A subscription of
L.75 has been voted by the Town Council towards the Premium Fund in addition
to a free grant of the use of a portion of the Links for a show-yard. The counties
embraced in the district of the show have subscribed as follows : — Aberdeen,
L.490 ; Banff, L.120 ; Kincardine, L.161 ; eastern division of Forfarshire, L.219.
The Royal Northern Society have promised L.100 ; and the Spey, Avon, and
Fiddochside Farming Association have contributed L. 12, 12s. The Waterworks
Committee have kindly agreed to give the requisite supply of water for the yard
free, only making a small charge for the use of the pipes already laid into the
Links, to which the Society's pipes will be joined. All the contracts have as yet
been undertaken by parties resident in the district, except that for the erection of
the show-yard, which the Directors resolved in May last to take into their own
hands, owing to the lowest estimate received from Aberdeen having greatly ex-
ceeded what the Society has been accustomed to pay at other places. At a meet-
ing held at Aberdeen on the 12th inst., committees were appointed for the various
departments. One was named on accommodation for strangers. Such a com-
mittee was found of the greatest use at Kelso, Stirling, and Inverness ; and I am
glad to say that at Aberdeen it will be under the efficient charge of Mr John
Angus, Mr George Reid, and Mr Alexander Yeats, secretary of the Royal Northern
Society, who has obligingly consented to act as convener. For the admission of
the stock and of the public, Major Farquharson of Haughton, and Sir William
Forbes of Craigievar, have respectively been named conveners. His Grace the
Duke of Buccleuch acts as chairman of the Appeal Committee. The Lord Provost
has signified his willingness to preside over the Committee on Police. Mr Anthony
Cruickshank, Mr Campbell, Blairton ; Mr Campbell, Kinellar ; and Mr Walker,
Portlethen, were nominated for the Forage Yard. With reference to this de-
partment, I may report that two gentlemen, one of them not an exhibitor
at Glasgow, brought forward charges against the Forage Committee there of
having supplied very inferior stuff at exorbitant prices. I consider it very
unfair that such charges should be made at Aberdeen at this period, and not at
Glasgow while the show was going on, when I could have shown the Directoi s
the quality of the forage supplied. I may now state, that I have seen Mr
Young, Fiilford, the chairman of the Forage Committee, who is ready to declare
that the contractors acted in the most liberal way, and that not one atom of bad
forage of any kind was supplied. I have also a letter from a well-known exhibitor
from Dumbartonshire, who says with reference to the charges made at Aber-
deen : — "I -was surprised to see that the Aberdonians were complaining of the
forage at the Glasgow Show. I found whatever I bought as good and as reason-
able as I could have got in any retail shop in the city. I had almost a mind to
write to the newspapers a letter to that effect." Colonel Gordon of Fyvie lias
been named convener for the committee in charge of the ball ; and Major Innes
of Learney for the public banquet. In regard to the last matter, I may men-

84: PROCEEDINGS ATGENEEAL MEETINGS.

tion that a very large committee lias been appointed to consider the whole sub-
ject. This committee has power to appoint a secretary, and will hold its first
meeting at Aberdeen on Friday next. Particulars as to the price of the ticket and
place of meeting will afterwards be made known by advertisement. Two attend-
ing members on each set of judges were suggested at the recent meeting at Aber-
deen, and having to-day received the formal authority of the Directors, I shall
immediately acquaint the gentlemen referred to that their nomination has been
confirmed. Tickets for admission to the yard have been sent to all members
resident in the district ; and I have particularly to remind members residing in
other localities who may intend being present that they must make application at
the Society's office in Edinburgh for tickets not later than Saturday the 18th July.
The Society is receiving, as formerly, great aid from Messrs John & Robert Ligert-
wood, the local secretaries at Aberdeen. I do not think that I need trouble
the meeting with further details. The days and hours of admission have been
already for some time published ; and the usual programme will in due time be
advertised.

Agricultural Education. — Professor Balfour reported that at a meeting ot
the Council on Education, held on the 18th March, the Society's Diploma in
Agriculture had been conferred on Mr Thomas John Elliot, Wilton, Salisbury ;
and the certificate on Mr James Taylor, Allan Vale, Pitmuxton, Aberdeenshire.
He also stated that the prizes of L. 6 and L. 4, annually allowed by the Society to
the students in the Agricultural class in the Edinburgh University who pass the
best and second best examination, had this year been awarded to — 1st, G. R.
Glendinning, Mid-Lothian ; 2d, G. G. Bursby, Northumberland. The Professor
concluded by reporting that at the recent examinations by the Royal Agricultural
Society of England the principal prizes were gained by students in the class of
Agriculture in the Edinburgh University, and that every one of the Edinburgh
agricultural candidates took a first prize. There were twelve candidates, of whom
six obtained prizes ; and out of the six prize men four were Edinburgh men, three
of them having already obtained the diplomas of the Highland Society.

The Duke of Buccleuch said that the report was a very satisfactory one.

The report was approved of.

Veterinary College — Report of Examinations. — Mr Campbell Swinton,
of Kimmerghame, in the absence of Mr Gillon of Wallkouse, given in the follow-
ing report of examinations of the Veterinary College : — "The examination of the
students for the Society's Veterinary Diploma took place on the 15th and 16th
April, and were conducted by four separate boards. Thirty-two students pre-
sented themselves, and, after a careful and searching examination, the Society's
diploma or certificate was conferred on the following twenty-nine : — John White-
wright, Corstorphine ; Alexander Macray, Aberdeenshire ; Henry G. Robinson,
Greenock ; James Shearer, Ulbster ; James "Wilson, Kirkconnell ; John Grant,
Fyvie ; James Cairns, East Wemyss ; Michael Hartigan, Limerick ; James Dob-
byn, Waterford ; Jonathan Midgley, Yorkshire : Joseph L. Faulkner, Wetherby ;
George Lawson, Aberdeenshire ; George Paterson, Wooler ; George Aitken, Dal-
keith ; Charles B. Bostock, Broadbothan, Manchester ; James Clark, Hawick ;
William Temple, Chester-le-Street ; John Cameron, Kincardineshire ; Robert
Murdoch, Cupar Fife; James Taylor, Aberdeen; John B. M'Gregor, Crieff;
James A. Going, Mullenahone ; Frederick W. Going, Mullenahone ; Alexander
Gibson, Aberdeen ; George Fowler, Aberdeen ; Robert Kerr, Dairy, Ayr ; Darby
O'Gorman, Ballonaclogh ; Jonathan Bunnell, Liverpool ; John Shives, St Johns,
New Brunswick. Six silver medals were awarded by the Society for the best ex-
amination, as follows : — 1. Anatomy — Andrew Spreull, Milngavie ; 2. Chemistry
— Frederick W. Going, Mullenahone ; 3. Horse Pathology — Jonathan Bunnell,
Liverpool ; 4. Materia Medica — Joseph L. Faulkner, Wetherby ; 5. Physiology —
Andrew Spreull, Milngavie ; 6. Best General Examination — George Lawson,
Aberdeenshire."

The report was approved of.

Veterinary Charter for Scotland. — Mr Campbell Swinton said he had
to report upon another matter connected with veterinary science, in regard to
which he was sorry to say that they had hitherto met with Ul success — he referred
to the effort which had been made to obtain a charter for a General R,oyal Veter-
inary College in Scotland. The members were aware that, in conjunction with
the Lord Provost and Magistrates of Edinburgh, acting as trustees of the Dick

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 85

College, and also acting in conjunction with other public bodies in that city and
elsewhere, and with a large number of the veterinary surgeons in Scotland, they
had made an application to Government asking them to institute a Royal Veter-
inary College, not connected specially with Edinburgh, but to hold the same posi-
tion which the Veterinary College in England did, and to give diplomas, degrees,
and certificates to students attending any veterinary establishment where suitable
education was given. He was sorry to say that hitherto their efforts had not been
attended, with success. The last letter which had been received from the Board
of Trade on the subject, which was addressed to their London agent, was dated
15th May, and was as follows : —

"Council Office, May 15, 1868.

"Sir, — I am directed by the Lords of the Council to inform you that their
Lordships have had under their consideration the petition lodged by you at this
office on behalf of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, and of the
trustees of the late Professor Dick, praying for the grant of a charter of incorpora-
tion to the Royal Veterinary College of Scotland, and I am to state that their
Lordships, after mature deliberation, find themselves unable to recommend Her
Majesty to grant the charter prayed for. — I am, &c.

(Signed) ' ' Arthue Helps. "

John Graham, Esq., 3 Westminster Street.

That answer evidently proceeded on a misapprehension, because it refused a prayer
for a charter of incorporation to the Royal Veterinary College in Scotland, while
there was no such body in Scotland. They seemed to be confounding the College,
the establishment of which they asked for, with the school of veterinary medicine
which existed in Edinburgh. He hoped, therefore, they might still hold out some
expectation that when that mistake was properly explained their just demands in
that matter for Scotland would receive greater consideration from the authorities
in England than they had hitherto met with. Probably the Society would be
willing to remit the matter to the Directors, knowing as they did what zealous
friends they had in their noble President and in members of both Houses of Par-
liament, who were anxious still to take that matter up and press it on the atten-
tion of the Government.

The Duke of Buccleuch said that the letter which had just been read by Mr
Swinton showed that there must be some misapprehension of the object of the
Society in asking for this charter. No reason had been assigned for the refusal,
and he thought they had therefore a very good right to press the matter still
further, and ascertain really what was the objection to granting a charter to a
Veterinary College in Scotland. He knew, from what he heard last year, that
there was an excessive amount of jealousy in certain quarters against the estab-
lishment of a Veterinary College in Scotland. They had an idea that a Veterinary
College in England was the only one that ought to be supported, and that every
person must go to London to get his diploma. He would like to know how they
would have been if there had been no Royal College of Surgeons or Physicians in
Scotland. He was not one who felt at all inclined to yield to pressure of that
sort ; and when he went to London he would make it his duty to endeavour to
ascertain the grounds upon which this refusal was based, and, if possible, to pro-
cure the publication of any documents upon the subject, by moving for all the
correspondence which had taken place between the Board of Trade and that
Society, and all other public bodies upon the subject. He thought they should
still press it strongly upon the attention of the Board of Trade.

The matter was remitted to the Directors to take steps for bringing the matter
anew before the consideration of the Board of Trade.

Transactions. — Mr Irvine of Drum laid on the table No. III. of the Fourth
Series of the Transactions.

Premiums. — Mr Irvine of Drum then read the list of premiums awarded for
reports.

Chemical Department. — Dr Anderson reported that the laboratory work
had been very arduous during the last half-year. The number of analyses had
very materially exceeded that of any previous half-year, and the results which
had been obtained from them were in many respects extremely important to the
agriculturist. This year the number of inferior manures in the market was very
considerable, and these were very often sold under names to which they were not

86 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

entitled. In some instances, manure said to consist of dissolved bones was almost
entirely formed of coprolites and other mineral matters, and in many cases these
manures were sold at prices nearly double their intrinsic value. He had also had
occasion to examine a very large number of oil-cakes, and here adulteration was
carried on to an extraordinary extent. Although it was a mere guess on his part,
he would say that there were thousands of tons of oil-cake sold in Scotland during
the past six months mixed with bran, cotton-seed, and other substances. _ In
one case the adulteration went so far that he might almost say that the justifica-
tion for the name of "linseed cake " lay only in this, that a little of that material
had been put among the other substances. These adulterations were done so
artistically that they deceived the eye, and the article appeared to be the genuine
oil-cake, so that, unless care was taken, the adulterations might escape notice.
The whole of the field experiments had been arranged for this season. Certain of
the experiments of last year were to be repeated, while a series of other experiments
on a large scale had been commenced. The manures were to be of the kinds most
commonly used, such as farm-yard manure, Peruvian guano, and so forth. He
thought that the result of these experiments would be of great importance to the
farmer.

Mr Harvey, "VVhittinghani Mains, said he still thought, as he thought a few
years ago, that there should be a chemical department in Edinburgh. Glasgow
was renowned for commerce, but not for agriculture. The eastern part of Scot-
land had by far a greater interest in agriculture than the west ; and he thought
that the present arrangement was very inconvenient for the farmers in this dis-
trict. With regard to the adulterations mentioned by Dr Anderson, he wished to
know whether something could not be done to check such a system, by advertis-
ing the firms who sold adulterated material. He knew there was a difficulty in
regard to pouncing upon firms selling adulterated manure, but it was a system
by which the farmers suffered very greatly, and it ought to be inquired into. He
thought that the chemical department of the Society was not in that satisfactory
position that the farmers of Scotland were entitled to expect. He was of opinion
that they ought to have a model farm connected with the Society, as there was
nothing like seeing practical work. He had no great faith in farmers carrying
out these experiments, as they were often transferred to a substitute. He would
mention a case in point. Two most re spectable farmers in the county of Rox-
urgh on a recent occasion undertook the experiments, and what was the result ?
A drain had burst in both experiments, and no practical result was arrived at. A
model farm, in his opinion, came nearer the mark, as in that case a person would
be appointed of undoubted integrity to see that every pound and ounce of the
produce raised would be weighed thoroughly out, and a greater power and a
greater force would be connected with these experiments. He was aware that
there was some difficulty with an experimental farm — it would cost money — at
the same time, to gain the confidence of the farmers of Scotland perhaps it would
be the best plan that could be devised.

Dr Anderson said that it was true, as Mr Harvey had stated, that the greater
part of the analyses came from the eastern districts of Scotland. He very much
feared that in some parts of the west agriculture was not so much advanced as to
induce the farmers to take advantage of what the railways could do. The best
mode of putting a stop to adulteration was a question of very great difficulty. He
feared that it would be rather a dangerous proceeding to venture upon advertising
the names of adulterating dealers ; at least, if such a thing were done, he certainly
hoped the Society would take any responsibility in the matter off his shoulders.
As far as model farms were concerned, there was no doubt that a great deal of
important information could be got from such farms if they could be got up. The
difficulty in that matter was chiefly a pecuniary one. A model farm could not
be carried on at a profit ; it had been invariably found that such a farm must be
carried on at a loss, and the whole question would be how to obtain the pecuniary
means to carry on such a farm, which would certainly not be small, when it was
taken into account that the researches of Mr Lawes cost him L.2000 a-year.
These were experiments, no doubt, on an extensive scale ; but that gave some
idea of the cost of these experiments, and Mr Lawes certainly carried on his
experiments in a very economical manner.

Mr Milne Home said that, in regard to the suggestion of a model farm, that
matter was brought before the Directors at one time by the late Mr Finnie of

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 87

Swanston, and a part of Linlithgowshire was suggested as a place where a model
farm could be obtained. At that time Professor Low was in the Chair of Agricul-
ture, and gave his assistance to the Directors in considering the matter ; and the
result of the deliberations of the Directors was, that a very large sum would be
required to pay the rent and expenses of a model farm, because it would be con-
ducted upon principles totally different from those upon which ordinary farms
weir carried on, and because, while farmers only grew those crops which had been
ascertained to yield a profit, the object of a model farm would be to try unknown
experiments, which, in nine cases out of ten, would result in failure and a large
expenditure. Unless, therefore, the Society was prepared to set apart a consider-
able sum, the idea of starting a model farm was Utopian ; but he did not see why
the well-managed farms in East Lothian might not afford the same facilities for
field experiments which a model farm could afford. If some of those gentlemen
so intelligent in agriculture were to allow a small portion of their land to be used
for well-conducted experiments, the same results might be secured as by a model
farm at far less expense. Considering the great importance of agriculture in the
east of Scotland, he thought there ought to be some establishment connected
with chemistry in Edinburgh as well as in Glasgow, and perhaps Professor Ander-
son and the Directors might be able to make some arrangements to meet the views
of Mr Harvey in that matter. Considering the importance of East Lothian, he
thought there ought to be some chemical establishment nearer them than in
Glasgow.

Dr ANDERSON said that Mr Milne-Home's suggestion in regard to certain
farmers setting aside part of their land and making experiments was being carried
on. The field experiments were being carried on by some of the most distin-
guished agriculturists, and they were carried on on a very admirable footing.
The gentlemen have been selected as those experienced in such matters. With
regard to Mr Harvey's remarks as to the chemical department, he (Dr Anderson)
made a proposal at the time he went to Glasgow that a certain part of the work of
the Highland Society should be done in Edinburgh, but the Directors thought it
was entirely unnecessary, and that the work would be better consolidated in one
place.

The Chairman said he had no doubt that the remarks made on this subject
would be considered by the Directors, in case it might be thought necessary to make
arrangements to meet the wishes of persons in this part of the country. As to
the proposal to have a model farm, his idea was that, for such a thing to be of
real utility, they would require not oue model farm, but half-a-dozen. He thought
that the experiments were not so necessary on fine, rich, deep loam and soil, but
they ought rather to be made on clay and cold lands, and where there was a bad
climate. It was on farms situated on such districts that, in his opinion, they
required to make the experiments. It was not always the best land that was the
best to make experiments upon. He saw the peculiar difficulties of having a model
farm. After one was erected, there might be a proposal to establish others in
different parts of the country, which would cause great expense to the Society.
Most of the proprietors of Scotland had got farms of their own which they did not
always find to be very profitable, and he would suggest that it would only be a
little additional loss if they were to make a few such experiments as were desired.

Mr Harvey said his idea was that they should have a model farm in a central
part of the country. He did not like the experiments of farmers themselves, as
they were often very carelessly conducted. They had spent a great deal of money
on the chemical department, and he did not think it had been worth ten straws
to them. With a model farm they would have ocular demonstration of what
might be accomplished. Mr Harvey further stated that he never for a moment
thought of proposing that a model farm should be established about Dunbar, or
within three or four miles of Edinburgh, where abundance of manure could be
supplied, but in a central district of Scotland — perhaps in some district between
the eastern and western oceans, and land not naturally in a high condition, where
all manure supplied shows itself more minutely ; then there would be something
like data to work upon. These were his opinions, and he was fortified in them
by present and ex-Directors of the Society.

The subject then dropped ; and a vote of thanks having been given to the Duke
of Buccleuch for presiding, the meeting separated.

SS PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

GENERAL MEETING, 20th JANUARY 1869.

His Grace the Dtjke of Bttccleuch and Queensberry, K.G., President of

the Society, in the Chair.

Election of Office-Bearees.

The Duke of Buccletjch said — The first business is to call upon the Secretary
to read the list of office-bearers whom the Directors recommend to the Society to
be elected. Great trouble and anxiety have been taken in the selection of the
gentlemen whose names are in the list, and I trust it will be such as to meet with
the approval of the Society.

Mr F. N. Menzies then read the list of office-bearers proposed to be elected, as
follows : —

President — Most Noble the Marquis of Tweeddale, K.T.

Vice-Presidents — Right Hon. Earl of Southesk ; Right Hon. the Earl of Kin-
tore ; Right Hon. the Earl of Dalkeith ; Right Hon. R. C. Nisbet Hamilton.

Extraordinary Directors — Sir James Horn Burnett, Bart. ; Sir Alexander
Bannerman, Bart. ; John Gordon of Cluny ; Lieutenant-Colonel William M'Inroy
of The Burn ; Alexander Morison of Bognie ; Sir William Baillie, Bart. ; Sir
Alexander C. R. Gibson-Maitland, Bart., M.P. ; Robert Dundas of Arniston;
Peter M 'Lagan of Pumpherston, M.P. ; John Stirling of Kippendavie.

Ordinary Directors — Archibald Campbell Swinton of Kimmerghame ; William
Stuart Walker of Bowland ; Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn, Bart. ; William
Wallace Hozier, yr. of Mauldslie ; Colonel William Mure of Caldwell ; Thomas
Park, Stoneyhill ; Walter Reid, Drem ; Graham Somerville of Sorn ; Graham
Binny, W.S., Edinburgh ; Colonel Archibald Campbell of Blythswood ; Colonel
Joseph Dundas of Carronhall ; Robert Elliot, Laighwood ; James Geddes, Orbliston ;
John Ord of Muirhouselaw ; Major John Ramsay of Barra ; Robert Russell, Pil-
muir ; Sir James Gardiner Baird, Bart. ; Hew Crichton, S.S.C., Edinburgh ;
Charles Lawson of Borthwick Hall ; Alexander M'Dougal, Gran ton Mains ; Thomas
Mylne, Niddry Mains ; Thomas Coutts Trotter, Bilston Lodge ; John Wilson,
Edington Mains ; Sir George Warrender of Lochend, Bart. ; Robert Binnie, Seton
Mains ; John Dickson, Saughton Mains ; Thomas A. Hog of Newliston ; James
E. Newton, Linnbank House ; John Wilson, Professor of Agriculture, University
of Edinburgh ; Alexander Young, Keir Mains.

Office-Bearers—Tke Right Hon. Sir William Gibson-Craig of Riccarton, Bart.,
treasurer ; Sir William Stirling- Maxwell of Keir, Bart., Honorary Secretary ; Fletcher
Norton Menzies, Secretary ; Rev. James Grant, D.C.L., D.D., Chaplain ; Thomas
Anderson, M.D., Professor of Chemistry in the University of Glasgow, Chemist ;
Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A., Auditor; John Wilson, Professor of Agriculture,
University of Edinburgh, Professor of Agriculture ; W. J. Macquorn Rankine,
LL.D., Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Glasgow, Consulting En-
gineer ; Alexander Slight, Practical Engineer ; Gourlay Steell, R.S.A., Animal
Portrait Painter ; William Williams, Professor of Veterinary Surgery ; Thomas
Duncan, Clerk ; John MacDiarmid, Junior Clerk ; William Blackwood & Sons,
Publishers ; Neill & Company, Printers ; Mackay, Cunningham, & Company,
Silversmiths : Alexander Kirkwood & Son, Medalists ; John Watherston & Sons,
Inspectors of Works ; John M 'Neill, Messenger.

ClwArmcn of Standing Committees — Argyll Naval Fund — Admiral Sir William
J. Hope Johnstone, K.C.B. Cliemistry — Professor Anderson. Cottages — Harry
Maxwell Inglis of Logan Bank. District Shoivs — A. Campbell Swinton of Kim-
merghame. Finance — Anthony Murray of Dollerie. General Shows — Alexander
Kinloch, yr. of Gilmerton. House and Buildings — John Ord Mackenzie of Dol-
phinton. Machinery. — John Gibson, Woolmet. Premiums for Reports on tlie
Science and Practice of Agriculture — Patrick Dudgeon of Cargen. Premiums for
lie-ports on Woods and Plantations — Professor Balfour. Publications — Alexander
Forbes Irvine of Drum. Veterinary Department — Andrew Gillon of Wallhouse.

The Duke of Buccleuch then said — I have now to propose that those gentle-
men whose names have been read to you be the office-bearers of the Society. I
have particular pleasure in recommending to your notice specially the nobleman
who is proposed to succeed me in the office of President of the Society. He is one
of the oldest members of this Society — one who has taken the deepest interest in

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 89

it — one who, not only from his theoretical bat practical knowledge of all those sub-
jects with which this Society is most connected, will bring great weight to bear in
the Society ; and he will be not only an ornament, but a great benefit to the
Society, if you will be pleased to elect him. There is no one better known in this
district, and generally in Scotland, both as a landlord and as a real practical
agriculturist, than Lord Tweeddale. It is a great satisfaction to myself that I
have now the honour of proposing him to you. I have long been anxious to see
him holding the highest office in the Society ; and that wish will now be
gratified if you elect him, and in doing that honour to him, you will be con-
ferring a great honour on the Society. I now propose to the meeting that the
Marquis of Tweeddale be elected President of the Society for the ensuing year.
I have also to propose that those gentlemen whose names have been read to
you be elected Vice-Presidents, Ordinary Directors, and Extraordinary Direc-
tors, in lieu of those who have gone out. I may state in regard to one of those
gentlemen, who does not go out by rotation — Mr Forbes Irvine of Drum — that he
has voluntarily resigned the office he holds as an Extraordinary Director, to relieve
the Directors of any feeling of difficulty in arranging the list that is now submitted
to you. 1 may also intimate that Professor Lyon Playfair, M.P., has resigned the
office of Chairman of the Standing Committee on Premiums for Essays and Reports,
and that the Directors propose that Mr Dudgeon of Cargen should be appointed
chairman in room of Professor Lyon Playfair. Is it the pleasure of the meeting to
agree to these nominations ? (Applause). I have now the honour to move that
the Marquis of Tweeddale take the chair.

The Duke of Buccleuch then retired from the chair, which was taken amidst
applause by the Marquis of Tweeddale.

The Marquis of Tweeddale — I cannot express to you how sensible' I am of
the honour that has been conferred upon me in being elected President of the
Highland Society of Scotland. I feel very much indebted to the noble Duke for
the kind manner in which he has introduced my name to this meeting. Although
my noble friend has resigned the high position which he held in this Society, I
trust that he will yet give us his advice on the further development of the land
in Scotland — which he is so well able to do from his long and practical experience
in the successful management of very large estates. I beg to assure the members
of the Highland Society that I shall have the greatest pleasure in placing all the
experience and knowledge which I have obtained in agricultural matters in
the course of a long life at their service. I feel sure that you will not expect me
to make a long speech before you have had some proof that I am doing what I
promise to you. Accept my thanks for the honour you have done me.

Vote of Thanks to the Duke of Bxjccleuch. — Sir W. Gibson-Craig — I
have been requested to move what T cannot doubt will be most acceptable to the
Society — a vote of thanks to his Grace the Duke of Buccleuch for the services he
has rendered to the Society while he has been President. The Duke is so well
known that I am quite sure I need not dilate to this Society either upon the
qualifications or the merits of the noble Duke. I believe that there is no man in
the kingdom, with the exception of our present Chairman, who has done so much
for the agriculture of Scotland as the Duke of Buccleuch has done ; and in one
respect I may say that the Duke holds a place superior to the noble Marquis, and,
I believe, to any one in the country ; because I believe that no estate has been so
thoroughly improved as that of the Duke of Buccleuch, and certainly there is no
estate in which such enormous sums have been spent for the improvement of
agriculture. With regard to the noble Duke's conduct since he has been Chair-
man of this Society, I have only to remind you of the extreme judgment, good
sense, discretion, and kindness with which he has conducted himself upon every
occasion, and to every member of the Society, whether in public or in private.
And while we deeply regret the loss of the Duke as our President, we are also
indebted to him for the honourable and [considerate manner in which he has
resigned the situation which he has held, in order that another noble Lord might
for the first time occupy the position of President of the Society. We recognise
in the Marquis of Tweeddale also one of the great benefactors of Scotch agricul-
ture. I therefore, without further preface, beg to move the following resolution : —

" That the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G., having now retiredfrom
the office of President, the best thanks of the Society are eminently due to His
Grace for the zeal exhibited by him in promoting its welfare and efficiency.

90 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

That the special thanks of the Society are also due to His Grace for having
accepted office for a second period when a change in the secretaryship was to
take place, and when his knowledge of the constitution and regulations of the
Society, and his ability and capacity for business, enabled him to render it
great service."

Sir William Stirling-Maxwell seconded the motion. He said — The Duke
of Buccleuch is so accustomed to give his services to the Highland Society as a
matter of right at any time when they are asked, that we are apt not to be so
deeply sensible of the obligation under which Ave lie to him as we ought to be ;
but I am sure that if there be any shade of regret at seeing our newly elected
President in that chair, it is that we lose the services of the Duke of Buccleuch.
If, on the other hand, there is anything to console us for the loss of the services
of the Duke of Buccleuch, it is that we have now the power of conferring upon
the noble lord who now sits on that chair the greatest honour we can bestow, and
to place in our chair one of the most eminent agriculturists of Scotland.

The Duke of Buccleuch — My Lord Tweeddale and gentlemen, I must rise at
ouce to return thanks for the vote which you have accorded to me for my past con-
duct as President of this Society. If I have been successful in niy endeavours to
do my duty in that position, your appreciation of that success is the best reward
that I can receive. I may say, with regard to what fell from my right honourable
friends in regard to myself, and also my noble friend the President, that, if I have
been successful in what I have endeavoured to do with regard to the management
of my estates, I cannot take very great credit to myself ; for, after all, I have only
done the duty which devolved upon me. It is a duty, however, in which I have
always taken the very greatest interest, and instead of being irksome in any way,
it has been always a labour of love to me. "Where a person is interested in an
object, he feels no fatigue in discharging any duty connected with the promotion
of that object. I was perfectly astonished, and I felt a great amount of gratifica-
tion when it was proposed to me a second time to hold the office of President of
this Society — an honour which I believe was never conferred upon any one before.
But when I was told that my acceptance of the office would be a benefit to the
Society I felt that I was bound to undertake the duties of the office. Whatever
assistance I can give to my noble friend the President, or to any of the officers of
this Society, or to the Society itself, I shall be as ready to give now when out of
office as I was formerly when in office — and in any way that you can command my
services I shall always be ready to give them as far as it is in my power. I may
state that I am not a little satisfied with some results that have occurred to the
Society during the time that I have had the honour to hold the office of President.
During these three years, 313 new members have been added to the Society, and
there has been an addition of L.4862 made to the vested capital of the Society.
The arrears of annual subscriptions, too, which used formerly to be a source of
annoyance, have decreased from L.321 to L.84 at the close of last year. The
Transactions of the Society have been issued to members on application, and
three numbers have been issued. During these three years there have been
two General Shows. In 1866, it was intended that a show should have been
held in Glasgow ; but on account of the grievous plague amongst cattle, it was
delayed till 1867, when I was unfortunately prevented by my Parliamentary
duties from being present. Last year, there was as good a show as was ever
held — at all events in the northern counties — in Aberdeen. That show was most
successful ; and, judging from the applications made to the Society from other
places, I have not the slightest doubt that the same success will attend the
future shows of the Society as have attended those that are past. His Grace con-
cluded by again returning thanks for the honour that had been paid to him.

New Members. — Seventy -five noblemen and gentlemen were balloted for in the
manner prescribed by the charter and bye-law, and admitted as members.

The Society's Accounts. — Sir William Gibson-Craig, laid on the table the
accounts of the Society for 1867-68, which have already been published.

Mr Lyall, Old Montrose, said'he observed in the accounts a sum of L. 500 stand-
ing on deposit receipt waiting for investment. He wished to know whether it was
the (intention of the Directors to invest the L.500 between this and the next
general meeting.

Sir William Gibson-Craig. — What is your object in putting that question ?

Mr Lyall. — My object, Sir William, was to see whether the Society was com-

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 01

plying with the rules of the charter. As I read the rule, the Directors shall only
invest money suhject to the approval of a general meeting.

Mr Murray of Dollerie said that the sum of L.500 was still in hand, and that
it was the intention of the Directors to invest the money so soon as they found a
suitable investment, which would he submitted to the next general meeting.

Mr Lyall said he observed from the accounts that there had been a sum of
L. 2479, ICs. invested, and he had not heard that there had been any approval
asked at this meeting.

Sir William Gibson-Craig said that the usual course had been followed in this
ease. It was stated in the accounts that the sum had been invested, and it had
been presented to the meeting for approval.

The subject then dropped, and the accounts were agreed to.

Argyll Naval Fund. — Admiral Sir William Hope Johnstone gave in the
accounts of the Argyll Naval Fund, which were approved.

The Aberdeen Show, 1868. — Mr Kinloch, yr. of Gilmerton, said that he had
to state, for the information of the meeting, that the last general show of the Society,
held at Aberdeen in August last, was a successful one, although it would cost
them something like L.450. He was much pleased to hear the opinion of the
noble Duke, the late President, about it. The exhibition of stock in those classes
in which His Grace took part was acknowledged to be first-rate. He regretted
that he could not say that the exhibition in all the other classes was equally
successful. For instance, the exhibition of thoroughbred horses was a complete
and wretched failure. The exhibition of this class of stock at Kelso was bad
enough, but at Aberdeen it was ten times worse. He hoped that hereafter the
Directors would not allow local pressure to cause them to offer prizes for stock
which they themselves did not approve of. The exhibition of Clydesdale horses
and Ayrshire cattle was not such as they were accustomed to see at the shows of
the Society ; but there were special reasons for that in the refusal of the railway
companies to make certain concessions in their regulations for the conveyance of
stock. He then alluded to the opposition show held in Glasgow by those gentle-
men who did not send their stock, owing to the failure to make a suitable arrange-
ment with the railway companies. These gentlemen would have met with the
sympathy of the members of the Society ; but what did they do ? At the last
moment they organised an opposition show in Glasgow, to be held on the same
day as the Society's show. He could only wish that these exhibitors had heard
the remarks that were made in the show-yard at Aberdeen in regard to their con-
duct. When they read in the newspapers of the following clay that the " show on
Tuesday in Glasgow was the most successful of the kind that had been held," they
knew that the animals so exhibited were the animals that should have been stand-
ing in the empty stalls at Aberdeen. He supposed, however, that bygones must
be bygones. He was glad to state that, owing to the kind services of Mr Stirling
of Kippendavie, he had good hopes that the railway companies would make some
concessions previous to the Edinburgh Show. He trusted they would be able to
announce that horses and bulls would be carried free on their return journey in
horse-boxes, and also that all stock might be conveyed to and from the show in
special cattle trains. That, he knew, did not fully meet the demands of the
requisitionists in the south-western districts ; but he hoped they would give the
Directors credit for having gone carefully into the matter. He might say that it
was the unanimous opinion of the Directors that it would be unreasonable to ask
anything more of the railway companies. In connection with the Show at Aber-
deen, he felt bound, on the part of the Directors, to apologise to those gentlemen
who were kind enough to act as their judges for the entertainment that was given
them. The entertainment was not such as the Society had a right to expect in
what was considered to be a first-class hotel. He complained of the public dinner,
and said that they could have got in any small market town, at a 3s. 6d. ordinary,
such a dinner as was served to them at the contract price of half-a-guinea a-head.
The fact was that he and Mr Menzies had so much to do in the show-yard that
they could not look after that matter properly, and he hoped that the Directors
would arrange that the duty should be discharged by others who would be able to
give attention to it, and see that their guests were properly attended to. He
begged now to move as follows : —

"1. That the best thanks of the Society be given to Alexander Nicol, Esq.,
Lord Provost, and to the Magistrates of the city of Aberdeen, for their cordial

92 PEOCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

co-peration in the arrangements connected with the late show of live-stock
and implements at Aberdeen, for the liberal contribution voted by them in
aid of the premium fund, and also for the use of the Links for the purposes
of the showyard.
' ' 2. That the grateful acknowledgments of the Society are due to his Grace the
Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K. G. , for the warm interest displayed
by his Grace on the 'occasion ot the General Show at Aberdeen, and for the
manner in which he, as President, discharged the duties of Chairman at the
public banquet.
" 3. That the thanks of the Society be tendered to the Eight Hon. the Earl of
Dalhousie, K.T., senior Vice-President of the Society, for his presence and
services at the late General Show at Aberdeen, and for his kindness in acting
as Vice-Chairman at the public banquet.
" 4. That the thanks of the Society are due to the Commissioners of Supply for
the counties of Aberdeen, Banff, Kincardine, and Forfar, for the liberal aid
afforded by them on the occasion of the Aberdeen Show.
"5. That the thanks of the Society are due to Alexander Forbes Irvine, Esq.,
of Drum, Chairman, and to the noblemen and gentlemen of the Looal Com-
mittee, for their zealous and valuable services to promote the success of the
meeting at Aberdeen.
' ' 6. That the thanks of the Society be given to Sir William Forbes of Craigievar,
Bart. , for the great personal attention paid by him to his duties as Convener
of the Gate Committee at the Aberdeen Show."
The resolutions were unanimously agreed to.

The Edinburgh Show in 1869. — Mr Kinloch, yr. of Gilmerton, stated that
that the arrangements for the General Show at Edinburgh this year were in a
satisfactory state of advancement. The Premium-list and Eegulations were on the
table for approval, and the prizes offered amounted to nearly L.1500, irrespective
of the value of the medals which might be awarded for extra stock and for the
first-prize animals at former shows. The Lord Provost and the Magistrates and
Council had consented to allow the Show to be held in the West Meadow Park,
the Society agreeing to relieve the city of all loss of rent or otherwise which may
be sustained, restoring the ground to a proper state for grazing after the Show,
and fencing the trees in such a way as to prevent their being injured. In 1859,
the city of Edinburgh contributed L.100 towards the general expenses of the Show
that 3'ear, and it was expected that the authorities would not be less liberal on the
present occasion. The counties connected with the Show — Edinburgh, Hadding-
ton, and Linlithgow — had all agreed to a voluntary assessment according to rental.
He had only to add further, that the Directors had thought it expedient to fix the
days of the Show for Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, instead of Tuesday,
Wednesday, and Thursday. The Show would accordingly take place on the 28th,
29th, and 30th of July.

The Secretary intimated that the Directors had named Mr Dun das of Arniston
as Convener of the Committee for the Edinburgh Show.

The Duke of Bucclettch moved a vote of thanks to the Lord Provost, Magis-
trates, and Council of Edinburgh for giving the use of the Meadows for the Show.
He did not suppose that there could have been found anywhere a better site for
such a purpose.

Mr John Clapperton said he understood that the inhabitants of the South
Side had a decided objection to the Show being held in the Meadows. He be-
lieved that the citizens of Edinburgh would meet the Magistrates on the subject,
and probably it would not be right in them to be confident that they would get
the Meadows. He thought it would be unmanly in him not to sound that note
of warning.

Mr Duncan M'Laren, M.P., said that though he was no party to raising any
difficulties in this matter, he knew a good deal about the merits of the subject,
and he would have the Directors to consider that legal difficulties might prevent
the possibility of their having a Show in the Meadows. He had something to do
in getting the Act of Parliament passed for having a public park in Edinburgh, to
be supported by local rate. The Town Council were then, in 1844, the absolute
owners of the Meadows ; but at that time, in virtue of the Act of Parliament to
which he had referred, the Meadows were leased as a public park to the Commis-
sioners of Police, who were authorised to levy a local rate for maintaining that

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 93

park. They had levied that local rate for the last fourteen years, and had spent
many thousand pounds upon the park; and his helief was that if any rate-payer
thought it worth his while to try the question, any single ratepayer would defy
both the Highland Society and the Town Council, and prevent the Cattle Show
being held in the Meadows. The very idea of a Cattle Show was that there should
be an enclosed park, from which the public should be excluded. He gave this
information simply as a matter of courtesy and good feeling, having nothing to
do, and intending to have nothing to do, with any meeting that had been or might
be held upon this subject.

Sir William Gibson-Craig said that the only interest which the Highland
Society had in this matter was, that they should be informed as soon as possible
whether they were to have the Meadows or not for their Show. The power of
granting the park lay with the Magistrates and Council, and they could not say
anything upon that question. He might remark, however, that there was some
idea that having the Show in a park tended to improve the grass.

Mr Handyside said that he had the honour of being a Magistrate and a mem-
ber of the Town Council when it was resolved to grant the Meadows for the Show.
The}r had no difficulty in granting the park ; but lie must say that the legal
objection referred to by Mr M'Laren was not mooted. He did not suppose that
any Town Councillor dreamt of it. He hardly thought that any inhabitant of
Edinburgh would put himself in what he considered would be the very false posi-
tion of offering any opposition to the Show being held in the Meadows.
He thought it would be doing great injustice to Edinburgh as a city, and
to the decision of the Magistrates when they made this grant, if any one acted
in that manner. He never heard that there was any feeling of opposition until
he heard of Mr Clapperton's remarks. He could see no good ground for complain-
ing of the Show being held in a public park, and he sincerely trusted for the
honour of the city that there would be no opposition.

Professor Macqxjorn Rankine said that perhaps it might be worth while to
state that the last two shows, held in Glasgow and Aberdeen, were both held in
public parks.

The resolution thanking the Magistrates and Council for the use of the Meadows
was unanimously adopted.

The Dumfries Show in 1870. — Mr Kixloch reported, in reference to the
Show in 1870, that a requisition had been received from the district of Dumfries —
consisting of Dumfriesshire, the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, and Wigtownshire —
asking the Directors to hold the show at Dumfries. That request had been
favourably entertained, and he had been instructed to submit the following resolu-
tion for the approval of this meeting: — "That this meeting approve of the
General Show of the Society being held at Dumfries in 1870, and authorise the
Directors to make the necessary arrangements."

The resolution was adopted.

District Shows.— Mr Campbell Swinton of Kimmerghame, reported that
during the past year local shows of stock for premiums given by the Society had
taken place in fourteen districts, irrespective of the intermediate competitions
held for premiums given by district associations, and that a sum of about L.250
had been awarded, besides a number of medals for the same classes of stock.
There had also been awarded two medium gold medals for cheese exhibited at the
Kilmarnock Show in October last ; one hundred and twenty-three silver medals at
fifty-four different exhibitions for the best male and best female animals, best fat
stock, best managed farms, green crops, best managed dairy and daily produce,
best collection of seeds and roots, &c. ; one hundred and sixty-seven medals to the
winners of the first prizes at as many ploughing matches ; and twenty-one medals,
besides sums of money, for the best-kept cottages and cottage gardens in twelve
districts. Mr Swinton then stated that the Directors had been for some time
engaged in adjusting the lists for 1869, and that it had been arranged, with the
approval of the General Meeting, to give the following grants: — Ten districts for
cattle at L.25, and a silver medal each ; two for stallions, at L.25 each ; two for
entire colts, at L.10 each ; six for sheep, at L.19, and a silver medal each ; one
for swine, at L. 10, and a silver medal ; two for dairy produce, at L.10, and two
silver medals each ; four gold and eight silver medals for dairy produce, to be
competed for at Kilmarnock Show in October next ; the usual number of medium
silver medals to the various districts which have applied for grants, as well as

94 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

silver medals at the intermediate show of stock ; and plough medals on the former
conditions, as well as the cottage premiums. In regard to the latter, he stated that
the Directors had opened a door so as to admit crofters paying L. 15 of rent and
under to compete for a medal, on condition that individual proprietors or local
associations give L. 2 in prizes for each medal claimed. He concluded by report-
ing that it had been resolved upon by the Directors to propose to the General
Meeting to vote the sum of L.50forthe year 1869 to the Edinburgh Christmas
Club, as being the Metropolitan Fat Stock Show of Scotland.

Mr Pagan, Innergeldie, proposed that the grant to the Edinburgh Christmas
Club should be increased from L. 50 to L. 100. He thought that L.50 was too
a small pittance to be given by a great Society like this.

Mr Campbell Savinton said that this matter met with the most attentive and
careful consideration on the part of the Directors, and he hoped that the resolution
at which they had arrived would be adopted.
The report was unanimously adopted.

Chair of Agriculture. — Mr Lawson of Borthwick Hall, reported that the
arrangement agreed to by the General Meeting in January last, in regard to the
endowment of the Chair of Agriculture in the Edinburgh University, had been
fully carried out. He stated that the agreement was that the sum of L.150 per
annum should be given by the Society for ten years, on condition that Govern-
ment gave an ecpial or a greater sum ; and that it had been reported at the half-
yearly meeting of the Society in June last, that the Lords Commissioners of the
Treasury had agreed to include L.150 in the estimates. The vote had since
passed, and the first half-year's allowance had now been paid both by Government
and by the Society.

The report was approved of.

Veterinary Department.- — Mr Gillon of Wallhouse, Convener of the Vete-
rinary Committee, reported that up the present time the attempts to get an in-
dependent royal charter for a Veterinary College had failed ; but they did not
mean to give up the contest. It would be renewed on the first oppor-
tunity. They must have a royal charter for Scotland, and the sooner they could
get it the better. Mr Gillon proceeded to report that the Society continued to
take a lively interest in all that concerned the welfare of the Veterinary College.
On 2d November last he attended the opening of the College, and listened with
pleasure to a most excellent address, delivered by Dr Dalzell to the students. He
was happy to notice the very numerous attendance, and he could not help remark-
ing that they were a very superior class of young men. The College was now in
a very prosperous condition, and he thought it would continue to be so under the
able direction of Principal Williams and those who laboured with him.

Chemical Department. — Professor Anderson reported the proceedings con-
nected with the Chemical Department. In the course of his remarks, he said that
he had arranged for the experiments for the present season, which were likely to
be of a very important kind. They were but on a small scale, but such as would
go over the whole rotation. He had been afraid that, owing to the drought, the
experiments would have been a failure, but he was glad that they had turned out
well up to this time. In .regard to the work of the laboratory, he believed that
the number of analyses had exceeded that of any previous year. He had been
successful in detecting some important cases of adulteration, so that farmers had
been able to recover from the sellers a considerable sum of money.

Mr Harvey, "Whittingham Mains, said he thought that this subject was con-
nected with the most important department of the Highland Society. It was all
the more important, particularly in a year like this when roots had been so very
meagre. He had been reading Dr Voelcker's account of the Chemical Department
of the English Society, in which that gentleman said that the extent of adultera-
tion had this year been altogether beyond precedent. An instance was given of pigs
killed through having been fed on cakes containing such poisonous stuff as castor-oil
beans, and the still more poisonous curcus-bean. In more than one case bearing
the press stamp " pure," the cake had been adulterated to a very great extent.
He thought that the Chemical Department of the Highland Society might be
made still more useful by perhaps appointing a committee to take steps to stop,
as far as was in their power, that abominable system of adulteration. They, as
agriculturists, knew what was good land and what was very bad; but few of them
knew what their animals fed upon, or what fertilisers to put into the land. He

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 95

wished to bring the matter under the attention of the Directors, so that they
might take it into consideration ; and also that possibly it might be connected
with the Chair of Agriculture, so that the young fanners might be able to analyse
these things for themselves. He made this proposal in sincerity for the use of his
brother farmers, well knowing the very large sum that was annually paid for
special manures and feeding stuff.

Professor Anderson said he would be glad to join in any additional precau-
tions so as to enable the Society better to detect adulteration; but he thought that
if the Society took a more active part in the matter, it would be attended with
difficulties. It was at one time proposed that the Society should publish the
names of the adulterators ; but he was afraid that in many cases it would be an
unsafe and unadvisable course for the Society. He did not say that the question
of adulteration was in so satisfactory a state as they could wish it to be ; but he
thought that there was less adulteration than there was some years ago. He was
quite sure that the number of inferior manures in the market was smaller than
formerly.

The CHAIRMAN said he was very glad to hear his friend Mr Harvey bring that
subject before the meeting. It was, in his opinion, one of the most interesting
subjects that could be brought before a farmer, and he believed it was one of the
subjects that was least understood in farming. Without entering further into the
subject at present, he would direct attention to a work written by Baron Liebig
on the subject, and to another published by his friend Mr Stephens and Dr Sellar.
He recommended these books for further consideration, particularly to young
aspirants looking to be farmers in the future.

The report was approved of.

Premiums for Reports on the Science and Practice of Agriculture. —
Professor Balfour reported the premiums awarded for reports since the General
Meeting in June, and stated the premiums to be offered in 1869.

The report was approved of.

Premiums for Reports on Woods and Plantations. — Dr Balfour an-
nounced the premiums awarded for reports lodged in competition under this
department, as well as the subjects proposed for the current year.

The report was approved.

Transactions for February 1869. — Mr Irvine of Drum, reported that the
next No. of the Transactions, viz., No. 4 of the Fourth Series, would he pub-
lished in February, and mentioned the reports it would embrace.

The report was approved of.

On the motion of Mr Walker of Bowland, a vote of thanks was given to the
Chairman, which terminated the proceedings.

PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 5th FEBRUARY 1S68.
Mr Campbell Swinton of Kimmergliame in the Chair.

Glasgow Show 1867. — A letter was read from the Lord Provost of Glasgow,
returning his thanks for the terms in which is services were noticed at the General
Meeting in January 1868.

Chair of Agriculture. — The Secretary reported that, in accordance with the
resolution of the last General Meeting of the Society, he had made the necessary
application to Government in regard to the endowment of the Chair of Agricul-
ture in the University of Edinburgh ; that a deputation had afterwards waited on
Mr Hunt, M.P., the Financial Secretary of the Treasury, on the subject, and
that a letter had since been received from Mr Hunt, stating that the Lords Com-
missioners of Her Majesty's Treasury will be prepared to place upon the estimates
for the ensuing year the sum of £150, for the endowment of the Chair of Agricul-
ture, to meet a like sum to be contributed by the Highland Society, and that
sbould Parliament assent to the grant of the money, their Lordships propose to
ask the House of Commons for a similar grant so long as . an equivalent sum is
contributed by the Society, and so long as the value set by students upon the lectures
to be delivered, as evidenced by the attendence at them, shall be such as to justify
their Lordships in taking such a course.

Veterinary Charter. — A letter was read from Dr J. G. Fleming, President of the
Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, pointing out that, as the draft
charter for a Royal Veterinary College for Scotland at present stands, it is not
proposed to have representatives from that corporation as trustees, and trusting
that the Directors of the Highland Society would see the propriety of placing the
faculty on an equal footing with the Edinburgh medical corporations.

Mr Hozier, yr. of Mauldslie, supported the application, and the Directors in-
structed the Secretary to inform Dr Fleming that they considered it fair that the
Glasgow faculty should have one representative or two, if the other promoters of
charter did not object.

Agricultural Education — Monday, Tuesday, and "Wednesday, the 16th, 17th,
and 18th March, were announced as the days of examination for the Society's
agricultural certificate and diploma — candidates being required to lodge intima-
tion of their intention to come forward on or before the 2d of March.

Technical Education. — The Secretary reported that Sir James Elphinstone and
Mr Caird had, along with himself, represented the Society at the Conference on
Technical Education, held in London on the 23d and 24th of January, and he
laid on the table the resolutions adopted on the occasion.

At the request of the Council of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts,
&c, London, the Secretary was instructed to give his aid in promoting the objects
of the conference, by serving on the Standing Committee appointed to give effect
to the resolutions referred to.

Standing Committees for 1868. — The names of the gentlemen placed on the
Standing Committees for the current year were read and approved.

Aberdeen Show. — Letters were submitted from the clerk of supply for Kin-
cardineshire, stating that the county had agreed to levy a voluntary assessment
towards the expenses of the Aberdeen Show, and transmitting L.140. As already
intimated, the counties of Aberdeen and Banff have also agreed to voluntary assess-
ments to the amount of L.490 and L.120 respectively. The programme of the
show, containing the premium list and regulations as finally adjusted, was laid on
the table.

PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS. 97

Proposed Monthly Meetings. — Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn, Bart., reported,
as convener of the committee recently appointed to consider the propriety of re-
naming the monthly meetings, first instituted by the Society in 1841 for the dis-
cussion of agricultural subjects, that the committee had held a meeting yesterday,
when it had been arranged that Professor Williams would deliver a lecture on
Wednesday, the 19th March, at two o'clock, on the causes of disease in the horse ;
thai Dr Anderson would give an address in March ; and that Mr M'Bride, Pro-
fessor of Cattle Pathology to the Society, had undertaken to deliver a third lecture
in April.

Cultivation ry Steam. — The Secretary read the following letter from the
Marquis of Tweeddale : —

" Yester, 3d February 18C8.

" Dear Mr Menzies, — I have given a good deal of attention to the best means
of coming to a satisfactory conclusion in regard to the question we are endeavour-
ing to solve, which I consider requires a public and practical solution — that is, the
comparative value of steam and horse power in cultivating the land.

" We have endeavoured by a series of queries to gain the information required
from manufacturers of steam apparatus and farmers, both in England and Scotland,
as a preliminary step towards gaining our object.

" It appears to me that a sufficient time has been allowed for that purpose, and
now I would propose that a competition should take place in the same field be-
tween the steam-plough and horse-plough.

" I have a field of clay-land which has been drained at 15 feet apart, and has
never been ploughed above 8 inches, most probably 7 inches, which I have lately
taken into my own hands. This field will be ready for cross ploughing about the
middle of March, when a trial could take place. I will produce seventeen pairs
i if horses to work against the steam-plough, so that it cannot be said the horses
have been picked, as that is the number of pairs I have at work. As steam culti-
vation is stated to be the new means of breaking up the soil, I say that 12 inches
is the depth that I will fix for the trial. I beg you will lay my proposition before
the monthly Court of Directors. — Believe me, yours truly,

(Signed) ' ' Tweeddale. "

The Board instructed the Secretary to thank the Marquis for his proposal, and
remitted the letter to the Special Committee on Steam Cultivation, with power to
make the necessary arrangements for the trial — the Committee to report to next
Board Meeting what sum they consider would be required for expenses.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 4th MARCH 1868.
Mr Reid, Drem, in the Chair.

Transactions for 1868. — Mr Irvine of Drum, Chairman of the Publication
Committee, laid on the table No. 3 of the Fourth Series of the Transactions, contain-
ing nineteen |)rize reports, proceedings of Chemical Department, premiums offered
during the current year, and other official documents.

Field Experiments. — A minute of a meeting of the Chemistry Committee,
held on the 12th of February, was read to the Board. The report stated that,
after some conversation as to the number of experimenters required, and
also in regard to the advisability of conducting experiments on both small
and large plots, for the purpose of ascertaining whether the results cor-
respond, the Committee recommended that Dr Anderson should communicate
with the experimenters of last year, and, on receiving their opinions, consult with
a sub-committee, consisting of Mr Harvey, Whittingham Mains ; Mr Melvin,
Bonmngton ; and Mr Park, Stoneyhill. The Committee, considering it of im-
portance that each experimenter should note the rainfall during the time the
experimental crops are growing, recommended that a rain-gauge should, where
necessary, be furnished at the Society's expense. The course recommended by the
Committee was approved of by the Directors.

Steam Cultivation. — The Special Committee on Steam Cultivation, to whose
consideration the Marquis of Tweeddale's leter, proposing a trial between steam
cultivators and horse-ploughs on land at Yester, which had never before been

9

98 PKOCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS.

subjected to deep cultivation, had beeu remitted by the Board on the 5th of
February, reported that they had held two meetings on the subject, and that
nearly all the owners of steam cultivators in Scotland had been applied to, and as
none had agreed to accept the terms of his lordship's letter, the trial for the
present was at an end.

The Directors approved of the report.

A letter was read from Mr Alexander Leslie, Turriff, transmitting a copy of his
patent "for improvements in apparatus for applying steam or other motive power
to cultivate the soil and to actuate wheeled carriages," and intimating that he
would be prepared to give any further information with reference to his invention,
and, if desired, to show the apparatus at work.

The letter and relative papers were remitted to the Special Committee on Steam
Cultivation.

Aberdeen Show.- — Letters were read from Mr Angus, Town-clerk of Aberdeen,
transmitting official excerpt from the minutes of the Aberdeen Town Council
granting permission to the Society to use a portion of the Links for a showyard,
and voting £75 towards the Premium Fund. On the motion of the Chairman,
the Secretary was instructed to convey the thanks of the Board to the Town
Council for their liberality.

A communication was submitted from Mr Anderson, Clerk of Supply for For-
farshire, in which it was stated that a voluntary subscription had been agreed to
by the eastern division of that county, as had been done by the whole of the
counties embraced in the district of the show.

A letter from Mr Stuart, Aldich, Secretary of the Spey, Avon, and Fiddochside
Farming Association, intimating that the Society had resolved to subscribe twelve
guineas in aid of the show at Aberdeen, was reported, and the thanks of the
Board were voted to the Association.

A letter from Mr Geddes, Orbliston, transmitting one from Mr M'Combie,
Tilly four, on the subject of forage for the showyard, was submitted. The Board
resolved to adhere to their former decision, and to furnish, as usual, forage at a
certain tariff through the hands of a contractor — a local committee being appointed
to see that the contract is properly carried out.

District Shows. — It was intimated that circulars, with premium books and
relative blank returns, had been sent to 148 conveners and secretaries of local
agricultural societies in regard to the competitions to be held during the present
year.

Testimonial to the Rev. Patrick Bell, LL.D. — The Secretary, in submitting
the accounts connected with the testimonial to the Rev. Dr Bell, of Carmylie, as
the inventor of the first efficient reaping machine, stated that, irrespective of the
subscription papers sent to all the bank agencies in Scotland, upwards of 5300 cir-
culars had been issued, and the result had been that 753 individuals had subscribed.
The newspaper press in England and Ireland, as well as in Scotland, had given
every publicity to the testimonial, and the three daily newspapers in Edinburgh
(the Scotsman, Courant, and Review) had inserted the advertisement at a reduced
rate, while the two agricultural papers (the North British Agriculturist and The
Farmer) had made no charge for the subscription lists and other notices. The
accounts as closed are as follow : —

Charge.

Amount received and advertised £1000 13 6

Interest from Royal Bank, 4 18 7

Discharge.

Paid Rev. Dr Bell £859 10 8

Paid for plate 27 0 0

£1005 12 1

£886 10 8

Postages and bank charges, £47, 2s. Id. ; printing, £27 ; sta-
tionery, £3, 9s., . . . 77 11 1

Advertising : Scotsman, £15, 3s. 3d. ; Courant, £10, 10s. 4d. ;

Daily Review, £7, 9s. 6d. ; country papers, £8, 7s. 3d., . 41 10 4

£1005 12 1

PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS. 09

Monthly Meetings of the Society. — The Chairman announced that the
second monthly meeting would he held on "Wednesday the 18th current, at two
o'clock, when Dr Anderson, the Society's chemist, would deliver a lecture on
"Some of the Relations of the Plant to the Soil." He added that the lecture
would, as formerly, he advertised in the two Edinburgh agricultural papers on the
Wednesday, and in the three daily newspapers on the Saturday preceding ; and
he expressed a hope, on the part of the Directors, that members would support
the meetings by their attendance and by introducing their friends.

Agricultural Education.; — It was reported that several candidates had inti-
mated their intention of coining forward to be examined for the agricultural certi-
ficate and diploma of the Society.

The following gentlemen were named as a Committee of the Society to confer
with the Edinburgh University Committee on applied science, with regard to the
proposed agricultural department in the University : — Sir Thomas Buchan Hep-
burn ; Mr Hope, Fenton Barns ; Mr Russell, Pilmuir ; Mr Stephens, Redbrae ; Mr
Lawson of Borthwiek Hall.

t>

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 1st APRIL 1868.

Mr Stirling of Kippendavie, and afterwards Mr Walker of Bowland,

in the Chair.

Agricultural Education. — It was reported that, at a meeting of the Council
on Education, held on the 18th of March, the Society's diploma in agriculture had
been conferred on Mr Thomas John Elliot, Wilton, Salisbury ; and the certificate
on Mr James Taylor, Allan Vale, Pitmuxton, Aberdeenshire.

Veterinary College Examinations. — Wednesday and Thursday, the 15th and
1 6th current, were named as the days for the examination of the students attending
the Edinburgh Veterinary College ; and it was resolved to award silver medals, as
on former occasions, to those who pass the best examinations in anatomy, physio-
logy, cattle pathology, horse pathology, chemistry, materia medica, and best
f,reneral examination.

Aberdeen Show, 1868. — The Secretary was instructed to announce that the
plans and specifications for the Aberdeen showyard would lie for the inspection of
intending contractors at the Society's chambers, No. 3 George IV. Bridge, and at
the office of the Local Secretaries, Messrs J. & R. Ligertwood, 87 Union Street,
Aberdeen, after the 6th current.

There was laid on the table the draft of a letter to be addressed to the Conveners
of the counties connected with the show in regard to the appointment of the
General Committee of Management, and the number to be returned at the 30th of
April meetings was fixed as follows : — Aberdeen, 20 ; Banff, 15 ; Kincardine, 15 ;
eastern division of Forfar, 15 ; besides the Lords-Lieutenant, Vice-Lieutenants,
Conveners, and Members of Parliament, who are. members ex officio of the Com-
mittee. The number from the city of Aberdeen was arranged to be 20, and from
the Royal Northern Society 15.

Edinburgh Show, 1869. — The Secretary was authorised to forward to the
Conveners of the counties embraced in the district of the Edinburgh Show (the
three Lothians) a list of the classes of stock, and to express a hope that the sup-
port which has been given on former oceasions will again be afforded.

Monthly Meetings of the Society.— It was intimated that the lecture by
Dr Anderson on "Some of the Relations of the Plant to the Soil," which was
unavoidably postponed on the 18th of March, would be delivered in the Society's
Hall, on Wednesday the 8th current, at two o'clock.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 30th APRIL 1868.

Mr Reid, Drem, in the Chair.

On the motion of the Chairman, seconded by Mr Graham Binny, it was
unanimously resolved to call a special general meeting of the Society on Wednes
day the 13th May, at one o'clock, for the purpose of voting a loyal and dutiful

100 PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS.

address to Her Majesty tha Queen on the providential escape of His Eo}^al High-
ness the Duke of Edinburgh from the recent attempt on his life, and also an
address to His Royal Highness, congratulating him on his merciful preservation.
The Secretary was instructed to advertise the meeting in accordance with the
charter, and a hope was expressed that it would be largely and inffuentially
attended by members, in order publicly to testify their loyalty to the Throne and
their attachment to the Royal Family.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 6th MAY 1868.
Mr Goodlet, Bolshan, in the Chair.

General Meetings. — The Board approved of a special general meeting of the
Society being held on the 13th May to vote addresses to Her Majesty the Queen
and to His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh.

The summer half-yearly general meeting, for the election of members and other
business, was fixed for "Wednesday, the 24th of June.

Field Experiments. — On the recommendation of the Chemistry Committee,
of which Dr Anderson is Convener, it was resolved to repeat the experiments on
the small scale system in four districts, with two experimenters in each. In regard
to the experiments on the large scale, it was agreed that they should be conducted
by eight experimenters in different districts, and extend over a four-course
rotation.

Veterinary College. — It was reported that the examination of the students
at the Edinburgh Veterinary College had taken place on the loth and 16th of
April, when the Society's diploma had been conferred on 29 candidates, and six
silver medals awarded to those who passed the best examination in anatomy,
chemistry, horse pathology, materia niedica, physiology, and best general exami-
nation.

Agricultural Education. — A letter was read from Professor "Wilson, announce-
ing that the prizes of L.6 and L.4 annually allowed by the Society to the students
in the agricultural class in the Edinburgh University who pass the best and second
best examinations, had this year been awarded to— 1. G. R. Glendinning, Mid-
Lothian ; 2. G. G. Bursby, Northumberland ; and that the prizes had as formerly
been given in books.

Aberdeen Show. — On the motion of the Chairman, the Directors resolved to
take the erection of the showyard into their own hands, and to entrust the super-
intendence to Messrs John Watherston & Sons, Edinburgh, the Society's Masters
of Works — the lowest estimate received having exceeded by L244 the cost of the
Glasgow showyard, where the erections were much more extensive.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 13th MAY 1868.

Mr Reid, Drem, in the Chair.

The business had reference to the Addresses to be presented to Her Majesty the
Queen, and His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 3d JUNE 1868.
Mr Stirling, of Kippendavie, in the Chair.

Address to the Queen. — The Secretary reported that, in terms of the
instructions received at the Special General Meeting on the 13th of May, he had
forwarded the addresses to the Queen and His Royal Highness the Duke of Edin-
burgh to the Duke of Montrose for presentation, and that his Grace had since
ieceived a letter from the Principal Secretary of State for the Home Department

PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS. 101

intimating that Her Majesty had been pleased to receive the address very
graciously.

The address to the Duke of Edinburgh will be presented by the Duke of Mon-
trose on the arrival of His Royal Highness.

Veterinary Charter. — A letter was read from the Board of Trade announcing
that the Lords of the Council have refused to recommend to her Majesty to grant
a veterinary charter for Scotland.

Paters in Competition. — Various premiums were awarded for reports, which
will be intimated at the next general meeting.

Transactions. — The prize essays and reports were laid on the table ; and it
was remitted to Mr Irvine of Drum, Chairman of the Committee on Publications,
to select those for publication in the next number of the Transactions.

Aberdeen Show. — A plan of the showyard at Aberdeen, showing the position
of the diiierent erections, was submitted and approved of.

Mr F. N. Menzies reported correspondence between the secretaries of the
ditl'erent railways in Scotland and himself in reference to some more liberal
arrangement as to the rates charged for stock sent to the general shows of the
Society, from which it appeared that the subject was brought before a meeting of
the general managers of the English and Scotch railways, held at the Clearing
House in London in May last, when it was decided to adhere to the following
regulations, which have been for some time in force : —

1. Stock and implements to the show to be charged full rates.

2. From the show, if sold, full rates.

3. From the show, if unsold, to be conveyed free, back to the station whence
they were sent, at owners' risk, on production of a certificate from the secretary of
the agricultural show to the effect that they are really unsold.

4. All the above to be carried at owners' risk.

5. Collection and delivery to be performed by the owners.

6. Regulations Nos. I, 2, 3, as to cattle and horses, apply only if traffic be con-
veyed in cattle waggons and by goods trains.

7. Poultry and dogs to be charged full rates both ways.

8. No reduction in the ordinary rates for horses or cattle when conveyed in
horse boxes.

9. Parties requiring the exclusive use of a horse-box for only one animal, to be
charged one fare and a half.

The Secretary stated that, on the other hand, the directors of the Highland
Railway Company had very handsomely agreed to carry unsold stock going home
from the Aberdeen show in horse-boxes free of charge ; and to run special trains
with stock to or from the show, if the numbers are sufficient.

Agricultural Education. — It was reported that at the recent examinations by
the Royal Agricultural Society of England the principal prizes were gained by
students in the class of agriculture in the Edinburgh University, and that every
one of the Edinburgh agricultural candidates took a first prize. There were twelve
candidates, of whom six obtained prizes, and out of six prizemen four were Edin-
burgh men — three of them having already obtained the diploma of the Highland
Society. The following are the prizemen referred to : —

S. H. Walton Science and Practice of Agriculture L. 10

G. K. Walton Agricultural Chemistry 10

R. Brydon Veterinary Science 10

R. G. Striven Geology 5

do. Botany 5

General Meeting.— The subjects to be brought before the General Meeting on
the 24th of June were arranged, and the Secretary submitted the names of the
Candidates for election as members.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 24th JUNE 1868.

Mr Goodlet, Bolshan, and afterwards His Grace the Duke of Buccleucii,
K.G., President of the Society, in the Chair.

The business had relation to the Aberdeen Show, and the subjects to be brought
before the General Meeting of this date.

102 PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS.

MEETING OF DIKECTOR.S, 4th NOVEMBER 1868.
Mr Graham Binny in the Chair.

Aberdeen Show. — On reports by the Local Committee on Implements, silver
medals were awarded to, — 1st, Benjamin Reid & Company, Aberdeen, for improve-
ments in fixing the coulter of their general purpose lever drill, combined with the
power of adaptation to act as a horse hoe when required ; 2d, To George Sellar
and Son, Huntly, for tbe improved form and mode of fixing the tynes of their
zigzag harrows; and 3d, To J. Bisset & Sons, Blairgowrie, for their reaping-
machine exhibited at the trial held at Portlethen, after the Aberdeen Show.

The Secretary stated that the report by the Local Committee on the ploughs,
&c, tried at Broomhill, near Aberdeen, on the 24th of October, had not yet been
received.

Edinburgh Show, 1869.— On the motion of the Chairman, it was remitted to
Committee on General Shows to fix the money premiums and adjust the regula-
tions for the Show to be held at Edinburgh next year.

The Secretary read a letter from the Town Council of Edinburgh agreeing to
give the West Meadow Park as a site for the showyard ; and he was instructed to
convey to the Town Council the thanks of the Board.

Proposed Show at Dumfries in 1870. — The following requisition, addressed
to the Secretary, and forwarded to him by Mr Dudgeon of Cargen, was read :—

" Dumfries, 5th August 1868.

" Sir, — It being now eight years since a meeting of the Highland and Agricul-
tural Society has been held at Dumfries, we think the time is now approaching
Avhen it would be of great advantage to this district to have another show here ;
and we would feel obliged if you would take an early opportunity of laying before
the Directors of the Society our request with regard to this matter, feeling assured
that it is the universal wish of the district that such a meeting should be held,
and we take this opportunity of informing the Directors that we will do all in our
power to promote the success of the meeting.

" We would suggest that, if it does not interfere with the other arrangements of
the Society, that the meeting be held here in 1870."

The Secretary stated that the requisition was signed by the Duke of Buccleuch,
the Marquis of Queensberry, the Earls of Selkirk, Galloway, and Stair ; Viscount
Garlies, Sir William Jardine, Sir William Maxwell, Sir Andrew Agnew, M.P. for
Wigtownshire ; Sir J. C. D. Hay ; Mr Hope Johnstone, Convener of Dumfries-
shire; Mr Maxwell, M.P., Convener of the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright ; Mr Vans
Agnew, Convener of Wigtownshire ; Major Walker, M.P. ; the Provosts of Dum-
fries, Maxwelltown, Kirkcudbright, New Galloway, and Castle-Douglas ; and about
two hundred others connected with Dumfriesshire, the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright,
and Wigtownshire ; and that, according to the usual rotation, the meeting fell to
be held in the Dumfries district in 1870, the year prayed for in the requisition.

On the motion of Mr Dundas of Arniston, seconded by Mr Campbell Swinton
of Kimmerghame, it was unanimously resolved to recommend to the general meet-
ing in January to comply with the request, and it was remitted to the Committee
on General Shows to suggest the classes of stock for which premiums will be after-
Avards offered, and to make other arrangements.

Miscellaneous Remits. — The following remits were made : — ■

1st, To the Committee on Office-Bearers to report on the vacancies for 1869.

2d, To the Reading Committee to consider and report on the papers lodged in
competition.

3d, To the Committee on Premiums for Essays and Reports to revise the list of
1868 and consider the suggestions for 1869.

Uh, To the Committee on District Competitions to revise the Reports for 1868,
and consider the applications for 1869.

Shows of Fat Stock. — A letter was read from Mr Curror on behalf of the
Edinburgh Christmas Club, of which he is honorary secretary, expressing a hope
that the Directors would double the grant of L.50 voted to the Club last year, and
stating that it was proposed this year to apply the money in payment of the ordi-
nary Club prizes. The application was supported by Mr Mylne, Niddrie Mains ;
and, after some discussion, it was, on the motion of the Chairman, resolved to

PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS. 103

repeat the grant, on the understanding that the subject of grants for Fat Stock
Shows will be brought before the general meeting of the Society in January.

On an application by Mr Hugh Rose, Inverness, four silver medals were placed
nt the disposal of the Northern Counties' Fat Show Club, for — 1st, best Ox ; 2d,
best < 'ow or Heifer ; 3d, best Pen of Sheep ; 4th, best Pig, — to be competed for at
Inverness on the 4th of December next.

Letters from Mr Grant of Kincorth ; Mr Geddes, Orbliston ; Mr Scott, Glen
dronach, and Mr Harris, Earnhill, on the subject of a grant to the Forres ami
Northern Fat Cattle Club for 1869, were remitted to the Committee on District
Shows, — the Club being already on the list of medals for the current year.

A communication was read from Messrs James Stewart, J. and W. Martin, and
Thomas Knowles, Aberdeen, suggesting that the prizes of the medium gold, silver,
and medium silver medals, now offered as first, second, and third premiums for
fat stock at the Society's General ShowTs, should in future be L.15, L10, and L.5 ;
and that the successful exhibitors of fat stock should each receive a medal in addi-
tion to the money prize. The letter was referred to the Committee on General
Shows.

Milking Dairy Stock. — A letter was read from Mr Hamilton Hay, Secretary
of the Scottish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, calling attention
to the want of some rule with reference to the milking of dairy stock within a
limited time, prior to their passing the judges in agricultural exhibitions. Mr
Hay states that " at present practices are resorted to which create a very unneces-
sary amount of suffering, to say nothing either of the injury to the animals kept
so long in milk, whether by artificial obstruction, or simply from want of natural
relief, or to the unfairness of such practices towards other competitors, who do not
resort to such inhumane methods of showing a good milker," and it is thought that
' ' the evil would be most effectually met by some resolution or recommendation
from the Highland Society, which would, doubtless, be speedily adopted by minor
affiliated societies." The communication was, on the motion of the Chairman,
remitted for consideration to the Committee on General Shows.

Potato Disease, &c. — Communications from Mr Thomas Stevenson, Johnstone,
and from Mr Taylor, Howwood, Johnstone, on the potato disease ; and from Mons.
X. de Bouge in regard to his work, entitled " The Continental Tutor," were
brought under the notice of the Board.

Precepts. — The Premiums awarded at the Aberdeen Show in July last were
confirmed by the Board, and the Chairman was authorised to sign the necessary
precepts to be issued by the Secretary.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 2d DECEMBER 1868.

Mr Walker of Bowland, and afterwards Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn, Bart.,

in the Chair.

Edinburgh Christmas Club. — A letter was read from Mr Curror, Secretary o
the Edinburgh Christmas Club, thanking the Board for the grant of L.50 voted at
last meeting in aid of the general premiums of the Club, and expressing a hope
that the ensuing Show would be such as to meet with the approval of the Directors
and the Members of the Highland Society.

General Meeting. — The anniversary general meeting of the Society for the
election of members, and for other business, was fixed, pursuant to the charter,
to be held on Wednesday the 20th January 1869.

Office-Bearers for 1869. — The Report of the Committee on Office-Bearers for
1869 was given in, and the Secretary was instructed to communicate with the
noblemen and gentlemen proposed to fill the vacancies which occur in January
next, before publishing their names.

Finance. — Mr F. N. Menzies submitted the pass-book exhibiting the balance
on the ordinary account with the Royal Bank at the close of the financial year on
30th of November, and stated that the books and vouchers had been sent to the
auditor, who would prepare the usual abstract of the accounts for publication
before the general meeting.

Aberdeen Show, 1S68. —The Report of the Local Committee on the Implements

104 PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS.

tried at Broomliill, near Aberdeen, on the 24tli of October last, -was given in, and
silver medals were awarded to John Thomson, King Street Road, Aberdeen, for a
three-horse lever grubber, and to William Rae, Bourtie, Old Meldrum, for a
turnip-sowing machine.

In regard to Mr Duff's rotatory digger, the Committee reported favourably.
They considered it most suitable for loamy and deep classes of land, which it could
pulverise sufficiently for sowing crop or for breaking up clay or stiff soils, the land
being thoroughly loosened to the depth of 8 or 10 inches, so that the crop might
have been sown immediately thereafter. They add — "No doubt the machine will
bv-and-bv be considerably improved under the persevering enterprise of its in-
ventor, Mr Thomas Duff, Perth."

On the motion of Sir Thomas Bixchan Hepburn, Bart. , seconded by Mr Lawson
of Borthwick Hall, the thanks of the Board were voted to the Local Committee,
consisting of Major Ramsay of Barra, Convener; Mr James Abernethy, C.E.,
Aberdeen ; Mr Walker, Portlethen ; Mr Campbell, Blairton ; and Mr Porter,
Monymusk ; to the Local Secretaries, Messrs John and Robert Ligertwood, Aber-
deen : and also to Mr Walker, Portlethen, and Mr Monro, Broomliill, for putting
at the disposal of the Committee various kinds of land in every way suitable for
the different implements tried in August and October.

General Shows. — The report of the Committee on General Shows was sub-
mitted, and the Board approved of the allocation of about L. 1500, to be given as
premiums in money or in medals at the Edinburgh Show next year, in the classes
of stock some time ago published.

The report states that the various letters on the subject of money premiums for
fat stock, referred to in the proceedings of last month and remitted to the Com-
mittee on General Shows, had been taken up ; and that after careful consideration
the usual premiums of the medium gold, silver, and medium silver medals had
had been recommended to be adhered to. The Board approved of the course sug-
gested by the Committee.

Two additional sections were added in the class of extra horses — viz., mares
or geldings between 12 and 14 hands high, and mares or geldings under 12 hands.

In consequence of the letter from the Secretary of the Scottish Society for the
Prevention of Craelty to Animals, in regard to the milking of dairy stock, which
was before the Board in November, and referred to this Committee, the following
was recommended as a regulation at future shows of the Society : — " All milk
cows must have been milked dry the evening previous to being judged ; and they
must, while within the showyard, be milked morning land evening. The judges
will he instructed to withhold the prizes from any animals overstrained or suffer-
ing from want of being milked." The Directors unanimously adopted the rule ;
and it was accordingly added to the general regulations for the Edinburgh Show.

The report further narrates, that owing to the days at present set aside for the
show, judges, members of the deputation of Directors, and others coming from a
distance, were under the necessity of leaving their homes on the previous Satur-
day ; and for a similar reason a large number of the stock was placed in the show-
yard on the same day, thus entailing on exhibitor's the cost of two or three days'
additional keep, which might be avoided were the period made a day later. The
Committee, believing that the change of one day would be of considerable advan-
tage to all parties, recommended that the days should be Wednesday, Thursday,
and Friday, in place of Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday. This suggestion
met with the approval of the Directors ; and the Secretary was instructed to bring
the matter before the meeting of the members in the Edinburgh district, and at
the general meeting of the Society. If the change is then finally adopted, the
Show at Edinburgh will be held on the 28th, 29th, and 30th July— the week
between the meetings of the Royal Agricultural Society of England and the
Yorkshire Society.

The classes of stock for which premiums will be afterwards offered at the pro-
posed show at Dumfries in 1870, as fixed by the Committee on General Shows,
were approved of by the Board, and the Secretary was directed to submit the list
to a meeting of members to be held at Dumfries during this month.

Local Shows. — The Secretary reported that the Committee on District Com-
petitions had held a meeting on the 25th of November, when the returns relating
to the competitions held in the various districts in receipt of the Society's pre-
miums had been revised. The Committee had at the same time the different

.^

PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS. 105

grants for 1869 under consideration. The report was approved by the Directors,
and will he brought before the general meeting in January.

In regard to the applications on behalf of the Forres and Northern Fat Cattle
Club, for additional assistance, the Committee regret that they cannot recommend
the Directors to vote a sum of money in aid of local fat shows, but suggest that in
the meantime the medals should be continued. The Board unanimously adopted
the report.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 6th JANUARY 1869.
The Duke of Buccleuch and Queexsberry, K.G., President, in the Chair.

Office-Bearers for 1869. — Mr F. N. Menzies reported that the noblemen
and gentlemen proposed for election at the general meeting of the Society on the
20th current, to fill the vacancies in the list of office-bearers, had all agreed
to act.

The Duke of Buccleuch expressed his willingness to continue in office for
another year, so as to complete the period specified in the charter, but as a great
desire- had been evinced by many members that the range of the choice of President
should be widened, and as a strong feeling existed in favour of the Marquis of
Tweeddale being elected to the office of President, it appeared to his Grace that
this would be a fit opportunity to nominate his Lordship. Owing to the Show
being held at Edinburgh this year,Hris Grace thought it would be a proper compli-
ment, to ask the Marquis to take the President's chair when the Show took place
in his immediate district.

In accordance with his Grace's desire, it was agreed that the Marquis of Tweed-
dale should be transferred from the list of Vice-Presidents to the Presidentship of
the Society.

Sir William Stirling-Maxwell then moved that the Earl of Dalkeith should
be appointed Vice-President in room of the Marquis.

The list as amended will be submitted to the General Meeting for confirmation.

Finance. — Mr Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A., the Society's auditor, laid on the
table abstracts of the accounts for 1867-68, along with a state of the funds at the
close of the financial year on 30th November last. The accounts were signed, in
terms of the bye-laws, by two members of the Finance Committee, and by the
auditor.

General Meeting. — The following programme of business for the General
Meeting was agreed to: — Election of office-bearers; election of members ; accounts
for 1867-68 ; thanks to be voted to local authorities connected with Aberdeen
Show, 1868; arrangements for Edinburgh Show, 1869 ; requisition from Dumfries
district for Show in 1870 ; district competitions in 1868, and grants for 1869 ;
vote by Government to Chair of Agriculture ; proceedings of the chemical depart-
ment ; premiums awarded in 1868, and offered in 1869 for essays and reports ;
and contents of No. 4 (fourth series) of the Society's Transactions.

Edinburgh Christmas Club. — The following notice of motion by Mr Mylne,
Niddrie Mains, for the General Meeting was read : — "That the Society support
the Edinburgh Christmas Club with a vote of L. 100 per annum, and otherwise
patronise it with a grant of medals, kc." A letter from Mr Lyall, Old Montrose,
supporting the motion, was read by the Secretary ; and after various members
had expressed their opinion, Mr Elliot, Laighwood, proposed, and Sir William
Stirling-Maxwell, Bart., seconded the following resolution : — " That the sum of
L.50 be granted for the year 1869 to the Edinburgh Christmas Club, as being the
Metropolitan Fat Stock Show of Scotland." This sum to be at the disposal of
the Club, and not given in special prizes by the Society.

On a vote being taken, Mr Elliot's motion was carried, and it was agreed to
transmit it to the general meeting, Mr Mylne giving notice that he would probably
propose an amendment.

New Members. — The names of candidates for admission as members were
reported and approved of ; and the Secretary stated, that as there would be a
meeting of Directors previous to the general meeting, he could receive names of
candidates up to the morning of the 20th, in terms of the bye-laws.

106 PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS.

Edinburgh Show, 1869. — The report of the meeting of members, held at
Edinburgh on 9th December, was submitted ; and with reference to the remarks
which were then made in regard to the overfed state of bulls and other stock ex-
hibited at the general Shows of the Society, the following new rule was recom-
mended, and the Secretary was instructed to insert it in the general regulations
for the Edinburgh Show : — " Breeding stock must not be shown in an improper
state of fatness, and the judges Avill be prohibited from awarding premiums to
overfed animals."

Proposed Show at Dumfries in 1870. — Mr F. N. Menzies reported that he
had attended a meeting at Dumfries on the 16th December, when the list of
classes of stock, as fixed by the Committee on General Shows, and agreed to by
the Directors, had been submitted and approved of, subject to certain alterations
and additions suggested for the consideration of the Directors. These suggestions
were on "Wednesday adopted by the Board, and the list as adjusted will be brought
up along with the requisition from the district, for the sanction of thej General
Meeting.

Premium Book for 1869. — Various subjects for which premiums were offered
in 1868 were deleted from the list, and the following were added : — Reports — On
the farming customs and covenants of leases formerly in the use in the various
districts or counties of Scotland ; on the various modes of striking the fiars prices
throughout the different counties of Scotland ; on the cheapest, speediest, and
most convenient mode of covering the grain crops in harvest ; on improved
methods of transporting dead meat for distances that may occupy from twenty-
four to forty-eight hours, so that it may arrive in the least injured condition;
on improvements in the vessels used for transporting milk from country districts
to the neighbouring towns ; on the advantages of a system of contract entered into
by stockowners and veterinary surgeons ; on the comparative advantages in point
of economy, as well as durability of home-grown timber, as compared with foreign
for general out-door estate work ; on the effects of the very dry season of 1868 on
trees and shrubs in different soils, situations, and elevations ; on the results ob-
tained by experience of seedlings of conifers, being the produce of trees grown in
Britain, as compared with plants obtained from foreign ripened seed.

Essays and Reports. — Several awards were made for reports lodged in compe-
tition for premiums ; and the authors' names will be announced at the ensuing
general meeting.

Veterinary Charter for Scotland.— A correspondence between Bailie Stott,
Mr Marwick, and the Secretary, in regard to renewed application to the Board of
Trade for a chartered veterinary college for Scotland, was read to the Board, but
it was considered inexpedient to move in the matter at present.

Reid's Patent Cattle Waggons. — Drawings of Reid's patent watering, feed-
ing, and ventilating cattle waggons were laid on the table, and remitted to the
Machinery Committee.

Propagating Potatoes from Seed. — A communication was read from Mr
Henry Stephens, the author of " The Book of the Farm," in regard to the services
of Mr William Paterson, Dundee, in propagating potatoes from seed, and suggest-
ing that the Society's gold medal might be conferred on him.

The Secretary was instructed to inform Mr Stephens that Mr Paterson should
transmit a report on the subject, when, if approved, the gold medal may be
awarded.

Cottage Premiums. — On an application by Sir Alexander Bannerman of Crim-
monmogate, it was resolved to offer the medium silver medal to local associations
or individuals, who, at their own expense, establish premiums for cottages or
gardens. The annual value of each cottage, with the ground occupied in the
parish by competitor, must not exceed L.15 ; and premiums to the amount of L. 2
must be awarded for each medal claimed.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 20th JANUARY 1S69.
The business had reference principally to the general meeting of this date.

PEEMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1SGG GO. 107

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868-69.

L— REPORTS, 1868-69.

1. L.15 to James Black, Courcmt Office, Elgin, for a Report on the Agriculture of

Aberdeenshire and Banffshire.
•J. The Gold Medal or L.10 to George Anuatage, M.R.C.V.S., Leighton Buzzard,

Beds, for a Report on Pleuro-Pneumonia.
3. The Gold Medal or L.10 to William Brown, junior, Edderstone, Peebles, for a

Report on Sanitary Arrangements for Stock.
; 4. The Gold Medal or L.10 to George Menzies, Trentham, Stoke-upon-Trent, for a

Report on the Transit of Stock.

5. The Gold Medal or L.10 to C. Y. Michie, Forester, Cullen House, Cullen, Banff-

shire, for a Report on the Formation and Management of Y7oung Plantations.

6. The Gold Medal or L.10 to James Purves, Lochend, Thurso, for a report of the Im-

provement of Meadow Pasturage on part of the Crown lands of Dorrery, in the
county of Caithness.

7. The Medium Gold Medal or L.5 to John E. Brown, Wass, Oswaldkirk, Yorkshire,

for a Report on American and Canadian Forest Trees.

8. The Medium Gold Medal or L.5 to John Honeyman, Crosby, Isle of Man, for a

Report on the Isle of Man — its Agriculture, Climate, &c.

9. The Medium Gold Medal or L.5 to Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie, Kirkliston, for

a Report on the Management of Poultry.

10. The Silver Medal to H. Newby Fraser, Wyseby Hill, Ecelefechan, for a Report on

the Agrcuilture of Dumfriesshire.

11. The Silver Medal to William Gilchrist, Forester, Midmar Castle, Edit, Aberdeen-

shire, for a Report on the formation and management of Young Plantations.

12. The Silver Medal to Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie, Kirkliston, for a Report on

Trees not liable to be destroyed by Rabbits.

13. The Silver Medal to Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie, Kirkliston, for a Report on

Forest Trees of recent introduction into Scotland.

11. The Silver Medal to C. Y. Michie, Cullen House, Cullen, for a Report on Experi-
ments and Improvements on Wire Fencing.

15. The Silver Medal to John Morrison, Coney Park Nursery, Stirling, for a Report
on the Corsican Fir.

II— ABERDEEN SHOW, 1868.
Class!!.— CATTLE.

SHORTHORN.

First Prize Bulls at former Shows.— Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.

Kelso, 1863, when the property of Sir William Stirling Maxwell, Bart., M.P. —
"Forth.'-' Amos Cruickshank, Sittyton, Aberdeen.
Section

1. Bulls calved before 1st January 1866. — Premiums, L.20 — L.10— and Medium Silver

Medal. Breeder of best Bull — Silver Medal. 1st. George Robertson Barclay of
Keavil, Dunfermline. 2d. James Cochrane, Little Haddo, Newburgh. 3d.
James Whyte, Little Clinterty, Blackburn, Aberdeen. Commended — Charles
Bruce, Broadland, Huntly. Breeder of best Bull — George Robertson Barclay
of Keavil, Dunfermline.

2. Bulls calved after 1st January 1866. — Premiums, L.20 — L.10— and Medium Silver

Medal. 1st. George Marr, Cairnbrogie, Old Meldrum. 2d. David Ainslie of
Costerton, Blackshiels. 3d. Jolm Copland, Mainshead, Dumfries. Commended
— Walter Scott, Glendronach, Huntly.

3. Bulls calved after 1st January 1867. — Premiums, L.10. — L5 — and Medium Silver

Medal. 1st. George Robertson Barclay of Keavil, Dunfermline. 2d. William
S. Marr, Upper Mill, Tarves. 3d. George Robertson Barclay of Keavil, Dun-
fermline. Commended — James Bruce, Burnside, Fochabers.

4. Bull Calves calved after 1st January 1868. — Premiums, L.6 — L.3— and Medium

Silver Medal. 1st. John Copland, Mainshead, Dumfries. 2d. Alexander Bruce,
Wealthiton, Keig. 3d. No award.
- First Prize Cows at former Shows — Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.

Glasgow, 1867, when the property of the present Exhibitor — "Lady Hay.''

Francis Brown, Mains of Leslie, Insch, Aberdeen.
Inverness, 1865, when the property of Viscount Strathallan — " Rosa Bonheur.''
The Duke of Richmond, K.G., Gordon Castle, Fochabers.
[>. Cows of any age. — Premiums, L.15 — L.8— and Medium Silver Medal. 1st. George
Shepherd, Shethin, Tarves. 2. Amos Cruickshank, Sittyton, Aberdeen. 3d.

108 PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1SG8.

Section

Charles Bruce, Broadland, Huntly. Commended — Amos Cruickshank, Sittyton,
Aberdeen.

6. Heifers calved after 1st January 1866. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and Medium Silver

Medal. 1st. David Ainslie of Costerton, Blackshiels. 2d. The Duke of Buc-
cleuch, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith. 3d. Lord Kinnaird, K.T., Bossie Priory,
Inchture. Commended — Amos Cruickshank, Sittyton, Aberdeen.

7. Heifers calved after 1st January 1867. — Premiums, L.8 — L4. — and Medium Silver

Medal. 1st. David Ainslie of Costerton, Blackshiels. 2d. Lord Kinnaird, K.T.,
Rossie Priory, Inchture. 3d. David Ainslie of Costerton, Blackshiels. Com-
mended— John Hunter, Dipple, Fochabers.
S. Heifer Calves calved after 1st January 1S66. — Premiums, L.6 — L.3 — and Medium
Silver Medal. 1st. Robert Scott, Manbeen, Elgin. 2d. William A. Mitchell,
Auchnagathle, Aberdeen. 3d. Henry A. Rannie, Mill of Royndie, Banff.

POLLED ANGUS OB ABERDEEN.

First Prize Bulls at former Shows — Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.

Glasgow, 1S67, when the property of ,the jEarl of Southesk — " Jupiter." Alex-
ander Paterson, Mulben, Keith.
9. Bulls calved before 1st January 1866. — Premiums, L.20 — L10 — and Medium Silver
Medal. Breeder of Best Bull — Silver Medal. 1st. Alexander Morison of Bognie,
Turriff. 2d. William James Tayler, Rothiemay House, Huntly. 3d. Robert
Walker, Portlethen, Aberdeen.- Commended— Colonel Fraser, Castle Fraser,
Aberdeen. Breeder of best Bull — Alexander Morison of Bognie, Turriff.

10. Bulls calved after 1st January 1866. — Premiums, L!20 — L.10 — and Medium Silver

Medal. 1st. William M'Combie of Easter Skene, Skene, Aberdeen. 2d. William
M 'Knight, Boghead, Pitcaple. 3d. Robert Walker, Portlethen, Aberdeen.
Commended — William M'Combie, Tillyfour, Aberdeen.

11. Bulls calved after 1st January 1867. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5— and Medium Silver

Medal. 1st. George Brown, Westertown, Fochabers. 2d. The Earl of Dunmore,
Dunmore, Stirling. 3d. Robert Walker, Portlethen, Aberdeen. Commended —
Colonel M'Inroyof the Burn, Brechin.

12. Bidl Calves calved after 1st January 186S. — Premiums, L.6 — L.3 — and Medium

Silver Medal. 1st. William M'Combie, Tillyfour, Aberdeen. 2d. David Rait

Lyall Grant of Kingsford, Alford. 3. Robert Walker, Montbletton, Banff.

Commended — William M'Combie, Tillyfour, Aberdeen.
First Prize Cows at former Shows — Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.

Glasgow, 1S67, when the property of the present Exhibitor — " Mina. " Colonel
Charles Fraser, Castle Fraser, Aberdeen.

Inverness, 1856, when the property of the present Exhibitor — " Charlotte."
William M'Combie, Tillyfour, Aberdeen.

Dumfries, 1S60, when the property of the present Exhibitor — " Pride of Aber-
deen." William M'Combie, Tillyfour, Aberdeen.

Stirling, 1864, when the property of the present Exhibitor — " Daisy." William
M'Combie, Tillyfour, Aberdeen.

Inverness, 1865, when the property of the present Exhibitor— "Lovely." William
M'Combie, Tillyfour, Aberdeen.

Kelso, 1863, when the property of the late J. H. E. Wemyss — "Nancy." The
Trustees of the late J. H. E. Wemyss, Wemyss Castle, Kirkcaldy.

13. Cows of any Age.— Premiums, L.15 — L.8— and Medium Silver Medal. 1st. Colonel

Fraser, Castle Fraser, Aberdeen. 2d. William W'Conibie, Tillyfour, Aberdeen.
3d. William M'Combie, Tillyfour, Aberdeen. Commended — William Walker,
Ardlmncart, Mossat, Aberdeen.

14. Heifers, calved after 1st January 1S66. — Premiums, L.10— L.5 — and Medium

Silver Medal. 1st. James Skinner, Drumin, Ballindalloch. 2d. The Earl of
Southesk, Kinnaird Castle, Brechin. 3d. William M'Combie, 'Tillyfour, Aber-
deen. Commended — William M'Combie, Tillyfour, Aberdeen.

15. Heifers, calved after 1st January 1867. — Premiums, L.8 — L.4 — and Medium Silver

Medal. 1st. William M'Combie, Tillyfour, Aberdeen. 2d. William M'Combie,
Tillyfour, Aberdeen. 3d. The Earl of Dunmore, Dunmore, Stirling. Com-
mended— Alexander Paterson, Mulben, Keith.

16. Heifer Calves calved after 1st January 1868. — Premiums, L.6— L.3 — and Medium

Silver Medal. 1st. William M'Combie, Tillyfour, Aberdeen. 2d. William
M'Combie, Tillyfour, Aberdeen. 3d. No Entiy.

POLLED GALLOWAY,

17. Bulls calved before 1st January 1S66.— Premiums, L.20— L.10— and Medium Silver

Medal. Breeder of best Bull— Silver Medal. 1st. James Cunningham, Tar-

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1SG3. 109

Section

breoch, Dalbeattie. 2d. James Graham, Parcelstown, West Linton, Carlisle.

3d. No entry. Breeder of best Bull — John Thomson, Blaiket, Crocketford,

Dumfries.
18. Bulls calved after 1st January 1866.— Premiums, L.20— L.10— and Medium Silver

Medal. 1st. James Graham, Braidlee, Neweastleton. 2d. James Cunningham,

Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie. 3d. John Cunningham, Whitecairn, Dalbeattie.
10. Bulls calved after 1st January 1867. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and Medium Silver

Medal. 1st. John Fisher, Knells, Carlisle. 2d. James Cunningham, Tarbreoch,

Dalbeattie. 3d. No entry.
First Prize Cows at former Shows— Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.

Glasgow, 1867, when the property of the present Exhibitor—" Modesty." James
Graham, Parcelstown, Wcst-Linton, Carlisle.

20. Cows of any Age. — Premiums, L.15 — L.S — and Medium Silver Medal. 1st. James

Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie. 2d. James Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dal-
beattie. 3d. No award.

21. Heifers calved after 1st January 1866. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and Medium Silver

Medal, 1st. James Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie. 2(<\ The Duke or
Buccleuch, K.G., Drumlanrigg, Thornhill. 3d. James Cunningham, Tarbreoch,
Dalbeattie.

22. Heifers calved after 1st January 1S67. — Premiums, L.S — L.4 — and Medium Silver

Medal. 1st. James Graham, Parcelstown, West Linton, Carlisle. 2d. James
Graham, Parcelstown, West Linton, Carlisle. 3d. The Duke of Buccleuch, K.G.,
Drumlanrigg, Thornhill,

HIGHLAND.

First Prize Bulls at former Shows — Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.

Inverness, 1865, when the property of the Duke of Athole — "Donald." The

Hon. Lady Menzies, Rannoch Lodge, Pitlochry.
Glasgow, 1S67, when the property of the present Exhibitor — Robert Peter, '.Urlar,

Aberfeldy.

23. Bulls calved before 1st January 1S65. — Premiums, L.20 — L.10 — and Medium Silver

Medal. . Breeder of best Bull— Silver Medal. 1st. John Malcolm of Poltallocb,
Callton Mor, Lochgilphead. 2d. The Duke of Athole, K.T., Blair Castle, Blair
Athole. 3d. Alexander Fraser, Faillie, Inverness. Breeder of best Bull— John
Malcolm of Poltallocb.
21. Bulls calved after 1st January 1865. — Premiums, L.20 — L.10 — and Medium Silver
Medal. 1st. The Duke of Athole, Blair Castle, Blair Athole. 2d. Donald
M'Laren, Corrychrone, Callander. 3d. James Gordon ot Manar, Inverurie.
Commended — James Gordon of Manar, Inverurie.

25. Bulls calved after 1st January 1866.— Premiums, L.10 — L.5— and Medium Silver

Medal. 1st. John Stewart, Duntulm, Portree. 2d. John Stewart, Duntulm,
Portree. 3d. The Hon. Lady Menzies, Rannoch Lodge, Pitlochry.
First Prize Cows at former Shows — Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.

Kelso, 1863, when the property of the present Exhibitor — " Rosie." The Duke
of Athole, K.T., Blair Castle, Blair Athole.

26. Cows of any age. — Premiums, L.15 — L.S — and Medium Silver Medal. 1st. John

Malcolm'of Poltallocb, 'Callton Mor, Lochgilphead. 2d. John Stewart, Duntulm,
Portree,' 3d. The Duke of Athole, K.T., Blair Castle, Blair Athole. Com-
mended— Robert Peter, Urlar, Aberfeldy.

27. Heifers calved after 1st January 1865. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5— and Medium Silver

Medal. 1st. Robert Peter, Urlar, Aberfeldy. 2d. John Malcolm of Poltallocb,
Callton Mor, Lochgilphead. 3d. Robert Peter, Urlar, Aberfeldy. Commended
— Robert Peter, Urlar, Aberfeldy.
2S. Heifers calved after 1st January 1866. — Premiums, L.S — L.4 — and Medium Silver
Medal. 1st. The Duke of Athole, K.T., Blair Castle, Blair Athole. 2d. John
Malcolm of Poltallocb, Callton Mor, Lochgilphead. 3d. John Malcolm of Pol-
talloch, Callton Mor, Lochgilphead. Commended — The Duke of Sutherland,
K.G., Dunrobin Castle, Golspie.

AYRSHIRE.

29. Bulls calved before 1st January 1866. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5— and Medium Silver
. Medal. Breeder of best Bull — Silver Medal. 1st. William Buchanan, Coxit-
bill, Stirling. 2d. John Stewart, Burnside Cottagi-, Strat haven. 3d. No award.
Breeder of best Bull — William Buchanan, Coxithill, Stirling.

3D. Bulls calved after 1st January 1S66. — Premiums, L.20 — L.10 — and Medium Silver
Medal. 1st, Robert Wilson, Forehouse, Kilbarchan. 2d. John Stewart, Burn-
side Cottage, Strathaven. 3d. No award.

110 PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1S68.

Section

31. Cows in Milk of any Age.— Premiums, L.15 — L.8 -and Medium Silver Medal.

1st. Robert Wilson,' Forehouse, Kilbarchan. 2d. John Semple, Dumbarrow,
Forfar. 3d. John Stewart, Burnside Cottage, Stratbaven.
First Prize Cows at former Shows — Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.

Inverness, 1865, when the property of the present Exhibitor — "Whitelegs."
The Duchess Dowager of Athole, Dunkeld.

32. Cows in Calf of any Age.— Premiums, L.15 — L.8— and Medium Silver Medal. 1st.

Andrew Morton, Biekertou Hall, Whitburn. 2d. John Stewart, Burnside
Cottage, Strathaven. 3d. Robert Wilson, Forehouse. Kilbarchan.

33. Heifers calved after 1st January 1866. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5— and Medium Silver

Medal. 1st. Robert Wilson, Forehouse, Kilbarchan. 2d. John Stewart, Burn-
side Cottage, Strathaven. '3d. John Stewart, Bvmiside Cottage, Strathaven.

FAT STOCK.

First Premium, Medium Gold Medal.
Second Premium, Silver Medal.
Third Premium, Medium Silver Medal.

34. Polled Oxen calved after 1st January 1865. 1st. William M'Combie, Tillyfour,

Aberdeen. 2d. James Stephen, Conglass, Inverurie. 3d. James Skinner,
Drumin, Ballindallock. Commended —James Skinner, Mains of Craibstone,
Auchmull, Aberdeen.

35. Polled Oxen calved after 1st January 1866. — 1st. William M'Combie of Easter

Skene, Aberdeen. 2d. William M'Combie, Tillyfour, Aberdeen. 3d. Robert
Bruce, Newton of Struthers, Kinloss, Forres. Commended — William M'Combie,
Tillyfour, Aberdeen.

36. Oxen of any Pure or Cross Breed calved after 1st January 1865. — 1st. Thomas

Ross, Hillhead, Forres. 2d. Richard H. Harris, Earnhill, Forres. 3d. John
Frost, Delab, Monymusk. Commended— Robert Moir, Tarty, Ellon.

37. Oxen of any Pure or Cross Breed calved after 1st January 1866. — 1st. Wishart and

Wisely, Gallowgate, Aberdeen. 2d. WUliam M'Combie, Tillyfour, Aberdeen.
3d. Robert Moir, Tarty, Ellon. Commended — George Shand, Ordens, Banff.

38. Highland Oxen calved after 1st January 1864. — 1st. J. & W. Martin, New Market,

Aberdeen. 2d. George and J. G. Smith, Minmore, Ballindalloch. 3d. The
Duke of Sutherland, K.G., Dunrobin Castle, Golspie.

39. Highland Oxen calved after 1st January 1865. — 1st. George and J. G. Smith, Min-

more, Ballindalloch. 2d. Alexander Mitchell, Waterside, Slains, Newburgh,
Aberdeen. 3d. Thomas Knowles, New Market, Aberdeen.

40. Cross Heifers calved after 1st January 1865. — 1st. Robert Bruce, Newton o

Struthers, Kinloss, Forres. 2d. James Reid, Graystone, Alford. 3d. James
Skinner, Mains of Craibstone, Auchmull, Aberdeen.

41. Cross Heifers calved after 1st January 1866. — 1st. Alexander Cowie, Cromley Bank,

Ellon. 2d. Harry L. L. Morrison, Guise, Whitehouse, Aberdeen. 3d. J. ami
W. Martin, New Market, Aberdeen. Commended — James Bruce, Burnside,
Fochabers.

EXTRA CATTLE.

The following were highly commended, and the Silver Medal was awarded to
each : — Polled Ox, belonging to James Stephen, Conglass, Inverurie. Cross Ox,
belonging to Walter Scott, Glendronach, Huntly.

The following were commended, and the Medium Silver Medal was awarded to each :
— PolledOx, belonging to Alexander Morison of Bognie, Turriff. Polled Ox, belong-
ing to Alexander Morison of Bognie, Turriff. Polled Cow, belonging to Robert
Walker, Montbletton, Banff. Cross Ox, belonging to J. & W. Martin, Aber-
deen. Cross Ox, belonging to Harry L. L. Morrison, Guise, Aberdeen.

Class II. -HORSES

FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.

1. Stallions foaled before 1st January 1865. — Premiums, L.30— L.15— and Medium

Silver Medal. Breeder of best Stallion— Silver Medal. 1st. James Hall, Fre-
derick Street, Aberdeen. 2d. Murdo Bethune, Dreim, Beauly. 3d. John
Thomson, Newton of Skene, Skene, Aberdeen. Commended — James Bennett,
Balgray, Kirriemuir. Breeder of best Stallion — John Hanbury, Standground,
Peterboro'.

2. Entire Colts foaled after 1st January 1865. — Premiums L.20— L.10— and Medium

Silver Medal. 1st. Samuel Clark, Manswrae, Kilbarchan. 2d. John M'Donald,
Duntocher. 3d. John Walker, Isaacstown, Keithhall. Commended— William
Alexander, Airyhillock, Old Meldrum.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 18C8. Ill

Section

3. Entire Colts foaled after 1st January 1866. — Premiums L.15 — L.S — and Medium

Silver Medal. 1st. The Earl of Strathmore, Glands Castle, Forfar. 2d. Peter
Beattie, Dumiydeer, Inseli, Aberdeen. 3d. William Wilson, Balquharn, Alford.
Commended — Ainslie D. Ainslie, Delgaty Castle, Turriff.

4. Entire Colts foaled after 1st January 1867 — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and Medium

Silver Medal. 1st. Joseph Tait, Brankananthem, Portsoy. 2d. Alex. Milne,
Corse of Einnoir, Iluntly. 3d. The Earl of Strathmore, Glands Castle, Forfar.
Commended- David Milne, Blackhills, Nigg, Aberdeen.

5. Mares (with Foal at foot) foaled after 1st January 1865. — Premiums, L.20 — L.10 —

and Medium Silver Medal. 1st. Alexander Sim, Fawells, Keithhall. 2d. Murdo
Bethune, Dreim, Beauly. 3d. Adam Gray, Harestone, Premnay, Insch, Aber-
deen. Commended — William S. Marr, Upper Mill, Tarves.

6. Mares (in Foal) foaled before 1st January 1865. — Premiums, L.15 — L.S — and

Medium Silver Medal. 1st. Alexander Milne, Corse of Kinnoir, Huntly. 2d.
Alexander Milne, Corse of Kinnoir, Huntly. 3d. Andrew F. Williamson,
Caskieben Mains, Blackburn, Aberdeen. Commended — Alexander Sim, Fawells,
Keithhall.

7. Fillies foaled after 1st January 1861. — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and Medium Silver

Medal. 1st. John Kerr, Bloom, Mid Calder. 2d. James Murray, Fauchfaulds,
Turriff. 3d. John Taylor, Presson, Coldstream. Commended — Robert Walker,
Montbletton, Banff.

S. Fillies foaled after 1st January 1866. — Premiums, L.S — L.4 — and Medium Silver
Medal. 1st. James Freehand, Broadgate, Strathblane. 2d. The Duchess
Dowager of Athole, Dunkeld. 3d. Patrick Davidson of Inchmarlo, Aberdeen.
Commended — James Wood, Midtown, Banff.

9. Fillies foaled after 1st January 1S67. — Premiums, L.6 — L.3 — and Medium Silver
Medal. 1st. James Moir, Wardhouse, Insch, Aberdeen. 2d. Thomas Milne,
Newton of Ardoyne, Insch, Aberdeen. 3d. William Riddell, Hillhead, Keith-
hall. Commended — James Sangster, Shielhill, Old Machar.

EXTRA SECTION.

10. Thorough-bred Stallions, to serve in the District. — Premium, L.100. 1st. Robert
Paterson of Birthwood, Biggar. Commended — The Earl of Seafteld, Cullen
House, Cullen ; Robert Wilson, Lethenty, Alford.

EXTRA HORSES.

First Prize Pony Stallion at former Shows. — Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.
Inverness, 1865, when the property of the present Exhibitor — "Glentilt." — The
Duke of Athole, K.T., Blair Castle.

The following were commended, and the Medium Silver Medal was awarded to each :
Roadsters : Gelding belonging to Alexander Brown, Knockolochie, Pitcaple. Geld-
ing belonging to James Hay, jun., Little Ythsie, Tarves. Mare belonging to
James Lumsden, Braco, Keith.
Ponies : Gelding belonging to James Dyce Nicol of Ballogie, M.P., Aboyne.

Class III.— SHEEP.

LEICESTER.

1. Tups not above 4 Shear — Premiums, L.10 — L.5 — and Medium Silver Medal. 1st.

George Thompson of Pitmedden, Aberdeen. 2d. Lawrence Drew, Merryton,
Hamilton. 3d. John Hunter, Dipple, Fochabers. Commended — Adam Smith,
Stevenson Mains, Haddington.

2. Dinmont or Shearling Tups — Premiums, L.10 — L.S— and Medium Silver Medal.

1st. David Ainslie of Costerton, Blackshiels. 2d. Adam Smith, Stevenson
Mains, Haddington. 3d. The Earl of Southesk, Kinnaird Castle, Brechin.
Commended — George Simson, Courthill, Kelso.

3. Ewes not above 4 Shear. — Premiums, L.S — L.4 — and Medium Silver Medal. 1st.

Lawrence Drew, Merryton, Hamilton. 2d. David Ainslie of Costerton, Black -
■ shiels. 3d. George Simson, Courthill, Kelso. Commended — Henry A. Rannie,
Mill of Boyndie, Banff.

4. Shearling Ewes or Gimmers. — Premiums, L.S — L.4 — and Medium Silver Medal.

1st. George Simson, Courthill, Kelso. 2d. David Ainslie of Costerton, Black-
shiels. 3d. George Torrance, Sisterpath, Dunse. Commended— John Lees,
Marvingston, Haddington.

112 PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868.

Section cheviot.

5. Tups not above 4 Shear.— Premiums, L.10— L.5— and Medium Silver Medal. 1st.

Thomas Elliot, Hindhope, Jedburgh. 2d. James Brydon, Kinnelhead, Moffat.
3d. Thomas Elliot, Hindhope, Jedburgh. Commended— Thomas Elliot, Hind-
hope, Jedburgh.

6. Dinmont or Shearling Tups.— Premiums, L.10— L.5— and Medium Silver Medal.

1st. John Archibald, Glengelt, Lauder. 2d. Thomas Elliot, Hindhope, Jed-
burgh. 3d. John Archibald, Glengelt, Lauder. Commended— James Brydon,
Kinnelhead, Moffat.

7. Ewes not above 4 Shear. —Premiums, L.8— L.4— and Medium Silver Medal. Best

Pen of Lambs— Silver ,Medal. 1st. John Archibald, Glengelt, Lauder. 2d.-
Thomas Elliot, Hindhope, Jedburgh. 3d. John M'Gregor, Bellridding, Dum-
fries. Commended— James Brydon, Kinnelhead, Moffat. Best Pen of Lambs-
Thomas Elliot, Hindhope, Jedburgh. Highly Commended— J ohn Archibald,
Glengelt, Lauder,
S. Shearling Ewes or Gimmers.— Premiums, L.8— L.4— and Medium Silver Medal,
1st. James Brydon, Kinnelhead, Moffat. 2d. Thomas Elliot, Hindhope, Jed-
burgh. 3d. John Archibald, Glengelt, Lauder. Commended— John M'Gregor,

BeHridding, Dumfries.

BLACKFACED.

9. Tups not above 4 Shear.— Premiums, L.10— L.5— and Medium Silver Medal. 1st.
John Archibald, Overshiels, Stow. 2d. Thomas Aitken, Listonshiels, Balerno.
3d. John Archibald, Overshiels, Stow. Commended— Thomas Murray, East-
side, Penicuik.

10. Dinmont or Shearling Tups.— Premiums, L.10— L.5— and Medium Silver Medal.

1st, 2d, and 3d. John Archibald, Overshiels, Stow. Commended— Thomas
Murrav, Eastside, Penicuik.

11. Ewes not above 4 Shear.— Premiums, L.8— L.4— and Medium Silver Medal. Best

Pen of Lambs— Silver Medal. 1st. John Archibald, Overshiels, Stow. 2d.
Allan C. Pagan, Innergeldie, Comrie. 3d. The Hon. Lady Menzies, Bannoch
Lodge, Pitlochry. Best Pen of Lambs— John Archibald, Overshiels, Stow.
Commended — Allan C. Pagan, Innergeldie, Comrie.

12. Shearling Ewes ;or Gimmers— Premiums, L.8— -L.4 — and Medium Silver Medal.

1st. John Malcolm, of Poltalloch, Callton Mor, Lochgilphead. 2d. John Inch,
Mitchellhill, Biggar. 3d. John Archibald, Overshiels, Stow.

SOUTHDOWN.

13. Tups not above 4 Shear.— Premiums, L.10— L.5— and Medium Silver Medal. 1st.

John Gordon of Parkhill, Aberdeen. 2d. Robert Scot Skirving, Camptoun,
Drem. 3d. John Garland, Cairnton, Fordoun. Commended — William Keith,
Netherton of Logie, Peterhead.

14. Ewes not above 4 Shear, or Gimmers.— Premiums, L.S — L.4— and Medium Silver

Medal. 1st. Robert Scot Skirving, Camptown, Drem. 2d. Alexander Kinloch,
yr. of GUmerton, Drem. 3d. Sir William G. Gordon Cumming of Altyre, Bart.,
Forres. Commended — James Bruce, Burnside, Fochabers.

LONG-WOOLED OTHER THAN LEICESTER.

15. Tups not above 4 Shear.— Premiums, L.10— L.5-and Medium Silver Medal. 1st

John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith. 2d. Walter Reid, Drem. 3d. John Gibson.
Woolmet, Dalkeith.

16. Ewes not above 4 Shear, or Gimmers. — Premiums, L.8— L.4— and Medium Silver

Medal. 1st. Walter Reid, Drem. 2d. John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith. 3d
Walter Reid, Drem.

SHORT-WOOLLED OTHER THAN SOUTHDOWN.

17. Tups not above 4 Shear.— Premiums, L.10— L.5— and Medium Silver Medal. 1st.

John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith. 2d. The Earl of Strathmore, Glamis Castle,
Forfar. 3d. The Earl of Strathmore, Glamis Castle, Forfar. Commended—
The Earl of Strathmore, Glamis Castle, Forfar.

15. Ewes not above 4 Shear, or Gimmers.— Premiums, L.S— L.4— and Medium Silver

Medal. 1st. The Earl of Strathmore, Glamis Castle, Forfar. 2d, John Gibson,
Woolmet, Dalkeith. 3d. James Walker, Hillhead, St Andrews. Commended —
The Earl of Strathmore, Glamis Castle, Forfar.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868. 113

EXTRA SECTIONS.
Section

19. Cheviot Wethers not above 3 Shear. — Premiums, L.6— L.3 — and Medium Silver

Medal. 1st. Thomas Biggar, Chapelton, Dalbeattie. 2d. Richard Heath Harris
Eamhill, Forres. 3d. James M'Gill, Rotchell, Dumfries.

20. Blackfaced Wethers not above 4 Shear. — Premiums, L.6 — L.3 — and Medium Silver

Medal. 1st. William M'Combie, Tillyfour, Aberdeen. 2d. James Stewart
New Market, Aberdeen. 2>d. Andrew Wilson, Whiteside, Alford.

21. Cross-Bred Wethers not above 3 Shear. — Premiums, L.6 — L.3— and Medium Silver

Medal. 1st. James Stewart, New Market, Aberdeen. 2d. John Hunter,
Dipple, Fochabers. 3d. Richard H. Harris, Earnhill, Forres. Commended —
Lord Kinnaird, K.T., Rossie Priory, Inchture.

EXTRA SHEEP.

The following lot was highly commended, and the Silver Medal was awarded : —
5 Tup and 5 Ewe Lambs "(Shropshire Down), belonging to James Walker, Hill-
head, St Andrews.

Class IV.— SWINE.

1. Boars, Large Breed.— Premiums, L. 8— L. 4 — and Medium Silver Medal. 1st. Thomas

D. Findlay, Easterhill, Glasgow. 2d. John Laing, Glendeuglie, Milnathort.
3d. James Dyce Nicol of Ballogie, M.P., Aboyne. Commended — R. E.
Duckering & Sons, Northorpe, Kirkton Lindsey.

2. Boars, Small Breed— Premiums, L.8— L.4 — and Medium Silver Medal. 1st. R. E.

Duckering & Sons, Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey. 2d. and Bd. Thomas D. Findlay,
Easterhill, Glasgow. Commended — David Robertson, Royal Hotel, Aberdeen.

3. Sows, Large Breed. — Premiums, L.6 — L.3 — and Medium Silver Medal. 1st.

Thomas D. Findlay, Easterhill, Glasgow. 2d. James Skinner, Woodside,
Aberdeen. 3d. R. E. Duckering & Sons, Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey. Com-
mended— John Gash, 15 Mealmarket Street, Aberdeen.

4. Sows, Small Breed. — Premiums, L.6 — L.3 — and Medium SUver Medal. 1st.

Thomas D. Findlay, Easterhill, Glasgow. 2d. R. E. Duckering & Sons,
Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey. 3d. James Gordon of Manar, Inverurie. Com-
mended— James Gordon of Manar, Inverurie.

5. Pens of 3 Pigs not exceeding 8 months old, Large Breed.— Premiums, L.4 — L.2 —

and Medium Silver Medal. 1st. Thomas D. Findlay, Easterhill, Glasgow. 2d.
R. E. Duckering & Sons, Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey. 3d. William Benton,
Crookmore, Alford. Commended — James Skinner, Woodside, Aberdeen.

6. Pens of 3 Pigs not exceeding 8 months old, Small Breed. — Premiums, L.4 — L.2 —

and Medium Silver Medal. 1st. Thomas D. Findlay, Easterhill, Glasgow. 2d.
Robert Phil}), Royal Hotel, Bridge of Allan. 3d. James Gordon of Manar,
Inverurie. Commended — Edward Savage, Royal Lunatic Asylum, Aberdeen.

EXTRA SWINE.

The following was highly commended, and the Silver Medal was awarded :— Sow
belonging to David Robertson, Royal Hotel, Aberdeen.

Class V.— POULTRY.

1st Premium — Silver Medal ; 2d Premium — Bronze Medal.

1. Dorking, Silver Grey— Cock and 2 Hens. 1st. John Duncan, Ardo, Methlic. 2d.

John Allan, Crieffvechter, Crieff. Commended — James Simpson, Brigton,
Durris, Aberdeen.

2. Dorking, Silver Grey — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. 1st. Thomas Raines, Bridgehaugh,

Stirling. 2d. Peter Beattie, Dunnydeer, Insch, Aberdeen. Commended —
William Ford, Hardengreen, Dalkeith.

3. Dorking, Coloured— Cock and 2 Hens. 1st. John Allan, Crieffvechter, Crieff. 2d.

The Countess of Strathmore, Glamis Castle, Glamis. Commended — Wm. Meff,
Ruthrieston, Aberdeen.

4. Dorking, Coloured — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. 1st. James Gordon of Manar,

Inverurie. 2d. The Countess of Strathmore, Glamis Castle, Glamis. Com-
mended—James Clark, Railway Station, Fochabers.

5. Dorking, White— Cock and 2 Hens. — No Entry.

6. Dorking, White — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — No Entry.

h

114 PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868.

Section

7. Cochin-China, Coloured — Cock and 2 Hens. 1st. John Stewart, Thistlebank,

Helensburgh. 2d. William Meff, Ruthrieston, Aberdeen. Commended — B. C.
Urquhart of Meldruni, Old Meldrum.

8. Cochin-China, Coloured — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. 1st. William Ford, Hardengreen,

Dalkeith. 2d. John Stuart, Thistlebank, Helensburgh. Commended — Mrs
Stronach, Sunnybank, Old Aberdeen.

9. Cochin-China, White — Cock and 2 Hens. — No Entry.

10. Cochin-China, White— Cockerel and 2 Pullets. 1st. William Ford, Hardengreen,

Dalkeith.

11. Bramahpootra, Pencilled — Cock and 2 Hens. 1st. William Meff, Ruthrieston,

Aberdeen. 2d. Thomas Raines, Bridgehaugh, Stirling. Commended — Mrs
Farquharson of Invercauld, Braemar.

12. Bramahpootra, Pencilled— Cockerel and 2 Pullets. 1st. Keith Jopp, 13 Mount

Street, Aberdeen. 2d. William Ford, Hardengreen, Dalkeith. Commended —
Keith Jopp, 13 Mount Street, Aberdeen.

13. Bramahpootra, Light — Cock and 2 Hens. 1st. James Chalmers, Granton Lodge,

Aberdeen. 2d. B. C. Urquhart of Meldrum, Old Meldrum.

14. Bramahpootra, Light — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — No award.

15. Malay— Cock and 2 Hens. -No Entry.

16. Malay— Cockerel and 2 Pullets— No Entry.

17. Spanish — Cock and 2 Hens. 1st. William Meff, Ruthrieston, Aberdeen. 2d.

Frederick M'Crae, 23 Albion Street, Aberdeen.

18. Spanish — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. 1st. William Meff, Ruthrieston, Aberdeen. 2d.

Mrs Stronach, Sunnybank, Old Aberdeen.

19. Scotch Grey — Cock and 2 Hens. 1st. Robert Wilson, Forehouse, Kilbarchan. 2d.

No Entry.

20. Scotch Grey — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. 1st. Robert Blair, Thornhill, Johnstone.

2d. No Entry.

21. Hamburg, Golden Pencilled — Cock and 2 Hens. 1st. Peter M 'Robbie, jun.,

Sunnyside, Aberdeen. 2d. Mrs Farquharson of Invercauld, Braemar. Com-
mended— Robert M'Gregor, Sunnybower, Perth.

22. Hamburg, Golden Pencilled — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. 1st. John Hay, jun., 19

Guestrow, Aberdeen. 2d. Mrs Farquharson of Invercauld, Braemar. Com-
mended— Robert M'Gregor, Sunnybower, Perth.

23. Hamburg, Silver Pencilled— Cock and 2 Hens. 1st. B. C. Urquhart of Meldruni,

Old Meldrum. 2d. William Clark, Cemetery Lodge, Aberdeen.

24. Hamburg, Silver Pencilled — Cockerel and 2 Pullets — No Entry.

25. Hamburg, Golden Spangled — Cock and 2 Hens. 1st. William Clark, Cemetery

Lodge, Aberdeen. 2d. Mrs Stronach, Sunnybank, Old Aberdeen. Gommended
— Mrs Farquharson of Invercauld, Braemar.

26. Hamburg, Golden Spangled — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. 1st. James Still, Orchard

Bank, Aberdeen. 2d. Mrs James Brown, Abercairney, Crieff.

27. Hamburg, Silver Spangled — Cock and 2 Hens. Is;!. John Sharp, Canal Cottage,

Johnstone. 2d. Mrs Stronach, Sunnybank, Old Aberdeen. Commended — B.C.
Urquhart of Meldrum, Old Meldrum.

28. Hamburg, Silver Spangled — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. 1st. Joseph M. Campbell,

Bonnykelly, New Byth. 2d. Mrs Robertson, Gordon Place, Dyce. Commended
— James Still, Orchard Bank Cottage, Aberdeen.
29 Polish, White Crested Black— Cock and 2 Hens. 1st. Mrs Robertson, Gordon Place,
Dyce. 2d. No Entry.

30. Polish, White Crested Black— Cockerel and 2 Pullets.— No Entry.

31. Polish, Golden Spangled— Cock and 2 Hens.— No Entry.

32. Polish, Golden Spangled —Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — No Entry.

33. Polish, Silver Spangled— Cock and 2 Hens. 1st. William M'Intosh, Ness, Nigg,

Aberdeen. 2d. John Thorn, Culsh, New Deer. Commended— Miss Ramsay of
Barra, Aberdeen.

34. Polish, Silver Spangled — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — No Entry.

35. Game, Black or Brown Reds— Cock and 2 Hens. 1st. Mrs Rennet, 13 Silver Street,

Aberdeen. 2d. James M'Pherson, West North Street, Aberdeen. Commended
—Frederick M'Crae, Albion Street, Aberdeen.

36. Game, Black or Brown Reds —Cockerel and 2 Pullets. 1st. Mrs Rennet, Silver

Street, Aberdeen. 2d. Robert M'Gregor, Sunnybower, Perth.

37. Game, Duckwings— Cock and 2 Hens. 1st. James M 'Pherson, North West Street,

Aberdeen. 2d. No Entry.

38. Game, Duckwings — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — No Entry.

39. Game, any other variety — Cock and 2 Hens. — No Entry.

40. Game, any other variety — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — No Entry.

41. Bnatams, Game— Cock and 2 Hens. 1st. Robert M'Gregor, Sunnybower, Perth.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868. 115

Section

2d. William Meff, Rutlirieston, Aberdeen. Commended— Sir George Mac-
pherson Grant of Ballindalloeh, Bart.

42. Bantams, Game — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. 1st. Thomas Raines, Bridgehaugh,

Stirling. 2d. Joseph M. Campbell, Bonnykelly, New Byth. Commended —
William Meff, Rutlirieston, Aberdeen.

43. Bantams, Gold-laced Sebright — Cock and 2 Hens. 1st. David Ainslie of Costerton,

Blackshiels. 2d. No Entry.

44. Bantams, Gold-laced Sebright— Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — No Entry.

45. Bantams, Silver-laced Sebright — Cock and 2 Hens. 1st. David Ainslie of Coster-

ton, Blackshiels. 2d. No Entry.

46. Bantams, Silver-laced Sebright — Cockerel and 2 Pullets. — No Entry.

47. Bantams, any other variety — Cock and 2 Hens. — No Entry.

48. Bantams, any other variety— Cockerel and 2 Pullets. —No Entry.

49. Any other distinct breed of Poultry— Cock and 2 Hens. 1st. B. C. Urquhart of

Meldrum, Old Meldrum. 2d. B. C. Urquhart of Meldrum, Old Meldrum.

50. Any other distinct breed of Poultry— Cockerel and 2 Pullets. 1st. James Gordon

of Manar, Inverurie. 2d. B. C. Urquhart of Meldrum, Old Meldrum.

51. Capons, of any Breed — 3 Capons. —No Entry.

52. Ducks, White Aylesbury— Drake and 2 Ducks. 1st. Arthur Farquhar of Elsick,

Stonehaven. 2d. Mrs Stronach, Sunnybank, Old Aberdeen.

53. Ducks, White Aylesbury— Drake and 2 Ducklings. 1st. Alexander Copland,

Kintore. 2c?. Mrs Stronach, Sunnybank, Old Aberdeen. Commended— John
Sharp, Canal Cottage, Johnstone.

54. Ducks, Rouen — Drake and 2 Ducks. 1st. A rthur Farquhar of Elsick, Stonehaven.

2d. John Sharp, Canal Cottage, Johnstone.

55. Ducks, Rouen— Drake and 2 Ducklings. 1st. John Sharp, Canal Cottage, John-

stone. 2d. James Gordon of Manar, Inverurie.

56. Ducks, any other distinct Breed— Drake and 2 Ducks.— No Entry.

57. Ducks, any other distinct Breed— Drake and 2 Ducklings.— No Entry.

58. Turkeys, Black Norfolk— Cock and 2 Hens. 1st. Mrs Stronach, Sunnybank, Old

Aberdeen. 2d. No Entry.

59. Turkeys, Black Norfolk— Cock and 2 Hens (Poults).- No Entry.

60. Turkeys, any other Breed — Cock and 2 Hens. — No Entry.

61. Turkeys, any other Breed— Cock and 2 Hens (Poults).— No Entry.

62. Geese, Grey Toulouse — Gander and 2 Geese. — No Entry.

63. Geese, Grey Toulouse— Gander and 2 Goslings. 1st. B. C. Urquhart of Meldrum,

Old Meldrum. 2d. No Entry.

64. Geese, Embden — Gander and 2 Geese. — No Entry.

65. Geese, Embden — Gander and 2 Goslings. 1st. The Countess of Strathmore, Glamis

Castle, Forfar. 2d. No Entry.

Class VI.— IMPLEMENTS.

On reports by the Local Committee for trying Implements and Machines, the Silver
Medal was awarded to each of the following : —

Benjamin Reicl & Co., Aberdeen, for Lever Drill.
George Sellar & Son, Huntly, for Zig-Zag Harrows.
J. Bisset & Sons, Blairgowrie, for Reaping Machine.
John Thomson, Aberdeen, for Three-horse lever Grubber.
William Rae, Bourtie, Old Meldrum, for Turnip Sowing Machine.

The following articles were highly commended : —
<li off Cutters. — Benjamin Reid & Co,, Aberdeen.
Chaff Cutters. — Richmond & Chandler, Salford.
Horse Rake. — Benjamin Reid k Co., Aberdeen.
Knitting and Sewing Machines. — W. W. Kennedy, Edinburgh.
Oil Tester. — William Lincolne, Glasgow.
Reaping Machine. — Brigham & Bickerton, Berwick-on-Tweed.
Reaping Machine.- W. D. Brown, Mains of Turin, Forfar.
Reaper and Mower.— Lillie, Goodlet, Elder, & Co., Berwick-on Tweed.
Sharpening Machine. — Mitchell & Burgess, Manchester.
Twrnwrist Plough.— John Blackhall, Ardgathen, Alford, Aberdeen.

The following were commended : —
Dressing Fans.— Thomas Clark, Craibstone, Auchmull, Aberdeen.
Corn Drills. — Benjamin Reid & Co., Aberdeen.
Fencing. — Benjamin Reid & Co., Aberdeen.
Fencing. — George W. Murray & Co., Banff.
Food-Cooling Barrows. — Kemp, Murray, & Nicholson, Stirling.

116 PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868.

Horse-Hoe, Roller, and Rake, for Garden Walks. — Benjamin Reid & Co., Aberdeen.

Lamps and Lanterns. — James M'Leod, Turriff.

Pumjjs. — M'Cutcheon & Sons, Edinburgh..

Reaping and Mowing Machines. — J. & T. Young, Ayr.

Refrigerators. — Robert Hilton & Co., 31 Crichton Street, London.

Tvmip Barrow. — Alexander Brodie, Dykeside, Auchterless, Turriff.

Whitechapel Cart. — James Davidson, Aberdeen.

LIST OF JUDGES.

Short-Horn. — L. C. Cbrisp, Hawkkill, Alnwick ; Joseph Culshaw, Towneley Park,
Bumley ; Andrew Mitchell, Alloa. Attending Members — Robert Simpson of
Cobairdy, Huntly ; Robert Copland, Mill of Ardletken, Ellon.

Polled Angus or Aberdeen.— Robert Hector, Montrose ; James Leslie, The Thorn,
Blairgowrie ; George Williamson, Shempston, Elgin. Attending Members — The
Earl of Dalhousie, K.T. ; Major lnnes of Learney, Torphins ; James Cochrane,
Little Haddo, Foveran.

Polled Galloway. — Thomas Gibbons, Burnfoot, Esk, Longtown, Cumberland ; A. C.
Pagan, Innergeldie, Comrie ; James Shennan, Balig, Kirkcudbright. Attending
Members — Major Ramsay of Barra, Straloch, Aberdeen ; Alexander Souter,
Strocherie, Banff.

Highland. — John M Arthur, Acurrach, Inverary ; Duncan Mitchell, Blairvockie, Luss.
Attending Members — Sir George Macpherson Grant of Ballindalloch, Bart. ; George
Cruickshank, Comisty, Huntly.

Ayrshire. — H. D. B. Hyslop, Tower, Sanquhar ; Hugh. Kirkwood, Killermont, Mary-
hill ; John Waugh of St John's Kirk, Biggar. Attending Members — James
Gordon of Manar, Inverurie ; John Garland, Cairnton, Fordoun.

Fat Stock and Extra Cattle. — Stewart Johnston, Perth; David Smith, Leyshead,
Dundee ; Thomas Gibbons, Burnfoot, Esk, Longton. Attending Members —
Colonel M'Inroy of The Burn, Brechin; James Lumsden, Braco, Keith.

Draught Horses. — John Dickson, Saughton Mains, Edinburgh ; Alexander Young,
Keir Mains, Dunblane ; John Young, Fulwood, Houston. Attending Members —
Sir Walter Elliot of Wolfelee, K.S.I., Hawick; Charles Lyall, Old Montrose,
Montrose.

Thorough-bred and Extra Horses. — George A. Grey, Millfield Hill, Wooler ; Nicol
Milne of Faldonside, Melrose. Attending Members — Harry L. L. Morrison of
Blair, Whitehouse ; Silvester Campbell, Kinellar, Blackburn.

Leicester, Long-Woolled, Cross-ired Wethers, and Extra Sheep. — William Purves,
Linton Burnfoot, Kelso ; John Wilson, Edington Mains, Chirnside. Attending
Members— Sir James H. Burnett of Leys, Bart.; Arthur Glennie, Fernyflatt,
Bervie.

Clieviot. — William Henderson, Langleeford, Wooler ; John Scott, Drynoch, Broadford,
Skye ; William Thompson, Ryle, Alnwick. Attending Members— D. R. Lyall
Grant of Kingsford, Alford ; James Wood, Provost of Banff.

Blackfaced. — James Coubrough, Blairtummoch, Campsie ; George Howison, Runna-
gulzion, Blairgowrie ; Donald MTntyre, Tignablair, Comrie. Attending Members
— David Lyall of Gallery, Montrose ; Alexander Forbes Douglass, Haddo House,
Methlic.

Southdown and other Short Woolled. — George A. Grey, Millfield Hill, Wooler ; G. A.
Thomson, Farlm Hall, Carlisle. Attending Members — Alexander Stuart of Laithers,
Turriff ; Alexander Bowie, Mains of Kelly, Arbroath.

Swine. — James Deans, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith ; A. C. Pagan, Innergeldie, Comrie ;
James Shennan, Balig, Kirkcudbright. Attending Members — Sir James D. H.
Elphinstone of Logie-Elphinstone, Bart. ; George Gordon, Tidlochallum, Craigel-
lachie.

Poultry. — Henry Curtis, Grant Lodge, Elgin ; John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith ;
David Stratron, Edinburgh. Attending Members — James Dyce Nicol of Ballogie,
M.P., Aberdeen; James W. Barclay, Auchlossan, Aberdeen.

Implements. — Professor Macquorn Rankine, Consulting Engineer to the Society ; John
Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith, Chairman of the Society's Machinery Committee ;
Alexander Slight, Edinburgh, Practical Engineer to the Society : Robert Elliot,
Laiglnvood, Dunkeld ; William Goodlet, Bolshan, Arbroath ; Thomas Mylne,
Niddrie Mains, Liberton ; John Ord of Muirhouselaw, Nisbet, Kelso ; Thomas
Park, Stoneyhill, Musselburgh.

Local Committee on Implements. — James Abernethy, C.E., Aberdeen; Alexander
Campbell, Blairton, Belhelvie ; James Porter, Monymusk, Aberdeen ; Major
Ramsay of Barra, Straloch, Aberdeen ; Robert Walker, Portlethen, Aberdeen.
Major Ramsay, Convener of Local Committee.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 18G9.

117

Bulls,

Bulls, Class I.,t

Bulls, Class II.,?
Heifers,

Bulls,
Bulls, Class I.,

Bulls, Class II.,
Heifers,

Bulls, Class I.,

Bulls, Class II.,
Heifers,

Bulls, Class I.,

Bulls, Class II.,
Heifers,

Bull, .
Heifer,
Bull,
Bull,

III.— DISTRICT COMPETITIONS.

CATTLE.
District of Strontian.

Alexander Maclean of Ardgour, Fort-William,

1. Juliii Robertson, Glenerippesdalo, Morven,

2. A. Kirkpatrick, Drimnatorin, Strontian, .
Donald Macvean, Salachan, Ardgour, .

1. Donald Macvean, Salachan, Ardgour,

2. John Robertson, Glencrippesdale, Morven,

District of Kintyre.

Robert Dickie, Kileonan, Campbeltown,

1. Robert Dickie, Kileonan, Campbeltown,

2. James Greenlees, Moy, Campbeltown,
John Russell, Tirl'ergus, Campbeltown,

1. Robert Dickie, Kileonan, Campbeltown,

2. William Stewart, Tonrioch, Campbeltown,

County of Dumbarton.

1. George Kinloch, Garshake, Dumbarton, .

2. Duncan Macfarlane, Torr, Row,

James M'Connochie, Nether Ross, Helensburgh,

1. Jolin Houston, Geilston, Cardross, .

2. Duncan Macfarlane, Torr, Row,

District of Nithsdale.

1. James Hewetson. Auchenbenzie, Thornhill,

2. Abram Kerr, Castlehill, Thornhill, . ...
James and Thomas Smith, Glenmanna, Thornhill,

1. Thomas Brown, Holm, Thornhill,

2. Thomas Brown, Holm, Thornhill,

Islands of Shetland.
Charles G. Duncan, Lerwick, . . . .

District of Annandale.
John Graham of Shaw, Lockerbie,

County of Elgin.
George Brown, Westerton, Fochabers,

County of Nairn.
Robert Fraser, Brackla, Nairn, . . . .

Silver Medal.
L.3 10 0*

2 0 0*

3 0 0*
5 0 0
3 0 0

Silver Medal.
L.7 0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

L.3 10 0*

2 0 0*

3 0 0*
5 0 0
3 0 0

L.7 0 0

4 0 0
6 0 0

5 0 0
3 0 0

Silver Medal.
Silver Medal.
Silver Medal.
Silver Medal.

DRAUGHT HORSES.

County of Ayr.

Stallions, . . David Riddel! , Kilbowie, Duntocher,
Mares, . . J. N. Fleming of Knockdon, Maybole, .

Fillies, . . John Lockhart, Kirminnoch, Kirkcolm,

L.25 0 0
10 0 0

ENTIRE COLTS.

County of Lanark.

2- Year old Colts, The Countess of Home, Bothwell Castle, Bothwell,
1-Year old Colts, Robert Black, Easterhouse, Baillieston,

District of Wester Ross.
1-Year old Colts, Robert Trotter, Garguston, Killearnan,

* Half Premiums awarded, the number of lots being under six.
t Class I., Bulls calved before 1st January 1S66.
% Class II., Bulls calved alter 1st January 18CG.

L.6 0 0T
2 0 0*

L.4 0 0

118

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868.

Stallions,

District of Perth, Fife, Kinross, and Clackmannan.
. David Riddell, Kilbowie, Duntocher, .

L.10 0 0

Tups, .
Tups, .

Shearling Tups,
Ewes,- .
Shearling Ewes,

Tup,

Tup,

Tups, .
Tups, .

Shearling Tups,
Ewes, .
Shearling Ewes,

Tups, .
Tups, .

Shearling Tups,
Ewes, .
Shearling Ewes,

Tup,

Tup,

Tups, .
Tups, .

Shearling Tups,
Ewes, .
Shearling Ewes,

Tups, .

Shearling Tups,
Ewes, .
Shearling Ewes,

Tups, .
Tups, .

Shearling Tups,
Ewes, .
Shearling Ewes,

LEICESTER SHEEP.

County of Edinburgh.

The Duke of Buccleuch, KG., Dalkeith,
John Ainslie, Hillend, Roslin,
David Ainslie of Costerton, Blackshiels,
David Ainslie of Costerton, Blackshiels,
David Ainslie of Costerton, Blackshiels,

County of Forfar.
Colonel Dempster of Dunnichen, Forfar,

District of the Border Union Society.
Rev. R. W. Bosanquet, Rock, Alnwick,

CHEVIOT SHEEP.

Districts of Mull, Coll, and Tyree.

Walter Elliot, Scour, Achnacraig, Mull,
Walter Elliot, Scour, Achnacraig, Mull,
Ebenezer B. Thorburn, Isle of Muck, Tobermory,
Ebenezer B. Thorburn, Isle of Muck, Tobermory,
Ebenezer B. Thorburn, Isle of Muck, Tobermory,

Districts of Eskdale and Liddesclcde.

James Brydon, Kinnelhead, Moffat,
James Brydon, Kinnelhead, Moffat,
James Brydon, Kinnelhead, Moffat,
James Brydon, Kinnelhead, Moffat,
James Brydon, Kinnelhead, Moffat,

Pastoral District of Ross-shire.
Captain Davidson, Inverbroom,

County of Sutherland.
William Mitchell, Ribigill, Tongue,

BLACKFACED SHEEP.

Upper Ward of Lanarkshire.

John Wilson, Nunnerie, Abington, . . . Silver Medal.

David Tweedie, Castle Mains, Crawford, Abington, L.5 0 0

Mrs Watson, Nisbet, Biggar, . . . . 5 0 0

Gavin Sandilands, Netherhouse, Lesmahagow, . 5 0 0

David Tweedie, Castle Mains, Crawford, . . 4 0 0

District of Argyll.

James Campbell, Ormaig, Lochgilphead,
James Campbell, Ormaig, Lochgilphead,
George Campbell, Ardifair, Lochgilphead,
James Campbell, Ormaig, Lochgilphead,

District of Lorn.
John Eccles, Melfort, Oban,
Duncan M 'Galium, Clanmackrie, Oban,
Duncan M'Callum, Clanmackrie, Oban,
John M'Farlan, Barnacairy, Oban,
Dugald Clerk, Duntanachan, Bunaw,

Silver Medal.

L.2 10 0*

5 0 0

2 10 0*

2 0 0*

Silver Medal.

Silver Medal.

Silver Medal.

L.5 0 0

5 0 0

5 0 0

4 0 0

Silver Medal.

L.5 0 0

5 0 0

5 0 0

4 0 0

Silver Medal.

Silver Medal.

L.5

0

0

5

0

0

5

0

0

4

0

0

. Silver Medal.

L.2

10

0*

2

10

0*

2 10

0*

4

0

0

Tup,

Districts of A thole and Weem.
. Sir Robert Menzies of Menzies, Bart., . . . Silver Medal.

* Half Premiums awarded, the number of lots being under six.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868. 119

DAIRY PRODUCE.

District of Lorn.

Cured Butter, . 1. John M Times, Aelmaba, Buna we, . . . L.3 0 0
2. Daniel Bain, Dunstafl'nage, Oban, ... 2 0 0

District of Kilmarnock .

Medium Cold Medals were awarded to —

1. John M'Camon, Barnhills, Stranraer, for best Cheddar Cheese.

2. William Lindsay, Killoeh, Mauchline, for best Dimlop Cheese.

SEED COMPETITIONS.

In the course of the year 1868, 31 Medium Silver Medals were awarded at 12 Seed
Competitions, the details of which are given at page 124.

PLOUGHING COMPETITIONS.

In the course of the year 1867-68, the Society's Silver Plough Medal was awarded at
167 Ploughing Competitions, the details of which are given at page 125-8.

REAPING-MACHINE COMPETITIONS.
The Medium Silver Medal was awarded to John Sellar, Hatton, Kinloss, as the ser-
vant found most expert at a trial of Reaping- Machines held at Sweethillock, Alves, on
the 8th of August 1868.

MEDALS IN AID OF PREMUIMS GIVEN BY LOCAL SOCIETIES.

Medium Silver Medals were awarded to the following : —

County of Aberdeen.

Cluny Association.

William Downie, Mains of Linton, Cluny, for best managed Farm.
Colonel Charles Eraser of Castle Fraser, for best managed Green Crop.

Donside Club.
George Thompson, of Pitmedden, Dyce, for best managed Green Crop.

Leochel- Cushnie.
William M'Combie of Lynturk, Whitehouse, for best managed Green Crop.

County op Argyll.

Inveraray Society.

Charles Turner, Maum, Inveraray, for best Highland Bull.
John M 'Arthur, Barbreck, Lochgilphead, for best Highland Cow.

Kilfinan Society.

Robert Crawford, Ardgadden, Tigh-na-bruaich, for best Highland Bull.
Donald Fletcher, Inveryne, Tigh-na-bruaich, for best Highland Cow.

County of Ayr.

Ardrossan Society.

Andrew Allan, Munnoch, Dairy, for best Sweet Milk Cheese.
William Smith, Corsankell, Stevenston, for best Cured Butter.

Cumnock Society.

R. & P. Wardrope, Garlaff, Cumnock, for best Ayrshire Bull.

James Murray, Muir, Cumnock, for best Ayrshire Cow.

William Stewart, Daleagles, New Cumnock, for best Sweet Milk Cheese.

Mrs Murray, Donaldson Braes, Cumnock, for best Cured Butter.

Robert Baird, Watston, Ochiltree, for best collection of Seeds.

Robert Baird, Watston, Ochiltree, for best collection of Roots.

Galston Society.

James Cameron, Knowe, Newmilns, for best Ayrshire Bull.
William Wright, Meikleyard, Galston, for best Ayrshire Cow.

1.20 PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 186S.

Kilmarnock Club.

Hugh Woodburn, Aimandale, Kilmarnock, for best managed Farm.
James Clelland, Knockenlaw, Kilmarnock, for best managed Green Crop.
Robert Drummond, Pocknave, Craigie, for best managed Dairy.

Mauchline Society.

Mrs Robert Armour, Stairaird, Barskimming, for best managed Dairy.
William Weir, Westown, Sorn, for best Cured Butter.

Sorn Society.

James Weir, Blackside, Sorn, for best Ayrshire Bull.
Robert Brown, Dalgain, Sorn, for best Ayrshire Cow.
David Shaw, Blackdyke, Sorn, for best kept Fences.
William Sloan, Croftkead, Sorn, for best Sweet Milk Cheese.
James Baird, Blindburn, Sorn, for best Cured Butter.

Steioarton Society.

Robert Stevenson, Gillmill, Stewarton, for best Ayrshire Bull.
A. R. Foulds, of Clerkland, Stewarton, for best Ayrshire Cow.
Andrew Picken, Glessick, Fenwick, for best Sweet Milk Cheese.

Tarbolton Society.
Matthew Allan, Auchinweet, Tarbolton, for best Sweet Milk Cheese.

West Kilbride Society.

Thomas Barbour, Kilrusken, West Kilbride, for best Ayrshire Cow.
John Crawford, Millstonford, West Kilbride, for best Leicester Ewe.
Alexander Young, Yonderton, West Kilbride, for best Sweet Milk Cheese.

County or Bute.
Bute Society.
Robert M 'Fie, Nether Ettrick, North Bute, for best managed Green Crop.

Arran Society.

Thomas Miller, Glensannox, Brodick, for best Blackfaced Tup.
James Allan, jun., Clauchan, Brodick, for best Blackfaced Gimmer.

County of Caithness.

Caithness Society.

James Henderson of Bilbster, Wick, for best Short-horn Bull. -
James Henderson of Bilbster, Wick, for best Short-horn Cow.

County of Clackmannan.

Clackmannan Society.

William Menzies, Inch, Kincardine-on-Forth, for best managed Green Crop— Carse farm.
Walter Wylie, Parkhead, Alloa, for best managed Green Crop— Dryfield farm.
Matthew Edwards, Hilton, Alloa, for best managed Hay Crop.

County of Dumfries.

Nithsdale Society.

William Borland, Townfoot, Thornhill, for best Sweet Milk Cheese.
Oswald Crawford, Auchingassel, Thornhill, for best Cured Butter.

Sanquhar Society.

William Kennedy, Kirkland, Kirkconnel, for best Ayrshire Bull.
James Moffat, Gateside, Sanquhar, for best Ayrshire Cow.
Archibald Campbell Bramwell, Blackaddie, for best Sweet Milk Cheese.
Mrs Bramwell, Blackaddie, for best Cured Butter.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868. 121

County of Edinburgh.

Penicuik Society.

John Ainslie, Hillend, Loanhead, for best Leicester Tup.

Executors of the late James Henderson, Auchincorth, Penicuik, for best Blackfaced Ewe.

Western District of Mid- Lothian Society.
Robert M. Buchanan, Livingstone Mill, Mid-Calder, for best Clydesdale Mare.

County of Elgin.

Forres and Northern Fat Cattle Club.

Richard Heath Harris, Earnhill, Forres, for best Fat Ox.

William Rose, Sheriffston, Elgin, for best Fat Cow.

John Hunter, Dipple, Fochabers, for best Pen of Fat Sheep.

James Lawrence, Mills, Forres, for best Fat Pig.

Sir William Gordon Cumming of Altyre, Bart., for best collection of Roots.

Morayshire Farmers' Club.

James Bruce, Burnside, Fochabers, for best Swedish Turnips.
James Macpherson, Pitcroy, Ballindalloch, for best Potatoes.

Sjiey, Avon, and Fiddochside Society.

James Skinner, Drumin, Ballindalloch, for best Polled Bull.
James Skinner, Drumin, Ballindalloch, for best Polled Heifer.
James Skinner, Drumin, Ballindalloch, for best managed Farm.
George Smith, Minmore, Ballindalloch, for best managed Green Crop.

County of Inverness.
Northern Counties Fat Show Club.

The Duke of Sutherland, K.G., Dunrobin Castle, Golspie, for best Fat Ox.
William Brown, Moraystone, Petty, for best Fat Heifer.
George Middleton, Corntown, Dingwall, for best pen of Fat Sheep.
John Hendrie, Castle Heather, Inverness, for best Fat Pig.

County of Kincardine.
Kincardineshire Club.
James C. Thorn, Quithilhead, Durris, for best managed Green Crop.

Fettercaim Club.
Charles Durward, Eagle Inn Farm, Fettercaim, for best managed Green Crop.

County of Lanark.

Avondale Society.

John Fleming, Meadowbank, Strathaven, for best Ayrshire Bull.
John Stewart, Crossbill, Strathaven, for best Ayrshire Cow.

Cadder Society.

Robert M'Kean, Lumloch, Bishopbriggs, for best Ayrshire Bull.
Robert M'Kean, Lumloch, Bishopbriggs, for best Clydesdale Mare.

Hutchesontown Gardens, Glasgow.

Robert Boness, Glasgow, for best kept Flower-Plot.

Victoria Gardens, Govanhill, Glasrjoio.

James Thomas, Glasgow, for best kept Flower-Plot.

County of Linlithgow.
Whitburn Society.

Andrew Morton, Bickerton, Whitburn, for best Ayrshire Bull.
John Meikle, Seaiield, Bathgate, for best Ayrshire Cow.

122 PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868.

County of Nairn.

Nairnshire Society.
David Macbean, Nairnside, Cawdor, for best managed Farm.

County of Orkney.

Shetland Society.

James Jaffray, Belmont, Unst, for best Sweet Milk Cheese.
James Jaffray, Belmont, Unst, for best Cured Butter.

County of Peebles.

Broughton Society.

John Ritchie, Gladstone, Biggar, for best Cured Butter.

West Linton Society.

Mrs David Greenshiels, Fairniehaugh, Noblehouse, for best Sweet Milk Cheese.
Mrs William Hall, Linton Cottage, West Linton, for best Cured Butter.

County of Perth.

Middle District of A thole and Tullymet Association.
Donald Ferguson, Dalcapon, Ballinluig, for best managed Green Crop.

Weem and Breadalbane.
Charles Paterson, Camserney, Aberfeldy, for best Amateurs' Garden.

County of Ross.

Black Isle Society.

Donald John MacRae, Tulb'ch, Munlochy, for best Short-horn Bull.
Mrs Major Wardlaw, Belmaduthy, Munlochy, for best Short-horn Cow.

Wester Ross Club.

John Gordon, Braelangwell, Poyntzfield, for best Short-horn Bull.
David Ross, banker, Dingwall, for best Clydesdale Mare.

County of Wigtown.

Kirkmaiden Society.

Peter M 'Cosh, Cairngaurn, Kirkmaiden, for best Ayrshire Bull. '
Charles MTntyre, Curghie, Kirkmaiden, for best Ayrshire Cow.

IV.— COTTAGES AND GARDENS.

FOR THE BEST-KEPT COTTAGES AND GARDENS.

First Cottage Premium, L.l, 5s., and Medal when Four Competitors; Second, L.l;
Third, 15s. First Garden Premium, L.l, 5s., and Medal when Four Competitors;
Second, L.l; Third, 15s.

County of Aberdeen.

Lonmay and Crimond. — 1st Cottage Premium and Medal, George Craighead ; 2d,
Alexander Sinclair ; 3d, Alexander Watson. 1st Garden Premium and Medal, James
Ewerdine ; 2d, Andrew Findlay ; 3d, James Smith. Medal to Robert Ritchie, awarded
1st Premium last year.

Tarland and Cromar. — 1st Cottage Premium and Medal, John Farquhar,; 2d,
William Emslie; 3d, William Skene. 1st Garden Premium and Medal, William
Emslie ; 2d, Charles Gordon ; 3d, John Cumming.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1868. 123

County of Edinburgh.

Balerno and Currie. — 1st Garden Premium and Medal, George Heriot ; 2d, John
Anderson ; 3d, William Aitken. Medal to James Bryce, awarded 1st Prize last year. .

County of Lanark.

Bothwell.— 1st Garden Premium and Medal, Alexander Greenhorn ; 2d, John
M'Farlan; 3d, David Martin.

County of Perth.

Forgandenny.— 1st Garden Premium and Medal, Thomas M'Evvan; 2d, William
Edwards; 3d, John Richardson. Medal to James Anderson, awarded 1st Prize in 1867.

Gask. — 1st Cottage Premium and Medal, Mary Moncrieff; 2d, James Kemp; 3d,
James M 'Arthur. 1st Garden Premium and Medal, Donald Christie ; 2d, Robert Mon-
teith ; 3d, James Donaldson.

MEDALS GIVEN IN AID OF PRIVATE COMPETITIONS.
Silver Medals were awarded to the following : —

t Ballindabloch.— John Beattie, for best kept Cottage.

Culross.— John Ferguson, for best kept Cottage Garden.

Dunning.— James Marshall, for best kept Cottage Garden.

Logiealmond and Glenalmond. — James Taylor, for best kept Cottage ; Allan
Stewart, for best kept Cottage Garden.

Weem and Breadalbane. — Mrs Stevens, for best kept Cottage ; Robert Douglas,
for best kept Cottage Garden.

West Linton. — Thomas Inglis, for best kept Cottage ; Thomas Inglis, for best kept
Cottage Garden.

V.— EDINBUEGH CHRISTMAS CLUB.

Vote in aid of Premiums, . . .... L.50

VI.— VETERINARY COLLEGE.

Silver Medals were awarded, at the Annual Examination in April last, to the follow-
ing :—

1. Jonathan Bunnell, Liverpool, for best Examination in Horse Pathology.

2. Andrew Spreull, Milngavie, for best Examination in Anatomy.

3. Do. do. for best Examination in Physiology.

4. Joseph L. Faulkner, Wetherby, for best Examination in Materia Medica.

5. Frederick W. Going, Mullenahone, for best Examination in Chemistry.

6. George Lawson, Aberdeen, for best General Examination.

VII.— AGRICULTURAL CLASS, EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY.

The Prizes of L.6 and L.4, annually allowed by the Society to the Students who pass
the best and second best examinations in the Agricultural Class in the University of
Edinburgh, were awarded in 1868 to — 1st, G. R. Glendinning, Mid-Lothian; 2d, G. G.
Bursby, Northumberland.

124

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LIST OF PLOUGHING COMPETITIONS.

125

PLOUGHING COMPETITIONS REPORTED TO THE
SOCIETY IN 18G7-68.

ABERDEENSHIRE.

No. Name of Society.

Place of Competition.

1. Vale of Alford.

Dorsell.

2. Ballater.

Dorscensilly.

3. Buchan (Deer District).

Mains of Gaval.

4. Buchan (Fraserburgh Dist.).

Kinhog.

5. Coldstone and Migvie.

Daugh.

G. Countess Wells.

Bishop Dams.

7. Crathie.

Newton of C rat hie.

8. Dyce.

Guildhall.

9. Forbes and Fordyce.

Netherton.

10. Forgue.

Westerton.

11. Kennethmont.

Wardhouse.

12. Newhills.

Hope Farm.

13. Old Machar

Mains of Scotstown.

14. Peterculter and Dramoak.

Sunnyside.

15. Strichen.

Clayfords.

1G. Tough and Lynturk.

Blackpool.

ARGYLLSHIRE.

17. Islay, Jura, and Colonsay.

Sunaig.

18. Kilfinan.

Auchrossan.

19. Killean and Kilkenzie.

Drum.

20. Kilmartin.

Killinochonoch.

21. Kintyre.

Dalrioch.

22. Lorn.

Ferlochan.

AYRSHIRE.

23. Ardrossan.

Netliennains.

24. Ayr.

Knocksoul.

25. Barskimming and Fowler.

Muir.

26. Carrick.

Knockdon.

27. Cumnock.

Crossbill.

28. Fenwick.

Glenleith.

29. Galston.

Cowgore.

30. Grougar.

Castle Hill

31. Kilmarnock.

Grange.

32. Kirkmichael.

Guiltreehill.

33. Kirkoswald.

Pirleyhill.

34. Mauchline.

Bogwood.

35. New Cumnock.

Polquheys.

36. Sorn and Dalgain.

Hillhead.

37. Stair and Coylton.

Gadgirth.

38. Stewarton.

Nether Robertland.

39. Straiton.

Dalmorton.

40. St Quivox.

Auchincruive.

41. Tarbolton.

Brownhall.

42. West Kilbride.

Thlrdpart.

BANFFSHIRE.

43. Boharm.

Ardoch.

44. Keith.

Nethertown.

i'i. Mamoch.

Mains of Kinnairdy.

BERWICKSHIRE

46. Chirnside.

Nether Mains.

47. Cockburnspath.

Old Cambus.

48. Ecclesnewton.

Wormerlaw.

49. Gordon.

Middlethird.

50. Lauder.

Thirlestane.

51. Legerwood.

Boon.

62. Melrose.

Brotherston

53. Westruther.

Westruther Mains.

Silver Medal awarded to.
John Leonard, Carnaveron.
Thomas Simmers, Ballater.
John Anderson, Strichen Mains.
John Bruce, Blackslack.
Samuel Tawse, Ballustraid.
Andrew Scorgie, South Lasts.
Alexander Crichton, Monaltrie.
James Davidson, Woodland.
Alexander Will, Fingask.
Thomas Gibb, Comisty.
William Milne, Auchmenzie.
John Dawson, Walton.
Alexander Kenn, White-stripes.
William Black, Drum.
John Forsyth, Meadowhill.
Alexander Murray, Muggarthaugh.

James Morris, Claggan.
Archibald GilUes, Kildavaig.
James Mitchell, Largiemore.
Donald M'Alpine, Ballimore.
Andrew Ronald, jun., Brunerican.
Robert Hall, Fasnacloich.

John Lamont, Bankend.
William Brown, Dutch Mills.
Hugh Mair, Hillhead.
William Anderson, Baraeil.
John Wilson, Tarbeg.
James Kerr, Gainhill.
Alexander Ferguson, Sideheads.
William Mason, Hemphill.
John M'Gregor, Brockley.
Alexander Anderson, Barneil.
Alexander Herron, Park.
Thomas Wallace, Ballochnvyle.
John Young, Lowes.
John Morrison, Hillhead.
John Auld, Pettock.
William Templeton, Dunlop House.
James M'Kie, Balminnoch.
William Smith, Mossblown.
Alexander Stevenson, Ladyyard.
James Dinning, ArdneiL,

Alexander Leslie, Dinnyhoon.
William Sandison, Auchynannil.
John Milne, Headtowu of Auchingoil.

Peter Robertson, Edington Mains.
John Johnston, Fulfordlees.
George French, Bartlehill.
William Middlemiss, Byrewalls.
William Simson, Addinstone.
David Thomson, Dods.
Walter Anderson, New Belses.
William Clapperton, Dods.

126

LIST OF PLOUGHING COMPETITIONS.

iVo. Name of Society.

54. Arran.

55. Bute.

56. Caithness.

57. Kilmarnock and Bowhill.

58. Kirkintilloch.

BUTE AND ARRAN.
Place of Competition. Silver Medal awarded to.

Clauchlands. Thomas Mair, Clauchan.

Auchinterry. John Barhour, Largavrechtan.^

CAITHNESS-SHIRE.
Thurso Castle. Peter M'Donald, Barns of Olrig.

DUMBARTONSHIRE. '
Gartoeham. William Buchanan, Blairquhomerie.

Wester Bedcow. William Hay, Orchardton.

59. KirkconneL

60. Mouswald.

61. Penpont.

62. Upper Annandale.

63. Wester Kirk.

64. Borthwick.

65. Carrington and Whitehill.

66. Cockpen and Newbattle.

67. Carrie.

68. Glencorse.

69. Lasswade.

70. Temple.

71. West Calder.

72. W- District of Mid-Lothian.

73. Abernethy.

74. Kirdells and Knockando.

75. Morayshire.

76. Spey, Avon, and Fiddochside.

77. Urquhart.

78. Auchtennuchty.

79. Crossgates.

80. Dunnikier.

81. Dysart and Wemyss.

82. Largo.

83. Leshe.

84. Saline.

85. Tannadice and Oathlaw.

86. Dunbar, Spott, & Innerwick.

87. Humbie.

88. Lammermuir.

89. Glen Urquhart.

90. Inverness.

91. Strathspey.

92. Durris.

93. Elsick.

94. Muchalls and Cookney.

95. Netherley.

96. Nigg.

97. Portlethen.

98. Rickarton, Ury, and Cowie.

99. Strachan.

100. Fossoway and Tulibole.

DUMFRIESSHIRE.
Eastside.
Drummuir.
Longmuir.
Wamphraygate.
Craig.

EDINBURGHSHIRE.

David Frazer, Tower.
James Swan, Pearbanks.
John M'Call, Stroan.
John Ewart, Cleughbrae.
Alexander Murray, Balhehill.

HalflakiU.

Brouchrigg.

Dalhousie.

Wester Kinleith.

Greenlaw Mains.

Langhill.

Toxside.

Westmains.

Chfton.

ELGINSHIRE.
Ballifurth.
Tomindougle.
Linkwood.
Ballindalloch.
Upper Mefts.

FIFESHIRE.
Upper Pitlochie.
Prathouse.
Skeddoway.
Bowhouse.
Monturpie.
Ingrie.
Sunnybraes.

Thomas Shepherd, Halkerston.
William Mitchell, Parduvine.
John Hunter, Wester Cowden.
William Steadman, Wester Kinleith.
Walter Hunter, MarchwelL
James Dougall, Boghall.
John Wilson, Huntliecot.
James Alison, Parkhead.
Alexander Meikle, Crofthead.

Donald M'Intosh, Croftronan.
William Younie, Bishopcroft.
Charles M'Kerrow, KirkhUL
Lewis Beaton, Lagmore.
Alexander Finlayson, Mefts.

John Kirk, Wellfield.
David Wilkie, Nether Beath.
Andrew Lumsden, Mutton Hall.
David Wright, Strathore.
Henry Dalrymple, Balcormie.
George Cooper, Balfarg.
George Drysdale, Gartknowie.

FORFARSHIRE.
NewmilL Francis Stewart, CouL

HADDINGTONSHIRE.
Pathhead. William Sleigh, Pathhead.

Humbie Mill. Alexander Richardson, Duncrahill.

Bothwell. Wilham Blakie, Ellenford.

INVERNESS-SHIRE.
Drumnadrochit. Kenneth M'Kenzie, Corrimony.

Cradlehall. David Ellison, Cantray.

Cluny. Frank Grant, Tombea.

KINCARDINESHIRE.

Upper Balfour.
East llacduff.
Greenheads.
Upper Craigwells.
Kirkhill.
Cookstone.
Megray.
Dalbrake.

David Annand, Standingstones.
Robert Mutch, Newhall.
James Kemp, Easter Muchalls.
James Middleton, Sauchenshaw.
John Straehan, Blackhill.
William Ross, Greenhowe.
Paul Cruickshank, Millhill.
John Scott, Midtown.

KINROSS-SHIRE.
Wood of Coldrain. Matthew FowUs, Threapmuir.

LIST OF PLOUGHING COMPETITIONS.

12'

No

Name of Society.

Place of Competition.

101.

Glenkens.

Newfield.

102.

New Abbey.

Overton.

103.

Rerrick.

Fagra.

LANARKSHIRE.

104.

Cadder.

Auchinleck.

105.

Calderwaterhead.

Birniehill.

106.

Camwath.

Camwath Mill.

107.

Crawford and Crawford John.

Crawfordjohn.

108.

Cutter.

Culterhaugh.

109.

Dalserf.

Cauderside.

110.

East Kilbride.

Brankumhall.

111.

Hamilton, Blantyre, &c.

Burnbank & Greenfield

112.

Liberton.

Muirhouse.

113.

New Monkland.

Ryding Mains.

114.

Old Monkland.

East Shawhead.

115.

Wiston and Roberton.

Newton.

116.

Kinneil.

linlithgowshir:

Muirhouse.

117.

West Lothian.

Echline.

118.

Whitburn.

Burnbrae.

NAIRNSHIRE.

119.

Nairnshire (Fanning).

Meikle Urchany.

120.

Nairnshire (Ploughing).

BlackhUls.

PEEBLESSHIRE.

121.

Biggar and Skirling.

South Mains.

122.

Manor.

Hundleshope.

123.

Peebles.

Ferniehaugh.

124.

West Linton.

Hyndfordwell.

PERTHSHIRE.

125.

Alyth and Airlie.

Balmyle.

126.

Ardoch.

Whiteston.

127.

Auchterarder.

Middle Fardon.

128.

Blair-Drummond, &c.

Drip Hill.

129.

Callander.

Duilatter.

130.

Comrie and Up. Stratheam.

Lawers.

131.

Culross.

East Grange.

132.

Dnimmoml Castle.

Findall.

133.

Dunblane.

Cairnston.

134.

Gask.

Clathy Beg.

135.

Glenalmond.

Fendoch.

136.

Madderty.

Greenhall.

]?7.

Methven.

Meckphen.

JJ8.

M. D. of Athole and Tullymet

. Milton of Tullymet.

139.

Monzievaird and Strowan.

Victoria.

140.

Moulin.

Balledmund.

141.

Port of Monteith.

Blaircessnock.

142.

Rannoch.

Innerhadden.

143.

Stormont.

Hill of Couttie.

144.

Strathbraan.

Torfuack.

145.

Stratheam.

Bogtonlea.

146.

St Martins.

Mavisbank.

147.

Weem.

Farleyer.

RENFREWSHIRE.

148.

Cathcart and Eastwood.

Overlee.

149.

Erskine.

Dargavel.

150.

Inchinuan.

Linburn.

STEWARTRY OF KIRKCUDBRIGHT.

Silver Medal awarded to.

John Thomson, Troquhain.
James Robison, Carsegowan.
Edward Kerr, Riddick.

William Ren wick, Gairbred.
James Thomson, Greenhill.
John Somerville, Millridge.
James M'Morran, Abington.
James Dempster, Easterplace.
Alexander Yueal, Broomfield.
Gavin Lennox, Hills.
Arthur Jackson, Barnhill.
John Ritchie, Whitecastle.
John Scott, jun., Whiteside.
Alexander Steel, Heatheryknowe.
Robert Ross, Longwell.

William Learmonth, Upper Kinneil.
William Hunter, Threemiletown.
John Cruickshanks, StandhUl.

Kenneth M'Kay, Meikle Geddes.
William Bruce, Brightmony.

William Forrest, West Toftcombs.
Adam Walker, Haswellsykes.
David Inghs, Crookstone.
John Fleming, Ferniehaugh.

James Cooke, Braidston.
Andrew Sharp, Blueton.
David Boswell, East Kirkton.
Walter Hallum, Roseburn Lane.
Archibald M'Laren, Auchenlauch.
George Ferguson, Meggar.
John Wardlaw, Balgownie Mains.
Thomas Marshall, TemplemOl.
William Mackison, Ballingrew.
Daniel Douglas, Clathy.
William Martin, Glenalmond.
James Hunter, Cowdens.
John Dow, Balgowan.
Donald Shaw, Ballinluig.
William M'Kenzie, Lochland.
Alexander Scott, Donavourd.
Daniel M'Kerracher, Collimoon Mos
Malcolm M'Gregor, Wester Tempar.
Hugh Paterson, Coupar Grange.
John M'Cowan, Meikle Trochray.
John Todd, Belhie.
John Ower, Boghall.
Colin Menzies, jun., Coshieville.

James Bradshaw, Shawmoss.
James Brown, Newton.
Walter Blackwood, Bottom.

128

LIST OF PLOUGHING COMPETITIONS.

No. Name of Society.
151. Caberfeidgh.

152.
153.

Easter Ross.
Wester Boss.

ROSS- SHIRE.

Place of Competition.
Arcan Mains.
Meddat.
Drummore.

154. Border Union.

155. Lilliesleaf.

156. West Teviotdale.

157. Bannoekbum and Plean.

158. Craigforth and Touch.

159. Eastern Dist. of Stirlingshire.

160. Gargunnock.

161. Killeam and Lower Dis- )

trict of Strathendrick. J

162. Muiravonside.

163. Kirkmaiden.

164. Maehars.

165. Old Luce.

166. Penningham, Minnigaff,

and Kirkmabreck.

167. Stoneykirk.

Silver Medal awarded to.

George M'Intosh, Tarraiiale.

William Scott, Balnagown.
Alexander Macdonald, Coul Mains.

ROXBURGHSHIRE.
Rutherford. Robert Thomson, Courthill.

Firth. Walter Anderson, New Belses.

Spittal. George Mullins, Lanton Mill.

STIRLINGSHIRE.

Rosehill.
Kingspark.
Carmuirs.
Beild.

Ballochruin.

Craigend.

WIGTOWNSHIRE.
Low Drumore.
Sorbie.
Garnoch.

Baltersan.
Balgreggan.

William Weir, Inches.
James Stevenson, Whitehouse.
Archibald Ronald, Dorrotor.
William Forrester, Kepdarroch.

William Morrison, Gartness.

John Gentleman, Parkhall.

John M'Colm, Slockmill.
William Davidson, Barsalloch.
Daniel Lavrie, Dunragit.

Andrew MAdam, Blackpark.

John Wilson, Freugh.

129

STATE OP THE FUNDS

OF

THE HIGHLAND AND AGE1CULTUEAL SOCIETY,

At 30th. NOVEMBER 1868.

I. Investments on Bonds —

Heritable Bonds, .€13,279 16 0

Eailway Debentures, .... 7,450 0 0

Glasgow Water Corporation Debentures, . . 1,000 0 0

£21,729 16 0
II. Value of Bank Stocks, at price on 30tb November

1868, 26,823 12 8

III. Balance due by Eoyal Bank —

On Deposit Eeceipt (waiting Invest-
ment), .... £500 0 0

On Current Account, . . 767 12 2

1,267 12 2

IV. Ten Shares (£500) of Stock of British Fishery

Society, valued at .... 200 0 0

V. Property, George IV. Bridge, . . . 3,100 0 0

VI. Furniture, Pictures, and Books, . . . 1,000 0 0

VII. Value of Medals on Hand, . . . 8 14 6

VIII. Sums outstanding in connection with Shows —

Glasgow, £5 ; Aberdeen, £10, . . . 15 0 0
XI. Arrears of Members' Subscriptions considered

Eecoverable, . . . . • 84 0 6

£54,228 15 10

KENNETH MACKENZIE, C.A., Auditor.

130
ABSTRACT of the ACCOUNTS of tke HIGHLAND and

CHARGE.

1. Balance due by Royal Bank of Scotland at 30th November 1867, £3,224 14 1

2. Abreaes of Annual Subscriptions then due, . . £180 14 0

Whereof due by Life Members since compounded,
and thus extinguished, £85, 19s. 6d.; since
ordered to be written off as irrecoverable,
£54, 16s. 6d., . . . . 140 16 0

3. Medals on hand at 30th November 1867, .

4. Glasgow Show, Subscriptions outstanding at do,

5. Income from Investments —

Interest on £13,279, 16s. Heritably Secured,
„ on £8,400 in Debenture Bonds,
„ on Bank Accounts,

Dividends on £12,420, 14s. Id. of Bank Stock

(present value £26,823, 12s, 8d.), £1,214 5 2
Dividend on £500 of the Stock of

the British Fishery Society, i 20 0 0

B 1,234 5 2

39 18
13 8

0
0

■

•

450 0

0

£499 6

7

374 10

6

18 13

8

£892 10 9

{ 6. Subscriptions —

Annual Subscriptions, . . . . £727 15 0

Life do. . . . 916 2 6

2,126 15 11

1,643 17 6

7. Subscriptions to Chemical Department, . . . . 89 17 6

8. Receipts at Aberdeen Show, 1868, as per Auditor's States, . 3,230 14 11

Edinburgh, 6th January 1869.

131

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY of SCOTLAND, for the Year 1867 68.

DISCHARGE.
1. Establishment —

Salary to Secretary for year to Martinmas 1868,

Auditor for year 1867, ......

Clerk, 1868, £255 ; Junior Clerk, £76, 5s., .
Curator of Machinery, £10 ; Messenger, £60, 15s.,

! Feu-Duty, £28 ; Taxes, £36, 8s.; Water-Duty, £1, 10s.,

Gas, £6, 13s. 5d.; Coals, £10, 15s.; Fire Premiums, £6, 10s.,
Repairs and Furnishings, £22, 19s.; Sundries, £20, 3s. 3d., .

£700 0

0

30 0

0

331 5

0

70 15

0

£1,132 0

0

65 18

0

23 18

5

43 2

3

2. Chemical Department —

Salary to Professor, £300; Manures and Allowances to Ex-
perimenters, £139, Is.,

3. Veterinary Department —

Allowance to Professor of Veterinary Siirgery, £26, 5s. ; Pro-
fessor of Cattle Pathology, £100; Medals, £4, 16s.; Adver-
tising, £6, 10s. 2d., . . *.
| 4. Grant to Agricultural Chair, £75 ; Prizes to Class, £10 ;
Advertising, £7, 19s. 9d.; Incidental Expenses, £1, 2s.,

5. Premiums —

Glasgow Show, £129, 8s.; Aberdeen Show, £1281, lis.;
District Competitions, £632, ^s.;^ Ploughing Competitions,
£108, lis.; Reports, £119, 6s., ....

6. Printing, £60, lis. ; Advertising, £35, 17s. 4d. ; Stationery,

£33, 10s.; Post and Receipt Stamps, £46, 5s., .

7. Business Accounts— Recovering Arrears of Subscriptions,

£9, 16s. 6d.; Law Agent's Charges, £19, 8s. 6d.,

8. Society's Transactions— Printing and Circulating,

9. Miscellaneous—

Donation to Croall Fund, £21 ; Subscription to Meteorological
Society, £5 ; Reporting Meetings, £3, 3s. ; Re-striking
Medals, &c, £2, 8s. Id.; and Incidental Outlays, £12, 9s. 8d.,

10. Travelling Expenses — Deputation to London as to Veterinary

Charter for Scotland, and Secretary and Clerk attending Meetings
in regard to Shows, ......

11. Expenses of Aberdeen Show, 1868, per Auditor's States, .

12. Investments— On Heritable Bonds, £2479, 16s.; Deposit Receipt

(waiting Investment), £500, .....

13. Arrears for General Shows —

1. Glasgow Show — Balance due by County of

Lanark, .....

2. Aberdeen Show — Stall Rent, .

14. Balance in Royal Bank at close of the Account,

15. Medals on hand at do.,

16. Arrears of Subscriptions considered recoverable,

£1,264 18 8

439 1 0

137 11
94

2,271
176

1 9

1 0

3 4

29 5

278 15

66
2,163

44 0 9

2,979 16 0

£5 0
10 0

0
0

£9,943 18 9

£15 0

767 12

8 14

84 0

0

2
6
6

875 7 2

£10,819 5 11

ANTHONY MURRAY, Chairman of Finance Committee.

W. S. WALKER, Director, 'and Member of Finance Committee.

KENNETH MACKENZIE, Auditor.

132

ABSTRACT cf ACCOTJNTS-

charge.
I. Local Subscriptions —

1. Aberdeenshire — Voluntary Assessment on Proprietors,

2. Banffshire do. do.

3. Kincardineshire do. do.

4. Forfarshire (Eastern Division) do. do.

5. Aberdeen — Contribution by Town Council, .

6. Local Societies — Contributed by Royal Northern Society,

7. Do. do. by Spey, Avon, and Fiddoch
side Association, .....

8. Contribution in aid of Premium for Thoroughbred Horse

2. Amount Collected during Show-

1. Drawn at Gates,

2. Catalogues and Awards,

3. Rent op Stalls and Shedding,

4. Rent of Refreshment Rooms,

5. Interest from Royal Bank,

6. Balance,

£1,428 1 8
148 18 8

£445 13 9

121 6 11

161 9 9

184 16 0

75 0 0

100 0 0

12 12 0

50 0 0

£1,150 18 5

1,577 0 4

437 1 6

60 0 0

5 14 8

£3,230 14 11

213 19 2

£3,444 14 1

To the above Balance of . . . . . £213 19 2

There must be added the Premiums undrawn at 30th November,

amounting to ...... . 240 2 0

Making the probable expense to the Society,

£454 1 2

Edinburgh, 6th January 1869

133

ABERDEEN SHOW, 1868.

DISCHARGE.!

1. Show Yard— Fitting up, £1,441. -Bedding for Stock, £11, 4. 7d.—

Town Water Pipes, £2, 12s. 6d.— Miscellaneous Payments,£2, 3s. £1,467 0 I

2. Police Force, . . . . . . . 25 8 0

3. Travelling Expenses of Judges, Secretary, Clerks, &c, . . '. 170 8 3

4. Hotel and other Bills for Judges, Directors, Secretary, &c, . 154 0 If)'

5. Tickets to President's Banquet for do. do., . 30 19 6-

6. Bands in Show Yard and at President's Banquet, . . . 27 0 0

7. Printing Catalogues, Awards, &c, . . . . . 141 0 0

8. Advertising, . . . . . . . 37 19 5

9. Allowance to Local Secretaries, . . . . . 21 0 ft

10. Extra Clerks, . . . . . . . 8 17 ft

11. Allowance to Practical Engineer and Travelling Expenses, . 24 0 0

12. Trial of Implements, Expense attending, . . . . 7 3 6

13. Assistants, Porters, and Attendants, . . . . 18 8 3

14. Postage Account, . . . . . . . 26 8 4

15. Carriage of Catalogues and Incidental Expenses, . . . 3 9 11

Amount of General Expenses, £2,163 3 1

16. Prhmiums drawn at 30th November 1868, . . . 1,281 11 ft

£3,444 14 1

ANTHONY MURRAY, Chairman of Finance Committee.

W. S. WALKER, Director and Member of Finance Committee.

KENNETH MACKENZIE, Auditor.

Js

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APPENDIX (D.)

PREMIUMS

OFFERED EY

THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND,

IN

1869

CONTENTS.

General Notice,
Constitution and Management,
Establishment for 1869,
Council on Education,
Standing Committees for 1869,
General Eegulations for Competitors,

CLASS L— REPORTS.

PAGE
5

6

7

9

10

13

§ 1. On Subjects connected with the Science and Practice of
Agriculture : —

1. Agriculture of East Lothian, ....

2. Agriculture of Inverness-shire, ....

3. Ancient Farming Customs in Scotland,

4. Striking the Fiars' Prices in Scotland, .

5 . Manures produced by different kinds of Feeding,

6. Manures made with and without cover,

7. Autumn Manuring, ......

8. Covering Grain Crops, .....

9. Improved varieties of Agricultural Plants, .

10. Comparative productiveness of Potatoes,

11. Comparative productiveness of Turnips,

12. Cultivation of Cabbage as a Field Croj),

13. Vegetable productions of India, China, and America,

14. Best modes of housing fattening Cattle,

15. Different descriptions of Food for Stock,

16. Duties of the Veterinary Surgeon in examining Horses,

1 7. Disinfecting Agents for Stock, ....

18. Dipping, Pouring, and Smearing Sheep,

19. Veterinary Contracts, .....

20. Transporting Butcher-meat, ....

21. Vessels used for transporting Milk from Country Districts,

22. Rural economy Abroad susceptible of being introduced into

Scotland,

§ 2. Land Improvements : —

1. General improvement of Estates by Proprietors, .

2. Reclamation of Waste Land by Tillage by Proprietor or Tenant,

3. Improvement of Natural Pasture without Tillage,

§ 4. Agricultural Machinery : —

Invention or improvement of Implements of Husbandry,

14
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
19
19

19

19
19

20

20

CONTEXTS.

§ 4. "Woods and Plantations : —

1. Extensive planting by Proprietors,

2. General management of Plantations,

3. Planting on exposed or on barren Tracts,

4. Value for economical purposes of Corsican Fir,

5. Forest Trees of recent introduction,

6. Home-grown Timber as compared -with Foreign,

7. Effects of Dry Season of 1868 on Trees and Sbrubs,

8. Seedlings of Conifers,

PAGE

20
21
21
21
21
22
22
22

CLASS II.— DISTRICT COMPETITIONS.

§ 1.

§3.

Cattle, 23

Horses, 25

Sheep : —

1. Leicester, 26

2. Cheviot, 27

3. Blackfaced, 27

4. Shearing Sheep, 28

28

§ 4. Swine : —

CLASS III. DAIRY PRODUCE.

1. Butter,

2. Cheese, ....

3. Medals for Cheese,

CLASS IV.— CROPS AND CULTURE.
1. Seeds,

29
29
30

31

2. Ploughing Competitions, 33

3. Reaping Machines, ........ 34

. 34

4. Medals in Aid of Premiums given by Local Societies,
CLASS V.— COTTAGES AND GARDENS.

1. Best kept Cottages and Gardens, .

2. Improving existing Cottages,

3. Building New Cottages,

4. Accommodation for Farm Servants,

GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH IN 1869,
GENERAL SHOW AT pUMFRIES IN 1870,

Veterinary Department,

Agricultural Education, ....

Chemical Department,

Instructions for Selecting Samples for analyses,
Charges for Analyses, &c.,

40
42
42

42

43
56
59
60
62
63
63

GENERAL NOTICE.

The Highland Society was instituted in the year 1784, and established
by Eoyal Charter in 1787. Its operation was at first limited to
matters connected with the improvement of the Highlands of Scot-
land ; but the supervision of certain departments, proper to that part
of the country, having been subsequently committed to special Boards
of Management, several of the earlier objects contemplated by the
Society were abandoned, while the progress of agriculture led to the
adoption of others of a more general character. The exertions of
the Society were thus early extended to the whole of Scotland, and
have, for the greater part of a century, been directed to the promotion
of the science and practice of agriculture in all its branches.

In accordance with this more enlarged sphere of action, the original
title of the Society was altered, under a Eoyal Charter, in 1834, to The
Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland.

The leading purposes of the Institution are set forth in the follow-
ing pages, where it will be found that Premiums are awarded for
Eeports on almost every subject connected with the cultivation of
the soil ; the rearing and feeding of stock ; the management of the
dairy; the improvement of agricultural machinery and implements ;
the growth of timber ; the extension of cottage accommodation ; the
application of chemical science ; and the dissemination of veterinary
information.

Among the more important measures which have been effected by
the Society are —

1. Agricultural Meetings and General Shows of Stock, Implements,
&c, held in the principal Towns of Scotland, at which exhibitors from
all parts of the United Kingdom are allowed to compete.

2. A system of District Shows instituted for the purposes of im-
proving the breeds of Stock most suitable for different parts of the
country, and of aiding and directing the efforts of Local Agricultural
Associations.

3. The promotion of Agricultural Education, under powers con-
ferred by a supplementary Eoyal Charter granted in 1856, and
authorising " The Council of the Highland and Agricultural
Society on Education" to grant Diplomas to Students of Agriculture
(see p. 60.)

4. The advancement of the Veterinary Art, by conferring Diplomas
on Students who have passed through a prescribed curriculum, and
who are found, by public examination, qualified to practise.

5. The appointment of a Chemist for the purpose of promoting the
application of science to agriculture. Investigations on subjects of
importance are conducted in the Laboratory, and published in the
Transactions. Members can obtain analyses, reports, and advice, on
terms below those charged to others (see p. 62.)

6. The periodical publication of the Transactions, which compre-
hend the proceedings in the Laboratory, reports of experiments, and
other communications invited and approved by the Society.

CONSTITUTION AND MANAGEMENT.

The general business of The Highland and Agricultural Society
is conducted under the sanction and control of a Eoyal Charter, which
authorises the enactment of Bye-Laws. Business connected with
Agricultural Education is conducted under the authority of a Sup-
plementary Eoyal Charter, also authorising the enactment of Bye-
Laws.

The Office-Bearers consist of a President, Four Vice-Presidents,
Ten Extraordinary and Thirty Ordinary Directors, a Treasurer, an
Honorary and an Acting Secretary, an Auditor, and other Officers.
The proceedings of the Directors are reported to General Meetings
of the Society, held in January and in June or July. The Council
on Education, under the Supplementary Charter, consists of Sixteen
Members — Nine nominated by the Charter, and Seven elected by the
Society. The Board of Examiners consists of Twelve Members.

Members are elected at the half-yearly General Meetings. The
ordinary subscription is L.l, 3s. 6d. annually, which may be redeemed
by one payment, varying according to the number of previous annual
payments, from L.12, 12s. to L.7, Is. Tenant-Farmers, Secretaries,
and Treasurers of local Agricultural Associations, resident Agricul-
tural Factors, and Proprietors farming the whole of their own lands,
whose valuation does not exceedL.500, are admitted on a subscription
of 10s. annually, which may be redeemed by one payment, varying
according to the number of previous annual payments, from L.5, 5s.
to L.3.

Members of the Society receive the Transactions on application,
and are entitled to apply for District Premiums — to report Ploughing
Matches for the Medal — to attend Shows free of charge, and to exhibit
Stock and consult the Chemist at reduced rates.

Orders, payable at the Eoyal Bank of Scotland, are issued by the
Directors, in name of the parties in whose favour Premiums have
been awarded.

All communications must be addressed to " Fletcher Norton
Menzies, Esq., Secretary of the Highland and Agricultural Society of
Scotland, No. 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh."

ESTABLISHMENT FOR 1869.

|.ln:sikni.
Most Noble The MARQUIS of TWEEDDALE, K.T.

l)Lcc-|1rcsibcivts.

Right Hon. the EARL of SOUTHESK.
Right Hon. the EARL of KINTORE.
Right Hon. the EARL of DALKEITH.
Right Hon. R. C. NISBET HAMILTON.

(Irt'traorbhrarjT directors.

Sir James Horn Burnett of Leys, Bart.

Sir Alexander Bannerman of Crimonmogate, Bart.

John Gordon of Cluny.

Lt.-Colonel William M'Inroy of the Burn.

Alexander Morison of Bogiiie.

Sir William Baillie of Polkemmet, Bart.

Sir Alex C. R. ^Gibson Maitland of Baniton, Bart., M.P.

Robert Ddndas of Arniston.

Peter M'Lagan of Pumpherston, M.P.

John Stirling of Kippendavie.

(iiirittarg directors.

Archibald Campbell Swinton of Kirnmerghame.

William Stuart Walker of Bowland.

Sir Thomas Buciian Hepburn of Smeaton, Bart.

William Wallace Hozier, yr. of Mauldslie.

Colonel William Mure of Caldwell

Thomas Park, Stoneyhill.

Walter Reid, Drem.

Graham Somervell of Sorn.

Graham Binnt, W.S., Edinburgh.

Colonel Archibald Campbell of Blythswood.

Colonel Joseph Dundas of Carron Hall

Robert Elliot, Laighwood.

James Geddes, Orbbston.

John Ord of Muirhouselaw.

Major John Ramsay of Barra.

Robert Russell, Pilmuir.

Sir James Gardiner Baird of Saughton Hall, Bart.

Hew Crichton, S.S.C., Edinburgh.

Charles Lawson of Borthwick Hall.

Alexander M'Dougal, Granton Mains.

Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains.

8 ESTABLISHMENT FOR 1S69.

Thomas Coutts Trotter, Bilston Lodge.

John Wilson, Edington Mains.

Sir George Warrender of Lochend, Bart.

Bobert Binnie, Seton Mains.

John Dickson, Saughton Mains.

Thomas A. Hog of Newliston.

James Ewan Newton, Linnbank House.

John Wilson, Brofessor of Agriculture, University of Edinburgh.

Alexander Young, Keir Mains.

The Bight Hon. Sir Wilson Gibson-Craig of Eiccarton, Bart., Treasurer.

Sir William Stirling Maxwell of Keir, Bart., Honorary Secretary.

Fletcher Norton Menzies, Secretary.

Bev. James Grant, D.C.L., D.D., Chaplain.

Thomas Anderson, M.D., Brofessor of Chemistry, University of Glasgow,
Chemist.

Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A., Auditor.

John Wtlson, Brofessor of Agriculture, University of Edinburgh, Pro-
fessor of Agriculture.

W. J. Macqtjorn Eankine, LL.D., Brofessor of Civil Engineering, Uni-
versity of Glasgow, Consulting Engineer.

Alexander Slight, Practical Engineer.

Gourlat Steell, B.S.A., Animal Portrait Painter.

William Williams, Profesor of Veterinary Surgery.

Thomas Duncan, Clerk

John MacDiarmid, Junior Clerk. "

William Blackwood & Sons, Publishers.

Neill & Company, Printers.

Mackat, Cunningham, & Co., Silversmiths.

Alexander Kirkwood & Son, Medallists.

John Watherston & Sons, Inspectors of Works.

William M'Neill, Messenger.

Cfrairmm of ^imtMtrg €armmtkts.

1. Argyll Naval Fund, . Admiral Sir Wm. J. Hope Johnstone, K.C.B.

2. Chemistry, . . . Brofessor Anderson.

3. Cottages, . . . Harry Maxwell Inglis of Logan Bank.

4. District Shows, . . A. Campbell Swinton of Kimmerghame.

5. Finance, . . . Anthony Murray of Dollerie.

6. General Slwws, . . Alex. Ktnloch, yr. of Gilmerton.

7. Hall and Chambers, . John Ord Mackenzie of Dolphinton.

8. Law, .... Graham Binny, W.S.

9. Machinery, . . . John Gibson, Woolmet.

10. Monthly Meetings, . Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn, Bart.

11. Premiums for Reports~\

on the Science and \- Batrick Dudgeon of Cargen.
Practice of Agriculture J

12. Premiums for Reports']

on Woods and Planta- f- Brofessor Balfour.
tions, . . . .J

13. Publications, . . Alexander Forbes Trvine of Drum.

14. Veterinary Department, Andrew Gillon of Wallhouse.

All communications should be addressed to Fletcher Norton Menzies,
Esq., Secretary of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, No. 3
George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.

ESTABLISHMENT FOR 1SG9.

Council on Hfcucattom

By a Supplementary Charter under the Great Seal, granted in 1856, the
Society is empowered to prescribe a Curriculum for Agricultural Education,
and to grant Diplomas (see p. 60.)

Members of Council named by Charter.

The President of the Highland and Agricultural Society — President.
The Lord Justice-General — Vice-President.

The Professor of Botany.
The Professor of Chemistry.
The Professor of Natural His-

The Lord Advocate.

The Dean of Faculty.

The Professor of Agriculture

The Professor of Anatomy.

TORY.

Members of Council named by Society.

Lord Colonsay.
Sir Wm. Gibson-Craig, Bart.
Sir A. C. R. Gibson-Maitland, Bart.,
M.P.

George Hor-E, Fenton Barns.
Robert Russell, Pilmuir.
Henry Stephens, Redbrae.
John Wilson, Edington Mains.

§jo.axb of (Summers.
Science and Practice of Agriculture — Mechanics and Construction — Professor

Wilson ; George Hope, Fenton Barns ; Robert Russell, Pilmuir ; and

John Wilson, Edington Mains.
Botany — Professor Balfour.
Chemistry — Professor Anderson.
Natural History — Professor Allman.
Veterinary Surgery — Professor Williams.
Field Engineering and Surveying — Professor Macquorn Rankine and

David Stevenson, C.E.
Book-keeping arid Accounts — Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A., and Archibald

Paterson, Meadowfield.

pall imb (numbers.
No. 3 GEORGE IV. BRIDGE, EDINBURGH.

STANDING COMMITTEES FOE 1869.

1. ARGYLL NAVAL FUND.

Admiral Sir William J. Hope Johnstone, K.C.B., Convener.
Vice- Admiral William Ramsay, C.B.
William S. Walker of Bowland.
Graham Binnt, W.S., Edinburgh.
Hew Crichton, S.S.C., Edinburgh.

2. CHEMISTRY.

Professor Anderson, Glasgow, Convener.

Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn of Smeaton, Bart.

Professor Allman, Edinburgh.

„ Balfour, Edinburgh.

„ Wilson, Edinburgh.
Henry Stephens, Redbrae, Edinburgh.
Robert Russell, Pilmuir, Leven.
George Harvey, Whittingham Mains, Prestonkirk.
James Melvin, Bonnington, Ratho.
William Goodlet, Bolshan, Arbroath.
Thomas Park, Stoneyhill, Musselburgh.
George Hope, Fenton Barns, Drem.
William Gray, Southfield, Duddingston, Edinburgh.
John Dickson, Saughton Mains, Edinburgh.
Robert Binnie, Seton Mains, Longniddry.

3. COTTAGES.

Harry Maxwell Inglis of Logan Bank, Convener.
John Ord Mackenzie of Dolphinton.
Archibald Campbell Swinton of Kimmerghame, Dunse.
Thomas Coutts Trotter, Bilston Lodge, Loanhead.

4. DISTRICT SHOWS.

Archibald Campbell Swinton of Kimmerghame, Convener.
Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn of Smeaton, Bart.
Robert Pillans Newton of Castlandhill, Kerse, Falkirk.
John Stirling of Kippendavie, Dunblane.
William S. Walker of Bowland.
Alexander M'Dougal, Granton Mains, Edinburgh.
Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains, Liberton.
Alexander Young, Keir Mains, Dunblane.

. FINANCE.

Anthony Murray of Dollerie, Convener.

Right Hon. Sir William Gibson-Craig of Riccarton, Bart.

John Stirling of Kippendavie, Dunblane.

STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1869. 11

Hew Crichton, S.S.C., Edinburgh.
Thomas Coutts Trotter, Bilston Lodge, Loanhead.
Thomas A. Hog of Newliston, Kirkliston.
Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A., Edinburgh.

6. GENERAL SHOWS.

Alexander Kinloch, yr. of Gilmerton, Convener.
Sir James Gardiner Baird of Saughton Hall, Bart.
Professor Macquorn Eankine, Glasgow.
Professor Wilson, Edinburgh.
John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith.
George Harvey, Whittingham Mains, Prestonkirk.
John Curror, Comiston, Lothian Burn.
Archibald Campbell Swinton of Kimmerghame.
George Prentice of Strathore, Kirkcaldy.
William Gray, Southfield, Duddingston, Edinburgh.
George Hope, Fenton Barns, Drem.
William S. Walker of Bowland.
Thomas Mtlne, Niddrie Mains, Liberton.
Alexander M'Dougal, Granton Mains, Edinburgh.
Thomas Coutts Trotter, Bilston Lodge, Loanhead.
Alexander Young, Keir Mains, Dunblane.
John Dickson, Saughton Mains, Edinburgh.

7. HALL AND CHAMBERS.

John Ord Mackenzie of Dolphinton, Convener.
Sir James Gardiner Baird of Saughtou Hall, Bart.
Anthony Murray of Dollerie.
William S. Walker of Bowland.
J. G. Heddle of Melsetter.
Graham Binny, W.S., Edinburgh.

8. LAW.

Graham Binny, W.S., Edinburgh, Convener.
John Ord Mackenzie, of Dolphinton.
William S. Walker, of Bowland.

9. MACHINERY.

John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith, Convener.
Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn of Sineaton, Bart.
Professor Macquorn Rankine, Glasgow.
George Hope, Fenton Barns, Drem.
Henry Stephens, Redbrae, Edinburgh.
William Sadler, Ferrygate, Drem.
James Wilson, Wester Cowden, Dalkeith.
Thomas Park, Stoneyhill, Musselburgh.
Robert Russell, Pilmuir, Leven.
Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains, Liberton.
Alexander Henderson, Longniddry.

10. MONTHLY MEETINGS.
Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn of Smeatou, Bart., Convener.
Graham Binny, W.S., Edinburgh.
William Gray, Southfield, Duddingston, Edinburgh.
Thomas Park, Stoneyhill, Musselburgh.
Henry Stephens, Redbrae Cottage, Edinburgh.
Archibald Campbell Swinton of Kimmerghame, Dunse.

12 STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1869.

11. PREMIUMS FOR REPORTS ON THE SCIENCE AND
PRACTICE OF AGRICULTURE.

Patrick Dudgeon of Cargen, Convener.
Professor Anderson, Glasgow.

„ Balfour, Edinburgh.

„ Allman, Edinburgh.

„ Wilson, Edinburgh.
Alexander Forres Irvine of Drum.
Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie, Kirkliston.
John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith.
And all the Directors.

12. PREMIUMS FOR REPORTS ON 'WOODS AND

PLANTATIONS.

Professor Balfour, Edinburgh, Convener.

Alexander Forbes Irvine of Drum.

Patrick Dudgeon of Cargen.

Eobert Pillans Newton of Castlandhill, Kerse, Falkirk.

Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie, Kirkliston.

Charles Lawson of Borthwick Hall.

13. PUBLICATIONS.

Alexander Forbes Irvine of Drum, Convener.

Professor Balfour, Edinburgh.

Henry Stephens, Redbrae, Edinburgh.

Robert Russell, Pilmuir, Leven.

J. G. Heddle of Melsetter.

Willtam S. Walker of Bowland.

Robert Pillans Newton of Castlandhill.

14. VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

Andrew Gillon of Wallhouse, Convener.

Sir Alexander C. R. Gibson Maitland of Barnton, Bart., M.P.

Professor Balfour, Edinburgh.

„ Allman, Edinburgh.

„ Anderson, Glasgow.
Archibald Campbell Swinton of Kimmerghame, Dunse.
William S. Walker of Bowland.
Alexander Kinloch, yr. of Gilmerton.
Henry Stephens, Redbrae, Edinburgh.
John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith.
George Hope, Fenton Barns, Drem.
William Gray, Southfield, Duddingston, Edinburgh.
James Wilson, Wester Cowden, Dalkeith.
Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains, Liberton.
Alexander M'Dougal, Granton Mains, Edinburgh.

The President, Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, and Honorary Secretary, are
members ex officio of all Committees.

PREMIUMS.

GENERAL REGULATIONS FOR COMPETITORS.

All Reports must be legibly written, and on one side of the
paper only; they must specify the number and subject of the
Premium for which they are in competition ; they must bear a
distinguishing motto, and be accompanied by a sealed letter
similarly marked, containing the name and address of the
Reporter ; initials must not be used.

No sealed letter, unless belonging to a Report found entitled
to one-half of the Premium offered, will be opened without the
author's consent.

Reports, for which a Premium, or one-half of it, has been
awarded, become the property of the Society, and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, nor circulated in any manner,
without the consent of the Directors. All other papers will be
returned to the authors, if applied for within twelve months.

When a Report is unsatisfactory, the Society is not bound to
award the whole or any part of a Premium.

All Reports must be of a practical character, containing the
results of the writer's own observation or experiment, and the
special conditions attached to each Premium must be strictly
fulfilled. General essays, and papers compiled from books, will
not be rewarded. Weights and measurements must be indicated
by the imperial standards.

The decisions of the Board of Directors are final and con-
clusive as to all Premiums, whether for Reports or at General or
District Shows ; and it shall not be competent to raise any
question or appeal touching such decisions before any other
tribunal.

Reports on subjects not included in the Premium List will be
received, and honorary rewards will be given when merited.

14 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1S69.

CLASS I.

REPORTS.

Section 1.— ON SUBJECTS CONNECTED WITH THE
SCIENCE AND PEACTICE OF AGEICULTUEE.

1. AGRICULTURE OF EAST LOTHIAN.

For an approved Report on the Agriculture of East Lothian —
Thirty Sovereigns.

The Report should embrace full details of the different systems of
Farm Management observed in the district, and of the progress
which Agriculture has made within the last 25 years.

Reports to be lodged by 1st November 1869.

2. AGRICULTURE OF INVERNESS-SHIRE.

For an approved Keport on the Agriculture of Inverness-shire
— Thirty Sovereigns.

The Report should embrace full details of the different systems of
Farm Management observed in the district, and of the progress
■which Agriculture has made within the last 25 years.

Reports to be lodged by 1st November 1870.

3. ANCIENT FARMING CUSTOMS IN SCOTLAND.

For an approved Eeport or Historical Account of the Farming
Customs and Covenants of Leases formerly in use in the various
Districts or Counties of Scotland — Twenty Sovereigns.

The Report must notice the improvements in Husbandry which have
resulted from the abandonment of such customs and covenants,
and suggest advantages which might accrue to agricultural enter-
prise generally from a further extension of such policy.

Reports to be lodged by 1st November 1870.

4. STRIKING THE FIARS PRICES IN SCOTLAND.

For an approved Eeport on the various modes of striking the
Fiars Prices throughout the different Counties of Scotland — The
Gold Medal or Ten Sovereigns.

The Report must contain suggestions for the most equitable mode
of establishing a uniform system.

Reports to be lodged by 1st November 1869.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1069. 15

5. MANURES PRODUCED BY DIFFERENT KINDS OF FEEDING.

For an approved Eeport of the results of experiments for
ascertaining the comparative value of farm -yard Manure, ob-
tained from cattle fed upon different varieties of food, by the
application of such manures to farm crops — Twenty Sovereigns.

The Report must state the effects produced on two successive crops
by the application of manure obtained from cattle fed on dif-
ferent sorts of food, such as turnips and straw alone ; and turnips
and straw, with an addition of oil-cake, linseed, bean-meal, grain, or
other substances. The animals should be as nearly as possible of
the same age, weight, condition, and maturity, and each lot
should receive daily the same quantity of litter ; and, except as
to the difference of food, they must be treated alike.

The preparation of the manure, by fermentation or otherwise, should
be in every respect the same ; and it is desirable that not less
than two several experiments be made with each kind, and that
the ground to which it is to be applied be as equal as possible
in quality and condition.

Reports to be lodged by 1st May in any year.

6. MANURE MADE WITH AND WITHOUT COVER.

For an approved Eeport on the comparative value of Manure
made in the ordinary manner, and of Manure kept under cover
till applied to the Land — Twenty Sovereigns.

The experiment may be conducted either with manure made in the
open straw-yard, contrasted with that made in covered hammels
or boxes, or with manure made in feeding houses, part of which
shall have been placed under cover, and part removed to the open
dung-pit, and kept carefully unmixed with any other manure.
Preference will be given to experiments embracing both of these
modes. The cattle must be fed and littered alike. There must be
at least an acre of land experimented on with each sort of manure —
the different lots must be manured to the same extent, and be equal
in soil, and the crops must be accurately weighed and measured on
two separate portions of each lot, not less than 20 poles. The result,
as given by two successive crops, to be reported.

Reports to be lodged by 1st May in any year.

7. AUTUMN MANURING.

For an approved Eeport on the comparative advantages of
applying Manure to the stubble in autumn, or in the drills in
spring, for turnips, potatoes, or beans — Twenty Sovereigns.

The experiment must extend over two years, and comprise a green
crop and a grain crop. It must be conducted on not less than four
acres — one half of which shall be dunged in autumn, and the other
in spring, with manure made as nearly as possible in the same way,
and of equal quantity and quality. The treatment and condition of
the land prior to the experiment must be mentioned.

As the object of this premium is to determine the comparative advan-
tages of autumn manuring, there will be no restriction as to labouring
the land ; but the reporter must state how that was done.

16 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869.

lot during the experiment, which, if possible, should be repeated in
duplicate.
Reports to be lodged by 1st May 1870.

8. COVERING GKAIN CROPS.

For an approved Eeport on the cheapest, speediest, and most
convenient mode of covering the grain crops in harvest — The
Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns.

Reports to be lodged by 1st November 1869.

9. IMPROVED VARIETIES OF AGRICULTURAL PLANTS.

For an approved Eeport on the means successfully employed
for obtaining new and superior varieties, or improved sub-
varieties, of any of the cereal grains, grasses, roots, or other
agricultural plants — The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns.

It is necessary that the varieties and sub-varieties reported upon shall
have been proved capable of reproduction from seed, and also that
the relation they bear to others, or well-known sorts, should be stated.
The reporter is further requested to mention the effects that he may
have observed produced by different soils, manures, &c, on the plants
forming the subjects of report, and how far he may have ascertained
such effects to be lasting.

Should any improved variety reported upon be the result of direct
experiment by cross impregnation, involving expense and long-
continued attention, a higher premium will be awarded.

Reports to be lodged by 1st November 1869.

10. COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVENESS OF POTATOES.

For an approved Eeport on the comparative productiveness
and general qualities for use and keeping of different kinds of
Potatoes used in field culture, and as to the best mode of storing
the same — The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns.
Reports to be lodged by 1st November 1869.

11. COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVENESS OF TURNIPS.

For an approved Eeport on the comparative productiveness
and general qualities for use and keeping of the different kinds
of Swedish, Yellow, and White Turnips, generally used in field
culture — The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns.
Reports to be lodged by 1st May 1870.

12. CULTIVATION OF CABBAGE AS A FIELD CROP.

For an approved Eeport on the cultivation of the Cabbage as
a field crop — The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns.

The experiment must be conducted on not less than one acre, and con-
trasted with a like extent under turnips in the same field. Both
lots must have been under one rotation, and must be prepared and
manured in the same manner.

Reports to be lodged by 1st May 1870.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869. 17

13. VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS OF INDIA, CHINA, AMERICA, &C.

For an approved Eeport on the hardy and useful Herbaceous
Plants of any country where such climate exists as to induce
the belief that the plants may be beneficially introduced into
the cultivation of Scotland — The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns.

Attention is particularly directed to the Grains and Grasses of China,
Japan, the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago, the Himalaya country,
the Falkland and South-Sea Islands, California, and the high north-
western districts of America.

Reporters are required to give the generic and specific names of the
plants treated of, with the authority for the same — together with
the native names, so far as known ; and to state the elevation
of the locality and nature of the soil in which they are cultivated,
or which they naturally inhabit, with their qualities or uses ; and it
is further requested that the descriptions be accompanied, in so far
as possible, with specimens of the plants, and their fruit, seed, or
other products.

Reports to be lodged by 1st November in any year.

FEEDING STOCK.

The experiments specified in Nos. 14 and 15 must be conducted over
a period of not less than three months. No lot shall consist of
fewer than four Cattle or ten Sheep. The animals selected should
be of the same age, sex, and breed, and, as nearly as possible, of the
same weight, condition, and maturity. The live weight before and
after the experiment must be stated, and, if kdled, their dead weight
and quantity of tallow.

14. BEST MODES OF HOUSING FATTENING CATTLE.

For an approved Eeport on the comparative advantages of
fattening Cattle in stalls, in loose houses or boxes, and in sheds
or hammels— Twenty Sovereigns.

The Report must detail the comparative result of actual experiments.
The same quantities and kinds of food must be used. Information
is required as to the comparative expense of attendance, the cost
of erecting the buildings, and any other circumstances deserving
of attention. The state of the weather during the experiment, in
point of temperature and wetness, must be particularly noted and
reported.

Reports to be lodged by 1st May in any year.

15. DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FOOD FOR STOCK.

For an approved Eeport of experiments for ascertaining the
actual addition of weight to growing or fattening Stock, by the
use of different kinds of food — Twenty Sovereigns.

The attention of the experimenter is directed to turnips, carrots, beet,
mangold- wurzel, potatoes, cabbage, as well as to beans, oats, barley,
Indian corn, linseed, oil-cake, or rape-cake, and to the effect of
warmth and proper ventilation, and the difference between food

7

18 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869.

cooked and raw. The above roots and other kinds of food are

merely suggested ; competitors are neither restricted to them, nor

obliged to experiment on all of them.
When experiments are made with linseed and cake, attention should

be paid to the comparative advantages, economically and otherwisey

of the substances in these two states.
Before commencing the comparative experiments, the animals must be

fed alike for some time previously.
The progress of different breeds may be compared. This will form an

interesting experiment of itself, for reports of which encouragement

will be given.
Eeports to be lodged by 1st May in any year.

16. EXAMINING HORSES AS TO SOUNDNESS.

For an approved Eeport on the duties of the Veterinary Sur-
geon in the Examination of Horses as to Soundness — The Gold
Medal, or Ten Sovereigns.

Competition is limited to Members of Veterinary Medical Associa-
tions.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st November 1869*.

17. DISINFECTING AGENTS FOR STOCK.

For an approved Eeport on disinfecting Agents, especially
Sulphurous Acid and Carbolic Acid, for preventing attacks of
Cattle Plague and Pleuro-Pneumonia, or in extirpating these
diseases when they have appeared — The Gold Medal, or Ten
Sovereigns.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st November 1869.

18. DIPPING AND SMEARING SHEEP.

For an approved Eeport on the processes of Dipping, Pouring,
and Smearing Sheep, and the materials employed for the pur-
pose— Twenty Sovereigns.

The reporter must discuss the relative advantages of Dipping, Pour-
ing, and Smearing, the use of summer dips, the nature and qualities
of the different materials which have been used, and their effect on
the wool and on the health of the Sheep. The facts detailed must
be derived from the practical experience of the reporter.
Eeports to be lodged by 1st November 1869.

19. VETERINARY CONTRACTS.

For an approved Eeport on the advantages of a system of con-
tract entered into between Stockowners and Veterinary Sur-
geons—The Medium Gold Medal, or Five Sovereigns.

The Eeport must state the price, including operations and medicines.
at which Horses and Cattle per head, and Sheep per score, can be
attended to per annum. The charges which should be considered as
extras must also be specified.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st November 1869.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869. 19

20. TRANSPORTING BUTCHER MEAT.

For an approved Report on the improved methods of trans-
porting Butcher Meat for distances that may occupy from 24 to
48 hours, so that it may arrive in the least injured condition —
The Medium Gold Medal, or Five Sovereigns.
Eeports to be lodged by 1st November 1869.

21. VESSELS USED FOR TRANSPORTING MILK.

For an approved Report on improvements in the Vessels used
for transporting Milk from Country Districts to the neighbouring
Towns — The Medium Gold Medal, or Five Sovereigns.
Reports to be lodged by 1st November 1869.

22. RURAL ECONOMY ABROAD.

For an approved Report, founded on personal observation, of
any useful practice, in rural economy, adopted in other countries,
and susceptible of being introduced with advantage into Scot-
land—The Gold Medal.

The purpose chiefly contemplated by the offer of this premium is to
induce travellers to notice and record such particular practices as
may seem calculated to benefit Scotland.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st November in any year.

Section 2.— LAND IMPROVEMENTS.

1. GENERAL IMPROVEMENT OF ESTATES.

To the Proprietor who shall report the most judicious, suc-
cessful, and extensive improvements — The Gold Medal, or Ten
Sovereigns.

The merits of the Eeport will not be determined so much by the mere
extent of the improvements, as by their character and relation
to the size of the property. The improvements may comprise
reclaiming, draining, enclosing, planting, road-making, building, and
all other operations proper to landed estates. The period within
which the operations may have been conducted is not limited,
except that it must not exceed the term of the reporter's pro-
prietorship.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st May in any year.

2. RECLAMATION OF WASTE LAND BY TILLAGE.

1. For an approved Report by a Proprietor or Tenant of
having reclaimed within the six preceding years not less than
fifty acres of waste land — The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns.

2. For an approved Report by a Tenant of having reclaimed
within the four preceding years not less than twenty acres of
waste land — The Medium Gold Medal, or Five Sovereigns.

20 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869.

3. For a similar Beport by a Tenant of having reclaimed not
less than ten acres — The Silver Medal.

The Reports may comprehend such general observations on the im-
provement of waste lands as the writer's experience may lead him
to make, but must refer especially to the lands reclaimed — to the
nature of the soil — the previous state and probable value of the
subject — the obstacles opposed to its improvement — the details of
the various operations — the mode of cultivation adopted — and the
produce and value of the crops produced. As the required extent
cannot be made up of different patches of land, the improvement
must have relation to one subject ; it must be of a profitable char-
acter, and a rotation of crops must have been concluded before the
date of the report. A detailed statement of the expenditure and
return, and a certified measurement of the ground, are requisite.

Reports to be lodged by 1st May in any year.

3. IMPROVEMENT OF NATURAL PASTURE WITHOUT TILLAGE.

1. For an approved Beport of an improvement of the pasturage
of not less than thirty acres, by means of top-dressing, draining,
or otherwise without tillage, in situations where tillage may be
inexpedient — The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns.

2. For an approved Beport of a similar improvement of not
less than ten acres — The Silver Medal.

Reports must state the particular mode of management adopted, the
substances applied, the elevation and nature of the soil, its previous
natural products, and the changes produced.

Reports to be lodged by 1st May in any year.

Section 3.— AGBICULTUBAL MACHINEBY.

INVENTION OR IMPROVEMENT OF IMPLEMENTS OF HUSBANDRY.

For approved Beports of such inventions or improvements, by
the reporters, of any agricultural implement or machine as shall
be deemed by the Society of public utility — Medals, or sums of
money not exceeding Fifty Sovereigns.

Reports may be lodged with the Secretary at any time, and should
be accompanied by drawings and descriptions of the implement or
machine, and, if necessary, by a model.

Section 4.— WOODS AND PLANTATIONS.

1. EXTENSIVE PLANTING.

For an approved Beport by a Proprietor who shall, within the
five preceding years, have planted not less than 150 acres — The
Gold Medal.

The whole planting operations that may have been conducted by the
reporter within the five years, whether completed or not, must be
embraced, and he must state the expense — description of soil — age,

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869. 21

kind, and number of trees planted per acre — mode of planting,
draining, and fencing — general state of the plantation — and any other
observations of interest
Reports to be lodged by 1st November in any year.

2. GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS.

For an approved Eeport of the management of Plantations
from the commencement of the first thinning till the period of
yielding full-grown timber — The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns.

The Report must embrace the following points : — The progress of the
different sort of trees — the effects of altitude and exposure — the
general advantages of shelter — the mode of thinning and pruning
adopted — the uses and value of the thinnings — the plan of registry
and of valuing, or a specimen of the method in which the forester's
book is kept — the valuation at the time of the report — together with
such general remarks as may be thought useful.

The Report is not expected to embrace the formation and early manage-
ment, farther than the description of soil, kinds of plants, whether
mixed or in masses, together with a note of the expense from the
time of planting to the commencement of the first thinning, in so far
as such information is in the possession of the reporter.

Reports to be lodged by 1st November in any year.

3. PLANTING ON EXPOSED OR ON BARREN TRACTS.

For an approved Eeport on successful planting within the
influence of the sea, or on exposed sterile tracts, founded on
observation of the habits and appearance of the different sorts of
trees considered best suited for such situations — The Gold Medal,
or Ten Sovereigns.

The plantations reported on must not be less than ten years old.
Information is particularly desired regarding the species and varieties
of trees calculated for growing in situations unfavourable to most of
those generally cultivated, as bleak heaths, sandy links, unsheltered
maritime situations, and high northern exposures.
The reporter must specify the extent of planting and mode of drainage
and fencing — the nature of the soil and subsoil — the elevation and
exposure of the locality— its distance from the sea ; and, if in his
power, he should notice the geological features of the district.
Reports to be lodged by 1st November in any year.

4. CORSICAN FIR.

For an approved Eeport on the value, for economical purposes,
of the Corsican Fir, and on its adaptation to different soils and
situations — The Medium Gold Medal, or Five Sovereigns.

The reporter's observations must go beyond the limited knowledge of
this tree as hitherto grown in Britain, and must embrace its nature,
uses, and adaptations in those countries of which it is a native.

Reports to be lodged by 1st November in any year.

5. FOREST TREES OF RECENT INTRODUCTION.

For an approved Eeport on the more extended introduction of

22 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869.

hardy, useful, or ornamental trees, which have not hitherto been
generally cultivated in Scotland — The Medium Gold Medal, or
Five Sovereigns.

The Eeport should specify as distinctly as possible the kind of trees
introduced. The adaptation of the trees for use or ornament, and
their comparative progress, should be mentioned. Attention is
directed to the introduction of any tree as a nurse in young plan-
tations, which by growing rapidly for several years, and attaining
maturity when at "the height of 20 or 25 feet, might realise the
advantages and avoid the evils of thick planting.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st November in any year.

6. HOME-GROWN TIMBER AS COMPARED WITH FOREIGN.

For an approved Eeport on the comparative advantages, in
point of economy as well as durability, of home-grown Timber
as compared with foreign, for general out-door estate work — The
Medium Gold Medal, or Five Sovereigns.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st November 1869.

7. EFFECTS OF DRY SEASON 1868 ON TREES AND SHRUBS.

For an approved Eeport on the effects of the very dry season
of 1868 on Trees and Shrubs in different soils, situations, and
elevations — The Medium Gold Medal, or Five Sovereigns.

The object in proposing this subject is to ascertain the various varieties
of Coniferse and Hardwood Trees and Shrubs most capable of with-
standing severe drought in different soils and situations in this
climate, and the reporter will therefore specify how the different
varieties were variously affected, with records of the range of tem-
perature where practicable.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st November 1869.

8. SEEDLINGS OF CONIFERS.

For an approved Eeport on the results obtained by experience
of Seedlings of Coniferse, being the produce of trees grown in
Britain, as compared with plants obtained from foreign-ripened
see(i_ The Medium Gold Medal, or Five Sovereigns.

The probable age and appearance of seed-producing Trees in this
country must be stated where known. Attention is particularly
requested as to seedlings of the Corsican Pine, Larch, and Abies
Douglasii, and other recently introduced Conifers, after a period of
10, 12, or more years' growth.

Eeports to be lodged by 1st November 1870.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869. 23

CLASS II.

DISTEICT COMPETITIONS.

The Money Premiums aivarded at District Competitions will be paid after 1st
January next, by precepts issued by the Directors. No payments must,
therefore, is made by tlie Secretary or Treasurer of any local Association.

(Grants in aid of District Competitions for 1870 must he
applied for before 1st November next).

Section 1.— CATTLE.

1. Islands or Shetland, — Convener, John Bruce, of Suniburgh ; Secretary.

George Smith, Lerwick.

2. District of Annandale. — Convener, Sir William Jardine of Apple-

garth, Bart. ; Secretary, Charles Stewart, Hillside, Lockerbie.

3. District of Formartine. — Convener, Major Ramsay of Barra ;

Secretary, Alexander Davidson, Mains of Cairnbrogie.

4. County of Banff and District of Turriff. — Convener, Alexander

Morison of Bognie ; Secretary, George Gumming, Banff.

5. County of Elgin. — Convener, C. L. Cumming Bruce, of Eoseisle ;

Secretary, William Macdonald, Elgin.

6. County of Nairn. — Convener, W. A. Stables, Cawdor Castle ; Secretary,

John Joss, Budgate, Cawdor.

7. Island of Skye. — Convener, Alexander K. Mackinnon of Corry ;

Secretary,

8. Counties of Perth, Fife, Kinross, and Clackmannan. — Convener,

Sir William Stirling Maxwell of Keir, Bart. ; Secretary, Melville
Jameson, Perth.

9. County of Kincardine. — Convener, Sir Thomas Gladstone, Bart. ;

Secretary, Robert Crabb, Auchinblae.

10. Stewartry of Kirkcudbright. — Convener, W. H. Maxwell of Munches,

M.P. ; Secretary, James Grieve, Dalbeattie. ,

11. District of Kintyre. — Convener, John Lorn Stewart of Coll ; Secretary

Thomas Brown, Campbeltown.

12. County of Dumbarton. — Convener, Alexander Smollett of Bonhill;

Secretary, John Dewar, Dumbarton.

13. District of Nithsdale. — Convener, John Gilchrist Clark, of Speddoch ;

Secretary, Dr Russell, Thornhili

PREMIUMS.

1. Best Bull, of any pure breed, not exceeding eight years old,
belonging to a Proprietor, The Silver Medal.

Best Bull, of any pure breed, calved before 1st January
1867, and not exceeding eight years old, . . £7

3. Second best, ....•• £A.

4. Best Bull, of any pure breed, calved after 1st January

1867, . .... £6

24 PKEMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869.

5. Best two-year-old Heifer (if Highland breed, three years),

of any pure breed, ..... £5

6. Second best, . . . . . . £3

Proprietors farming the whole of their own lands may com-
pete for the Money Premiums.

Note. — The Society's Cattle Premiums are granted to each District for three
alternate years, on condition that the District shall, in the two interme-
diate years, continue the Competitions by offering for the same description
of stock a sum not less than one- half of that given by the Society.

At the intermediate Competitions, a Silver Medal will be placed at the
disposal of the Committee, to be awarded to the best lot of the class for
which the District receives Premiums.

In 1869,

Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 are in competition for the last year.

No. 9 for the second year.

No. 10 for the first year.

Nos, 11, 12, and 13 compete for local Premiums.

RULES OF COMPETITION.

1. The Members of the Society connected with the respective Districts are
appointed Committees for arranging the Competitions ; five members to be a
quorum.

2. The Convener of each District shall summon a meeting of Committee
for the purpose of determining the time and place of Competition, the nomi-
nation of Judges, and other preliminary arrangements. The time and place
(which must be within the bounds of the District) shall be publicly intimated
by Conveners.

3. The Competitions must take place between the 1st of April and the 20th
of October, and are open to all parties within the District, whether members
of the local Association or not. The animals exhibited must belong to one of
the following pure breeds : — Short-horn, Ayrshire, Polled (Galloway, Angus or
Aberdeen), Highland. The Bulls may be of one breed, and the Heifers of
another. The Committee shall select the breed, and specify it in the returns.

4. Stock of an inferior description, or which does not fall within the pre-
scribed regulations, shall not be placed for competition. The Premiums shall
not be divided. No Money Premiums shall be adjudged unless there are three
lots exhibited, and not more than one-half unless there are six. A competitor
may exhibit two lots in each class. For the Medal, two lots are required.

5. An animal which has gained the Society's first Premium at a previous
District or General Show is inadmissible in the same class, except for the
Medal ; and one which has gained a second Money Premium can only there-
after compete in that class for the first.

6. A Tenant or Factor may compete with Proprietors for the Medal with a
Bull which has gained the first Money Premium at a previous Show. When
there is any doubt as to whether a competitor should be ranked as a Proprie-
tor or a Tenant, the point is left to the decision of the local Committee.

7. A Bull, the property of two or more tenants, may compete, although
the Exhibitors may not be joint-tenants.

8. Stock must be the property of the Exhibitor at the date of entry, and
entry shall be received later than one week previous to the Show. Entry-
money shall not exceed 2£ per cent, on the amount of the Premium to be
competed for.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869. 2o

0. Bulls for which the Money Premiums are awarded may be required to
serve iu the District at least one season ; the rate of service to be fixed by the
Committee.

10. Should it be proved to the satisfaction of the Committee that an
animal has been entered under a false name, pedigree, or description, for the
purpose of misleading the Committee or Judges as to its qualifications or
properties, the case shall be reported to the Directors, and submitted by
them to the first General Meeting, in order that the Exhibitor shall be dis-
qualified from again competing at the Society's Shows, and his name, if he be
a member, struck from the roll.

11. When an animal has previously been disqualified by the decision of
any Agricultural Association in Great Britain or Ireland, such disqualification
shall attach, if the Exhibitor, being aware of the disqualification, fail to state
it, and the grounds thereof, in his entry, to enable the Committee to judge of
its validity.

12. Blank reports will be furnished to the Conveners of the different Dis-
tricts. These must, in all details, be completed and lodged with the Secretary
on or before the, 1st of November next, for the approval of the Directors,
against whose decisions there shall be no appeal.

13. A report of the Competition and Premiums awarded at the intermediate
local Shows, in the several Districts, signed by a Member of the Society,
must be transmitted to the Secretary on or before the 1st November in each
year, otherwise the Society's grants shall terminate.

14. It is to be distinctly understood that in no instance does any claim lie
against the Society for expenses attending a show of stock beyond the amount
of the Premiums offered.

Section 2.-HOKSES

FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.

Note. — The Society's Stallion Premiums are granted to each district for two
years, and are followed by Premiums for other two years for Brood
Mares, and again for a similar period by Premiums for Entire Colts
and Fillies.

1. Stallions.

1. County of Ayr. — Convener, James Baird of Cambusdoon; Secretaries, J.

and J. M'Murtrie, Ayr.

2. County of Inverness. — Convener, Henry W. White of Monar ; Secre-

tary, Hugh Fraser, Balloch of Culloden.

Best Stallion, not under three years and nine months, and not above
twelve years old, ..... £25

In 1869,
No. 1 is in competition for the last year.

No. 2 for the first year.

2. Mares,
Best Brood Mare, ...... £10

In 1869
No competition.

26 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869.

3. Entire Colts and Tillies.

1. District of Wester Ross. — Convener, K. W. Stewart Mackenzie of

Seaforth ; Secretary, David Ross, Dingwall.

2. Counties or Perth, Fife, Kinross, and Clackmannan. — Convener,

Sir G. Graham Montgomery, Bart., MP, ; Secretary, Melville Jameson,
Perth.

1. Best Entire Colt, foaled after 1st January 1867, . . £6

2. Best Entire Colt, foaled after 1st January 1868, . . £4

3. Best Eilly, foaled after 1st January 1867, . . £5

4. Best Filly, foaled after 1st January 1868, . £3

In 1869,
Nos. 1 and 2 are in competition for the Colt Premiums for the last year.

RULES OF COMPETITION.

1. The Members of the Society in the several Districts are appointed Com-
mittees of Superintendence. They shall he convened in the manner and for
the purposes prescribed by Nos. 1 and 2 of the Regulations for Cattle Com-
petitions.

2. The Competitions must take place within the districts named, unless,
in reference to Stallions, special permission has been obtained to the contrary.

3. Four lots in each Class will warrant the award of full, and two lots of
half, premiums.

4. Evidence must be produced that the Prize Stallions have had produce.

5. Mares must have foals at their feet, or be entered as being in foal ; in
the latter case, payment of the Premiums will be deferred till certificate of
birth.

6. The Regulations for Cattle Shows, regarding intimation — entry of stock
— its exclusion, if of inferior quality — false entries — extra expenses — and the
manner in which the Reports are to be certified and transmitted to the Society,
are severally apphcable to the Premiums for Horses.

Section 3.— SHEEP.

The Premiums for Sheep are granted for three alternate years, under the same

conditions as those for Cattle. See Note, p. 24.
A Silver Medal, as in the case of Cattle, is allowed for the intermediate

years, to be awarded to the best lot for which the District receives

Premiums.

1. LEICESTER BREED.

1. County of Forfar. — Convener, Sir John Ogilvy, of Inverquharity, Bart.,

M.P. ; Secretary, J. L. Gordon, Brechin.

2. District of the Border Union Society. — Convener, Sir George W.

Scott Douglas, of Springwood Park, Bart. ; Secretary, William Jerdan,
Kelso.

3. County of Edinburgh. — Convener, Sir James Gardiner Baird, of

Saughton Hall, Bart. ; Secretary, James Wilson, Wester Cowden.

1. Best Tup, belonging to a Proprietor, . The Silver Medal.

2. Best Tup of any age, . . . . . £5

3. Best Shearling Tup, . . . . . £5

4. Best 5 Ewes, not above four Shear, . . £5

5. Best 5 Griminers or Shearling Ewes, . . • £4

Proprietors farming the whole of their own lands may compete
for the Money Premiums.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 18G9. 27

In 18G9.

'1

Nos. 1 and 2 are in competition for the last year.

No. 3 is in abeyance, on account of the Edinburgh Show.

2. CHEVIOT BREED.

1. Pastoral District of Eoss-shire. — Convener, Sir Kenneth S. Mackenzie

of Gairloch, Bart. ; Secretary, William Moffat, Dingwall.

2. County of Sutherland. — Convener, The Duke of Sutherland, or in his

absence, George Loch ; Secretaries, R. B. Sangster, Golspie, and William
Mitchell, Eibigill.

3. Districts of Eskdale and Liddesdale. — Convener, William E. Malcolm

of Burnfoot ; Secretary, Alexander Stevenson, Langholm.

4. Districts of Mull, Coll/and Tyree. — Convener, Farquhar Campbell of

Aros ; Secretary, David Thorburn, Tobermory.

1. Best Tup belonging to a Proprietor, . The Silver Medal.

2. Best Tup of any age, . . . . . £5

3. Best Shearling Tup, ..... £5

4. Best 5 Ewes, not above four Shear, . . . £5

5. Best 5 Grirnmers or Shearling Ewes, . . . £4

Proprietors farming the whole of their own lands may compete for
the Money Premiums.

In 1869

Nos. 1 and 2 are in competition for the last year.
Nos. 3 and 4 compete for local Premiums.

3. BLACKFACED BREED.

1. District of Athole and Weem. — Convener, Sir Robert Menzies of

Menzies, Bart. ; Secretary, James Mitchell, Pitlochrie.

2. District of Badenoch. — Convener, Cluny Macpherson ; Secretary, Donald

Stewart, Biallid.

3. District ofj Lorn. — Convener, T. W. Murray Allan of Glenfeochan ;

Secretary, Duncan Clerk, Oban.

1. Best Tup belonging to a Proprietor,

2. Best Tup of any age,

3. Best Shearling Tup,

4. Best 5 Ewes, not above four Shear,

5. Best 5 Gimmers or Shearling Ewes,

The Silver Medal.

£5

£5

. • £o

£4

Proprietors farming the whole of their own lands may compete for
the Money Premiums.

In 18G9,

Nos. 1 and 2 are in competition for the second year.
No. 3 competes for local Premiums.

28 PEEMIUMS OFFEEED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869.

RULES OF COMPETITION.

1. The Members of the Society in the several Districts are appointed Com-
mittees as under Nos. 1 and 2 of the Regulations for Cattle Competitions,
and they shall be convened in the manner and for the purposes specified in
these regulations.

2. The Competition is open to all within the district ; it shall take place
between the 1st of April and the 20th of October, and the time and place
must be publicly intimated by each Convener within his district.

3. Aged Tups shall have served the usual number of Ewes for at least
three weeks during the previous season. All prize Tups must serve within
the district. Ewes and Gimmers must be taken from the Exhibitor's stock
bred in the district ; and Ewes must have reared Lambs during the season.

4. The Premiums shall not be divided. No Money Premiums shall be
adjudged unless there are three lots exhibited, and only ane half if there are not
six lots. Each competitor may show two lots. For the Medal two lots are
required.

5. The other regulations for Cattle Competitions, — in regard to the date of
entry — the amount of entry-money — the placing of stock — the exclusion of
animals which have gained premiums at previous Shows — the right of a
tenant or factor, under certain circumstances, to compete for the medal —
reporting false enteries — the regulation as to expenses — the manner in which
the reports must be certified and transmitted — and the incompetency of
appeal against decisions by the Directors, — are applicable to the Premiums
for Sheep.

6. Blank reports will be furnished to the Conveners of districts. These
must be accurately filled up in all details, signed by the Conveners, and trans-
mitted to the Secretary by the 1st of November. Reports of intermediate
competitions must be lodged at the same time.

4. SHEARING SHEEP.

The Silver Medal will be given to the best Sheep-shearer in
each of the districts in which the premiums for Sheep are in opera-
tion.

CONDITIONS.

1. Money Premiums must be awarded by the district at each competition
to the amount of not less than L.2.

2. The district Convener will fix the time and place of competition, and
make all necessary arrangements.

3. The medal shall not be awarded unless there are three competitors, and
it shall always accompany the highest money premium. If two or more lots
appear to be equally well executed, preference should be given to that executed
within the shortest time.

4. The Conveners shall report the particulars of the competition and the
award of the Judges to the Society, along with the report of the sheep pre-
miums in the district.

Section 4.— SWINE.

DISTRICTS.
The County of Orkney.

Convener of Committee. — J. G. Heddle of Melsetter ; Secretary,

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869. 29

1. Best Boar belonging to a Proprietor,

The Silver Medal.

2. Best Boar, ...... £4

3. Second best, ...... £2

4. Best Brood Sow, . . . . • £3

5. Second best, ...... £1

Proprietors farming the whole of their own lands may compete for
the Money Premiums.

The above Premiums are given for three consecutive years.

In 18G9,
Orkney is in competition for the first year.

RULES OF COMPETITION.

1. The Regulations for Cattle Competitions are generally to be held as
applicable to the Premiums for Swine ; and the Conveners and Committees
of the Society's members in the districts are accordingly referred to them.

2. Four lots in each Class will warrant the award of full, and two lots of
half, Premiums. There must be at least two Competitors for the Medal.

3. Blank reports will be furnished to the Conveners of districts. These
must be accurately filled up in all details, signed by the Conveners, and trans-
mitted to the Secretary by the first of November next.

CLASS III.

DAIEY PEODUCE.

DISTRICTS.

1. Lower Ward of Renfrewshire.— Convener, Sir Michael R. Shaw

Stewart, of Ardgowan, Bart. Secretary, M. J. Martin, Greenock.

2. District of Lorn. — Convener, T. W. Murray Allan of Glenfeochan ;

Secretary, Duncan Clerk, Oban.

1. BUTTER.

1. Best sample of Cured Butter (not less than 14 lbs.)

belonging to a Proprietor, . . The Silver Medal.

2. Best sample of Cured Butter (not less than 14 lbs.) . £3
8. Second best, ...... £2

2. CHEESE.

4. Best couple of Sweet Milk Cheeses belonging to

a Proprietor, .... The Silver Medal.

5. Best couple of Sweet Milk Cheeses, ... £3

6. Second best, ...... £2

30 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869.

Proprietors farming the whole of their own lands may compete for
the Money Premiums.

The above Premiums are given for three consecutive years.

In 1869,

No. 1 is in competition for the last year.
No. 2 for the second year.

RULES OF COMPETITION.

1. The Members of the Society resident within the districts are appointed
Committees of Superintendence, for the purposes expressed in the regulations
for Cattle Competitions. Each Committtee shall fix such general regulations
as they may consider proper, and, in particular, the time and place of Com-
petition.

2. Eight Exhibitors in any one Class will warrant an award of full, and four
of half, Premiums. There must be at least two Competitors for the Medal.

3. Competitors must certify that the Butter and Cheese exhibited by them
are average specimens of the produce of their Dairies in 1869 ; and that the
quantity produced during the season has not been less than 1 cwt. of Butter,
or 2 cwt. of Cheese.

4. In the event of two or more competing lots being deemed equal in
quality, the Premium shall be awarded to the Competitor who has made the
larger quantity.

5. The successful Competitors, before receiving the Premiums, are required
to transmit to the Secretary a detailed report of the whole j)rocess followed by
tli btu in the manufacture of their Butter or Cheese.

6. Beports of the award of the Premiums to be lodged with the Secretary
on or before the 1st November next '

3. MEDALS FOR CHEESE AND BUTTER.

Pour Medium Gold and Four Medium Silver Medals for Cheese,
and Two Silver and Two Medium Silver Medals for Butter, will be
placed at the disposal of the Ayrshire Association, to be competed
for at Kilmarnock as follows : —

1. Best Cheddar Cheese, . . Medium Gold Medal.
Second best, . . . Medium Silver Medal.

2. Best of any other Imitation English Cheese, Medium Gold Medal.
Second best, . . . Medium Silver Medal.

3. Best Dunlop Cheese, . . Medium Gold Medal.
Second best, . . • Medium Silver Medal.

4. Best Sweet Milk Cheese, made according

to any other method,
Second best,

5. Best sample of Cured Butter,
Second best,

G. Best sample of Powdered Butter,
Second best,

Medium Gold Medal.
Medium Silver Medal.
The Silver Medal.
Medium Silver Medal.
The Silver Medal.
Medium Silver Medal.

Convener, Colonel Ferrier Hamilton of Cairnhill
Secretaries, J. & J. M'Murtrie, Ayr.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869. 31

CLASS IV.

CEOPS AND CULTUEE.

1. SEEDS.

The Society, with a view of aiding Local Associations, gives the
Medium Silver Medal in the following Districts, for Seeds : —

1. County of Caithness. — Convener, Alexander Henderson of Stem-

ster ; Joint Secretaries, James Brims, Writer, Thurso ; and
James Purves, Lochend, Dunnet.

1. Any variety of Barley.

2. Any variety of Oats.

2. Islands of Shetland. — Convener, John Bruce of Sumburgh ;

Secretary, George Smith, Lerwick.

1. Any variety of Bere.

2. Any variety of Oats.

3. Perennial Kyegrass.

3. District of Spey, Avon, and Fiddochside. — Convener, Sir George

Macpherson Grant, Bart; Secretary, James Stuart, Aldich.

1. Any variety of Barley.

2. Any variety of Oats.

4. District of Strathearn. — Convener, Viscount Strathallan ;

Secretary, H. M. Borthwick, Forteviot.

1. Any variety of Oats.

5. District of Strathspey. — Convener, The Earl of Seafleld

Secretary, Francis Macbean, Grantown.

1. Any variety of Barley.

2. Any variety of Oats.

3. Perennial Byegrass.

6. County of Elgin. — Convener, C. L. dimming Bruce of Koseisle;

Secretary, William Macdonald, Elgin.

1. Any variety of Wheat.

2. Any variety of Barley.

3. Any variety of Oats.

4. Any variety of Turnips.

5. Any variety of Potatoes.

6. Perennial Byegrass.

32 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869.

7. County of Stirling. — Convener, John Stirling of Kippendavie ;

Secretary, John M. Cunningham, Stirling.

1. Any variety of Wheat.

2. Any variety of Barley.

3. Any variety of Oats.

4. Any variety of Beans.

5. Tares.

8. District of Dalkeith. — Convener, Bobert Scott Moncrieff of

Fossoway; Secretary, James Wilson, Wester Cowden.

1. Any variety of Wheat.

2. Any variety of Barley.

3. Any variety of Oats.

4. Any variety of Beans.

9. District of Glen Urquhart. — Convener, The Earl of Seafield ;

Secretary, W. J. Eraser, Shewglie.

1. Any variety of Oats.

2. Any variety of Barley.

3. Any variety of Potatoes.

10. County of Banff and District of Turriff. — Convener, Alexander

Morison of Bognie ; Secretary, George Cumming, Banff.

1. Any variety of Barley.

2. Any variety of Oats.

11. Wester Boss. — Convener, K. W. Stewart Mackenzie of Seaforth ;

Secretary, David Boss, Dingwall.

1. Any variety of Wheat.

2. Any variety of Barley.

3. Any variety of Oats.

4. Tares.

12. Easter Ross. — Convener, Kenneth Murray of Geanies; Secre-

tary, Duncan Cameron, Tain.

1. Any variety of Wheat.

2. Any variety of Barley.

3. Any variety of Oats.

4. Perennial Bye Grass.

The Medals are given for five consecutive years.

In 1869,

Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are in competition for the last year.

Nos. 5 and 6 for the third year.

Nos. 7, 8, 9, and 10 for the second year.

Nos. 11 and 12 for the first year.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1809. 33

RULES OF COMPETITION.

1. Ill each district the Convener shall fix the time and place of Competition,
appoint the Judges, and make all other necessary arrangements, in concur-
rence with the other Members of the Society, and the local Association of the
1 Ustrict. Conveners will be furnished with blank Schedules for reporting the
awards.

2. The quantity shown in Competition by each Grower must not be less
than three quarters of each variety of Grain, or two quarters of Beans or Grass
Seeds. There must at least be two Competitors. The first Premium awarded
by the district shall not be less than L.l for each kind of Grain for which a
Medal is claimed.

3. The Judges shall be guided in their awards — 1st, By the purity of the
Seed ; 2d, By its freeness from extraneous Seeds ; and, 3d, Where there is an
equality in these respects, by the Weight.

4. Successful Competitors must transmit, free of expense, two imperial
quarts of each kind of Seed, addressed to the Secretary, at the Society's Hall,
3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.

5. The Returns must show, as accurately as possible, the produce per im-
perial acre, also the altitude, exposure, and nature of the soil on which the
crops were raised, together with the dates of sowing and reaping, and the
Weight per bushel. The varieties for which premiums have been given must
be named. Reports of the several competitions must be lodged by the 1st of
November.

6. The Medals will be continued in each district for five consecutive years.
Applications from other Districts must be lodged with the Secretary of the
Society by 1st November next.

2. PLOUGHING COMPETITIONS.

The Silver Medal will be given to the winner of the first or highest
Premium at Ploughing Competitions, provided a Report in the fol-
lowing terms is made to the Secretary, within one month of the Com-
petition, by a Member of the Society : —

FORM OF REPORT.

I, of Member of the Highland and
Agricultural Society, hereby certify that I attended the Ploughing
Match of the Association at in the county
of on the when ploughs com-
peted ; of land was assigned to each, and hours
were allowed for the execution of the work. The sum of L.
was awarded in the following proportions, viz. : —

[Here enumerate the names and designations of successful Competitors.]

RULES OF COMPETITION.

1. All Matches must be at the instance of a Local Society or Ploughing
Association, and no Match at the instance of an individual, or confined to the
tenants on one estate, will be recognised.

2. The title of such Society or Association, together with the name and ad-
dress of the Secretary, must be registered with the Secretary of the Highland
and Agricultural Society, 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.

3. Not more than one Match in the same season can take place within the
bounds of the same Society or Association.

4. All Reports must be lodged within one month of the date of the Match,
and certified by a Member of the Society who was present at it.

34 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869.

5. A Member can only report one Match, and a Ploughman can only carry
one Medal in the same season.

6. To warrant the Medal there must have been fifteen ploughs in Competi-
tion, and Three Pounds awarded in Premiums.

7. Ploughmen shall not be allowed any assistance, and their work must not
be set up nor touched by others ; on land of average tenacity the ploughing
should be at the rate of an imperial acre in ten hours, and attention should be
given to the firmness and sufficiency of the work below, more than to its neat-
ness above the surface.

3. HEAPING MACHINES.

The Medium Silver Medal will be given to the servant found most
expert at a trial of Eeaping Machines, when not fewer than four were
in operation, and Premiums to the amount of Two Sovereigns were
awarded. Eeports must be lodged with the Secretary not later than
the 1st of November, by a Member who has inspected the work.

4. MEDALS IN AID OF PREMIUMS GIVEN BY LOCAL SOCIETIES.

The Society being anxious to co-operate with local Associations,
will give a limited number of Medium Silver Medals annually, in
addition to the Money Premiums awarded in the district, for —

1. Stock. — To Local Societies not on the list of District Competitions,

awarding Premiums for Stock to the amount of L.10 — Two Medium
Silver Medals for the best Male and for the best Female Animals
of any Pure Breed.

2. Fat Stock. — To Local Clubs not on the list of District Competitions,

awarding Premiums for Fat Stock to the amount of L.20 — Four
Medium SUver Medals for best Ox — Best Cow or Heifer — Best pen
of Sheep — Best Pig.

3. Wool. — Best sample of any variety of Wool — Medium Silver Medal

for each variety.

4. Best managed Farm.

5. Best managed Green Crop.

6. Best managed Hay Crop.

7. Best managed Dairy.

8. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

9. Best Cured Butter.

10. Best Collection of Seeds.

11. Best Collection of Roots.

12. Best kept Fences.

13. Best kept Amateur's Garden.

14. Best kept Cottage and Garden under L.15 of rent.

15. Most expert Hedge Cutter.

16. Most expert Labourer at Draining.

Aberdeenshire.

1. Vale of Alford Association — Convener, Robert 0. Farcpiharson of

Haughton ; Secretary, Hugh M^onnack, Crobhlar.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

2. Buchan Society — Convener, George Baird of Strichen ; Secretary,

John Ferguson, Brae of Coynach.

1. Best Male and b est Female Animals.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869. 35

3. Clunt Association — Convener, John Gordon of Cluny ; Secretary,

William Downie, Mains of Linton.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

2. Best managed Farm.

3. Best managed Green Crop.

4. Deeside District — Convener, Major Innes of Learney; Secretary,

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

5. Donside Club — Convener, George Milne of Kinaldie ; Secretary, Wil-

liam Wishart, Cairntradlyn.

1. Best managed Green Crop.

C. Garioch Society — Convener, James Gordon of Manar ; Secretary,
John Annand, Inverurie.

1. Best managed Green Crop (2 Medals^

7. Kennethmont Society — Convener, Col. Leith Hay of Ramies, C.B. ;

Secretary, A. Henderson, V.S., Seggieden.

1, Best Male and best Female Animals.

8. Leochel-Cushnie Society — Convener, Arthur Forbes Gordon of Rayne ;

Secretary, Hary Shaw, Bogfern.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

2. Best managed Green Crop.

9. Lonmay and Crimond — Convener, Sir Alexander Bannerman of

Crimonmogate, Bart. ; Secretary, Dr Bruce, Cortes.

1. Best kept Cottage and Garden.

10. Turriff Association — Convener, Alexander Stuart of Laithers
Secretary, William Ingram, Turritf.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.
2 Best Collection of Seeds.

3. Best Collection of Roots.

4. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

5. Best Cured Butter.

A rgyllshire.

11. Argyle District — Convener, W. A. Campbell of Ormsary ; Secretary,

W. J. B. Martin, KillinochonocL

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

12. Inverary Society — Convener and Secretary, John MacArthur, In-
veraray.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

13. Islay, Jura, and Colonsay Society — Convener, R. D. Campbell of

Jura; Secretary, Robert Ballingal, Eallabus, Islay.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

14. Kilfinan Society — Convener, Campbell Macpherson Campbell of

Ballimore ; Secretary, W. Anderson, Ballimore.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

o

G PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869.

15. Strontian Society — Convener, Sir Thomas Miles Riddell, Bart. ;

Secretary, Alexander Kinnear, Strontian, Fort- William.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

Ayrshire.

1 6. Ardrossan Society — Convener, David Cunningham, Chapelton ;

Secretary, J. Campbell, Saltcoats.

1. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

2. Best Cured Butter.

17. Carrick Society — Convener, James Baird of Cambusdoon ; Secre-

tary, David Brown, Maybole.

1. Best managed Green Crop.

1 8. Cumnock Society — Convener, C. V. H. Campbell of Nether Place ;

Secretary, James Murray, Old Cumnock.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

2. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

3. Best Cured Butter.

4. Best Collection of Seeds.

5. Best Collection of Boots.

19. Galston Society — Convener, Alexander D. Tait of Milrig ; Secretary,

James Hendrie, Galston.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

20. Kilmarnock Club — Convener, Frederick J. Turner, The Dean ; Secre-

tary, James Wilson, Kilmarnock.

1. Best managed Farm.

2. Best managed Green Crop.

3. Best managed Dairy.

21. Mauchline Society— Convener, C. V. Hamilton Campbell of Nether

Place ; Secretary, H. W. Kdgour, Mauchline.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

2. Best managed Farm.

3. Best managed Dairy.

4. Best Cured Butter.

22 Sorn Society — Convener, Graham Somervell of Sorn ; Secretary, John
Stevenson, Hillhead.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

2. Best kept Fences.

3. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

4. Best Cured Butter.

23. Stewarton Societv — Convener, John Lindsay, Thornhill.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

2. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

24. Tarbolton Society— Convener, John Bell of Enterkine; Secretary,

Andrew Morgan, Tarbolton.

1. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

25. West Kilbride Society— Convener, John Crawford, Millstonford.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 18G9. 37

2. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

3. Best managed Green Crop.

Bute and A rran.

26. Bute Society — Convener, Henry Stuart, Rothesay.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

2. Best managed Green Crop.

27. Arran — Convener, James Paterson, Lamlash.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

Caithness.

28. Caithness Society — Convener, Alexander Henderson of Stemster;
Joint- Secretaries — James Brims, Writer, Thurso ; and James Purves,
Lochend, Dunnet.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

Clackmannan.

29. Clackmannanshire Society — Convener, James Johnstone of Alva ;

Secretary, John Bleloch, Hazleyshaw.

1. Best managed Green Crop.

2. Best managed Hay Crop.

Dumfriesshire.

30. Nithsdale Society — Convener and Secretary, Dr Russell, Thomhill.

1. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

2. Best Cured Butter.

31. Sanquhar Society — Convener, James Veitch, of Elliock ; Secretary,

W. 0. Macqueen, Sanquhar.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

2. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

3. Best Cured Butter.

4. Best Collection of Seeds.

5. Best Collection of Roots.

Edinburghshire.

32. Penicuik Society — Convener, Charles Cowan of Logan House ; Secretary,

James Alexander, Penicuik.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals (in abeyance in 1869.)

33. Western District of Mid-Lothian Association — Convener, Peter

M'Lagan of Pumpherston, M.P. ; Secretary, James Hislop, Mid-
Calder.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals (in abeyance in 1869.)

Elginshire.

34. Forres and Northern Club — Convener, Robert Grant of Kincorth ;

Secretary, R. H. Harris, Eamhill.

1. Best Ox.

2. Best Cow or Heifer.

3. Best Pen of Sheep.

4. Best Pig.

5. Best Collection of Seeds.

6. Best Collection of Roots.

38 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869.

35. SrEY, Avon, and Fiddochside Society — Convener, Sir George Mac-

pherson Grant, Bart. ; Secretary, James Stuart, Aldich.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

2. Best managed Farm.

3. Best managed Green Crop.

Inverness-shire.

36. Inverness Society — Conveners, Arthur Forbes of Culloden and Henry

W. White of Monar ; Secretary, Hugh Fraser, Balloch of Culloden.

1. Best samples of any variety of Wool (five varieties).

2. Best managed Farm.

3. Best managed Green Crop.

37. Northern Counties Fat Show Club — Convener, The Hon. The

Master of Lovat ; Secretary, Hugh Rose, Inverness.

1. Best Ox.

2. Best Cow or Heifer,

3. Best Pen of Sheep.

4. Best Pig.

Kincardineshire.

38. Kincardineshire Club — Convener, Sir Thomas Gladstone, Bart. ;

Secretary, Bobert Crabb, Auchinblae.
1. Best managed Green Crop.

39. Fettercairn Club— Convener, Lieut.-Col. M'Inroy of The Burn ;

Secretary, C. Durie, Daladies.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

2. Best managed Green Crop,

Lanarkshire.

40. Avohdale Society — Convener, John Stewart, Burnside ; Secretary,

Thomas Tennant, Strathaven. ,

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

41. Cadder Society — Convener, Alexander Campbell, Crosshill ; Secretary,

John Marshall, jun., 168 St Vincent Street, Glasgow.
1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

42. Hutchesontown Gardens, Glasgow — Secretary, George Coghill, Glasgow.

1. Best kept Amateur's Garden.

43. Victoria Gardens, Govanhill, Glasgow — Secretary, Sam. Hillhouse,

Glasgow.

1. Best kept Amateur's Garden.

Linlithgowshire.

44. Whitburn Society — Convener, Bobert Gardner, Whitburn.

1. Best Male and Female Animals (in abeyance in 1869).

Nairnshire.
Ao. Nairnshire Society — Convener, W. A. Stables, Cawdor Castle ;
Secretary, John Joss, Budgate.

1. Best managed Farm.

Orkney and Shetland.
46. Shetland Society — Convener, John Bruce of Sumburgh ; Secretary,
George Smith, Lei-wick.

1. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

2. Best Cured Butter.

TREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 18G9. 39

Peeblesshire.

47. Broughton Society — Convener, James Tweedie of Quarter ; Secretary

Archibald Henderson, Broughton.

1. Best Cured Butter.

48. West Linton Society — Convener, W. A. Woddrop of Dalmarnock ;

Secretary, James Thomson, Holmes.

1. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

2. Best Cured Butter.

Perthshire,

49. Culross Society — Convener, Laurence Dalgleish, West Grange ;

Secretary, Peter Kilpatrick, Balgownie Mains.
1. Best managed Farm.

50. Dunblane Club — Convener, John Stirling of Kippendavie.

1. Best managed Green Crop.

51. Middle District of Athole and Tullymet — Convener, William Dick

of Tullymet ; Secretary, Duncan Macdonald, Ballinluig.

1. Best managed Green Crop.

52. Weem and Breadalbane — Convener, E. 0. Douglas of Killiechassie ;

Secretary, Rev. John M'Lean, Pitilie.

1. Best kept Amateur's Garden.

Renfrewshire.

53. County of Renfrew — Convener, Sir Michael R. Shaw Stewart of Ard-

gowan, Bart. ; Secretary, R. L. Henderson, Paisley.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

Ross-shire.

54. Black Isle Society — Convener, James Fletcher of Rosehaugh ; Secretary,

Georo-e Gillanders, Fortrose.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

55. Wester Ross Club — Convener, K. W. Stewart Mackenzie of Seaforth ;

Secretary, David Ross, Dingwall.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

Wigtownshire.

56. Kirkmaiden Society — Convener, Gilbert R. Murray, Chapelrossan.

1. Best Male and best Female Animals.

REGULATIONS.

1. The Money Premiums given in the District must be L.2 in each case, ex-

cept in No. 1, where it must be L.10, and No. 2, L.20.

2. In No. 14 the annual value of the Cottage with Garden and ground

must not exceed L.15.

3. A Competitor can only carry one Medal in the same year with the same

animal, or green crop, &c.

4. Reports on the several Competitions, and applications for Medals in 1870,

must be lodged by 1st November next.

40 PEEMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 18G9.

CLASS V.

COTTAGES AND GARDENS.

The following Premiums are offered for Competition in the
Parishes after-mentioned. The Medals and one-half of the Pre-
miums are given by the Society, and the other half is contributed
by the respective Parishes.

COTTAGES.

1. Best kept Cottage in each Parish— One Pound Five Shillings;

and where there are four Competitors—The Silver Medal.

2. Second best — One Pound.

3. Third best— Fifteen Shillings.

GARDENS.

1. Best kept Cottage Garden in each Parish— One Pound Five

Shillings ; and where there are four Competitors — The Silver
Medal.

2. Second best — One Pound.

3. Third best— Fifteen Shillings.

Aberdeenshire.

Leochel-Cushnie — Convener, Arthur Forbes Gordon of Rayne.

Strichen — Convener, George Baird of Strichen ; Secretary, John Sleigh,

Strichen.
Birse — Convener, James Dyce Nicol of Ballogie, M.P. ; Secretary, Alexander

Milne, Ballogie.
Tarland-Cromar — Convener, Dr Robertson, Indego.

Edinburghshire.
Balerno and Currie — Convener, A. J. Russell, W.S., Edinburgh.

Lanarkshire.

Lesmahagow — Convener, W .E. Hope Vere of Blackwood ; Secretary, George
Scott, Lesmahagow.

Douglas — Convener, Andrew Smith, Castle Mains, Douglas.

Bothwell (Addie's Square Flower Show), Convener, Robert Addie of View-
park ; Secretary, Rev. John Pagan, Bothwell.

Peebleshire.
Broughton — Convener, James Tweedie of Quarter; Secretary, Archibald

Henderson, Broughton.

Perthshire.

Forgandennt — Convener, Robert Lyal, Farmhall.
Abernethy — Convener, John Bosomworth, Abernethy.
Gask — Convener, Colonel Macdonald Macdonald of St Martins.
Dunning — Convener, James Morison, Rossie.

TKEMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869. 41

Wigtownshire.

Kirkcolm — Convener, David Guthrie, Stranraer.
Leswalt — Convener, Sir Andrew Agnew of Lochnaw, Bart.
Stoneykirk — Convener, David Frederick, Dumbreddon.

RULES OP COMPETITION.

1. Competitions may take place in the different parishes for Cottages and
Gardens, or for either separately.

2. The occupiers of Gentlemen's Lodges and Gardener's Houses, as well as
Gentlemen's Servants occupying Cottages in the Policies, or on land in the
natural possession of their masters, are excluded. The inspection must be
completed by the 1st of October. In making the inspection, the Conveners
may take the assistance of any competent judges.

3. The annual value of each cottage, with the ground occupied in the
parish by a Competitor, shall not exceed L.5 sterling. A person who has
gained the highest premium cannot compete again, but will be entitled to a
Medal if certified by the Committee to be equal in merit to the first on the
list of Competitors.

4. If the Cottage is occupied by the proprietor, the roof must be in good
repair ; if the roof is of thatch, it must be in good repair, though in the occu-
pation of a tenant. The interior and external conveniences must be clean
and orderly — the windows must be free of broken glass, clean, and affording
the means of ventilation. Dunghills, and all other nuisances, must be re-
moved from the front and gables. In awarding the Cottage Premiums, pre-
ference will be given to Competitors who, in addition to the above requisites,
have displayed the greatest taste in ornamenting the exterior of their houses,
and the ground in front and at the gables.

5. In estimating the claims for the Garden Premiums, the judges should
have in view : — The sufficiency and neatness of the fences and walks ; the
cleanness of the ground ; the quality and choice of the crops ; and the general
productiveness of the garden.

6. Reports, stating the number of Competitors, the names of successful
parties, and the nature of the exertions which have been made by them, must
by transmitted by the Conveners to the Secretary on or before the 1st Novem-
ber next.

Parishes desirous of these Premiums must lodge applications with the
Secretary on or before the 1st November next.

MEDALS FOR COTTAGES OR GARDENS.

The Society will issue annually twelve Medals to local Associations
or individuals, who at their own expense establish Premiums for
Cottages or Gardens.

The Medals will be issued upon a Report by a Member of the Society in
the terms required by the preceding conditions, describing the merits of the
Cottages or Gardens. The Reports to be lodged with the Secretary on or
before the 15th October 1869.

Applied for by
The Mauchline Horticultural Society. — Convener, C. V. Hamilton Camp-
bell of Nether Place ; Secretary — H. W. Kilgour, Mauchline.
Sir George Macpherson Grant, Bart.
Breadalbane and Weem Horticultural Society — Convener, E. 0. Douglas

of Killiechassie ; Secretary, Rev. John M'Lean, Pitilie.
West Linton Horticultural Society — Convener, W. Allen Woddrop of

Dalmarnock ; Secretary, James Thomson, Holmes.
Culross Horticultural Society — Secretary, Peter Kilpatrick, Balgownie

Mains.
Cumbrae Horticultural Society — Secretary, David Harley.

42 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1869.

Logiealmond and Glenalmond Horticultural Society — Secretary, A. Mac-
donald.

IMPROVING EXISTING COTTAGES.

To the Proprietor in Scotland who shall report the Improvement
of the greatest number of Cottages in the years 18G6, 1867, and 1868
—The Gold Medal.

BUILDING NEW COTTAGES.

To the Proprietor in Scotland who shall report the Erection of
the greatest number of approved Cottages during the years 1865,
1866^1867, and 1868— The Gold Medal.

RULES OF COMPETITION.

1. Claims for the above Premiums must be lodged with the Secretary on
or before the 1st of October next, to allow an inspection to be made of the
different Cottages. The inspection will be conducted by a Committee of the
Society's Members, and Eeports must be transmitted to the Secretary on or
before the 1st November.

2. The annual value of the Cottage or Cottages separately, with the garden
ground, must not exceed L.5.

3. In estimating the claims of the Competitors, the following points will
be kept in view : — The external appearance of the Cottages ; their inter-
nal accommodation ; the arrangements of the out-houses ; the means of
drainage and ventilation ; and the expense of the building or of the altera-
tion, compared with its durability and accommodation. When the Cottages
of one Competitor are superior in style and comfort to those of another,
though not so numerous, the Inspectors will give them the preference, pro-
vided they amount at least to three, and have been erected at a moderate
expense.

4. Parties competing will forward to the Society Plans, Specifications, and
Estimates, of which, and of all information sent therewith, copies may be
taken for publication, if the Society shall see fit, and the originals returned
to the parties within six months, if desired.

ACCOMMODATION FOR FARM SERVANTS.

To the Proprietor in Scotland who shall have errected on his
estate the most approved Farm-buildings in reference to the proper
accommodation of Farm-servants — The Gold Medal,

Eeports, Plans, and Specifications to be lodged by the 1st Novem-
ber 1869.

GENERAL SHOW OF STOCK AND IMPLEMENTS

AT

EDINBUEGH,
On 28th, 29th, and 30th July 1869.

|]rxsiontt of % Sottctjr.

Most Noble THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE, K.T.

Conbmcr of tbe |TocaI Committee.

EOBERT DUNDAS of Akniston,
Convener of the County of Edinburgh.

The District connected with the Show comprises the Counties of
Edinburgh, Haddington, and Linlithgow.

GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS.

STOCK.

To be entered with the Secretary on or before Wednesday, 16th June. Re-
ceived in the Yard on Monday and Tuesday, 26th and 27th July, and till
8 a.m. on Wednesday, 28th July. Judged at 9 a.m. on Wednesday. Ex-
hibited Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, 28th, 29th, and 30th July.

IMPLEMENTS.

To be entered with the Secretary on or before Wednesday, 16th June. Re-
ceived in the Yard on Tuesday, 20th, and till the evening of Tuesday, 27th
July. Exhibited Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, 28th, 29th, and 30th
July.

TERMINATION OF SHOW.

Friday, 30th July, at 5 p.m. Stock and Implements may remain in the
Yard till Saturday afternoon.

The Competition is open to Exhibitors from all parts of the United Kingdom.
Members of the Society are admitted to the Show- Yard at half-price during
the judging of the Stock. At other periods they have free access.

New Members may be proposed for election at the General Meeting in June.

44

GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH IN 1869.

PREMIUMS.

The Medium Gold Medal will be given to any animal which, having
gained the Society's highest Premium at Inverness 1865, Glasgow
1867, or Aberdeen 1868, in the Classes of Aged Bulls — Cows —
Stallions — or Mares, is disqualified from again competing. See
General Conditions, 'No. 14.

CLASS I. -CATTLE.

Section short-horn.

1. Best Bull calved before 1st Jan. 1867,
Second best,

Third best,
Breeder of best Bull,

2. Best Bull calved after 1st Jan. 1867,
Second best,

Third best,

3. Best Bull calved after 1st Jan. 1868,
Second best,

Third best,

4. Best Cow of any age,
Second best,

Third best,

5. Best Heifer calved after 1st Jan. 1S67,
Second best,

Third best,

6. Best Heifer calved after 1st Jan. 1868,
Second best,

Third best,

Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
The Silver Medal
Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Fifteen Sovereigns
Eight Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

POLLED ANGUS OR ASERDEEN.

Jan. 1867,

7. Best Bull calved before 1st Jan. 1867,
Second best,
Third best,
Breeder of best Bull,

8. Best Bull calved after Is
Second best,
Third best,

9. Best Bull calved after 1st Jan. 1868,
Second best,
Third best,

10. Best Cow of any age,
Second best,
Third best,

11. Best Heifer calved after
Second best,
Third best,

12. Best Heifer calved after
Second best,
Third best,

1st Jan. 1867,
1st Jan.' 1868,

Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
The Silver Medal
Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Fifteen Sovereigns
Eight Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH IN 18G9.

45

Section galloway.

13. Best Bull calved before 1st Jan. 1867,

Second best,

Tbird best,

Breeder of best Bull,
11. Best Bull calved after 1st Jan. 18G7,

Second best,

Tbird best,

15. Best Bull calved after 1st Jan. 1868,
Second best,
Tbird best,

16. Best Cow of any age,
Second best,
Tbird best,

17. Best Heifer calved after 1st Jan. 1867,
Second best,
Tbird best,

18. Best Heifer calved after 1st Jan. 1868,
Second best,
Tbird best,

E.

1867,

after 1st Jan. 1867,
y age,

AYRSHI1

19. Best Bull calved before 1st Jan.
Second best,
Tbird best,
Breeder of best Bull,

20. Best Bull calved
Second best,
Tbird best,

21. Best Cow, in Milk, of an
Second best,
Tbird best,

22. Best Cow, in Calf, of any age,
Second best,
Tbird best,

23. Best Heifer calve
Second best,
Third best,

24. Best Heifer calved after
Second best,
Third best,

1 after

1st Jan

1st Jan

186'

1868,

HIGHLAND.

25. Best Bull calved before 1st Jan. 1866,
Second best,

Third best,
Breeder of best Bull,

26. Best Bull calved after 1st Jan. 1866,
Second best,

Third best,

Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
The Silver Medal
Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Fifteen Sovereigns
Eight Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
The Silver Medal
Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Fifteen Sovereigns
Eight Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Fifteen Sovereigns
Eight Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
The Silver Medal
Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

46

GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH IN 1869.

Section

27. Best Bull calved after 1st Jan. 1867, .

Ten Sovereigns

Second best, ....

Five Sovereigns

Third best,

Medium Silver Medal

28. Best Cow of any age,

.

Fifteen Sovereigns

Second best,

,

Eight Sovereigns

Third best,

Medium Silver Medal

29. Best Heifer calved after 1st Jan

1S66,

Ten Sovereigns

Second best,

B

Five Sovereigns

Third best,

Medium Silver Medal

30. Best Heifer calved after 1st Jan

. 1867,

Eight Sovereigns

Second best,

.

Four Sovereigns

Third best,

•

Medium Silver Medal

FAT STOCK.

31. Best Polled Ox calved after 1st Jan. 1866,
Second best, ....
Third best, ....

32. Best Polled Ox calved after 1st Jan. 1867,
Second best, ....
Third best,

33. Best Highland Ox calved after 1st Jan.

1865, .
Second best,
Third best,

3-1. Best Ditto, calved after 1st Jan. 1866,
Second best,
Third best,

35. Best Ox, of any Pure or Cross Breed

calved after 1st Jan, 1866,
Second best,
Third best,

36. Best Ditto, calved after 1st Jan. 1867,
Second best,
Third best,

37. Best Cross Heifer calved after 1st Jan.

1866, .
Second best,
Third best,

38. Best Ditto, calved after 1st Jan. 1867,
Second best,
Third best.

Medium Gold Medal
The Silver Medal
Medium Silver Medal
Medium Gold Medal
The Silver Medal
Medium Silver Medal

Medium Gold Medal
The Silver Medal
Medium Silver Medal
Medium Gold Medal
The Silver Medal
Medium Silver Medal

Medium Gold Medal
The Silver Medal
Medium Silver Medal
Medium Gold Medal
The Silver Medal
Medium Silver Medal

Medium Gold Medal
The Silver Medal
Medium Silver Medal
Medium Gold Medal
The Silver Medal
Medium Silver Medal

CLASS ll.-HORSES

Section

1

FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.

Best Stallion foaled before 1st Jan. 1866,
Second best, ....
Third best, ....

Breeder of best Stallion,

Thirty Sovereigns
Fifteen Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
The Silver Medal

GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH IN 1869.

47

Skction

2. Best Entire Colt foaled after 1st Jan. 1866,
Second best, ....
Third best, ....

3. Best Entire Colt foaled after 1st Jan. 1867,
Second best, ....
Third best, ....

4. Best Entire Colt foaled after 1st Jan. 1868,
Second best, ....
Third best, ....

5. Best Mare (with Foal at foot) foaled

before 1st Jan. 1866, .
Second best, ....
Third best, ....

6. Best Mare (in Foal) foaled before 1st

Jan. 1866, ....
Second best, ....
Third best, ....

7. Best Filly foaled after 1st Jan. 1S66,
Second best, ....
Third best, ....

8. Best Filly foaled after 1st Jan. 1867, .
Second best, ....
Third best, ....

9. Best Filly foaled after 1st Jan. 1868, .
Second best, ....
Third best, ....

Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Fifteen Sovereign
Eight Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Fifteen Sovereigns
Eight Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Six Sovereigns
Three Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

10.

11.

EXTRA HORSES.

Best Mare or Gelding, foaled before 1st

January 1865, suitable for Field,
Second best, ....
Third best, ....

Best Mare or Gelding, foaled between 1st

January 1865 and 1st January 1866,

suitable for Field,
Second best, ....
Third best, ....

Best Mare or Gelding, foaled between 1st

January 1866 and 1st January 1867,

suitable for Field,
Second best, ....
Third best, ....

Best Mare or Gelding, foaled before 1st

Jan. 1865, suitable for Carriage,
Second best, ....
Third best, ....

11. Best Draught Mare or Gelding in harness,
Second best,
Third best, ....

12,

13

Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Fifteen Sovereigns
Eight Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Twenty Sovereigns
Ten Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Medium Gold Medal
The Silver Medal
Medium Silver Medal

43

GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH IN 1869.

Section ponies.

15. Best Mare or Gelding, between 12 and 14

hands high, .... Medium Gold Medal

Second best, . The Silver Medal

Third best, .... Medium Silver Medal

16. Best Mare or G-elding, under 12 handshigh, Medium G-old Medal
Second best, .... The Silver Medal
Third best, .... Medium Silver Medal

CLASS lll.-S

Section Leicester.

1. Best Tup not above four shear, .
Second best,
Third best,

2. Best Dinmont or
Second best,
Third best,

3. Best 5 Ewes not
Second best,
Third best,

4. Best 5 Shearling-
Second best,
Third best,

Shearling Tup,
above four shear,
Ewes or Gimmers,

BORDER LEICESTER.

5. Best Tup not above four shear, .
Second best,
Third best,

6. Best Dinmont or
Second best,
Third best,

7. Best 5 Ewes not
Second best,
Third best,

8. Best 5 Shearling
Second best,
Third best,

Shearling Tup,
above four shear,
Ewes or Gimmers,

CHEVIOT.

9. Best Tup not above four shear, .
Second best,
Third best,

10. Best Dinmont or Shearling Tup,
Second best,

Third best,

11. Best 5 Ewes not above four shear,
Second best, . .

Third best,

Best Pen of Lambs shown with Ewes

12. Best 5 Shearling Ewes or Gimmers,
Second best,

Third best,

EEP.

. Ten Sovereigns

. Five Sovereigns

. Medium Silver Medal

. Ten Sovereigns

. Five Sovereigns

. Medium Silver Medal

. Eight Sovereigns

. Four Sovereigns

. Medium Silver Medal

. Eight Sovereigns

. Four Sovereigns

. Medium Silver Medal

. Ten Sovereigns

. Five Sovereigns

. Medium Silver Medal

. Ten Sovereigns

. Five Sovereigns

. Medium Silver Medal

. Eight Sovereigns

. Four Sovereigns

. Medium Silver Medal

. Eight Sovereigns

. Four Sovereigns

. Medium Silver Medal

Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
The Silver Medal
Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH IN 13G9.

49

Section blackfaced.

13. Best Tup not above four shear, .

Second best,

Third best,
1-1. Best Dinmont or Shearling Tup,

Second best,

Third best,

15. Best 5 Ewes not above four shear,
Second best,

Third best,

Best Pen of Lambs shown with Ewes,

16. Best 5 Shearling Ewes or Gimniers,
Second best,

Third best.

Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
The Silver Medal
Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

SOUTHDOWN AND OTHER SHOKT-WOOLLED.

19.

20.

Best Tup not above four shear,

Second best,

Third best,

Best Dinmont or

Second best,

Third best,

Best 5 Ewes not

Second best,

Third best,

Best 5 Shearling

Second best,

Third best,

Shearling Tup,

above four shear,

Ewes or Gimmers,

Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

LONG-WOOLLED OTHER THAN LEICESTER.

21. Best Tup, not above four shear,
Second best,

Third best,
22. Best 5 Ewes
Gimmers,
Second best,
Third best,

not above four shear, or

Ten Sovereigns
Five Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal

Section

CLASS IV-SWINE.

Best Boar, large breed,

Second best,

Third best,

Best Boar, small breed,

Second best,

Third best,

Best Sow, large breed,

Second best,

Third best,

Eight Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Eiu'lit Sovereigns
Four Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
Six Sovereigns
Three Sovereigns
Medium Silver Medal
9

50 GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH IN 1869.

Section

4. Best Sow, small breed, . . . Six Sovereigns
Second best, .... Tbree Sovereigns
Third best, .... Medium Silver Medal

5. Best Pen of 3 Pigs, not above 8

months old, large breed, . . Four Sovereigns

Second best, .... Two Sovereigns

Third best, .... Medium Silver Medal

6. Best Pen of 3 Pigs, not above 8

months old, small breed, . . Four Sovereigns

Second best, . . . . Two Sovereigns

Third best, .... Medium Silver Medal

EXTRA STOCK.

Animals not included in the Sections for Competition may be exhi-
bited as Extra Stock, and will receive Honorary Premiums wben
specially commended.

CLASS V.-POU LTRY.

Tbe Medium Silver Medal and tbe Bronze Medal will be given
as First and Second Premiums in all the Sections of Poultry.

Dorking — Silver Grey.

Section Section

1. Cock and 2 Hens. 2. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Dorking — Coloured.
3. Cock and 2 Hens. 4. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Dorking — White.
5. Cock and 2 Hens. 6. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Cochin-China — Coloured.
7. Cock and 2 Hens. 8. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Cochin-Ciiina — WJiite.
9. Cock and 2 Hens. 10. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Bramahpootra — Pencilled.
11. Cock and 2 Hens. 12. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Bramahpootra — Light.
13. Cock and 2 Hens. 14. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Malay.
15. Cock and 2 Hens. 16. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Spanish.
17. Cock and 2 Hens. 18. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Scotch G-rey.
19. Cock and 2 Hens. 20. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Hamburg — Golden Pencilled.
21. Cock and 2 Hens. 22. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Hamburg — Silver Pencilled.
23. Cock and 2 Hens. 24. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH IN 1809. ;

Hamburg — O olden Spangled.
Section Section

25. Cock and 2 Hens. 20. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Hamburg — Silver Spangled.
27. Cock and 2 Hens. 28. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Polish — White Crested Black.
29. Cock and 2 Hens. 30. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Polish — Golden Spangled.
31. Cock and 2 Hens. 32. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Polish — Silver Spangled.
33. Cock and 2 Hens. 34. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Game — Black or Brown Reds.
35. Cock and 2 Hens. 36. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

GrAME — Duckivings .
37. Cock and 2 Hens. 38. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Game — Any other Variety.
39. Cock and 2 Hens. 40. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Bantams — Game.
41. Cock and 2 Hens. 42. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Bantams — Gold-laced Sebright.
43. Cock and 2 Hens. 44. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Bantams — Silver-laced Sebright.
45. Cock and 2 Hens. 46. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Bantams — Any other Variety.
47. Cock and 2 Hens. 48. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Any other Distinct Breed of Poultry.
49. Cock aud 2 Hens. 50. Cockerel and 2 Pullets.

Capons — of any Breed.

51. 3 Capons.

Ducks — White Aylesbury.

52. Drake and 2 Ducks. 53. Drake and 2 Ducklings.

Ducks — Rouen.
54. Drake and 2 Ducks. 55. Drake and 2 Ducklings.

Ducks — Any other Distinct Breed.
56. Drake and 2 Ducks. 57. Drake and 2 Ducklings.

Turkeys — Black Norfolk.
58. Cock and 2 Hens. 59. Cock and 2 Hens (Poults).

Turkeys — Any other Breed.
60. Cock and 2 Hens. 01. Cock and 2 Hens (Poults).

Geese — Grey Toulouse.
62. Gander and 2 Geese. 63. Gander and 2 G; slings.

Geese — Embden.
64. Gander and 2 Geese. 05, Gander and 2 Goslings.

52 GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH IN 1869.

CLASS VI.-IMPLEMENTS.

Pkemiums for Implements and Machinery have been withdrawn,
and trials, during the currency of a Show, discontinued, in terms
of a report approved of by a General Meeting of the Society on
21st January 1863. Reference is made to General Regulations 37,
38, and 39, for the terms on which Implements may now be exhibited,
and the conditions under which they will be tried and rewarded.

REGULATIONS.

GENERAL CONDITIONS.

1. Members of the Society are admitted to the Show- Yard without pay-
ment, on exhibiting a " Member's Ticket" except during the inspection by the
Judges, when 5s. will be charged. Tickets will be sent to all Members re-
siding in the District connected with the Show — the counties of Edinburgh,
Haddington, and Linlithgow. Members residing in other localities must
apply for Tickets at the Secretary's Office, 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh,
not later than the 25th of July.

2. Stock must be bona fide the property and in the possession of the Ex-
hibitor from the date of the Entry.

3. Each column in the schechde of Entry must be rilled up so far as within
the knowledge of the Exhibitor.

4. Breeding Stock must not be shown in an improper state of fatness, and
the Judges will be prohibited from awarding Premiums to overfed animals.

5. Stallions and aged Bulls must have had produce, and, along with Two-
year-old Bulls, have served within the year of the Show.

6. All Cows must have had calves previous to the Show, and when ex-
hibited, they must either be in milk or in calf ; if in milk, birth must have
been within 9 months of the Show ; if in calf, birth must be certified within
4 months after the Show.

7. All Milch Cows must have been milked dry the evening previous to
being judged, and they must, while within the Show- Yard, be milked morn-
ing and evening. The Judges will be instructed to withhold the prizes from
any animals overstrained or suffering from want of being milked.

8. Two-year-old Heifers — of the Short-horn and Polled Breeds — must be
in calf when exhibited, and birth must be certified within 9 months after the
Show.

9. Mares in Section 5 must have produced foals after 1st January 1869,
and foals must be at foot, except when death can be proved. Mares in
Section 6 must be in foal, and awards will be suspended till birth is certified.

10. All Ewes must have reared Lambs in 1869 ; and Ewes in Sections 11 and
15 (Cheviot and Blackfaced) must be in milk, and have their Lambs at foot.
Eleeces must not be artificially coloured.

1 1 . The Pigs in Sections 5 and 6 must belong to the same litter, and be
uncut.

12. Poultry. — The Aged Birds must have been hatched previous to, and
Cockrels and Pullets in, 1869.

13. An animal which has gained a first premium at a General Show of the
Society cannot again compete in the same section.

14. First prize animals in the classes of Aged Bulls, Cows, Stallions, and
Mares may be shown for the Medium Gold Medal at three consecutive Shows
after gaining the first prize.

15. No animal shall bear on its rug, harness, pail, or other fittings, any
initial, crest, or mark of ownership, nor be distinguished otherwise than by
the number indicating its place in the Catalogue.

GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH IN I SCO. 53

1G. Except for extra Stock, Commendations will only be given for one lot
in each Section — the fourth in merit.

1 7. The violation by an Exhibitor of any one of the Regulations will involve
the forfeiture of all Premiums awarded to him.

18. Should it be proved to the satisfaction of the Directors that an animal
has been entered under a false name, pedigree, or description, for the purpose
of misleading the Directors or Judges as to its qualification or properties, the
case shall be reported to the first General Meeting, in order that the Exhibitor
shall be disqualified from again competing at the Society's Shows, and his
name, if he be a Member, struck from the roll.

19. When an animal has previously been disqualified by the decision of
any Agricultural Association in Great Britain or Ireland, such disqualification
shall attach, if the Exhibitor, being aware of the disqualification, tail to state
it, and the grounds thereof, in his entry, to enable the Directors to judge of
its validity.

20. Protests against the awards of the Judges must be lodged with the
Secretary not later than 10 a.m. on Thursday, 29th July, and parties must
be in attendance at the Committee-Room, in the Show- Yard, at 12, when
protests will be disposed of.

21. The Society shall not be liable for any loss or damage which Stock,
Implements, or other articles may sustain at the Show, or in consequence of
having been sent to it.

22. The decisions of the Board of Directors are final in all questions re-
specting Premiums, and it shall not be competent for any Exhibitor to appeal
against such decisions to, nor seek redress in respect of them from any other
tribunal.

23. The Premiums awarded will be paid after the 1st November 1869, and
may be taken either in money or in plate.

CERTIFICATES OF ENTRY FOR STOCK.

24. Every Lot must be intimated by a Certificate of Entry, lodged with the
Secretary not later than Wednesday, the 16th of June. Printed forms will be
issued on application to the Secretary, No. 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.

25. Admission-Orders to the Yard for Stock and Servants will be forwarded
by post previous to the Show.

STALL RENT.

26. Covered accommodation will be provided for the whole of the Stock,
and the following rates shall be paid by Exhibitors at the time of making

their Entries : —

Men
s.
Stallions — 3 and 2 year old entire Colts, . 15

All other Horses and Cattle, . . .10

Sheep and Swine, per pen, . . .8

Poultry, per coop, . . 1

ADMISSION OF STOCK.

27. The Yard will be open for Stock on Monday, 26th July, and Tuesday
27th July, and between Six and Eight o'clock on the morning of Wednesday
the 28th July, after which hour no Stock can be admitted.

28. One Servant will be admitted in charge of each Lot. Bulls must be
secured by a nose ring, with chain or rope attached.

29. Cattle, Sheep, or Swine cannot be removed from the Yard till Five p.m.
on Friday, 30th July, except on certificate by the Veterinary Surgeon em-
ployed by the Directors.

30. Horses may be withdrawn at Six each evening on a deposit of £2 for

ers.

Non-Members.

d,

s. d,

0

25 0

0

20 0

0

15 0

6

2 6

o4 GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH IN 1869.

each animal, which shall be forfeited if the animal is not brought back at
Seven o'clock the following morning.

31. Servants in charge of Stock must bring their own buckets or pails. A
first bedding for Horses, Cattle, and Swine, will be provided by the Society,
but all other fodder and food for Stock will be supplied, at fixed prices here-
after to be published, by a Contractor employed by the Society. Any Servant
removing bedding from an adjoining stall will be fined in double the amount
taken. Exhibitors may fetch their own cake or com to the Yard, but not
grass, hay, nor straw.

PLACING AND JUDGING STOCK.

32. On Wednesday, 28th July, Exhibitors, and all others except Servants
in charge of Stock, must leave the Yard at Eight a.m. The Judges will
commence their inspection at Nine o'clock, when the public will be admitted.
There shall be no award unless the Judges deem the animals to have sufficient
merit, more especially if there is only one lot in a Section ; and it shall be in
their power to suggest the removal of any lot which appears to them unworthy
of being placed in the Yard.

33. Two Members of Committee will attend each Section of the Judges.
It will be their duty to see that no obstruction is offered to them, and that
the space reserved for them is not encroached on ; to communicate to the
Secretary any question that may arise for the consideration of the Committee ;
to complete their reports ; and to ticket the prize animals.

34. It shall not be competent for any Exhibitor,^nor for his Factor or Land-
Steward, to act as a Judge or Attending Member in any class in which he is
competing ; and no Exhibitor shall remain in charge of any lot, whether be-
longing to himself or another, while the Judges are in the Yard.

ADMISSION OF PUBLIC.

35. The public will be admitted to the Stock- Yard on Wednesday at 9
a.m., immediately before the inspection by the Judges commences. Holders of
Members' tickets, and Exhibitors of Stock, will be charged 5s. for admission
to the judging ; all others IOs. The space reserved for the Judges will be
enclosed by ropes, and no encroachment will be permitted.

36. After 2 p.m. on Wednesday, Holders of Members' Tickets and Ex-
hibitors will be admitted free. The charges to others will be — Wednesday,
after 2 p.m., 2s. 6d.; Thursday, from 8 a.m. till 1 p.m., 2s. 6d., and after 1 p.m.,
Is. ; Friday, from 8 a.m. till 5 p.m., Is. The Implement Yard will be open on
Wednesday forenoon while the Stock is being judged ; holders of Members'
Tickets and Exhibitors admitted free ; others at 2s. 6d. ; thereafter one pay-
ment admits to both Yards.

ENTRY OF IMPLEMENTS.

37. All articles must be entered with the Secretary on or before Wednesday,
16th June, and Exhibitors must intimate whether they wish their goods placed
under cover or not, and specify the space they require. Shedding will be
charged 2s. per lineal foot of frontage, with a depth of 20 feet, to Members,
and 3s. to Non-members.

38. Members may show Implements free if shedding is not required, and
Xon-members will be charged Is. per lineal foot of frontage, with a depth of
20 feet.

39. When an Implement or Machine is supposed to embrace a new inven-
tion, or radical improvement, the nature of such must be specified in the
entry, to enable the Directors to order an inspection with a view to a trial.
Such trial, when recommended by the inspecting Committee, will be instituted
in a convenient locality, and at a season of the year suitable for the operation
of the implement or machine, which, when thoroughly tested, will be entitled

GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH IN 1SC9. 55

to such a Premium as the Directors may see fit to award, on the report of the
Judges employed by them.

PLACING IMPLEMENTS IN THE YARD.

40. The Yard will be open for the reception of Implements on Tuesday,
20th July, and till the evening of Tuesday, 27th July.

41. There must be attached to each Implement, when forwarded to the
Show, a label bearing the Exhibitor's name, and that of the Implement.

42. The carriage of all Implements must be prepaid.

43. The articles of each Exhibitor will be all placed in one stand.

44. All articles must remain in the Yard till Five p.m. on Friday, the
30th July, and may be kept there till the afternoon of Saturday.

PLACING AND JUDGING POULTRY.

45. Poultry must be brought to the Show- Yard on Tuesday, 27th July, or
between Six and Eight o'clock on the morning of Wednesday, 28th July. No
lot will be admitted without an Admission- order. Coops, food, and attend-
ance will be found by the Society.

46. No lot to be removed from the Yard till Five p.m. on Friday, the
30th July.

Premium Lists, Certificates of Entry, and Eegulations, may be obtained by
applying at the Secretary's Office, No. 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.

.1 11 Communications should be addressed to Fletcher Norton Menzies, Esq.,
Secretary of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, No. 3,
George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.

RAILWAY ARRANGEMENTS.

Implements conveyed by Goods Trains, and Stock in Waggons by Goods Trains,
will, if unsold, be returned from the Show free by all the Railways.

LAST DAY OF ENTRY— WEDNESDAY, 16th JUNK

GENERAL SHOW OF STOCK AND IMPLEMENTS
At DUMFRIES, 1870.

The District connected with the Show comprises Dumfriesshire,
the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, and Wigtownshire.

Premiums will he offered for the folloiuinrj Classes : —

CATTLE.

GALLOWAY.

Bulls calved before 1st January 1868

Bulls calved after 1st January 1868

Bulls calved after 1st January 1869

Cows of any age.

Heifers calved after 1st January 1868

Heifers calved after 1st January 1869

POLLED ANGUS OR ABERDEEN.

Bulls calved before 1st January 1868

Bulls calved after 1st January 1868

Bulls calved after 1st January 1869

Cows of any age.

Heifers calved after 1st January 1868

Heifers calved after 1st January „ 1869

SHORT-HORN.

Build calved before 1st January 1868

Bulls calved after 1st January 1868

Bulls calved after 1st January 1869

Cows of any age.

Heifers calved after 1st January 1868

Heifers calved after 1st January 1869

AYRSHIRE.

Bulls calved before 1st January 1868

Bulls calved after 1st January 1868

Bulls calved after 1st January 1869

Cows in milk, calved before 1st January 1867

Cows in milk, calved after 1st January 1867

Heifers calved after 1st January 1868

Heifers calved after 1st January 1869

HIGHLAND.

Bulls calved before 1st January — ..1868

Bulls calved after 1st January 1S68

Cows of any age.

Heifers calved after 1st January 1867

Heifers calved after 1st January 1868

GENERAL SHOW AT DUMFRIES, 1S70. 57

TAT STOCK.

Galloway Oxen calved after 1st January 1867

Galloway Oxen calved after 1st January 1868

Highland Oxen calved after 1st January 1866

Highland Oxen calved after 1st January 1867

Oxen of any other pure or cross breed calved after 1st January. ..1867
Oxen of any other pure or cross breed calved after 1st January. ..1868

Galloway Heifers calved after 1st January 1867

Heifers of any other pure or cross breed calved after 1st January 1867

HORSES

For Agricultural Purposes.

Stallions foaled before 1st January 1867

Entire Colts foaled after 1st January 1867

Entire Colts foaled after 1st January 1868

Entire Colts foaled after 1st January 1869

Mares with foal at foot, foaled before 1st January 1867

Mares in foal, foaled before 1st January 1867

Fillies foaled after 1st January 1867

Fillies foaled after 1st January 1868

Fillies foaled after 1st January 1869

EXTRA HORSES.

Mares or Geldings foaled before 1st January 1865, suitable for field.
Mares or Geldings foaled between 1st January 1865 and 1st January

1866, suitable for field.
Mares or Geldings foaled before 1st January 1866, suitable for

carriage.
Draught Geldings foaled before 1st January 1866.
Draught Geldings foaled between 1st January 1866 and 1st January

1867.
Mares or Geldings between 12 and 14 hands high.
Mares or Geldings under 12 hands high.

SHEEP.

LEICESTER.

Tups not above four shear.
Dinmont or Shearling Tups.
Ewes not above four shear.
Shearling Ewes or Girumers.

BORDER LEICESTER.

Tups not above four shear.
Dinmont or Shearling Tups.
Ewes not above four shear.
Shearling Ewes or Girumers.

5S GEXEEAL SHOW AT DUMFMES, 1870.

CHEVIOT.

Tups not above four shear.
Dinrnont or Shearling Tups.
Ewes not above four shear.
Shearling Ewes or Grimmers.

BLACKFACED.

Tups not above four shear.
Dinmont or Shearling Tups.
Ewes not above four shear.
Shearling Ewes or Grimmers.

SOUTHDOWN AND OTHER SHORT-WOOLLED.

Tups not above four shear.
Dinmont or Shearling Tups.
Ewes not above four shear.
Shearling Ewes or G-immers.

LONG-WOOLLED OTHER THAN LEICESTER.

Tups not above four shear.

Ewes not above four shear, or G-immers.

EXTRA SHEEP.

Cheviot Wethers, one shear.
Blackfaced "Wethers not above four shear.
Half-bred Hoggs.
Cross-bred Host's.

Note. — Ewes, Gimmers, Wethers, and Hoggs to be exhibited in pens
of Jive, and in the Cheviot and Blackfaced Breeds, Ewes must be
in milk with lambs at foot.

I NE.

Boars, large breed.
Boars, small breed.

Sows, large breed.
Sows, small breed.

Pigs not above 8 months old, large breed.
Pigs not above 8 months old, small breed.

Note. — Pigs to be exhibited in pens of three.

CEXEKAL SHOW AT DUMFRIES, 1S70.

59

POULTRY.

Cock and Two Hens, Cockerel and Two Pullets, of each of tin

following breeds : —

Dorking — Silver-Grey.
Dorking — Coloured.
Dorking — White.
Cocliin-China — Coloured.
Cochin -China — White.
Brahmapootra — Pencilled.
Brahmapootra — Light.
Malay.
Spanish.
Scotch Grey.

Hamburg — Golden Pencilled.
Hamburg — Silver Pencilled.
Hamburg — Golden Spangled.
Hamburg — Silver Spangled.
Polish — White-crested Black
Polish — Golden Spangled.
Polish — Silver Spangled.
Game — Black or Brown Eeds.

Game — Duckwings.

Game — Any other variety.

Bantams — Game.

Bantams — Gold-laced Sebright.

Bantams — Silver-laced Sebright.

Bantams — Any other variety.

Any other distinct Breed of

Poultry.
Ducks — White Aylesbury.
Ducks — Eouen.
Ducks — Any otber distinct

Breed.
Turkeys— Black Norfolk.
Turkeys — Any other Breed.
Geese — Grey Toulouse.
Geese — Embden.
Geese — Any other Breed.
Capons — (coops of three).

DAIRY PRODUCE.

Cured Butter.
Powdered Butter.
Presh Butter.

Cheddar Cheese.
Dunlop Cbeese.
Sweet Milk Cheese of any
other variety.

The Cheeses not to be less than 56 lbs. weight each, and to be made

in Scotland.

VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

The Veterinary College of Edinburgh was established by the
Society in 1823, and was conducted by Professor Dick from that date
till his death in April 1866. During that time the Society has issued
Certificates or Diplomas to 850 Students of the College, who had
passed the Examinations instituted by the Board of Directors.

The late Professor Dick at his decease endowed the College, and
bequeathed it in trust to the Lord Provost, Magistrates, and Council-
lors of the City of Edinburgh, continuing to the Society the power to
appoint Examiners.

The establishment is now conducted by Professor Williams, assisted
by Dr Allan Dalzell, Dr Young, Mr Strangeways, and Mr Worthing-
ton. The curriculum embraces the Principles and Practice of
Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, with Anatomy, Physiology, and
Demonstrations; Cattle Pathology ; Chemistry; Materia Medica and
Dietetics ; and the general management of domesticated Animals.

60 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Students have the advantage of assisting in an extensive practice,
and of performing the different operations which most frequently occur.

Attendance on Two Courses is required before a Student can he
taken upon trial for Diploma by the Society.

The examinations are conducted by leading members of the Medical
Faculty and of the Veterinary Profession ; and a Diploma bearing
the arms of the Society, and signed by the Examiners, is granted to
those Students who pass the required examinations.

Graduates of the College are eligible for appointment as Veterinary
Surgeons in Her Majesty's service.

The Session commences in the beginning of November, and is con-
cluded before the end of April following.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

The following Bye-Laws were enacted in 1866, under the authority
of the Supplementary Charter of 1856, and in terms of a Eeport by the
Council on Education adopted January 1865 : —

BYE-LAWS.

I. That, in terms of a report by the Council on Education, the fol-
lowing Board of Examiners be appointed : — •

Science and Practice of Agriculture — Mechanics and Construction. —
Professor "Wilson ; George Hope, Eenton Barns ; Bobert Bussell,
Pilmuir ; and John Wilson, Edington Mains.

Botany. — Professor Balfour.

Chemistry. — Professor Anderson .

Natural History. — Professor Allman.

Veterinary Surgery. — Professor Williams.

Field Engineering and Surveying. — Professor Macquorn Eankine
and David Stevenson, C.E.

Book-Keeping and Accounts.- — Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A., and Archi-
bald Paterson, Meadowfield.

II. That the examination shall be both written and oral; that the
value of the answers shall be determined by numbers ; and that the
oral examination shall be public.

III. That there shall be two examinations, to be styled respectively
the "Certificate Examination," and the "Diploma Examination."
The first to be open to candidates not less than eighteen years
of age ; the second to those who have completed twenty-one years.

IV. That to pass the " Certificate Examination " a candidate must
be acquainted with farm accounts, mensuration, and surveying, and
must possess a good knowledge of practical agriculture, and a general
acquaintance with the elements of botany, chemistry, and natural
history.

V. That a certificate in the following terms, signed by the Presi-
dent or Vice-President of the Council on Education, and by the
Secretary, shall be granted to candidates passing this examination: —

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Gl

" We hereby certify that on the A. B. was examined,

and has been found to possess a knowledge of farm accounts, men-
suration, and surveying, a good knowledge of practical agriculture,
and a general acquaintance with the elements of botany, chemistry,
and natural history, and that he is therefore entitled to present him-
self for the further examination, in terms of the regulations, for the
Society's diploma."

VI. That to pass the " Diploma Examination " a candidate must
be in possession of the certificate, azid have attained his twenty-first
year, and must be found to possess a thorough knowledge of the
theory and practice of agriculture ; of mechanics and mensuration ;
of the physiology and treatment of domesticated animals ; and of the
application of botany, chemistry, and natural history to agriculture.

VII. That a diploma in the following terms, bearing the corporate
seal of the Society, and signed by the President or Vice-President of
the Council on Education, and by the Secretary, shall be granted to
candidates passing the second examination : —

" These are to certify that, on the day of A. P.

was examined in the arts and sciences connected with agriculture,
and has been reported to be proficient therein by a Board of Examiners
nominated by the Council of the Highland and Agricultural Society
of Scotland on Education, in terms and by authority of a Charter,
given under the Great Seal, on the 18th day of August 1856."

VIII. That a sum not exceeding L.100 per annum shall be placed
at the disposal of the Examiners, to be applied in prizes to candidates
who pass with distinguished merit, and on a standard exceeding that
required for the diploma.

The following Gentlemen have passed Examinations : —

For Diploma.

1. Jacob Wilson, Woodhorn Manor. Morpeth,

2. John Milne, Mains of Laithers, Turriff, .

3. William Henry Eley, Cobham, Kent,

4. Thomas Eome, Groundslow, Staffordshire,

5. William Norman, Ouchterside, Carlisle, .
0. George Campbell, Balbrogie, Coupar- Angus, .

7. William B. Smith, Stoneleigh Villa, Leamington,

8. John E. Hetherington, Carlisle,

9. William Brown, jun., Edderstone, Peebles,

10. Arthur James Hill, Bath, ....

For Certificate and Diploma
{Under Bye-Laws enacted in 186G).

11. E. H. Goddard, Newcastle-on-Tyne,

12. G. Y. Wall, jun., Durham,

13. Eobert Brydon, Burncastle, Berwickshire,

14. George Kent Walton, Long Campton, Warwickshire,

15. Thomas John Elliot, Wilton, Salisbury, .

1858.
1859.
1859.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
1862.
1864.
1864.

1866.
1866.

1867.
1867.
1S6S.

62 CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

For Certificate
(Under Bye-Laws enacted in 1865).

1. J. C. Bowstead, Halkthorpe ITall, Penrith, . . . 1867.

2. Thomas John Elliot, Wilton, Salisbury, .... 1867.

3. James Taylor, Allan Vale, Pitmuxton, .... 1868.

CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

The objects of the Chemical Department are threefold : —

I. The prosecution of researches in various subjects connected

with Agricultural Chemistry, the results _of which are

published at intervals in the Transactions.
Dr Anderson will be glad at all times to receive suggestions from
Members of the Society regarding subjects they may consider worthy
of investigation, and which will be laid before the Chemical Com-
mittee.

II. To assist in the performance of minute and accurate Field

Experiments.
For this purpose it has recently been resolved to institute field
experiment on a systematic plan, and in such a manner as to obtain
exact and comparable results. The experiments will be conducted
in different districts under the superintendence of a Committee, who
will fix the precise nature of those to be made in each year, and see
that the precautions required to secure accuracy are properly at-
tended to. The furnishing the requisite chemical data for these
researches will in future form an important part of the business of
the laboratory. Gentlemen who have any suggestions to make
regarding subjects deserving investigation are requested to communi-
cate with Dr Anderson.

III. The performance of Analyses of Manures, Soils, Vegetable
Products, &c, for Members of the Society at reduced fees.

In purchasing manures, cattle foods, &c, Members are recommended,
in all cases, to do so by guaranteed analyses, and to ascertain that the
article delivered corresponds with it. Partial analyses, such as
Xo. 6 and 7 of the accompanying list, will generally suffice to
check the correspondence of the stock with the guarantee, and give
an approximate though not a precise estimate of its value. When an
exact estimate is required, a complete analysis is necessary.-

Samples intended for analysis should be sent (carriage paid)
addressed to Dr Anderson, 15 Shuttle Street, Glasgow, and when
of small size, they are most cheaply and expeditiously forwarded hj
post. They should be distinctly labelled, marked with the name and
address of the sender in full, and accompanied by a letter, specifying
the particular analysis required, according to its number in the follow-
ing list, — and, if possible, the object in view, — as, by doing so, much
trouble and delay will occasionally be saved.

Some inconvenience having been experienced by persons sending

CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. G3

samples for Analysis which had not heen selected with sufficient care,
and were afterwards found not to represent the average composition of
the substance, it is particularly requested that the following instruc-
tions may be attended to as closely as circumstances will permit.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR SELECTING SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS.

Manures. — A large double handful of the Manure should be taken
from each of at least five or six different bags ; and if any lumps are
found in it, a due proportion of these should also be taken. The
whole being laid on a large sheet of paper, should be carefully mixed
by rubbing with the hand, the lumps being broken down and mixed
as uniformly as possible with the powdery part. If this mixture be
carefully made, a quantity of it not exceeding two ounces will suffice
for the analysis. It should be folded up in tinfoil to prevent its
becoming dry. In default of tinfoil, the sample may be wrapped in
double folds of strong writing paper. Should the manure contain
stones, or be very moist, or should any difficulty be experienced in
making a uniform mixture, it is desirable that two or three pounds
should be sent.

Soils. — In selecting Soils for analysis, five or six spadefuls should
be taken from different parts of the field, and after being spread out
in a thin layer for several days to dry, should be put two or three
times through a fine sieve, so as to ensure uniform mixture. For a
complete analysis, not less than two pounds should be sent ; for a
partial analysis, three or four ounces will be sufficient.

Waters. — For the complete analysis of a "Water, from two to three
gallons are required ; for the determination of the amount of salts in
solution, and lime thrown down by boiling, two quarts will suffice. A
well water may be selected at any time ; but the water of a spring
or running stream should be taken in dry weather. The jars or
bottles in which they are sent must be tightly corked and sealed.
In the analysis of a mineral water, it may sometimes be desirable
to determine the amount of gases held in solution; in which case
certain precautions must be observed which require the presence of
a chemist at the spring.

Limestones, Clays, Ironstones, &c. — If the bed of any of these sub-
stances of which the analysis is required be very uniform in appearance,
a piece of two or three ounces weight taken from any part of it will
be enough for analysis; but in all cases, it is better to send three
or four chips from different parts of its thickness. Sometimes, where
the character of different parts of the bed vary much, separate analysis
of these portions may be requisite, in which case two ounces of
each may be sent.

The following are the rates at which analyses, &c, are furnished
to Members of the Society, and it is requested that the fee be remitted
along with the sample : —

1. Complete analysis of a Soil, including determination of Alkalies

and Phosphates, L3.

2. A partial analysis of a Soil, such as the determination of the

quantity of Organic Matter, and relative proportion of Clay,
Sand, and Carbonate of Lime it contains, 10s.

G4 CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

3. Quantitative determination of any one ingredient of a Soil,

7s. 6d.

4. Complete analysis of Saline Manures and other substances,

such as Gypsum, Nitrates of Soda and Potash, Ammoniacal
Salts, Guano, Oil-cake, Bone-dust, Eape-dust, Superphos-
phate of Lime, L.l.

5. Testing the above substances for adulterations — for each sample,

5s.

This exanination is generally sufficient to determine

whether or not any of these substances are grossly

adulterated, but it gives no idea of the comparative

value of different Samples, where all are genuine.

G. Determination of the percentage of Phosphates and Ammonia

in a Guano, 10s.

7. Determining the Quality of Soluble and Insoluble Phosphates

in a Superphosphate, 10s.

This and the proceeding determination generally suffice
to show whether the sample is of fair quality, and
corresponds with the analysis by which it was sold,
but not to fix its exact commercial value.

8. Complete analysis of Limestone, Marl, Shell-sand, &c, L.l.

9. Examining any of the above substances for the quantity of

Lime, and ascertaining in the same the presence of Mag-
nesia and Alumina, 7s. 6d.

Ascertaining the proportion of these, 2s. 6d. additional
for each substance.

10. Complete analysis of the Ash of any Plant, L.3.

1 1. Complete analysis of a Water, L.2.

12. Determination of the Amount of Salts in Solution, and of the

Lime thrown down by boiling in any water, 10s.

13. Analysis of Tile or Fire Clay, L.l, 10s.

14 Complete analysis of Eoots, Grains, and other Vegetable Pro-
ducts, L.l.

15. Examining products of Vegetation, or of the Dairy, such as

Nutritive Matters in Wheat, or other grain — quantity of
Butter or Cheese in Milk — 5s. for each ingredient.

16. Determination of the quantity of Nitrogen in any substance,

7s. 6d.

17. Answers to letters asking advice on subjects within the depart-

ment of the chemist, 5s.
The charges for other Analyses not specified in the list will be
settled by the Committee of Management, with reference to the
amount of work which they involve, and on a scale similar to the
above.

F. N. MENZIES, Secretary.

Edinburgh, February 1869.

LIST OF MEMBERS

OF

THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND,

18 6 9,

ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED, AND DISTINGUISHING
THE YEAR OF ADMISSION.

a

The Members marked * have been Presidents ; and f Vice-Presidents.

New Members are admitted at the Half- Yearly General Meetings in January,
and in June or July. The ordinary subscription is £\, 3s. 6d. annually,
which may be redeemed by one payment, varying from ,£12, 12s. to
£1, Is., and regulated by the number of previous annual payments.
Tenant Farmers, Secretaries and Treasurers of local Agricultural Associa-
tions, resident Agricultural Factors, and Proprietors farming the whole of
their own lands, whose assessment on the valuation-roll does not exceed
£500, are admitted on a subscription of 10s. annually, which may be
redeemed by one payment, varying according to the number of previous
annual payments, from £5, 5s. to £3.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Admitted
His Majesty NAPOLEON III., Emperor of the French, Honorary Associate. 1856

His Koyal Highness The PRINCE OF WALES, Honorary Member.

186

Admitted

1844*Argyll, His Grace the Duke of, K.T.

1860 Athole, His Grace the Duke of

1841 Athole, Her Grace the Duchess Dow-

ager of
1833 Abercorn, His Grace the Duke of,

E.G.
1847 Ails a, Most Noble the Marquis of,

K.T.
1852tAiRLiE, Right Hon. Earl of, K.T.
1868 Aberdeen, Right Hon. the Earl of
1833 Arbuthnott, Right Hon. Viscount
1862 Abercromby, Right Hon. Lord
1865 Abinger, Right Hon. Lord
1864 Arbuthnott, Hon. Mrs, Inchmartine
1853 Ardmillan, Hon. Lord
1850 Agnew, Sir Andrew, of Lochnaw, Bart.
1850 Abercromby, Sir Geo. S., of Birkenbog,

Bart.
1862 Anstruther, Sir Robert, of Balcaskie,

Bart., M.P.
1829 Antrobus, Sir E., of Rutherford, Bart.
1852 Arbuthnot, Sir Robert Keith, Bart.
1831 Alexander, Sir J. Ed. of Westerton.

1852 Aitchison, Gen. Sir J., K.C.B., G.C.B.

1838 Anderson, Sir A., of Blelack, Aber-

deen

1859 Adam, Alexander Forsyth, "W.S., Edin-

burgh
1862 Adam, Alexander, of Lynegar, "Wick

1855 Adam, iEneas, Humbertson, Dingwall

1842 Adam, James, S.S.O., Edinburgh

1860 Adam, John, Closeburn, Thornhill

1856 Adam, Stephen, Wool-Merchant, Leith

1839 Adam, William, Advocate, Aberdeen

1853 Adam,W. Patrick, of Blair- Adam, M.P.
1860 Adams, John, S.S.C., Edinburgh
1859 Adamson, S., of Drumclyre, Dumfries
1844 Addie, Robert, of Viewpark, Udding-

ston
1859 Adie, Alexander James, Linlithgow

1843 Agnew, R. Vans, of Sheuchan, Barn-

barroch, Wigtown

1857 Aikman, Thomson, Glasgow

1864 Ainslie, Daniel, of the Gart, Callander

Admitted

1859 Ainslie, David, of Costerton, Blackshiels
1848 Ainslie, J., Hillend, Pentland, Loanhead

1853 Ainslie, R., of Elvingston, Gladsmuir
1857 Ainslie, William, Moat, Roslin

1851 Aitchison, James, late Proney Mains,

Dornoch
1865 Aitchison, Lieut. -Col., of Drummore,

Musselburgh
1835 Aitchison, Wm., Linhope, Hawick

1863 Aitchison, W., jun., Linhope, Hawick

1861 Aitken, George, Tyrie, Kirkcaldy
1857 Aitken, James, Cranstonhill, Glasgow

1854 Aitken, James, Sunnyside, Prestonkirk

1864 Aitken, John Gillespie, Stirling

1857 Aitken, Robt., Drumore, Campbeltown

1860 Aitken, Thos., 6 Windsor St., Edinburgh

1854 Aitken, Thomas, Listonshiels, Balerno

1855 Aitken, Wm., Chapel Colliery, Wishaw

1856 Alexander, C, Whitefield, West Linton

1862 Alexander, Lt.-Col. C, of Ballochniyle,

Mauchline

1857 Alexander, Eben., Taylortown, Stirling

1857 Alexander, Jas., Seed Merchant, Edin.
1842 Alexander, J., of Balmule, Dunfermline
1855 Alexander, John, Broughty Ferry

1865 Alexander, Capt. John, of Southbar,

R.N.,C.B.

1861 Alexander, Thos., Corn Factor, Perth

1858 Alexander, Wm., Bent of Haulkerton,

Laurencekirk
1865 Alison, James M., Lettoch, Killearnan

1854 Alison, Thos., of Calder Mill, Carstairs
1833 Allan, Alexander, Advocate, Edinburgh

1853 Allan, Alexander, Drummond, Evanton
1861 Allan, Alex., West Park, Auchterarder
1864 Allan, Alexander, Carbarns, Wishaw
1867 Allan, Andrew, Munnoch, Dairy
1847 Allan, Lieut. -Colonel, Edinburgh

1851 Allan, James, Clifton Mains, Ratho

1855 Allan, James, Clauchan, Arran

1852 Allan, James, West Mains, Stonehouse

1863 Allan, James D., Culthill, Dunkeld

1854 Allan, John, Billie Mains, Ayton
1861 Allan, John, Crieffvecter, Crieff

List of Members of the

Admitted

1863 Allan, Richard, Howclen, Jedburgh

1863 Allan, Robert A., Greenburn, Ayton

1853 Allan, Thomas, Fogorig, Dunse

1852 Allan, Thomas William Murray, of Glen-

feochan, Oban
1830 Allan, William, Edinburgh
1815 Allen, James, Merchant, Glasgow
1858 Allman, George James, M.D., Professor
of Natural History, University of Edin-
burgh

1864 Alston, Geo., of Craighead, Hamilton

1850 Alston, Jn. P., of Muirburn, Strathaven
1863 Amos, Thomas, Earlside, Hawick

1866 Anderson, B. T. G. , of Tushielaw, Selkirk
1844 Anderson, A. D., M.D., Glasgow
1825 Anderson, D., of Moredun, Edinburgh
1829 Anderson, David, of St Germains, Pres-

tonpans

1858 Anderson, David, North Mains of Ethie,

Arbroath
1839 Anderson, George, Solicitor, Inverness
1844 Anderson, George, M.P., Glasgow

1862 Anderson, George, of Woodhouse, Kirtle-

bridge

1863 Anderson, George, Broomhill, Selkirk

1859 Anderson, George B., Meikle Pinkerton,

Dunbar
1857 Anderson, Henry, of Chapel, Kirkcaldy
1861 Anderson, Henry, Burnside, Stanley

1839 Anderson, J., lateofGorthlick, Inverness
1838 Anderson, James, Wickham, Gateshead

1863 Anderson, James, Newbigging, Dundee

1865 Anderson, James, Solicitor, Inverness
1838 Anderson, John, Merchant, London-
1838 Anderson, John, Merchant, Glasgow
1857 Anderson, John, Craigton, Banchory

1868 Anderson, John, Mill of Wester Coull,

Tarland

1857 Anderson, John, Pratis, Largo

1859 Anderson, John, Smithston, Kilsyth

1860 Anderson, Jn., Braes of Foss, Pitlochry

1851 Anderson, Lawrence, Chapel, Moffat

1869 Anderson, Lawrence, Sunnybrae, Saline

1864 Anderson, Peter, Gillespie, Glenluce

1856 Anderson, Robert, of Lochdu, Nairn

1861 Anderson, Robt. H., Burleigh, Kinross
1850 Anderson, Robert Hood, Glasgow

1858 Anderson, Robt. Wm., Clerk of Supply,

Forfar
1849 Anderson, Stephen, late of Carfin
1832 Anderson, Thomas, of Glendrisaig,

Kilmarnock
1849 Anderson, T., M.D., Professor of Che-
mistry, University of Glasgow, Chemist
to the Society

1854 Anderson, T. Scott, W.S., Edinburgh

1865 Anderson, William, Ballimore, Tigh-

na-bruaich

1867 Anderson, W. H.,Pitcorthie, Anstruther

1857 Anderson, Wm.. Hattonburn, Banchory

1840 Anderson, William James, late of Tech-

muiry

A m itted

1857 Andrew,Hugh, Keprigan, Campbeltown

1863 Angus, John, jun., White field, Morpeth

1868 Annand, John, Inverurie

1858 Anton, James, Coltfield, Forres

1844 Arbuthnot, George Clerk, of Mavisbank,

Loanhead
1829 Arbuthnot, T., of Meethill, Peterhead-
1813 Arbuthnott, J. C, of Balnamoon, Brechin
1855 Archbald, Thomas, Carrington Mains,

Lasswade
1846 Archer, Andrew, Jordanstoun, Meigle

1864 Archer, Thomas, Ramly Lodge, Lyming-

ton, Hants
1861 Archibald, James, Jamestown House,
Monastereran, Ireland

1849 Archibald, John, Duddingstone, South

Queensferry

1853 Arklay, John, Gorthlick, Inverness

1861 Arklay, Robt., of Ethiebeaton, Dundee

1850 Arkley, R. H., Inchbrayock, Montrose

1854 Armour, Alex. B., Meiklehill, Kirkin-

tilloch
1860 Armstrong, James, Effgill, Langholm

1862 Arnot, David, Adamston, Auchterhouse

1865 Arnott, Thomas R. (Arnott Brothers &

Co.), Liverpool

1862 Arras, Walter, Fodderty, Dingwall
1865 Arres, Wm., Wester Demies, Nairn
1858 Arundell.W. F. H.,of Barjarg, Dumfries

1845 Askew, Henry Wm., Coinshead Priory,

Penrith

1863 Askew, W., of Pallinsburn, Coldstream

1851 Austin, R. S., late Middleton, Muthill

1849 Aytoun, James, Advocate, London
1844 Aytoun, Roger S., of Inchdairnie, M.P.,

Kirkcaldy

1828*Buccleuch and Queensberry, His

Grace the Duke of, K. G.
1835 Buccleuch and Queensberry, Her

Grace the Duchess of

1869 Bute, Most Noble the Marquis of

1863 Bowmont, Most Noble the Marquis of
1843+Blantyre, Right Hon. Lord
1857+Binning, Right Hon. Lord

1854 Boyle, Hon. George Frederick

1852 Bruce, Hon. Thomas Charles

1839 Baillie, Right Hon. Henry James, of

Redcastle
1834 Burnett, Sir Jas. Horn of Leys, Bart.

1864 Bruce, SirWm. G, of Stenhouse, Bart.
1858 Bannerman, Sir Alex., of Crimonmo-

gate, Bart.
1843 Baird, Sir Jas. Gardiner, of Saughton
Hall, Bart.

1850 Blair, Sir Edward Hunter, of Blair-

quhan, Bart.
1860 Baird, Sir David, of Newbyth, Bart.

1847 Baillie, Sir Wm., of Polkemmet, Bart.

1848 Boswall, Sir George Houstoun, of

Blackadder, Bart.
1843 Baxter, Sir David, of Kilmaron, Bart.

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1869.

Admitted

1818 Baikie, James, of Tankemess, Kirkwall
1824 Baillie, Evan, of Dochfour, Inverness
1S65 Baillie, Evan, P. M., younger of Doch-
four, Inverness

1851 Baillie, James William, of Culterallers,

W.S.,Biggar
1865 Baillie, John Menzies, C. A., Edinburgh
1865 Baillie, John B., of Leys, Inverness
1S64 Bain, James, New Grange, St Andrews

1864 Bain, Edwin Sandys, of Livelands,

Stirling
1868 Baird, Arthur E. , Croftenloan, Pitlochrie
1844 Baird, Charles J., late Manager Shotts

Iron Works
1838 Baird, George, of Stricken, Aberdeen
1838 Baird, James, of Knoydart, Cambus-

doon, Ayr

1838 Baird, John, of Ury, Stonehaven
1844 Baird, Win., Grain-Merchant, Glasgow
1863 Balfour, Arthur J., of Whittingham,

Prestonkirk
1S46 Balfour, Chas., of Balgonie, Markinch
1S43 Balfour, David, of Balfour and Trenabie,

Kirkwall
1S57 Balfour, Major Fras. W., of Fernie

Castle, Lady bank
1842 Balfour, James, Letham, Leven

1839 Balfour, John, of Balbirnie, Markinch
1839 Balfour, John Hutton, M.D., Prof, of

Botany, University of Edinburgh
1849 Balfour, Major-General, of Arbigland,

Dumfries
1844 Balfour, William, of Birstane, Kirkwall
1832 Ballantyne, James, of Holylee, Inner-
leithen
1860 Ballantvne,Jn. ,jun., Seedsman, Dalkeith

1852 Ballantyne, Thos., Whitehope, Selkirk
1851 Ballingall, Neil, Bingartree House,

Leslie

1859 Ballingal, Wm., Sweetbank, Markinch

1853 Ballingall, Robert, Eallibus, Islay

1857 Ballingall, D., Factor, Blairdrummond

1860 Ballingall, George, Melrose

1861 Ballingall, John, Dunbog, Newburgh
1863 Balmer, T., Gordon Castle, Fochabers

1862 Bankes, Meyrick, of Letterewe, Dingwall
1859 Barbour, G. F., of Bonskeid, Pitlochrie

1846 Barbour, T., of Dalshangan, Carsphairn
1848 Barclay, A. Hay, of Paris, Perthshire

1858 Barclay, Charles A., Aberdour House,

Fraserburgh
1855 Barclay, George, Davochbeg, Golspie

1858 Barclay, G., Yonderton, King Edward
1834 Barclay, George Robertson, of Keavil,

Dunfermline
1862 Barclay, J. W., Auchlossan, Lumphanan

1847 Barclay, Col. P., 14 Coates Cres., Edin.

1859 Barclay, Robert, Drums, Falkland
1855 Barclay, Thomas, Montrose

1865 Barclay, Thomas, Skelbo, Dornoch
1859 Bardner, James, Chesterstone, Largo
1839 Barker, Thomas, Sydney, Australia

Admitted

1862 Barr, James, jun., Whiteshaw, Carluke

1851 Barr, John, Harperland, Kilmarnock

1863 Barrie, Jas., Harden Mains, Jedburgh

1857 Barron, George, Pittenkerie, Banchory
1868 Barry, William, Inchgarth, Forfar
1846 Barstow, Charles M., C.A., Edinburgh

1867 Bartholomew, Hugh, Dalmarnock Road,

Glasgow

1855 Bartholomew, James, Duntarvie, Winch-

burgh

1838 Bartholomew, R., Merchant, Glasgow
1865 Bateson, Samuel S. , Cambusmore, Golspie

1861 Bathgate, James, Bower House, Lauder
1854 Baxter, Edmund, W.S., Edinburgh

1858 Baxter, Geo., Craigforthie, Keith Hall
1828 Bayley, Isaac, of Manuel, Edinburgh

1864 Bayne, John, Bridge of Allan

1862 Bayne, William, Foodie, Cupar-Fife

1865 Beach, Joseph, Flour Mills, Dudley

1868 Beath, David, Auchmuir, Leslie

1854 Beattie, James, Newbie House, Annan
1858 Beattie, Peter, Dunnydeer, Insch

1864 Begbie, Alex., Barneyhill, Dunbar

1852 Begbie, Thos., Queenston Bank, Drem

1862 Begg, David, of Canons Park, Edgeware,

London

1858 Begg, John, Distiller, Balmoral, Crathie

1857 Berth, John, Grain-Dealer, Rothesay
1849 Belfrage, G., 98 Lauriston Place, Edin-
burgh

1849 Belfrage, Jas., Samuelston, East Mains,
Haddington

1867 Bell, Alexander, Linton, Kelso

1868 Bell, Alexander, Stobahill, Lockerbie

1856 Bell, David, Todhall, Cupar-Fife
1835 Bell, G. Graham, of Crurie, Advocate

1863 Bell, James, Woodhouselees, Canonbie

1859 Bell, J., Glenduckie, Newburgh, Fife

1839 Bell, John, of Enterkine, Tarbolton
1846 Bell, R., of Lunna, Sher.-Sub., Falkirk

1856 Bell, Thomas, Ballinshoe, Kirriemuir

1865 Bell, Thomas, Glentarkie, Strathmiglo

1855 Bell, William, Whitfield Place, Edin.

1858 Benton, Joseph, Cattie, Whitehouse
1858 Benton, William, Harthill, Whitehouse

1869 Berry, George, Longleat, Wiltshire
1848 Berry, John, of Tayfield, Newport, Fife

1863 Berry, Walter, 16 Carlton Ter., Edin.

1860 Bertram, George, Engineer, W. Sciennes,

Edinburgh

1864 Bertram, James, Addinston, Lauder
1854 Bertram, John S., Cranshaws, Dunse
1845 Bertram, T. Hardy, Engineer, London
1852 Bertram, William, of Nisbet, Biggar

1861 Berwick, David, Collairnie, Cupar- Fife

1857 Bethune, Admiral, of Balfour, C.B.,

Markinch
1848 Bethune, Alex., of Blebo, Cupar-Fife

1863 Bethune, Maj. R., of Nydie, St Andrews

1864 Bethune, Murdo, Dreim, Beauly

1861 Bett, David J., Flatfield, Coupar- Angus
1857 Bett, James, Easdale, Oban

List of Members of the

Admitted

1859 Beveridge, David, Buckthorn, Largo
1862 Beveridge, George, Orrock, Burntisland
1851 Beveridge, J., Easter Balado, Kinross
1869 Beveridge, Jas., Crombie, Dunfermline
1853 Beveridge, Robert E., TJrquhart, Dun-
fermline
1862 Beveridge, ¥m., Orrock, Burntisland

1858 Biggar, T., of Chapelton, Haugli of Urr

1859 Binnie, John, Eshiels, Peebles

1847 Binnie, R., Seton Mains, Longniddry

1849 Binning, Jobn, Brae, Dingwall
1S65 Binny, Graham, "W.S., Edinburgh

1868 Binny, John, W.S., Edinburgh

1858 Bird, James B., Fishwick, Paxton
1867 Birkett, J., of Broom Rigg, Ainstable,

Penrith
1862 Bisset, the Ven. Archdeacon, of Lessen-
drum, Huntly

1869 Bisset, W. A., 72 Broughton Street,

Edinburgh
1846 Black, Adam, 38 Drummond Place,
Edinburgh

1856 Black, Alex., Civil-Engineer, Falkirk
1865 Black, Alex., North Navey, Meigle

1850 Black, David, Barrelwell, Brechin

1851 Black, James, London

1838 Black, James, Merchant, Glasgow

1852 Black, James, Knock, Keith

1857 Black, Jas. W., Wandelmill, Abington
1851 Black, John, of Tilliwhally, Kinross

1859 Black, John, Seton Hill, Longniddry

1859 Black, John, Westfield, Coldstream
1844 Black, Robert, Glasgow

1867 Black, Robert, Liberton Mains, Liberton
1842 Blackburn, Peter, of Killearn, Drvnien

1846 Blackburn, Robert B., Advocate, Sheriff

of Stirlingshire
1865 Blackie, John, junior, Glasgow
1855 Blackley, John, Glasgow
1857 Blacklock, Adam, Minnygap, Moffat
1842 Blackwood, John, Publisher, Edinburgh
1862 Blackwood, William, Publisher, Edin.
1864 Blair, Alexander, Brewer, Alloa
1864 Blair, Campbell, Argyle Street, Glasgow
1849 Blair, Col. Stopford, of Penninghame,

N ewton-Stewart

1860 Blair, James, of Glenfoot, Tillicoultry
1864 Blair, James, Rowardennan, Luss
1864 Blair, John, Torwoodhead, Stirling
1817 Blair, "Wm., of Avontoun, Linlithgow
1844 Blair, Captain William Fordyce, of

Blair, R.N., Dairy
1836 Blandow, M. Von, St Petersburg, Hon.

Associate
1836 Blane, Colonel Robert, C.B.

1847 Blanshard, George, Merchant, Edin.

1861 Blues, Andrew A., Dalruscan, Tinwald,

Dumfries
1861 Blyth, D., Leckiebank, Auchtermuchty
1860 Bogie, Alex., of Newmill, Cupar-Fife
1864 Bogie, James, Newport, Fifeshire
1851 Bogie, J., Balcanquhall, Auchtermuchty

Admitted

1861 Bogie, William, Balneil, Colinsburgh
1854 Bolam, John, Glororum, Belford

1863 Bolam, John, jun., Chathill, Northum-
berland

1866 Bolam, Robert George, Weetwood Hall,

Wooler

1858 Bolton, Joseph C, of Carbrook, Falkirk
1824 Bonar, Andrew, Australia

1867 Bone, Quinton, Grenan, Maybole

1853 Bontine, Wm. Cuninghame Graham, of

Gartmore
1842 Booth, James Godfrey, Seed Merchant,
Hamburg

1862 Borland, Robt., Auchencairn, Closeburn

1859 Borthwick, Alex. Hay, St Dunstan's,

Melrose

1854 Borthwick, Gilbert, Cowbog, Kelso

1863 Borthwick, John, Greenlees, Kelso

1858 Borthwick, John, V.S., Kirkliston
1846 Borthwick, John, of Crookston, Gore-
bridge

1859 Borthwick, John James M., George-

field, Langholm
1838 Borthwick, Thomas Chalmers, Hopsrig,
Langholm

1857 Borthwick, Wm. Henry, late Crook-

ston, Gorebridge
1865 Borthwick, Wra., Whitehaven Castle,
Whitehaven

1864 Borton, John, Barton House, Malton
1861 Bosomworth, John, Abernethy
1863 Bowhill, James, Banker, Ayton

1854 Bowie, Alex., Mains of Kelly, Arbroath

1858 Bowie, Peter, Carlogie, Carnoustie

1859 Bowman, James, Newark, Pittenweem
1853 Boyd, James B., St Boswells Bank,

St Boswells
1861 Boyd, John B., of Cherrytrees, Kelso

1865 Boyd, Major James Hay, of Townend,

Symington
1863 Boyd, Wm. B., Ormiston, Kirkbank,

Kelso
1835 Boyle, Patrick, of Shewalton, The

Knowe, Ayr
1865 Braid, Andrew, Humbie, Kirknewton

1858 Brand, Charles, Mains of Fordoun,

Fordoun
1846 Brand, William, Secretary, Union Bank

of Scotland
1830 Brander, James, Avoch, Fortrose

1855 Brash, James, Hallyards, Kirkliston
1834 Brebner, James, Advocate, Aberdeen
1865 Brims, James, Thurso

1853 Broad, William, Clifton-hill, Kelso
1868 Broadwood, Thomas, of Fulfordlees,

Crowbill, Dunbar
1857 Brockley, Robert M., Gourlaw, Lasswade
1867 Brodie, Dun., of Polder, Bridge of Allan

1859 Brodie, James, Banker, Kirriemuir
1848 Brodie, James, Thorntonloch Dunbar
1840 Brodie, J. Clerk, of Idvies, W.S., Edin.
1821 Brodie, William, of Brodie, Forres

Highland and Agricultural Society, 18G9.

Admitted

1864 Brody, Geo., 49 Minto St., Edinburgh
1855 Broomfield, Thomas, Lauder

1867 Bromfield, W. J., Old Greenlaw, Dunse

1854 Broughton, Robert Henry, of Rowches-

ter, Greenlaw
1863 Brown, Adani, Helmburn, Selkirk
1844 Brown, Alex. J. Dennistoun, of Balloch,

Dumbarton
1867 Brown, Alexander, Manor, Peebles
1852 Brown, Andw., M.D., late Edinburgh
1858 Brown, Archibald, Craig, Udny
1866 Brown, David, Banker, Maybole
1839 Brown, George, Watton Mains, Wick

1851 Brown, George, Balgarvie, Cupar-Fife
1858 Brown, George, Westerton, Fochabers

1860 Brown, James, Hargrave, Annan
1849 Brown, James, of Orchard, Carluke

1865 Brown, James, Whinpark, Kilmarnock

1861 Brown, James, Clephanton Cottage,

Anstruther

1855 Brown, Jas., Liberton Mains, Carnwath
1837 Brown, James T., of Auchlochlan,

Lesmahagow

1856 Brown, John, Outerston, Gorebridge

1857 Brown, John, Boghall, Biggar

1860 Brown, John, Inglistone, Irongray,
Dumfries

1852 Brown, John George, Cluny Cottage,

Pitlochrie

1860 Brown, J. C, Bridekirk Mains, Annan

1832 Brown, Matthew, Greenock

1861 Brown, Oliphant, Glenlee, New Gal-

loway
1856 Brown, Peter, Craigton, Bishopton
1856 Brown, Robert, Auctioneer, Balfron

1866 Brown, Robert, Bankhead, Midmar,

Aberdeen
1866 Brown, Robert E., Wass, Oswald Kirk,

Yorkshire
1849 Brown, Thos., Slipperfield, West -Linton
1863 Brown, Thomas, Holm, Thornhill
1863 Brown, Thomas, Ruletownhead, Bon-

chester Bridge

1863 Brown, Thomas, Secretary, Agricultural

Society, Campbeltown

1854 Brown, Walter, of Col ton, Dunfermline

1855 Brown, Dr William, Melrose

1828 Brown, William, Merchant, Glasgow
1835 Brown, William, Banker, Maybole
1854 Brown, William, Linkwood, Elgin

1861 Brown, William, Factor, Invercauld
1868 Brown, W.,jun., of Parkend, Saltcoats

1833 Brown, Wm. Henry, of Ashley, Ratho
1868 Bruce, Alexander, Millhill, Mintlaw

1858 Bruce, A., Wealtherton of Keig, White-

house ■
1S17 Bruce, C. L. Cumming, of Roseisle and
Kinnaird

1862 Bruce, Charles, Broadland, Huntly

1864 Bruce, George, Veensgarth, Lerwick
1868 Bruce, Geo., Heatherwick, Keith Hall

1865 Bruce, James, Burnside, Fochabers

Admitted

1869 Bruce, James, Longbridgemuir, Annan
1868 Bruce, J., of Inverquhomery, Mintlaw
1829 Bruce, John, of Sumburgh, Zetland

1863 Bruce, J., jun., Sumburgh, Shetland
1842 Bruce, John, W.S., Edinburgh

1865 Bruce, Pr., St Bernard's Cottage, Edin.
1868 Bruce, R., Newton of Struthers, Forres
1855 Bruce, Thomas, of Arnot, Kiugsdak,
Kennoway

1838 Bruce, Win., of Symbester, Zetland
1806 Brunton, James, Broomlands, Kelso
1867 Brunton, J. S., Eastfield, St Boswells
1846 Bryce, David, Architect, Edinburgh
1865 Bryce, Jas., East Whitburn, Whitburn

1862 Brydon, Adam, Netherbarns, Galashiels

1864 Brydon, H., Thirlestane Hope, Ettrick
1850 Brydon, James, Kinnelhead, Moffat
1864 Brydon, Jas., jun., Kinnelhead, Moffat
1857 Brydon, John, Mounthooly, Jedburgh

1863 Brydon, Walter, Burncastle, Lauder

1850 Bryson, Robert, Merchant, Glasgow

1852 Bryson, W. G., Cullen House, Cullen
1857 Buchan, Col. Fordyce, of Kelloe, Edrom

1839 Buchan, William, Dolphinton, South

Queensferry
1854 Buchanan, A., Whitehouse, Stirling
1857 Buchanan, Alexander, Garscadden,

East Kilpatrick

1827 Buchanan, Andrew, of Mount Vernon,

Shettleston
1838 Buchanan, Andrew, of Auchintorlie,

Dunglass
1849 Buchanan, David Carrick, of Dmmpel-

lier, Coatbridge

1853 Buchanan, Dun., Auchenbreck, Colin -

traive, Greenock

1851 Buchanan, Isaac, Toronto, Canada
1838 Buchanan, James, Glasgow

1838 Buchanan, John, London
1844 Buchanan, J., of Glenlora, Lochwinnoch
1838 Buchanan, John, of Carbeth, Killearn
1857 Buchanan, John, Coldrach, Drymen
1811 Buchanan, Robert, Glasgow

1864 Buchanan, Robert M., Livingston Mill,

Mid-Calder
1849 Buchanan, Thomas Gray, of Wellshot,

Glasgow
1842 Buchanan, Walter, Glasgow

1828 Buchanan, Wm., Merchant, Glasgow

1863 Buckham, George, Kers Mains, Kelso

1864 Budge, Henry, C.A., Edinburgh

1842 Buist, James, Kirkton Barns, Newport
1848 Buist, Mat., Tynninghame, Prestonkirk
1863 Buist, Robert, Cattle Salesman, Edin.
1865. Bulloch, Ar., Milliken, East Kilpatrick
1863 Burn, John, Ednam, Kelso
1860 Burn, Robert Scott, Highfield Lodge,

Heaton Mersey
1824 Burn, William, Architect, London
1854 Burnet, J., Craigielaw, Aberlady, Drem
1867 Burnett, Major-General Francis Claude,

of Gadgirth, Coylton

8

List of Members of the

Admitted

IS 48 Burnett, George, Advocate, Edinburgh
1840 Burnett, Gregory, Dee Cottage, Flint
1834 Burnett, Newell, Advocate, Aberdeen
1858 Burnet, Bobert, yr. of Leys, Cratbes,

Aberdeen
1S54 Burroughs, Lieut. -Col. W. F. Traill, of

Bolfsea, Orkney
1S38 Burnley, W. F., 24 Ainslie PI., Edin.
1865 Burns, Jas. C, of Glenlee, Hamilton
1865 Burns, J., of Castle Wemyss, Greenock
1867 Burr, Rev. P. Lorimer, Lundie Manse,

Dundee
1S61 Burns, John William, yr, of Kilmahew,

Dumbarton
1S59 Bursby, George G., West Fallodon,

Chathill
1867 Burton, J. Tait, of Toxside, Gorebridge
1857 Burton, J., Rosewell Mains, Lasswade
1861 Buttar, David, Corston, Coupar-Angus
1825 Butter, Archd., of Faskally, Pitlochrie
1869 Butter, Major Archibald, yr. of Fas-
kally, Pitlochrie

1844 Buttery, A. W., Chapelhall, Airdrie

1847 Crawford and Balcarres, Right

Hon. the Earl of
1845fCAiTHNESS, Rigbt Hon. the Earl of
1839 Cawdor, Right Hon. the Earl
1851 Colville, of Culross, Right Hon. Lord

1833 Colonsay, Right Hon. Lord
1856 Carnegie, Hon. Charles, M.P.

1824 Craig, Right Hon. SirWiUiam Gibson,
of Riccarton, Bart., Treasurer of the
Society

1S56 Carmichael, Sir William H. Gibson,
of Castle-Craig and Skirling, Bart.

1829 Colquhoun, Sir James, of Luss, Bart.

1834 Campbell, Sir Hugh Hume, of March-

mont, Bart.

1838 Cambpell, Sir Jas., of Aberuchil, Bart.

1S47 Clerk, Sir James, of Penicuik, Bart.

1834 Cathcart, Sir John Andrew, of Carle-
ton, Bart.

1838 Colebrooke, Sir Thomas Edward, of
Crawford, Bart., M.P.

1867 Campbell, Sir Geo., of Succoth, Bart.

1845 Campbell, Sir A., of Barcaldine, Bart.
1838 Campbell, Sir James, of Stracathro,

Glasgow
1817 Cochrane, Admiral Sir Thos. , G.C.B.
1844 Cadell, Alex. Todd, R.A., Madras

1856 Cadell, Henry, of Grange, Bo'ness
1844 Cadell, Hew Francis, of Cockenzie,

Prestonpans
1869 Caird, Alex. M'Neel, Genoch House,

Stranraer
1853 Caird, James, of Cassencarie, Creetown

1857 Cairns, Geo., 35 George IV. Br., Edin.
1864 Cairns, James, Dollar Bank, Dollar
1861 Cairns, William, Ballinloan, Dunkeld

1 868 Caithness, W. , Corn Merchant, Arbroath
1853 Calder, Francis, Yetholm Mains, Kelso

Admitted

1857 Calder, James, Colgrain, Cardross

1846 Calder, Marcus, Shapinshay, Kirkwall

1857 Calder, Robert, Kelloe Mains, Edrom

1858 Calder, R., Wliitehouse, Lumphanan
1851 Calder, W., Cattle-Salesman, Edinburgh
1841 Caldwell, Frederick, of Missnish

1862 Caldwell, Wm., Boydstone, Ardrossan
1843 Callender, Henry, C.A., Edinburgh
1854 Cameron, Alex., Strone, Fort- William
1857 Cameron, Alex., Bogside, Glasgow
1865 Cameron, Alex., of Mainhouse, Elgin
1865 Cameron, Rev. Allan Gordon, of Bar-
caldine, Bonaw

1859 Cameron, Donald, of Lochiel, M.P.,

Fort-William

1861 Cameron, D. Colin, Tallisker, Broadford
1835 Cameron, Hugh Innes, Dingwall

1857 Cameron, James, Balnakyle, Munlochy
1850 Cameron, P., 25 George Square, Edin.

1862 Cameron, William, Edinburgh

1837 Campbell, Alex., of AucMndarroch,

Lochgilphead
1835 Campbell, A., 6 Charlotte Square, Edin.
1857 Campbell, A., Crosshill, Bishopbriggs
1868 Campbell, Alex., Blairton, Bethel vie

1863 Campbell, A. H., of Little Grove, Herts
1826 Campbell, Archibald, of Glendaruel

1857 Campbell, Lt.-Col. Archd., of Blyths-

wood, Renfrew

1865 Campbell, Archd., late Park, Aberdeen

1868 Campbell, A., Dunmore Park, Stirling

1865 Campbell, Lt.-Col. A, H., Retired List,
Bengal Army

1865 Campbell, Lt.-Col., of South Hall,
Greenock

1816 Campbell, A., of Catrine, W.S., Edin.

1854 Campbell, A., yr. of Catrine, W.S.,
Edinburgh

1865 Campbell, Major- General, late of Kin-
loch, Dunkeld

1S64 Campbell, C. Macpherson, of Ballimore,
Tighnabruaich

1853 Campbell, Chas. V. H., of Nether Place,

Cairnhill, Kilmarnock

1847 Campbell, C, of Colgrain, Dumbarton

1838 Campbell, C. G., of Stonefield, Tarbert

1858 Campbell, Colin Yorke, of Barbreck,

Captain R.N.
1868 Campbell, Captain D. P., of Balliveolen,
Bonaw

1854 Campbell, D., Kirkforthar, Markinch

1846 Campbell, Donald, Pennygael House,

Tobermory

1857 Campbell, Donald, Ulva, Aros

1847 Campbell, Dugald M'Neill, of Kintarbet,

Tarbert

1858 Campbell, D. T., Duiletter, Dalmally
1S39 Campbell, Farquhar, of Aros, Tobermory
1863 Campbell, Geo. Wm., Mayfair, London
1835 Campbell, George J., of Treesbank,

Kilmarnock
1867 Campbell, H. A., of Auchnacloich, Oban

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1869.

Admitted

1823 Campbell, H. F., of Boquhan, Kippcn

1861 Campbell, Hugh, Surgeon, Glenralloch,

Tarbert
1838 Campbell, James, London

1847 Campbell, J. , ol'Tillichewan, Dumbarton
1833 Campbell, James Archd., oflnverawe

1849 Campbell, James A., yr. of Stracatliro,

Glasgow
1S60 Campbell, James G., Killyleoch, Dun-
score, Dumfries

1848 Campbell, J., of Possil

1840 Campbell, J. L., of Achalader, Blair-
gowrie

1S57 Campbell, John, Remnil, Campbeltown

1857 Campbell, John, of Inverardoch, Doune

1857 Campbell, John, of Ardhnaig, Ross of
Mull, Aros

1865 Campbell, John D. , of Peaton, Clachan,
Eoseneath

1863 Campbell, John Graham, of Shirvan,
Lochgilphead

1843 Campbell, K., of Ardow, Tobermory

1857 Campbell, Lieut. -General, C.B., United

Service Club, Edinburgh

1863 Campbell, Neil Colquhoun, of Barnhill,

Dumbarton

1838 Campbell, Ord Graham, Edinburgh
1836 Campbell, R. D., of Jura, Lochgilphead
1802 Campbell, R., of Sonachan, Inverary
1861 Campbell, R. F. F., of Craigie, Ayr

1858 Campbell, Silvester, Kinnellar, Black-

burn, Aberdeen

1860 Campbell, Thos., Croftness, Aberfeldy

1864 Campbell, T. H., of Millfield, Polmont
1856 Campbell, T. W., of Walton Park,

Dalbeattie
1836 Campbell, Col. W., N.B. Staff, Glasgow

1839 Campbell, W., of Ormsary, Ardrishaig
1858 Campbell, Win., Solicitor, Hamilton

1861 Campbell, W., Cladville, islay

1863 Cant, James, Orr Bridge, Kirkcaldy
1852 Cantlie, Wm., Keithmore, Dufftown

1850 Carfrae, T., Land-Surveyor, Edinburgh
1845 Carlyle, T. J., of Waterback, Ecclefech'an
1869 Carmichael, J., Bank Agent, Hawick
1825 Carmichael, M. T., of Eastend, Lanark
1847 Carnegie, D., of Stronvar, Lochearnhead
1854 Carnegie, G. R., Edrom-Newton, Ayton
1869 Carnegie, Henry L., of Kimblethmont,

Arbroath
1852 Carnegie, James, of Edrom-Newton,

W.S., Edinburgh
1S36 Carnegie, John, of Redhall, Fordoun
1858 Carnegie, William, of Eastertown, Dun-

lappie, Brechin
1858 Carnegie, W., junior, Coul, Tannadyce
1850 Carnegy, John, Glasgow

1864 Carnie, C, of Blairhoyle, Thornhill,

Stirling
1861 Carphin, George, Banker, Dunkeld
1869 Carphin, Jas. Rhind, C.A., Edinburgh
1863 Carre, W. R., of Cavers Carre, Selkirk

Admitted

1826 Carruthers, D. A., Warmanbie, Annan

1860 Carruthers, J., of Craig, New Galloway
1854 Carruthers, John, Kirkhill, Moffat

1848 Carruthers, Wm. Francis, of Dormont,

Lockerbie

1S38 Carstairs, Drysdale, Merchant, Liver-
pool

1869 Carsewell, David, Straiton, Leuchars

1863 Carter, Thos., Yew Tree Cottage, Grange,

Edinburgh

1864 Carter, Walter, Bank Agent, Ayton
1868 Cartwright, T. R. B. Leslie-Melville,

Melville House, Ladybank

1861 Carver, John, Kinloch, Meigle

1819 Cathcart, Elias, of Auchindrane, Ayr
1857 Cathcart, R., of Pitcarlie, Auchter-
muchty

1866 Cattanach, A., of Auchintorlie, Paisley
1868 Chalmers, Alex. H, 13 Union Terrace,

Aberdeen
1824 Chalmers, C, of Monkshill, Aberdeen
1860 Chalmers, Thos., of Longcroft House,

Linlithgow
1864 Chambers, William, Soutarton, Forgue
1841 Chambers,fRobert, St Andrews
1864 Chambers, Robert, jun., 10 Royal

Crescent, Edinburgh

1849 Chancellor, J. G., of Shieldliill, Biggar
1857 Chandler, Henry, Salford

1867 Charlton, Matthew, jun., Browndean-

laws, Jedburgh
1860 Cheape, Lieut. -Col. Charles, of Killun-
dine, Morven

1864 Cheape, G. C, of Strathtyrurn, Well-

field, Strathmiglo
1857 Cheyne, Mrs, of Lismore, Oban
1838 Chiene, George Tod, C.A., Edinburgh

1860 Chirnside, G., Newton House, Chathill

1865 Chisholm, Duncan, Popachy, Inverness
1865 Chisholm, The, Erchless Castle, Inver-
ness

1854 Chisholm, John, Charleston, Inverness
1831 Chisholm, Lachlan, late of Lochans

1856 Chisholm, Wm., Barnyards, Inverness

1840 Chivas, Alexander, Banker, Aberdeen

1850 Christie, Andrew, Adinston, Tranent
1850 Christie, Charles J., Westbank, Tranent

1862 Christie, C. J., 46 Quality Street, Leith

1841 Christie, C. Maitland, of Durie, Leven

1864 Christie, George, Shore, Stirling

1865 Christie, James, Blandfield, Edinburgh
1835 Christie, Captain James, Hillend, Clack-
mannan

1S63 Christie, J. H. R. S., of Teasses, Largo
1846 Christie, John, late Goldielea, Dumfries

1861 Christie, P., Mains of Scotscraig, Tay-

port
1824 Christie, Robt., Accountant, Edinburgh

1857 Christie, T. R., of Bedlay, Moodiesburn
1848 Christison, R., M.D., Professor of

Materia Medica, University of Edin.
1834 Chrystie, Captain A., late H.E.I. C.S.

10

List of Members of the

Admitted

1855 Church, D. M., Ferniebank, Liberton
1838 Church, J., Tower of Sark, Cauonbie
1S60 Church, Miss Margaret, Park House,
Canonbie

1859 Clapperton, Jas., Caddenlea, Galashiels
1855 Clapperton, John, Newlands, GifFord
1864 Clapperton, J., Home Lodge, Edinburgh

1853 Clark, Arch., Inverchapple, Kilmun
1838 Clark, Francis Wm., of Ulva, Aros

1842 Clark, James, Wormiston, Grail

1857 Clark, James, of Crossbasket, Glasgow

1864 Clark, James, Oldhamstock Mains,

Cockburnspath

1851 Clark, John, Balyeoman, Dunfermline
1S57 Clark, John, Flender, Busby

1858 Clark, John Gilchrist, of Speddoch,

Dabton, Thornhill
1869 Clark, John, of Tillyprony, Tarland
1867 Clark, Lachlan, Tangy, Campbeltown
1862 Clark, M., of Little Culmain, Crocketford

1852 Clark, Samuel, Manswrae, Kilbarchan
1857 Clark, Wm., Lawhill, West Kilbride

1847 Clarke, Alexander, Eriboll, Lairg

1865 Clarke, Alexander M., Meddat, Parkhill

1865 Clarke, Aug. T., of Achareidh, Nairn
1855 Clarke, George, Stronchrubie, Assynt

1854 Clay, John, Kerchesters, Kelso

1838 Clayhills, Alex., .of Invergowrie, Dundee

1860 Clerk, Duncan, Writer, Oban

1857 Climie, William, Paisley
1850 Clouston, Peter, Glasgow

1852 Coats, Peter, of Woodside, Paisley

1852 Coats, Thomas, of Ferguslie, Paisley

1843 Cobb, Wm., Mains of Fintray, Dundee

1861 Cochrane, Alex., of Ashkirk, Hawick

1842 Cochrane, Alex. Baillie, of Lamington
1854 Cochrane, Henry, 7 St Andrew Sq., Edin.

1849 Cochrane, Jas., of Harburn, WestCalder

1858 Cochrane, Jas., Little Haddo, Foveran
1861 Cockbnrn, George, Kilchiaron, Islay

1866 Cockbnrn, Arch. D., 6 Athole Cresent,

Edinburgh

1867 Cockburn, William, V.S., Glasgow
1830 Cogan, Robert, Merchant, Glasgow

1848 Cole, Captain William W., London

1850 Colledge, Wm., Haggs Castle, Pollock-

shaws

1868 Collie, Alex. W. , Lairshill, New Machar,

Aberdeen

1853 Collie, John, Elgin

1843 Collier, John, Panlathie, Carnoustie
1857 Collyer, Wm. D., of Cormiston, Biggar

1854 Colquhoun, A. Campbell, yr. of KUler-

mont, Maryhill
1850 Colquhoun, J., Cork erhill, Polio .-tshaws
1824 Colquhoun, John Campbell, of Killer-

mont, Maryhill
1860 Colvin, Wm., of Craigielands, Moffat

1839 Condie, Jas., Plackfriar's House, Perth
1865 Congreve, John, of Flichity, Inverness
1843 Council, Jas., of Conheath, Irvine House,

Landiolm

Admitted

1852 Conning, John, Solicitor, Perth

1852 Constable, G., of Soylziary, Blairgowrie

1854 Constable, James C, of Callie, Blair-

gowrie
1860 Constable, James, Seaside, Errol

1864 Constable, Eev. John, Principal of the

Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester
1841 Cook, John, W.S., Edinburgh

1865 Cooper, Alexander, Writer, Elgin
1845 Cooper, H. R., of Ballindalloch, Balfron

1858 Cooper, Jas., Chapelton, Methlic, Ellon
1845 Cooper, Wm., of Failford, Tarbolton

1855 Copland, R., Mill of Ardlethen, Ellon
1864 Copland, Jn., Mainshead, Maxwelltown

1863 Copland, Walter, Thirlstane, Selkirk
1840 Cordiner,W. F., Mormond House, Cortes
1860 Corrie, Adam, South Park, Borgue,

Kirkcudbright

1859 Cossar, Robert, Chesterhall, Dunbar

1864 Cotesworth, Robert, of Cowdenknowes,

Melrose

1857 Coubrough, A., Biggarshields, Biggar
1852 Coubrough, J., Blairtummock, Campsie
1869 Coulter, Thomas, Merchant, Lochgilp-
head

1859 Coupar, John, Balrownie, Brechin

1865 Cousin, George, Sunnyside, Edinburgh
1864 Cousland, James, Banker, Denny

1858 Coutts, William, Sandlaw, Banff
1844 Coventry, Andw., of Pitilloch, Edin.

1852 Coventry, Geo. Andw., yr. of Shan well
1864 Coventry, Wm., Pleasance, Aberdour

1857 Cowan, Andrew, Spittalhill, Fintry
1836 Cowan, C, of Logan House, Penicuik

1860 Cowan, Charles W., yr of Logan House,

Penicuik

1858 Cowan, Jn., of Beeslack, Milton Bridge

1857 Cowan, Peter, Lurg, Fintry

1854 Cowan, Richard, late Merchant, Leith

1861 Cowan, Robert, W.S., Edinburgh

1862 Cowan, Robert, Park Mains, Paisley

1868 Cowie, Alexander, Badenscoth, Turriff

1853 Cowie, Alexander, CromblyBank, Ellon

1851 Cowie, David, Dysart, Montrose

1852 Cowie, Jas., Sundredge Hall, Bromley,

Kent

1869 Cowper, John Cardno, of Craigiebuckler,

Aberdeen

1858 Craib, John, Strathmore, Tarland

1855 Craig, David, Paperrnaker, Portobello
1850 Craig, James, 33 Manor Place, Edin.
1857 Craig, J., of Craigdarroch, New Cumnock

1863 Craig, Jas. H. Gibson, yr. of Riccarton,

Hermiston
1857 Craig, John, Guelt, Old Cumnock
1867 Craig, John, Jellyhill, Bishopbriggs
1857 Craig, John, Littlehill, Bishopbriggs
1860 Craig, Josh., of Threecrofts, Lochrutton

1867 Craig, Robert, Auchentiber, Greenock
1857 Craig, Robert, Buckley, Bishopbriggs

1868 Craig, R. Drambuie, Glen Urquhart

1859 Craig, William, Writer, Dumfries

Highland and Agricultural Society, 18G9.

11

Admitted

1855 Craig, "William C, Anneston, Biggar
1S62 Craig, W., Craig Villa, New Cumnock
1S58 Craigie, Win. Roper, Toman Droiglme,

Ballinluig
18CS Craik, J., jun., "West Carsebank, Forfar
1863 Craike, Charles, Esbie, Lochmaben
1857 Cranston, J., Pathhead, Cockburnspath

1849 Cranstoun, George Cranstoun Trotter,

of Dewar, Ayton

1859 Cranstoun, William S., Dyke, Moffat
1809 Craufurd, W. Houison, of Craufurdland,

Kilmarnock

1850 Crawford, Adam, Royal Terrace, Edin.

1853 Crawford, Alexander, Writer, Dunse
1822 Crawford, Charles, late East Fortune

1860 Crawford, D., Barnbeath, Kilbarchan
1855 Crawford, James Coutts, of Overton,

Strathaven

1854 Crawford, John, The House of Tongue,

Lairg

1865 Crawford, John, Millstoneford, "West

Kilbride
1857 Crawford, P., Dumjoyack, Strathblane
1836 Crawford, Wm., late of Doonside, Ayr

1860 Crawford, William, Balgarvie, Perth

1867 Crawford, Muir, Leith

1866 Crawford, R., Balbougie, Inverkeithing
1838 Crawfurd, W. S. Stirling, of Milton,

Glasgow
1866 Crease, "Wm., 6 George Square, Edin.

1861 Crerar, J. , Easter Drumatherty, Dunkeld
1850 Creyk, Dr A., Pitchaish, Bailindalloch
1838 Crichton, Hew, S.S.C., Edinburgh
1849 Crichton, Hew Hamilton, W.S., Edin.
1847 Crichton, Jas. Arthur, Advocate, Edin.
1849 Crichton, John, of Linn, Dairy, Ayr
1859 Crichton, Wrilliam, Live Stock Agent,

Haddington
1S49 Croall, John, Middlefield House, Edin.
1835 Crombie, A., of Thornton, Laurencekirk

1855 Crombie, Alex., yr. of Thornton, AV.S.,

Edinburgh
1861 Crombie, John, 90 Lauriston PL, Edin.

1857 Cromarty, Wm., St Margaret's Hope,

Orkney
1845 Cross, David, Seed Merchant, Glasgow
1865 Grossman, M. G., Corn Merchant, Ber-
wick

1858 Cruickshank, Amos, Sittyton, Aberdeen

1868 Cruickshank, Andw., Conland, Huntly
1847 Cruickshank, Anthony, Aberdeen
1868 Cruickshank, Ed w., Lethenty, Inverurie
1852 Cruickshank, George, Coniisty, Huntly
1852 Cruickshank, John, Elgin

1865 Cruickshank, William, Milton of Brach-

lick, Ardersier
1865 Crum, Alex., Capelrig, Newton Mearns
1868 Cumming, George, Writer, Banff
1805 Cumming, Henry Gordon, Pittyvaich,

Dufftown
1857 Cumming, Robt. Crawford, of Barrem-

man, Roseneath

Admitted

1850 Cuninghame, D., Chapelton, Ardrossan
1857 Cunliif, Richard Stedman, Glasgow
1841 Cunningham, A., of Balgownic, Culross
1841 Cunningham, Alex., Morebattle Tofts,

Kelso
1854 Cunningham, A. G., Rosebank, Currie

1863 Cunningham, C. R., Grahamslaw, Kelso

1864 Cunningham, J., Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie

1866 Cunningham, J. Barry, of Hensol,

Castle-Douglas
1864 Cunningham, J. C, West Bow, Edin.

1867 Cuninghame, John of Balgownie, Stir-

lingshire

1852 Cunningham, John Sinclair, West Bow,

Edinburgh
1867 Cunningham, John, Trees, Maybole
1857 Cunningham, J. , Whitecairn, Dalbeattie

1864 Cunningham, Jn. M., Solicitor, Stirling

1851 Cunningham, T., Dallachy, Aberdour
1857 Cunningham, Thos., Kirkettle, Roslin
1836 Cunningham, W. A., of Logan, Cumnock
1857 Cunningham, Wm., Hole, Lennoxtown
1859 Cunningham, W. C. S., of Caprington,

Kilmarnock

1867 Cimnyngham, Robt. Dick, yr. of Preston-
field, Edinburgh

1859 Currie, Andrew, of Glassmount, King-
horn, Fife

1853 Currie, James, Halkerston, Gorebridge
1863 Currie, William, of Linthill, Lilliesleaf
1849 Curror, Adam, Myreside, Edinburgh
1867 Curror, David, of Wester Craigduckie,

Edinburgh
1848 Curror, John, Comiston, Lothian Burn

1859 Curror, Robert, Stirling

1822 Cuthbertson, A., Greendykes, Tranent
1836 Cuthbertson, W7m., Merchant, Glasgow

1853fDALKEiTH, Right Hon. the Earl of
1831fDALHOUSiE, Right Hon. the Earl of,

K.T.
1862 Dunmore, Right Hon. the Earl of
1843 Dudley, Right Hon. the Earl of

1860 Dunglass, Right Hon. Lord

1861 Drummond, Hon. Francis

1865 Dalrymple, Hon. G. Grey, St Boswells

1866 Duff, Hon. George Skene

1838 Deas, Hon. Lord

1845 Dunbar, Sir Wm., of Mochrum, Bart.

1841 Dalrymple, SirH., of N. Berwick, Bart.

1866 Dalyell, Sir R, A. O., of Binns, Bart.

1839 Dunbar, Sir Archibald, of Northfield,

Bart.
1839 Dunbar, Sir G., of Hempriggs, Bart.
1851 Douglas, Sir G. H. S., of Springwood

Park, Bart.
1828 Dundas, Sir David, of Dunira, Bart.
1848 Davie, Sir Henry R. Ferguson, of

Greedy, Bart., M.P.
1851 Dale, John R., Auldhame, N. Berwick
1841 Dalgairns, Lieut. -Col., Balgersho, Cou-

par-Angus

12

List of Members of the

Admitted

1857 Dalgleish, Jas. Ogilvie, of "Woodburne,

Ceres
1857 Dalgleish, J., of Ardnamurchan, Edin.

1857 Dalgleish, John J., yr. of Ardnamur-

chan, Edinburgh

1858 Dalgleish, L., Camersinas, Sti'ontian
1848 Dalgleish, E. Bayne, of Dura, Cupar-
Fife

1857 Dalglish, Robt., of Kilmardinny, M.P.,

Glasgow
1S62 Dalmahoy, Patrick, of Bowerhouse,

W.S., Edinburgh

1562 Dalrymple, Charles, of Hailes, M.P.,

Musselburgh

1S6S Dalrymple, C. Elphinstone, of Kinellar
Lodge, Aberdeen

1S57 Dalrymple, James, of "Woodhead, Kirk-
intilloch

1859 Dalrymple, Jas., of Langlee, Galashiels
1857 Dalzell, Allen, M.D., Edinburgh
1835 Dalzell, James Allen, North Berwick

1860 Dalziel, Alex., The Knowe, Sanquhar
1860 Dalziel, George, Merkland, Thornhill
1869 Dalziel, J., Tinwaldshaws, Dumfries
1857 Darling, Adam, Berwick

1863 Darling, J. S., of Lednathie, W.S.,

Edinburgh

1563 Darling, T., Mordington Mains, Berwick
1839 Darling, Win., Prestlaw, Haddington
1865 Darroch, D., of Gourock, Greenock
1855 Davidson, Adam, Nairn

1855 Davidson, Alex., Mains of Cairnbogie,

Old Meldrum
1824 Davidson, Dun., of Tulloch, Dingwall

1864 Davidson, Duncan H. C. R., yr. of

Tulloch, Inverbroom, Dingwall

1847 Davidson, George, Dean Park, Balerno
1860 Davidson, George, "Walton, Linlithgow

1848 Davidson, H., of Muirhouse, Edinburgh
1841 Davidson, Henry M., Sheriff-Clerk of

Haddingtonshire
1839 Davidson, Hugh, Old Hall, Wattin

1864 Davidson, J., Land Steward, Craithes,

Aberdeen
1834 Davidson, P., of Inchmarlo, Aberdeen

1865 Davidson, Robert, Banker, Inverness
1850 Davidson, "Wm. J., of Ruchill, Glasgow

1866 Davidson, W. G., of South Fod, Dun-

fermline
1859 Dawson, John, Swinton Bridge End,

Coldstream
1864 Dawson, Wm., Warriston, Hermiston

1856 Dean, John, Mains of Balquhain, Keith

Hall
1850 Deans, Henry, East Fenton, Drem

1857 Deans, J. Y., of Kirkstyle, Kilmarnock
1850 Deans, Peter D., Portobello

1823 Dempster, George, late of Skibo
1857 Dempster, G. H., of Dunnichen, Forfar
1854 Denholm, Alexander, Baitlaws, Biggar
1854 Denholm, D., Carberry, Musselburgh

1867 Denholm, D.Juu., Cauldcoats, Liberton

Admitted

1850 Dennistoun, Alexander H., Glasgow

1838 Dennistoun, John, Helensburgh

1839 Denoon, David, Merchant, London
1832 Dewar, Lieut. -Col. Alex. G, Vogrie
1864 Dewar, A., Arnprior, Kippen, Stirling

1860 Dewar, Gilbert Innes, Edinburgh
1842 Dewar, James, of Vogrie, Ford

1861 Dewar, John, Wine Merchant, Perth
1864 Dewar, Peter, King's Park, Stirling
1864 Dewhurst, G. C, of Aberuchill, Comrie

1856 Dick, Dr John, Broombank, Mid-

Calder

1864 Dick, J., of Craigengelt, Writer, Stirling
1828 Dick, Wm. D., of Montrave, Kennoway

1868 Dick, Wm., of Tullymet, Ballinluig
1859 Dickenson, William, Longcroft, Lauder

1857 Dickie, John, Seedsman, Kilmarnock

1869 Dickie, Joseph, Union Bank, Dunkeld

1867 Dickie, Robt., Killeonan, Campbeltown
1869 Dickinson, George T., of Wkeelbirks,

Newcastle-on-Tyne

1848 Dickson, Alex., Hermiston, Edinburgh
1854 Dickson, Archd., Bughtrig, Coldstream

1859 Dickson, James, Dyemill, Moffat

1850 Dickson, James J., C.A., Edinburgh

1858 Dickson, James A., Banker, Arbroath
1844 Dickson, J. , Saughton Mains, Edinburgh

1862 Dickson, J. Hi? Saughton Mains, Edin.
1846 Dickson, John, W.S., Perth

1858 Dickson, JohnF., Panbride House, Car-
noustie
1858 Dickson, Peter, London

1860 Dickson, T., of Crochmore, Durrisdeer

1849 Dingwall, Walter, Edinburgh

1851 Dingwall, W.,Ramornie, Ladybank

1863 Dinning, John, Belford

1860 Dirom, Major Thos. Pasley, of Mount
Annan, Annan

1849 Dixon, Thomas G, Rhyl

1862 Dobbie, David, Tinwald Parks, Dumfries
1866 Dobie, John, Campend, Dalkeith

1863 Dodd, Nicholas, Nisbet, Kelso

1863 Dodd, James, Mossburnford, Jedburgh
1837 Dodd, William, Merchant, Glasgow

1857 Doddrell, George J., Glasgow

1865 Dodds, James, Factor, Leslie House,

Markinch

1844 Dodds, J., Cranston Riddell, Dalkeith

1850 Dods, W., Seed Merchant, Haddington
1863 Dods, William, Elwartlaw, Greenlaw

1858 Don, Alexander, Keirsbeath, Crossgates
1858 Donald, James, Waulkmill, Midmar
1865 Donald, Jas., Pitalpine Works, Lochee,

Dundee

1845 Donaldson, James, of Keppoch, Cardross

1868 Donaldson, R. S., EastNewton, Arbroath
1844 Dougal, John, of Ratho, Edinburgh
1865 Dougall, Adam, Stewarton, Kirkinner
1865 Dougall, Andrew, Railway Manager,

Inverness
1857 Dougall, Capt. Maitland, of Scotcraig,
Tayport

Highland and Agricultural Society, 18G9.

13

Admitted

1868 Douglas, Archibald C, of Mains, East

Kilpatrick
1858 Douglas, Bentlem, Cairntows, Liberton

1839 Douglas, F. B., Advocate, Edinburgh

1567 Douglas, George Sholto, Riddletonhill,

St Boswells
18G3 Douglas, James, of Cavers, Hawick

1866 Douglas, E. 0., of Killiechassie, Aber-

feldy

1568 Douglas, Arthur J., of Lockerbie
1864 Douglas, Ronald, Conon, Dingwall
1861 Douglas, Thomas, Clyth, Lybster
1854 Douglass, Alex. Forbes, Haddo House,

Aberdeen

1851 Douie, Andrew, Blair-Adam

1864 Douie, John R. S., Factor, Polmaise,

Stirling
1853 Dove, J., Eccles Newtown, Coldstream

1858 Dowell, A., 32 Royal Circus, Edinburgh

1838 Downie, John, Merchant, Glasgow

1867 Downie, William, Mains of Linton,

Cluny, Aberdeen
1857 Drennan, James, Holmston, Ayr
1850 Drew, Laurence, Merry ton, Hamilton

1857 Drife, James, New Zealand

1843 Drimmie, Daniel, Panmure Bleachfield,

Dundee
1861 Dron, William, Crieffvechter, Crieff
1835 Drarnmond, G. H., of Blair- Drummond

1859 Drummond, Henry, Seedsman, Stirling
1864 Drarnmond, John, of Balquhandy,

Guilton Rectory, Wingham, Kent

1852 Drummond, J. M., of Megginch, Errol
1828 Drummond, Thos., of Craigie, Dundee

1858 Drybrough, Thos., Brewer, Edinburgh

1863 Dryden, W., Land-Steward, Springwood

Park, Kelso
1858 Drysdale, Andrew, Alloa

1868 Drysdale, David, Pleasants, Dunbar

1864 Drysdale, Henry, Mains of Aberdalgie,

Perth

1861 Drysdale, Win., yr. of Kilrie, Kinghorn
1868 Duckering, R. E., Northorpe, Kirton

Lindsey

1850 Dudgeon, James, late Fodderty, Ding-

wall

1840 Dudgeon, John, of Pearcelands, Sussex

1862 Dudgeon, J. S., The Rocks, West

Hoathly, Sussex
1847 Dudgeon, John, Almondhill, Kirkliston
1856 Dudgeon, John B., Crakaig, Golspie

1851 Dudgeon, Patrick, of Cargen, Dumfries
1849 Dudgeon, Robt., Humbie, Winchburgh

1839 Duff, Rev. David, D.D., Minister of

Kenmore
1868 Duff, Major James, Knochleith, Turriff

1865 Duff, J., Melgund, Aberlemno, Forfar
1858 Duff, Lauchlan Duff G., of Drummuir
1861 Duff, T., lGeo. IV. Bridge, Edinburgh

1866 Duff, Robert W., of Fetteresso, M.P.,

Stonehaven
1864 Duff, A. T. W., of Orton, Fochabers

Admitted

1858 Duguid, P., of Cammachmore, Aberdeen

1863 Dun, John, of Gilston, Galashiels
1851 Duncan, Alexander, of Providence, Rhode

Island

1857 Duncan, A., Leuchars Castle, Leuchars

1864 Duncan, Alex., of Glencarron, Denny

1858 Duncan, D. H., Friock Mains, Arbroath

1867 Duncan, D. S., Monkton, Musselburgh

1843 Duncan, George, The Vine, Dundee

1868 Duncan, James, Aulich, Pitlochrie
1855 Duncan, John, Newseat of Tolquhon,

Tarves

1858 Duncan, John, Ardo, Methlic
1855 Duncan, Robert, Kirkmay, Crail

1868 Duncan, R., Auchenbaidie Mains, Banff

1848 Duncan, William, S.S.C., Edinburgh
1868 Duncan, W. J., National Bank, Edin.

1862 Dundas, Col. J., of Carron Hall, Falkirk
1847 Dundas, Robt., of Arniston, Gorebridge
1828 Dunlop, A. C. S. M., of Corsock, Edin.

1857 Dunlop, Alexander, Glasgow

1849 Dunlop, George, Hill Street, Edinburgh

1844 Dunlop, James, of Doonside, Largs
1844 Dunlop, James, of Arthurlee, Barrhead
1836 Dunlop, John, late Duddingston, Edin.

1859 Dunlop, J. , late Clermiston, Corstorphine

1853 Dunlop, William H., of Annanhill, Kil-

marnock

1854 Dunn, Adam, Tranent Mains, Tranent

1858 Dunn, A., Wester Leochel, Craigievar

1863 Dunn, David, Berry hill, Kelso

1858 Dunn, J., Wester Innenteer, Craigievar
1853 Dunn, Wm., Roxburgh Mains, Kelso
1858 Durie, David, Nether Mill, Fettercairn

1855 Durie, Robert Hogg, Barney Mains,

Haddington
1868 Durno, John, Lambhill, Forgue, Insch
1847 Duthie, A., of Ruthrieston, Edinburgh
1868 Duthie, William, Banker, Tarves
1832 Dyson, Thomas C, of Willowfield, Hali-
fax, Yorkshire

1854
1863

1847
1836
1860
1867
1868

1821

1840

1860
1861

I860
1865

Errol, Right Hon. The Earl of
Egljnton and Winton, Right Hon.

The Earl of
Elcho, Right Hon. Lord, M.P.
Elibank, Right Hon. Lord
Elphinstone, Right Hon. Lord
Elphinstone, Hon. Edward Buller
Elphinstone, Hon. George James,

Innerhaddon, Pitlochrie
Edmonstone, Sir Archibald, of Dun-

treath, Bart.
Elphinstone, Sir James Dalrymple

Horn, of Horn and Logie-Elphinstone,

Bart., M.P.
Erskine, Sir T. of Cambo, Bart., Crail
Elliot, Sir Walter, of Wolfelee,

K.C.S.I., Hawick
Easson, Robert, Errol Cottage, Errol
Eden, Right Rev. Bishop, Hedgefield

House, Inverness

14

List of Members of the

Admitted

1857 Edgely, Thomas, Gilmerton, Edinburgh

1864 Edington, Peter, Land Steward, Drum-

mond Castle
1S63 Edmiston, Hugh Fleming, Yoker Mains,
Glasgow

1857 Edmond, John, Croftamie, Drymen
1869 Edmond, David, of Ballochruin, Balfron

1858 Edmonds, Leonard, London

1869 Edmonston, D., Baltasound, Unst
1868 Edmonston, Thos. , of Buness, Lerwick
1S43 Edward, Allan, Merchant, Dundee

1859 Edwards, Matthew, Hilton, Alloa

1865 Edwards, Dr J., Beechfield, Grantown
1863 Elder, George, of Knock Castle, Wemyss

Bay
1854 Elder, James, late, Whitehill Mains,
Liberton

1866 Elder, J., East Bearford, Haddington
1854 Elder, Thomas, Amisfield Mains, Had-
dington

1836 Ellice, Edward, of Glenquoich, M.P.

1852 Elliot, A., M.D., Goldielands, Hawick
1863 Elliot, H, junior, Greenriver, Hawick

1853 Elliot, James, Galalaw, Kelso

1854 Elliot, John, Primrosehill, Dunse
1863 Elliot, John, of Binks, Burnmouth,

Newcastleton

1863 Elliot, John, The Elatt, Newcastleton

1848 Elliot, Robert, Laighwood, Dunk eld

1849 Elliot, Robert Kerr, of Clifton, Kelso
1852 Elliot, Thomas, Hindhope, Jedburgh
1854 Elliot, Thomas, Blackhall, Galashiels

1860 Elliot, Walter, Hollybush, Galashiels

1867 Elliot, Thomas, Knockdon, Maybole
1866 Elliot, "Walt., Hermitage, Newcastleton
1827 Elphinstone, Lieutenant-Colonel John
1854 Embleton, John, Broomhouse, Berwick-

on-Tweed

1841 Errington, Rowland, of Sandhoe, North-
umberland

1862 Erskine, H. David, of Cardross, Stirling

1859 Erskine, Vice-Admiral John E., M.P.,
London

1849 Erskine, James, of Shielfield, Melrose

1843 Erskine, Thomas, of Linlath en, Broughty

Ferry

1868 Erskine, W. H. Kennedy of Dun,

Montrose

1857 Euing, William, Glasgow

1858 Ewen, Robert, WestoAvn, Tarland

1844 Ewing, Alexander, Glasgow

1857 Ewing, Alex. Crum, yr. of Strathleven,

Polmont Bank, Falkirk
1851 Ewing, Arch. Orr, of Ballikinrain,

M.P., Killearn
1857 Ewing, Humphrey Ewing Crum, of

Strathleven, M.P.
1844 Ewing, James L., Glasgow-
1838 Ewing, John Orr, Glasgow

1840tFiFE, Right Hon. the Earl of, K.T.

1864 Forbes, Hon. Charles M. H., of Brux

Admitted

1865 Frasee, Col. the Hon. Allister E.,
Elean Agis

1857 Forbes, Sir W., of Craigievar, Bart.
1854 Fergusson, Sir J., of Kilkerran, Bart.
1828 Forbes, Sir Charles, of Newe and Eding-

lassie, Bart.
1868 Fair, F. , of Monte Grande, Buenos Ayres

1854 Fair, J. S. Elliot, of Langlee, Jedburgh

1863 Fair, John S. Elliot, Wells, Jedburgh

1864 Fairholme, Geo. K. Erskine, of Old

Melrose, Melrose
1837 Fairlie, James Ogilvie, of Coodham,
Kilmarnock

1865 Fairlie, James, Tanfield, Edinburgh
1831 Fairrie, John, Merchant, London

1835 Falconar, George, Craig Kennochy,

Burntisland

1858 Falconer, Don., Connonsyth, Arbroath

1851 Falconer, Peter, Disblair, Summerhill,

Aberdeen
1865 Falconer, Thomas, Kinermony, Craigel-
lachie

1849 Falshaw, James, 26 Castle Street, Edin.

1850 Fairie, James, of Farme, Glasgow
1860 Farish, Samuel, Kirklands, Lockerbie

1852 Farquhar, Arthur, of Elsick, W.S.,

Stonehaven
1850 Farquharson, F. , of Finzean, Edinburgh
1865 Farquharson, James Ross, of Inver-

cauld, Braemar
1865 Farquharson, J. , New Market, Aberdeen
1843 Farquharson, Major-General Francis

1856 Farquharson, F., Builder, Haddington
1852 Farquharson, James, Auchinblae

1841 Farquharson, Major John, of Corrachrie,
Tarland

1857 Farquharson, Robert 0., of Haughton,

Alford

1858 Farrell, Alfred Herbert William, Davo

House, Fordoun

1857 Farrell, M., of Woodburnden, Fordoun
1863 Fender, Robert, Rules Mains, Dunse
1843 Fenton, John, Mill of Mains, Dundee

1862 Fenwick, John, North House, Hawick

1852 Ferguson, J. D., Bichmond, Yorkshire
1824 Ferguson, John, of Knockindale

1863 Ferguson, John, Burghlee, Loanhead

1855 Ferguson, John, East Grange, Forres
1860 Ferguson, John, Brae of Coynach,

Mintlaw
1846 Ferguson, J., of Kilquhanity, Dalbeattie

1858 Ferguson, Thomas, Kinnochtry, Coupar-

Angus

1868 Ferguson, Thomas, Auldtown of Coy-

noch, Mintlaw

1864 Ferguson, Wm., 22 James Square, Edin.

1836 Ferguson, Samuel R., of Middlehaugh,

London

1869 Ferme, George, Black Hall, Kincardine-

on-Forth

1853 Fernie, John Carmichael, late Balfarg,

Markinch

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1869.

15

Admitted

1850 Fettes, James, Surgeon, Laurencekirk
1864 Field, Rev. Edward Burch, of Moreland,
Edinburgh

1864 Field, James Hamilton, yr. of Moreland,

Edinburgh

1869 Field, Sydney, Aberdeen

1857 Findlay, Colonel, of Baturrich, Dum-
barton

1855 Findlay, Robert, Springhill, Bailieston,

Glasgow

1847 Findlay, T. Dunlop, Easterhill, Glasgow
1857 Findlay, W. , Brackenbrae, Bishopbriggs
1844 Finlay.A. S., of Castle Toward, Dunoon
1859 Finlay, John, New Farm, Lochgelly

1859 Finlayson, John, Factor, Lochalsh
1S64 Finlayson, W., Harperstone, Dunblane

1865 Finnie, Arch., Springhill, Kilmarnock
1861 Fisher, Donald, Pitlochrie

1852 Fleming, A., Mains of Fullwood, Paisley
1S67 Fleming, David, Avonmill, Hamilton
1857 Fleming, James, Coats, Penicuik
1857 Fleming, James, Holm, Stonehouse
1854 Fleming, James, Three-Mile-Town,

Linlithgow
1864 Fleming, James, Carmuirs, Falkirk

1864 Fleming, J. N., of Knockdon, Glasgow
1857 Fleming, John, Ballindalloch

1857 Fleming, John, Hawkwood, Strathaven

1865 Fleming, J., 26 Queen's Gate, London
1826 Fletcher, Angus , of Dunans, Edinburgh
1857 Fletcher, Archibald, Tyndrum

1848 Fletcher, Major C.E., late of Corsock
1857 Fletcher, Don., of Bernice, Altamore,

Tighnabruaich
1865 Fletcher, J., of Rosehaugh, Munlochy
1857 Fletcher, J., yr. of Salton, Haddington
1861 Flockhart, J., Charleton, Colinsburgh

1861 Flockhart, AV. , Flockhouse, Blair-Adam
1865 Foggo, Robert Gordon, Rothiemurchus,

Aviemore
1850 Forbes, Arthur, of Culloden, Inverness
1868 Forbes, Charles D., Haddo, Huntly
1836 Forbes, Charles Henry, of Kingairloch,

Bonaw

1856 Forbes, Charles William, late Moniach

Castle, Inverness
1830 Forbes, George, Merchant, London
1865 Forbes, Duncan, of Leanach, Culloden,

Inverness
1S35 Forbes, George, Kinnoull, Perth
1S30 Forbes, James Stewart, Edinglassie,

Strathdon

1862 Forbes, James Ochoncar, of Corse,

Whitehouse
1842 Forbes, Major John, of Inverernan,

C.B., Strathdon
1S50 Forbes, John, of Haddo, Huntly

1834 Forbes, P., of St Catherine's, Edinburgh

1835 Forbes, Wm., of Medwyn, Edinburgh

1860 Forbes, William, of Callendar, Falkirk
1S63 Forbes, William, Auckindinny, Milton

Bridge

Admitted

1849 Ford, William, Hardengreen, Dalkeith

1868 Fordyce, James Dingwall, of Culsh, Ad-
vocate, Edinburgh

1868 Fordyce, William Dingwall, of Brack-
lay, M.P., Mintlaw

1838 Forlong, William, of Erins, Tarbert

1831 Forman, John Nairne, W.S., Edin.

1863 Forman, John, Duncra Hill, Tranent

1852 Forman, Robt., Keith House, Dalkeith
1857 Forrest, David, of Treesbanks, Shotts
1843 Forrest, James, jun., Kirriemuir

1867 Forrest, John Clark, Banker, Hamilton
1863 Forrest, Peter, Banker, Shotts
1863 Forrest, William, South America
1842 Forrester, John, W.S,, Edinburgh

1851 Forrester, Wm., 16 Northumberland St.

Edinburgh
1865 Forsyth, David, Writer, Elgin
1863 Forsyth, Grorge, Ashybank, Hawick

1855 Forsyth, John, Bellview, Parkhill, Tain
1857 Fortune, George, Barnsmuir, Crail
1854 Fortune, William R., of Muircambus,

Colinsburgh
1861 Foulis, Robert, M.D., Cairnie Lodge,

Cupar- Fife
1846 Fowler, Henry Mackenzie, of Raddery,

Fortrose

1849 Fox, Michael, jun., late Glencorse Mains,

Penicuik

1838 Fox, Richard M., of Foxhall, Rath-

owen, Ireland
1857 Foyer, David, Knowehead, Campsie

1867 France, Robert, Logie Cottage, Stirling

1857 Fraser, Alexander, Faillie, Inverness

1868 Fraser, Alex., (Neill & Co.), Edinburgh
1840 Fraser, Andrew, W.S., Sheriff-Substi-
tute, Fort- William

1820 Fraser, A. T. F., of Abertarff, Inverness

1816 Fraser, Col. C, of Castle Fraser, Cluny
1840 Fraser, Evan Baillie, Inverness

1853 Fraser, Hugh, Balloch of Culloden, In-

verness

1856 Fraser, Hugh, London
1840 Fraser, John, London

1856 Fraser, John, of Buuchrew, Inverness
1865 Fraser, Capt. John, of Balnain, Camp-

ville, Inverness

1854 Fraser, Patrick Allan, of Hospitalfield,

Arbroath
1863 Fraser, Patrick, Sheriff of Renfrewshire

1839 Fraser, Robert, Brackla, Nairn

1867 Fraser, Simon, Craignish Castle, Loch-
gilphead

1817 Fraser, Vice-Admiral T., Portobello
1837 Fraser, William, W.S., Edinburgh

1850 Fraser, W. S., Banker, Dornoch

1852 Fraser, William, Kilmuir, Skye
1861 Fraser, William, Peel, Tibbermuir
1865 Fraser, Wm., Upper Lairg, Inverness

1858 Frazer, John, Overton, New Abbey,

Dumfries

1857 Frederick, D., Dumbreddon, Stranraer

16

List of Members of the

Admitted

1868 Freeland, James, Broadgate, Strathblane

1835 Freeland, Robt., of Grytie Castle, Bridge

of Weir
1855 French, James, Lampits, Carnwath

1858 Frew, James, Balinalloch, Kilsyth

1867 Frew, Thomas, Gavell House, Kilsyth
1854 Friar, Thomas, of Grinden Bridge, Etal
1844 Fullarton, G., of Kerelaw, Stevenston

1857 Fulton, Andrew, 86 George Street,

Edinburgh

1863 Fulton, Win., Hatchetnize, Coldstream
1847 Fyfe, John, of Dalmarnoch, Glasgow

1861 Fyfe, Robert, junior, Aiiary, Kinross

1S30tGalloway, Right Hon. The Earl of
1822tGLASGOW, Right Hon. The Earl of
1S60 Garlies, Right Hon. Viscount, M.P.

1868 Gordon, Hon. John Campbell

1865 Grant, Hon. J., M.P., of Grant, Forres

1860 Grierson, Sir Alex. Wm., of Rockhall,

Bart.

1854 Grant, Sir Arch., of Monymusk, Bart.

1859 Grant, Sir G. Macpherson, of Ballin-

dalloch, Bart.

1834 Gladstone, Sir Thos., of Fasque, Bart.

1862 Grant, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Patrick, G.C.B.

1864 Gair, Hugh A., Hilton, Inverness
1868 Gairdner, Chas., Union Bank, Glasgow

1858 Gairdner, Robert, Banker, Kilmarnock
1857 Galbraith, Alex., Croy Cunningham,

Killearn
1864 Galloch, J., Knockhill, Bridge of Allan

1861 Galloway, David, Cairnie, Glencarse

1859 Gamgee, J., Albert Veterinary College,

London
1859 Garden, Archibald, Grangegreen, Forres

1850 Garden, Wm., M.D., Balfiuig, Aberdeen
1857 Garden, Wm., Braco Park, Fraserburgh
1857 Gardiner, George, Carrington Barns,

Lasswade

1855 Gardiner, James, Lanton, Mid-Calder
1861 Gardiner, R., Lowbank, Auchterarder
1859 Gardner, James, 58 George Street,

Edinburgh
1844 Gardner, John, late of Springbog
1864 Gardner, P., Rotearns, Braco, Perthshire
1855 Gardner, Robert, Leithen Bank, Inner-
leithen
1855 Gardner, Robert, City of Glasgow Bank,

Whitburn
1867 Gardyne, Col. C. G., of Finhaven, Forfar
1849 Garland, John, Cairnton, Fordoun

1851 Garland, Thomas, Ardlethen, Ellon
1825 Gartshore, John Murray, of Gartshore,

Kirkintilloch
1864 Gartshore, John, Seedsman, Falkirk
1854 Gatherer, George, Writer, Elgin
1859 Gaukroger, G., Southfield, Longniddry
1843 Geddes, James, Orbliston, Fochabers
1837 Geekie, Alex., of Baldowrie, Coupar-

Angus
1837 Geekie, Peter, Balboughty, Perth

Admitted

1861 Geekie, Peter M., Cortachy, Kirriemuir

1843 Geekie, R., of Rosemount, Blairgowrie

1844 Geils, J. E., of Dumbuck, Dumbarton

1840 Gentle, Robert, Dell, Inverness

1842 Gerard, Archibald, of Rochsoles, Airdrie
1855 Gibb, David, Bridge of Dye, Banchory-

Ternan
1834 Gibbon, A., of Johnston, 6 Newbattle

Terrace, Edinburgh
1869 Gibbons, John, jun., Cattle Salesman,

Liverpool
1849 Gibbs, B. T. Brandreth, London

1863 Gibson, James, The Shaws, Selkirk

1864 Gibson, J., Gunsgreen Hill, Eyemouth
1825 Gibson, John, W.S., Edinburgh

1828 Gibson, John, jun., W.S., Edinburgh

1847 Gibson, John, Woolmet, Dalkeith

1853 Gibson, John, Eastfield, Wiston, Biggar
1860 Gibson, J., Tullochquhairn, Dumfries
1859 Gibson, Robert, Faldonside, Melrose
1863 Gibson, Thomas, Ferniehurst, Stow

1859 Gibson, Wm. W., 6 Albyn Place, Edin.

1865 Gilchrist, Dug., of Ospisdale, Dornoch
1842 Giles, James, Dresden

1848 Gilkison, Robert, jun., Glasgow

1854 Gillanders, J. F., of Highfield, Beauly
1836 Gillespie, Alex., Merchant, London

1841 Gillespie, David, of Mountquhannie,

Cupar-Fife

1849 Gillespie, James, Craigie, Cramond

1850 Gillespie, Jas., Annanbank, Lockerbie

1860 Gillespie, James, Gateside, Douglas

1846 Gillespie, John, W.S., Edinburgh

1829 Gillespie, Robert, Merchant, London

1862 Gillison, Thomas, 3, Dryden Road,

Liverpool

1848 Gillon, Andrew, of Wallhouse, Bathgate

1849 Gilmour, Allan, of Eaglesham, Glasgow

1863 Gilmour, John, of Mount Vernon, Row
1857 Gilmour, Matthew, Town of Inchinnan,

Renfrew
1828 Gilmour, W. J. Little, of Craigmillar
1863 Gilmour, W. M., Shawburn, Hamilton

1855 Girdwood, Robert, Tanfield, Edinburgh
1841 Gladstone, R., Merchant, Liverpool
1853 Gladstone, Thomas Stewart, of Cape-

noch, Thornhill

1847 Glasgow, Alexander, of Old Court, Cork

1861 Glassford, J. G. Gordon, of Dougalston
1857 Glegg, John, Factor, Milliken House,

Johnston

1847 Glen, John, late Merchant, Edinburgh

1860 Glen, Robert R., Banker, Linlithgow
1865 Glen, Robert C. , Auchenback, Barrhead

1853 Glen, Thomas, Thornhill, Johnstone
1869 Glen dinning, Alexander, Winchburgh
1849 Glendinning, G., Hatton Mains, Ratho

1861 Glendinning, G. , Rawfarm, Mid-Calder

1848 Glendinning, Peter, Dalmeny Park,

South Queensferry

1854 Glendinning, Robert W., Broomdykes,

Ayton

Highland and Agricultural Society, 18G9.

17

Admitted

1851 Glennie, Arthur, Fernyflat, Bervie

1859 Glover, And., Lanrick Castle, Stirling

1857 Glover, Robert, Shandon, Drymen
1S65 Goldie, R. G. M., Springfield, Biggar
1851 Goodlet, William, Bolshan, Arbroath

1846 Gordon, A. H., of Avoehie, Edinburgh
1808 Gordon, Alexander, of Ellon

1850 Gordon, A. F., of Rayne, Edinburgh
1832 Gordon, C, of Auchleuchries, Peterhead
1866 Gordon, Chris., Douganhill, Dalbeattie
1835 Gordon, Vice- Admiral Charles, Huntly

1839 Gordon, Charles K. J., of Craig, K.L.S.

1860 Gordon, David A., of Culvennan, Castle-

Douglas

1840 Gordon, Edward S., Q.C., Advocate,

Edinburgh
1829 Gordon, George, America
1860 Gordon, G., Tulloehallum, Craigellachie
1855 Gordon, H. G., Oriental Bank, London

1860 Gordon, Henry, Sheriff- Clerk, Dumfries
1835 Gordon, James, of Manar, Inverurie

1862 Gordon, Captain Jas. Alex., Ittingston,

Huntly
1838 Gordon, John, of Aikenhead, Cathcart

1853 Gordon, John, Lettock, Glenlivet

1861 Gordon, John, of Cluiry, Aberdeenshire

1858 Gordon, John, Uppertown of Towie,

Mossat
1831 Gordon, John Taylor, of Nethermuir,

New Deer
1S46 Gordon, Robert Macartney, of Rattra,

Kirkcudbright

1863 Gordon, R. H., Coul, Laggan

1863 Gordon, Thos. Dempster, of Balmaghie,

Castle-Douglas

1847 Gordon, William, Aberdeen

1847 Gordon, W. Cosmo, of Fyvie, Aberdeen

1859 Gorrie, John, Innerdunning, Dunning
1866 Gough, Wm., Wykeham Abbey, York

1854 Gow, James, Bankend, Denny

1851 Gow, John L., Raith, Kirkcaldy

1860 Gowans, James, Rockville, Edinburgh
1853 Grarne, Robert, ofWelhall, Hamilton
1868 Graeme, Robert, of Garvoch, Perthshire
1844 Graham, Alex., of Capilly and Lime-
kilns, Barrhead

1862 Graham, Carolus J. Home, Edinburgh
1817 Graham, George, late of Cassafuar

1855 Graham, H., Auckland, New Zealand
1827 Graham, James, Toronto

1843 Graham, James, of Fereneze, Barrhead

1848 Graham, James Maxtone, of Redgorton,

Perth

1851 Graham, James, Parcelstown, West-

linton, Carlisle
1862 Graham, James, Braidlie, Newcastleton
1S63 Graham, James, Southbar, Paisley

1864 Graham, James, Myothill, Denny
1843 Graham, John, Pearsie, Kingoldrum

1852 Graham, John, of Shaw, Lockerbie
1842 Graham, John Murray, of Murrayshall,

Perth

Admitted

1865 Graham, Paul, of Drynie, Inverness

1860 Graham, Robert, Hawick

1849 Graham, Thomas, of Ballewan, M.D.,
F.R.S., Master of the Mint, London

1834 Graham, Col. William, of Mossknow,
Ecclefechan

1854 Graham, Wm., of Devonshaw, Dollar

1855 Graham, William, jun., Lairg

1833 Graham, William Stirling, of Airth,

Falkirk
1869 Graham, Wm. C, Dunclutha, Dunoon
1853 Grahame, Barron, of Morphie, St

Andrews

1861 Granger, John, Perth

1862 Grant, C., Hazelbrae, Glen TJrquhart

1868 Grant, D. R. Lyall, of Kingsford,

Aberdeen

1825 Grant, Duncan, of Bught, Inverness

1858 Grant, Francis William, Monymusk,

Aberdeen

1869 Grant, Capt. Frederick G. Forsyth, of

Ecclesgreig, Montrose

1852 Grant, Hay Macdowall, of Arndilly,

Craigellachie

1828 Grant, Rev. James, D.C.L., D.D.,

Chaplain to the Society

1859 Grant, James, Clashnoir, Ballindalloch
1819 Grant, John, of Kilgraston, Bridge of

Earn
1865 Grant, John, Mains of Pitgaveny, Elgin

1860 Grant, John, Burnside, Grandtully,

Aberfeldy
1823 Grant, John Peter, W.S., Edinburgh

1853 Grant, Kenneth, Kinnellan, Dingwall
1836 Grant, Patrick, W.S., Sheriff-Clerk,

Inverness
1865 Grant, Peter, Glassgreen, Elgin

1826 Grant, Robert, of Kincorth, Forres
1841 Grant, Robert, of Druminnor, Rhynie
1846 Grant, Thos. Macpherson, of Craigo,

Montrose
1844 Grant, Walter Colquhoun, late Royal
Scots Greys

1861 Grant, William, Spittal of Glenshee,

Blairgowrie
1S62 Grant, William, Drumdelgie, Huntly
1833 Grant, Wm., ofElchies, Craigellachie
1839 Grant, William, Australia
1821 Grant, W. P., of Rothiemurchus, Avie-

more

1830 Grassick, Charles, late of Tillyprony

1829 Grassick, John, Aberdeen
1859 Gray, Alexander, Langholm

1856 Gray, Donald, Corrish, Golspie

1857 Gray, George, Windyyet, Avonbridge

Falkirk
1S58 Gray, G., Bogriffie, Fintray, Aberdeen
1868 Gray, George, Levenseat, Whitburn
1861 Gray, J., Braehead Mains, Cramond
1864 Gray, Jas., West Plean, Bannockbum
1868 Gray, James, Seedsman, Stirling

1831 Gray, John, Merchant, Helensburgh

b

IS

List of Members of the

Admitted

1856 Gray, John, Uddingston, Glasgow
1854 Gray, Patrick, Middle Strath, Falkirk
1854 Gray, Thomas, Coul, Markinch

1858 Gray, Thomas, of King's Grange,

Dalbeattie
IS 49 Gray, Win., Southfield, Duddingston,

Edinburgh
1S55 Gray, William, Brownrigg, Drem

1857 Green, William, Ruthrie, Craigellachie
1S67 Greenshields, James, Westown, Les-

mahagow
1S51 Gregorson, Angus, Banker, Oban
1854 Gregory, Alex. Allan, Corn-Merchant,

Inverness

1833 Gregory, Arthur Thomas, of Buchromb,

Mortlach

1863 Greig, George, of Eccles, W.S., Edin-

burgh
1868 Greig, George, Harvieston, Stonehaven
1852 Greig, Thomas, of Glencarse, Perth
1861 Greig, T. Watson, of Muirshiels, Paisley

1854 Grey, Geo. A., Millfield Hill, Wooler
1851 Grierson, J., Brandedleys, Crocketford

1855 Grierson, James, of Dalgoner, Dunscore
1860 Grierson, J., Morton Mains, Thornhill

1860 Grierson, John, of Muirside, Holywood

1859 Grierson, Jos., Breoch, Castle-Douglas

1860 Grierson, Robt., Westmains, Mouswald,

Dumfries
1S59 Grierson, Wm., Tors, Castle-Douglas

1867 Grieve, D., Blackberry Hill, Whitburn

1858 Grieve, John, Castles, Dalmally

1859 Grieve, Michael, Coiletter, Tindrum
1857 Grieve, Robert, Glenfalloch, Arrochar

1857 Grieve, Robert, Mornish, Killin

1861 Grieve, Walter, Glendevon, Muckhart

1834 Grieve, W. , Branxholm Park, Hawick
1854 Grieve, William, Skelfhill, Hawick

1858 Grigor, James D., Wester Alves, Forres
1847 Grigor, John, Forres Nurseries, Forres

1865 Grigor, William, of Seabank, Elgin

1861 Guild, Andrew, Coulshill, Auchterarder

1868 Guild, James, Balgone, North Berwick
1868 Guild, James Wyllie, C.A., Glasgow

1856 Gulston, Alan Jas., of Dirleton, Llan-

gadock
1850 Gunn, Alexander, Dale, Thurso

1856 Gunn, Alexander, Dornoch

1866 Gunn, Charles, late 2 Park Circus, Glas-

gow

1864 Gunn, Don., Brahan Cottage, Dingwall
1839 Gunn, James, Sibster, Wick

1868 Gunn, John, Ardmaddy Castle, Oban

1849 Gunn, Marcus, Culgower, Golspie

1867 Guthrie, Col. Charles Seton, of Scots-

calder, Thurso

1850 Guthrie, David, 377 High Street, Edin.
1854 Guthrie, David, Banker, Stranraer
1836 Guthrie, John, of Guthrie, Forfar

1857 Guthrie, Robert, Crossburn, Troon
1834 Gwynne, Alban Thomas Jones, of Mon-

achty, Cardigan

Admitted

1865 Hamilton and Brandon, His Grace

the Duke of
1843tHoME, Right Hon. the Earl of
1841fHADDiNGTON, Right Hon. the Earl of

1853 Hopetotjn, Right Hon. the Earl of
1830 Herries, Right Hon. Lord

1844 Halliburton, Right Hon. Lord John
1825tHamilton, Right Hon. R. C. Nisbet
1832 Hope, Sir Archibald, of Pinkie, Bart.

1867 Hay, Sir Robert, of Haystoun, Bart.

1848 Hat, Sir John C. Dairy raple, of Park

Place, Bart., M.P.

1849 Hall, Sir James, of Dunglass, Bart.
1837 Hepburn, Sir Thomas Buchan, of

Smeaton, Bart.

1868 Hope, Admiral Sir James, of Carriden,

G.C.B., Linlithgow
1857 Haddon, Alex., Honeyburn, Hawick

1854 Hadwen, S., Kildonan Lodge, Golspie
1862 Hagart, Col., late of Edinburgh

1844 Haggart, James V., of Glendelvine,

Edinburgh
1841 Haig, J., Cameron House, Windygates

1869 Haig, W. H., Cameron House, Windy-

gates
1857 Haig, Wm., Kincaple, Cupar- Fife
1861 Hain, David, Balgove, St Andrews

1859 Haldane, Robert, Fernielee, Galashiels
1864 Halkett, Jas., Auchentender, Forgue

1864 Halkett, John Craigie, yr. of Cramond
1861 Hall, Alex., Rhynd, Leuchars, Fife

1855 Hall, Andrew, Braerich, Golspie
1846 Hall, Henry, Coul, Dornoch

1868 Hall, Jas., Frederick Street, Aberdeen

1841 Hall, John, Scribercross, Golspie

1853 Hall, Col. Thos., of Killean, Tayinloan

1867 Hallen, J. H. B., M.R.C.S.E., Staff-

Vet. Surgeon, H.M. Bombay Army

1865 Halliday, Thomas, Rosehall Foundry,

Haddington
1861 Halley, Andrew, Millhole, The Cairnies,
Perth

1868 Halley, George, New Mills, Culross
1868 Hamilton, Claud Hamilton, Preston

Hall, Dalkeith
1861 Hamilton, Daniel, 66 Hutchison Street,

Glasgow
1853 Hamilton, Hugh, of Pinmore, Girvan
1865 Hamilton, James, Wallace Bank, Kil-
marnock
1839 Hamilton, John, of Sundi'um, Coylton
1846 Hamilton, John, of Greenbank, Newton
Mearns

1860 Hamilton, John, Longrig, Torthorwald

1864 Hamilton, J., Monktonhill Farm, Ajt
1846 Hamilton, John Buchanan, of Leny,

Callander

1857 Hamilton, John G. Carter, of Dalzell,

M.P., Hamilton

1858 Hamilton, John G., Hafton House,

Dunoon

1865 Hamilton, J. B., Burnhouse, Carnwarth

Highland and Agricultural Society, 18G9.

19

Admitted

1S27 Hamilton, Lt.-Col. Ferrier, of Cairnhill,
Kilmarnock

1S4S Hamilton, Major Ferrier, yr. of Cairn-
hill, Edinburgh

1S42 Hamilton, Kobt, W.S., Kames Cottage,
Rothesay

1S23 Hamilton, Wm., Merchant, Glasgow

1864 Hamilton, Wm., Overton, Wishaw

1852 Hamilton, W. C. , of Craighlaw, Wigtown

1859 Hamilton, Wm. F., Callendar, Falkirk
1S64 Hamilton, Rev. Z. M., D.D., Bressay,

Shetland
1S63 Handvside, D., Crosshall, Coldstream
1843 Handy side, W., of Cornhill, 11 Clare-

mont Crescent, Edinburgh

1861 Hanning, John, Boghead, Mouswald
1854 Hannam, J., Kirk Deighton, Wetherby
1858 Hannay, John, Corskie Bank, Banff
1833 Harden, Robert Allan, 6 Doune Terrace,

Edinburgh
1851 Hardie, George, Australia

1851 Hardie, Robert, Harrietfield, Kelso

1863 Hardie, W. H., Bo 'ness Mains, Linlith-

gow

1849 Hare, Stuart Bayley, of Calderhall,

Mid-Caldcr

1864 Harkness, W. M. J., Granton, Moffat

1853 Harper, Frank, Dingwall

1867 Harper, Joseph, Snawdon, Gifford
1857 Harper, Robert, Edmonston Mains,

Liberton
1864 Harris, Richard H., Earnhill, Forres

1857 Harris, Thomas, Dalmarnoch, Dunkeld
1867 Harris, William, Tirinie, Aberfeldy
1864 Harrison, George, 12 Blackford Road,

Edinburgh
1846 Harrop, I. Worthington, New Zealand
1869 Hart, J. Christine, of Dumcrosshall,

Dunach, Oban
1838 Harvey, Arthur, Port Natal
1846 Harvey, C. W., Merchant, Liverpool

1850 Harvey, George, Whittingham Mains,

Prestonkirk

1858 Harvey, James, Pottertown, Belhelvie

1854 Harvey, J. H.,Pitgersie, Foveran, Ellon
1809 Harvey, J., of Tiningly Park, Yorkshire
1845 Harvey, J. Inglis, of Kinnettles, Forfar

1852 Harvie, Rev. W., of Brownlee, Carluke

1860 Hathorn, John Fletcher, of Castlewigg,

Whithorn

1864 Hay, Alexander, Trochelhill, Fochabers

1861 Hay, Alexander, Salesman, Perth

1862 Hay, Col. A. S. Leith, of Rannes, C.B.,

Leith Hall, Kennethmont

1865 Hay, C, Callumkill, Port-Ellen, Islay

1862 Hav, Colonel Drummond, of Seggieden,

Perth
1841 Hay, Geo. W., of Whiterigg, Sudbury
1862 Hay, Captain J. G., of Belton, Dunbar
1862 Hay, James, Scrabster, Thurso
1828 Hay, James, Merchant, Leith

1855 Hay, James, jun., Little Ythsie, Tarves

Admitted

1855 Hay, J. , Nether Mill of Tillyhilt, Tarves

1834 Hay, John, of Letham Grange, Arbroath

1868 Hay, Major John, of Hopes, Gilford

1846 Hay, Samuel, Manager, Union Bank of

Scotland
1819 Hay, William, of Dunse Castle, Dunse

1853 Hay, William, of Chapel, Drem

1869 Hay, William, 7 Hill Street, Edinburgh

1857 Hebden, Robt. J., of Edav, Kirkwall
1863 Hector, David, Sheriff of Wigtown and

Kirkcudbright
1848 Hector, Robert, Montrose
1863 Heddle, J. G., of Melsetter, Kirkwall

1859 Heggie, Walter, Kirkcaldy

1837 Henderson, Alexander, Longniddry

1847 Henderson, Alex., of Stemster, Thurso

1854 Henderson, Charles, Abbotrule, Bon-

chester Bridge
1847 Henderson, Charles J., Corn Merchant,

Leith
1854 Henderson, David, of Abbotrule, Bon-

chester Bridge
1850 Henderson, D., ofGattaway, Newburgh
1854 Henderson, Geo., East Gordon, Kelso

1860 Henderson, George, Garroch, Troqueer,

Dumfries
1839 Henderson, James, of Bilbster, Wick
1863 Henderson, Jas., Netherraw, Lilliesleaf

1860 Henderson, James, Kelloside, Sanquhar
1839 Henderson, J., W.S., Banker, Thurso

1850 Henderson, John, Byres, Haddington
1854 Henderson, John, Middlethird, Kelso
1859 Henderson, John, Humbie Mains,

Blackshiels

1858 Henderson, Robt., Lawrencehill, Alloa
1854 Henderson, Thos. , Chesterhill, Dalkeith

1851 Henderson, William, Craigarnhall,

Bridge of Allan

1861 Henderson, W., Milton, Coupar- Angus
1868 Henderson, Wm., Redbog, Strichen

1862 Hendrie, John, Kirkwood Colliery,

Coatbridge
1865 Hendrie, J., Castle Heather, Inverness

1863 Hepburn, J. , Preston Mains, Prestonkirk

1858 Hepburn, John, Keithfield, Tarves
1845 Hepburn, John Buchan, late of Castle

Dykes
1810 Hepburn, J. Stewart, of Colquhalzie,
Auchterarder

1859 Hepburn, William Rickart, of Rickar-

ton, Stonehaven
1851 Heriot, F. L. Maitland, of Ramornie,

Sheriff of Forfar
1863 Herriot, James, Leetside, Whitsome,

Chirnside
1853 Herries, Alex. Young, yr. of Spottes,

16 Heriot Row, Edinburgh
1823 Herries, W. Young, of Spottes, Edin.
1857 Hewat, Richard, Writer, Castle-Douglas

1862 Hewetson, J., Auchenbenzie, Thornhill

1863 Higgins, Robert, Ninewar, Prestonkirk
1868 Highet, Robert, Merchant, Garlieston

20

List of Members of the

Admitted

1861 Hill, Alex., of Stonywynd, Boarliills,

St Andrews
1823 Hill, George Gosset, Merchant, London

1847 Hill, James Lawson, W.S., Edinburgh

1861 Hill, James, Bradestone, Meigle

1S50 Hill, John, Easter Carlowrie, Cramond

1835 Hill, Lawrence, Writer, Glasgow

1851 Hill, Eobert, Navidale, Helmsdale
1865 Hill, Eohert, W.S., Edinburgh
1868 Hill, John, WhiteliilL Lasswade
1S63 Hilson, Geo., jun., Solicitor, Jedburgh
1860 Hilton, Henry of Fairgirth, Dalbeattie
1854 Hislop, Eobert, jun., Prestonpans

1862 Hobkirk, James, Broadhaugh, Hawick

1850 Hodgson, E., of Carham, Coldstream

1860 Hog, Thos. A., of Newliston, Kirkliston
1842 Hogarth, George, Banker, Cupar-Fife

1863 Hogarth, Geo., Eccles Tofts, Greenlaw

1863 Hogg, Henry, Symington Mains, Stow
1859 Hogg, Eobert, Eosemay, Penicuik
1854 Hogg, Thomas, Hillhouse, Coldstream
1858 Hogg, Thomas, Cakemuir, Ford

1836 Home, David Milne, of Wedderbum,

Paxton House, Berwick

1S29 Home, Francis, Sheriff-Substitute, Lin-
lithgow

1831 Home, G. H. M., Binning, of Argaty,
Doune

1852 Home, Lieut. -CoL G. Logan, of Broom-

house, Dunse

1857 Honeyman, John, Steephill, Ventnor,

Isle of Wight

1858 Hood, Archibald, Coal Manager, White-

hill, Lasswade

1857 Hood, James, late Newrnains, Preston-

kirk

1827 Hood, John, of Stoneridge, Coldstream

1859 Hood, John, Townhead, Cockburnspath

1861 Hood, John, Linross, Kirriemuir
1854 Hood, T. , Coldstream Mains, Coldstream

1851 Hope, Andrew, Edinburgh

1848 Hope, George, Fenton Barns, Drem
1865 Hope, Henry AV., ofLuffness, Drem

1847 Hope, James, Duddingston, Edinburgh

1848 Hope, J., of Belmont, W.S., Edinburgh
1851 Hope, J. H., South Elphinstone, Tranent

1859 Hope, Wm., 51 Timber Bush, Leith

1860 Horn, J., ofPitmedden, Oyne, Aberdeen
1851 Horn, Eobert, Advocate, Edinburgh

1861 Horn, Eobert, Eoseville, Duddingston,

Edinburgh

1864 Horncastle, Henry, Edwinstowe, Oiler-

ton, Notts
1817 Home, Donald, W.S., Edinburgh
1846 Home, Major Jas., ofStirkoke, Wick
1851 Home, T. E. Ogilvie, W.S., Edinburgh

1858 Hornsby, Eichard, Grantham

1841 Horsburgh, E., of Southbank, Penicuik

1853 Hosack, William, Barcaldine, Bonaw

1865 Hosack, John, Dochcarty, Dingwall
1865 Houldsworth, Henry, jun., Glasgow
1868 Houldsworth, J. , of Coltness, Motherwell

Admitted

1865 Houldsworth, J. M.,Craigforth, Stirling
1857 Houldsworth, Joseph Henry, Glasgow
1865 Houldsworth, T., of Farnsneld, Notts
1857 Houldsworth, William, Glasgow
1857 Houston, John, Geilston, Cardross
1845 Houstoun, Colonel A., of Clerkington,

Haddington
1854 Houstoun, Wm., Kintradwell, Golspie

1859 Howard, J- <J. & F. Howard), Bedford
1865 Howatson, Charles, of Dornel, Auchin-

leck, Ayr
1865 Howden, John, Seedsman, Inverness

1864 Howden, John, Overseer, Nether Braco,

Perthshire

1850 Howden, Eobert, Boggs, Pencaitland

1854 Howe, Alexander, W.S., Edinburgh
1863 Howie, H. Brown, Detchant, Belford
1863 Howie, James, Haddon, Kelso

1857 Howie, John, Muirhouse, Kilmarnock

1855 Hoyle, Duncan, London

1822 Hozier, J., of Mauldslie Castle, Carluke

1862 Hozier, W. W., Tannochside, Bellshill

1853 Hubback, Joseph, Liverpool

1851 Hubback, Thomas, Sunlawshill, Kelso

1865 Hudspith, Wm., Wishaw, Motherwell
1844 Huggins, W. B., Glasgow

1860 Hughan, Peter, Cults, Garlieston
1838 Hughan, Thomas, of Airds

1857 Huie, James, Durry, Campbeltown

1818 Hume, M. N. Macdonald, W.S., Edin-
burgh

1840 Hume, P. Hallyburton, Lawfield, Cock-
burnspath

1859 Hunt, James Alex., of Pittencrieff,
Dunfermline

1859 Hunt, Jas., of Navity, W.S., Edinburgh

1863 Hunt, Thos., Thornington, Coldstream
1855 Hunter, Alex., St Colmac, Eothesay
1855 Hunter, Alexander, Nethershiel, Eatho
1826 Hunter, David, of Blackness, Dundee
1867 Hunter, David, Guiltreehill, Maybole

1860 Hunter, Evan Alan, W.S., Edinburgh

1861 Hunter, Herbt., of Burnhead, Lockerbie
1867 Hunter, James, Coplawhill, Strath-

bungo, Glasgow

1823 Hunter, Lt.-Col. Jas., of Auchterarder

1852 Hunter, James, of Glenapp, Coltness,

Motherwell
1842 Hunter, Jas. Wm., of Thurston, Dunbar

1842 Hunter, Jn., Oxenford Mains, Ormiston
1857 Hunter, Jn., (New Banchory, Banchory

1864 Hunter, John, Dipple, Fochabers
1837 Hunter, Eichard, 10 Ainslie PL, Edin.

1843 Hunter, Eobert, Sheriff of Bute and

Dumbarton

1854 Hunter, Eobert, Dalhousie Chesters,

Lasswade
1867 Hunter, Eobert A., Lephinstrath,
Campbeltown

1862 Hunter, Eobt., 10 Ainslie Place, Edin.
1860 Hunter, William G., Dumfedling,

Langholm

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1869.

21

Admitted

1853 Hunter, William, Haugh, Kirkliston
1857 Hunter, William, Mackribeg, Campbel-
town
1859 Husband, Robert, Gellet, Dunfermline
1838 Hutchinson, James, Merchant, Glasgow

1857 Hutchison, James, Townhead, Mous-

wald, Dumfries
1829 Hutchison, R., of Cairngall, Longside
1850 Hutchison, Robert, Kirkcaldy

1858 Hutchison, R., of Carlowrie, Kirkliston

1868 Hutton, A., Comlongan Castle, Annan
1866 Hutton, John, Newhall, Crail

1859 Hyndman, Henry C, of Springside,

West Kilbride
1857 Hyslop, H. D. B., Tower, Sancpihar

1852 Inglis, Right Hon. John, of Glencorse,

Lord Justice-General
1838 Innes, Sir J. Milne, of Edingight, Bart.

1855 Inch, John, West Mains, Liberton
1834 Inglis, Chs. Craigie Halkett, ofCramond
1864 Inglis, George, Dron, Cupar-Fife

1847 Inglis, Harry Maxwell, of Logan Bank,

P.C.S.
1849 Inglis, Henry, of Torsonce, W.S., Edin.

1856 Inglis, Lieut. -Col. Hugh, of Kingsmills,

Inverness

1860 Inglis, John, Steam Mills, Musselburgh

1857 Inglis, John, of Redhall, Slateford

1864 Inglis, John, Spittalton, Gargunnock

1865 Inglis, Peter, East Pilton, Edinburgh

1857 Inkson, Patrick, Berryleys, Keith
1840 Innes, Alex., of Raemoir, Stonehaven
1842 Innes, Alexander Mitchell, of Ayton
1840 Innes, Cosmo, P.C.S., Edinburgh
1865 Innes, Frederic S. Bentley, of Thrurn-

ster, Golspie
1865 Innes, William Mitchell, yr. of Ayton
1847 Innes, Geo. Mitchell, of Bangour, Edin.
1847 Innes, John B., W.S., Edinburgh
1846 Innes, Thomas, of Learney, Torphins

1842 Innes, Thos. S. Mitchell, of Phantassie,

Prestonkirk
1862 Innes, T. G. Rose, of Netherdale, Turriff

1858 Ironside, John, Brindy, Whitehouse,

Aberdeen

1859 Ironside, William, Clofrickford, Ellon
1845 Irvine, Alex. Forbes, of Drum, Aberdeen

1869 Irvine, Walt., Grangemuir, Pittenweem

1843 Irvine, Wm. Stewart, M.D., Pitlochrie

1844 Irving, Geo. Vere, of Newton, Abington

1860 Irving, J., Carco, Kirkconnel, Sanquhar
1838 Irving, John, London

1869 Irving, J. Bell, of Whitehill, Lockerbie

1831 Jerviswoode, Hon. Lord

1842 Johnstone, Hon. Henry Butler, of

Corehead
1823 Jardine, Sir William, of Applegarth,

Bart.
1859 Johnstone, Admiral Sir Wm. J. Hope,

K.C.B., Edinburgh

Admitted

1848 Johnston, Sir William, of Kirkhill,
Gorebridge

1864 Jack, John S., Carrat, Stirling

1863 Jack, M., Peggy's Mill, Cramond Bridge
1860 Jack, Samuel, Dreghorn Mains, Colinton

1854 Jack, Robt., North Gyle, Corstorphine

1855 Jack, Robert, Dalziel, Motherwell
1863 Jackson, Edward J., 6 Coates Crescent,

Edinburgh

1559 Jackson, John, of Amisfield, Dumfries

1859 Jackson, John, Bush, Langholm
1858 Jaffray, John, Bank Agent, Dunbar
1852 Jameson, Melville, Solicitor, Perth
1869 Jamieson, Alexander, C.A., Edinburgh

1858 Jamieson, David, Mains of Auchmithie,

Arbroath

1860 Jamieson, Geo. Auld jo, C. A., Edinburgh
1S57 Jamieson, James Fife, Glasgow

1860 Jamieson, Jn., of Fingask, St Andrews

1861 Jamieson, Richard, Holm, Carsphairn

1865 Jamieson, Michael J., of Arngomery,

Stirling
185S Jamieson, Wm. H., Straiton, Liberton
1846 Jardine, Andrew, of Lanrick, Stirling
1850 Jardine, Alexander, yr. of Applegarth,

Lockerbie
1846 Jardine, James, of Larriston, Dryfe-

holin, Lockerbie

1854 Jardine, John, of Thorlieshope, New-

castleton

1560 Jardine, Robt., of Balgray, Lockerbie

1863 Jardine, Robert, of Castlemilk, M.P.,

Lockerbie
1868 Jarrat, John, Dalmally, Inverary

1864 Jeffray, A. G., Ballindalloch Mills,

Balfron
1S62 Jeffray. W. Allan, Braehead, Dalswinton
1857 Jeffrey, John, Glasgow

1859 Jeffrey, John, of Balsusney, Kirkcaldy

1855 Jobson, William, Buteland, Hexham
1836 Johnston, Alexander, W.S., Pitlurg

House, Ellon

1852 Johnston, Alexander, Hailes, Slateford

1853 Johnston, George, Marlefield, Kelso

1854 Johnston, James, Capplegill, Moffat

1856 Johnston, James, Lethani Mains, Had-

dington

1857 Johnston, James, Huntington, Lauder
1833 Johnston, John, late Factor for the Earl

of Glasgow

1556 Johnston, John, jun., Ballencrieff

Mains, Bathgate
1853 Johnston, J. S., Crailinghall, Jedburgh
1839 Johnston, Robt., Merchant, Aberdeen

1860 Johnston, Lieut. -Gen., of Caxnsalloch,

Dumfries
1852 Johnston, William, Writer, Bathgate

1557 Johnston, Wm., Ranachan, Campbel-

town
1857 Johnstone, Charles, Fans, Bonaw
1850 Johnstone, Christopher, Dinwoodie

Lodge, Lockerbie

22

List of Members of the

Admitted

1857 Johnstone, G., M. D. , Fincraigs, Newport
1860 Johnstone, James, Banker, Dumfries

1828 Johnstone, James, of Alva, Stirling

1860 Johnstone, J. Bell, Holstane, Thornhill
1 859 Johnstone, John A. , Archhank, Moffat
1824 Johnstone, J. Jas. Hope, of Annandale,

Baehills, Lockerbie
1S65 Johnstone, Miss Hope, of Annandale,

Marchbank, Moffat
1859 Johnstone, Bobert, Folmoodie, Moffat
1859 Johnstone, Thomas, Lochhouse, Moffat
1859 Johnstone, Walter, Archbank, Moffat

1829 Jolly, David Leitch, Banker, Berth

1862 Jones, Charles Digby, Aberfoyle
1834 Jopp, Alexander, Advocate, Aberdeen

1858 Jopp, Bobert, New Zealand

1865 Joss, Alexander, Cruichie, Huntly
1865 Joss, John, Budgate, Cawdor, Nairn

1863 Kellie, Bight Hon. the Earl of
1853 Ejnnotjll, Bight Hon. the Earl of
1850tKiNTOKE, Eight Hon. the Earl of
1830tKiNNAiRD, Bight Hon. Lord, K.T.

1862 Kinnaird, Hon. Arthur, M.B.

1812 Kennedy, Bight Hon. T. F., of Dunure
1869 Kerr, Eight Hon. Lord Schomberg

1864 Kinloch, Hon. Lord

1828 Kinloch, Sir David, of Gilmerton, Bart.

1858 Kay, Charles, Forres

1864 Kay, James, Hillhead, Gargunnock

1863 Kay, John, Softlaw, Kelso

1867 Kay, Bobert, Tuns, Minard, Inveraray

1863 Kay, William, Viewbank, Lasswade
1844 Kaye, Kobert, of Millbrae, Moodiesburn
1844 Keir, Andrew T., late Noss, Wick

1864 Keir, Duncan, Bucklyvie

1837 Keir, Batrick SmaU, of Kindrogan,

Fitlochrie
1857 Keir, Simon, Burnside, Elgin

1859 Keir, William, of Whiteliaugh, New-

castleton
1869 Keir, William A., yr. of Kindrogan,
Bitlochrie

1865 Keith, Beter, Factor, Barrogill Castle,

Thurso
1857 Kemp, J., Balnaglack, Betty, Inverness
1852 Kemp, Jn., Implement Maker, Stirling

1838 Kennedy, Donald, Newton, Evanton
1863 Kennedy, David, Newlands, Kirkmahoe

1866 Kennedy, Duncan C, of Glenstriven,

Innellan
1865 Kennedy, Henry H., London
1832 Kennedy, Capt. Hew F., of Bennane,

Girvan
1859 Kennedy, James, of Sandayhill, Brand-
leys, Sanquhar
1850 Kennedy, James, New Zealand
1846 Kennedy, John Lawson, of Knocknal-
ing, Dairy

1861 Kennedy, Bobert, Ballechin, Dunkeld
1842 Kennedy, William, Glasgow

1862 Kennedy, William, W.S., Edinburgh

Admitted

1860 Kennoway, Eobt., Burnhead, Lasswade

1863 Ker, E. Martin, of Gateshaw, More-

battle, Kelso
1854 Ker, Kobert, of Achinraith, Hamilton

1864 Kerr, Abram, Castlehill, Thornhill

1858 Kerr, A., of Scroggiehill, Castle-Douglas

1843 Kerr, Chris., of Arthurstone, Dundee

1853 Kerr, John, Land-Surveyor, Dunse

1859 Kerr, John, Bloom, Mid-Calder

1860 Kerr, John, Brocklehirst, Mouswald,

Dumfries

1857 Kerr, Eobt, of Chapeldonan, Edinburgh
1860 Kerr, Thomas, Whitehill, Sanquhar
1845 Kerr, WiUiam WiBiamson, late Oriel

College, Oxford

1854 Kerr, AVm., Wester Causewayend, Mid-

Calder
1833 Kerr, W. S., of Chatto, Sunlaws, Kelso

1865 Kidd, Alexander F., National Bank,

Burntisland

1858 Kidd, J., Grange of Barry, Carnoustie

1858 Kidd, John, Midscryne, Carnoustie

1844 Kidston, Archibald G., Glasgow

1850 Kidston, Jn. F., of Cairns, Cambuslang
1864 Kier, Thomas, Newlands, Falkirk
1826 Kilgour, Eobert, jun., late MiUbank,

Aberdeen
1862 Kilpatrick, B. , Balgownie Mains, Culross
1868 King, Charles M., Antermony House,

Milton of Campsie
1864 King, David, Eoseneath
1857 King, James, yr. of Campsie, Levern-

holm, Hurlet
1850 King, Jas. F., 5Bichmond St., Glasgow

1857 King, John, Braco, Airdrie

1860 King, John H. , of the Lodge, Balerno
1839 King, Wm., Manufacturer, Glasgow
1868 King, Major Wm. Boss, of Tertowie,

KineBar

1859 Kininmonth, Beter, Milton, Leu chars

1859 Kinloch, Alex., yr. of Gilmerton, Drem
1841 Kinloch, Alex. John, of Bark, Aberdeen
1825 Kinloch, George, of Kinloch, Meigle
1829 Kinloch, Col. Jn., of Kilrie, Kirriemuir
1824 Kinnear, Chas., of Kinloch, Ladybank
1864 Kinross, J., Gunnochan, Braco, Perthshire
1848 Kirk, John, W.S., Edinburgh

1861 Kirk, James, Kaimknow, Muckart
1844 Kirkcaldy, George D. H., of Hearnes-

brook, Ireland
1868 Kilpatrick, A., St Andrew St., Glasgow

1860 Kirkpatrick, Samuel, West Koucan,

Torthorwald
1854 Kirkwood, Hugh, Killermont, Maryhill,

Glasgow
1854 Kirkwood, J., Implement-Maker, Tranent

1866 Kirkwood, Alex., Edinburgh, Medalist

to the Society

1858 Knight, Bobert, Middleton, Fintray

1867 Knight, Wm. Gray, of Jordanstone,

Ferthshire
1858 Knowles, Thomas, Flesher, Aberdeen

Highland and Agricultural Society, 18G9.

23

Admitted

1851 Leinster, His Grace the Duke of, K.P.,

Honorary Member
1854fLoTHiAN, Most Noble the Marquis of
1863 Lauderdale, Right Hon. the Earl of
1820tLovAT, Eight Hon. Lord, K.T.

1862 Leslie, Hon. George Waldegrave

1853 Lovat, Hon. Simon Fraser, Master of

1865 Lockhart, Sir Norman Macdonald, of

Lee, Bart.
1861 Low, General Sir John, of Clatto, K.C.B.
1844 Lumsdex, Sir James, Lord Provost of

Glasgow

1863 Laidley, J. W., of SeacM'e. North Ber-

wick

1863 Laing, George, Cornbill, Coldstream

1856 Laing, John, Newburgh, Fife

1855 Laing, Thomas, Yorkston, Gorebridge
1833 Laird, David, Belmont Castle, Meigle

1858 Laird, George W., Denfield, Arbroath
1850 Lamont, James, of Knockdow, Innellan

1866 Lamont, Jn., 12 Henderson Row, Edin.

1854 L'Amy, John Ramsay, of Dunkenny,

Netherbyres, Ayton

1855 Landale, Andrew, Easthall, Cupar-Fife

1857 Landale, James, Woodmill, Falkland
1855 Landale, Thomas, Easter Rhind, Perth

1867 Lang, Alex., Botherickfield, Houston
1849 Lang, Hugh M. , Broadmeadows, Selkirk

1859 Lang, John, Selkirk

1864 Lang, John, Bield, Gargunnock
1854 Lang, William, of Groatholm, Largs
1854 Langlands, Jas. C, Berwick, Alnwick

1857 Latham, Patrick R., Knock, Mull, Oban
1864 Latta, Mat. Rodger, Carmyle, Glasgow

1868 Lauder, Alex., Goshen, Musselburgh

1859 Lauder, Dewar, Kinkell, St Andrews

1860 Laurence, George AV., Largnean, Haugh

of Urr
1859 Laurie, James, Mitchelston, Stow
1848 Laurie, William Kennedy, of Woodhall,

Castle-Douglas
1864 Laurie, A. Campbell, of Moss, Killearn
1868 Law, James, East Mains, Broxburn
1868 Lawes, J. B,, Rothamstead, St Albans

1853 Lawson, Alexander, of Burnturk, Kettle
1843 Lawson, Alexander, Merchant, Dundee

1854 Lawson, Alexander, Old Mills, Elgin
1868 Lawson, Andrew Murray, 1 George IV.

Bridge, Edinburgh
1830 Lawson, Charles, of Borthwick Hall,

Gorebridge
1846 Lawson, C, yr. of Borthwick Hall, Edin.
1868 Lawson, C, Ordhead, Cluny, Aberdeen
1868 Lawson, George Stoddart, 1 George IV.

Bridge, Edinburgh

1859 Lawson, Henry Graham, 1 George IV.

Bridge, Edinburgh
1867 Lawson, Thos., of Carriston, Markineh
1853 Lawson, Wm., Lessendrum, Huntly

1858 Learmonth, Alex., North Bank, Bo'ness

1860 Learmonth, Lieut.-Col. Alex., of Dean
1824 Learmonth, T., Parkhall, Linlithgow j

Admitted

1863 Lee, John, Oakwood, Selkirk

1855 Lees, John, Marvingston, Haddington

1863 Lees, Richard, Drinkstone, Hawick
1861 Lees, R., of Fens, Leabrae, Galashiels
1823 Leigh, Rev. Peter, Golborne Park,

Lancashire

1864 Leishman, James, of Broomrig, Dollar

1864 Leishman, T.,Meiklewood, Gargunnock
1858 Leitch, Arch. K., Inchstellv, Forres
1841 Leith, Alex., of Freeheld, Old Rayne
1869 Leith, Major Thomas, Westhall, Oyne

1857 Lennie, John, Long Newton, Gilford

1865 Leny, W. M., of Dalswinton, Dumfries

1858 Leslie, Colonel, of Balquhain, K.H.,

Keith-Hall

1858 Leslie, C, yr. of Balquhain, Keith-Hall

1840 Leslie, G. A. Y., of Kininvie, Mortlach
1857 Leslie, James, Thorn, Blairgowrie
1868 Leslie, James, Selby, Keith-Hall

1868 Leslie, Lieut.-Col. Jonathan Forbes, of

Rothie Norman, Rothie
1848 Leslie, Wm., of Warthill, Old Rayne
.1S63 Lesslie, James, Boghall, Linlithgow
1863 Lewis, James, 1 George Sq., Edinburgh

1869 Liddell, Rev. John R., The Manse,

Kirkliston

1S64 Lidderdale, William H., Writer, Castle-
Douglas

1S58 Ligertwood, John, Sheriff-Clerk of Aber-
deenshire

185S Ligertwood, Lewis, Bracklay, Methlic

1841 Lindsay, Alexander K., of Balmungo,

St Andrews
1843 Lindsay, D., Ardargie, Bridge of Earn
1857 Lindsay, James, New Zealand
1846 Lindsay, J. Mack enzie,W.S., Edinburgh

1865 Lindsay, John, Thornhill, Stewarton
1857 Lindsay, Thos., Flemington, Leadburn

1854 Lindsay, Wm., 7 Hermitage Hill, Leith

1855 Lindsay, W., Stanhope, Rachan Mill
1863 Lithgow, E., Bedshiel, Greenlaw, Dunse
1857 Lithgow, Wm., Stanmore House, Lanark

1859 Little, John, Meikleholmside, Moffat
1863 Livingston, Thomas S. Fenton, of West

Quarter, Airdrie

1853 Loch, George, Q.C., M.P., London
1861 Lochhead, T., Gortanansaig, Innellan
1832 Lockhart, Allan Eliott, of Borthwick

Brae, Hawick
1846 Lockhart, James Sinclair, of CastleniU

1857 Lockhart, Rev. Laurence, D.D., of

Milton- Lockhart, Carluke

1866 Lockhart, Robert, jun., 5 Washington

Street, Glasgow
1859 Lockie, Wm. , West Morriston, Earlston
1831 Logan, Alexander, London

1854 Logan, David, Fairney Castle, Ayton
1852 Longmore, Andrew, Rettie, Banff
1837 Longmore, John Alex., W.S., Edinburgh

1858 Longmore, William, Banker, Keith
1865 Lorimer, J., Achrossan, Tigh-na-bruaich
1843 Lorimer, T. W., Belkie, Auchterarder

24

List of Members of the

Admitted

1860 Lorimer, "William, Rigg, Kirkeonnell

1857 Lovie, Alex., Nether Boyndlie, Fraser-

burgli
1843 Low, James, Berrywell, Dunse
1854 Low, James, Yonderton, Ellon

1861 Lowe, Robert, General Agent, Perth

1858 Lowden, John M., of Coeklick, Clon-

yards, Dalbeattie
1864 Lowis, John, of Plean, Stirling
1S50 Lowndes, James, of Arthurlee

1864 Lucas, Robt., Corn ton, Bridge of Allan

1859 Luke, John , of Bro wnhills, Muircambus,

Colinsburgh

1837 Lumsdaine, Rev. Edwin S., of Blanerne

1862 Lumsdaine, Stamford R., of Lathallan,

Colinsburgh
1861 Lumsden, David, Pitcairnfield, Perth

1850 Lumsden, G., Leslie Lodge, Keith-Hall
1857 Lumsden, George, Glasgow

1840 Lumsden, James, Braco, Keith

1851 Lumsden, Colonel Thomas, of Belli elvie,

C.B.

1841 Lumsden, "William James, of Balmedie,

Belhelvie
1861 Lyal, Robert, Farmhall, Bridge of Earn
1850 Lyall, Charles, Old Montrose, Montrose
1854 Lyall, David, of Gallery, Montrose
1868 Lyall, J. W., Perthshire Journal, Perth
1850 Lyall, Robert, Carcary, Brechin
1859 Lyell, John, M.D., Newburgh

1861 Lyell, John, Banker, Newburgh

1836 Lyell, Thomas, of Shielhill, Kirriemuir
1859 Lyon, James, Burnhaugh, Netherley,

Stonehaven
1867 Lyon, G. F., of Kirkmichael, Dumfries

1S21*Montrose, His Grace the Duke of, K.T.
1846 Morton, Right Hon. the Earl of
1833|Mansfield, Rt. Hon. the Earl of, K.T.

1863 Minto, Right Hon. the Earl of

1865 Murray, Right Hon. Lord James
1856 Melville, Lieut. -General the Right

Hon. Henry, Viscount, K.C.B.
1865 Middleton, Right Hon. Lord
1833 Mackenzie, Right Hon. Holt

1846 M'Neill, Right Hon. Sir John, G.C.B.
1830 Maxwell, Hon. Marmaduke C, of

Terregles

1838 Maxwell, Hon. Henry Constable, of

Milnehead

1839 Menzies, Hon. Lady, of Menzies

1847 Mure, Hon. Lord
1846 Manor, Hon. Lord

1840 Mansel, Sir John, Bart.

1841 Menzies, Sir Robert, of Menzies, Bart.

1862 Murray, Sir Patrick Keith, of Ochter-

tyre, Bart.

1840 Maxwell, Sir W., of Monreith, Bart.

1841 Maxwell, Sir Wm. Stirling, of Polloc,

Bart. , Honorary Secretary of the Society
1839 Maxwell, Sir John Heron, of Spring-
kell, Bart.

Admitted

1843 Moncreiffe, SirT., of Moncreiffe,Bart.

1854 Mackenzie, Sir Kenneth Smith, of

Gairloch, Bart.
1838 Mackenzie, Sir James J. Randoll, of

Scatwell, Bart.
1841 Mackenzie, Right Hon. Lady Anne, of

Scatwell

1846 Murray, Sir John, of Philiphaugh,

Bart.
1843 Montgomery, Sir Graham G., of Stan-
hope, Bart., M.P.

1841 Maxwell, Sir W., of Cardoness, Bart.
1862 Mackenzie, Sir Alexander Muir, of

Delvine, Bart.

1854 Marjoribanks, Sir John, of Lees, Bart.

1855 Marjoribanks, Sir Dudley Coutts, of

Guisachan, Bart.

1847 Maitland, Sir Alex. C. R. Gibson, of

Barnton, Bart., M.P.
1846 Mackenzie, Sir Evan, of Kilcoy, Bart.
1857 Menteth, Sir James Stuart, ^ If'^-

field, Bart.
1843 Matheson, Sir J., of Lews, Bart.
1857 Macadam, John, Blairover, Drymen
1859 Macadam, Dr Stevenson, F.R.S.E.,

Edinburgh

1864 Macadam, Wm., Kepculloch, Balfron
1840 Macalister, A., of Loup and Torrisdale

1842 Macalister, Keith, of Glenbarr, Tarbert
1855 M'Alister, Robt., Mid Ascog, Rothesay
1854 Macandrew, D. M., 17 Regent Terrace,

Edinburgh

1862 MArthur, John, Banker, Inverary
1840 Macarthur, Major Alexander
1842 Macarthur, Duncan, New Zealand
1819 Macarthur, Dr Peter, Australia

1840 Macaskill, Donald, of Rhudunan, New
Zealand

1853 M'Auslin, J., Kilbridbeg, Cairndow

1854 MacBey, Peter, Land- Surveyor, Elgin

1865 M'Bean, D., Auchterblair, Carr Bridge
1865 Macbean, David, of Dalmany, Nairn-
side, Nairn

1863 Macbraire, James, of Broadmeadows,

Berwick
1868 M'Bride, J. Adam, M.R.C.V.S., Edin.
1868 M'Call, Professor J., Veterinary College,

Glasgow

1846 M'Call, Henry, of Daldowie, Glasgow

1847 M'Call, Samuel, of Caitloch, Moniaive
1838 M'Call, Thomas, Merchant, Glasgow

1842 M'Callum, George Kellie, of .Braco,

Perthshire

1843 M'Callum, J., Plewlands, Lothian Burn
1861 M'Callum, John, Hosh Distillery, Crieff

1864 M'Callum, John, Fencloch, Crieff
1859 M'Candlish, Jn. M'Gregor, "W.S., Edin-
burgh

1851 M'Caw, Alex., Ardlochan, Kirkoswald
1857 M'Chlery, Henry, London
1851 M'Clean, Alex. H., Auchneel, Stranraer
1843 M'Coll, Donald, Appin House, Appin

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1869.

25

Admitted

1840 M'Combie, J. Boyn, Advocate, Aberdeen

1858 M'Combie, Peter, Farmton of Linturk,

Alford
1 S5S M 'Combie, Robt. , Mains of Drumtoehty,

Aucbinblae

1840 M'Combie, W., of Easter Skene, Skene
1847 M'Combie, William, M.P., Tillyfour,

Aberdeen

1857 M'Connachy, Archibald, Maekremore,

Campbeltown

1858 M'Connaeli, Chas., Cairnballoch, Alford,

Aberdeen
1S64 M'Connach, Hugh, Crobhlar, Alford,

Aberdeen
1868 M'Connel, Frederic, of Bobgill, Kirtle

Lodge, Trinity
1842 M'Connel, John, Penrith

1856 M 'Cowan, Kobert, 87 St Vincent Street,

Glasgow
1850 M'Craken, John, Drum, New Abbey,
Dumfries

1860 M'Crie, J., Broughton Mains, Garlieston
1863 M'Creath, Thos., Grain-Merchant, Ayr

1859 M'Culloch, Alexander, of Glen, Gate-

house of Fleet
1849 M'Culloch, Walter, of Ardwell, Gate-
house of Fleet
1858 M'Diarmid, Chas. A., Rockwood, Killin
1858 M'Diarmid, D. A., Killiemore, Aros

1867 M'Dairmid, H., Auchinree, Blair Athole
1838 Macdonald, Dr Alex., Prince Edward's

Island

1841 Macdonald, Alexander, Inverness

1854 Macdonald, A., Balranald, Lochmaddy

1857 Macdonald, Alexander, jun., Strath-

mashie, Kingussie
1857 Macdonald, A., Runnagour, Aberfoyle

1855 Macdonald, A. S., Cyderhall, Dornoch
1841 Macdonald, Alister M'lan, of Dalchos-

nie, Pitlochrie
1857 Macdonald, Angus, Banker, Callander
1827 Macdonald, Angus, of Glenaladale, Fort-
William

1868 MacDonald, A., Land-Surveyor, Perth

1838 Macdonald, Archibald, Tslay

1822 Macdonald, Major Donald, of Ardmore
1817 Macdonald, Captain Donald, of lsauld,

Thurso
1S60 Macdonald, D., the Hotel, Blair Athole
1868 M'Donald, Donald, Culcraggie, Alness
1865 Macdonald, D. P., Government Farm,

Fort-William
1857 Macdonald, Harry, Banker, Portree
1830 Macdonald, Hugh P.. late of Mongstad,

Skye
1857 Macdonald, John, of Monachyle, Loch-

earnhead
4841 Macdonald, J., Robertson, Rodil, Harris

1861 Macdonald, Peter, Brodick, Arran
1868 Macdonald, R., Cluny Castle, Aberdeen
1807 Macdonald, Reginald G., of Clanranald

1839 Macdonald, Roderick C, of Castle Teirirn

Admitted

1818 Macdonald, Professor Win., M.D., St
Andrews

1861 Macdonald, Wm., of Balnakilly, Blair-
gowrie

1860 Macdonald, William S., Fairyknowe,
Ecclefechan

1865 Macdonald, William, Writer, Elgin

1844 Macdonald, Wm. Macdonald, of St

Martin's, Perth

1846 Macdonnell, Eneas Ranald, of Morar,

Edinburgh
1838 Macdouall, Col. J., of Logan, Stranraer
1865 M'Douall, Jas., yr. of Logan, Stranraer

1847 M'Dougal, Alex., Granton Mains, Edin.
1868 M'Dougal, George, Blythe, Lauder

1856 M'Dougall, Thos., Eskmills, Penicuik
1829 Macdougall, Allan, W.S.

1860 M'Dougall, Archibald, Miltown, Ard-

talanaig, Kenmore
1865 M'Dougall, James, Lylestone, Lauder
1838 Macdougall, Captain James Patrick
1853 Macdougall, Jn., Kerrytonlia, Rothesay
1846 Macdowall, Major-Gen., of Garthland,

Lochwinnoch

1845 Macdowall, H.,Carruith, Bridge of Weir
1859 MacDuff, James, Newmill, Stanley
1834 Macewan, J., of Tar of Ruskie, Callander

1846 M'Ewan, Alexander, late of Sunderland

1858 M'Ewan, Andw., South Glen, Dalbeattie

1850 M'Ewan, John, Merchant, Glasgow

1864 M'Ewen, J., Beannie, Braco, Perthshire

1865 M'Ewen, John, Merchant, Stirling
1865 MacEwen, Jn. G, Moy Hall, Inverness

1859 MacEwen, Neil M., Hill o' Drip, Stirling

1851 M'Farlan, John, Faslane, Helensburgh

1857 Macfarlane, Alex., Pollanilline, Camp-

beltown
1857 Macfarlane, Donald, Achray, Aberfoyle

1860 Macfarlane, Donald, Balmuldy, Bishop-

briggs
1857 Macfarlane, Duncan, Torr, Row

1861 Macfarlane, James, Shielhill, Stanley
1857 Macfarlane, John, of Ballencleroch, Len-

noxtown
1857 Macfarlane, J. , Greenfield, Helensburgh
1S68 Macfarlane, Malcolm, Bridge of Tilt,

Blair Athole

1862 Macfie, C, of Gogarburn, Corstorphine
1865 Macfie, David J., of Kilmux, Kennoway

1864 Macfie, Robert Andrew, of Dreghorn,

M.P., Neston, Chester
1860 Macfie, Samuel, Aldermanhill, Dumfries

1865 M 'Gavin, Robert, of Ballumbie, Dundee

1863 M'Gibbon, David, Inveravon, Polmont
1863 M'Gibbon, David, Architect, Edinburgh
1867 M'Gillewie,D., Central Bank, Pitlochrie
1850 M'Gill, J., Torrorie, Kirkbean, Dumfries
1860 M'Gill, James, Rotchell, Dumfries
1850 M'Gill, John, Barsalloch, Wigtown
1837 Macgregor, Alexander, London

1857 Macgregor, Donald R., Merchant, Leith
1833 Macgregor, James, Fort- William

26

List of Members of the

Admitted

1832 Macgregor, John, late of Glengyle
1857 Macgregor, James, of Glengyle, Glasgow
1S65 M'Gregor, James, Balmenoch, Cromdale

1859 M'Gregor, John, Bellriclding, Dumfries
1861 M'Gregor, John, Ladywell, Dunkeld

1868 MacGregor, E., Wine Merchant, Perth
1865 Macgregor, Thos., Ord Distillery, Beauly
1835 M'lllraith, James, of Auchenflower,

Ballantrae

1864 Maclndoe, Eohert, Merkins, Dumharton
1831 M'Inroy, Jas. P., of Lude, Blair- Athole
1827 M'Inroy, Lieut. -Colonel William, of

The Burn, Brechin
1S64 M'Intosh, David, of Havering Park,

Romford
1852 M'Intosh, Lieut. -Gen., of Campsie, K.H.

1865 M'Innes, Duncan, of Cowden, Comrie

1861 Maclntyre, Donald, Tighnablair, Comrie

1844 Macintyre, J., Lochvoil Cottage, Oban
1857 M 'Isaac, John, Dunglass, Campbeltown

1850 M'lver. Evander, Scourie

1827 Macivor, John, New South Wales

1851 Mack, James, Upper-Keith, Blackshiels

1854 Mack, William, of Berrybank, Reston

1852 Mackay, Donald, Lythmore, Thurso
1846 Mackay, George, of Bighouse

1857 Mackay, John, Soccoth, Dalmally
1857 Mackay, John Alexander, of Black-
castle, Edinburgh

1869 Mackay, Peter, Kilbride, Lochgilphead

1857 M'Kean, Eobt., Lumloch, Bishopbriggs

1855 M'Kechnie, Neil, Inverary

1864 Mackechnie, Jas., Torran, Lochgilphead
1869 Mackechnie, James, jun., Torran, Loch-
gilphead

1853 Mackenzie, Alexander, Banker, Elgin

1865 Mackenzie, Alexander, Writer, Forres
1846 Mackenzie, A., 19 Charlotte Sq., Edin.
1869 Mackenzie, Alexander Kincaid, of Ravel-
rig House, Currie

1855 Mackenzie, Capt. Boyce, Creech, Bonar
1S44 Mackenzie, Daniel, jun., Merchant,

Glasgow
1848 Mackenzie, Donald, Sheriff of Fifeshire
1855 Mackenzie, Don., Balnabeen, Dingwall

1858 Mackenzie, Donald, Bellevue, Beauly

1862 Mackenzie, G. A., Merchant, Liverpool

1860 Mackenzie, H, of Dundonnell, Ullapool

1845 Mackenzie, James, W.S., Edinburgh
1865 Mackenzie, James Fowler, of Allan-
grange, Munlochy

1868 Mackenzie, Captain James Dixon, of

Findon, Dingwall
1835 Mackenzie, Jn., of Glack, Old Meldrum
1848 Mackenzie, John, Edinburgh
1853 Mackenzie, John Munro, Garrion Tower,

Wishaw

1869 Mackenzie, John, Barnhill, Dumfries
1848 Mackenzie, John Ord, of Doljjhmton,

W.S., Edinburgh
1821 Mackenzie, John Whitefoord, W.S.,
Edinburgh

Admitted
1865 Mackenzie, John, Duchlage, Craigrow-

nie, Eoseneath
1846 Mackenzie, K. W. Stewart, of Seaforth,

Brahan Castle, Dingwall
1848 Mackenzie, Kenneth, C.A., Auditor of

Accounts to the Society

1853 Mackenzie, Murdo, Easter Moy, Beauly

1838 Mackenzie, Eobert D., of Culdarvan,

Alexandria

1856 Mackenzie, E., Glack, Old Meldrum
1865 Mackenzie, EoderickG., of Flowerburn,

Fortrose
1846 Mackenzie, Thomas, of Ord, Beauly

1851 Mackenzie, Thomas, Edinburgh

1852 Mackenzie, Wm., Unthank, Inchture
1862 Mackenzie, Wm., Ardross, Alness
1860 M'Kerchar, J., Dalchiarlich, Fortingall

1857 M'Kerral, A., Brunerican, Campbeltown
1862 Mackerrow, A. , Beansburn, Kilmarnock
1865 Mackessack, J., Earnside, Alves, Forres
1865 M'Kessack, Charles, Culblair, Ardersier
1857 M'Kessack, John, Balnaferry, Forres
1864 M'Kessack, Eobert, of Waterford, Forres
1860 Mackie, George, of Dunjarg, Castle-
Douglas

1862 Mackie, Ivie, of Auchencairn, Castle-
Douglas

1864 Mackie, Jas., Logan, Lagavulin, Islay
1860 Mackie, John, Sarkshields, Kirkpatrick-

Fleming, Ecclefechan
1852 Mackie, J. W., 108 Princes St., Edin.
1857 Mackie, Eobert, Loudon, Galston

1854 Mackinlay, James, Glasgow
1818 Mackinlay, John, Whitehaven
1869 M'Kinlay, John, Hardhill, Bathgate
1860 Mackinnell, J. B. A., Palmerston Iron

Works, Dumfries

1827 Mackinnon, Alexander Kenneth, Corry,
Broadford

1869 M'Kinnon, Lachlan, jun., Advocate,
Aberdeen

1811 Mackinnon, William Alexander, of Mac-
kinnon, London

1865 Mackintosh, C. F., Solicitor, Inverness

1839 Mackintosh, iEneas, of Daviot, Inver-

ness
1846 Mackintosh, iEneas, of Balnespeck, In-
verness
1844 Mackintosh, iEneas W., of Eaigmore,

M.P., Inverness
1844 Mackintosh, A., of Holm, Inverness
1868 Mackintosh, C. H., of Dalmunzie,

Perthshire
1832 Mackintosh, George, of Geddes, Nairn
1846 Mackintosh, Geo. Gordon, Balnespeck,

Inverness
1851 Mackintosh, James, of La Mancha,

Leadburn
1854 Mackintosh, E. T., Seedsman, Edin.
1850 M'Kirdy, John Gregory, of Birkwood,

Lesmahagow
1860 M'Knight, Alexander, London

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1869.

27

Admitted

1850 Maclachlan, Alex., Easter Longhaugb,

Bishopton
1843 Maclachlan, George, W.S., Edinburgh
1817 MaclacHan, Robert, of Maclachlan
1862 Maclachlan, W. A., of Anchentroig,

Balfron
1853 Maclagan, D., M.D., Prof, of Medical

Jurisprudence, University of Edin.
1847 Maclagan, Peter, Beechwood, Dunkeld
1847 M 'Lagan, Peter, of Pumpherston, M.P.,

Mid-Calder
1847 Maclaine, Hugh, Glenrisdell, "White-
house

1855 Maclanachan, Jas., Van Diemen's Land
1859 Maclaren, D., Corrychrone, Callander

1853 Maclaren, Duncan, M.P., Newington

House, Edinburgh

1858 Maclaren, D. S., "Banker, Fort- William

1839 Maclaren, Dr John, Blairgowrie

1864 M'Laren, J., Gogar Park, Corstorpbine

1859 M'Laren, J., late Monzie, Blair Athole

1858 M'Laren, John, Millhill, Iiichture

1859 M'Laren, John, Dundee

1859 M'Laren, Joseph, late Greenhead of

Arnot, Kinross
1858 M'Laurin, James, Greenhill, Dalbeattie

1856 Maclean, Alexander, of Ardgour, Bonaw
1835 Maclean, Alexander, of Carsaig, Aros
1835 Maclean, Colonel Allan Thomas

1837 Maclean, Archibald D., London

1838 Maclean, Colin, of Lagan, Islay

1822 Maclean, Donald, of Boreray

1861 Maclean, Duncan, Bellnollow, Crieff
1849 Maclean, George, late Hynish, Tyree

1854 Maclean, Hector Frederick, W.S., Edin.

1857 M'Lean, Jas., St Martins, Invergordon

1860 Maclean, J., Clerk of Supply, Wigtown
1869 M'Lean, Jas., Kilmartin, Lochgilphead
1860 M'Lean, Lauchlan, Pitilie, Aberfeldy

1823 Maclean, Dr Lachlan, Oban

1837 Maclean, N., Land- Surveyor, Inverness

1838 Maclean, W., of Plantation, Glasgow
1846 Macleay, Alex. D., Conservative Club,

London
1S39 Macleay, Kenneth, 16 Grosvenor Street,

London
1857 Maclellan, T., North Balfern, Kirkinner

1865 MacLennan, Alexander F., Meikle

Urchany, Nairn
1865 MacLennan, Donald, junior, Muirton,

Munlochy
1865 Maclennan, A., Ord Distillery, Beauly

1840 Maclennan, John, late of Lyndale
1864 MacLennan, John, Carnock, Strath-

conon, Beauly
1830 Macleod, Donald, Coulmore, Inverness

1841 Macleod, Donald, Claggan, Dunvegan
1849 Macleod, John N., Banker, Kirkcaldy

1839 Macleod, Norman, of Dalvey, Forres
1839 Macleod, Norman, of Macleod, London
1854 Macleod, K. B. vEneas, of Cadboll, In-
vergordon Castle Invergordon

Admitted

1865 M'Leod, W. A., Scorrybreck, Portree

1860 M'Millan, John, Castraniont, Gatehouse

1861 M'Millan, J. G., of Ballinakill, Clachan
1854 M'Minn, F., 1 Graham Street, Edin.

1854 M'Murtrie, John, Banker, Ayr

1865 M'Nab, Alexander, of Techmuiry, Glen-

ochil, Stirling
1837 Macnab, J. Monro, late of Arthurstone

1855 Macnaghten, Steuart,of InverTrossachs,

Callander
1857 M'Nair, James, Smerly, Campbeltown
1857 MacNair, John, 33 Moray Place, Edin.
1857 M'Naughton, Alex., Remony, Kenmore

1859 M'Naughton, Alexander, Kerrowmore,

Fortingall
1854 Macnaughton, J., of Smithfield, Ayr

1866 Macnaughton, Alexander, S.S.C., Edin.
1848 Macneale, H., of Ugadale, Campbeltown
1846 M'Neill, Archibald, P.C.S., Edinburgh
1868 M'Neill, Lt. -Colonel A. C, Oronsaig,

Port Askaig
1861 M'Neill, Charles, Lossit, Ballygrant
1857 M'Neill, Robert, Letter, Killearn

1860 M'Neill, John Carstairs, of Gigha

1861 M'Neillie, W., of Castlehill, Dumfries

1859 M'Nie, William C, Stirling

1857 M'Niven, Alexander, Sbeemore, Luss
1857 M'Onie, John, Auchmour, Drymen
1852 Maconochie, Robert Blair, W.S., Edin-
burgh
1857 M'Phail, Alexander, America
1841 Macpberson, Alexandei*, M.D., Lauris-

ton Castle, Cramond
1865 Macpherson, Dun., Banker, Kingussie
1865 Macpherson, Col. D. E., of Belleville,
Kingussie

1827 Macpherson, Ewan, of Cluny Macpher-

son, Kingussie

1864 Macpherson, Hugh, Slafarquhar, Denny

1856 Macpherson, James, Nuide, Kingussie

1865 Macpherson, James, Drumore, Croy,

Ardersier

1856 Macpherson, John, Blantyre, Glasgow

1857 Macpherson, J., Lord Chamberlain's

Office, London

1860 Macpherson, J., Killihuntly, Kingussie
1857 M 'Queen, J., of Bocpihapple, Thornhill

Stirlingshire
1839 Macrae, Archibald, M.D., late Bruiach,

Inverness-shire
1850 Macrae, Don., late Luskintyre, Harris
1863 Macrae, Donald, Banker, Kingussie
1865 Macrae, Capt. J. A., Vallay, Lochmaddy
1868 M'Rae, John, Balantian, Kingussie
1831 Macritchie, Thomas Elder, of Craigton,

W.S., Edinburgh
1868 M'Robie, Peter, Sunnyside, Aberdeen

1861 M'Tavish, Alexander S., Killin
1857 M'Tavish, Duncan, America

1848 Mactier, Alexander Walker, of Durris,
Aberdeen

1828 Macvicar, Rev. J. G., D.D., Moffat

23

List of Members of the

Admitted

1839 Madden, Henry E., M.D., Brighton
1847 Main, Alexander James, Poilockskiels,

Glasgow

1852 Maitland, George F., of Hermand, "West

Calder
1858 Maitland, James, jun., Little Methlic,

Methlic
1860 Maitland, Eev. James, D.D., Kells,

New Galloway

1867 Maitland, James Ramsay Gibson, yr.

of Barnton

1865 Maitland, John, of Freuch, Balgreggan,

Stranraer
1858 Maitland, "William, Netherton, Insch
1841 Makgill, G., of Kemback, Cheltenham

1860 Malcolm, John, of Poltalloch, Loch-

gilphead
1864 Malcolm, John Wingfield, yr. of Polt-
alloch, M.P.

1840 Malcolm, W. E., ofBurnfoot, Langholm

1861 Mangles, George, Givendale, Ripon,

Yorkshire
1847 Mann, John, Glasgow
1856 Marjoribanks, John, Roseneath

1854 Marjoribanks, Wm., Warriston House,

Edinburgh

1864 Marr, J. A., of Alderston, Mid-Calder

1855 Marr, Wm. Smith, Mill of Tillyhilt,

Tarves

1866 Marshall, George Hunter, of Gart-

chonzie, Edinburgh

1868 Marshall, James (Marshall, Sons, & Co.),

Gainsborough
1847 Marshall, John, Clebrig, Lairg
1854 Marshall, John, of Curriehill, Edin.

1867 Marshall, Peter, of Townhead, Kilsyth
1850 Marshall, Robert, Gateside, Kirkliston
1S60 Marshall, Thomas, the Howes, Annan
1858 Martin, James, Flesher, Aberdeen

1858 Martin, John, Claggan, Kenmore
1S65 Martin, John, 32 Rutland Street, Hamp-

stead Road, London
1867 Martin, John M. , yr. of Auchendennan,
Alexandria

1859 Martin, Montague, J., Mansion House,

Greenock
1854 Martin, Dr N., of Glendale, Dunvegan

1865 Martin, Sam. E., Seed-Merchant, Hull
1867 Martin, W. J. B., Killinochonoch,

Lochgilphead
1859 Mason, R., of Bankton, Midcalder

1863 Mather, Daniel, Hallrale, Hawick

1846 Matheson, Alexander, of Ardross, M.P.

1847 Matheson, Major-General Thomas

1853 Mathews, 1ST., Whitehills, Garliestown

1864 Mathie, James, Banker, Stirling
1861 Matthew, Alex., Forret, Cupar-Fife
1861 Maxwell, Edward Heron, of Teviotbank,

Hawick
1844 Maxwell, Francis, Glasgow
1861 Maxwell, F., of Dmmpark, Dumfries

1865 Maxwell, Francis, of Gribton, Dumfries

Admitted

1867 Maxwell, Maxwell Hyslop, of Glengaber,
Dumfries

1869 Maxwell, Gen. John Harley, of Port-
rack, Dumfries

1857 Maxwell, R., Bellochgair, Campbeltown

1869 Maxwell, Robert, of Breoch, Terregles
Bank, Dumfries

1839 Maxwell, Wellwood H., of Munches,
M.P., Dalbeattie

1839 May, George, Civil Engineer, Inverness

1852 Meall, J., Buttergask, Coupar-Angus

1859 Mears, Wm., Commission Agent, Edin.

1857 Meiklam, John, of Gladswood, Melrose
1854 Meikle, David, late Clunie Mains,

Kinglassie

1858 Meikle, James, Nether Mains, Kil-

winning
1854 Meikle, J., Blackburn Hall, Bathgate
1867 Meikle, John, Seafield, Bathgate

1862 Meiklejon, John, Foundry, Dalkeith

1864 Mein, Alexander, Bank of Scotland,

Fraserburgh

1861 Mein, Andrew Whytock, of Hunthill,

Jedburgh

1863 Mein, Benj., Roxburgh Barns, Kelso

1860 Mein, N. A., Marsh House, Canonbie
1838 Mein, Robert, Factor to the Duke of

Bedford
1863 Mein, William, Seedsman, Kelso
1857 Meldrum, D., of Craigfoodie, Cupar-Fife
1863 Meldram, Edward, Chemical Works,

Bathgate

1860 Meldrum, James, Ayton, Newburgh
1869 Meldrum, J., of Eden Bank, Cupar-Fife
1869 Meldrum R., of Pittormie, Cupar-Fife
1854 Melrose, J., Newbigging, Coldstream

1848 Melville, Jas. Moncrieff, W.S., Edin.
1819 Melville, J. W., of Bennochy, StAndrews

1862 Melvin, Charles, Penston, Tranent

1849 Melvin, James, Bonnington, Ratho
1857 Menzies, A., of Balornock, Glasgow

1865 Menzies, Donald, Carr Bridge

1863 Menzies, Duncan, 13 Young St., Edin.

1864 Menzies, Duncan, Auchingarin, Luss

1841 Menzies, Fletcher Norton, Edinburgh,

Secretary of the Society

1853 Menzies, Graham, London

1857 Menzies, James, Audi, Tyndrum

1849 Menzies, J. A. Robertson, New Zealand

1842 Menzies, R. S., of Culdares, Cardney,

Dunkeld

1865 Menzies, William Auch, Tyndrum

1861 Mercer, Daniel, Achamore, Dunoon

1850 Mercer, Gneme R., ofGorthy, Perth
1861 Mercer, John, Ardnadam, Dunoon
1853 Mercer, Major, of Huntingtower, Perth
1863 Mercer, R. , of Scotsbank, Ramsay Lodge,

Portobello
1838 Meny, J., of Belladrum, M.P., Beauly
1865 Methven, Thos., Nurseryman, Edin.
1867 Michie, Christopher Y., Cullen House,

Cullen

Highland and Agricultural Society, 18G9.

20

Admitted

1840 Middleton, C. S., Merchant, Liverpool
1864 Middleton, George, Cornton, Ferintosh,

Dingwall

1563 Middleton, John, Edinburgh.

1864 Middleton, Robt., Seiennes, Edinburgh

1858 Middleton, Wm. , Bridgefoot, Monyniusk
1839 Mill, James, Surgeon, Thurso

1801 Mill, Robt, Overseer, Balgowan, Perth

1853 Millar, C. H., Merchant, Montrose

1852 Millar, James Lawson, Waulkmill,

Dunfermline

1864 Millar, James, Mills of Torr, Blair-

Drummond
18 4S Millar, John, of Sheardale, 13 York

Place, Edinburgh
1S53 Millar, Thos., West Briggs, Kirkliston

1854 Millar, Thomas, of Balliliesk, Muckart
1843 Miller, Captain Alexander Penrose
1868 Miller, G. J., of Frankfield, Glasgow
1S61 Miller, George, St Magdalenes, Perth

1853 Miller, Hew, Ochtertyre, Crieff

1847 Miller, John, of Leithen, M.P., Edin.

1861 Miller, John, Dounreay, Thurso
1843 Miller, 0. G., Dundee

1564 Miller, William, of Manderston, Leith

1855 Milligan, James, Hayfield, Thornhill

1857 Mills, George, Greenend, St Boswells

1859 Mills, G., Horsburgh Castle, Peebles
1863 Mills, T., Horsburgh Castle, Peebles

1858 Milne, A., Corse of Kinnoir, Huntly

1855 Milne, Alex., Mill of Allathan, Udny
1851 Milne, George, of Kinaldie, Aberdeen

1856 Milne, J., Netherton, Fraserburgh

1856 Milne, J., Pitsligo Castle, Rosehearty

1857 Milne, James, Balnagubs, Netherley,

Stonehaven

1859 Milne, Jas., late Meinfoot, Ecclefechan

1862 Milne, James, Cairnhill, Huntly

1867 Milne, John, Mains of Laithers, Turriff

1841 Milne, JSTicol, of Faldonside, Melrose

1863 Milne, Nicol, Dryhope, Selkirk
1861 Milne, Peter, 19 Buccleuch PI., Edin.
1866 Milne, W., Tillycairn, Cluny, Aberdeen
1851 Mitchell, Alex., of Sauchrie, Maybole
1857 Mitchell, Alexander, Alloa

1863 Mitchell, Alexander, of Stow, Carolside,

Earlston

1848 Mitchell, Andrew, Alloa

1861 Mitchell, David, Burnton, Laurencekirk
1857 Mitchell, Duncan, Blairvockie, Luss
1866 Mitchell, D. F., of Thainstone, Kintore

1865 Mitchell, G., Meikle Haddo, Foveran
1848 Mitchell, H., of Polmood, 12Broughton

Place, Edinburgh

1857 Mitchell, Hugh, Balligreggan, Campbel-
town

1851 Mitchell, James, Auchenraith, Kirk-
mahoe, Dumfries

1857 Mitchell, J., Homeston, Campbeltown

1855 Mitchell, J. P., Traprain, Prestonkirk

1864 Mitchell, James, Banker, Pitlochrie
1850 Mitchell, J., Ballemenach, Campbeltown

Admitted

1861 Mitchell, John, Flisk Mill, Newburgh

1862 Mitchell, J., Lordscairnie, Cupar-Fife
1864 Mitchell, John, Banker, Dingwall

1836 Mitchell. J., Civil Engineer, Inverness
1852 Mitchell, Robert, Cadham, Markinch

1859 Mitchell, Robert, Skelpie, Pitlessie
1850 Mitchell, S., Dalivaddv, Campbeltown

1862 Mitchell, William, Merchant, Montrose

1849 Mitchell, W. G., of Carwood, Biggar

1863 Mitchell, Wm., Ribigill, Tongue, Lairg

1868 Mitchell, William, Auchnagathel, Keig,

Aberdeen
1S32 Mitchelson, Archibald, Hepburne, Old
Faskally, Blair Athole

1861 Moffat, George, Minard, Inverary

1850 Moffat, James, Garwald, Langholm

1860 Moffat, James, Gateside, Kirkconnel,

Sanquhar

1867 Moffat, James, British Linen Bank,

Castle Douglas

1850 Moffat, John, Craik, Hawick

1862 Moffat, Thomas, Drambuie, Sanquhar

1863 Moffat, W., Procurator- Fiscal, Dingwall

1864 Moffat, William, Shirva, Kirkintilloch
1864 Moffat, Wm., Easter Kinleith, Currie
1864 Moir, Benjamiu, Merchant, Aberdeen
1858 Moir, James, Mains of Wardhouse, Insch

1869 Moir, James, Moulinvadie, Pitlochrie

1834 Moir, John M., of Hillfoot and Milton,

Dollar

1851 Moir, Robert, of Easterton, Tarty, Ellon
1842 Moncrieff, Alexander, W.S., Perth

1852 Moncrieff, Alex. , of Barnhill, Perth
1866 Moncrieff, David Scott, W.S., Edin.
1848 Moncreiff, Right Hon. James, Lord-
Advocate, Q.C., M.P.

1831 Moncrieff, R. S., of Fossoway, Dalkeith
1833 Monro, A. B., of Auchinbowie, Stirling
1S51 Monro, David, of Allan, Tain
1846 Monteith, B., Liberton Tower, Edin.
1866 Monteith, D., Belleville Lodge, Edin.

1837 Monteith, Robert, of Carstairs
1846 Montgomery, John H., of Newton
1839 Moore, John C, of Corsewall, Stranraer
1852 Moray, Chas. H. D., Abercairny, Crieff

1868 Morgan, David, South Main of Ethie,

Arbroath

1869 Moray, H. D., yr. of Abercairny, Crieff
1850 Morison, Alexander, of Bognie, Mount -

blairy House, Turriff

1861 Morison, James, Rossie, Dunning
1850 Morison, James G., Glasgow

1862 Morison, J. B. B., of Finderley, Kinross
1855 Morrison, Charles, of Islay, Bowmore

1858 Morrison, Harry L. L., Guise, White-

house, Aberdeen
1850 Morrison, James, Glasgow
1864 Morrison, James, of Livilands, Stirling

1859 Morrison, John, West Dalmeny, South

Queensferry
1861 Morrison, William, Cairnie, Forteviot

1835 Morton, H., Belvidere House, Trinity

30

List of Members of the

Admitted

1857 Morton, James, Backbraes, Whithorn
1861 Morton, J., Lambieletham, St Andrews

1861 Morton, John, North Muirton, Perth
1859 Mosman, H., of Auchtyfardle, Lanark
1864 Mossman, Adam, Blacket Place, Edin.
1843 Moubray, John M., late of Hartwood

1862 Moubray, Eobert, Cambus Distillery,

Stirling
1S65 Mounsey, J. T., of Kingfield, Longtown,

Cumberland
1867 Muckart, James, Land Steward, Cul-

zean, Maybole

1840 Mudie, John, of Pitmuies, Forfar

1852 Muir, G. W., Caberston, Innerleithen

1864 Muir, James, Hardington Mains, Wis-

ton, Biggar
1843 Muir, John, late of Gartferrie

1859 Muir, John, Lochfergus, Kirkcudbright

1863 Muir, W. H., S.S.C., Edinburgh
1820 Muirhead, Claud, Edinburgh

1862 Muirhead, E. W., late Lethendy, Scone

1863 Muirhead, George, Durdie, Errol

1865 Muirhead, J. J., 54 Princes St., Edin.
1865 Muirhead, John, Salton Mains, Tranent
1867 Muirhead, Robert, Chesterhall, Biggar

1858 Mundell, D., Heath Cottage, Inverness

1864 Munro, A., Balintraid, Invergordon
1857 Munro, Donald, Stornoway

1864 Munro, D., Conchra, Contin, Dingwall

1853 Munro, John, Fairnington, Kelso

1854 Murdoch, James, Carntyne, Shettleston

1853 Murdoch, John Burn, of Gartincaber,

Advocate
1839 Murdoch, Peter, of Langbank, Newton-

Mearns
1857 Murdoch, Eobert, Hallside, Cambuslang
1864 Murdoch, Thomas, Westwood, Blair-

Drummond

1856 Murdoch, William, Writer, Huntly
1831 Mure, Lt.-Col. Wm. of Caldwell, Beith

1841 Mure, William, Kirkcudbright
1846 Murray, Andrew, of Oonland

1828 Murray, Anth., of Dollerie, W.S., Edin.

1864 Murray, D., 31 Queen Street, Edinburgh

1860 Murray, Rev. George, of Torquhain,

New Galloway

1854 Murray, George, New Zealand

1865 Murray, G. R. , Chapel Rossan, Stranraer
1867 Murray, G., Elvaston Castle, Derby
1843 Murray, Jack H., Captain R.N., East-

haugh, Pitlochrie
1850 Murray, James, East Barns, Dunbar

1857 Murray, James, Dumfries Arms Hotel,

Old Cumnock

1861 Murray, James, Strathleven, Dumbarton
1869 Murray, James Wolffe, of Cringletie,

Peebles
1860 Murray, J., Grougar Mains, Kilmarnock

1862 Murray, John L., of Heavyside, Biggar

1863 Murray, Lieut. -Col. John, of Polmaise,

Stirling
1SG3 Murray, Dr John, Kersknow, Kelso

Admitted

1863 Murray, John, of Wooplaw, Galashiels

1820 Murray, Joseph, of Ayton

1851 Murray, Kenneth, of Geanies, Tain
1850 Murray, Robert, Spittal, Penicuik
1858 Murray, R., 7 Roxburgh Place, Edin.

1857 Murrav, Thomas, Eastside, Penicuik

1852 Murray, Thomas G., W.S., Edinburgh
1854 Murray, Walter, 4 West Lauriston Place

1856 Murray, William, Kilcoy, Inverness

1858 Murray, William, Mains of Pittendreigh,

Turriff

1859 Murrie, John, Stirling

1859 Mustard, Alex., Davo Mains, Fordoun

1857 Mutter, J., Wester Melville, Lasswade

1858 Myers, Geo. C, Town-Clerk, Montrose

1860 Mylne, Thos., Niddrie Mains, Liberton
1S65 Myles, James, Deanside, Renfrew

1843 Northesk, Right Hon. the Earl of

1843 Napier, Right Hon. Lord, K.T.

1863 Napier, Hon. William

1846 Neaves, Hon. Lord

1848 Napier, SirR. J. M., of Milliken, Bart.
1865 Nepean, Sir Molyneux Hyde, of Loders

Court, Bart
1857 Napier, Dugald, Australia
1840 Napier, George, Advocate, Sheriff of

Peeblesshire

1844 Napier, R., of Shandon, Helensburgh
1839 Nasmyth, Robt., 5 Charlotte Sq. , Edin.
1868 Naumann, C. O., Chancellor of the Im-
perial Royal Austrian Consulate, Edin.

1864 Neilson, James, Rose Hall, Falkirk
1867 Neilson, William, Woodhall, Holytown

1859 Nelson, Michael, Gallamuir, Stirling

1845 Newall, John, Mexico

1838 Newton, James Ewan, Linnbank House,
Lanark

1865 Newton, Captain Hay, of Newton, Had-

dington
1837 Newton, Robert P., of Castlandhill,
Polmont Bank, Falkirk

1864 Nicholson, Alex., Writer, Cupar-Fife

1861 Nicholson, Robert, Lochbank, Dumfries

1853 Nicol, James Dyce, of Ballogie, M.P.,

Aberdeen
1867 Nicol, Alex., Lord Provost of Aberdeen
1844 Nicoll, Alexander, late of Edinburgh
1867 Nicoll, T. Munro, Littleton of Lindertis,

Kirriemuir
1819 Nicolson, Major Allan M., of Ardmore
1857 Nicolson, J. Badenach, yr. of Glenbervie,

Fordoun
1857 Nicolson, Neil, Ardlamont, Greenock
1843 Nielson, A., Bank of Scotland, Glasgow
1852 Nimmo, Matt., Foot of Green, Stirling

1854 Nisbet, John, Rumbleton, Greenlaw,

Dunse

1865 Nisbet, Ralph P., Estate Office, Thorney,

Peterborough

1847 Nisbett, J. M., of Cairnhill, Drum, Edin.

1860 Niven, Alexander T., C.A., Edinburgh

Highland and Agricultural Society, 18G9.

31

Admitted

1852 Nivison, Thomas, Burn, Thornhill
1865 Nixon, William, of Lynnwood, Hawick
1862 Norie, Henry Hay, W.S., Perth

1860 Norman, William, Oughterside, Carlisle

1861 Norman, James, of Whitehill, Dysart
1S67 Norris, Peter, Todholes, Fintry, Stirling

1S67 Oranmore and Brown, Eight Hon. Lord

1823 Ogilvy, Hon. William, of Loyal, Forfar

1862 Ogilvy, Hon. W. B.
1854 Ormidale, Hon. Lord

1824 Ogilvy, Sir John, of Inverquharitv,

Bart., M.P.
1830 Orde, Sir John Powlett, of Kilmorv,

Bart.
1868 Ochterlony, Sir Charles Metcalfe, of

Ochterlony, Bart.
1844 Orr, Sir A., of Harviestoun, Glasgow
1859 Odams, James, London
1854 Ogilvie, Archibald, Old Liston, Katho
1868 Ogilvie, David, Kirkton, Arbroath
1820 Ogilvie, Captain William, R.N.

1809 Ogilvie, "William, of Chesters, Jedburgh

1853 Ogilvie, William, Broadhaugh, Hawick
1S60 Ogilvie, George, Holefield, Kelso

1868 Ogilvy, Donald, of Clova, Balnaboth
1836 Ogilvy, John, of Inshewan, Forfar
1859 Ogilvy, John, Harecraig, Dundee
1826 Ogilvie, Peter Wedderburn, of Ruthven,

Meigle

1844 Ogilvy, Thomas, yr. of Ruthven, Meigle
1838 Ogilvy, Thos., of Commony, Inverness

1840 Ogston, Alexander, of Ardoe, Aberdeen

1850 Oliver, James, Howpasley, Hawick

1852 Oliver, James, Bridge House, Hawick

1853 Oliver, Robert, of Blakelaw, Kelso
1856 Oliver, Thomas, of Redheughs, Corstor-

phine

1858 Oliver, W. Elliot, Glenforsa, Mull

1863 Oliver, William, of Langraw, Bonchester

Bridge

1841 Ord, John, of Muirhouselaw, Nisbet,

Kelso
1S5S Orde, John W. Powlett, yr. of Kilmorv
1848 Ormiston, William T., of Glenburn

Hall, Jedburgh

1869 Osburn, Robert, Hitchell, Annan
1848 Oswald, James Townsend, of Dunnikier,

Kirkcaldy
1863 Otto, William E., Monteviot, Jedburgh

1851 Ovens, Thomas, Merchant, Galashiels

1869 Perth, Right Hon. the Earl of
1863 Polwartii, Right Hon. Lord
1843 Patton, Right Hon. George, of Cairnies,
Lord Justice-Clerk

1810 Pringle, Sir John, of Newhall, Bart.

1852 Pagan, Allan Cunningham, Invergeldie,

Comrie

1845 Pagan, Wm., of Clayton, Cupar-Fife
1863 Park, Alexander B., Woodend, Kelso

1859 Park, J., late Cliftonhall Mains, Ratho

Admitted

1863 Park, James, Stoneyhill, Musselburgh

1854 Park, Thos., Stoneyhill, Musselburgh

1866 Park, Thomas B., Haddington

1857 Parker, J., Nether Broom! ands, Irvine

1867 Parnell, Dr Richd., Gattonside, Melrose
1857 Pate, T., South Draffan, Lesmahagow
1S53 Paterson, A., Mains of Mulben, Keith
1860 Paterson, Alex., Carmacoup, Douglas
1848 Paterson, Arch., Meadowiield, Corstor-

phine
1S67 Paterson, Charles, Camserney Cottage,

Aberfeldy
1857 Paterson, David, late of Cattadale,

Campbeltown
1854 Paterson, D. A., Merchant, Leith

1853 Paterson, James, Whitehouse, Lamlash
1860 Paterson, Jas., of Longbedholm, Moffat
1862 Paterson, James, Chapelhill, Hawick
1862 Paterson, Jas. E., Linlathen, Broughty-

Ferry

1847 Paterson, John, jun., late Killconan

Campbeltown
1852 Paterson, John, Macoriston, Doune *
1857 Paterson, John, Skirling Mains, Biggar
1860 Paterson, John, Eastfield, Penicuik

1862 Paterson, John, Howcleuch, Moffat

1854 Paterson, J. W., Terrona, Langholm

1848 Paterson, Robert, of Birth wood, Biggar
1869 Paterson, Thomas, W.S., Edinburgh
1835 Paterson, R., of Brocklehirst, Dumfries
1851 Paterson, Walter, Merchant, Glasgow
1851 Paterson, William, Twiglees, Lockerbie

1863 Paterson, Wm., of Ettrickhall, Selkirk
1865 Paterson, Wm., Armadale, Melvich
1846 Patison, John, W.S., Edinburgh
1857 Paton, Alexander, Macnairston, Ayr

1864 Paton, D., Harrietneld, Logiealmond

1859 Paton, John, Balbedie, Lochgelly
1833 Paton, John, of Crailing, Jedburgh
1841 Paton, John, of Grandholm, Aberdeen

1865 Patrick, James, of Kilinun, Argyleshire
1850 Patterson, John, Middleton, Dollar
1S51 Patterson, Robert, Stirling

1864 Pattison, A. D., of Dalmuir, Glasgow
1869 Pattison, George Handasyde, Advocate,

Sheriff of Roxburgh and Selkirk
1S61 Pattullo, G., Keillor, Coupar-Angus
1S61 Pattullo, Peter, Eassie Farm, Glammis
1839 Paul, Rev. John, D.D., Edinburgh

1855 Paul, William, Advocate, Aberdeen
1S55 Paul, William, Kinflat, Forres

1860 Payne, James, Carruchan, Dumfries

1857 Peake, John, Craigend, Stow

1854 Pearson, Andrew A., of Springfield,
Carluke

1863 Pearson, David A., Johnston Lodge,

Laurencekirk

1865 Peat, George, Banker, Dunse

1858 Peat, John, Manor, Stirling

1867 Peile, H. R. B., Carter House, Drymen

1864 Pelham, C. Thursby, Etteridge, Kin-

gussie

32

List of Members of the

Admitted

1857 Pender, George, Dumbreck, Kilsyth
1S65 Pender, John Menzies, Auchindawe,

Fort- William
1869 Pender, J., of Minard Castle, Inverary
1868 Pender, J., Springhill, Stane, Mother-
well

1859 Penman, John, Bonally, Colinton
1S63 Penny, Thomas, Bartlehill, Coldstream

15 54 Peter, Charles, Canterland, Marykirk
1854 Peter, John, Croyard, Beauly

1862 Peter, John, of Over Possil, Glasgow

1849 Peter, Robert, Banker, Aberfeldy
1868 Petrie, James, Glencorrie, Dufftown

1856 Philip, George, Boynds, Keith Hall
1851 Philip, John, Polton Mains, Lasswade
1844 Philip, Robert, Leith

1858 Philip, W., Lofthilloek, Keith Hall
1S60 Phillips, Hugh, Cracrop, Stapleton,

Carlisle
1854 Phillips, John, Laighpark, Milngavie

1862 Phillips, John Douglas, St Colme,

Aberdour
1864 Philp, Robert, Bridge of Allan

1863 Phin, John, S.S.C., Edinburgh

1857 Picken, James, Laigh Langside, Craigie,

Kilmarnock
1857 Picken, Jas. H., of Hillhouse Lodge,
Fenwick

1857 Picken, John, Mansfield Mains, New

Cumnock

1860 Picken, R., Barnkirk, Newton-Stewart
1863 Pierson, J. Alexander, of the Guynd,

Arbroath

1555 Pirie, James, Orchardton, Udny

1868 Pirie, T., Kinmundy, Longside, Aber-
deen

1841 Pitcairn, John, of Pitcullo, Cupar
1863 Pitcairn, John, Kinnaird, Newburgh

1861 Pitcairn, Wm., of Cunnoquhie, Lady-

bank

1859 Pitman, Frederick, W.S., Edinburgh

1858 Pittendrigh, Alexander, Glaslaw, New

Pitsligo

1859 Pittendrigh, A., Mains of Park, Cortes
1857 Pittendrigh, J., Bodychell, Fraserburgh
1859 Playfair, Dr Lyon, C.B., M.P., Pro-
fessor of Chemistry, University of
Edinburgh

1859 Plenderleith, A., Moorfoot, Gorebridge

1842 Plummer, Charles Scott, of Sunderland

Hall, Selkirk

1850 Plummer, G. Hay, Melville, Dalkeith

1860 Plummer, J., 35 Lauriston Place, Edin-

burgh
1841 Pollexfen, James R., of Cairston, "W.S.,

Edinburgh
1844 Pollok, A., ofFaside, Newton Mearns
1815 Pollok, Arthur, of Lochlibo, Broom,

Newton Mearns
1852 Ponton, George, Woolston, Linlithgow
1867 Pople, H. W., British Hotel, Perth

1861 Pople, J. B., Birnam Hotel, Dunkeld

Admitted

1851 Porteous, A., of Lauriston, Montiose
1855 Porter, James, Factor, Monymusk,

Aberdeen
1859 Porter, John Thos. Brown, Lincoln

1854 Pott, Gideon, of Knowsouth, Jedburgh

1867 Potter, James, of Glenfuir, Falkirk

1863 Potts, Andrew, Lewinskope, Selkirk

1868 Potts, Wm. H., Lagnaha, Ballachulish
1861 Powrie, Archibald, Lairwell, Perth
1849 Powrie, James, of Reswallie, Forfar

1855 Prentice, Geo., of Strathore, Kirkcaldy

1864 Prentice, George, yr. of Strathore,

Newbigging, Burntisland

1865 Prentice, R. R., Skeddoway, Kirkcaldy

1855 Primrose, James, Turniedykes, Ford
1S63 Primrose, James Thomson, Sauchland,

Ford

1859 Pringle, Alex., of Whytbank, Selkirk
1863 Pringle, David, of Wilton Lodge,

Hawick
1863 Pringle, David, Hyndlee, Bonchester

Bridge
1863 Pringle, Ja^es Hall, of Dirrie, Cleet-

haugh, Jedburgh
1863 Pringle, James Thomas, of Torwoodlee,

Selkirk

1863 Pringle, John, Agricultural Implement

Agent, Edinburgh

1865 Pringle, John, Garvald, Gorebridge

1852 Pringle, Robert K., The Grove, Darly

Dale, Matlock

1866 Pringle, Robert Oliphant, Dublin
1868 Profeit, Dr, Nether Towie, Inverkindie,

Aberdeen
1848 Proudfoot, J., Pinkiehill, Musselburgh

1868 Proudfoot, T., Pinkiehill, Musselburgh

1864 Pullar, John, jun., Keirfield, Bridge of

Allan

1865 Punton, F. H., West Fortune, Drem

1867 Purdie, Geo., Muirhouse, Carnwath

1856 Purdie, Thos., 77 George St. , Edinburgh

1860 Purves, Andrew, Pressmenan, Stenton
1855 Purves, Charles, Lugton, Dalkeith

1861 Purves, James, Lochend, Thurso
1859 Purves, William, Burnfoot, Kelso
1844 Purvis, John, of Kinaldy, St Andrews
1851 Purvis, John, Glasgow

1869 Qiteensberry, Most Noble the Mar-

quis of

1840 Richmond ' and Lennox, His Grace

Charles, Duke of, K.G.
1837*Roxbtjrghe, His Grace James, Duke

of, K.T.

1868 Rosebert, Right Hon. the Earl of

1857 Rosslyn, Right Hon. the Earl of
1857 Rollo, Right Hon. Lord

1823 Richardson, Sir John Stewart, or

Pitfour, Bart.
1868 Ramsay, Sir George, of Banff, Bart.,

Alyth

Highland and Agricultural Society, 18G9.

33

Admitted

1845 Riddell, SirT. M., of Sunart, Bart.
1820 Radcliffe, Sir Joseph, of Millsbridge,

Bart.
1S53 Russell, Sir Wm., of Charlton, Bart.
1862 Rae, Alexander, Invergowrie, Dundee

1860 Rae, William, Gateslack, Thornhill

1865 Raiker, James, Auehonochie Lodge,

Dingwall

1867 Raines, Thos., Bridgehaugh, Stirling

1858 Rainy, Dr Alexander, Aberdeen

1846 Rainy, George, of Rasav, Broadford
1838 Rait, D. C, Goldsmith, Glasgow
1854 Rait, James, of Anniston, Arbroath

1868 Ralston, Andrew, Glands, Forfar

1867 Ralston, Andrew, Lagg, Dunnre, Ayr
1856 Ramsay, John, of Kildalton, Bowmore

1856 Ramsay, Major J., of Barra Straloeh,

Aberdeen
1841 Ramsay, Robert B. Wardlaw, of White-
bill, Lasswade

1861 Ramsay, Maj.-Gen. W. Maule, London

1864 Ramsay, Rear-Admiral Wm., C.B.,

Edinburgh.

1837 Ranken, George, Australia

1844 Ranken, Patrick, of Mavisbank, Airdrie

1838 Ranken, Thomas, S.S.C., Edinburgh
1S36 Ranken, William, M.D., Glenlogan,

Sorn

1866 Rankin, Geo., Union Bank, Aberfeldy
18,") 7 Rankine, John, of Beoch, Loehlands,

Mavbole

1868 Rankine, R, W., RoseLank, Falkirk

1865 Rankine, J. W. Maequorn, LL.D., Pro-

fessor of Engineering, University of
Glasgow, Consulting Engineer to the
Society

1859 Rannie, H. A., Mill of Boyndie, Banff
1859 Rannie, M. G., Edenmouth, Kelso
1837 Rashleigh, Wm., of Menabilly, Fowey

1868 Rate, George, Lampockwells, Tranent

1854 Rattray, Lieut. -Col. J. C, of Craighall,
Blairgowrie

Rawdiu, Joseph, Chemist, Jedburgh
Ray, William, Sunbank, Elgin
Rea, Charles, Doddington, Wooler
Redfern, W. Macquarrie, London

1847 Reed, Ellerington, Kilcalmkill, Golspie
1864 Reekie, A., Walton, Auchtertool, Fife

1857 Reid, Alexander, Cruivie, Cupar

1855 Reid, Ben. L., Balcairn, Old Meldrum
1844 Reid, Charles G., W.S.

1867 Reid, F. R., of Gallowflat, Rutherglen

1868 Reid, George, Seedsman, Aberdeen

1869 Reid, James, of Auehinellen, Kil-

martin
1855 Reid, James, Ballencrieff, Drem

1857 Reid, James, Cattle Dealer, Biggar
1861 Reid, James, Donavourd, Dunkeld
1867 Reid, James R., Woodburn, Rutherglen

1869 Reid, J., Sanquhar, Rhynie, Aberdeen
1859 Reid, John, Hilton of Aldie, Kinross

1858 Reid, Peter, Nether Kildrummy, Mossat

1856
1854
1863
1857

Admitted

1850 Reid, Walter, Drem

1864 Reid, Walter, Park of Keir, Dunblane
1857 Reid, Wm., of Hayston, Kirkintilloch
1869 Reid, William, Granton, Edinburgh
1859 Reoch, J. F., of Gilmerton, Edinburgh
1852 Rhind, David, Architect, Edinburgh
1863 Richardson, D., of Hartfield, Glasgow
1849 Richardson, Francis, 16 Abbotsford

Park, Edinburgh
1861 Richardson, James T. Stewart, yr. of
Pitfour, Perth

1851 Richardson, John, Writer, Haddington
1863 Richardson, J., Drylawhill, Prestonkirk

1837 Richardson, Robert, 16 Bruntsfield

Place, Edinburgh
1859 Richardson, Robert, Haddington
1863 Richardson, R., Crailingnook, Jedburgh
1854 Richardson, Thos., of Ralston, Glasgow
1861 Richmond, G., Lawhill, Auchterarder
1861 Richmond, John, Dron, Perth

1831 Rickman, Thomas, late Architect, Bir-

mingham
1S63 Ridddell, David, Kilbowie, Duntocher
1854 Riddell, Thomas, Oxnam Nook, Jed-
burgh

1852 Riddell, William, Hundalee, Jedburgh
1863 Riddell, William, Rink, Selkirk

1859 Riddick, G., Greenhill-head, Lockerbie
1861 Rigg, William, Banks, Kirkcudbright

1852 Rintoul, Charles, East Craigie, Cramond
1861 Rintoul, D. Upper Cairnie, Forteviot

1865 Rintoul, Robert, Lahill, Largo
1869 Ritchie, Charles, S.S.C., Edinburgh
1865 Ritchie, Charles, Piershill, Edinburgh
1863 Ritchie, James, 140 High Street,

Edinburgh
1857 Ritchie, John, Newbigging Mains, Carn-

wath
1S67 Ritchie, John, Whitecastle, Biggar
1833 Ritchie, R., Civil Engineer, Edinburgh

1838 Ritchie, T., Forest Mill, Clackmannan

1853 Ritchie, W., Nether Liberton, Liberton
1852 Ritchie, William, Plean Mill, Stirling
1865 Ritchie, W., of Middleton, Gorebridge
1849 Robb, James, Gorgie, Slateford

1863 Roberton, And., Hoselawbank, Kelso

1841 Roberton, James, Ladyrig, Kelso

1854 Roberton, John, Hoselaw, Kelso

1863 Roberton, John, jun., Harperton, Kelso
1863 Roberton, Robert, Ladyrig, Kelso
1856 Robertson, A. F., Ardlaw, Fraserburgh
1S39 Robertson, Alex. Inglis, Aultnaskiach

1832 Robertson, Andrew, M.D., of Hovewell,

Indego, Tarland
1840 Robertson, Arthur John, Inverness

1860 Robertson, Dr, Charles, Auchtercairn,

Gairloch
1869 Robertson, C, of Kindeace, Invergordon

1861 Robertson, Daniel, Friarton, Perth

1842 Robertson, David, of Ladykirk, M.P.,

Berwick
1S47 Robertson, D., Royal Hotel, Aberdeen

C

34

List of Members of the

Admitted

1861 Robertson, David, Cloag, Methven
1847 Robertson, David Souter, of Whiteliill,

Edinburgh

1854 Robertson, Donald, of Pencross, Edin-

burgh
1864 Robertson, D. G., of Tome, Callander

1860 Robertson, George B., Whitkirk, Pres-

tonkirk
1857 Robertson, James, "Wbodend, Cathcart

1836 Robertson, James, Inverary

1859 Robertson, J., Denbrae, Cupar-Fife
1851 Robertson, James Stewart, of Edrady-

nate, W.S., Edinburgh
1847 Robertson, John, Banker, Huntly

1855 Robertson, John, Australia

1854 Robertson, J., Glencripisdale, Strontian
1859 Robertson, John, S.S.C., Edinburgh

1864 Robertson, J., Old Blair, Blair- Athole

1865 Robertson, John, Drynie Mains, North

Kessock
1865 Robertson, John, of Blairbeth, New
Hall Factory, Glasgow.

1867 Robertson, J., Bellaty, Glenisla, Alyth

1828 Robertson, L., Royal Bank, Edinburgh
1857 Robertson, Neil, Frenich, Aberfoyle

1862 Robertson, Peter S., Trinity Nurseries,

Edinburgh
1847 Robertson, Major-General Richardson,
of Tullybelton, C.B., Bankfoot

1861 Robertson, Stewart Souter, yr. of

Lawhead, Hamilton
1S65 Robertson, Thomas W., Perth
1859 Robertson, W. M., of Gartloch, Glasgow
1826 Robertson, William, of Kinlochmoidart,

Strontian
1857 Robertson, Wm., Cuttlebrae, Fochabers

1863 Robertson, William, V.S., Kelso

1868 Robertson, Wm., Banchory, Kinghorn
1863 Robeson, R., Springwells, Coldstream
1859 Robey, Robert, Engineer, Lincoln
1851 Robinow, Adolph, Merchant, Leith
1841 Robson, Charles, Lurdenlaw, Kelso

1863 Robson, Chas., jun., Lurdenlaw, Kelso

1853 Robson, John, Byreness, Otterburn
1851 Rodger, David, Penkiln, Garlieston

1861 Rodger, George, Bridgelands, Selkirk

1854 Rodger, Matthew, of Rossland, Glasgow
1859 Rodger, Peter, Selkirk

1838 Rodger, R., Hadlow Castle, Tunbridge
1865 Rodger, Robert M., Factor, Airdi'ie

House, Airdrie
1857 Roger, Hugh, Attiquin, Maybole
1865 Roger, William, Wester Pitlour, Strath-

miglo

1862 Rogers, James S., Rose Mill, Dundee
1851 Rogerson, G., Pearceby Hall, Lockerbie

1864 Rogerson, James, yr. of Whamphray,

Lockerbie

1829 Rogerson, Wm., of Gillesbie, Lockerbie

1837 Roiland, Adam, of Gask

1869 Ronald, John, S.S.C., Prestonholme
House, Lasswade

Admitted

1857 Ronaldson, Alexander, Glasgow

1863 Ronaldson, Alex., Little Gight, Methlic

1863 Romanes, Robt., of Harryburn, Lauder
1860 Rome, R. M., Ruggetshaws, Langholm
1869 Rose, Hugh, Solicitor, Inverness

1865 Rose, Jas., Mains of Connage, Inverness
1865 Rose, John, Kirktown, Inverness
1865 Rose, Major James, of Kilravoch, Nairn
1854 Rose, William, Sheriffston, Elgin

1857 Ross, Alexander, Inchley, Banchory
1868 Ross, Andrew, Parkdargue, Huntly

1864 Ross, David, Banker, Dingwall

1864 Ross, D. G., Seed Merchant, Dingwall
1839 Ross, George, of Pitcalnie, Parkhill

1865 Ross, George, Tore Farm, Munlochy

1849 Ross, Lieut. -Col. George W. H., of

Cromarty
1863 Ross, James, Newton-lees, Kelso

1839 Ross, Major-Gen. J. K., K.H., Edin.

1858 Ross, H., jun., Wester Coull, Tarland
1843 Ross, John Leith, of Arnage, Ellon

1856 Ross, Thomas, Bachilton, Perth

1859 Ross, William, of Greenside, Largo

1850 Roughead, D., Seedsman, Haddington

1857 Rowan, J. M., Atlas Works, Glasgow
1856 Roy, Alex., Waterton, Insch, Aberdeen

1840 Roy, James, jun., Seedsman, Aberdeen
1822 Roy, Robert, W.S., Chester

1856 Royds, Robert Whyt, late Balgreddie,
Kirkcaldy

1863 Ruddock, J. Willis, Hide Hill, Berwick

1846 Russell, Alex. James, W.S., Edinburgh
1854 Russell, Andrew Walker, of Kenlygreen,

Newburgh
1867 Russell, A., Flemington, Cambuslang

1859 Russell, David, Silverburn, Leven
1835 Russell, Francis Whitworth

1858 Russell, G. E., 14 Regent Terrace, Edin.
1834 Russell, James, of Aden, Mintlaw
1848 Russell, James, 16 St Cuthbert Street,

Edinburgh

1851 Russell, James, Coalstoun Mains, Had-

dington

1847 Russell, Dr James, of Breckonside,

Thornhill

1862 Russell, John, Saughton Hall Mains,

Slateford

1864 Russell, Lewis, Conon, Dingwall
1834 Russell, Robert, Edinburgh
1851 Russell, Robert, Pilmuir, Leven
1858 Rust, James, Paddocklaw, Banff

1860 Rutherford, George, Monteath's Houses,

Gorebridge

1863 Rutherford, George, of Scaurs, Jedburgh
1863 Rutherford, G., Printonan, Coldstream
1863 Rutherford, John, Eldinhope, Selkirk

1861 Rutherford, John, Muirhall, Perth
1825 Rutherfurd, William Oliver, of Edger-

ston, Jedburgh
1363 Rutherfurd, William A. Oliver, yr. of

Edgerston
1854 Ruxton, And., South Artrochie, Ellon

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1869.

35

Admitted

1851 Ruxton, John, II. D., Hill of Fiddes,

Foveran
1850 Euxton, William, Farnell, Brechin

1849 fSuTHKRLAXD, His Grace the Duke of,
K.G.

1867 Stratiimore, Right Hon. the Earl of
1830tSELKiRK, Right Hon. the Earl of
1850TSouthesk, Right Hon. the Earl of
1842tSEAFiELD, Right Hon. the Earl of
1845 Stair, Right Hon. the Earl of

18G1 Scott, Right Hon. Lord Henry, M.P.
1861 Scott, Right Hon. Lord Walter
1864 Scott, Right Hon. Lord Charles
1847tSTRATHALLAX, Right Hon. Viscount

1861 Stormont, Right Hon. Viscount

1854 Saltoun, Right Hon. Lord

1855 Sandilands, Hon. James, London
1864 Sinclair, Sir Robert Charles, of Steven-
son, Bart.

1868 Stirling, Sir Charles E. F., of Glorat,

Bart.

1848 Stewart, Sir M. R. Shaw, of Black-

hall, Bart.
1829 Scott, Sir W., of Ancrum, Bart., M.P.
1839 Stewart, Sir Wni. Drummond, of

Grandtully, Bart.

1834 Seton, SirW. Coote,ofPitmedden, Bart.

1857 Sinclair, Sir J. G. T., of Ulbster, Bart.
1839 Suttie, Sir G. Grant, of Balgone, Bart.
1824 Sinclair, Sir John, of Dunbeath, Bart.

1835 Steuart, Sir Henry M. Seton, of

Allanton, Bart.

1845 Simpson, Sir James Y., Bart, Professor

of Midwifery, University of Edinburgh
1822 Stewart, Admiral Sir H., K.C.B.
1864 Sadler, Daniel B., late Balmuick, Crieff

1853 Sadler, William, Ferrygate, Drem

1869 SafHey, John, of Morinton, Dumfries
1S58 Salmon, James, St Enoch Sijuare,

Glasgow

1856 Salmon, J., Johnstone Castle, Johnstone

1846 Salmond, Duncan, Rothesay

1858 Salmond, James, Cairnie, Arbroath
1845 Salmond, Robert, Banker, Glasgow
1868 Salmond, R., Nether Balfour, Durris

1844 Sanderson, Capt. A. C, of Glenlaggan,

Castle-Douglas

1854 Sanderson, James, 10 Pall Mall East,

London
1864 Sanderson, Wm., Corstorphine Bank,
Corstorphine

1849 Sands, W. John, W.S., Edinburgh _

1845 Sangster, Robert B., Banker, Golspie
1828 Scarth, James, Banker, Leeds

1862 Scarth, Pillans, W.S., Leith

1843 Scarth, Robert, of Binscarth, Kirkwall
1851 Scobie, John, Lochinver, Golspie
1854 Scoon, Ken., Braidwood, Gorebridge
1867 Scot, T. Goldie., of Craigmuie, Moniaive

1850 Scott, Alex,, Beanston, Prestonkirk
1860 Scott, A., Hopetoun, South Queensferry

Admitted

1848 Scott, And., Glendouglas, Jedburgh

1842 Scott, C. G., of Malleny, Balerno
1857 Scott, C, Palmerston, Cockburnspath
1859 Scott, C, Corn Merchant, Arbroath
1831 Scott, C. C, of Hawkbill, Greenock
1859 Scott, D., 3 Craigo Street, Montrose

1849 Scott, D., Meadowheld, Duddingston,

Edinburgh
1866 Scott, D. G. C, Parks of Inches,

Inverness
1821 Scott, Lieutenant-Colonel George
1863 Scott, George, Mosstower, Kelso

1861 Scott, Gideon James, Singlee, Selkirk

1853 Scott, Henry, Crosslee, Selkirk

1859 Scott, Hercules, of Brotherton, Bervie
1846 Scott, Hugh, of Gala, Galashiels
1868 Scott, James, Bogton, Bishopbriggs

1850 Scott, James, Merchant, Glasgow

1862 Scott, James, Easter Tullo, Stonehaven

1859 Scott, J., Enzieholm, Langholm

1843 Scott, J. Fitzmaurice, of Commieston

1863 Scott, Dr James Robson, of Ashtrees,

Yetholm

1854 Scott, James R. Hope, of Abbotsford,

Melrose

1862 Scott, John, Agricultural Commission

Agent, Belford
1826 Scott, J., Finnart House, Greenock

1863 Scott, John Scott Elliot, Buckholm,

Galashiels
1868 Scott, John, Drumpellier, Coatbridge
1868 Scott, Malcolm, Nether Inch, Milton

of Campsie
1841 Scott, Captain Robert
1863 Scott, Robert, Kinninghall, Hawick
1857 Scott, Thomas, of Uddingston, Glasgow
1863 Scott, T., Whitton, Morebattle, Kelso

1860 Scott, T. Robson, of Newton, Jedburgh
1850 Scott, Walter, Glendronach, Huntly
1863 Scott, W., Edgerston Tofts, Jedburgh
1S57 Scott, Wm., Timpendean, Jedburgh

1855 Scott, Wm., Wester Rora, Mintlaw
1855 Scott, William, Mossilee, Galashiels

1862 Scott, William, of Burnside, Alyth

1863 Scott, William, Howford, Selkirk
1857 Scott, William, North Leys, Banchory-

Ternan
1868 Scott, William, Cononsyth, Arbroath
1863 Scott, W. Elliot, of Peel, Newcastleton
1863 Scott, William Monteath, yr. of

Ancrum, Jedburgh
1863 Selby, Ephraim, Hassendean, Hawick
1849 Sellar, P. Plenderleith, Hartfield, Tain
1868 Sellar, R., Implement Maker, Huntly
1857 Sempill, John, late Ballemenach,

Campbeltown
1868 Semnle, J., Mains of Dumbarrow,

Forfar
1857 Semple, Thomas, Mull
1854 Seton, Alex., of Preston, Linlithgow
1848 Seton, George, Advocate, Edinburgh
1859 Seton, Henry, V.S., Edinburgh

36

List of Members of the

Admitted

1863 Shand, Alexander Burns, Sheriff of

Kincardineshire
1844 Shand, John, W.S., Edinburgh
1868 Shand, George, Ordens, Banff

1864 Shand, William, late Crichton, Ford
1S61 Sharp, Andrew, North Forr, Crieff

1846 Sharp, James, late Drums House,

Renfrewshire

1835 Shaw, Charles, W.S., Sheriff- Substi-

rute, Lochrnaddy

1836 Shaw, David, W.S., Ayr
1850 Shaw, Hary, Bogfairn, Tarland

1863 Shaw, James, Skaithmuir, Coldstream
1868 Shaw, James, Tillyching, Lumphanan
1835 Shaw, Patrick, Advocate, Edinburgh
1861 Shaw, Thomas, Forter, Glenisla, Alyth
1861 Shaw, William, Finegand, Glenshee,

Blairgowrie

1838 Shawe, R. F., of Bartingham, Thorpe,

Hull

1857 Shennan, James, Balig, Kirkcudbright
1844 Shepherd, George, Shethin, Tarves

1865 Shepherd, George, jun., Craigie, Tarves

1858 Shepherd, Cap. T., of Kirkville, Skene

1866 Shiels, George, Horsupcleuch, Dunse
1S29 Shireff, Charles, 1 Doune Terrace, Edin.

1864 Shireff, John Bell, Carronvale, Larbert

1859 Shirreff, Charles H., Corn Factor,

Edinburgh
1861 Shirreff, Thomas, "West Bams, Dunbar

1847 Shireff, David, Muirton, Drem

1850 Shireff, Samuel D., Saltcoats, Drem
1854 Shortreed, R., Attonburn, Yetholm
1866 Sim, Alexander, Fawells, Keith-Hall

1858 Sim, William, 4 St Bernard's Crescent,

Edinburgh
1830 Simpson, Alex. Horatio, late Hayes,
Uxbridge

1860 Simpson, A., Clerk of Supply, Dumfries

1860 Simpson, Alex., Smeaton, Dalkeith
1853 Simpson, George, Bedrule, J edburgh

1868 Simpson, George, Burreldales, Alvah,

Banff

1851 Simpson, James, Mawcarse, Kinross
1863 Simpson, Richard, Haggerston, Beal,

Northumberland

1839 Simpson, Robert, of Cobairdy, Huntly
1850 Simson, Charles, of Threepwood, Lauder
1841 Simson, George, of Pitcorthie, Leven

1861 Simson, George, Courthill, Kelso
1850 Simson, Thomas, Blainslie, Lauder
1839 Sinclair, A., 133 George St., Edinburgh

1859 Sinclair, Arch., Minard, Inveraray
1863 Sinclair, David, Loirston, Aberdeen
1826 Sinclair, Dugald, Kilchamaig, Tarbert
1830 Sinclair, James, of Forss, Thurso
1858 Sinclair, James, Westmill, Inchture
1856 Sinclair, John, Borlum, Glen Urquhart

1869 Sinclair, Peter, Merchant, Kilmartin
1863 Sinton, Thomas, Aberarder, Laggan
1850 Sivewright, James, late Finlayston

House, Port-Glasgow

Admitted

1831 Skene, William F., W.S., Edinburgh

1823 Skinner, Capt. C. G. Macgregor, Caris-

brooke House, Isle of Wight
1827 Skinner, Jas., Drumin, Ballindalloch
1859 Skinner, James, Woodside, Aberdeen
1858 Skinner, John, Balwhimry, Markinch

1868 Skinner, J. H., 45 Moray PI., Edinburgh

1869 Skinner, W., of Corra, W.S., Edinburgh

1857 Skirving, Adam, of Croys, Dalbeattie

1850 Skirving, James, Luffness Mains, Drem

1846 Skirving, R. Scot, Camptoun, Drem

1858 Sleigh, John, Land-Surveyer, Strichen

1863 Slipper, R. B., Stamford Hill, London

1861 Sloan, D., Coach Builder, Dumfries
1843 Small, David, Writer, Dundee

1859 Small, Jas., of Dirnanean, Blairgowrie

1857 Small, Lindsay, 19 Dodington, White-

church, Salop

1867 Small, P., of Brewlands, Glenisla
1843 Small, William, Merchant, Dundee

1864 Smart, Jas., Liberton Park, Liberton

1858 Smart, John, Glasgowego, Blackburn^

Aberdeen
1857 Smith, Adam, Stevenson Mains, Had-
dington

1847 Smith, Alex., Civil Engineer, Aberdeen

1852 Smith, Alexander (A. & W. Smith &

Co.), Glasgow

1863 Smith, Alexander, Letham, Berwick

1864 Smith, Alexander P., Munlochy Farm,

Munlochy

1862 Smith, A., Willowbrae House, Edin.

1856 Smith, Andrew, Castle Mains, Douglas
1864 Smith, Andrew, Solicitor, Dingwall

1868 Smith, Andrew, Castle Mains, Gilford

1838 Smith, A., Sheriff-Substitute, Glasgow

1853 Smith, C, Whittingham, Prestonkirk
1836 Smith, C. H. Johnstone, late Edinburgh
1833 Smith, David, W.S., Edinburgh

1839 Smith, E. B., of Blackwood House,

Ecclefechan

1864 Smith, F. G, Hoprig, Cockburnspath
1839 Smith, G., Minmore, Ballindalloch
1862 Smith, George, 46 Port-Dundas Road,.

Glasgow

1853 Smith, Major H., of Cruicksfield, Dunse

1857 Smith, Hugh (Smith Brothers & Co.),

Glasgow
1855 Smith, James, Dundee
1855 Smith, James, ofOlrig, Thurso
1857 Smith, James, Broomhill, Particle
1857 Smith, Jas., 11 Roxburgh St., Edin.

1859 Smith, James, 11 Dixon St., Glasgow

1869 Smith, J., Mullochard, Ballindalloch

1851 Smith, John, Advocate, Aberdeen

1857 Smith, J., Ballochantay, Campbeltown

1858 Smith, John, Coynachie, Gantly

1865 Smith, John, Inverallan, Grantown

1852 Smith, J. Gordon, Nevie, Ballindalloch
1867 Smith, J. Turnbull, C.A., Edinburgh

1854 Smith, John T., Goswick, Berwick-on-

Tweed

Higldaad and Agricultural Society, 18G0.

37

Admitted

1839 Smith, Robert, S.S.C., Edinburgh

1850 Smith, Robert, Ladyland, Dumfries

1864 Smith, Robert, Hayford Mills, Stirling
1854 Smith, R. M., Merchant, Leith

1850 Smith, Thomas, Dallibble, Dumfries

1823 Smith, William, Kirknewton

1854 Smith, W., East Learmonth, Coldstream

1856 Smith, Wm., West Drums, Brechin

1857 Smith, William, Buckie

1858 Smith, William, Hillford, Monymusk
1860 Smith, William, Banker, Moniaivc
1863 Smith, W., Stone of Morphie, Montrose

1868 Smith, William, New Mains of Ury,

Stonehaven

1869 Smith, Win., Shanlockfoot, Penpont
1826 Smollet, A., of Bonhill, Dumbarton

1846 Smythe, William, of Methven, Perth
1857 Snodgrass, Allan, Mollandu, Cardross
1857 Somervail, P., Glendevon, Linlithgow

1857 Somervell, G., of Sorn, Mauchline
1848 Somerville, J., Ladyurd, Noblehouse

1858 Somerville, James, S.S.C,, Edinburgh

1859 Somerville, John, Lanark

1841 Somerville, Samuel, of Ampherlaw.

M.D., Edinburgh
1S45 Somerville, S. H. M., of Broadheld,

Port- Glasgow

1850 Somerville, Wm., Merchant, Glasgow
1854 Souter, Alexander, Banff

1865 Spears, Wm. E., Writer, Kirkcaldy
1843 Speid, James, of Forneth, Blairgowrie
1858 Speir, Robert, Blair Park, Largs
1838 Speir, Thomas, of Blackston, Paisley
1838 Speirs, T. Dundas, Burnfoot, Houston

1860 Spenee, Adam White, Merchant, Leith

1861 Spens, Archd., of Lethallan, Falkirk
1848 Spens, N., ofCrdgsanquhar, Cupar-Fife
1863 Spowart,T., of Broomhead, Dunfermline
1830 Sprot, James, of Spot, Dunbar

1830 Sprot, John, Ayr
1820 Sprot, Mark, of Gamkirk, Glasgow
1830 Sprot, Mark, of Riddell, Lilliesleaf
1826 Sprot, Thomas, W.S., Edinburgh
1836 Stables, W. A., Cawdor Castle, Nairn
1854 Starforth, John, Architect, Edinburgh
1858 Stark, Andw., Hill of Beath, Crossgates

1862 Stark, Ralph, Camelon, Falkirk

1861 Stark, W., late Contentious, Mid-Calder

1851 Stedman, J., Wester Ulston, Jedburgh

1847 Steedman, James, Boghall, Roslin

1862 Steedman, J., Charleston, Dunfermline

1860 Steel, Christ., Auchenfranco, Dumfries
1853 Steele, Robert, Greenock

1828 Steele, William, Sheriff-Substitute of

Dumbarton
1S54 Stegmann, Conrad, Merchant, Leith
1850 Stenhouse, G., West Pilton, Blackball
1850 Stenhouse, J., Southfield, Corstorphine

1861 Stenhouse, James, Myles, Tranent
1858 Stephen, James, Conglass, Keith-hall
1826 Stephens, Henry, Redbrae Cottage,

Edinburgh

Admitted

1845 Steuart, Andw., of Auchluneart, Keith
1835 Steuart, Archibald Seton, Alloa
1857 Steuart, D., of Steuart Hall, Stirling
1842 Steuart, James, W.S., Edinburgh
1864 Steuart, James, junior, Edinburgh

1857 Steuart, John, Writer, Pollockshaws

1859 Steuart, Patrick, Middlegill, Moffat
1864 Steuart, Captain Robert, of Carfin,.

Westwood, West Calder
1855 Steuart, Robert, Brownlee, Carluke

1833 Steuart, William, London

1832 Stevens, M., of Bellahouston, Glasgow

1839 Stevenson, Alex., Banker, Langholm
1855 Stevenson, Andrew, Halls, Dunbar

1850 Stevenson, G, 377 High Street, Edin.
1853 Stevenson, David, C.E., Edinburgh
1842 Stevenson, John, Balimore, Oban

1853 Stevenson, John B., New Zealand

1864 Stevenson, John, Hillhead, Sum.

Mauchline

1860 Stevenson, Robert, China

1852 Stevenson, T., Mount-Lothian, Penicuik
1860 Stewart, Alexander, Tempar, Rannoch,
Pitlochire

1858 Stewart, Alex. J., W.S., Edinburgh
1862 Stewart, Alex., Craigenseat, Huntly

1865 Stewart, Alex., Bog of Cawdor, Nairn
1860 Stewart, Andrew, Auctioneer, Dumfries

1834 Stewart, Chas., Kerrowmore, Aberfeldy
1823 Stewart, Charles, of Hillside, Lockerbie

1840 Stewart, Charles, Solicitor, Inverness

1858 Stewart, Charles, Tighnduin, Killin
1842 Stewart, David, London

1862 Stewart, David, Kippenross, Dumblane

1859 Stewart, Donald, Clachan, Blair- A thole

1863 Stewart, Lieutenant Duncan, R.N.
1869 Stewart, F. B., Newkirk, Tarland
1844 Stewart, G., Kirkchrist, Kirkcudbright

1837 Stewart, Henry, of St Fort, Newport

1838 Stewart, H. B., of Balnakeilly, Pitlochrie

1857 Stewart, H. G. Murray, of Broughton,

Gatehouse

1851 Stewart, J., Pitskelly, St Martins,.

Perth

1854 Stewart, James, New Market, Aberdeen

1858 Stewart, James, Heathfield, Irvine
1857 Stewart, James, Ballyorgan, Ardrishaig
1869 Stewart, James W., C.E., Edinburgh
1819 Stewart, John, London

1823 Stewart, John, of Dalguise, Dunkeld

1854 Stewart, John, Strathaven

1855 Stewart, John, Upper Ardroscadaler

Rothesay

1852 Stewart, John, Duntulm, Portree

1 824 Stewart, J. Lorn, of Coll, Campbeltown'

1853 Stewart, John Archd. Shaw, London

1862 Stewart, Malcolm, Fife Keith, Keith
1837 Stewart, M. S., of Southwick, Dumfries
1869 Stewart, Mark John, yr. of Southwick

Ardwell, Stranraer

1863 Stewart, Neil P., Ceniacs, Llanrwst,

North Wales

38

List of Members of the

Admitted

1859 Stewart, Osmond de Haviland, "Water-

head, Lockerbie

1860 Stewart, Peter, Cowburn, Lockerbie

1854 Stewart, Major Eobert, of Ballechin,

Ballinluig

1858 Stewart, Robt., of Ingliston, Kirkliston

1859 Stewart, Robert Balfour, yr. of St Fort,

Newport
1846 Stewart, Robert H. Johnston, of Phys-

gill, Whithorn
1857 Stewart, Samuel, Sandhole, Strichen

1859 Stewart, Thomas, Gillenbie, Lockerbie
1S59 Stewart, Walter, Mains of Kynachan,

Pitlochrie
1829 Stewart, Wm. , late Ballaterach, Ballater
1844 Stewart, William, of Blackhouse, Largs

1850 Stewart, Wm. , Tonroich, Campbeltown
1857 Stewart, William, Pininver, Camp-
beltown

1860 Stewart, William, Saddler, Aberfeldy
1S68 Stewart, W. Bruce, of Burgh, Kirkwall
1864 Stirling, Gilbert, 9th Lancers, Larbert,

Falkirk

1857 Stirling, Major Graham, of Craigbarnet,

Strathblane
1852 Stirling, James, C.E., Edinburgh
1867 Stirling, James, of Garden, Kippen
1833 Stirling, Jn., of Kippendavie, Dunblane
1S65 Stirling, Captain John, of Gargunnock,

Stirling
1839 Stirling, T. Graham, of Strowan, Crieff

1855 Stirling, Wm., ofTarduff, Linlithgow

1867 Stobo, Andrew, Poterstown, Thornhill
1860 Stobo, Robert, of Hallidayhill, Auld-

girth Bridge
1855 Stodart, Archibald, Covington, Biggar
1855 Stodart, David, Banker, Lanark
1839 Stodart, George Tweedie, of Oliver,

W.S., Edinburgh
1855 Stodart, James, Walston, Carnwath

1851 Stodart, John, Bangour, Uphall

1864 Stodart, Thomas, Boreland, Lockerbie
1855 Stodart, William, Wintonhill, Tranent
1850 Storrie, Francis, V.S., East Linton
1832 Stott, Gibson, London

1859 Stott, Joseph Hood, Niddry Street,
Edinburgh

1858 Strachan, James, Wester Fowlis, Alford
1S58 Strachan, Lewis, Cluny of Raemoir,

Banchory
1857 Strang, J., High Crewburn, Strathaven
1842 Straton, Geo. T., of Kirkside, Montrose

1859 Strong, Thomas, W.S., Edinburgh
1859 Struthers, Dr John, Professor of Ana-
tomy, Aberdeen

1863 Stuart, Alexander C, of Eaglescairnie,
Haddington

1865 Stuart, Alexander, of Laithers, Turriff
1863 Stuart, Gilbert, Runningburn, Stitchel,

Kelso

1868 Stuart, Henry, Factor for the Bute

Estate, Rothesay

Admitted

1865 Stuart, James, Aldich, Ballindalloch .

1853 Sutherland, Eric, Tannachie House,

Fochabers
1849 Sutherland, George, of Forse, Lybster
1856 Sutherland, Joseph, Shineas, Lairg

1864 Sutherland, Neil, Kennetpans Chemical

Works, Clackmannan

1856 Sutherland, Robert, Shiness, Lairg
1852 Sutherland, S., Balliefeary, Inverness
1858 Swan, Jas., Live Stock Agent, Edin.

1851 Swan, John, Cattle Salesman, Edin.

1865 Swan, P. D., Provost of Kirkcaldy

1852 Swan, Robert, Writer, Kelso

1863 Swan, Sam., Overton, Bush, Jedburgh

1858 Swan, Thos., Live Stock Agent, Edin.

1861 Swann, James, Collierhall, Douglas

1859 Swann, J. R., Leith Walk, Edinburgh

1865 Swanwick, R. , Whittington, Chesterfield

1857 Swinburne, Capt. R. N., of Elian Shona,

Greenock
1841 Swinton, Archibald Campbell, of Kim-
rnergharne, Dunse.

1862 Swinton, P. Burn, Holyn Bank, Gifford

1853 Sydserff, Thomas Buchan, of Ruchlaw,

Prestonkirk
1859 Syme, George, Couston, Aberdour
1838 Syme, James, Professor of Clinical Sur-
gery, University of Edinburgh

1857 Syme, William, Craigie, Leuchars
1868 Syminton, Gilbert, City of Glasgow

Bank, Glenluce

1868 Symington, Geo. , Kirkcarswell, Rerrick,

Kirkcudbright
1848 Symington, T., late Eastside, Penicuik

1809*Tweeddale, Most Noble the Marquis

of, K.T., President of the Society
1831 Toephichen, Right Hon. Lord
1824 Thriepland, Sir Patrick Murray, of
Fingask, Bart.

1845 Tait, Alexander D., of Milrig, Galston

1846 Tait, James, Banker, Kelso

1866 Tait, James, Campbell, W.S., Edin.
1834 Tait, J., Advocate, Sheriff of Perthshire

1861 Tait, John, Langrig, Whitsome

1863 Tait, Joseph, Lindean, Selkirk

1852 Tait, Joseph, Brankanentham, Portsoy
1S63 Tait, Robert, Leesmill, Coldstream
1863 Tait, William, Vencheon, Kelso

1862 Tait, William Reid, Pennyland, Thurso

1862 Tawse, John, W.S., Edinburgh
1859 Tawse, John Wardrope, W.S., Edin.

1858 Tayler, W. J., of Glenbarry, Rothiemay

1863 Taylor, Alexander, Hillhouse, Lauder

1869 Taylor, Andrew, Banker, Cupar-Fife
1858 Taylor, George, of Kirtonhill, Montrose
1868 Taylor, James B., V.S., Aberdeen
1858 Taylor, John B., Seton West Mains,

Prestonpans

1853 Taylor, M., Letter Farm, Cove, Greenock
1861 Taylor, John, Redcastle, Chance Inn
1857 Taylor, Robert, Campbeltown

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1860.

39

Admitted

1857 Taylor, Robert, Dumfrenny, Banchory

1857 Templeton, Robert, Rannachan, Canrp-

beltown

1853 Tennant, Charles, of the Glen, Peebles
1838 Tennant, Clias. J., St Rollox, Glasgow
1833 Tennant, John, St Rollox, Glasgow

1863 Tennant, Robert, of Tranent

1859 Thallon, Robert, Devon, Kennoway
1855 Thew, B., Shortridge House, Alnwick

1864 Thom, David, Merchant, Leith

1S58 Thom, James G, Quethillhead, Durris,

Aberdeen
1855 Thomas, James, Forthar, Kettle
1861 Thomas, Robert, Manure Manufacturer,

Newtyle
1845 Thompson, Andrew, Berwick-on-Tweed
1868 Thompson, Geo., of Pitmedden, Dyce,
Aberdeen
Thompson, Henry, of High Green,

Ramshope, Otterburn
Thompson, R. G., Rutherford, Kelso
Thorns, Patrick Hunter, of Aberlemno,
Dundee
Thomson, Alexander, Banker, Greenock

1858 Thomson, Alex., Bar, Haugh of Urr

1867 Thomson, A., of Mainhill, St Boswells
Thomson, Charles W., C.A., Edinburgh
Thomson, George, of Burnhouse, Stow
Thomson, George, 4 Oxford Street,

Edinburgh
Thomson, George, Hopton, Jedburgh
1S28 Thomson, J., late Papple, Haddington
1855 Thomson, James, Mungoswells, Dunse

1858 Thomson, James, Holmes, Broxburn
1861 Thomson, J., late of Acrehead, Dumfries

1868 Thomson, Jas., Newseat of Dumbreck,

Udny
1848 Thomson, John Anstruther, of Ckarle-

ton, Colinsburgh
1868 Thomson, J., Newton of Skene, Aberdeen
1867 Thomson, John Comrie, Sheriff-Substi-
tute of Aberdeenshire
Thomson, J. S., M'Cheynston, Dum-
fries
Thomson, John, Hope Street, Glasgow

1859 Thomson, Peter, Cowcoch, Abergele,

North Wales
1857 Thomson, Robert, Seggie, Guard Bridge
1859 Thomson, R., Nether Cassock, Langholm
1864 Thomson, R, J., Grange, Kilmarnock

1859 Thomson, Samuel, Blaiket, Croeketford,

Dumfries
1850 Thomson, Thomas, Merchant, Glasgow
1841 Thomson, William Thomas, Edinburgh
1844 Thomson, AYilliam, of Balgowan, Perth

1854 Thomson, W., Grain-Merchant, Edin.

1860 Thomson, W., (Hill & Thomson), Edin.

1861 Thomson, William, Burnbank, Blair-

Drummond
1866 Thomson, W. H., Sheriff-Substitute,

Inverness
1859 Thorburn, David, Calgary, Tobermory

1867

1867
1861

1825

1867
1836
1854

1863

1869

1869

Admitted

1824 Threshie, David Scott, W.S., Jersey
1859 Thynne, Wm., Hoprig Mains, Tranent
1844 Timins, William, of Hillfield, Stanmore,
Middlesex

1849 Tindal, James, Stonehaven

1859 Tod, Alexander, Aitkendean, Lasswade
1851 Tod, George, Lochran, Blair- Adam

1853 Tod, Robert, Cardrona Mains, Peebles
1864 Tod, Captain R. A. Boothbv.of Howden,

Mid-Calder

1851 Tod, William, Gospetrie, Kinross

1852 Tod, William, Graham St., Edinburgh

1864 Tod, William, Glenree, Lamlash, Arran

1858 Todd, James, Dunure Mains, Maybole

1865 Todd, James, Castle Mains, Dirleton
1838 Todd, John, of Finnich, Drymen
1865 Tolmie, Alex., Ballisparden, Ardersier
1827 Torrance, George M'Mieken, of Threave,

Edinburgh
1863 Torrance, George, Sisterpath, Dunse
1863 Torrance, T.,Whitsome Laws, Chirnside
1831 Torrance, Wm., Hyvotsbank, Liberton

1859 Townsend. Joseph, Glasgow

1858 Trail, Dr J. R., Tombeg, Monymusk
1822 Traill, George, of Ratter, M.P., Dunnet
1846 Traquair, Ramsay H., Colinton

1857 Trench, Henry, of Cangort Park, Shin-
rone, Ireland
1841 Trotter, Chas., of Woodhill, Blairgowrie
1865 Trotter, C, 17 Melville Street, Edin.
1836 Trotter, R., of Morton Hall, Liberton

1865 Trotter, H., yr. of Morton Hall, Liberton
1829 Trotter, Robert Knox, of Ballindean

1866 Trotter, T. C, Bilston Lodge, Loanhead

1850 Tudhope,G.,121 Greenhead St., Glasgow

1861 Tullis, Robert, of Grange, St Andrews
1844 Turnbull, Alex., Cresswell, Morpeth
1826 Turnbull, Archibald, of Bellwood, Perth
1857 Turnbull, Gregor, Merchant, Glasgow
1863 Turnbull, George, Seedsman, Hawick
1863 Turnbull, J.,Lempitlaw, Eastfield, Kelso
1844 Turnbull, John, of Abbey St Bathans,

AV.S., Edinburgh
1863 Turnbull, John, East Middle, Hawick
1863 Turnbull, John, Kirk Mains, Kelso
1838 Turnbull, J., Bonhill Place, Dumbarton

1862 Turnbull, Mark, Melrose Mills, Melrose

1859 Turnbull, P., Little Pinkerton, Dunbar

1854 Turnbull, Robert L., Falnash, Hawick
1850 Turnbull, S., Bonhill Place, Dumbarton

1855 Turnbull, William, Falnash, Hawick

1863 Turnbull, AVilliam, Graden, Kelso
1863 Turnbull, Wm. George, Spittal, Cavers
1844 Turner, A., Pitcairns, Bridge of Earn

1853 Turner, Duncan, Corachaine, Dunoon
1859 Turner, Fred. J., The Dean, Kilmarnock
1853 Turner, John, of Turner Hall, Ellon

1 855 Turner, Richard, Broom park, Mid-Calder
1855 Turner, Thomas, Leith
1863 Turner, AV., Gavinburn, Old Kilpatrick
1868 Turner, William, M.B., Professor of
Anatomy, University of Edinburgh

40

List of Members of the

Admitted

1859 Tweedie. Alexander, Coats, Haddington
1853 Tweedie, D., Castle Crawford, Abington

1860 Tweedie, James, of Quarter, Kachan

House, Biggar
1863 Tweedie, James, Deuchrie, Prestonkirk

1863 Tytler, James Stuart, of Woodhouselee,

W.S., Edinburgh

1864 Tytler, Chas. E. F., of Sanquhar, Forres
1860 Tytler, ¥m. F., of Aldourie, Inverness

1864 Umphray, And., of Reawick, Shetland

1864 Urquhart, B. C, of Meldrum, Old

Meldrum

1858 Urquhart, J. G., of Vellore, Linlithgow

1851 Urquhart, W. P., of Craigston, M.P.

1864 Ure, William, Crawfordston, Kippen

1853 Usher, John, Stodrig, Kelso

1867 Vernon, Hon. Greville R.

1857 Vallance. Hugh, Greathill, Strathaven
1850 Vallentine, James, Arnhall, Brechin

1858 Vallentine, J., Nether Afflock, Skene

1860 Vassal, Gen. R., Culdees Castle, Muthil

1864 Veitch, Chris., Wheatlands, Cramond
1822 Veitch, James, of Eliock, Sheriff-Sub.,

Hamilton

1867 Veitch, "Walter, Grange, Kinghorn

1856 Vere, C. E. Hope, Ledard, Aberfoyle

1846 Vere, W. E. Hope, of Craigiehall,

Cramond

1819tWEMTSS, Right Hon. the Earl of
1863 Wharncliffe, Right Hon. the Lord
1845 Walpole, The Hon. Henry, Wolterton

Park
1858 Warrender, Sir G, of Lochend, Bart.
1842 Watjchope, Sir John Don, of Edmon-

stone, Bart.
1818 Waddell, William, of Easter Moffat,

W.S., Edinburgh

1865 Wade, Major Carruthers, Edinburgh

1868 Wagner, Raoul, Vice-Consul of France,

Edinburgh

1857 Wakefield, J. Collen, Eastwood-Park,

Thornliebank
1857 Wakelin, John, Oil Mills, Musselburgh
1855 Waldie, J., 93 Waterloo St., Glasgow
1855 Walker, Alexander, Brightmony, Nairn

1847 Walker, Chas., late Drumblair, Huntly
1865 Walker, E. C. Sutherland, of Aberarder,

Kingussie
1S61 Walker, Fountaine, of Foyers, Inverness

1857 Walker, Francis, Craignetherty, Turriff
1863 Walker, Francis, Nisbet Mill, Kelso

1858 Walker, Major George G, of Crawford-

ton, Dumfries
1863 Walker, G. J., Hillside House, Port-
lethen, Aberdeen

1861 Walker, Henry West, Banker, Auchter-

muchty
1860 Walker, James, of Dairy, Edinburgh
1847 Walker, James, of Blairton

Admitted

1854 Walker, James, Kilpunt, Broxburn

1867 Walker, James, East Grange, Culross
1869 Walker, James, Hillhead, St Andrews
1848 Walker, John, W.S., Edinburgh
1857 Walker, John, Eastfield. Springburn

1857 Walker, J. E., Cawder Guilt, Maryhill

1862 Walker, John, Maryfield, Bressay,

Shetland
1865 Walker, John, of Ardpeaton, Craig-

rownie, Roseneath
1844 Walker, Matthew, Glasgow
1844 Walker, Robert, Lathamhill, Glasgow

1847 Walker, Robert, Hillside House, Port-

lethen, Aberdeen

1853 Walker, Robert, Montbletton, Banff

1854 Walker, Robert, Leuchars House, Elgin
1859 Walker, Robert, Altyre, Forres

1861 Walker, Robert, Gannochy, Perth
1861 Walker, T., Cupar-Fife
1859 Walker, W., Balrymont, St Andrews
1854 Walker, W. , of Wholeflats, Dalgan Park,
Shreul, Headford, Ireland

1858 Walker, Wm., Ardhunckart, Mossat

1864 Walker, William, Kintrae, Elgin
1835 Walker, Wm. S., of Bowland, Edin.

1868 Walker, William Campbell, yr. of Bow-

land, Edinburgh
1852 Wallace, David, Balgrummo, Leven

1865 Wallace, David, Lochwood, Coatbridge
1861 Wallace, James, Brake, Denino, Fife
1861 Wallace, John, Illieston, Broxburn

1854 Wallace, Robert A., Killihonet, Fort-
. William

1844 Wallace, Wm., of Auchinvole, Kilsyth
1852 Warnock, A., Bearyards, Bishopbriggs

1869 Warrick, William, Newmill of Fintray,

Aberdeen
1868 Warrand, A. J. C, Ryefield, Dingwall

1856 Warwick, W., Glencartholm, Canonbie
1839 Wason, Rigby, of Corwar, Barrhill
1837 Waterston, Charles, Banker, Inverness
1861 Watherston, John, Builder, Edinburgh,

Master of Works to the Society

1855 Watson, Crawford, Netherton of Logie,

Peterhead

1859 Watson, Douglas, late Thurster, Wick

1848 Watson, George, of Norton, Ratho
1858 Watson, Henry, Lingerwood, Lasswade
1841 Watson, Henry George, C.A., Edin.

1857 Watson. John, Over Johnston, Mother-

well

1857 Watson, John, Mumrills, Falkirk
1864 Watson, John, Culterallers, Biggar
1852 Watson, Thomas, Esperston, Gorebridge
1841 Watson, Wm., of Bucklands, Hawick
1852 Watson, Wm., late the Binns, Dundee
1861 Watson, William, Engineer, Errol

1863 Watson, W. S., of Burnhead, Hawick

1858 Watt, Gordon, Hirn, Banchory

1856 Watt, James, Biggar

1864 Watt, James, Balbarton, Kirkcalfly

1865 Watt, John, Thomastown, Huntly

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1869.

41

Admitted

1858 Watt, Wm. W. G, of Skail, Stromness

1840 Wauchope, Andrew, of Niddrie Maris-

chall, Liberton

1857 Waugh, J., of St John's Kirk, Biggar
1861 Webster, A., of Rutherford, Edinburgh
1853 Webster, James, S.S.G., Edinburgh
1853 Webster, Jas., 58 Gilmour Place, Edin.

1858 Webster, John, Advocate, Aberdeen
1863 Webster J., New Horndean, Berwick
1856 Webster, R., Blairquhosh, Strathblane
1838 Webster, William, Daill, I slay

1863 Weddell, John Wilkie, Lauder Barns,

Lauder

1844 Wedderburn, F. L. S., of Wedderburn,

Cupar

1864 Weir, Robertj Brownhill, Carnwarth
1S68 Weir, William, Portland Iron Works,

Kilmarnock

1859 Wells, William, of Holmewood, Stilton
1850 Welsh, Alexander, Edinburgh

1855 Welsh, David, Tillvtoghills, Brechin

1860 Welsh, John, Kirkton, Hawick

1853 Welsh, Thomas, of Earlshaugh, Erie-

stane, Moffat
1842 Welwood, Alan A. Maconochie, of

Garvoch
1846 Wemyss, D. Sinclair, of Southdun, Wick

1841 Wemyss, James, of Wemyss Hall,

Cupar- Fife
1836 Wetherell, W., Aldbrough, Darlington

1860 Whitaker, John, Coinsley Hall,

Shrewsbury.
1863 White, A., Causeway Bank, Chirnsidc

1861 White, Francis, M.D., Perth

1842 White Henry W, of Monar, Inverness
1842 White, James, 24 Royal Terrace, Edin.

1862 White, James, Stockbroker, Edinburgh

1863 White James, of Overton, Glasgow
1842 White, John, of Drumelzier Noble-
house

1863 White, John, of Grougar, SO Wilson

Street, Glasgow.

1868 White, J. F,, Grain Merchant, Aberdeen

1838 White, Peter, Accountant, Glasgow

1842 White Robert, W.S., Edinburgh

1859 White, Samuel, Lugate, Stow

1838 White, William, Merchant, Glasgow

1854 White, Wm., of Dykehead, Carnwarth

1845 Whitehead, Joseph, of Kilnside, Paisley

1859 Whitelaw, Alexander, Gartsherrie

House, Gartsherrie

1850 Whittet, George, Easter Drylaw,

Davidson's Mains
1861 Whitton, Andrew, of Couston, Newtyle

1851 White, George, of Meethill, Peterhead

1865 Wliyte, James, Little Clinterty, New-

hills, Aberdeen
1853 Whyte, John, Ballochoyle, Dunoon

1860 Whyte, Rev. R., Dryfesdale, Lockerbie
1868 Whyte, William, Spott, Kirriemuir
1865 Wight, Geo., 14 Duke Street, Edinburgh

1861 Wight, Thomas, Wire- Worker, Perth

Admitted

1827 Wightman, James Seton, of Courance,

Lockerbie
1869 Wightman, John Seton, yr. of Courance,

Lockerbie

1860 Wilkie, Andrew, Banker, Leven

1843 Wilkie, D., of Auehlishie, Kirriemuir
1857 Wilkie, George, Cowdenlaws, Dysart

1863 Wilkie, James, C.A., Edinburgh
1830 Wilkie. John, of Foulden, Berwick

1862 Wilkin T., Tinwald Downs, Dumfries
1S54 Willbank, Jonas, Berwick-upon-Tweed

1867 Williams, W., Principal of the Edinburgh

Veterinary College, Professor of Ve-
terinary Surgery to the Society
185S Williamson, Andrew F., Caskieben,
Blackburn

1861 Williamson, David Robertson, of

Lawers, Crieff

1850 Williamson, George, Shempston, Elgip

1853 Williamson, James, Harlaw House,

Keith-hall
1S29 Williamson, John W., of Eastgreen,
Kinross

1854 Willis, Thomas, Manor House, Bedale
186S Willison, Duncan Campbell, Parish

Holm, Douglas

1857 Willison, Jas. P., Dalpeddar, Sanquhar

1858 Willison, John., Parish Holm, Douglas

1868 Willison, J., jun., Parish Holm, Douglas
1861 Wilson, Adam, Auehengownie, For-

gandenny
1861 Wilson, Adam, Midshiels, Hawick
1842 Wilson, Alex., Kilnhilloch, Culleu
1854 Wilson, Alex., Kirkhill, Oldmeldrum
1857 Wilson, Alex., Crosskill, Campbeltown

1864 Wilson, Alex., Alford House, Dunblane
1864 Wilson, Alexander, of Skeoch, Ban-

nockburn
1868 Wilson, A., Whiteside, Alford, Aberdeen

1864 Wilson, Edward L., Manufacturer,

Bannockburn

1859 Wilson, George, Harelaw, Ayton

1863 Wilson, George, Hawick

1865 Wilson, G., Loch -house, Linlithgow

1859 Wilson, J., Woodhorn Manor, Morpeth
1867 Wilson, James, Erskine, Glasgow

1840 Wilson, James, Banker, Inverness

1844 Wilson, James, Glasgow

1848 Wilson, Jas., Wester Cowden, Dalkeith

1854 Wilson, James, Burnetland, Biggar

1857 Wilson, Jas., Old Mill, New Cumnock

1858 Wilson, James, Banker, Kilmarnock

1860 Wilson, James, jun., Newton, Dalkeith

1866 Wilson, Jas., 146 George Street, Edin.

1841 Wilson, John, of Cumledge, Dunse
1848 Wilson, John, Crosshouse, Roslin

1851 Wilson, J., Edington Mains, Chirnside

1855 Wilson, John, Professor of Agriculture,

University of Edinburgh
1865 Wilson, John, Huntly
1855 Wilson, John, Nicolton, Polmont
1857 Wilson, John, Overhouse, Strathaven

d

42

List of Members.

Admitted

1859 Wilson, John, of Carlinside, Lanark

1859 Wilson, J. F., Darnhall Mains,

Eddleston

1862 Wilson, J., Chapelhill, Cockburnspath

1863 Wilson, J., of Hill Park, Bannockburn
1863 Wilson, John, of Otterburn, Morebattle
1863 Wilson, J. P., of Polquhairn, Cumnock

1867 Wilson, M., Blackstoun House, Paisley
1865 Wilson, Peter, Linsaig, Kilfinan, Tigh-

na-bruaich
1S57 Wilson, Philip, Corn Factor, Dunse
1858 Wilson, Richard, C.A., Edinburgh

1852 Wilson, E., 2 Fairmount Villas, Perth

1863 Wilson, Robert, Forehouse, Kilbarchan

1868 Wilson, Robert, Lethenty, Alford
1865 Wilson, Thomas, Halls, Penicuik
1857 Wilson, Thomas, late Auchincorrie,

Campbeltown

1857 Wilson, Thomas, Haymount, Kelso

1849 Wilson, William, W.S., Edinburgh

1853 Wilson, William, Writer, Inverary
1853 Wilson, William, Gateside, Linlithgow

1858 Wilson, William, Bulquharn, Alford

1867 Wingate, William, Nether Croy, Kilsyth

1857 Wink, George, Accountant, Glasgow
1855 Wishart, Edward, Merchant, Leith

1868 Wishart, W., Cairntraddlyn, Blackburn

1860 Woddrop, William Allan, of Dalmar-

nock, Noblehouse
1868 Wolrige, Henry Gordon, of Hallhead
and Esslemont, Ellon

1858 Wood, J., Midtown, King Edward, Banff

1864 Wood, J., Whiteside, Greenlaw, Dunse
1S35 Wood, John, Banker, Colinsburgh'
1828 Wood, William, Merchant, Leith
1841 Wood, William E. Colins, of Keithock,

Coupar-Angus
1858 Wotherspoon, Arch., Spotsmains, Kelso
1853 Wright, Andrew, Corstorphine
1857 Wright, Bryce, Dowhill, Girvan

1850 Wright, David, Beal, Berwick-on-Tweed
1839 Wright, James, Glasgow

Admitted

1853 Wright, Jas., Secy., Royal Bank, Edin-,
1857 Wright, William, Woodlands, Girvan
1863 Wylie, A. H., 19 Walker Street, Edin.
1857 Wylie, George, of Arndean, Dollar

1863 Wyllie, James, Bolfracks, Aberfeldy
1833 Wyllie, James F., Bolfracks, Aberfeldy
1849 Wyllie, J., late New Farm, Mid-Calder
1857 Wyllie, AValter, Parkhead, Alloa

1855 Wyllie, W. A., Pensher, Fence Houses,.

Durham

1868 Yeats, Alexander, Advocate, Aberdeen
1838 Yeats, William, of Arquharney, Advo-
cate, Aberdeen

1864 Yool, Thomas, Coulardbank, Elgin
1864 Yorstoun, Captain M. C, of Tinwald,.

Lochmaben
1852 Young, Alex., Keir Mains, Dunblane

1867 Young, Andrew, Kilkenzie, Maybole

1859 Young, Andrew, Lochtyside, Thornton

1854 Young, George, Advocate, Q.C., M.P.
1842 Young, Harry, of Cleish Castle, Kinross.

1856 Young, James, Broadholm, Duntocher

1860 Young, J. A., Orchardtown, Garliestown

1863 Young, James, Limefield House, West

Calder

1857 Young, John, Houston Mains, Houston
1857 Young, John, Urioch, Balmaghie,

Castle-Douglas

1864 Young, John, Mungall Cottage, Falkirk
1863 Young, Matthew, Oilcake Manufacturer,

Berwick

1868 Young, John, jun., (J. k T. Young) Ayr
1859 Young, Wm. D., 77 George Street, Edim
1863 Younger, Robert, St Anns, Edinburgh
1863 Younger, Wm., Abbey Brewery, Edin.
1838 Yuille, And. B., of Darleith, Cardross
1827 Yule, Colonel Patrick, Royal Engineers.
1852 Yule, Thomas B., Merchant, Leith.
1868 Yull, John S., Little Ardo, Methlic

1840 Zetland, Right Hon. The Earl of, K.TL

Total Number of Members, 3867.

fRlNTF.D BT NEILL AND COMPANY, EDINBUKOH.

INDEX.

Aberdeen Show, 1868, Premiums offered
at, Appendix C, 41 — Premiums
awarded at, Appendix B, 107. Ab-
stract of the Accounts of, Appendix
B, 132.

Accounts. See Finance.

Agricultural Education, Council on,
Appendix C, 10 — Appendix D, 9 —
Bye-Laws, Appendix C, 61 — Appen-
dix D, 60.

Agriculture of Dumfriesshire, Report
on, by Rev. John Gillespie, A.M.,
270— by H. Newby Fraser, 326.

Agriculture of Perthshire, Report on,
by John Dickson, W.S., 160.

Agriculture of the Isle of Man, Report
on, by John Honeyman, 359.

Ammoniacal and Phosphatic Manures,
Report on, by R. J. Thomson, 137.

Analyses. See Chemical Department.

Anderson, Thomas, M.D., F.R.S.E.,
Chemist to the Society : — Analyses of
the Soils and Subsoils on which the
Field Experiments of 1866 were made,
190 — Experiments made during the
season 1867, 21 1-on the Composition of
the different kinds of Linseed and the
cakes they yield, 489 — Analyses of
the Soils and Subsoils on which the
Field Experiments of 1867 were made,
502 — Note regarding the Field Ex-
periments of 1868, 512.

Argyll Naval Fund, Abstract of Ac-
counts for 1866-67, Appendix A, 76
—for 1867-68, Appendix B, 134.

Bean-meal, Report on the Comparative
Feeding Values of Oat and, by Robert
J. Thomson, 66.

Bearded White Wheat, Report on, by
Patrick Shirreff, 38.

Bell, Rev. Patrick, LLD., Carmyllie,
Forfarshire : — Resolution in regard to
Testimonial to, Appendix A, 17 —
Presentation of Testimonial, Appen-
dix A, 30.

Borthwiek, Hugh, Middlestead, Selkirk :
Report on Foot Rot in Sheep, 30 —
Scab in Sheep, 346.

Cabbage, Report of Field Experiments
on tlie action of an equal money value
of different Top-Dressings on Wheat,
Grass, and Cabbage in 1866, by
Russell Swan wick, 90.

Chemical Department, Note in regard
to, with Instructions for selecting
samples for Analyses, and Scale of
charges for Analyses, Appendix C, 63
• — Appendix D 62.

Chemical Department, Proceedings of
the, by Dr Anderson: — Analyses of
the Soils and Subsoils on which the
Field Experiments of 1866 were made,
190 — Experiments made during the
season 1867, 211 — on the Composi-
tion of the different kinds of Linseed
and the cakes they yield, 489 — Ana-
lyses of the Soils and Subsoils on
which the Field Experiments of 1867
were made, 502 — Note regarding the
Field Experiments of 1868, 512.

Clerk, Right Hon. Sir George, of Peni-
cuik, Bart., Honorary Secretary of
Society, death of, Appendix A, 22.

Clover, Report of Experiments with
different Top-Dressings on Ryegrass
and Clover, by Russell Swanwick, 72.

Committees for 1868, Appendix A, 78
—for 1869, Appendix D, 10.

Conifera?., Report on Pruning of the
rarer, by Robert Hutchison, 335.

Dickson, John, W.S.,Greenbank, Perth:
Report on the Agriculture of Perth-
shire, 160.

Dietaries of Scotch Agricultural Labour-
ers, Report on, by Robert Hutchison
of Carlo wrie, 1.

Dorrery, Report on the Improvement of
Meadow Pasturage, by relieving it from
injurious flooding, on part of the Crown
Lands of, in the County of Caithness,
with Plan, by James Purves, 439.

Dumfriesshire, Report on the Agricul-
ture of, by Rev. John Gillespie, A.M.,
270— by H. Newby Fraser, 326.

Dumfries Show, 1870, List of Classes ol
Stock, Appendix D, 56.

11

INDEX.

Edinburgh Show, 1869, Premiums

offered at, Appendix D, 43.
Establishment for 1868, Appendix C, 8

—for 1869. Appendix D, 7.

Field Experiments, Keport of, on the
action of an equal money value of
different Top-Dressings on "Wheat,
Grass, and Cabbage, 1866, by Russell
Swanwick, 90.

Field Experiments, Analyses of the
Soils and Subsoils on which they
were made in 1866, 190 — Account of
Experiments made during the season
1867, 211 — Analyses of the Soils and
Subsoils on which they were made in
1867, 502— Note regarding the Ex-
periments of 1868, 512.

Finance: — State of the Funds of the
Society at 30th Nov. 1867, Appendix
A, 73 — Abstract of the Accounts for
1866-67, Appendix A, 74— Abstract
of the Accounts of the Glasgow Show,

1867, Appendix A, 76 — Accounts
of the Argyll Naval Fund, 1866-
67, Appendix A, 76 — State of the
Funds of the Society at 30th Nov.

1868, Appendix B, 129— Abstract
of the Accounts for 1867-68, Ap-
pendix B, 130 — Abstract of the
Accounts of the Aberdeen Show,
1868, Appendix B, 132— Abstract
of the Accounts of the Argyll
Naval Fund, 1867-68, Appendix B,
134.

Food for Stock, Report on different
descriptions of, by Robert J. Thom-
son, 52.

Foot Rot in Sheep, Report on, by Hugh
Borthwick, 30.

Forest Trees, Report on the Pruning of,
by John Morrison, 42.

Fraser, H. Newby, Wyseby Hill, Eccle-
fechan: Report on the Agriculture
of Dumfriesshire, 326.

Gillespie, Rev. John, A.M., Mouswald
Manse, Dumfries : Report on the
Agriculture of Dumfriesshire, 270.

Glasgow Show, 1867, Premiums awarded
at, Appendix A, 47. Abstract of the
Accounts of, Appendix A, 76.

Grass: Field Experiments on the action
of an equal money value of different
Top-Dressings in Wheat, Grass, and
Cabbage in 1866, by Russell Swan-
wick, 90.

Grasses: Report of different Top-Dress-
ings on Rye Grass and Clover, by
Russell Swanwick, 72.

Grigor, John, Forres Nurseries, Forres:
Report on Larch Forests, 415.

Hedgerow Trees, Report on, by John
Morrison, 105.

Highland and Agricultural Society: —
Proceedings at Board Meetings, 1867-
68, Appendix A, 33—1868-69, Ap-
pendix B, 96 — Proceedings at General
Meetings, June 1866 to January
1868, Appendix A, 2— June 1868 and
January 1869, Appendix B, 81.

Honeyman, John : Report on the Isle of
Man ; its Agriculture, Climate, &c,
359.

Hutchison, Robert, of Carlo wrie, Kirk-
liston : Report on the Dietaries of
Scotch Agricultural Labourers, 1 —
on Pruning of the rarer Coniferae, 335
— on Trees not liable to be destroyed
by Rabbits, 456.

Isle of Man, Report on its Agriculture,
Climate, &c, by John Honeyman,
359.

Labourers, Report on the Dietaries of
Scotch Agricultural, by Robert Hut-
chison, 1.

Larch Forests, Report on, by C. Y.
Michie, 368— by John Grigor, 415.

Linseed, on the Composition of the
different kinds of, and the Cakes they
yield, by Dr Anderson, 489.

Lochend, Report on the Reclamation of
Waste Land on the Farms of Lochend
and Syster, in the County of Caith-
ness, by James Purves, 429.

Macduff, Alexander, of Bonhard, Secre-
tary of the Society, death of, Appen-
dix A, 2.

Man, Report on The Isle of, its
Agriculture, Climate, &c, by John
Honeyman, 359.

Mangold Wurzel, Report on the Com-
parative Feeding Values of Swedes
and, by Robert J. Thomson, in 1864,
52 ; 1865, 60— Cultivation of, by
Eobert J. Thomson. 146.

Manures, Phosphatic and Ammoniacal,
Report on, by R. J. Thomson, 137.

Manures : Report of Experiments on
Oats with two different Manures, by
William Walker, 116.

Maxwell, John Hall, of Dargavel, C. B. ,
late Secretary of the Society, death
of, Appendix A, 9.

Maxwell, Sir William Stirling, of Polloc,
Bart., appointment of, as Honorary
Secretary of the Society, Appendix
A, 22.

Meadow Pasturage, Report of the Im-
provement of, by relieving it from
injurious flooding on part of the

INDEX.

Ill

Crown Lands of Dorrery, in the
County of ^Caithness, with Plan,
by James Purves, 439.

Meal, Report on the Comparative Feed-
ing Values of Bean and Oat, by
Robert J. Thomson, 66.

Members, List of, 1869, Appendix E.

Menzies, Fletcher Norton, appointment
of, as Secretary to the Society, Appen-
dix A, 2.

Menzies, George, Trentham, Stoke-
upon-Trent : Report on the Transit
of Stock, 461.

Michie, C. Y., Cullen House, Cullen :
— Report on the Management and
Value of Poplar, 118 — on the General
Management of Plantations, 245 — on
Larch Forests, 368 — on Trees not liable
to be destroyed by Rabbits, 446.

Milne, John, Mains of Laithers, Turriff:
Report on the Comparative Produc-
tiveness of Turnips, 340.

Morrison, John, Coney Park Nursery,
Stirling : — Report on Pruning Forest
Trees, 42 — on Turnips for Seed, 101
— on Hedgerow Trees, 105.

Oatmeal, Report on the Comparative

Feeding Values of Bean and, bv

Robert J. Thomson, 66.
Oats, Report of Experiments on, with

two different Manures, by William

Walker, 116.
Office-Bearers of the Society for 1868,

Appendix C, 8 — for 1869, Appendix

D, 7.

Perthshire, Report on the Agriculture

of, by John Dickson, W.S., 160.
Phosphatic and Ammoniacal Manures,

Report on, by R. J. Thomson, 137.
Plantations, Report on the General

Management of, by C. Y. Michie, 245.
Ploughing Competitions, List of, held

in 1866-67, Appendix A, 68— held in

1867-68, Appendix B, 125.
Poplar, Report on the Management and

Value of, by C. Y. Michie, 118.
Preliminary Note, Appendix A, 1.
Premiums awarded by the Society in

1867, Appendix A, 46 — awarded in
1868-69, 107.

Premiums offered by the Society in

1868, Appendix C— offered in 1869,
Appendix D.

Proceedings at Board Meetings of the
Society, 1867-68, Appendix A, 33—
in 1868-69, Appendix B, 96.

Proceedings at General Meetings of the
Society, June 1866 to January 1868,
Appendix A, 2 — June 1868 and Janu-
ary 1869, Appendix B, 81.

Pruning of Forest Trees, Report on, by
John Morrison, 42.

Pruning of the rarer Conifera;, Report
on, by Robert Hutchison, 335.

Purves, James, Lochend, Thurso : — Re-
port on the Reclamation of Waste
Land on the farms of Lochend and
Syster, in the County of Caithness,
429 — on the Improvement of Meadow
Pasture, by relieving it from injurious
flooding on part of the Crown Lands
of Dorrery, in the County of Caithness,
with Plan, 439.

Rabbits, Report on Trees not liable to
be destroyed by, by C. Y. Michie, 446
— by Robert Hutchison, 456.

Rye-Grass, Report of Experiments with
different Top-Dressings on Rye-Grass
and Clover, 1856, by Russell Swan-
wick, 72.

Scab in Sheep, Report on, by Hugh
Borthwick, 346.

Seed Competitions held in 1867, Re-
turns of, Appendix A, 67 — held in
1868, Appendix B, 124.

Shaw, Hary, Bogfern, Tarland : Report
on the Comparative Productiveness of
Turnips, 110.

Sheep, Peport on Foot-Rot in, by Hugh
Borthwick, 30.

Sheep, Report on Scab in, by Hugh
Borthwick, 346.

Shirreff, Patrick, Haddington : Report
on ShirrefFs Bearded White Wheat, 38.

Stock, Report on Different Descriptions
of Food for, by Robert J. Thom-
son, 52.

Stock, Peport on the Transit of, by
George Menzies, 461.

Swanwick, Russell, Whittington, Ches-
terfield : Reports of Experiments with
different Top-Dressings : on Rye-
Grass and Clover, Crop 1865, 72 — on
Turnips, Crop 1865, 83— on Wheat,
Crop 1865, 86 — Field Experiments
on the action of an equal money
value of different Top-Dressings on
Wheat, Grass, and Cabbage, 1866,
90.

Swedes, Report of Experiments on the
Comparative Feeding Value of Man-
gold Wurzel and, by Robert J. Thom-
son, in 1864, 52— in 1865, 60.

Syster, Report on the Reclamation of
Waste Land on the farms of Loch-
end and Syster, in the County of
Caithness, by James Purves, 429.

Thomson, Robert J., Grange, Kilmar-
nock : — Reports on different descrip-

IV

INDEX.

tions of Food for Stock : Experiments
on the Comparative Feeding Values
of Swedes and Mangold Wurzel in

1864, 52 ; in 1865, 60— Comparative
Feeding Values of Bean and Oatmeal,
66 — Phosphatic Ammoniacal Man-
ures, 137 — Cultivation of Mangold
"Wurzel, 146.

Top- Dressings, Eeports of Experiments
■with different, hy Eussell Swanwick :
— on Rye-Grass and Clover, Crop

1865, 72— on Turnips, Crop 1865, 83
—on Wheat, Crop 1865, 86 — on
Wheat, Grass, and Cabbage, 1866,
90.

Torran, Eeport of the Improvement of
Meadow Pasturage, hy relieving it
from injurious flooding, on the Leens
of, part of the Crown Lands of Dorrery,
in the County of Caithness, with
Plan, hy James Purves, 439.

Transit of Stock, Report on, by George
Menzies, 461.

Trees not liable to be destroyed by
Eabbits, Report on, by C. Y. Michie,
446 — by Robert Hutchison, 456.

Trees, Report on Pruning Forest, by
John Morrison, 42.

Trees, Report on Hedgerow, by John
Morrison, 105.

Turnips, Comparative feeding values

of Swedes and Mangold Wurzel, by

R. J. Thomson, 52.
Turnips for Seed, Report on, by John

Morrison, 101.
Turnips, Comparative productiveness

of, by Hary Shaw, 110 — bv John

Milne, 340.
Turnips, Report of Experiments with

different Top-Dressings on, by Russell

Swanwick, 83.

Veterinary Department, Note regard-
ing, Appendix C, 60 — Appendix
D, 59.

Walker, William, Ardhuncart, Mos-
sart, Aberdeenshire : Report of Ex-
periments on Oats with two different
Manures, 116.

Waste Land, Report on the Reclamation
of, on the farms of Lochend and
Syster, in the County of Caithness,
by James Purves, 429.

Wheat, Shirreff s Bearded White, Re-
port on, by Patrick Shirreff, 38.

Wheat, Report of Experiments with
different Top-Dressings on, by Russell
Swanwick. Crop 1865, 86— Crop 1866,
90.

New York Botanical Garden Library

3 5185 00267 4826

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