ais ara ae ve iat fF fe nee } ee oe Be Fala bat psi it Le ag Besit be i i pate e ria ee Ley ; ae r < e a OW Sethe ig ea fits soar at if wa ec ait May: ia ig bapa tena ee a ae oi Ny a ei i Sami mt hit Ae i itedy “i at Pit Bers Vn Hi tg daw rei daar a one ao ty ls ge dy { : ee ; ae tay TRANSAC CTIONS: =" ; aS & Field llaturalists’ Club ¥ For the Year 1898. is . > } : 7 eh PRICE ONE SHILLING. 1 3 ‘ (Free to Members): hs ae H Bae sae y & oy THR HULL PRESS. va 7 “ +i a PREFACE. ; a: completing its first volume the Club may congratulate itself upon the very valuable nature of its publication, wee the various articles and notes contained within the volume of over two hundred and fifty pages, exceeding by far the fondest expectations of the most enthusiastic of the members. There can be no question that since the Club first began to publish, in 1898, many most important additions have been made to our knowledge of the flora, fauna, geology, and antiquities of the East Riding of Yorkshire—the Club’s sphere for work. In an editorial note prefixed to the first part issued, it was stated that nothing but papers and notes bearing upon this district should be published in the Club’s Transactions. This rule has been rigidly adhered to. Mi In addition to several papers of general interest, ‘numerous important lists have been published, the full value of which can only .be appreciated by the workers in the respective departments concerned. It is intended to = continue the publication of lists of this character in the ature, and any information of assistance in this direction will be gladly received by the Recorders of Sections. We cannot close the volume without tendering our best ssible thanks to our esteemed and valued member, Mr. W. Mills, F.R.M.S., as, without his help and gene- -y, two exceedingly important papers could not pos- have been included in our volume. Not only have numerous excellent plates, illustrating the papers on “Foraminifera of the Humber, Part I.,” and the Diatomacez of the Hull District,” been prepared entirely Mr. Mills, but they have been presented to the Club that gentleman, a gift which we feel sure is greatly reciated by the members. need hardly be pointed out that the issue of the ial Transactions has been a great strain upon the lub’s finances, and in order to ensure their publication in ‘the future, there should be an addition to the funds by the acquisition of new members. It is to be hoped that every _ member will do his best in this direction. Ciare Sa ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLU MER" PLATES. 1. A Pair of Antlers of the Red Deer from the Peat at Hornsea Fig. 1. The Burstwick Gravel Pit. », 2. The Kelsey Hill Gravel Pit. 3. Plan and Section of Skipsea Earthworks. 4. Model of Boat and Warrior Crew from Roos Carrs. 5. Fig. 1. Ashby Decoy. ,, 2. Ashby Decoy, looking into the Pipe. 6. ,, 1. Meaux Decoy. ,, 2. Meaux Decoy, another aspect. George Norman. 8. Bronze Mould and Axe found at Hotham. 9. The Mortimer Museum. 10. Figs. 1-23. Humber Foraminifera. w ll. ,, 24-41. 3 5 12. ,, 1-37. Diatoms of Hull District. UB RI Aye haat Be 5 4 55, 28: 5 Ms Mo, sen R47. = 5 Ios 55 EGR} 1 33 Vice 45) IESG: S as 1S 58 40: ae Pr IO sp eleoes “ff i ZORY )/ssiy te: Die 55. plese: dy 3 ay. 5 odlel'G: eA a 23., 5, 1-36. 5 - DA af esi: + oH Play. a pel MER ER a >» 26s.) ose 3 5 Dis 53) ARl3: 35 56 28. ,, a-é. ae as 29. Effects of Waterspout at Langtoft. 30. 9 ne 33 31. 4 32. Adrian Hardy Haworth. IN THE TEXY. Page 52. Bronze Axe found at Burstwick. » 79. Implements from the Holderness Lake Dwelling. ;, 95. Entrance to a Decoy. », 96. Plan of Meaux Decoy. ., 118. Deformed Diatoms (Swrirella ovalis). ,, 123. Bronze Axe from Hull. ., 125. Roman Vase from Barton. », 126. A Haltemprice Document. ,, 227. A Chasm on the Hill-side at Langtoft. ,, 240. Acanthocinus edilis. », 244. Mollisia cinerascens (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5). List of Officers, 1898-9. er : President—R. H. PHILIP Vice-Presidents— J. HoviincworTH, M.R.C.S. J. F. Ropinson J. R. Boye, F.s.a. Committee— J. Y. BLAKESTON J. L. STRAFFORD W. CHADWICK C. WATERFALL G.-H. HILt W. Woops Recorders— ARCHAOLOGY - - - - : J. R. Boye, F.s.a. Microscopy (General) - - - J. HOLLINGWORTH, M.R.C.S. (Botany) - - - - - J. F. Rogpinson BioLocy, Marine (General) - - - F. W. Fierkes, Mc.s. Vertebrata (Mammalia and Aves) - T. AUDAS, L.D.S. (Pisces) - : - HH. M. Foster Invertebrata (Mollusca) - - F. W. Fisrke, M.C.s. (Arachnida) - - - G. Ross (Lepidoptera) - - J. W. Bout (Coleoptera) - - - C. RussELL Botany (Phanerogamia and Ferns) - J. F. Ropinson (Diatomacez) - - - R. H. PuHiwip GEOLOGY - - - - - : - T. SHEPPARD Librarian—J. PORTER Curator—]J. W. BouLt Treasurer—F. W. FIERKE Assistant Treasurer—J. RIDLEY porcary—T. SHEPPARD, 78, Sherburn Street, Hull. 9 List of Members, December 14th, 1898. ent EQ ee _ W. Andrews, F-R.H.S., 1, Dock Street, Hull W. E. Anfield, 14, Arlington Street, Hull W. L. Asman, 240, Beverley Road, Hull A. Assert, 6, Victoria Cottages, Beaconsfield Street, Hull 'T. Audas, L.p.s., 18, Regent Terrace, Anlaby Road, Hull T. Audas, Jnr., 18, Regent Terrace, Anlaby Road, Hull E. Banks, Saltmarshe Cottage, Saltmarshe, near Goole A. F. Bennett, 7, Victoria Avenue, Hull S. P. Binks, 24, Temple Street, Hull: J. Y. Blakeston, 19, Pearson Avenue, The Park, Hull W. H. Blakeston. 13, !.ockwood Street, Driffield . W. Boult, 28, Wanefleet Terrace, Fountain Road, Hull . R. Boyd, Roslyn House, Southcoates Lane, Hull . R, Boyle, F.s.a., Town Hall, Hull . J. Brewer, 40, Fountain Street, Hull . Brown, 23, Peel Street, Hull . Bunker, East Parade, Goole . Burn, Model Dwellings, St. Luke’s Street, Hull . R. Bush, Woodlands, Perth bodes so M. Campbell, 7, Marlborough Avenue, Hull J. Carlton, 48, Albany Street, Hull W. Chadwick, 206, Spring Bank, Hull R. Chapman, 2, Francis Terrace, Chiltern Street, Hull J. W. Cocker, 194, Beverley Road, Hull G. L. Coverdale, 3, Chestnut Avenue, Queen’s Road, Hull J. Crompton, 9, Park Row, Park Street, Hull B. Crompton, 8.A., 1, Dover Street, Hull Davies, 8, South View, Paisley Street, Hull Dennis, 21, Peel Street, Hull Dickenson, 60, Severn Street, Hull T. E. Dobbs, 47, Brazil Street, Hull A. Dobson, Morrill Street, Hull R. Donsworth, 21, Elm Street, Hull } W a. H iv LIST OF MEMBERS. Mr. T, H. Elvin, 30, Pemberton Street, Hull A. S. Embley, 35, Constable Street, Hull W. C. Ennis, 42, Bean Street, Hull J. H. Estill, 30, Clarendon Street, Hull F. W. Fierke, M.c.s., 52, Francis Street West, Hull G. Fisher, L.D s., South Field, Hessle H. M. Foster, 42, Grafton Street, Hull A. T. K. Fretwell, 36, Lister Street, Hull (e al; . J. Harvey, B.a., 53, Balfour Street, Hull . Havercroft, South Ferriby, Barton-on-Humber G. Heath, Inland Revenue Offices, Trinity House Lane, Hull E. A. Hellier, 111, Westbourne Avenue, Hull G. R. Henson, Hallgate, Cottingham G. H. Hill, 2, Marlborough Avenue, Hull Col. G. B. Hobart, j.p., Grimston Garth, Garton, Hull C. Hollingworth, 2, Hornsea Parade, Holderness Road, Hull F. Hollingworth, 2, Hornsea Parade, Holderness Road, Hull J. Hollingworth, M.R.c.s., 2, Hornsea Parade, Holderness Road, Hull J. L. Hollingworth, 2, Hornsea Parade, Holderness Road, Hull C. D. Holmes, 6, West Parade, Hull C. Holt, 80, Selby Street, Hull B. P. Hughes, 70, Carr Lane, Hull T. W. Ireland, m.a., Hymers College, Hull W. Jackson, 36, Vermuyden Terrace, Goole F. Judson, East Park, Hull J. W. Kenyon, 73, Grafton Street, Hull Jno. Key, 8, Mersey Street, Hull H. Knight, 3, Maple Street, Queen’s Road, Hull A. F. Lawson, 26a, Pearson Street, Hull G. T. Leach, 282, St. George’s Road, Hull T. H. Leahair, 8, Dalton Terrace, Paisley Street, Hull Chas. Ledger, 48, Top Street, Oldham W. Leppington, 48, Londesbro’ Street, Hull G. W. Lloyd, Jnr, Ivy Cottage, Brough J. Lowther, Crane Hill, Beck Side, Beverley Percy Lyne, Paragon Arcade, Hull E. A. Lynn, 3, Epworth Street, Hull LIST OF MEMBERS. * Rev. Canon Maddock, .a., F.G.s., Patrington Rectory, Hull Mr. C. W. Mason, Harley House, Beverley Road, Hull * * ” ” W. Metcalf, 41, Great Thornton Street, Hull George T. J. Miles, Withernsea Rev. W. M. H. Milner, m.a., Sunk Island Vicarage, Hull ” A. B. Moorby, Cottingham Mr. Beaumont Morfitt, Charlotte’s Cottage, Atwick W. Morfitt, Charlotte’s Cottage, Atwick T. J. Morley, Toll Gravel, Beverley G. Morris, 3, Oak Villas, Durham Street, Hull J. Needler, 558, Hessle Road, Hull A. Nellist, Laurel Villas, Buckingham Street, Hull W. Nicholls, 52, Cave Street, Hull E. O’Brien, 3, Victoria Street, Hull W. G. B. Page, 77, Spring Street, Hull F. M. Parker, 65, Barcroft Street, Grimsby W. S. Parrish, Albert Avenue, Newington, Hull A. C. Pauling, 8, Coltman Street, Hull M. D. Penney, F.c.s., Coblentz House, Duesbury St., Hull R, G. Penney, Coblentz House, Duesbury Street, Hull T. Petch, B.a., Hedon M. Philip, 296, Beverley Road, Hull R. H. Philip, 296, Beverley Road, Hull A. Porter, 47, Franklin Street, Hull J. Porter, 60, Tadman Street, Hull Pybus, Prospect Street, Hull Ridley, 42, Perry Street, Hull F. Robinson, 22, Harley Street, Hull H. Robson, 13, Ripon Street, Hull Jas. A. Robson, 13, Ripon Street, Hull G. Ross, 49, Sherburn Street, Hull J. Rushton, 11, Seaton Street, Hull C. Russell, 28, Severn Street, Hull H. Russell, 9, Arlington Street, Hull H. J. A. Ridgway, Beverley if a: H. Sales, 32, Albert Avenue, Hull J. Savege, M.D., 41, George Street, Hull Jas. Schofield, 48, Severn Street, Hull J. A. Seath, 8, Roland’s Avenue, Arthur Street, Hull A. N. Severs, Spring Bank West, Hull vi LIST OF MEMBERS. Rev. A. E. Shaw, M.a., 41, Margaret Street, Hull Mr. Harry Sheppard, 78, Sherburn Street, Hull »» Harvy Sheppard, F.£.1.s., 78, Sherburn Street, Hull », T. Sheppard, 78, Sherburn Street, Hull » G. Silabon, 33, Mersey Street, Hull Rev. H. P. Slade, M.B.a.a., 11, Wescott Street, Hull Mr. A. J. Smith, Irene Terrace, Durham Street, Hull » B. T. Smith, 32, Wellington Street, Hull » .Stainforth, 41, Paragon Street, Hull W. H. Stapleton, 7, Jessamine Villas, Field Street, Hull » J. W. Stather, F.G.s., 16, Louis Street, Hull » W. H. Stather, 224, Spring Bank, Hull 5, J. Stears, Westholme, Hessle J. Stothard, m.R.c.s., 48, Walker Street, Hull B L. Strachan, 24, Pennington Street, Hull » J. L. Strafford, 2, Crystal Avenue, Middleton Street, Hull * ,, Wm. Sykes, Withernsea ,, IT. Thelwall, Windsor Street, Hull », G E. Thompson, Holderness Road, Hull », J. Walker, Chariot Street, Hull 5, «A. J. Waller, 105, Westbourne Avenue, Hull 5, F. Waller, 105, Westbourne Avenue, Hull .. M. Waller, 105, Westbourne Avenue, Hull »» C. Waterfall, ro, De Grey Street, Hull ., A. J. Watkinson, 200, Spring Bank, Hull », J. W. Webster, Jarratt Street, Hull », A. H. White, 371, Beverley Road, Hull » J. W. Wilson, F.R.H.S., Drewton Stray, South Cave » H. B. Witty, Supt. Western Cemetery, Spring Bank, Hull », W. Wood, 15, Williamson Street, Hull * Corresponding Members. + Life Members. Members are requested to notify change of address to the Secretary. Editorial. OR some time it has been the wish of the Committee of the Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club to place on record some of the valuable information brought before its members at the fortnightly meetings. This desire has now been carried out, and the present publication is the first of a series of annual Transactions which we hope will be issued, and every effort will be made to make each issue an improvement upon its predecessor. In order that this may be ensured, however, it will be necessary for each member to do his best to introduce new members, and thus increase the income of the Club. In a district such as the one around the Humber, which we look upon as our field of investigation, there is ample room for more workers, no matter in what branch of natural history they may be interested, and the valuable papers read before our members from time to time are examples of the work that can be done in this neighbourhood. Our aim in issuing these annual Transactions is to publish original papers and notes of /oca/ interest. With our excellent staff of recorders, together with the numerous “ corresponding ” members stationed in different parts of the district, we have every confidence of being well supplied with suitable material for publication. We already have some material in hand for the next part. The Transactions will also contain an account of the year’s work, etc., so that each member will be acquainted with the progress of the Club. In addition to this, however, we are hoping to add materially to our library by exchanging with other societies throughout the country that issue similar publications. The Transactions are issued to the members without any charge over and above the ordinary subscription. Additional copies may be had at 1s. each. TRANSACTIONS OF THE hull Scientific AND Ficlo Waturalists’ Club. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF GOOLE MOOR AND THE IMMEDIATE VICINITY. By THomas BUNKER. (Read March 2nd, 1898.) HE district of Goole and Thorne Moor is a low lying one, many parts being below high water mark, and it includes large tracts of rich alluvial soil, and some very large bogs. The name of Marshland applied to the area between Goole and the Trent exactly describes a great portion of it. In places sand and gravel crop out, as at Thorne and Snaith, and from the latter place a slight elevation enables the outcrop to be traced by Raw- cliffe to Airmin. Below the alluvium peat may be found, then sand in places, clay, and, at a greater depth, as proved by excavation and borings, the New Red Sandstone (Trias), includ- ing Gypsum. A few deep borings have been made for water, and also one or two for coal ; the latter I may say were uniformly unsuccessful. Our Moor is only a portion of the low district between the Ouse and the Trent. Formerly many small streams ran into the latter river, and some improvements were effected by opening out additional drains, but no great alleviation to the common risk of floods was obtained till Vermuyden cut our Dutch river, relieving the Don of its superabundant waters. The effect. may be under- stood by the present state of the two former outlets of that river ; the one flowing into the Trent, and formerly navigable, is now only a ditch that I have repeatedly stridden across ; the other running by Turnbridge to the Aire is likewise but a few feet wide. 1 2 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Other results have also followed—much more land is now cultivated, and the health of the public has improved. Agueand low fever are now comparatively rare, and further improvements will be felt as time goes on. Goole and Thorne Moor, a large area of waste and boggy land, comprising about 6,000 acres, is situated between the Ouse on the east, and Thorne on the south-west, about three miles from the former, and two or two-and-a-half from the latter. In the other direction it commences near Crowle, and terminates within a field or two of the Hull and Doncaster railway—so close, in fact, that the stacks of peat can be seen from the carriage windows. Each farm on the Goole side extends from the river to the moor, and also includes a portion of it as far as the parish boundary, the Blackwater Dyke. On the south side the moor is separated from the Great Central Railway at Medge Hall by a broad dyke only. When an observant person first visits the moor he desires to know the origin of the immense, though now decreasing bog. On looking round he can see the ships and buildings of Goole, the ‘* Towers ’’ at Carlton, the church at Thorne, the mills and chimney at Crowle, and the hills of Lincolnshire and the East Riding. ‘The district is so flat that there is nothing worth calling a hill from Askern to the Trent. The whole area of this moor and that of Hatfield Chase was formerly a swampy forest of fir, oak, ash, birch, hazel, yew, and other trees. During Roman times the rivers were not confined by banks, and, no doubt, at spring tides floods were frequent. ‘The trees lying on the damp earth were soon covered by mosses and other plants, perhaps in more luxuriant growth than at present. As these plants decayed. fresh ones grew, each leaving something to benefit its successor. For centuries this growth and decay went on, but though the soft plants decayed, the buried trees only partially rotted, and many of them are even now, if carefully dried, fit for the cabinet maker. The growth of peat, ze, of rotten plants, is still going on, though in consequence of a system of drainage, well carried out, the moor is getting more solid, and is gradually sinking. When builders are excavating at Goole for foundations of buildings, tree trunks and roots are frequently found, When the Hull and Doncaster Railway was con- structed several acres of land in the part now called Glew’s Field were stripped of the top soil to form embankments, and large numbers of trees were uncovered, and the majority of them were burned. ‘The roots may still be seen from the line. Some of the oak trunks found near Thorne were very large. Abraham de la Pryme states that on Mr. Edward Canby’s moor an oak tree THE NATURAL HISTORY OF GOOLE MOOR. 3 was found forty yards long, four yards in diameter at the large end, and two yards at the smaller, and that £20 was offered for it. In 1829 there were men living who stated they had split up more than 1,000 pales, four feet long, for park fencing, from a single tree. In 1861 a tree was uncovered which yielded 2,000. Some of the firs have been split into ceiling laths. I may state that there were men who gained a living by pricking in the peat with long iron rods for tree trunks.* A question arose some fifteen or more years ago whether these forest trees could have been blown down, On one occasion when on the moor with Dr. Parsons and Mr. Birks, we walked some distance along the bottom of a new warping drain cut into the peat. The bottom was almost covered with tree trunks and roots, some stacked for removal, others merely uncovered. We particularly noticed the position and direction of the trunks, but could find no proof of their having been blown down. I have seen several trunks which have evidently been burnt, but only on the outside. It is interesting to note that the same kinds of trees are now growing on the moor as are buried twelve or more feet below. While the oak is still hard and firm, and the Scotch fir sometimes so, the birch has decayed, only the silvery bark being left, and that as bright as if still growing. The ash always crumbles on being exposed to the air. It may be interesting to refer to a few historical facts relating to the Moors. In Domesday Book we read that William de Warren was Lord of the Manor of Thorne, though it must at some time have been taken from his descendants, for Charles I. sold it to Vermuyden, who with Sir James Cutts parted with it to John Gibbons. A singular fact is recorded of one of the Warrens, viz., that he paid tithes of all eels taken at Hatfield, Thorne and Fishlake to the Monks of Lewes. Considering the distance and the state of the roads, it is to be hoped the eels were salted. No ' doubt at the proper season large numbers were caught. A few years ago a pond of less than half an acre at Goole was being - partly filled up with spent shale from the Alum Works. In about two hours two of us caught with a landing net 200 eels. A fortniglit later, when some more shaie was tipped, we filled a * peggy-tub ” one afternoon, and sent them away to be placed in othe: ponds. Charles I. passed the Level of Hatfield Chase twice—once from Rossington Bridge to Armthorp, Hatfield and Thorne. He was conducted by an officer of the Chase “ Over a wild tract of * In a precisely similar manner to that in which the antlers of the so-called Irish Elk are searched for at the present day in the peat bogs of Ireland. 4 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. country called John a More Long to Whitgift Ferry, a long and dreary way.” John a More Long Lane is now the road from Rawcliffe Bridge to Thorne, and the Moor is about a mile from it, the intervening space being warp land. Charles’s second journey through the district was when travelling from York to Nottingham, when he crossed the ferry at Whitgift, proceeded to Goole, and thence along the great bank to Thorne. Prince Henry, the eldest son of James I., visited Hatfield Chase and Thorne in 1609, and was entertained by the authorities. After some time spent in hunting, he was shown another way of destroying the deer. Men were sent out to drive the poor animals from the wcods and coverts into the Mere (a large pond or lake to the east of Thorne). Men in boats ventured among them, cutting the throats of as many as they chose, and bringing them to land. I can understand the desire of a sportsman to make a big bag, but this was simply slaughter. Many complaints were made by the officials of the Chase, who had power over the neighbouring districts, that the inhabitants of Wroot, Thorne, Fishlake, Sykehouse, Rawcliffe, Airmin, Hook and Goole killed many of the deer; in fact, both deer and swans were much troubled by the rough, uncivilised inhabitants, who were unaccustomed to restraint. Remains of deer have occasionally been found in the peat. Part of a skull dug out of the moor was formerly in York Museum, and some years ago Mr. H. Bennett brought me some bones and hair with a portion of peat on which they had rested. On paying a visit to the spot we obtained another bone and more hair. Some naturalists at Leeds examined the bones, and declared them to be portions of the head of a fallow deer. The depth at which they were found was 2ft. gin. As that part was well drained, the original depth was probably four or five feet. The peat water had altered the bones very much; they were quite flexible. The head of the fallow deer (Dama vulgaris) has since been found in a similar condition ; the brain and tongue were extraordinarily complete and perfect, and resembled leather.* Ihave now to speak of the natural history of the Moor. I have already named some of the trees found under the peat. The same kinds are now found growing above. You may, perhaps, have noticed I did not include the elm. That tree was not then known in England, nor were the chestnuts. Many bushes and plants of interest are still to be seen. The sweet gale or bog * See “The Naturalist,” June, 1892, pp. 167-170. Further deer remains (leg-bones, hair, etc.) were exhibited at a meeting of the Club on April 27th, 1898. These had recently been found in the peat at Goole, and are probably referable to the fallow deer.—Ep. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF GOOLE MOOR. 5 myrtle is very common near the borders. The buckthorn has in some parts been destroyed by fire. Broom and gorse, when in flower, enliven the dull, heavy appearance of the waste. The ling and the cross leaved heath are, of course, the most common plants. The beautiful andromeda is one of the prettiest wild flowers we have. The plant belongs to the heath family, is shrubby in growth, generally found on peat bogs, and bears small waxlike flowers, which are extremely delicate. If it were a cultivated plant it would no doubt be more esteemed. So with the sundews, so common that wheelbarrow loads might be collected. The round-leaved species is found on the peat, looking like a red star about the size of a penny ; the long-leaved and intermediate kinds are upright in their mode of growth. The botanist takes additional interest in them, from the fact that they are insectivorous. Cranberries grow freely in the wet parts, but very few people gather them now ; Russian cranberries can be obtained at so low a price. The crow berry, usually found in mountainous dis- tricts, grows sparingly. Fire has been the chief enemy to the botanist—a smoker throws down a match, and a fire, perhaps running for half-a-mile or a mile, clears everything before ity heather, andromedas, sundews, willow herbs, fir plantations, peat stacks, etc., may all be destroyed. About Whitsuntide many parts of the bog are covered with the white cotton grass, later, about a quarter of an acre of willow herb, in flower, can be met with, forming a splendid mass of rose colour. In another part you may meet with a bed of bog asphodels, showing a cluster of yellow flowers. The royal fern and blechnum are scarce. I know of one clump of milk parsley, and I am glad to say it is extending. The adder’s tongue fern, about three times its usual size, may be found in several spots. One plant I must mention, Clayzonia perfoliata, grows freely near the Thorne side. It was introduced with rhododendrons, and when found is always in the neigh- bourhood of that plant. The viper’s bugloss and Stellaria glauca, also the foxglove, are found on the Thorne side. Many plants are losing ground. Some have within the last few years become extinct, as the pilularia at Rawcliffe, and nearly so the royal fern and blechnum on the moors. The warping of the fields and waste destroys many plants, some are exterminated by collectors and dealers—others by the destruction of old thick hedges. But as I occasionally find a few species new to the district, I see work will still meet its reward. Ornithology. The bittern no longer visits the Moor—a solitary specimen of the little bittern came into my possession some years 6 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. since, and was preserved. The ruff and reeve are no longer visitors. The blackheaded gulls are not so abundant as formerly. On one occasion Mr. Backhouse and I found probably a hun- dred nests ; the last time I searched I saw none. ‘The birds are so disturbed by the men at the Peat Moss Litter Works that they are sure to desert the place. They will probably go to the Warpings. Curlews, snipe, dunlin, and redshanks still breed here, so also wild duck and teal. The carrion crows no doubt take toll of the eggs. I haveseen both eggs and young of the night jar. Herons visit the drains, but breed in Lincolnshire. The common buzzard, though formerly a frequent visitor, is now a stranger. The osprey has been seen, and I once received a goshawk ; the tawny owl breeds still. The ring dotterel and, of course, the peewit, are met with. Several black grouse were shot in 1888 and since. Having so many rivers in the neighbour- hood we have the opportunity of observing many of the swimming and wading birds. Several kinds of gulls frequent the river, and on the sands the greyback crow, lapwing, occasional sandpipers, herons, and nearly every August a few kingfishers may be seen. I have known the common comorant, the gannet, and the stormy petrel brought to me for identification ; rare birds are sometimes picked up under the telegraph wires. Last year two sanderlings were shown me. I believe many of our rare visitors are immature birds. Of the ducks, the mallard and teal are common, the pochard and golden eye are sometimes shot—wild swans are not often obtained. Sand martins have been known to make their nests in the peat instead of in the sides of sand pits. The quantity of birds taken by the fowlers formerly may be judged from the fact that a gentleman agreed to take all the grey plover a man could capture in a certain day, and he was astonished to find twelve dozens in the kitchen next morning. Geese are visitors every winter. A Sand Grouse has been taken alive at Goole, and two have been shot at Adlingfleet. I have trustworthy information of the Bustard having been seen at Goole many years ago. Golden plover, common, Mammalia. Neither red nor fallow deer are now found on our Moor or Hatfield Chase. It is impossible to hunt on the Moor, so foxes thrive. I once heard of about thirty being trapped or shot in one year. Otters have not been reported. Of course the common species of mammals are to be found. Reptiles. The common harmless snake and the poisonous adder are often met with, so also the common lizard. And as might be expected, the frog, toad, newt, etc., also occur. Entomology. Not being an entomologist I can only name a few THE NATURAL HISTORY OF GOOLE MOOR. 7 species, though many rare and valuable captures have been made. ‘The marsh ringlet among butterflies, and the emperor moth are common. This year one person obtained sixteen caterpillars of the elephant hawk moth. Of offensive insects, the lively little musical midge, is the most annoying. Fish. In some of the ponds and drains eels and small pike may be seen. The salmon fishery has greatly declined, in all probability on account of the pollution of the Aire. If there has been a dry season, the first flood or fresh that occurs in the Aire turns the water of the Ouse black, and poisons the fish that are trying to get to the spawning grounds. Those that can get back to the Humber may perhaps recover, but the remainder are either picked up dead on the banks or captured by hand nets while struggling. Their gills are found to be actually clogged with filth. The refuse from the dye and chemical factories, I think, forms the most dangerous ingredient of the polluted waters. When the West Riding County Council, or a body of Conservators, can be forced to put the law in motion, there may perhaps be better times for anglers. Very few salmon have been taken near Goole lately. With regard to other fish, I have noticed that if a flood occurs in the Don district while the hay is lying in the fields, there is sure to be great destruction. Cetacez in all probability destroy large numbers of the salmonide, and it is interesting to watch a porpoise after a salmon, both very quick swimmers, one trying for his dinner, the other for his safety, making for the shallows, where his pursuer cannot follow. On’ one occasion, more than 30 years ago, when the Humber was crowded with bottle-nosed whales, a reconnoitering party of 25 came up to Goole. Eleven boats put off, and after a running fight and a large expenditure of ammunition, we (I was engaged in the skirmish) surrounded them and drove them ashore at the bottom of Goole Reach. The battle was an exciting one ; bullets were flying in many directions ; boat-hooks, hatchets and knives were freely used, and men waded up to their waists and armpits in water endeavouring to secure their captures. The result was we towed to Goole on the turn of the tide 23 bottle-noses out of the 25, and I know one of the others was wounded, as I saw the blood spout when I fired my last shot. We thought we had done well, as we obtained more oil that day than the Hull whalers did that season. (But we did not tell every stranger that Hull had such bad fortune that year that no more whaling vessels were sent out from there). A more important capture was made in 1885, when some lads saw a large cetacean trying to get into the little lock, probably for better 8 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. water. Assisted by a passer-by, they opened the lock gates, and the animal went in as readily as a horse to his stable. They then closed the gates, with the proud consciousness of having made an important capture. After great exertions the poor animal was at length killed, having fought well. It repeatedly reared its head above the chains on the footway over the gates. The following morning it was lifted out of the water by a large crane and weighed ; 9} tons—not a bad score. The length was 35% feet. Hundreds of people of course came to see it, anda sheet was placed for subscriptions for the Sailors’ Institute, to whom the Aire and Calder Navigation Company presented the animal. An old whaler bought the blubber for £8, and Mr. T. Birks and I having been deputed to take measures for the disposal of the remains, sold the skeleton to the authorities of the Natural History Museum, Kensington, for £25, the Sailors’ Institute Committee receiving about £40 in aid of the Institution. The proper name of the animal was Rudolph’s Rorqual. Seals have occasionally ventured up as far as the Hook railway bridge. I referred a short time ago to the peat works. Several com- panies have been at work on the moors preparing peat for litter, and as their excavations extend over, perhaps, 2,000 acres, the appearance of the district is being rapidly altered. By means of deep drains, with shallow tributary dykes, the water is conducted away much more quickly than formerly, and the surface level is consequently being considerably lowered. The peat is therefore more compact. It is cut with peculiarly shaped tools into “ turves” to a depth of perhaps three or five feet—in fact as deep as the peat is found brown and fibrous. The turves are placed on the surface, where they become partially dry ; they are then built into small stacks in such a manner that the wind plays freely round them, and when well dry, into larger stacks the size of small cottages. Trains of small trucks laden with dry turves are drawn along tramways to the mill, where the peat is passed between toothed rollers and torn up. Buckets attached to an endless chain convey it to the press, where it is formed into bales and properly wired. Asa consequence of the draining and excavating, the surface will soon be low enough for the tidal water at spring tides to cover it. And when a considerable weight of warp is deposited, the peat will be pressed down, and further deposits will follow, till in a few years it will be fit for cultivation. In this manner much of the soil washed from the cliffs of the East Riding will be utilised in forming some of the best land in the country... ‘To such an extent has warping already been carried, that in the course of a lifetime there must be a great change. The naturalist will have one place THE NATURAL HISTORY OF GOOLE MOOR. 9 of resort the less, as the interesting, and in many cases scarce, plants are being destroyed. The gulls, curlews and other birds will be driven away, and the rare insects no longer be found, inasmuch as their food plants will be destroyed. The benefit of the change to the agriculturist will of course be great ; the addition of several square miles to the food-producing area of the country is an important event. The wants of the naturalist must not stand before the needs of the community. It is therefore necessary that proper records of the animals and plants should be kept, and that the young may be taught not only to read about them, but to study and endeavour to find out the laws of Nature affecting them. Nature’s secrets must be sought after, and every advance regarded as also a step from Nature to Nature’s God. Ponp HERRINGs.—Adjacent to the estuary of the Humber there exists a large pond some three acres in extent, which has been dug out in order to afford clay for the neighbouring brick- yard. Communication with the Humber is effected by means of a clough, which is so contrived that water may come in occasionally, but not go out. One dull day in November a friend and myself had a day’s fishing in the pond. We caught several nice flat fish, with which apparently the pond swarmed. When tiring of this, we tried fishing with small pieces of cockle, and got some bites which we could hardly understand. Changing our tackle for a light gut bottom and small hooks, great was our astonishment at catching herrings. They bit so boldly that at first we struck immediately on perceiving a bite; but afterwards growing wiser by many and sundry misses, we gave them more time, and consequently were more successful. Once hooked, they were the “‘gamest” fish it has been my lot to catch. They are of all sizes, the largest not exceeding nine inches in length, On questioning the proprietors, we were informed that these fish (which the people in the vicinity termed “pilchards”) got in by chance some ten years ago, and that they breed regularly in the pond. A noticeable fact in connection with them was that they refused to take other than a small bait. These fish are not pilchards as is assumed, the pilchard being rarely found so far north, and the great distinguishing mark (the dorsal fin) is not in the centre of gravity —H. M. Foster. THE FISHES OF THE RIVER HULL. By H. M. Foster. (Read January 5th, 1898.) HE river Hull rises in the neighbourhood of Driffield. It flows through a flat country, and is consequently a deep but sluggish stream, with banks and hed of alluvial clay. It flows into the Humber at Hull after a course of upwards of twenty-five miles. It is joined on the right bank by several natural streams, Cottingham Beck, Beverley Beck, Arram Beck, Watton Beck, Scurf Dyke and West Beck—all of which are kept clean, so as to afford a ready means for the surplus water to run off the land. On the left bank the Leven Canal joins it above Beverley, and Mikla Dyke at Hempholme, while Frodingham Beck, one of its most important feeders, runs into it some distance above West Beck. Frodingham Beck itself is formed by the union of two streams—one of which flows from Foston, and the other Old Howe —and is several miles in length. For convenience the river may be divided into four sections. First, from its true source to a mile above the union of West Beck with the Driffield Canal. In this section the stream has a more appreciable amount of fall. Itis consequently rapid, the bottom gravelly, and trout thrive. This section embraces the far-famed Driffield trout streams. The SEconpD section comprises the Driffield Canal proper as far as Hempholme Lock. Here the water dammed up by the lock is sluggish. Roach, pike, and perch abound, but bream, flatfish, and gudgeon, are almost entirely absent. The TurrD section extends from the lock to Beverley, where the water is tidal, and the stream ebbs and flows, but is not discoloured by this action. Here every species of fish found in the river occurs. The FourtTH section extends from Beverley to the Humber. Here the action of the tide causes the water to be more or less turbid. Flatfish abound, while pike and perch are almost entirely absent. So much for the geography of the river. The following species occur in the Hull:—-Perch (Perca Jiuviatilis), Miller’s Thumb (Coftus godio), Three Spined Stickle- back (Gastertosteus aculeatis), Ten Spined Stickleback (G. pungitius), Gudgeon (Gobio fluviatilis), Roach (Leuciscus rutilus, Chub (Z. cephalus), Dace (L. vulgaris), Bream (Abramis brama), Minnow (Z. phoxinus), Loach (Nemachilus barbatulus), Pike (Esox lucius), Common Trout (Sa/mo fario), Lochleven ‘Trout THE FISHES OF THE RIVER HULL. II (Salmo levenensis), Grayling (Z) hymallus vulgaris), Burbot (Lota gulgaris), Sharp-nosed Eel (Anguilla vulgaris), Broad-nosed Eel (A. laterostris), Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), Lampern (P. fluviatilis), Flounder (Platessa flesus).* The PERCH is a very conspicuous object when in its native element. We generally find an animal, when it displays such colours, in a position to fear very little from its enemies. To what then does the perch owe its comparative immunity from danger? At first it might seem that the dorsal fin protected it, and it is therefore able to display its sexual colours without danger ; but I think it is only in a small degree attributable to this cause, for the pike, the perch’s greatest enemy, seizes it whenever it can without hesitation. I have taken as many as three from the stomach of one pike. Where, then, must we look for the source of this protection? I think in the swiftness of the fish. In addition to the obvious fin power of the species, I have noted how much swifter it is than the roach. When walking along the sides of a shallow beck it is easy to determine whether there are any perch in a shoal of fish swimming before you, and which are disturbed by your presence. The perch swim along with great rapidity, and the roach will then make strenuous efforts to keep up with them. But if no perch are present, the roach do not swim half so quickly. In this way, in my opinion, the perch under ordinary circumstances may bid defiance to its enemies. Another fish, more gaudy perhaps for its size than the perch in the breeding time, is the minnow, and though this fish has not the vestige of a spine, or any armament whatever, it is able to repro- duce its kind year by year in the open river. It owes its safety entirely to its swiftness and activity. Before any creature can afford to wear a conspicuous hue in nature it has another con- dition to fulfil, it must be independent as regards a supply of food. Now the perch being strictly carnivorous, feeds on small fishes and crustaceans. It is important, therefore, that in order to catch its prey it must be sufficiently swift. To lie in ambush like the pike is out of the question, its conspicuous appearance acting like a danger signal to all the smaller members of the finny tribe. It must enter the lists and chase its prey. To do this its swiftness stands it in good stead. The perch is an imitative and intelligent fish. As an instance of this trait, 1 have several times noticed a shoal of them, which I had great difficulty in persuading to take a bait. Once, however, get one to invest in the worm or minnow, and several more are sure to be caught in rapid succession. One I kept in an aquarium along with some * The descriptions and general habits of the various fishes, being available in any text book on the subject, have been omitted. 12 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. gudgeon afforded us considerable amusement. Its length was about five inches, and the gudgeon were not less than three inches long. One morning one of the latter had lost the number of its mess, for the perch had seized him, and was swimming about the tank with half-an-inch of the gudgeon’s tail protruding from its mouth. By evening the head having apparently digested some more of the victim had become engulphed, and in forty-eight hours (not before) the last vestige had disappeared down the little glutton’s throat. By the fourth day he was ready for another, and this process went on till the perch was the sole occupant of the tank. Perch are found in considerable numbers in Frodingham Beck, and in that reach of the Driffield Canal between Frodingham Beck and West Beck end, and are found in greater or smaller numbers all over the river. The average weight is perhaps five or six ounces, but fish of much larger weight are often caught. Two stuffed specimens, before me as I write, one caught at Top Lock, and the other at Leven Canal end, weigh two pounds nine ounces and two pounds five ounces respectively. No larger ones from the river have come under my notice. Tue MILLer’s THuMB.—This oddly shaped fish passes its life securely hidden away under a stone, or other convenient place of refuge. I believe it makes a hollow under the stone for itself to swim into, and waits with its head near the opening, watching for some unsuspecting fresh-water shrimp, or other of the smaller denizens of the stream which may pass by. It is not at all particular as to its diet ; even the stickleback, with its formidable spine, not being safe from its cavernous jaws. On one occasion some sticklebacks which we were carrying in a can showed signs of exhaustion, and to relieve the rest the ones which seemed likely to succumb were taken out and thrown into the stream. One happened to be washed past the retreat of a miller’s thumb, which at once rushed out, seized the unoffending stickle- back in its mouth, and took it under its place of concealment. We waited a short time, and then looked under the stone to see if it really had devoured its prey. This it had done, spine and all! The miller’s thumb spawns under a stone—the roe, in general appearance, not looking unlike that of the salmon. The ova cohere firmly together, and the whole mass adheres to the stone. It may be found in April by turning over the stones which are known to be the haunts of the fish. It occurs in all the small becks which feed the Hull, especially where large chalkstones abound in the bed of the stream. STICKLEBACKS are found occasionally in the open river, but in my opinion are there from necessity, and not from choice. They THE FISHES OF THE RIVER HULL. 13 are in all probability pumped up out of the smaller drains into the river by one or other of the centrifugal pumps, of which there are three along its course. The spines of the stickleback no doubt prevent it falling a prey to small enemies, but it owes its immunity to the fact that it lives in shallow becks and ditches, which of course are unsuitable situations for the larger fish. Small pike, however, are often found in these becks, and the stickleback falls an easy prey to them. If a pike, taken in water in which there are sticklebacks, be opened, and the contents of its stomach examined, there will often be found a ball of spines in a semi-digested state, and this in a pike eight or ten inches long, and weighing perhaps only five or six ounces. The probability is that these spines are the residue of not more than three days’ meals, as the powerful intestinal juices would very soon dissolve the cartilaginous matter of which the spines are composed. The Burgor is occasionally found in the Hull, but during the last few years very few instances of its occurrence have come under observation. ‘ Ike,” a well-known professional fisherman, informs me he has in previous years caught as many as ten during one night’s fishing. The largest specimen I have seen taken weighed 2lbs., and was caught on a night line baited with a dead fish. The FLATFISH, or FLOUNDER, is found plentifully in the River Hull. There can be no more interesting sight than to watch flattish swimming about, which they invariably do with their white sides to the mud, undulation following undulation on their continuous fins in a very graceful manner. I once saw one chasing a number of minnows, and though I could not ascertain whether it caught them, I could plainly see they had no mean enemy to contend with. It is, however, a most stupid fish, as the following experience, which has often occurred to myself, will testify. I have walked along Cottingham Beck in the sunshine, and have noticed by the usual indications the place where a flatfish has buried himself in the mud. My next proceeding was to sit quietly by so as to accustom the fish to my presence. Then I deliberately but cautiously raised his head out of the mud with the end of my rod, and after giving him a moment or two’s rest, placed a lively worm attached to my line in front of his nose. He would watch it for a few seconds, and then quietly suck it into his mouth, with the result that a rapid change took place in the density of his breathing medium. Flounders are occasionally found partly albino on the dusky side in our river, and specimens are not very infrequent with the eyes on the left side instead of the right, and the gill covers reversed. 14 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. The Roacw occurs plentifully. They may be seen during May and the beginning of June in immense numbers scouring themselves in the rough water at Top Lock, the weir sometimes presenting the appearance of a seething mass of living roach. Roach are at their best in October, but to the general palate are not by any means a dainty dish; for as a native of Holderness once remarked to me, ‘They are dry mate.” The River Hull roach is an exceedingly cautious and wary fish, great skill being required to angle for it with success. This is attributable to the clearness of the water and to the large number of anglers who desire to make this handsome fish their quarry. The Dace is a surface-loving fish, but is nearly always found in the Hull in company with the roach. I have noticed, however, that for some reason or other dace can be caught when roach will not bite at all, and I have ofter observed that the best catches of dace are usually obtained when very few roach have found their way into the angler’s pannier. They love strong streams and shingly bottoms, and can usually be found in such situations. In the Driffield trout stream they abound, and in that water will take a fly more readily than the trout will. Hence they are some- what of a nuisance to the fly-fisherman, and are netted down as much as possible. The CxHus is not by any means a common fish in the river, but is found locally in certain places. It seems to delight in the neighbourhood of old piles or sunken keels. About the piles at Swing Bridge, a mile above Top Lock, some very fine specimens can always be seen when the water is clear. It is no uncommon thing to see three or four of these fish at this spot averaging 3lbs. each. A deep hole extending under a wall undermined by the water, and in the neighbourhood of the Lock, is another sure haunt of the chub. The deep water just at West Beck end is also much frequented by them. The GuDGEON occurs but sparingly in the Hull. It may be found where chalk is used to protect the banks, and is also generally present at Top Lock and the various beck ends. It is plentiful in the Barmston Drain. I have observed that it disappears in winter—hibernating, I believe, in the mud. The Bream is certainly a rarity in our river, but is found in tolerable plenty in the Leven Canal. Here the water being deep and sluggish the bream thrives very well. Mikla Dyke also sometimes contains very fine bream, and when it has been cleaned out specimens have been taken weighing upwards of 3lbs. No bream are found in any of the becks on the right bank of the river. Once every year, in October and November, bream mount up stream and enter the quick-flowing currents of the weir below THE FISHES IN THE RIVER HULL, 15 the Lock. This circumstance is well known to fishermen who frequent the river, but no one has ever suggested a plausible explanation of this annual appearance of this fish in water in which they are nut found at any other time. No bream are caught above Top Lock. It is said that at one time bream abounded in the tidal reaches, but that the improvement of the river bottom in some way was prejudicial to their welfare, and now bream are very rarely taken there. THE Minnow is not often caught in the Hull of greater length than three inches, and one four inches long is most exceptional. Minnows are rarely seen below Top Lock, but frequent the shallows above that point. In summer they frequent the running water of the weir at the Lock, when they experience a very rough time, for trout, perch and chub are constantly harassing them and thinning their numbers. Perch especially seem to make a prey of them. I have seen a shoal of perch chasing a shoal of minnows for an hour together in a comparatively limited area. This is a splendid exemplification of the struggle for existence and the survival of the fittest. Every laggard minnow is cut off prematurely, and is not able to transmit its infirmity to posterity. The consequence is that the minnows whichareleft to breed are physically endowed with very great powers of endurance, and will transmit their qualities to their offspring. It is perfectly astonishing into what deep and swift water minnows will venture, and seemingly with much impunity. The minnow is by no means a common fish in the River Hull or its tributaries. The Stone Loach is often found in close companionship with the bullhead, or millers thumb; the two often occupying the same stone and living amicably together. By far the finest specimens I have ever seen were taken from Cottingham Beck. ‘They lived in colonies of 29 or 30. all hidden securely under some coign of vantage. We noticed curiously enough that they were very partial to an old submerged boot or shoe, and, indeed, when we were bait hunting we used to make a practise of hauling every old “Cottingham ” * out that we saw, when, as likely as not, we should capture an unsuspecting stone loach and transfer him to the bait can. It would often happen, however, that our friendly intentions were frustrated by ventilation holes which existed in these perfectly “hygienic” habitations, and through which the fish would escape. They are as active as the bullhead, and much more shy. Both these fish form a favourite food of the pike. They are found generally in the river and its feeders, though their existence is rarely suspected since they seldom venture out of their retreats during the day, and are probably nocturnal in their habits. They * A local name for an old boot, especially if of a large size. 16 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. are very hardy, and will live a long time in an aquarium, several remaining in my possession for over a year, feeding on worms and vermicelli. The PikE has been by many writers termed the freshwater shark, but the title is, in my opinion, undeserved and misleading, for the habits of the pike and those of the dreaded monster of the deep are about as dissimilar as they well could be. In the first place the shark roves about and plays on the surface of the ocean, while the pike remains as motionless as a cat while watching its prey, and indeed its sudden rush, or “run,” as it is called in angling parlance, in every way bears a striking resemblance to the final and generally fatal spring of one of the felidee. Another great point of difference between the two is that sharks always hunt in packs, while in the case of the pike each individual depends solely and entirely on his own exertion in order to supply himself with food. The size of pike varies unquestionably with the size and amount of the food supply of their habitat. In the Hull we find pike from six to eight pounds not very uncommon, while occasional specimens exceed the latter weight. The largest fish from the river that has come under my observation weighed twenty pounds eight ounces. The following incidents from my note-book testify to the voracity of the pike. While spinning a Devon minnow one day I felt a very feeble tug, and looking round to see what caused it, to my no little astonishment, saw that a pike, about four inches long, had seized the knot which attached the running line to the trace, and was trying his very best to make off with it, nor did he leave go until I had had time to call two friends. who were with me, to witness the circumstance. On another occasion, in my younger days, when a friend and myself, armed with that destructive and direful apparatus known as the snickle, sallied forth to give any unfortunate fish what might not inaptly be called a short shrift and a long rope, we came across a pike trying to swallow an eel, while the latter was endeavouring with all its might to get away from its captor. We quickly decided the point by snickling them both, and found on laying the eel alongside the pike that the former was the longer by some three inches. The struggle of the eel to escape made the pike, which weighed about half-a- pound, sway violently to and fro. A friend of mine baited a line with a dead stickleback, from whose back he did not remove the characteristic spines, put it in a drain hard by, and left it all night. In the morning, on his coming to ascertain if he had caught anything, he pulled out a pike some 2lbs. in weight. He thought nothing of the circumstance, as we often catch pike on sticklebacks, until he essayed to get out the hook, when he THE FISHES IN THE RIVER HULL. 17 found to his amazement that the stickleback had been swallowed by a perch, and the latter in turn had been swallowed by the pike. The pike was not hooked, but the perch, which weighed 60z., was firmly embedded in his throat by means of its spiny back fin, so firmly indeed that it could not be dislodged without cutting the pike open. I myself witnessed the whole before the cutting had been performed. Ina certain situation, which for obvious reasons I cannot specify more definitely, it is my custom in the spring months to take a good many pike. Now this is also the resort of anglers who have in their mind another object, viz., the catching of trout, eels and flatfish. They bait with worms, a diet of which perch are very fond, so that it often happens that these anglers catch perch which at this season are protected, and have to be thrown in again. Accordingly, after the hook has been got out, the hapless perch is replaced in its native element in a more or less maimed condition, only to fall a prey to the pike, which are on the watch for just such a contingency. Every pike which is taken in this locality at this season is sure to contain three or four perch in various stages of digestion. Once when I was playing a good-sized roach on fine tackle, a pike about 2lbs. weight seized it. I had not the slightest idea that I could ultimately land him, because in all probability the small hook I was using was quite embedded in the roach, and therefore could not hook the pike; but after I had had him on about five minutes, and he showed evident signs of exhaustion, I entertained a hope that rather than relinquish his prey he would suffer himself to be introduced to my landing net. Calling a friend to my assistance, and stationing him at a convenient point with the net in the water ready, I actually succeeded in drawing the voracious brute, still champing the bait, over the net, when he was skilfully and promptly landed by my friend. We imagined at first that it, was hunger which prompted him, but this idea was rapidly dispelled when we observed the tail of another roach sticking out of his mouth. I have only known a pike to attack its own kind on one occasion. A pike was resting near some weeds. He was by no means ravenous, and did not deign to notice the lively dace with which we tried him. I had tried various devices and baits for half an hour or so, and was on the point of giving him up when a young fish about a foot long swam up to the bait and seized it. Like an arrow from a bow the larger fish, evidently jealous of the intrusion into his domains, darted to the smaller one, and seizing him by the middle, forced him to relinquish his intended prey. As soon as the smaller fish had put out the dace the larger one released him and seized the dace himself, only to fall a victim to his own greediness. 3 18 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Trout occur commonly in the Hulland its tributaries. The tints assumed by them vary as their habitats. In Cottingham Beck as it used to be, and Cottingham Drain, this was seen in the dusk of the evening toa marked degree, for the trout which came out of the low dark arches, their secure fastnesses by day, were found to be a pure mud colour, and so accurate was the particular tint they assumed that it was most difficult to discern them even when the eye was directed to the exact position of the fish by the latter causing a movement of the water. This movement was consequent on the fish leaving its hiding-place with a dart, as was invariably the case. Sometimes the trout would see its would-be captor sitting by the arch waiting for its coming out, when it would double back, leaving two or three disturbances in the mud as the only sign of its having been there for the eye of the astonished and perplexed observer, who wondered how a fish large enough to cause those clouds of mud could possibly have come within a few feet of him without being seen. There is no doubt that this similarity in colour to the place of its abode is of the utmost importance to the trout, and contributes very largely to its safety. Trout are very interesting to watch, their every movement being imbued with grace. Their fins, even when the fish is not altering its position, are always on the move. In this the trout differs from every other fresh water fish with which I am acquainted except the stickleback. This activity is caused no doubt by the fish constantly maintaining the same position in the stream, A roach, on the other hand, will swim a little way and then all movement will cease, thus allowing itself to drift down stream until its inclination leads it again to alter its position. Not so the trout. He is constantly on the move, his tail especially main- taining a perpetual backward and forward motion sufficiently active to prevent the current carrying him down stream. Ever and anon he swims with almost inconceivable rapidity after some floating object which has attracted his attention, and sometimes with an impetuosity which shoots him right out of his native element, falling back again with a sound that gladdens the heart of an angler. As soon as he has satisfied himself whether the morsel is palatable or not, he once more returns to his particular watching-place, to enact the same over and over again all through the long summer day. A trout was caught at Gibraltar Flat by a Hull gentleman which weighed 8lbs. 30z.; and one 13lbs. was illegally taken several winters ago at Top Lock. This last, I believe, is the largest ever taken from the Hull: The usual run of trout, however, in the river is from 4lb. to 4lbs., very few indeed being caught above that weight, though several are caught each year between 3lbs, and 4lbs. at Top Lock. In the river the a THE FISHES IN THE RIVER HULL. 19 larger fish are caught on gudgeon and minnows and the smaller ones on worm. ‘The trout possesses great powers of instinct, and in clear water he is very difficult to deceive. 1n overcoming this instinct by reason lies, in my opinion, the great charm of angling. Here are one or two instances. A trout is discovered feeding near the surface, the water being about two feet deep in the vicinity. The angler tries it in turn with the usual baits, worm, minnow, fly, etc., all of which it looks at, and thereat positively turns up its nose in disgust. In despair the angler catches a natural fly, and having impaled it on the hook, makes a cast with all the skill he possesses, landing it just on the spot when the curling eddies indicate the trout had risen the moment before. The fish rises at it immediately, with the only result that the fly is drowned ; the trout, evidently deceived at first, found out the trick before it was too late. The angler is about to give up and go to dinner—for he has spent some hours in trying to circumvent this wary old fish—when a bunch of floating weeds gives him an idea. He goes some distance up stream, and gathering some weeds, puts them in such a position that the stream will carry them down to the trout. Having done this with several consecutive bunches in order to accustom the trout to weeds floating down, he thinks the proper time has arrived to put his idea into execution. Having mounted a very small worm on the finest tackle procurable (without any float or sinker attached, which might arouse suspicion), he throws in another bunch of ‘weeds some distance above the trout, and placing the bait on them, lets it float down over his hoped-for game. The worm is just overhanging the weeds. As soon as the floating fraud arrives at its intended destination, Mr. Trout accepts the invitation to dine, when a combat takes place, which ends in a result not in favour of the fish. The angler now goes to dinner with an increased appetite. An angler has been fishing in vain for a large trout which is feeding off the bottom about ten yards from the shore. At last, as Angler No. 1 appears to have abandoned the contest, Angler No. 2 comes up and asks Angler No. 1 if he may try. The permission 1s cheerfully granted, but the dis- appointed angler remarks that he does not think there is much chance of success. The new-comer carefully notices, by adjacent stones, etc., the exact position to an inch of thetrout. His next proceeding is at first sight a startling one—he picks up a pebble and deliberately throws it at the trout. The indignant fish, as may be expected, at once makes off into deep water, there to remain for half an hour at least. The angler now leisurely mounts a small live minnow on very fine tackle, and, by weighting it to a nicety, places it in the exact position where the trout’s head was. 20 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. At first the minnow struggles valiantly to get rid of the cruel barb, but at last it succumbs, and lies quietly on the bottom. Having satisfied himself that everything is in readiness for the trout’s return, there is nothing for it but to wait, and as this virtue is generally acceded to the piscator, there is no difficulty in that. After a time, as sure as fate, back comes the trout. Its _ first care is to ascertain whether its enemy the biped is anywhere in view, and as that worthy is stretched at full length on the greensward, it fails to perceive him. The fish then goes to its favourite stone, when the terrified minnow, having in the interim recovered its strength, tries to swim off, and, is at once seized by the trout. A quick movement of the wrist on the part of the biped, and a bar of gold shoots out of the water. ‘‘ You’ve got him, have you?” gasps the astonished No. 1. It struggles man- fully and long against inevitable fate, but it can get no purchase against the withy rod and running line of its captor, and a gradual and continued strain tells in time. It turns up its sides, and is introduced to the landing net by Angler No.1. The advantages gained were: In the first place the trout has had nothing to eat since he was disturbed ; and in the second, as the line is not floated or drawn to him, it does not attract his attention so much, and the probabilities are the first thing he saw was the bait. I cannot leave the trout without noticing those in the Barmston Drain, a stream which flows side by side with the river for many miles. It contains very few trout, but those few are of good size, weighing from glbs. to 5lbs. Their chief food consists of small shellfish of various kinds, which they swallow whole. When taken these trout are crammed with them. This kind of food brings out the colour very strongly, and consequently these fish are very richly marked. It also affects the flavour to an appreciable extent, imparting to their flesh a delicacy which rivals that of the salmon itself. Tue Exext.—Both the broad-nosed and sharp-nosed eel are found plentifully in the River Hull. “Old Ike,” before mentioned, gets a good living trapping them in eel “leaps.” The leap is a basket of an elongated cylindrical shape, provided with a wooden stopper at one end, and so con- structed at the other that eels can find their way in easily enough, but find it exceedingly difficult to regain their freedom. The basket must not be new, or no fish will be caught. To entice the eels into the leap various baits are used. For instance, worms impaled on copper wire, and dead fish, Large eels, weighing from t1lb, to 4lbs., are caught in spring and again in autumn on night lines baited with dead gudgeon and other small fishes. THE FISHES IN THE RIVER HULL. 2I LamPERN.— his little fish, which somewhat resembles the eel in outward appearance, is at once conspicuous from its sucker-like mouth and the fourteen branchial openings on the sides of its neck. In the spring and autumn lamperns ascend the Hull in great quantities to deposit their spawn, and are caught in thousands at Top Lock by a paid fisherman. He catches them ina wicker trap called a leap. It is onthe same principle as the ordinary eel-trap, only it is very much larger. No bait is needed, for the baskets are placed below the weir, where the lamperns must pass, intercepting great numbers. When caught they are transported alive to Grimsby, there to be used by the fisher- men as a valuable bait for cod. Lamprey.—One of these fish was caught at Top Lock on July 6th, 1895, which weighed 24lbs. and a photograph of it is now in my possession. It was kept alive by its captors, and was designated by them a large lampern. On the specimen being shown to me, I at once pronounced it to be a fine example of the lamprey, and believe it to be the only authentic instance of its occurring in the River Hull. When caught it was in company with two others. They had taken up their quarters on a gravelly shallow, and had dug a circular hole some two feet deep and five or six feet in circumference. No lampreys have been seen since. THE FLora OF THE East Ripinc.—Mr. J. F. Robinson, our recorder for botany, for some years has had in hand the compila- tion of a flora of the East Riding. This is now in an advanced stage towards completion, and we hope to publish it shortly. In the meantime any records of plants, the knowledge of the exis- tence of collections of dried plants, or other information relative to the subject, will be gladly received, and we take this opportunity of asking all who are able to send particulars of the finding of any important plant, in order that the list may be as complete as possible. Communications should be addressed to Mr. J. F. Robinson, 22, Harley Street, Hull. NOTES ON A LARGE PAIR OF ANTLERS OF THE RED DEER (Cervus elaphus) FROM THE PEAT AT HORNSEA. By THomas SHEPPARD. The excellent work being done by Mr. William Morfitt, of Atwick, and his two energetic sons, is well known to our members, and those who had the good fortune to be present at the excursion to Atwick, in June last, will not soon forget the extent of the collection of all manner of geological specimens gathered together in Charlotte’s Cottage, all of which have been obtained from the cliffs and beach of the immediate vicinity. This fact makes the collection all the more interesting and valuable. The object of these notes is to put on record details of the finest pair of deer antlers that, so far as I am aware, has ever been obtained from this part of the country. They were discovered by Mr. Morfitt’s sons—Aaron and Beaumont—last winter, whilst paying their regular visit to Hornsea. The tide being low, the bed of peat exposed on the beach, just north of the pier, at about 150 yards from the cliffs, was visible. This was examined, and the point of one tine was noticed projecting from the peat. Our friends naturally at once set to work, and before long it was evident that a specimen of no mean dimensions had been found. With some difficulty the antlers were removed, though, unfortunately, their soft condition, through having been buried so long in the damp peat, made it impossible to remove them without breaking. The skull, which was also present, was particularly difficult to deal with, and came to pieces on being removed. ‘The exact locality being carefully noted, further search was made on a subsequent occasion, and now, in addition to the skull and antlers, seven vertebree (including the atlas and axis), some ribs, and a few other bones have been secured. The peat from which they were obtained is about fourteen feet below the top of the present cliff. The care that has been taken in putting the numerous pieces together is characteristic of Messrs. Morfitt, and the greatest credit is due to them. The specimen is now mounted, and a magnifi- cent pair of antlers, attached to the skull, with the lower jaw and and all complete, is the result. The following measurements will give some idea of the size of the specimen, an excellent photograph of which, kindly taken by A PAIR OF ANTLERS OF THE RED DEER (Cervus elaphus). From the Peat at Hornsea (see page 22). PLATE, + ¥. NOTES ON A LARGE PAIR OF ANTLERS. 23 Mr. Frank Hollingworth, appears as frontispiece to this volume (Plate 1) :— Greatest width - - 3 ft. 5 in. (+about 3 in. broken off). From centre of ‘‘ nest ” to centre of ‘ nest,” 2 ft. : in. Circumference at insertion into the corona in. } Length of lowest antier (brow tine)... 1 ft. 2 in. | Length of second antler (bez-tine) soot, EE | Measure- Length of third antler (trez-tine) v rit. 2 in: | Length of horn antler (corona to farthest [ ments of point) .. se ee valent Eepteca lk kihe Girth above the burr... sie ns g} in. | the Girth above the first tine ana Ps 62 in. Girth above the second tine... ake 6 in. | left antler. Girth above the third tine a 59% 54 in. | Girth just below the “nest” ... 7% in. J The left antler has seven points, and the right aa: has eight. The following rough measurements indicate the size of the skull :— Across the superciliary ridges tes ae ce. 7 inches. Occipital ridge to nose ke is _ Sy io aae i TyeArr Occipital ridge to front teeth Ae COs ries Remains of the red deer are surprisingly plentiful in the glacial and post-glacial deposits of Holderness, and such works as Phillips’ ‘Geology of the Yorkshire Coast,” Clement Reid’s “ Geology of Holderness,” etc., contain numerous records of them. More recently specimens have been collected by Mr. Thomas Boynton of Bridlington, Messrs. George Miles, and T. Pygas* of Withernsea, Dr. H. B. Hewetson of Easington, and others, and the writer has specimens in his possession from Skipsea, Withernsea, Ottringham, Ryehill and other places. In no case, however, has such an excellent pair of antlers been found, with the skull, teeth, etc., in such a splendid state of preservation as Mr. Morfitt’s specimen. * Described in the ‘‘ Naturalist” for October, 1898. These specimens consist of a skull, lower jaws, and atlas and axis vertebr, and were found in the peat. NOTES ON THE PROGRESS MADE BY THE CLUB DURING THE PAST YEAR. (Being an Extract from the Secretary’s Report, read at the Annual Meeting, September 28th, 1898 ) It is pleasing to report that the year now drawing toa close has been one of uninterrupted progress and prosperity, and in every way we have exceeded what has been done in previous years. During the winter session, 1897-8, the following lectures were delivered to the club :— October 13th, » 27th, Nov. roth, 4 11th, ” 24th, Dec. 8th, January 5th, ” 1gth, Feb. and, a 16th, March 2nd, rf 16th, 9 30th, 1897 ” “The Flora of the East Riding” (Illustrated), by Mr. J. F. Robinson. ‘*Natural History Rambles in South Africa” (Illustrated), Mr. C. Russell. Exhibition and Conversazione Do. Do. ‘«Photo-Micrography” (with lantern illustrations), Dr. J. Hollingworth. . “ Davos, the Engadine, and the Italian Lakes” (lantern views and natural history specimens), Mr. R. H. Philip. “The Fishes of the River Hull” (illustrated by lantern views), Mr. H. M. Foster. “The Formation of an _ English Village” (with local examples and lantern illustrations), Mr. J. R. Boyle, F.S.A. ‘‘Remarks on the Breeding Haunts of British Birds” (lantern views), Mr. ee Aidas ears: “Education in England in the Middle Ages,” Mr. J. R. Boyle, F.S.A, “ The Natural History of Goole Moor” (illustrated), Mr. Thomas Bunker. ‘* Spectroscopic Astronomy ” (lantern illustrations), the Rev. H. P. Slade, M.B.A.A. “The Marine Fauna of the Yorkshire Coast” (illustrated by lantern views and specimens), Mr, F. W. Fierke, M.C,S. oe ee St SECRETARY'S REPORT. 25 It will be noticed that as far as possible lectures of local interest were selected, though a general subject is always welcome. In the summer months the fixed syllabus was dispensed with, and monthly circulars have been issued to the members, giving particulars of both lectures and excursions. The lectures also were not so lengthy as those given during the winter, more time being devoted to the exhibition and descriptions of specimens collected, reports of excursions, etc. The following is a list of the papers given during April- September :— Wed., April 13th, 1898 Discussion: ‘‘ The Origin of the Humber Mud,” opened by the Secretary.* “8 eee 9 | Sat ** Zoophytes ” (lantern illustrations and specimens), by Dr. J. Hollingworth. te May ith, ,, ‘‘Side Lights on the Hand,” Mr. G. Ross. - a) UaSene vt, Exhibition of Wild Flowers, by Members, described by Mr. J. F. Robinson. we yane. Sth, Microscopic Exhibition, Members. m4 -') ean, 8, “ Foraminifera” (illustrated), Mr. RH, Philip. nee july 6th, 4, In the Subscription Library, by the kind invitation of its Presi- dent and Council. 5 5 goth, 45 Notes on Hatfield Chase (illus- trated), Members. » Aug. 3rd, ,, The Natural History of Spurn, Members. is dary Tune, | %53 Holiday Notes, by Mr. J. F. Robinson, the Rev. A. E. Shaw, and others. dy Bro * CWSI "eS, ‘‘ Recent Ramblings of a Naturalist in Jamaica” (lantern views and specimens), Mr. J. Stears. Po Sept: rath, ’,, “Natural History of our Local Ponds” (illustrated), Messrs. Philip, Fierke, and Robinson. Our best thanks are due to the various gentlemen for the lectures given during the year. It was suggested that the alternate Wednesday evenings not occupied by our ordinary lectures should be utilized in * Printed in ‘‘ Science Gossip,” June, 1898, pp. 7-9. 26 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. giving practical natural history, etc., demonstrations to the members. This was carried out during the winter months, and proved to be one of the most interesting, and perhaps one of the most useful, of the schemes undertaken by the club. They were also very well attended. The subjects dealt with were :— Dec. 1st, 1897 Practical Demonstration; Staining, Cut- ting and Mounting Botanical Slides, Mr. J. F. Robinson. Jan. 12th, 1898 Practical Lesson on Larve Preserving, Mr. J. W. Boult. Feb.- (oth; 33 An Account of our Local Beetles (speci- mens), Mr. C. Russell. 0 eares, a, A Practical Lesson on Bird-stuffing, Mr. R. Chapman. March’ ‘oth, *,; Further Notes on Section Cutting, Mr. Robinson; and ‘“ Advanced” Larve Preserving, Mr. Boult. eraril: GES. <5, Further Notes on Bird-stuffing, Mr. Chapman. és ote General Exhibits and Conversation. May 4th, ,, The Human Brain (illustrated bydiagrams and a specimen), Dr. J. Hollingworth. - TOON, 43; Our Local Fossils (specimens), the Secretary. Tke Summer Excursions have been unusually interesting, varied, and well attended, and a deal of good work has been done. On May 21st we were invited to Grimston Garth by Colonel G. B. Hobart, J.P.. and a pleasant afternoon was spent around the hall and along the cliffs. Mrs. Hobart also kindly provided tea and refreshments. On the 18th of June Mr. Morfitt, of Atwick, showed us his excellent collection of local geological specimens, and Miss Morfitt was good enough to provide tea for the party. On this occasion the British earthworks at Skipsea Brough were examined, under the guidance of Mr. J. R. Boyle, F.SA., and we also had a pleasant ramble on the beach. The excursions have been held weekly throughout the summer, though towards the end of the season the number present was not quite solarge. This is our usual experience, however. The following places were visited :— Good Friday, April 8th, South Cave and neighbourhood ; Easter Monday, April 11th, day excursion to Flamborough Head; Saturday, April 16th, Skidby chalk pits; Saturday, SECRETARY'S REPORT. a April 23rd, Brough gravel pits and limestone quarries ; Saturday, April 30th, Beverley; Saturday, May 7th, North Cave; Saturday, May 14th, Sutton and Swine; Saturday, May 21st, Aldbrough and Grimston Garth (waggonette) ; Saturday, May 28th, Hornsea Mere; Whit-Monday, May 30th, Doncaster, with Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union ; Satur- day, June 4th, Dunswell and Beverley ; Saturday, June 11th, Kelsey Hill gravel pits; Saturday, June 18th, Skipsea, Brough, and Atwick (waggonettes from Hornsea) ; Saturday, June 25th, Barton and South Ferriby ; Saturday, July 2nd, Walkington and Cottingham; Saturday, July 9th, Marfleet Lane; Saturday, July 16th, Hatfield Chase (waggonettes from Thorne Station); Saturday, July 23rd, Thornton Abbey; Bank Holiday, August rst, day excursion to Spurn Point with the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union; Saturday, August 6th, Willerby Lane; Saturday, August 13th, Hall Ings; Saturday, August 20th, Withernsea for Sand-le-Mere ; Saturday, September 3rd, Carey chalk pits; Saturday, September roth, South Cave for Mount Airy; Saturday, September 17th, Beverley; Saturday, September 24th, Hornsea. The membership is without doubt one of the most important items in connection with the club, and under this head we have something new to report. A rule has been made to the effect that gentlemen residing ten miles or more from Hull may be admitted as members at a fee of 2s. per annum ; life members £1 1s. The main object of this rule is to get workers in the neighbourhood to report on any finds of interest that may turn up, and by this means we are kept acquainted with what is goingon. It has also been the means of keeping members with us who would have resigned on removing to another town. We already have these corresponding members at Grimsby, Goole, Patrington, Sunk Island, Driffield, Atwick, Withernsea, Saltmarshe and Lincoln. At our last annual meeting the membership stood at 116. Since then several have been struck from the list tor different reasons. During the year 34 members have been elected, and our membership now stands at 127, * a net increase of 11. We would also draw attention to the very reasonable life- membership subscriptions, and should be pleased if more gentlemen would take advantage of them. * 7.e., at the annual meeting. 28 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. f The attendances at our meetings have been very satis- factory. During the summer months the average number present at each meeting was 28, and during the winter over 40. The average for the year is 34 per meeting, an increase of 38 per cent. on the average attendance for the previous year. TS Opontipium Harrisonu.—This interesting diatom has re- cently been re-discovered in its old habitat of MHaltemprice springs; where it was first found by a Hull microscopist, Mr. Harrison, whose name it bears. Mr. Norman, who compiled the standard catalogue of our local diatomacez, found it plentifully in various places within short radius of Haltemprice, and in the days of the old Hull Microscopical Society, one of the members, to use his own phrase, got a bucket full. But since then it seemed to have vanished : no one knew the exact spot to look for it ; and in general gatherings it simply did not exist. It has now been found again, though only very sparsely ; but now that the spring is known, it will be visited next year at the season of greatest plenty with probably better results. The diatom is shaped on the ‘‘ valve” face like a plain block cross with rounded angles, and is prettily sculptured with conspicuous striz. From the “hoop” point of view, like other members of its genus, it presents the appearance of a straight filament, the cells adhering together in the form of a rod ; but it is rarely found of any length, and frequently consists of only two to four frustules. R. H. Puiuip. Loca Enromo.Locy, 1898.—The past year has been a very bad one from an entomological point of view; even worse than the previous year, and that is saying a good deal. Insects of all kinds have been exceedingly scarce, and the “ sugaring” process has been almost a total failure. This seems to be a general complaint throughout the country. The members of the entomological section have had numerous excursions to places around Hull ; and Doncaster and Spurn Point have also been visited, several nights having been spent in collecting at the latter place. Nothing of importance, however, has been taken on either occasion. One of the best finds during the season consisted of several larvee of the Death’s Head moth, obtained from Preston, near Hull, by Mr. Watkinson. The entomologists have in preparation a “ List of the Macro-Lepidoptera collected within eight miles of Hull,” and efforts will be made 0 AO AR 8S much as possible during 1899.—]. W. Boutr. PE 31 JAN. 1899 Contents. ‘List OF Orricers =. 2) =): Nay Pec het ey List oF MEMBERS - - eu ee 2 Br ne | EDITORIAL Hy 2 Z = = Bi sf Me Tue Naturat History oF GooLk Moor aND THE *~ % ImMepDIATE Vicinity; Thomas Bunker - — - ee ary [ Q cp: F THE FIsHEsS OF THE RIVER Hutt; H. M.. Foster ~- -: 1) oe Nores on A LarGe Pair OF ANTLERS OF THE RED DEER. a (Cervus elaphus) FROM THE PEar at HORNSEA; — Pa Thomas Sheppard - - ee - ass om 4 We - : SECRETARY’S REPORT © - = - ¢ - ei NOTES :— ws Ponp Herrincs; H. M.° Foster 2) | -, ts Tue Fora oF THE East RipinG- “= |” Ovontipium HarRisoni ; Riel. Philip. Loca, Entromo.ocGy, 1898; J. W. Boult: eae ap TRANSACTIONS OF THE Hull Scientific & Field Naturalists’ Glub For the Year 1899. VOL. I. No. IL. EDITED BY THOMAS SHEPPARD. AND J. R. Boye, F.S.A. (Free to Members). - r x 4 ; : PRICE ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE. : F Sotp By A. BROWN & SONS, SAVILE STREET, HULL. 4 December rst, 1899. List of Officers, 1899-1900. President—R. H. PHILIP e Vice-Presidents— ar J. HoLLINGWORTH, M.R.C.S. J. F. Ropinson og J. R. Boyig, F.S.A. 4 j -, Committee— ; TT. Aupas, Jnr. G. H. Hu. _ Jj. Y. BLakEsTON M. D. PENNEY, F.C.S. _ W. Cuapwick J. SCHOFIELD " Recorders— - - - - - J. R. Boye, F.S.A. croscopy (General) - : - J. HoLiincworts, M.R.C.S. (Botany) - - - - - J. F. Roprnson Biotocy, Marine (General) - . -. F. W. Fierkg, MCs. Vertebrata (Mammalia and Aves) - T. AUDAS, L.D.S. (Pisces) - - - H. M. Foster Invertebrata (Mollusca) - - EF. W. Fierkg, M.C.s. (Arachnida) - - - - G. Ross (Lepidoptera) - - - J. W. Bourr (Coleoptera) —- - - ._C. RUSSEEL J. F. Roprnson C. WATERFALL (Diatomacez) - - - R. HH. PHIEw - - - - 2 > - - T. SHEPPARD J. PoRTER W. Woop Botany (Phanerogamia and Ferns) - Librarians— Curator—J. W. BouLt Treasureyv—]. RIDLEY Secretary—T. SHEPPARD, 78, Sherburn Street, Hull. Contents. Von Nor Ik, 1890: List OF OFFICERS Our WaTER Suppiy; Rev. H. P. Slade, M.B.aA.aA. - - THE CHALK WATER SUPPLY OF YORKSHIRE; John Robert Mortimer - - - - - - - REMINISCENCES OF A WHALE Hunt AT GOOLE OVER TuHirty YEARS AGO; William Morfitt - - - THE MossEs OF THE East Ripinc; J. J. Marshall - - THE CONTENTS AND ORIGIN OF THE GRAVELS AROUND Hutt; Thomas Sheppard - 2 - Ss . NOTE ON A BRONZE CELT RECENTLY FOUND IN HOLDER- NEss ; Thomas Sheppard - - - - - List OF THE MAcro-LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED WITHIN FIGHT MILES OF HULL; J. W. Boult - . - NOTES ON THE PROGRESS MADE BY THE CLUB IN 1898-9 A FRAGMENT OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF SPURN ; J. R. Boyle, Fis.a. - - - - - - : Our AvERAGE Memper; R. H. Philip - - - : NOTEs :— WRYNECK ON THE Coast OF HOLDERNESS; Col. B. B. Haworth-Booth - - - - - - DiatomMs ON THE Mup oF THE RIVER HULL; R. H. Philip - - - - - - - AN EAGLE IN HoLpERNEss; William Morfitt - - East Rripinc Botanica. Notes, 1899; Jas. Fraser Robinson” - - - - - - - - SKULL OF AwaAs BOXAS FROM THE PEAT AT WITHERNSEA ; T. S. - - - - - - LARGE NUMBER OF EGGS OF THE BLUE TITMOUSE ; Col. B. B. Haworth-Booth — - - - - - SKULL OF ELEPHANT AT KILNSEA; T. 5S. - - - WRYNECK AT BEVERLEY; J. R. Lowther - - PAGE TRANSACTIONS OF THE bull Scientific AND Ficld Waturalists’ Club. EpITED By THOMAS SHEPPARD AND J. R. BOYLE, F.S.A. OUR WATER SUPPLY. By Rev. H. P. SLADE, M.B.A.A. Y lecture on this subject, which was given to the Club on the gth of November, 1898, was principally of a popular and general character, and it was only at the end that it assumed a topical aspect. The subject was dealt with generally under the following four heads :—Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, and Percolation, and was worked out as fully as time permitted. Since its delivery a pamphlet has been placed in my hands by Mr. Thomas Sheppard, written by Mr. John Robert Mortimer in 1879, entitled “The Chalk Water Supply of Yorkshire.”* This appears to me to be more worthy of reproduction here than my lecture, since the information contained therein is entirely of local interest. After recording those portions of my lecture which are of local or exceptional value, Mr. Mortimer’s paper is being reprinted ; and I have put as footnotes thereto, such remarks as I have to make. In answer to the question, How long will our present supply of water last? I gave what I conceived to be a very moderate estimate, mainly based on the chalk outcrop in East York- shire, which I concluded embraced an area of about 240 square miles. This is less than Mr. Mortimer gives, while his figures are slightly in excess of those deduced from a geological map, given by Mr. John Phillips, F.G.s., in his work, “ Illustrations * Proc. Inst. Civil Engineers, vol. lv., pp. 1-9, with map and sections, 30 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. of the Geology of Yorkshire,” 1829, in which the outcrop appears to be about 380 square miles. In my estimate I eliminated that portion of the chalk which underlies the clays of Holderness, and which being near the sea and Humber would probably be found to be impregnated with salt, and therefore unfit for drinking purposes. Assuming the chalk exposed to the heavens to be 240 square miles, and each cubic foot of saturated chalk to contain 2 to 24 gallons of water, z.e., 20 to 25 lbs. in weight, this would produce about 250,000 tons per square mile for each foot in depth. Taking the depth of the fresh water bearing chalk below the minimum water-line, or line of complete saturation to be 100 feet, this would amount to 25 millions of tons per square mile, or 6,000 millions of tons for the whole area. Reducing this estimate one-half, and concluding that two-thirds of the remainder runs to waste in the Hessle Whelps and on our foreshores north of Bridlington, we have left 1,000 millions of tons. If one million of persons be dependent upon it, and require 30 gallons per day fer capita, then the present supply would last 20} years. But it would not be possible to drain the whole of the water out of the chalk, and so the esimate must be further reduced. | What is left shows that we have a supply which will last us many years. At the time I gave my lecture several towns in England were bordering on a water famine, and through the kindness of my uncle, Mr. Frederick Slade, c.£., of Beckford, who is a member of the Institute, and also a member of the Meteorological Society, I was enabled to place before our members information which could not be procured apart from many hours of hard work on Symon’s Meteorological Journals. I give the results here, and, despite the wet weather we have since experienced, they will yet arouse more than ordinary interest unless two or more wet years restore the balance. Leaving out of consideration the year 1887, which was the driest year since 1788, the mean rainfall for fifteen places in England (so chosen as to embrace all parts of it) was carefully and accurately ascertained. This contrasted with the mean rainfall at the same places for the last decade (1888 to 1897) shows that the mean rainfall for the ten years is in all cases below the general average. The total deficiency for the decade is as follows:—London, 22 inches; Salisbury Plain, 22°3” ; Penzance, 7°7"; Bristol (Clifton), 29°8”; Birmingham, 29°2” ; Beckford (Gloucestershire), 41°5” ; Norwich, 12” ; Pembroke, 39” ; Oswestry, 58”; Sheffield, 35:7”; Doncaster, 13°7”; Hull, 179” ; Liverpool, 24” ; Manchester (Denton Reservoir), 249” ; Barnsley, 251". The average deficiency for these fifteen places is 26°85”, and corresponds to 607,503 gallons, or 2,712 tons of water per acre, ee a THE CHALK WATER SUPPLY OF YORKSHIRE. 31 My lecture was brought to a conclusion by giving the analyses of various Yorkshire waters taken from Mr. Thomas Fairley’s pamphlet on the subject,* and by contrasting the water in the chalk here with that obtained from the chalk at Dover, the total amount of dissolved solids, viz., about 203 grains per gallon, being practically identical in both samples. * “The Water Supply of Yorkshire.” Journal Federated Institutes of Brewing. Vol. iv., No. 5, May, 1898, pp. 393-495: THE CHALK WATER SUPPLY OF YORKSHIRE. By JoHN ROBERT MortTIMER.* HE drift clays and superficial deposits of Holderness cover the chalk in a wedge-shaped mass, the thin edge of which fringes everywhere the inner margin of the gradually out-cropping chalk wolds at elevations varying from 60 to 100 feet above sea level. Their thick sides adjoin the sea and the Humber, and have a depth of from 50 to 200 feet, the upper portion of which, between Bridlington and Spurn, forms the cliffs, whilst the lower beds extend under the ocean. Immediately underlying the quaternary deposits is the chalk, which, in the neighbourhood of Hornsea is roo to 130 feet below sea level. From here the chalk rises northwards and westwards, and comes to the surface in a zigzag line. This mass is wedge-shaped, and lies with its thick side to the East. At Hornsea it is 800 feet in thickness, and at its northern and western terminations 300 to 500 feet. Under the chalk lie the impermeable Kimmeridge and Neocomian clays, at Hornsea about gro feet below the level of the sea. They also rise northwards and westwards, and at their outcrop, along the base of the outer margin of the chalk, rise to an elevation of from 100 to 600 feet. The upper side of these impervious clays forms a basin, in which in the main rest the chalk and the drift clays of Holderness. Their thickness, though considerable, is unknown. At Malton the Kimmeridge clay was bored to a depth of 460 feet, and at Norton Villa to nearly the same depth, without passing through it. The chalk of Yorkshire is a most important water-bearing rock, * Reprinted (with slight alterations) from vol. lv., of the Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers, by permission of the council of the Institute, and of the author. 32 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. and is supplied with fresh water entirely by the rain which falls upon its outcrop. All surface and subterranean streams from other districts are completely cut off, on the one side by the sea, and on the other side by the raised outcrops of the underlying clays and the accumulations of drift at the foot of the chalk escarpment. Moreover, the rain which falls upon the drift clays of Holderness is also cut off from the chalk below, and is chiefly conveyed to the Humber by surface streams and drains. The outcrop of the chalk or area of absorption, is, roughly speaking, about 300 to 350 square miles, a little more than half the extent of the whole of the water-bearing area included between the sea and the outer limits or termination of the chalk. The rain which falls upon this outcrop, known as the chalk wolds, less that portion intercepted by animals, cisterns, ponds, and plants, and taken up by evaporation, is absorbed by the porous soil, and descends through the rock until arrested by the unstable water- line in the chalk. This water-line is not a horizontal plane, but rises northwards and westwards, and somewhat resembles the contour of the chalk in which it is contained.* The water beneath Holderness is held down by the super- incumbent clay, and except at times just along the outer edge of this clay, it always remains at the same height. But, whenever the clay is pierced by boring, the water rushes upwards to within a few feet of the surface. Leaving the edge of the clay and proceeding either northward or westward, the unrestrained water-line begins to rise into an incline, the incline in some places being greatest when the water-line stands the highest in the rock. As this line gradually falls from long absence of rain, its general inclination becomes less and less marked.t In the Mid Wolds it is liable to great variation. In November and December, 1874, the water in Langtoft well sank to 130 feet below the surface of the ground, and the well had to be deepened several feet before the water-line was reached; while on the gth January, 1877, the water in the same well reached within 27 feet of the surface, thus showing between the two dates a variation of 103 feet in the height of the water-line. But on the above dates at the edge of the clay at Driffield, six miles to the south of Langtoft, none of the service pumps failed to raise the water. On the 9th January, 1877, the water-line in Cowlam well, at an elevation of about 430 feet above sea level, and about 24 miles W.S.W. of Langtoft, * From many years of personal observation on the chalk wells, situated in my native county of Berkshire, I have noticed that the water-line has a strong tendency to follow the contour of the chalk.—H.P.S. 1h sags also holds good of the wells situated on the Berkshire Downs.— H,P.S. a THE CHALK WATER SUPPLY OF YORKSHIRE. 33 stood at 270 feet above ordnance datum, being 108 feet above that of Langtoft well.* The extent of this subzrial water-containing chalk, measured from its outer margin toa line along the coast, is about 780 square miles. ‘The average depth may be taken at 350 feet, giving about 282,687,000,000 cubic yards of water- bearing chalk. The average annual rainfall on the chalk wolds is about 27% inches, of which I should say about one-half is added to the subterranean water, whilst the remainder is intercepted by plants, etc., and evaporation. In 1872, the rainfall at Little Driffield was 40°19 inches, causing in the autumn of that year and the beginning of 1873 a copious flow of the three Wold gypsey races, and producing a maximum water-line nearly equal to the elevation in the second week of January, in the year 1877. In 1873 and 1874 the fall of rain at the same place was only 21°46 and 23°19 inches respectively. These two small annual rainfalls happening together led to great loss and inconvenience to the inhabitants in the Wold districts, during the summer and autumn of 1874, by the drying up of numerous springs and of nearly all ponds and surface water; and the lowering of the water-line so as to leave quite dry the bottom of many wells on the Wolds. A great number of wells in this district were then deepened. In my opinion the great change of level in the water-line after an increase or diminution of the rainfall is mainly due to the two following causes. First, to the chalk situated immediately above the water-line having its pores always charged to saturation, so that it cannot hold more water when immersed in it, the interstices of the rock being the only spaces left for the descending rain on approaching the water-line ; and secondly, to the mass of rock traversed by the rise or fall of the water-line being in the shape of a wedge and to the area of elevation being limited to the outer edge of the reservoir or zone of outcrop. Hence the rapid and seemingly disproportionate rise of the water-line after prolonged rain. When the water-line in the Mid Wolds moves upwards or down- wards to the extent of roo feet, its rise or fall at Driffield, just * The angle of inclination to horizon or level line is accordingly 28 minutes 8 seconds of arc. The greatest I have observed in Berkshire was 28 minutes 3 seconds. This was on Jan. 7th, 1778, when the water in Dean well (not far from Loughborough, the highest point of the Chalk Downs) stood 35 ft. 7 in. she the water in Upper Farm well, further down the slope, and 4365 ft. istant. On Aug. toth, 1898, the water-line at Dunswell stood 54 ft. above that of Cottingham, 7431 feet distant. In this case the inclination of water-line to horizon is 24 min. 59 sec.—H.P.S. 34 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. within the feather-edge of the Holderness clays, is not more than to to 15 feet.* A short way within this edge no change of level takes place, the water-line being held always in the same position by the pressure of the superincumbent clay. The discharge along the south-east edge of this basin, though varying in degree, never ceases: while after frequent and heavy rainfalls it changes greatly. At such times the outflow finds its way underground with considerable force into the sea and the Humber. Besides this subterranean outflow there is an overflow on the mid basin drainage, which also finds its way to the Humber and then into the ocean. It consists of a line of springs running over and rising through breaks in the thin edge of the clay which covers the inner margin of the out-cropping chalk. The increase or decrease in the discharge from this line of over- flow is entirely due to the elevation or depression of the water-line in the chalk beneath, consequent on an excess or diminution in the rainfall. Considerable as are these surface and subterranean discharges into river and sea, they are, in my opinion, equalled by the vast body of water issuing in an opposite direction. Along the base of the outer margin of the chalk towards the north and west numerous permanent and intermittent springs issue of every size, from a tiny driblet to a stream sufficiently powerful to turn a mill. From the village of Warter northwards to Settrington the springs are most abundant, notwithstanding that these points of greatest discharge are along the most elevated portion of the edge of the basin, at the height of 400 to 500 feet above sea-level. This is partially due to the fact that the clays on which the chalk rests are from 50 to roo feet higher than at the escarpment, and at distances varying from one mile to two miles from the edge of that escarpment, thus forming an anticlinal or ridge, from which a large volume of water flows towards the escarpment. Southwards from Warter to the Humber, and north-eastwards from Settrington to the sea, the springs become weaker and less numerous, and, on approaching the sea in one direction and the Humber in the other, they gradually flow at lower elevations. This may be due in part to an increased facility afforded for the water to drain in these directions, and thus relieve the flow at the escarpment. Also the springs on that portion of the escarpment situated between Settrington and Hunmanby must be weakened by the water inter- cepted and drawn off by the great Mid Wold gypsey race. Besides the visible discharge along the outer margin of the chalk, water * This holds good in Berkshire, the water in the wells on the high levels fluctuating to a much greater extent than that in wells at lower levels. Wells situated at the foot of the Chalk and close to the Greensand maintain a pretty constant head of water at all times.—H.P.S. _ oe 5 --— THE CHALK WATER SUPPLY OF YORKSHIRE. 35 must escape beneath the surface, through and along beds of drift sand and gravel, which exist in the vale of Pickering, in places at the base of the chalk. This underground outflow, like that on the surface, chiefly makes its way to the river Derwent. Great and frequent as are the changes in the height of the water-line along the zone of out-cropping chalk, and the consequent variation of the outflow from the springs, the author believes that no amount of pumping or prolonged absence of rain would entirely stop the flow of a few of the main springs, or cause the water in the chalk to sink far below the sea level. For as after excessive rainfalls the mass of water in the chalk becomes of sufficient weight to force its way into the ocean, it is manifest that should the water-line in the chalk sink below a certain point through prolonged drought, or excessive pumping, and thus diminish the pressure seawards to a mininum, the flow would be reversed, and the water of the ocean would then prevail, and would force its way into the chalk, and thus prevent the sub- terranean water-line from falling below that of the sea. Mr. W. Oldham, of Cottingham, writes that “the first well he had to do with was one made for Mr. Hawkins about fifty-six years ago,* at or about the site of the entrance to the Albert Dock at Hull. The chalk was reached at r10 feet below the surface of the land, and was penetrated 22 feet, giving a total of 132 feet, when a good supply of drinkable water was found. And for some two or three weeks prior to connecting the pump to the pipe inserted, it was observed that the surface level of the water in the tube was always on the same level with the water of the Humber, whether high or low tide. In bores made at Hessle, Anlaby, and Springhead the same phenomenon takes place. In 1846 a pipe was put down at Sunk Island for the Commissioners of Woods and Forests, to the depth of 330 feet, by Messrs. Easton and Amos of London, but failed in obtaining pure water free from salt. They reached the chalk at about 110 feet, and bored 220 feet into it.” And Mr. Villiers, of Beverley, writes, on the roth April, 1877, “We went through the chalk in Hull at 615 feet. We always find under the chalk one kind of stiff blue clay, very dry. In Hull and all over Sunk Island the water from the chalk, if from deep bores is salt, but in the interior of Holderness the water contains very little salt. There is a little salt found at Hornsea, but it soon pumps off. At Hull and at Sunk Island it is no better for pumping. The freshest water I ever found in Hull is from a bore 95 feet deep, and there is another bore twenty yards from it 300 feet deep, which contains twenty per cent. more salt. Both * 7.é., about 1823. 36 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. bores are in the chalk rock, as the chalk in that neighbourhood is found at about 55 to 60 feet from the surface. The best quality and the largest quantity of water is found on the top of the chalk rock in Hull. There is a bore at the Subscription Mill on the Holderness Road about 95 feet deep, from which the water is better both in quality and quantity than that obtained from the adjoining deep bores.” It thus seems clear that the flow of the pure fresh water towards the sea is in the main on the surface of the subterranean reservoir along the rubbly and open rock, which is everywhere the character of the upper beds of the chalk: and that the brackish water found at greater depths is probably due to the pressure of the ocean forcing salt water into the rock at a lower level. I hope the few facts cursorily brought together in this paper may be convincing as to the vastness of the chalk water supply of Yorkshire ; and will show that, providing the wells pierce the minimum water-line, which in no place exceeds a maximum depth of 300 feet, an abundant supply of water is always obtainable. Except in proximity to the sea and the Humber, and where it is not polluted by human habitation, it is agreeable to the taste and free from objectionable impurities. * * Through the kindness of Mr. F. J. Bancroft, B.Sc., M.1.M.#., our Water Engineer, I find that last year the total quantity of water (for all purposes) supplied to Hull and district from the Water Works at Springhead and Cottingham amounted to 3,355,464,000 gallons. This works out to about 394 gallons per day, fer capzta, for a population estimated at 233,000. Assuming the annual rainfall on the Wolds to be (in round numbers) 24 inches, and the chalk outcrop 400 square miles, and reckoning one-third of the rainfall as passing down into the chalk and replenishing our subterranean reservoir, we find from the following calculation that what the chalk receives annually from the clouds exceeds by fourteen times what we are now consuming, for P 6, 464,000,000 28026 AON RI n Od ee TAs bee 4 8 ‘ 3)3551404,008 4 H.P.S. WRYNECK ON THE Coast oF HOLDERNESS. A female Wryneck (Lynx torquilla) was caught bya dog near the cliff at Rowlston, on the 11th May. It was in very poor condition. I have never before heard of this species in Holderness. Mr. Darley, the bird-stuffer in Hull, told me it was thirty-seven years since he had seen a specimen.—B. B. Haworru-Bootu, Hullbank Hall, Hull. * * From ‘‘ The Naturalist,” Sept., 1899. REMINISCENCES OF A WHALE HUNT AT GOOLE OVER THIRTY YEARS AGO. By WILLIAM MorrFiITt. (Read February rst, 1899.) AVING read the account of the “whale hunt” in Mr. Thomas Bunker’s interesting paper on “The Natural History of Goole Moor and the Immediate Vicinity,” which is printed in the Transactions of this Club for last year, it occurred to me that as I was present on the occasion referred to, a few notes on the subject from me might be of interest. During the early part of the forenoon of a hot summer day in 1863 or 1864 a friend of mine at Goole sent one of his boys to say that there were some “big fish” in the river. I went as far, and found a number of bottle-nosed whales* evidently chasing salmon. It was about half ebb-tide on the “springs.” t Captain Wilburn of the “Sandringham,” which was anchored outside the docks, lent me his boat, and off we went. By this time they were close to us, and several people on the river side were shooting at them. We found the shooting very dangerous, as when the bullets struck the animals they merely glanced off again. Our intention was to try to drive them into shallow water. The boats’ crews used their weapons with good effect, and caused the whales to turn towards the land, but having plenty of water to swim in they broke through our line. The boats were then formed into a crescent, and we kept heading towards the land, though owing to the strong ebb-tide this was done with difficulty. The animals finding themselves getting into shallower water became very fierce. We still kept the crescent form, and they came towards the boats, endeavouring to force their way through. Boat-hooks and oars were used with good effect—several of the whales being wounded as they came up to blow. We had now worked three-quarters of a mile from Goole Docks, and were trying to keep the “bottle-noses” on the east side of the river, as the water was shallower there. This they seemed to realize, as they became dangerous, and tried their * Two teeth from one of these specimens have been sent to the British Museum, and Mr. C. W. Andrews, F.G.s., agrees that they are those of a bottle-nosed whale.—Ep. + Spring Tide. 38 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. utmost to break away. We were soon wet through with their plunging, and had to use all our force to keep them back. We were getting into less water, and as the ebb-tide was getting spent every effort was made to get the captives driven on to the ‘‘ness” in the river, which is about two hundred yards broad, as this was the only suitable place to strand them. By this time we were in about six or seven feet of water, and formed a double line, con- sequently our quarry could scarcely pass under our boats. The final struggle then came. The whales had only just sufficient water to cover them; we were frequently carried on their backs, and had difficulty in keeping our places in the boats. I used the prong of my boat-hook with good effect on one that reared itself against our gunwale. As soon as it was struck it bellowed just like an angry bull, and rushed partly out of the water. The others immediately followed suit, and were stranded. It was rather dangerous to go near their tails, notwithstanding the fact that they had become weak with thrashing the sand. It only wanted an hour to “flood,” and all had to be ready by that time, as the incoming tide at Goole during the “springs” is very strong. The boats were placed out of danger, and we each secured our prize. The whale I got was a small one; on the other side of the boat was a larger one—and as I could only secure one animal, I handed the small one to my neighbour and secured the other ! I took a large clasp-knife and cut the throat of my captive. It began to strike right and left, and my neighbour, who was the captain of a schooner that was lying in the dock, sent his crew to help us. I gave our whale the blade and nearly the length of my arm, but could not make it bleed. There was a farm labourer standing by with a “ hedge-slasher,” which has a blade about two feet long. This he lent to me, and I buried the blade and nearly all the shaft in the whale before it bled, and then several gallons of blood came from it. The animals floated in with the tide, and those of us who wanted to get into the dock did so, whilst others landed their prizes on the river bank, to be eventually cut up and boiled. I took mine into the dock, and heaved it on to the wharf; it was fifteen feet long, and weighed one ton, five hundredweights. We put it on a rulley, and carted it to my garden. This was ona Saturday. On Sunday no work was done, but we had plenty of sightseers. We cut it up on Monday, and I got all the blubber off on the following day. One of my men asked for the carcase, and he said he could get twenty shillings each for the large ones, and twelve shillings each for the small ones, at some manure works up the canal. He got eight or nine inside a lighter, but a eee REMINISCENCES OF A WHALE HUNT AT GOOLE. 39 they stank so terribly that he could not get them as far as the manure works, so he took the lighter into the river, and put the carcases over the side. We heard of some of them being left high and dry on the bank; passers-by knew where they were for some time after! Thus ended our whale hunt. On a previous occasion there were no fewer than forty-five bottle-nosed whales stranded on Whitton Middle Sand. These sands are frequently left dry at low tide, and the whales had been stranded as the water receded. The whales in this instance were taken to Hull. DiaToMS ON THE Mup OF THE River HuLit.—When the tide is down, and the river runs swiftly and sullenly between a dreary expanse of mud on either bank, you may notice here and there on the surface of the mud, and on wooden piles and old walls left bare by the falling waters, patches and streaks of variously shaded brown ; here, dark chocolate, there, yellowish ochre, and many an intermediate tint. To the uninitiated these mean nothing at all, mere stains or variations in the colour of the mud. But the microscopist knows that they indicate the presence of a host of tiny plants, called diatoms, whose brownish coloured endochrome causes the stainon the mud. Carefully remove some of this stain and place it beneath the microscope, and a multitude of beautiful forms is revealed. If the endochrome is destroyed by boiling in acid, the siliceous skeleton remains—a thing of beauty, of wondrous delicacy, wrought as it were in clear crystal. The following are the contents of such a gathering made by me in the neighbourhood of Haworth Hall. The first glance showed the predominant form to be Pleurosigma scalprum, a sigmoid, or slightly S-shaped diatom of extreme minuteness. But there were larger and more beautiful forms, notably, Campylodiscus clypeus, a sub-orbicular disc, curiously contorted, almost into a saddle shape, and marked with hyaline radii. Also Azdacodiscus Kittonii, a perfectly regular disc with beautiful dotted markings over its surface, and four projections near the margin, which look like smaller discs on the surface of the larger. These two forms were, as far as I know, previously unrecorded for this district. There were also other discoid forms as beautiful, if not so rare: Actinocyclus undulatus, a shield marked with the appearance of radiations like the spokes of a wheel—an appearance due to the difference in focus of the undulations of the surface; and Coscinodiscus radiatus, a circular shield pitted with minutely sculptured rows of dots. Truly there is a world of unsuspected beauty in the mud of the River Hull. “Dirt more admirable than was dreamed,” as Walt Whitman says.—R. H. PHILIP. THE MOSSES OF THE EAST RIDING. By J. J. MarsHAa.t. (Secretary of the Yorkshire Bryological Committee. ) (Read February 22nd, 1899.) HE flora of the East Riding has been greatly neglected, and the moss flora has shared in the neglect. Twenty years ago it was stated that ‘‘no writer had arisen to treat of its flora as that of the North Riding by Mr. Baker, or that of the West Riding by Messrs. Davis and Lee.” Happily that stain on the character of East Riding botanists will soon be wiped out, for we shortly hope to see issued from the press an up-to-date flora of the East Riding. So far back as 1690 the neighbouring county of Westmoreland had a moss record, a very small one it is true, yet the large Poly¢richum figured in Ray’s “Synopsis” published at that date was located in our sister county. More than a hundred years elapsed before Robert Teesdale, gardener at Castle Howard, published a list of East Riding mosses in the “Linnean Transactions” (1800). He was a botanical friend of Col. Machell of Beverley, and in ‘‘ Beverlac,” a history of Beverley, is included a list of plants which enumerates a few mosses which were noted in the Riding, more particularly those in the immediate neighbourhood of that ancient town, my native place. Yet there were records near Market Weighton, Cottingham, Houghton Moor, and other places. Some of these I have rediscovered and confirmed. Others, I fear, have dis- appeared before the plough, the drain, and perhaps the advance of the builder. One plant, Ze¢raplodon angustatus, was recorded in bogs near Cottingham on dung. I hope it may be there at the present day. Short and imperfect lists have been published also by the accomplished Dr. Spruce, of Coneysthorpe, in 1845, and by Henry Baines, in his ‘‘ Yorkshire Flora,” 1840. In 1878, Dr. Parsons of Goole prepared a list from all known sources, which was published in the “‘ Transactions” of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. It was a good list—176—though admittedly very incomplete, and must still be so considered, though twenty-seven have been added to it in recent years. Since this gentleman left Goole for Croydon, this division of our county, so far as bryology is concerned, has THE MOSSES OF THE EAST RIDING. 41 been a wilderness, or rather shall I term it an oasis, waiting for investigators to whom it might yield up its treasures. From the time of the early workers, all those who have followed this interesting study have been domiciled on the outskirts of the district ; Goole, Selby, York, and Malton have all had patient and persistent ‘‘moss-grubbers,” as they are sometimes irreverently called, but I never heard of one in Hull. These men have only touched the fringe of the subject, and a wide field of virgin ground still remains unexplored. During the last eight or nine years I have been working my own particular portion near Market Weighton continuously in my leisure time, and have also investigated other portions as opportunity offered. The result, though small in numbers, is considered very satisfactory, about twenty-seven urn mosses and seven scale mosses having been added to the lists previously published. Two, if not three, are entirely new to Yorkshire, the remainder being first discoveries in the East Riding. I do not wish to take the whole credit of these additions to our moss flora, for Mr. M. B. Slater, of Malton, Mr. Ingham, of York, and Mr. J. F. Robinson, have each contributed to the general knowledge. The whole district is not a very favourable one for the bryologist, lacking those dreary moorlands, waste commons, and above all the rocky beds of streams, so dear to the heart of the moss-hunter. There are no mountains, the highest elevation being about 800 feet above the sea level ; the climate is too dry, for they are moisture loving plants, and the greater portion of the land is in a high state of cultivation. The most favourable situations are the damp heaths of the vale of York and the wooded glens on the western side of the chalk wolds. The wolds themselves are very barren ground, save for the truly calcareous species. Yet if you will permit me to use an Irishism, my rarest discoveries have occurred on this same barren ground, and have led me to greater zeal in examining any small portion still free from the all-pervading plough. Holderness, except for a few days’ examination on the excursions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Lowthorpe, Withernsea, and Spurn, remains un- explored. Of course there is a considerable diversity of soil and situation in the vice-county. The vale of York, with its bogs and peaty commons, possesses a flora quite distinct from that of the chalk wolds, and the boulder clay of Holderness yields one quite dissimilar from either. The Rhacomitria, so abundant in hilly and mountainous districts are conspicuous by their absence. They appear on Strensall and Skipwith commons, and on the sandy heaths of North Lincolnshire, but in very small quantity. The tree trunks are also extremely disappointing to a bryologist. If he 42 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. pays a visit to the northern and western dales he will find a mantle of green covering the bark from four to ten feet high : here, alas, they are almost as bare as a deal table. Nearly all the mosses of this district come to perfection during the winter months from October to March, so the botanical student can, if he likes, continue his studies throughout the year, and not be limited as is the phanerogamic student, to a few months in the fine weather. The following is a list of additions to the records of mosses previously made by bryologists for the East Riding of Yorkshire :— Name of Moss. Locality. Collector. Physcomitrella Goodmanham __J.J.M. patens Microbryum Kiplingcotes J.J.M. Flerkeanum Pottia bryoides Market Weighton Phascum curvicollum Kiplingcotes igo. Phascum rectum Goodmanham _ J.J.M. Dicranella varia, — Londesbro’ J.J.M. var. callistoma Dicranella varia, Market Weighton J.J.M. var. tenutfolia Dicranum undulatum Holme on J.J.M. Spalding Moor Campylopus Houghton Wood J.J.M. pyriformis and Market Weighton Campylopus flexuosus Houghton Wood J.J.M. and Barmby Moor Seligeria pauctfoia Goodmanham = J.J.M. Tortula brevirostris Goodmanham _ J.J.M. Tortula Horn- Brough and J.J.M. schuchiana Market Weighton Tortula rurals, var. Spurn arenicola inson Tortula montana Goodmanham _ J.J.M. Leptobryum Market Weighton J.J.M. pyriforme Londesbro’ and _ J.J.M. Where recorded. “Science Notes,” Sept., 1895 “Naturalist,” 1897 ‘“‘ Naturalist” and ‘Science Notes,” Apr., 1896. “Naturalist,” 1897 “Science Notes,” Apr., 1896 ; “‘Nat- uralist,” 1896 ““Science Notes,” Sept., 1895 ‘Science Notes,” Sept., 1895 “Science Notes,” Apr., 1896 ; “‘Nat- uralist,” 1896 “Science Notes,” Sept., 1895 “Science Notes,” Sept., 1895 “Science Notes,” Sept., 1895 “Science Notes,” Apr., 1896 “Naturalist,” 1898 J.F.Rob-“ Naturalist,” 1898 “Naturalist,” 1898 ‘Science Notes,” Sept., 1895 | i ee rie 4 eS a an calaaeeereeemetl THE MOSSES OF THE EAST RIDING. 43 Name of Moss. Locality. Collector. Where recorded. Bryum pseudo- Market Weighton J.J.M. ‘‘ Science Notes,” triguetrum Sept., 1895 Bryum murale Goodmanham J.J.M. ‘Science Notes,” Sept., 1895 Polytrichum strictum Barmby Moor J.J.M. ‘Science Notes,” Sept., 1895 Anomodon viticulosusGoodmanham —=—‘J.J.M. “Science Notes,” Sept., 1895 Lypnum elodes Barmby Moor J.J.M. ‘Science Notes,” Sept., 1895. The following list of my own confirmations of previous records of some of the rarer East Riding mosses appeared in N.E. Yorks. “Science Notes” for September, 1895 :— Name; Locality. Dicranum spurium Barmby Moor Seligeria calcarea Goodmanham Systegium crispum Market Weighton Didymodon luridus Market Weighton Barbula papillosa Market Weighton and Withernsea Bryum pendulum Market Weighton Pylaisia polyantha Springwells, Goodmanham Plagiothecium sylvaticum Beverley Hypnum stellatum (in “ fruit”) Market Weighton. [We also notice in “The Naturalist” for June, 1897, that Mr. Wm. Ingham, B.a., of York, records Aypnuum giganteum on Skipwith Common, March 12th, 1897.—ED. | An EaGLe IN HOLDERNESS.—During the morning of the 8th of April, 1899, when in the garden with my son, Beaumont, I sawa large bird about a quarter of a mile away. It was followed by some crows, though they were at a respectable distance. The bird was coming from the north, and there was a strong westerly wind blowing. It flew in circles somewhat after the fashion of a hawk, and came right over us, not forty yards away ; so near, in fact, that its talons, beak, colour, etc., could be distinctly seen. There could be no doubt that the bird was a very fine specimen of an eagle. It flew towards Wassand Wood, Hornsea, where we hope it found a safe asylum. Though we had ample opportunity we did not shoot the bird, and we hope this example will be followed by others,—WILL1AM Morritt, Atwick, 44 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. East Ripinc BoranicaL Notes, 1899.—In connection with “The Flora of the East Riding,” which we are fast bringing to a first stage of completion, some good work has been done at the recent fieldexcursions. Astragalus danicus, (Retz.) vel hypoglottis (Linn.), only previously recorded for Langton Wold, was found with the grass Keleria cristata (Pers), a new record, on the morainic gravels near Brandesburton, in June last. The parasitic dodder, Cuscuta Trifolit (Bab.) has been rather frequent on clover, the dry season apparently favouring its growth; whilst another parasite A/onotropa Hypopitys (Linn.), the only member of the heath family (Ericaceze) that grows on the chalk, has flowered fairly well in its old station in a beech-wood near South Cave. Two new localities have been added to those already known for the bee-orchis, Ophkrys apifera, (Huds.). Scirpus pauciflorus, (Lightf.) is fresh for Newbald springs. Carex dioica, (Linn.) a rare and fast disappearing sedge with us, turned up in quantity at the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union meeting at Driffield in July. Carex paradoxa, (Willd.) is also abundant in the last named locality, where it was first noticed by Mr. Charles Waterfall, in 1898. It also occurs at Pulfin Bog, near Hull Bridge (J. F. R., 1896). Now extinct at Heslington, the only other recorded (M.S.) station, Carex paradoxa still grows at Askham bog just within the North Riding. These facts seem to indicate that East Yorkshire is favourite ground for this otherwise very local sedge. C. divisa, (Good.) Teesdale’s old record (1798) for ‘* Derricoates ” (Dairycoates), is now extinct in this station, but grows plentifully between Hull and Hedon, near the Humber. Canon Maddock, of Patrington, sends a specimen of the fern, Asplentum Adiantum nigrum, (Linn.) from an old church wall in South Holderness—the first and only East Riding record. Zas¢rea Thelypteris (Presl.) is again abundant in one of the C. paradoxa stations above named; and Mr. Marshall, of Market Weighton, reports Osmunda from a damp wood between the Derwent and the Wolds.—Jas. FRASER ROBINSON. SKULL OF ANAS BOXAS FROM THE PEAT AT WITHERNSEA.— Bones of birds have frequently been obtained from our local peat beds, but they usually consist of limb bones or others difficult to determine. Mr. T. Pygas, jnr., of Withernsea, has handed a skull to me which he found in the bed of peat exposed at low tide on the beach at that place, a short distance north of the pier. Its dark and tanned appearance leaves no room for doubt that it actually came from the peat. Mr. W. P. Pycraft, of the British Museum - (Natural History), has kindly examined the specimen, and pro- nounces it to be the skull of a duck, probably Azas Boxas.—T. S, THE CONTENTS AND ORIGIN OF THE GRAVELS AROUND HULL. By TuHomas SHEPPARD. (Read March rst, 1899.) HE gravels within easy access of Hull are all being steadily worked to meet the requirements of the city, the result being that local geologists have a fair chance of studying the different beds as they are exposed. Some of the gravels are made up entirely of stones which have been derived from rocks occurring close by ; whilst others contain pebbles and boulders not to be matched zw sztu for scores of miles, nay, their home in some cases must be looked for on the other side of the North Sea. Some of the gravel beds are full of fragments of chalk, others contain much sand. Some have shells, others mammalian remains, whilst still others have neither of these. At times the fragments are very angular, though beds of waterworn pebbles and boulders are frequent enough. It cannot be supposed that these different beds, with such varying characteristics, were all formed by one agent or at one time. Taking for granted, therefore, that the different gravels have been formed at different times in different ways, it remains to put them into some sort of order. To classify them according to the relative proportion of certain rocks, or according to the presence or otherwise of bones or shells, would be not only inconvenient but impracticable. The best method, at any rate for the purpose of these notes, is probably to put them under three heads according to age, viz., Pre-Glacial, Glacial, and Post-Glacial ; that is to say, zs¢, the gravels formed immediately before the Glacial Period, which are therefore wzder the glacial beds ; 2d, those formed by the action of the ice, directly or indirectly, during the Ice Age, the gravels in this instance forming part of the glacial series ; and 3rd, those laid down afver the ice had cleared away, these gravels being newer than, and therefore upon the glacial beds. To deal with them in the order suggested ; we first have the Pre-Graciat Deposits. Here at once there is a difficulty. The gravels at Hessle, which are composed almost exclusively of angular pieces of chalk and flint, and are covered by boulder-clay of the “Hessle” type, I have placed under this head. These 2 46 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. gravels have been fully described by Dr. F. F. Walton, F.G.s., in the “Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society” for 1894,* and in the first two volumes of the “Transactions of the Hull Geological Society.”+ The difficulty is to decide whether the gravels are really pre-glacial or not. They are certainly covered by a bed of boulder-clay, a true glacial deposit, but this particular clay is looked upon by glacialists as the uppermost of the three beds of boulder-clay which are found in East Yorkshire. Consequently it is possible that the Hessle gravels are only older than the top bed of boulder-clay, and newer than the lower boulder-clay. At present however, there is no direct evidence either way. Let us examine the contained mammalian remains and see if they will help us. There can be little doubt the various animals died very near the place, if not on the very spot, at which their remains are found. The bones do not exhibit the slightest traces of having been rolled about or of having been waterworn. In one or two instances it is thought they bear signs of having been gnawed, probably by a hyzena or other carnivore. Some of the bones were certainly broken before being entombed in the gravel. Taking all things into consideration, it is reasonable to look upon them as of the same age as the gravel, and not as having been derived from pre-existing deposits. The angular condition of the gravel itself also favours this view. Since Dr. Walton’s notes, already referred to, were written, other specimens have been found. These, together with all the bones previously obtained, I recently sent to Mr. E. T. Newton, F.R.S., Palzeontologist to the Geological Survey, London. Mr. Newton has recognised some species amongst the remains of which we were in ignorance previous to his examination. He does not recognize any bones of Bos. The name of this animal will therefore have to be struck from previous lists. The amended list now stands as follows : Equus caballus, Cervus elaphus, Cervus sp. ? Elephas sp. ? Rhinoceros sp.? Flyena? (Indicated by doubtful gnawings only.) This fauna is such as might be expected either in a glacial or pre-glacial deposit. We are consequently still left in the dark as to the precise age of the Hessle beds. * «Some New Sections in the Hessle Gravels,” pp. 396-406. + 1893-4 and 1894-5. THE BURSTWICK GRAVEL PIT. (See page 46), FIG. 2, THE KELSEY HILL GRAVEL PIT. (See page 46). PLATE 2. CONTENTS AND ORIGIN OF THE GRAVELS AROUND HULL. 47 The Hessle gravels, however, are banked up against the pre-glacial chalk cliff of Holderness Bay, which now lies far inland. The angular gravel probably represents the rain-wash or material swept from the chalk, having first been disintegrated by the action of frost, probably just before the ice was upon it. The sand, which is found in large quantities mixed with the gravel, is of a very fine nature and is generally thought to be blown sand, the grains being well rounded and having a polished appearance. It may be from the pre-glacial beach. At the north-eastern end of the cliff-line just alluded to is a series of deposits of a somewhat similar nature, which were systematically investigated* by Mr. G. W. Lamplugh, F.c.s. I refer to the Sewerby deposits. In this case the gravels and sands, with a somewhat similar fauna to that at Hessle (though with the addition of Elephas antiquus, Hippopotamus and Bison) were found to be capped by ¢he oldest of the glacial beds of the district, viz., the “basement” clay, and are therefore considered to be pre-glacial. 1 see no reason why a similar bed of gravel at the southern end of the old cliff should not be of a similar age. In my opinion if we were to dig down far enough at Hessle the ancient beach would be reached, with probably some marine shells, and bones of Elephas antiguus, etc. This, at any rate, would be pre-glacial. From the foregoing remarks I wish it to be distinctly understood that although we have no absolute proof that the angular gravels at Hessle are pre-glacial, it is very probable they are. Under our next heading, “GLaciaL,” come the gravels at Burstwicky (see plate 2, fig 1), Kelsey Hill (see plate 2, fig 2), and other places in central Holderness.{ But what a contrast! Instead of the uniform small angular chalk gravel, or strictly speaking, rubble, at Hessle, with almost an entire absence of foreign stones or shells, and with such bones as are found, “ unwaterworn,” we have a gravel with just the opposite characteristics. In the first place it is composed of pebbles and boulders of all sizes and many colours and materials, which are invariably well waterworn. Some of the pebbles have been derived from very far-distant sources ; well known Lake District, Teesdale, and even Scandinavian types being represented ; there is a good proportion of igneous rocks, and pieces of Carboniferous * See Proceedings, Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soc., 1887, and Brit. Assn. Report, 1888. + A large quantity of this gravel was used during the construction of the Withernsea lighthouse two or three years ago. + These were formerly thought to be inter-glacial beds. See Reid’s ** Geology of Holderness” (Geo. Surv. Mem.) 1884, p. 63. 48 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. sandstone and limestone, Permian ‘“ Brockram,” Magnesian limestone, Triassic sandstone, Liassic, Oolitic, Speeton clay and Chalk pebbles and fossils. In fact anyone requiring a maximum variety of rock specimens for a minimum amount of labour should go to Burstwick or Kelsey Hill. I have just shewn that there are great differences between these glacial mounds and the pre-glacial beds at Hessle. But besides the differences already noted there are others of some importance. At Burstwick numerous shells of a somewhat Arctic type are mixed with the gravels, a list of twenty-three species having been compiled,* whilst at Kelsey Hill, close by, in a precisely similar bed, forty-nine species have been collected.+ In associa- tion with these marine shells are quantities of an interesting fresh-water mollusc, Cyrena fluminalis. Then mammalian remains, principally bones, horns and teeth, occur at Burst- wick fairly plentifully, but usually in a very fragmentary and waterworn condition, often being like pebbles. A _ notable exception to this, however, is a huge mammoth tooth, measuring fourteen inches in length, which I obtained recently. Up to the time the paper on the Burstwick gravel pit, to which I have already referred, was read, no remains of the mammoth had been obtained from that pit. The list, therefore, now stands as under: Megaceros Hibernicus (Irish “ Elk”), Cervus elaphus (Red Deer), Bos primigenius (Urus of Czesar), Bos taurus (Ox), fTyena (? Indicated by gnawings), Elephas primigenius (Mammoth). The following is a list of the remains of animals found at Kelsey Hillt: LElephas primigenius (Mammoth), Cervus tarandus (Reindeer), Bison priscus (Bison), Rhinoceros leptorhinus (Rhinoceros). Trichechus rosmarus (Walrus). To account for the origin of these gravels I will quote a paragraph from a previous paper § “The various boulders found in the gravel seem to indicate * ‘On another Section in the so-called Inter-Glacial Gravels of Holder- ness,” by the present writer. Proceedings, Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soc., 1895, page 6. t+ Reid; op. cit. p. 71. + Reid’s ‘‘ Holderness,” p. 71. § ‘*On another Section in the so-called Inter-Glacial Gravels of Holder- ness,” op. cit., page II. CONTENTS AND ORIGIN OF THE GRAVELS AROUND HULL... 49 that the Norwegian Ice-sheet on coasting along our shores first passed the mouth of the Tees . . . then the Lias at Whitby . . . the chalk at Flambro’, and then dragged with it the greater part of the beach of the pre-glacial bay of Holderness, with its pholas-bored pebbles, bones, etc., and finally deposited the whole, mixed with the Scandinavian rocks and marine shells, together with the fresh water Cyvena, so as to form the range of hills stretching from Flambro’to Paull . . . this being its terminal moraine.” In other words, the Kelsey Hill and Burstwick Pits are dug into the moraine laid down by the Scandinavian ice-sheet. In support of this I should like to quote a few words from Mr. E. J. Garwood’s remarks which followed Sir Martin Conway’s paper on the “ First Crossing of Spitsbergen,”* read to the Royal Geographical Society on January 25th, 1897. As is well known, Mr. Garwood accompanied Sir Martin Conway on his expedition. He says: ** An interesting point to notice is the mode of advance of these glaciers, [z.e., the Spitsbergen glaciers]; the top layers, shearing over the lower ones, advance more rapidly, until they overhang to such an extent that they break off, forming a “talus” of ice below; over this the glacier advances, finally over-riding the moraine completely. Glaciers advancing in this manner do not, therefore, push forward loose material lying in their path, but flow over it; the lower layers of ice, embayed behind this obstacle, are, however, dragged over it by the upper advancing layers, and bring up with them fragments of the raised beach frozen into their under surface. Dr. Gregory and myself found no difficulty in collecting fragments of driftwood, she//s, and bones of whales, mixed with pebbles, which had been raised several hundred feet above the original level of the beach in this manner.” At Spitsbergen, then, there is at the present day a process going on in all probability precisely similar in character to that which took place in Holderness long, long ago, the results in each case being identical. This is all the more interesting when it is borne in mind how far both examples are separated, both in time and distance. In different parts of the Riding, as at Hessle, just west of the Railway Station, and at various places on the coast, masses of gravel are to be found zz the boulder-clay. These contain neither mammalian remains nor shells, and principally consist of similar stones to those found in the adjacent boulder clay, though usually * Printed in the Geographical Journal for April, 1897, p. 367. + The italics are mine. 50 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. they are much more waterworn. They have unquestionably been formed by local melting of the ice, sub-glacial streams, or other similar agency. Striated stones are sometimes found in them, though the scratches are usually partially obliterated, apparently on account of their having been waterworn alter being scraped and scratched in the ice. Gravels of this description do not occur in very extensive beds. Near Brough a series of gravels occurs, as to the origin and age of which there is no clear evidence. ‘There are two sections ; one on the summit of Mill Hill at an elevation of 100 feet, and the other, Prescott’s pit, on the low ground to the west. On Mill Hill there are apparently two distinct gravels. The lower one, exposed only in places at the base of the section, is composed of blocks of carboniferous sandstone and other material derived from the west, partially cemented together, thus forming a somewhat compact bed. In this are found bones, horns, teeth, or other remains of a great variety of animals. Amongst the specimens in my possession, bones, etc., of the following have been recognized* :— Llephas antiguus (Straight tusked elephant), Llephas primigenius (Mammoth), Bison priscus (Bison), Bos primigenius (Urus of Ceesar), Cervus elaphus (Red Deer), Cervus sp? Liquus cabatlus (Horse), It is a somewhat difficult matter to fix the exact age of this bone-bearing bed. ‘There is little evidence, beyond the mammalian remains, to go by. The absence of boulder-clay in the immediate vicinity is unfortunate, as it renders the task of correlation very difficult, and the results uncertain. At present I should not ‘like to express any definite opinion as to the age of the bed. Of one thing, however, we can be certain, it is older than the gravel above it! 7 Let us now deal with the upper gravel of this section. This is * Thomas Sheppard. ‘Notes on Elephas antiquus and other Remains from the Gravels at Elioughton, near Brough, East Yorkshire.” Proceedings Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soc., 1897, p. 225. + Since these notes were prepared I have found a large boulder of Rhomb-porphyry on the floor of the Mill Hill pit, together with several other boulders which had been obtained from the gravel, and though the exact horizon in the gravel from which the rhomb-porphyry came is uncertain, the find is of importance, and should be kept in mind when considering the question of the age of the gravels. Later still, Mr. J. W. Stather, F.G.s., has secured a specimen of Augite-syenite—another typical Scandinavian rock-— from the same locality. CONTENTS AND ORIGIN OF THE GRAVELS AROUND HULL. 51 principally made up of sub-angular pieces of chalk, which occurs in situ close by, though pebbles of Oolite, Lias, Quartzite and other foreign stones are to be found in fair quantities. There are also beds of current-bedded sand. In many respects the gravel on the low ground, that is in Prescott’s pit, bears resemblances to the upper Mill Hill bed. In Prescott’s, however, the principal constituent is Millepore lime- stone, of which there are outcrops near. The gravel is beautifully false-bedded. Neither of the two deposits I have just referred to contains recent marine shells nor mammalian remains, but a few bones of horse, ox, pig, etc., are found in the surface earth, and are of a much later date than the gravels. The gravels on the low ground and at the upper part of the Mill Hill section may be of the same age, and I would suggest were formed at the last stage of the glacial period.* This being so, we are in a little better position with regard to the lower mammaliferous portion of the Mill Hill gravel, but not much. Under our next head we have the Post-GLaciaL beds. These are of an unimportant character, comparatively speaking, and will therefore only be referred to very briefly. Among them should be placed the gravels around Hornsea Mere, which indicate the former extent of that sheet of water— gravel terraces in fact. Also the beds to be found at different places in the lacustrine deposits of Holderness, in every case lying on the boulder-clay. These are best seen in the coast sections. In no case does a deposit of post-glacial gravel occur of sufficient size to be extensively quarried. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2:—/Vate 2. fig Z, is a view of the Burstwick gravel pit, near Ryehill, in Holderness. The face of the section runs roughly east and west. Plate 2, fig 2, is a view of the Kelsey Hill pit—now disused, taken from Kelsey Hill farm. I am indebted to Mr. Frank Hollingworth for the first photo- graph, and to Dr. J. Hollingworth for the second. * It is probable they may represent the deposits formed on the shores of a lake which came into existence by the damming up of the drainage into the Humber by the ice-sheet, and it is possible that the recently discovered boulders of rhomb-porphyry and augite-syenite at Brough may have drifted from the ice-front attached to pieces of floating ice. NOTE ON A BRONZE CELT RECENTLY FOUND IN HOLDERNESS. By THomas SHEPPARD. T so rarely happens that relics of the Bronze Age are found in Holderness that the following record of a specimen exhibited at our meeting on the 31st of May last may be of interest. It was found by Mr. George Thompson whilst digging for gravel in the Burstwick Gravel Pit, and occurred at a depth of about a foot SN a) ( SR from the surface, on the slope of the hill in which the gravel pit is dug. The accompanying sketch, for which I am indebted to Mr. Edgar Marsh, of the u/? Daily Maz{, shews the actual size of the specimen, and gives some idea of what it is like. It is of NOTE ON A BRONZE CELT RECENTLY FOUND IN HOLDERNESS. 53 the type known as the “socketed” celt, and is cast in bronze. There is a hole at the upper end for the insertion of a wooden handle, and a thong was fastened through the small “lug” and round the handle. ‘The celt is ornamented on each side by three ridges—as shewn in the sketch. Its most interesting feature, however, is the fine smooth coating of patina with which it is covered, and gives it the appearance of having been enamelled. This specimen is now in my possession. The notice taken of this find by the local press at the time was the means of bringing further specimens to light, some of which we had an opportunity of examining. None of them, however, were in such a good state of preservation as the Burstwick specimen ; and in some instances the patina had been most assiduously scraped from the bronze, thus reducing the value of the specimens by about one half ! Two or three hordes of implements have been found in Holderness. “In a bank forming part of some extensive earthworks in this township [South Skirlaugh], a large quantity of celts, spear-heads, sword-blades, etc., of a mixed metal like brass, were discovered in 1809.”* I understand there are some bronze sword-blades in the York Museum, which may be from this horde, and there is a socketed celt in the Hull Museum labelled ‘‘Skirlaugh.” Mr. Mortimer informs me that in 1852 no less than thirty-five bronze celts were found together at Sproatley ; with one exception, all were of the socketed type, with a small lug. Some of these were bought for a museum at Pocklington. The Rev. Canon Greenwell, F.k.S., informs me that he has ten from this horde. Mr. Cawkell, of Hull, has other three, which I have had an opportunity of examining. ‘Two are socketed, and the other is of a different type; it has two grooves, one on each side, along which the split haft fitted. There is also a small ‘‘lug” to secure it to the haft ; this specimen was sent to Leeds, and whilst there one end was filed off in order to test its genuineness! Another find of a similar kind was made at Lowthorpe in 1843, when twelve bronze celts and two portions of a large sword were obtained whilst digging a drain. A bronze celt has been found at Brandesburton Barf, and Mr. Mortimer has recently acquired a fine one from Nafferton, and also a “winged” celt from the same place. ‘The Rey. Canon Maddock, M.aA., F.G.S., possesses one which was dug up in the brick pits at Winestead. Dr. Evans describes one as having been found at Skipsea Brough.t A similar specimen was * Sheahan and Whellan’s ‘‘ History and Topography of the City of York,” etc., 1856, vol. ii., p. 393. + “‘ Hull Quarterly,” 1885, p. 61. 54 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. dug up at Sproatley about sixty years ago whilst a drain was being cut past Amen Field. A large celt, cast in solid bronze, and weighing 2} lbs., I have recently examined. It is 64 inches long, and has a cutting edge nearly 4 inches long. ‘This specimen was unearthed at Burstwick in 1842. Mr. T. Boynton also has several bronze weapons and implements from Holderness, including a fine spear-head from the lake-dwellings at Ulrome. LarGE NUMBER OF EGGs OF THE BLUE TiITMOUSE.—I lately saw ina Holderness vicarage garden (Mappleton, near Hornsea) a nest of this bird (Parus ceruldeus) in a disused pump, with fourteen eggs. The hen was constantly seen during the last month, going to its nest by the hole under the pump handle. When the lid on the top of the pump was occasionally lifted up the bird was seen sitting on six or seven eggs, hissing like a regular billy-biter. She sat on these eggs hopetully, we trust, for along time. At length the Vicar took out one or two eggs, and found them addled. ‘They had never been fertilised, because no cock-bird had been seen for many weeks in the garden, which is a mile from the nearest shrubbery and plantation at Rowlston Hall, where there are generally two or three nests every year. The poor bird continued afterwards laying eggs until there are now as above stated, fourteen eggs.—B. B. HawortuH-Bootu, Hullbank Hall, Hull. * SKULL oF ELEPHANT AT KILNSEA.—At our meeting on March st, 1899, a series of geological and other specimens collected from the beach at Kilnsea by Mr. D. Murray of that place was exhibited. The most conspicuous object was a huge skull of an elephant, which, though slightly waterworn, was ina very good state of preservation, but the teeth and jaws were missing. Its measurements are :—length, 15 inches, breadth, 164 inches, height, 12} inches. The specimen appears to have belonged to a young and recent individual, the bone still retaining the organic matter. It is certainly strange that such an object should have been found at Kilnsea. Some few years ago, in a storm, the carcase of an elephant was stranded on the shore at Withernsea, a few miles north of Kilnsea, and it was buried by the coastguards. This had been thrown overboard from a passing vessel. If the specimen in question is not part of this elephant, it is possibly from another which might have shared the same fate. It is stated, however, that the skull had been washed out of the cliffs, in which case, of course, the above explanation will not suffice. A single tooth would have helped us out of the difficulty, but, as already explained, not one remained in the skull. As there is some doubt as to where it really came from, nothing can be said at present in reference to the age of the find, or the species to which it belongs.—T.5. * From ‘‘ The Naturalist,” Sept., 1899. “s LIST OF THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED WITHIN EIGHT MILES OF HULL. By J. W. Bowutt. HE district round Hull is a very poor one for insects. There are no extensive woods, moors, commons or waste lands such as delight the heart of an entomologist. The land is cultivated to such an extent that there are very few suitable situations for insects to thrive, and what with dock extensions, new streets and buildings, etc., the district gets worse and worse every year. Several moths which were formerly common, are now extinct or nearly so. It is thought advisable, therefore, to place upon record a list of the species which occur in the vicinity of Hull, and it is hoped that this list will be of use to the members, especially the younger ones, in their rambles.* The following list includes all the species that have been collected by myself or other members of the Club during the last twenty-five years. It could be made much larger if all the species that have been reported as having been found in the district were - included, but as there is some doubt about several of these I have deemed it advisable to include only those which I have had an Opportunity of personally examining, or which have been noted by competent lJepidopterists. All together there are 25 species of butterflies, and 262 species of moths. The list for the whole of Britain includes 68 butterflies and 760 moths. The list does not include the Micro-lepidoptera. We experience great difficulty in getting these satisfactorily named ; in addition to which they have not been collected to the same extent as the butterflies and moths. I have been assisted in the compilation of this list by Mr. J. Porter, Mr. C. W. Russell, and the late Mr. J. Hame. [I have taken a good deal of trouble with Mr. Boullt’s list, the order and nomenclature of which, for purposes of comparison, I have reduced to that of Mr. G. T. Porritt’s “List of Yorkshire _ Lepidoptera,” 1883. All the items included in [ ] have been transferred from Mr. Porritt’s volume.—J.R.B.] Explanation of the initials in the following list :— Me =J.Hame. _J.W.B.=J. W. Bolt. ].P.=J. Porter. G.S.=G. Sweeney. C.W.R.=C. W. Russell. C.H.=C. Holt. , * We shall at any time be pleased to have particulars of additions to this list which will be duly recorded in future numbers of the Transactions. —Ep. 56 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. | Papilio Machaon. Preris brassicae. Pierts rape. Pieris napt. Anthocharts cardamines. Gonepteryx rhamnt. Colias edusa. Cottas hyale. Vanessa urtice. Vanessa polychloros. Vanessa antiopa. Vanessa to. Vanessa atalanta. Vanessa cardut. [ Arge Galathea. BUTTERFLIES. Diurni. “There is satisfactory evidence that this fine species formerly occurred with us, although it has long been extinct. At page 27 of Haworth’s ‘ Lepidoptera Britannica’ (1803), we read ‘I know Machaon, the common swallow-tailed Pajgidio, breeds near Beverley yet, and my brother-in-law, R. Scales, of Walworth, near London, possesses a specimen of it which was taken there seven years since.’” Gye Some years very common, others very rare. Common in gardens. Common in lanes. Common. One in Pearson Park by Mr. Peak. One in Queen’s Road, 1887, J.W.B. Occasional. Common in 1877 or 1878. Few in 1877 or 1878. Very common. Two at Bilton, 1878, J.W.B. One in garden, Hessle Road, G.S. [‘‘This fine and rare species has at different times been taken in almost every part of the county. In 1872 it occurred in numbers all over England, and in our own county was almost common.” G.T.P. It was taken at Hull, Hornsea, Beverley (in numbers), and many other places. ] Occasional. Common. Some years common, others scarce. * At one time a well-known York- shire butterfly, but now probably extinct. ‘Near Beverley formerly, but probably extinct there’ (N.F.D.),” G.E.P.] _, MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA WITHIN EIGHT MILES OF HULL. 57 Satyrus megera. Satyrus janira. Satyrus tithonus. [ Chortobius Davus. Chortobius pamphilus. Polyommatus phieas. Lycana alexis. Lycena argiolus. Thanaos tages. Hesperia sylvanus. Smerinthus ocellatus. Smerinthus popult. _ Acherontia atropos. Sphinx convolvult. Sphinx ligustrt. Deilephila galit. Cherocampa celerto. [Cherocampa porcellus. ‘Cherocampa elpenor. Macroglossa stellatarum. Sesia tipuliformis. Sesia bembeciformis. Cossus ligniperda. Flepialus lupulinus. Flepialus sylvinus. Hepialus velleda. Hepialus humult. [Procris geryon. LZygena lonicere. LZygena fillipendule. Nola cucullatella. Occasional. Sutton Bank. Common. Occasional. Sutton Bank. Cottingham, J. C. Dale, | now extinct. Common. Humber Bank. Occasional. Common. One, end of July, 1897, Westbourne Avenue, M. Waller. One, Humber Bank, Hessle, 1884, J.W.B. Formerly very common there, now extinct. One, Sutton, July, 1888, C.W.R. One, Victoria Avenue, 1889, J.W.B. MOTHS. Nocturnt. Occasional. Was formerly common on willows, Wold Carr. Common. Occasional. Occasional. Larve, Southcoates C.R. Hull, 1859, J.G.] Brantingham, 1865, J. H. C. King- ston. Near Hull, 1859, J.G.] One, Dairycoates, June roth, 1898, OR EE Occasional. Occasional, common in some gardens. Common. Occasional. Very common. Occasional. One, Humber Bank, J.H. Very common. Beverley, Ent. Ann., 1864, p. 122. ] Common, West Humber Bank, down to 1888. Now extinct. Banks of Marfleet Drain, C.W.R. Common. Lane, 1884. 58 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Lithosta quadra. Leuchelia jacobee. Chelonia caja. Arctia fuliginosa. Arctia lubricipeda. Arctia menthastrt. Liparis auriflua. Liparts salicts. Oreyia antigua. Pecilocampa popult. Bombyx rubt. Bombyx quercus. Odonestis potatoria. Ourapteryx sambucata, [| Epione vespertaria. LEpione apiciaria. Rumia crategata. Metrocampa margaritata. LEurymene dolobraria. Selenta tllunaria. Selenta lunaria. Odontopera bidentata. Crocallts elinguarta. Einnomos alniaria. Ennomos fuscantarta. Ennomos angularia. Phigata pilosaria. Amphydasts prodromaria. * Amphydasts betularia. Hemerophila abruptaria. One at British Gasworks, W. Towle. Occasional. Common. Occasional. Common on West Humber Bank down to 1880. Very common. Common. Very common. Few, Park Street, Spring Bank, Park Road, 1888. Common. Occasional. Formerly abundant near Cottingham, now extinct. Formerly abundant, now becoming scarce. Formerly abundant, now becoming scarce. Geometra. Common. Said to have occurred at Hunsley, near Beverley about 1858. Natu- ralist, April, 1882. | Occasional. Very common. Common. Occasional. Common. Occasional. Common. Common. Occasional. Occasional. Occasional. Common. One in Park Street, 1888. Occasional. Occasional. * This moth was formerly of a light colour, but in recent years nearly all the specimens caught in this district have been the black variety ; Amphydaszs doubledayaria, Eo ate MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA WITHIN EIGHT MILES OF HULL. 59 Boarmia repandata. Boarmia rhomboidartia. Tephrosia biundularia. Lodis lactearta. Hemithea thymiaria. Acidalia scutulata. Acidalia bisetata. Acidalia aversata. [ Acidalia emarginata. Timandra amataria. Cabera pusaria. Cabera exanthemaria. Flalia wavaria. Panagra petraria. Abraxas grossulariata. Abraxas ulmata. Lomaspilis marginata. _Lybernia rupicapraria. Hybernia leucophearia, Hybernia progemmaria. Hybernia defoliaria. Antsopteryx escularia. Cheimatobia brumata. Oporabia dilutata. Larentia didymata. Larentia pectinitaria. Emmelesia albulata. Emmelesia decolorata. Lupithecia centaureate. Eupithecta lariciata. Eupithecia extensaria. Occasional. Common. Occasional. Willerby Lane, J.H. Occasional. Common. Occasional. Common. Hornsea, N.F.D., Nat. N.S., vi., 195. Common. Occasional. Common. Common. East Park, 1895, C.W.R. Common. Hessle, J.H. One, Beverley Road, J.W.B. East Park, 1899, C.W.R. Common. One at Anlaby, 1897, J.P. Common at Beverley. Common. Common. Common. Common. Common. Common. Occasional. Common _ near J.W.B. Occasional. Occasional. Brantingham, G.T.P. ] “Our county has produced the only two specimens of this species which have yet been taken in Britain. Mr. W. Prest detected a specimen in the boxes of Mr. Buck, who took it on Artemisia at Spurn about 1870. The other specimen was taken on waste ground near Hull in June, 1873, by Mr. Sawyer, and is now, I believe, in the collection of Mr. Philip B. Mason, F.L.S., of Burton-on-Trent,” G.T.P.] Holderness Road, 60 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Eupithecita subnotata. Lupithecia vulgata. Lupithecita rectangulata, Thera variata. Hypsipetes elutata. Melanthia ocellata. Melanippe subtristata. Melanippe montanata. Melanippe fluctuata. Anticlea badtata. Anticlea derivata. Coremia ferrugata. Coremta unidentaria. Camptogramma bilineata. Scotosia dubitata. Cidaria miata. Cidaria russata. Cidaria tmmanata. Cidaria suffumata. Cidaria prunata. Cidaria testata. Cidaria fulvata, Pelurga comitata. [ Eubolia cervinaria. Lubolia mensuraria. Anattis plagiata. Tanagra cherophyllata. Cilix spinula Dicranula furcula. Dicranula bifida. Dicranula vinula. Pyg-era bucephala. Ptilodontis palpina. LVotodonta camelina. Notodonta dictea. Notodonta siczac. Diloba ceruleocephala. Formerly common at end of Alex- andra Dock. The place is now destroyed. Common. Occasional. One at Stoneferry, 1892, J.W.B. Common. Cottingham, J.H. Common. Very common. Very common. Common. One, Cottingham Road, J.W.B. Willerby Lane, J.P. Common. Occasional. Very common. One, Cottingham, 1886, J.W.B. Two, Anlaby, 1894, J.P. Occasional. Common. Common. Common in some gardens. Occasional. Common. Formerly common at the end of Alexandra Dock, now extinct there, but occurs at West end of town. Brough, G.T.P.] Common. Occasional at Kelsey pits. Two, Cottingham Road, 1889, J.W.B. Drepanule. Common. Pseudo-Bombyces. Occasional. Occasional. Common. Very common. Occasional. Occasional. Occasional. Occasional. Common. MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA WITHIN EIGHT MILES OF HULL. 61 Thyatira derasa. Thyatira bats. [ Cymatophora duplaris. Bryophila pertla. Acronycta tridens. Acronycta pst. Acronycta leporina. Acronycta megacephala. Acronycta alnt. [| Acronycta ligustri. Acronycta rumicis. Leucania conigera. Leucania lithargyria. Leucania comma. Leucania impura. Leucania pallens. Leucania phragmitidis. NVonagria fulva. Nonagria typhe. LVonagria lutosa. Gortyna flavago. Hydrecia nictitans. | Aydrecia petasitis. Ffiydrecia micacea. Xylophasia rurea. Xylophasia lithoxylea. Xylophasia polyodon. Xylophasia hepatica. Neuria saponarie. Heliophobus popularis. Chareas graminis. Cerigo cytherea. Luperina testacea. Mamestra anceps. Mamestra albicolon. Mamestra brassice. Mamestra persicaria. _ Abpamea bastlinea. _ Apamea gemina. Noctue. Occasional. Hessle Road, J.H. Holderness, Beverley, etc., N.F.D.] Common. Occasional. Common. Four larve on poplar, Spring Bank, G.S. Occasional. One, Spring Bank West, June, 1808, R. Chapman. [Brantingham, E.W.L., vili., 195. | Beverley, N.F.D.] Occasional. West Humber Bank, 1894, J.H. Common, West Humber Bank. Very common. Common. Very common.’ Formerly common, becoming scarce. Occasional. Larve common in stems of bulrush. Common, West Humber Bank. Formerly very common, now very scarce. Occasional. Beverley, N.F.D.] Occasional. Common. Common. Very common. Occasional, West Humber Bank. Occasional. Occasional. Occasional. Common, West Humber Bank. Common. Occasional. Occasional. Very common. One larva beaten from elder tree, Hessle Road, J.H. Common. Common. 62 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Apamea unanimis. Apamea fibrosa. Apamea oculea. Miana strigilis. Miana fusciuncula. Miana literosa. Miana furuncula. Miana arcuosa. Grammesta trilinea. Caradrina morpheus. Caradrina alsines. Caradrina blanda. Caradrina cubicularis. [Rusina tenebrosa. Agrotis suffusa. Agrotis saucia. Agrotis segetum. Agrotis exclamationtis. Agrotis nigricans. Agrotis ravida. Tryphena janthina, Tryphena fimbria. Tryphena tnterjecta. Tryphena orbona. Tryphena pronuba. Noctua augur. Noctua plecta. Noctua C-nigrum. Noctua festiva. Noctua dahtit. Noctua rubt. Noctua umbrosa. Noctua baja. Noctua xanthographa. [ Trachea piniperda. Teniocampa gothica. Tentocampa rubricosa. Teniocampa instabilis. Larve common where food is found plentifully. Three at sugar, West Humber Bank, 1894, J.H. Common. Very common. Very common. Some years common, others scarce. Common locally. Occasional. Common, West Humber Bank. Occasional. Common, West Humber Bank. Occasional, West Humber Bank. Common. Beverley, common, the specimens not being so dark as Scotch examples, N.F.D.] Common. Occasional. Very common. Very common. Occasional. Common in some years, not found in others. Occasional. Occasional. Few larve, Willerby Lane, 1890, J.H. Common. Very common. Common. Common. Common, Occasional. Occasional, J.H. Occasional, West Humber Bank. Common. Few at sugar, J.P. Very common. Beverley, common, ‘“ the green variety also occurs in some quantity,” N.F.D.] Common. One, Hedon Road, 1880, J.W.B. Common, er Ey -Teniocampa stabatis. 4 [Zentocampa gracilis. Tentocampa munda. [ Zeniocampa cruda. Orthosia suspecta. Orthosia Ypsilon. Orthosia lota. [Orthosia macilenta. _ Anchocelis pistacina. Anchocelis lunosa. Anchocelis litura. Cerastis vaccintt. Cerastis spadicea. Scopelosoma satellitia. Xanthia cerago. Xanthia silago. [Xanthia gilvago. Xanthia ferruginea. Cirredia xerampelina. Cosmia trapezina. Cosmia diffinis. [Cosmia affinis. _ Dianthecia capsincola. Dianthecia cucubalt. Hecatera serena. Se Polia chi. Polia flavocincta. Dasypolia temple. _ Miselia oxyacanthe. _ Agriopis aprilina. Luplexia lucipara. [Aplecta herbida. _ Aplecta occulta. _ [Aplecta nebulosa. _ Hadena adusta. _ Hadena protea. _ Hadena dentina. _ Hadena chenopodit. _ Hadena suasa. _ Hadena oleracea. _ Hadena pisi. Hadena thalassina. Philogophora meticulosa. MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA WITHIN EIGHT MILES OF HULL, 63 Common. Beverley, scarce, N.F.D.] Occasional. Beverley, N.F.D.] Three in Park Avenue, 1880, J.W.B. Occasional on willows, J.P. Common. Beverley, N.F.D.] Very common. Occasional. Common. Occasional. Common. Occasional. Occasional. Occasional. Beverley, N.F.D., Hull, J.W.B.] Common in some seasons. Occasional. Larve common. Occasional. Beverley, N.F.D.] Common. One at Cottingham, 1886, J.W.B. One at Springhead, J.P. [Mr. Dobrée says it occursat Beverley, but is scarce. ] One, Springhead Road, 1889, J.W.B. Common, but local. Neptune Street, October, 1894, J.H. Common. A few at Springhead. Common. Common. Beverley, N.F.D.] About 20 in Park Avenue, 1880 and 1881, but none since, J.W.B. Beverley, N.F.D.] Occasional. Occasional. Occasional. One at Anlaby, 1894, J.P. Common on West Humber Bank. Very common. Occasional. Occasional. 6 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. 4 [Xylocampa lithoriza. Beverley, N.F.D.] Calocampa vetusta. Occasional. . Calocampa exoleta. Occasional. a Cucullia verbasct. Larve common. | [ Cucullia chamomille. Beverley, N.F.D.] § Cucullia umbratica. Occasional. 3 Heliothis marginata. Holderness, N.F.D.] ; Anarta myrtilli. Beverley, N.F.D.] t Aeltodes arbutt. One, Springhead, 1897, J.P. | Brephos parthenias. Beverley, in Houghton Woods, N.F.D. Vat., April, 1882, p. 151.] Abrostola urtice. Occasional. Abrostola triplasia. Occasional. Plusia chrysitis. Common. [ Plusia festuce. Beverley, N.F.D.] Fi Plusia tota. Common. : Plusia V-aureum. Common. Plusia gamma. Common. , Gonoptera libatrix. Common. 7 Amphipyra tragopogonts. Common. : Mania maura, Occasional. Euchdia mi. Kelsey Hill, occasional. Boletobia fuliginaria. One at lamp, Earle’s Shipyard, Sept., 1896, C.R. Deltoides. flypena proboscidals. Very common. NOTES ON THE PROGRESS MADE BY THE CLUB IN 1898-9. (Being an Extract from the Secretary's Report, read at the Annual Meeting, September 20th, 1899.) It is again our pleasant duty to report that we have had a very successful year, and have kept up the reputation which we have gained in previous years. Since our last Annual Meeting twenty-four lectures, etc., have been delivered to our members, as under :— Oct. 12th, 1898. ‘*The Ancient Meres of Holderness and their Contents” (with Lantern Illustrations and Specimens), Mr. F. W. Fierke, M.C.S. ; NOTES ON THE PROGRESS MADE BY THE CLUB IN 1898-a. Oct. 26th, 1898. Nov. oth, 23rd, ” 2” Dec. 7th, =. 2ist, Jan. 11th, Eloy. 2nd, 1808. 65 ‘Public Health,” Dr. J. Hollingworth, M.R.c.s. * «©Our Water Supply,” Rev. H. P. Slade, M.B.A.A. ‘““The Adventures of Professor Michael McRoe, F.R.M.S., in a Microscopic Life Slide,” Mr. R. H. Philip. “‘Variation of Species in a State of Nature,” Mr. W. Hewitt, F.E.s. (of York). **The Organisation of an English Manor,” Mr. J R. Boyle, F.S.A. ‘The Dispersion of Alpine Plants, Illustrated by Rambles in a Highland Glen” (Lantern Slides and Specimens), Rev. A. E. Shaw, M.A. ‘« The Structure of Fishes,” Mr. H. M. Foster. ‘*Wireless Telegraphy” (Experiments), Mr. T. W. Ireland, M.A. + ‘‘The Mosses of the East Riding” (Illustrated by Speci- mens and Lantern Views), (Market Weighton). ‘* Shooting Stars,” Mr. J. A. Ridgway (of Beverley). ‘Electrical Measurements” (Experiments), Mr. J. T. Riley, D.Sc., A.R.C.SC.1. ** Vegetable Parasites,” Mr. C. Waterfall. Exhibition of Local Geological Photographs (Lantern), Mr. W. S. Parrish. Microscopic Evening, Members. ** East Riding Folk: Past and Present,” Mr. Paul Davis. “ 5; North Cave (with H.G.S.). pat eT Obie, iss Tadcaster (with Yorks. Naturalists’ Union). sedate aes Spurn Point. July 8th, ,, Driffield (with Y.N.U.). Aug. 5-7th, ,, Stokesley (with Y.N.U.). These excursions proved to be exceedingly enjoyable. Meeting Room.—-Our last Annual Meeting was held in the room in Prospect Street, but as this was no longer available after the end of the year accommodation had to be found elsewhere, and ultimately arrangements were made for a room at the Young People’s Institute, where our meetings are now held. Membership.—No less than 54 new members have been elected during the year, which, after striking out certain names, leaves the membership at 165, as against 127 last year. Some of these additions are “corresponding” members. ‘The death-roll contains the names of three old and valued members, viz., Mr. B. T. Smith, of Hull, and Mr. Ed. Riley, of Hessle, both of whom died shortly after the previous Annual Meeting, and Mr. George Silabon, of Hull, who died a few days ago. Each of these gentle- men was justly entitled to the grand old name of Field Naturalist. The attendance at our meetings has kept up to the average attained last year ; in fact, there has been a slight increase. Transactions.—The first volume of Transactions has been issued to the members free, and has been well received and * See p. 37. T See p. 45. NOTES ON THE PROGRESS MADE BY THE CLUB IN 1898-9. 67 reviewed both by the local press and the scientific magazines. Copies were distributed amongst various kindred societies through- out the country, and the following publications have been received in exchange :— The Halifax Naturalist. Vol. 4. Nos. 29, 20, and 21 (April, June, and Aug., 1899). ; ' Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society. Vol. 7. Pt. 1, 1894. ” ” 9 99 > ” a ” 2, 1895. ” ” ” ” ” 9 ” ” 3) 1897. ” ”? ” ” ” 9999 » 4) 1899. Also the ‘‘ Roll” and ‘‘ Laws” of the Edinburgh Geological Soc., dated 1897. Proceedings of the Warwickshire Naturalists’ and Archzeologists’ Field Club for 1898. Transactions of the Leeds Geological Association. Pt. 2, 1897-8. Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society. Vol. 5. Pt. 4, April, 1899. ” ”? a ,, Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society. Vol.6. Pt. 4, 1897-8. Pt. 5, 1898-9. a ,, Burton-on-Trent Natural History and Archzological Soc. Vol. 3. Pt. 1, 1892-3. Pt. 2, 1893-4-5. Pt. 3; 1895-6. Vol. 4. Pt. 1, 1896-7. a3 ;, Rochdale Literary and Scientific Soc. Vol. 2, 1889-1890. ” ” ” ” ” ” ” » 35 1891-1892. ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” 4, 1893-1895. ” ” ” ” ” ” ” » 5s 1896-1897. Missouri Botanical Garden. 9th Report, 1898. * s ‘ Ioth ,, 1899. The Kansas University Quarterly. Vol. 8. No. 1, Jan. 1899. 39 a3 ” » », 2, April, 1899. ” 2? ” ” » 3p July, 1899. Annual Report of the Nottingham Naturalists’ Society, 1897-8. 7 AA 3, Yorkshire Philosophical Society for 1898. Report and Transactions of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies, 1898. Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club. Record of Proceedings, 1896-8. Hull Literary Club Magazine. Vol. 1, 1896-1899. The Library has received an unusual amount of attention during the year. In addition to the Transactions, etc., received in exchange, and the various scientific magazines regularly purchased by the Club, nearly thirty bound volumes and over seventy pamphlets and magazines, all of which bear on the work of the Club, have been added to the Library. With the exception of the “Vear Book of Scientific and Learned Societies,” all these have been presented. Microscope Club.—During the year a Microscope Club has been formed in connection with our Society, to enable members to obtain microscopes by an easy method. Twelve of our members have joined so far, and Messrs. Beck and Son, of _ London, are supplying instruments and accessories at a reduced price. Other members may join by paying up back subscriptions, 68 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Illuminated Address to Dr. Hollingworth—On the 25th January Mr. J. F. Robinson, on behalf of the members, presented an illuminated address on vellum, suitably framed, to Dr. J. Hollingworth. It contained the following resolution which had been unanimously carried at a previous meeting :— ‘‘ That the very best thanks of the Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club be given to our retiring President, Dr. J. Hollingworth, for his enthusiastic, able, and willing conductorship during the past five years.” The Hull Museum.—In view of the fact that the Hull Museum is changing hands, and will shortly be under the control of the Corporation, a resolution to the following effect was sent to the Technical Instruction (Finance and General Purposes) Committee in February last :— ‘‘That this meeting regards the transfer of the control of the Museum at the Royal Institution from the Literary and Philosophical Society to the Hull Corporation with great satisfaction, as affording strong ground of hope that in the near future, under intelligent and efficient curatorship, the varied and valuable collections in that Museum will be arranged, classified, labelled, and catalogued, on the lines adopted in the best equipped museums of Europe, and thus be rendered available as a means of education, a stimulus to the acquisition of information, and a source of happiness to the people of this city.” Shortly after this a deputation from the Hull Geological Society and ourselves, consisting of Mr. T. Audas, Dr. J. Hollingworth, Mr. R. H. Philip, Mr J. F. Robinson, Mr. J. W. Stather, and Dr. F. F. Walton, waited upon the Finance and General Purposes Committee at the Town Hall, and presented a memorial signed by a large number of gentlemen belonging to either one or other of the societies. It is pleasing to report that the deputation was well received, and we were promised that our interests would not be overlooked at the time the Museum was ready. The Driffield Museum.—The likelihood of the Mortimer Collection changing hands has been the means of some cor- respondence in the local press, and a resolution from this Club to the East Riding County Council, who are considering the advisability of purchasing the collection, was received and dis- cussed by them. —T. S. WrvNECK AT BEVERLEY.—The Wryneck has occurred in the East Riding this summer, as I had the good luck to see one perched on a thorn bush near Beverley, on the evening of 2oth August, and obtained an excellent view of it—J. R. LowrHEr.* * From ‘‘The Naturalist,” Nov., 1899. ae A FRAGMENT OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF SPURN. By J. R. BovyLe, F.s.a. HAT great English Apostle to the Frisians, Wilbrord, was a Yorkshireman, born in the year 657 or 658. His birth- place is unknown, but whilst yet a child he became an inmate of Wilfrid’s abbey at Ripon. His later life may be gleaned from the pages of Beda and Alcuin. He was consecrated Archbishop of Utrecht in 695, died in 738 or 739, was buried in the monastery which he had founded at Epternach, and was afterwards canonised. His father’s name was Wilgils, a man who, “with his wife, and all his house, led in Christ a religious life.” His mother, before his birth, had a vision, to her husband’s interpretation whereof, on the morrow, their son owed the life to which he was devoted in his infancy. A second Samuel, his biographer calls him. Wilgils, after the birth of his son, and probably after the death of his wife, abandoned the world and became a monk. But, not long afterwards, “‘the fervour of the spiritual life increasing in him,” he betook himself “to the promontories which are encircled by the ocean sea and Humber river” (in promontoriis quae mari Oceano et Humbri flumine cinguntur), there to devote himself, with undistracted mind, to solitary study. There he remained a long time, even unto the end of his days, “in a little oratory, dedicated to the name of St. Andrew, the apostle of Christ,” serving God with fasts and prayers and vigils. His name became famous, and the report of the miracles wrought by him was noised abroad. Many resorted to his solitary cell, and, after a time, the King and the honourable magnates of the country, gave him, “as a perpetual gift,” certain small patches of land adjoining the promontory (aliquas terrarum possessiunculas illis promontoriis adiacentes), that there a church might be built to God. To that church Wilgils gathered “a small but virtuous congregation.” In that church, once described as ‘“‘a sea-side cell” (cellula quadam maritima), when Wilgils’ labours were finished, his body was laid at rest, and there the tradition of his holiness was long kept green. To him other anchorites succeeded, one of whom, ‘per successiones legitimas,” was that great scholar, Wilbrord’s biographer, Alcuin of York. Filial affection is the same in all ages, and it is touching to read that in Wilbrord’s monastery at Epternach, Wilgil’s Day was celebrated as a yearly festival.* * Field naturalists, visiting Spurn, may care to remember that the place is associated with the great names of Wilgils, Wilbrord and Alcuin. So much as I have told above of Wilgils has not hitherto been told in our English speech. I have learned what I have told from Alcuin’s Vita Sancti Willibrordi, printed in Jaffé and Watterbach’s A/onumenta Alcuiniana (Berlin, 1873). OUR AVERAGE MEMBER. (Read at a Social Gathering, January 26th, 1808 Vy Can you tell me how to know the man who belongs to our Society, And studies natural history in the good old city Hull? He wears a mien majestic—but tempered by sobriety, And his cranium, I warrant, is with useful knowledge full. If there’s anything you want to know in matters biological, He'll solve your problems for you in the twinkling of an eye, From how the megatherium lived in ages geological To how bacteria in a cell increase and multiply. He can tell you how the mammoth, a mighty beast and ponderous, Once trampled the East Riding beneath its dainty feet. And he knows about the hydra, a creature green and wondrous That inhabits our ditch waters—not particularly sweet. And he knows through all the district where each boulder stone is dwelling, And its size and weight and taste and smell he enters in a book ; And his list of fossil shell-fish is continually swelling, For he passes ne’er a quarry without just another look. In matters microscopical, he’s a perfect cyclopzedia, From “achromatic eyepieces” to ‘‘zoophytes” so small. He puts sections up in glycerine and sundry other media, And his slides are ringed so neatly they are admired by all. He’s better than a French cook at boiling of a diatom With nitric acid seasoning and sauce of H.Cl. From ditch or pond or fossil earth he always has a try at ’em, And their nice long names he relishes particularly well. He is also most instructive in local things botanical, Can tell you where to find the Colchicum so shy, q And where the bistort lurks concealed and where the tiny sanicle, — And if each plant is happiest damp or dry. a He has the fullest knowledge of the haunts of lepidoptera, ac Where the puss moth gnaws the willow by the windy point of Spurn. Where to find the coleoptera and also hymenoptera, For in local entomology he has little left to learn, He can track the wily helix by its footsteps bright and glistening Over stones and leaves and grasses to its most secluded nest. And he'll tell you how to do it too, if you'll only do the listening, You’ve but to press the button (so to speak) and science does — the rest, -And he knows like any Stanley all the local water courses, And where they used to flow a thousand years ago, And where among the hill tops their primal spring and source is. In short, there’s nothing scientific, but what he’s sure to know. | P PRESENTED RELP. 29 1/12/99. Contents. Vou. I., No. II., 1899. List OF OFFICERS Our WaTER Suppty; Rev. H. P. Slade, M.B.A.A. - - THE CHALK WATER SUPPLY OF YORKSHIRE; John Robert Mortimer - - - - - : - REMINISCENCES OF A WHALE Hunt at GOOLE OVER TuHirty YEARS Aco; William Morfitt - - - THE MossEs OF THE East Ripinc; J. J. Marshall - - THE CONTENTS AND ORIGIN OF THE GRAVELS AROUND Hut.; Thomas Sheppard - : . - . NOTE ON A BRONZE CELT RECENTLY FOUND IN HOLDER- NEss ; Thomas Sheppard . - St ae - List OF THE Macro-LEPIDOPTERA’ COLLECTED WITHIN FIGHT MILES OF HULL; J. W. Boult : : - NOTES ON THE PROGRESS MADE BY THE CLUB IN 1898-9 ° A FRAGMENT OF THE EarLy HISTORY OF SPURN; J. R. Boyle, rsa. - - - - - . - Our AVERAGE Memper; R. H. Philip - : - - NOTES :— WRYNECK ON THE COAST OF HOLDERNESS; Col. B. B. Haworth-Booth - - - - - - DiatoMs ON THE MupD oF THE RIVER HULL; R. H. Philip . - - - - - - An EAGLE IN HOLDERNESS; William Morfitt - : East Ripinc Botanica, Notes, 1899; Jas. Fraser Robinson - : - - - - - SKULL oF AwAS BOXAS FROM THE PEAT AT. WITHERNSEA; T. S.. - . - - - - LaRGE NuMBER OF EGGS OF THE BLUE TITMOUSE; Col. B. B. Haworth-Booth - - - - - SKULL OF ELEPHANT AT KILNSEA; T. S. - - : WRYNECK AT BEVERLEY; J. R. Lowther - - - PRINTED BY WILLIAM ANDREWS & CO., 1, DOCK STREET, HULL. TRANSACTIONS ‘Hull Scientific and &. =3 Field Naturalists’ Club FOR THE YEAR 1900. VOL. Ts. No. IT, eon =. et cee EDITED BY = PRICE TWO SHILLINGS NET. p BY A. Brown & Sons, Lrp., SAVILE STREET, HULL. November 7, 1900. List of Officers, 1900=I90I. —_+e—. President—T. AUDAS, L.D.S. Vice-Presidents— R. H. PuHIip. J. Hotiincwortu, M.R.C.S. J. F. Ropinson. Committee— J. Y. BrakesTon. C. W. Mason. Pa H. E. Jounson. J. A. Ripeway. E. LamMpPLouGu. J. SCHOFIELD. Retorders— ARCHAOLOGY . : ; : - |. uj. BR. Bovur eee Microscopy (General) . : a Ho.tiincwortH, M.R.C.S. (Botany) . ; - : . J. F. Rosinson. | @ (Foraminifera) . ; . F. W. Mitts, F.R.M.S. s _ Brotocy, Marine (General) . : . F. W. Fierxe, M.C.S. 7 Vertebrata (Mammalia and Aves) T. Aupas, L.D.S. (Pisces) : : : H. M. Foster Invertebrata (Mollusca) . . F. W. Fierxe, M.C.S. (Arachnida) : : : G. Ross. (Lepidoptera) . : . J.. WeBower: (Coleoptera) : : . ©, Ripgeeres J. F. Ropinson. Botany (Phanerogamia and Ferns) | CG. Witten (Mosses) . - , ; J. J. Marswatt. ' (Diatomacee) . : - R. H. Puiir. GEOLOGY. : ; ” : é : T. SuHepparp, F.G.S. J. Porter. ATM GoD: Curatov—J. W. Boutt. Librarians— { Treasurer—J. RipDLEy. . Secretary—-T. Suepparp, F.G.S., 432, Holderness Road, Hull. SON EIN PS: >< —. Pre-historie Man in Holderness. Thomas Sheppard, F.G.S. Additions to the East Riding Moss Flora, 1899. J.J. Marshall — - - Old ee Duck Decoys of ae epee ase the a een of ver nee TY. Audas, L.D.S. : Notes on the Distribution of Land and Fresh os ee in a ness. T. Petch, B.Sc., BA. - - Z Bye-gone Hull Naturalists. I. George Norman (1823-1882). ‘'T.S.” Sugaring for Noctuze. The late George Norman - - - - Additions to the Club’s List of Local Macro-Lepidoptera. J. W. Boult - East Riding Botanical Notes, 1900. J. F. Robinson Deformed Diatoms in pee Sg: ay near Ste eRe s Dock, —_ . Philip - Local Ma ehesoleeica Notes. I: Shee BF.GS (a) Note on a Bronze Mould and a Hoard OE Bone wes Found at Hotham Carrs, East Yorkshire. (4) Ona French Type of Bronze Axe found at Hull. (ec) On a Roman Vase recently found in North Lincolnshire. A Haltemprice Document. J. R. Boyle, ¥.S.A. List of Coleoptera occurring around Hull. C. W. Russell - Notes on the History of the Driftield Museum of EE aa — logical Specimens. J. R. Mortimer Recent Foraminifera of the River Humber (Part I.). F. W. Mills, F.R.M.S. Notes on the Progress made by the Club in 1899-1900. ‘*'T.S.” SHort NOTES :— Notes on the Occurrence of the ar = Badger near os — B. B. Haworth-Booth, . : - Little Auks at Spurn. P. = ie - - - - > - Large Pike at Burton Constable, Yorks., S.E. J. R. Lowther Bittern near Beverley. J. R. Lowther - - - The Hornet near Beverley. J. R. Lowther The Lamprey in the River Hull. H. M. Foster - The Little Gull at Withernsea; and the Hee Auk at Bion on- Humber. Chas. Coldwell - - - Tooth of Oxyrhina macrorhiza irom the Red Chalk at t Speeton. T. Sheppard, F.G.S - : Smews near Beverley. at R. Towther Unusual Coloration of Flounder. J. R. Low ee Sl - - A Rorqual at Aldborough, East Yorkshire. T. Petch, B.A., B.Se. - Holderness Bats. T. Petch, B.A., B.Se. - - - - : Bird ‘‘ Escapes” in Holderness. T. Petch, B.A., B.Sc. . Late Breeding of Birds in Holderness. TT. Petch, B.A., B.Sc. - Wild Plants in the East Park Limneea glabra at Sproatley. F. W. Ki ier co M. ©. Ss. At Pulfin Bend, River Hull, July 7, 1900. E. Lamplough TRANSACTIONS OF THE bull Sctentific AND Field Waturalists’ Club. EDITED BY Tuomas SHEPPARD, F.G.S., anp J. R. Boyre, F.S.A. Pre-historic Hlan in Holderness: By Tuomas SHEPPARD, F.G.S. Read November 15th, 1899. os. period known to geologists as the Quarternary, or Recent, is one of the most interesting of all the epochs with which they have to deal. It is in the deposits laid down at this time that we are to look for the first evidences of the appearance of man upon our earth. This is at all times a subject of the greatest interest. During the Quarternary era the work of the geologist encroaches upon that of the archzologist, and vice versd, and it is only by the joint investigations of students of these two sciences that we are able to obtain any idea of the state of this country in pre-historic times. In the particular district of Holderness (and I refer now to the geological division of Holderness, that is, the land east of the Yorkshire Wolds) there is a great difficulty in deciding where the work of the geologist should end and that of the archeologist should begin. It will probably be as well, therefore, if a few preliminary words are said on the geology of the neighbourhood. 72 HULL SOIENTIFIO AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. The whole of Holderness owes its origin to the material deposited during the Glacial period. It is in fact a vast heap of morainic debris consisting of sand, gravel, and clay, brought from the Lake District, Teesdale, and Scandinavia by glaciers and ice- sheets thousands of years ago. In Holderness therefore there is no solid rock except the ice-borne boulders contained in the drift. As might be expected, the entire aspect of the area is characteristic of that of a glaciated country. If we could imagine the trees and vegetation, drains, houses, mills, and roads stripped from the land, and pools of water resting in the hollows, the country would be precisely similar to the land between the melting ice and the sea in Greenland and other northern countries—a series of hummocks of rocky debris with hollows and depressions between. Such was and is the precise condition of Holderness, Instead of being, as is so frequently stated, a flat and “‘marshie countrie,” it is studded with rounded undulating mounds, or “ barfs,” as they are locally called. These barfs vary in height from 25 to 50 and 75 feet, and at Dimlington the land is 100 feet high. What is more, the land towards the North Sea is considerably higher than in the centre of Holderness, where in fact large tracts lie below sea level. Holderness has been not inaptly likened to a saucer, one edge of which represents the Chalk Wolds and the other the land bordering the North Sea. The drainage is consequently from the Wolds and from the coast into the Humber via the Hull. With the exception of two very small streams, which in the summer are almost dry, all the water flowing from the land is carried to the sea in this round- about manner. On our coast, or on the edge of the saucer, as it were, the land is being eroded at a very rapid rate. Mr. J. R. Boyle, F.S.A,, has shown on historical evidence, and the Rev. E. M. Cole, M.A., by direct observation,” that the boulder-clay cliffs of Holderness are denuded at the average rate of seven feet per year. This means a strip of land, about thirty miles long and seven feet wide, is annually washed away from our coast! It is principally by watching the various beds exposed whilst the cliffs are being carried away that our information in regard to the geological structure of Holderness is obtained. Of course inland artificial sections help, but unfortunately these are only small, and are not very numerous; neither are they continuous, as in the case of the cliffs. (1) **The Erosion of the Holderness Coast.” Trans. Hull Geol. Soc., 1895-6, pp. 16, 17 (2) Erosion of the Yorkshire Ooast, 1892.” Naturalist, 1893, pp. 142-144, PRE-HISTORIC MAN IN HOLDERNESS. 73 Now, according to the views of the most recent school of glacialists, the date of the final disappearance of the ice of the Glacial Period is not so far remote as has formerly been supposed, and by some of our leading geologists the approximate date has been fixed at about 10,000 years ago! By the same geologists it is in my opinion amply proved that man existed during, if nut before, the Ice Age. We have in Holderness as our oldest beds the very strata which in other parts of the world yield evidences of the dawn of human life.. .Unfortunately so far not the slightest trace of glacial man has been found in our area. I have during the last nine or ten years carefully examined over and over again almost every section in the drift which occurs there—the sands and gravels and clays—and no such indications are forthcoming. And what is more, so far as I am aware no trace of Paleolithic man has yet been found in all Yorkshire. Remains of the mammoth, and other animals known to have been contemporary with pre- historic man in other parts of the world, occur in Holderness in profusion, however. Seeing that our Glacial drift contains no relics of man, let us examine the deposits which have been laid down since; these, of course, are found resting upon the glacial beds. From the brief account of the geography of the district which has been given it will be understood that immediately following the departure of the ice Holderness would be a land of meres and marshes, with morainic hills of gravel standing as islands in the surrounding waters. At first the country would be a dreary watery waste, almost devoid of either vegetable or animal life. As time went on, however, and the climate became ameliorated, the conditions for the support of life became more favourable, though still not so satisfactory as they are to-day. And so we find in our oldest beds— that is, those lying immediately upon the boulder-clay—evidence of a colder climate than now prevails. Dr. Nathorst, an eminent Swedish geologist, has discovered? in the lower layers of some of our lacustrine deposits remainsof the dwarf Arctic birch(Betulanana), a plant which does not and could not now thrive on the samesite, Of course these relic-bearing beds have only accumulated in the hollows— they do not occur on the hills. We consequently have not very many opportunities of examining them. They are occasionally ex- posed during drainage operations, the construction of docks, etc., but the best sections are in the cliffs between Bridlington and Spurn. Here are successive deposits of sand, gravel, marl, clay, and peat, which by their composition and contents clearly indicate what was the state of things during their deposition. (1) Prof. G. F. Wright’s Man and the Glacial Period, 1893, pp. 332-364. (2) Ueber neue Funde von fossilen Glacialpflanzen, Englers botanischer Jahrouck 1881 p, 431, 74 HULL SOIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. © But apart from the geological evidence, there are other indications of the former appearance of the country. I refer to the place-names. Goose Island, near Ulrome, is a hillock surrounded by grass fields; the mound is no longer an island. And we have quite a number of names indicating the former existence of meres and marshes. Marton, near Burton Constable; Sand-le-Mere or Sand- le-Marr, near Withernsea, and Marfleet, near Hull; Saltmarshe in Patrington, and Greenmarsh, near ‘'horngumbold, are examples.! The sites of these lakes and bogs of course are now occupied by fertile fields. ‘The Mere at Hornsea is the sole survivor of a series of meres or broads which were linked together, and doubtless precisely resembled the well-known Norfolk Broads.” There is ample proof also that the land not occupied by water was well wooded. We can therefore picture to ourselves the appearance of the country and the kind of life its primitive in- habitants would have to lead. On the east they were bounded by the North Sea and on the south by the Humber ; to the north and west were the Chalk Wolds. There is abundant evidence that the Wolds were thickly populated in Ancient British times; the scores of barrows, the entrenchments and other earthworks, together with the thousands of implements of all descriptions that have been found there, prove this. Whether these dwellers on the Wolds were friends or foes to the tribes on the low ground, or were one and the same people, we are not in a position to say ; but it is possible that the inhabitants of marshy and wooded Holderness would follow a life of a very different character from that of the occupants of the hills. The Holderness folk would probably be of a peaceful disposition, agriculturalists rather than warriors. It is with a brief account of these people, and of the relics they have left behind them, that I now propose to deal. To a certain extent the geographical conditions of a district govern the mode of habitation of the occupants of that district ; and we should naturally expect to find that the inhabitants of an area such as has been described would live either on the hill tops or in huts built upon the edges of the lakes. Such indeed was exactly the case. Fortunately the method adopted by the Lake- dwellers was all that could be desired on the part of those who in later ages are anxious to learn how their predecessors existed. (1) Mr. J. R. Boyle, F.S.A., has supplied me with the following further list :—Longmar- hill, in Welwick; Bowmerehill, in Owstwick; Pilmar-lane, in Roos; Withernsea Mere; Rowmere and Giltsmere, in Tunstall; Reddmere, in Preston; Braemere, in Flinton ; “The Marrs,” in Swine; Crossmerehill, in Aldbro’; Soumers (?), Whitemarr, and Bassmarr, in Skipsea , Braemarr-drain, in Beeforth ; Gunnymarsh-drain, in Ottringham ; Haymarsh, in Preston ; Greenmarsh, in Oamerton ; Slightmarsh and Ryehillmarsh, in Ryehill , Ottringham Marsh; Atwick Marsk (?) and Sallymarr, near Burton Constable; and “The Marsk,” in Nunkeeling. (2) Even so recently as medieval times the waters in some parts of Holderness were famous for their fish ; those near Skipsea for example, Vide the Chronicle of Meaux Abbey. PRE-HISTORIC MAN IN HOLDERNESS. 75 They lived on wooden platforms or artifical islands on the edges of the lakes at some distance from the shore. These dwellings were sometimes connected with the mainland by a causeway, usually concealed below the water, and sometimes zig-zagged so as to make the approach of strangers a matter of difficulty. In other instances canoes hollowed from a single trunk were used as a means of communication. Such canoes are frequently found in the vicinity of Lake-dwellings. Objects accidentally lost from the dwellings, or which fell into the water during conflicts, or were discarded as useless, (under such conditions the easiest method of disposing of refuse was by dropping it into the lake below), fell to the bottom, sank into the soft mud forming the bed of the lake and were embedded in an excellent material for their preservation. The probable former aspect of the country suggests that it would be fairly thickly studded with these Lake-dwellings, and such indeed we find to have been the case, though unfortunately in few cases has a thorough investigation been possible, as there is a great difficulty in keeping the water way during the digging. In Holderness there are indications of five distinct settle- ments, viz., at West Furze, Round Hill, Barmston, Gransmoor and Little Kelk.1 At several places also in the courses of streams, piles and other indications of dwellings are occasionally visible, though implements, etc., are rarely seen to occur in such situations, probably on account of the excavations not being deep enough. The encroachment of the sea also now and then reveals traces of such occupations. In June, 1894, on an excursion of the Hull Geological Society to Skipsea, the end of a stake, which had certainly been pointed artifically, though in a very rude manner, was found at a depth of about four feet in the peat near the northern end of the Skipsea lacustrine deposit which is exposed in section in the cliffs. It was at an angle of 45°, with the point downwards, beneath a dense mass of twigs and ‘brushwood’ a foot in thickness, containing hazel nuts and acorns.” A precisely similar bed was discovered during the excavations of the dwellings at Ulrome, of which I shall have to speak presently, Several years ago a bone implement, said to be of British workmanship, was found in the cliffs at this point, at a depth of about six feet below the surface. This instrument, which was probably a spear head, is figured in Poulson’s History of Holderness, vol. i,, p. 460. (1) Munro’s Lake Dwellings of Europe, 1890, p. 470. (2) Trans, Hull Geol. Soc., Vol. 2, 1894-5, p. 12, 76 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. In the summer of 1898 I paid a visit to the peat bed and lacustrine deposit at Sand-le-Mere, about two miles north of Withernsea.t Thanks to the strong wind and rough sea of the preceding day a large expanse of peat was laid bare on the beach just above low-water mark. It was exposed better than I had ever seen it previously. Trunks of fir, and other trees, were lying prostrate in the clay; these though perfect in form were very rotten and about as easily carved as the mud in which they occurred, Of greater interest however were some of the “stools” of the trees, still in the position in which they grew, and with their roots penetrating the clay in all directions. One of these stools measured nearly two feet in diameter. The peat bed was visible from a point just below the coast guard’s station, to a few hundred yards north, where the cliffs suddenly get higher ;—as far in fact as the bank of sand-dunes at the top of the beach, which stretches across the bed of the old mere, from which the hamlet of ‘‘ Sand-le-mere” derives its name. Towards the north end of the peat, at a distance of about 80 yards from the cliffs, and at a depth of 10 feet from the top of the beach, or 15 feet from the surface of the sand-dunes, the tops of a line of piles were observed sticking out of the soft clay which underlies the peat bed. These extended for about five yards, and were from a few inches to a foot apart. On pulling one or two out, which, owing to the rotten nature of the wood, was done with difficulty, it was found that the points only of the stakes remained, the rest having been denuded by the sea along with the peat and other material which covered them. The piles were very black and soft ; in this respect resembling the wood found elsewhere in the peat and clay. They were about 24 inches in diameter and had been pointed by a sharp metal instrument. What seemed to be of great importance however were some pieces of round wood, of smaller diameter, which had been worked in between the up- right piles, thus binding them together in a manner resembling basket-work on a large scale. These horizontal pieces were met with in several places.2 They had been very cleverly bent so as to go round the perpendicular piles, and on the outer side of each elbow a slight cut could usually be detected; which would no doubt facilitate the bending operation without the risk of breaking. Some of the piles and a few pieces of wood were brought away and on drying, have cracked and folded over in the manner so characteristic of the wood from these ancient structures. A few yards to the north, at the same level, the bare boulder- clay was exposed on the beach, which shows that the piles were (1) See “Traces of an ancient Lake-dwelling at Sand-le-Mere, near Withernsea, by Thomas Sheppard, Naturalist, Oct., 1898, pp 301-303. (2) A similar feature has been met with in some of the remains of Swiss and Irish Lake- dwellings. See Dr, Keller's Lake-dwellings of Switzerland, 1878, yol.1, p. 42, also a wood-cut of a section of an ancient Irish Crannog, p. 653, and description on p, 654, of the same work, PRE-HISTORIC MAN IN HOLDERNESS. 77 driven in near the edge of the lake bed,—boulder clay, as already explained, underlying the whole of the peat and everything con- nected with it. In the absence of implements, pottery, broken bones, or other similar relics, there is no positive evidence that these piles, etc., are the remains of an ancient habitation; but having regard to their present state of preservation, their peculiar splitting on drying, their position on the edge of the old lake bed, and their depth below and distance from the cliffs, it is probable that the Sand-le- Mere piles represent the remains of such dwelling. A look-out must be kept for further evidence, however.! Of the groups of Lake-dwellings previously mentioned only two have been systematically examined ; and these were investigated by Mr. Thomas Boynton, of Bridlington, who then resided at Ulrome. These were the West Furze and Round Hill habitations, which, however, are usually referred to as the Ulrome Lake-dwellings, They have been described by different writers,” and it is principally from their respective Papers, and an examination of the specimens now in Mr. Boynton’s possession, that my information in regard to these particular dwellings is derived. On the site of the dwellings there is now very little to be seen, though when I was there last a few of the piles and cross-pieces were visible. The Ulrome settlement was situated on a creek which formerly connected two meres. It was first discovered by Mr. Boynton in 1880 whilst his men were cleaning out a drain. On the side of the drain several oak piles and other material had been thrown out, and also some bones which had been artificially bored, apparently for the insertion of a wooden handle. A careful investigation was then made, with the result that it was soon ascertained that a platform of no mean extent had been discovered, right through which the drain had been cut, At a depth of about three feet a large quantity of twigs and branches covered with a layer of sand and bark was reached, forming a floor, and this rested upon a platform composed of tree trunks laid together, side by side; these were of oak, ash, willow, birch, alder, and hazel. The diameter of the logs varied from one to one and a half feet, and they were from 15 to 20 feet in length. (1) Since the above was written, the Rev. E. M. Cole has visited Sand-le-Mere and found traces of Lake-dwellings in the peat. Mr. Oole, however, appears to have been more fortunate than myself as he found evidence of two distinct dwellings, about 260 yardsapart. He also noticed “trunks of trees laid horizontally, shewing the cuttings of the rude adze, and the piles with sharpened points binding them together.”” See the Yorkshire Post, Aug. 25th, Aug. 29th, and Sept. Ist, 1899, and the Antiguary, Oct., 1899, p. 292, It is satisfactory to have such a confirmation of the previous record. (2.) J. W. Davis, F.S.A., ‘* The Lake-dwellings in East Yorkshire,” Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc., 1889. (2.) Dr. T. M. Evans, ‘‘ The Ancient Britons and the Lake-dwellings at Ulrome in Holderness,’ The Hull Quarterly, 1885. (3.) Mr. T. Tindall Wildridge, ‘‘ Lake-dwellings of Yorkshire” in Andrews’ Bye-gone Yorkshire, 1892; and (4.) Robert Munro, The Lake- dwellings of Europe, 1890, pp. 469-474. 78 MULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ OLUB. The structure was held together by upright piles driven through the brushwood and between the trunks. At the outer edge of the platform some stakes were driven in a slanting direction, evidently with the view of better holding it in position. Another thick layer of brushwood occurred below the timbers, and this rested upon the peaty bed of the lake, two feet in thickness. Below this was the original gravelly bottom. It would therefore appear that a considerable time had elapsed after the close of the Glacial period, sufficiently long, in fact, to allow for the accumulation of the two feet of peat, before the lake-dwellers commenced to build their home. The platform measured 90 feet in length by 60 feet in breadth, and was connected with the land at each end by a causeway, which was about 20 inches below the top of the structure, a fact which seems to show that it was erected by the first inhabitants. There were two different settlements on the site, as will be seen shortly. The piles were principally of oak, and were usually three or four inches in diameter. There were two kinds, one with rounded and blunt points, whilst the others had clearly been sharpened with a metal instrument. It was also noticed that the blunt ones were those originally driven into the lake bed, the sharpened piles frequently cutting into the timbers of the lower structure. This clearly indicated two distinct periods of occupation, represented by two platforms, one above the other, the latter having evidently been erected at a time when metal was in use, and upon a fascine dwelling which was of great age and much decayed when the new one was built. The finding of a single bronze spear-head amongst the brushwood in the later structure also confirms this view, and indicates that it had been built by the Bronze-age Britons. A fragment of a jet arm-band was found on the same horizon. Let us now examine the relics found with the lower dwelling. They-are all either, on the one hand, of stone or flint, or, on the other, of bone or horn. The stone implements include hammer- stones and anvils (usually beach pebbles slightly modified), a few polishers, or rubbers, and a large quantity of flint flakes. Some of the latter are well formed, and were probably used as scrapers. There is also a flint saw, and an object of the same material which might have been used as a knife. The horn and bone implements, however, are amongst the most interesting. Several are the articular ends of the leg bones of oxen, which have been perforated with a circular hole for the insertion of a wooden handle, and would probably be used as hoes for tilling the land. Deer antlers were made into hand picks, the (1) Some of these (Nos, 1 and 2) are shewn on the illustration on the next page, which has been kindly lent by Dr. Munro (see his Lake-dwellings of Europe, 1890, p. 473); No,3isa flint flake, and No. 4 the bronze spear-head already referred to. PRE-HISTORIC MAN IN HOLDERNESS. 79 horn being used as the handle and the brow-tine as the pick. One point in connection with these picks is interesting. Where the horn has shown a tendency to split, a slight notch has been sawn at right angles to and at the apex of the crack, thus preventing its further progress. There are also other objects of bone and horn of a less definite character. A few examples of a rude type of pottery were unearthed, but these were usually fragmentary, and were with difficulty pieced together. Mr. Boynton, however, has some fairly perfect specimens from this locality. Another item which may be of interest was the finding of a piece of ironstone which had been burnt. This was covered by a fine red powder, and had evidently been used by the painted beauty of the period. The accumulations of bones under and around the pile structures were enormous. These of course represented the waste from the meals of the dwellers. An examination of the bones shows that the animals were chiefly the horse, ass, ox, pig, sheep, goat, deer, dog or wolf, fox, beaver, perhaps otter, with geese and other birds. The oxen were of two kinds, Bos longifrons (the Celtic ox) and Bos primigenius (the Urus of Cesar). Human bones were also met with, but these were not common, 80 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. The age of the Holderness Lake-dwelling, or fascine as it should properly be called, is one of its most interesting characters. It is undoubtedly one of the oldest of the numerous Lake-dwellings that have been found in the British Isles, and is probably contem- poraneous with the well-known structures of Central Europe. The lower platform is of very great antiquity. The relics found with it are quite distinct from any collection obtained in similar struc- tures elsewhere in Britain, and throw a flood of light upon the former mode of living of our early inhabitants. Their dwellings would seldom be utilised during warfare, excepting for the purpose of defence. ‘The finds undoubtedly show that the occupiers were well versed in the arts of agriculture and hunting, and probably they troubled little about fighting unless they were first molested; the proportion of weapons amongst the relics is small, whilst agricul- tural and domestic utensils are plentiful. So much for the Holderness Lake-dwellings. More recently, near Pickering, a pile structure has been found. It is on the banks of the Costa, and, though not in Holderness, it is at no very great distance, and as it is the most recent find of its kind we have had, a few words in reference to it may not be out of place here, ‘ Attention was first called to it by Mr. J. Spink at a meeting of the Yorkshire Geological Society at York, at which I had the good fortune to be present. Specimens were then exhibited, con- sisting of pottery, bones, and implements, and there was little doubt that a dwelling of some kind had been discovered. Mr. Spink’s notes were subsequently published,! and more recently the Hon. Cecil Duncombe, F.G.S., has given an account of the finds.? It appears that whilst a stream was being cleared out in the Spring of 1893 Mr. Mitchelson, of the Hall, Pickering, noticed that some pieces of coarse pottery had been thrown out. Other finds were made, and subsequently four rows of piles were discovered in the vicinity, crossing the Costa, at a distance of about 100 yards from each other. These rows of piles seem to converge upon a point forming the centre of a quasi-island, which it is thought represents the site of a group of Lake-dwellings. Excavations were made near the piles, and after penetrating ten inches of soil, two feet six inches of stiff blue clay, and six feet of peat, an enormous heap of bones, broken pottery, etc., was found, resting on the Kimmeridge Clay, which evidently formed the beds of the ancient lakes in this locality. Seeing that in one excavation alone enough bones were obtained to fill a cart, it would seem that a find (1) Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soc., 1895, pp. 21-24. (2) “ Evidence of Lake-dwellings on the Banks of the Costa, near Pickering, North Riding of Yorkshire,” Jour. Anthrop. Institute, August and November, 1898, pp; 150-154 see also The Naturalist, April, 1899, p. 112. PRE-HISTORIC MAN IN HOLDERNESS. 81 of no mean importance had been made. The bones include those of man, deer (three species), horse (a small variety), Bos longifrons, sheep, goat, pig, wolf, fox, otter, beaver, voles (different kinds), and birds. The human bones consist of the remains of at least four individuals, and indicate that they were a short but muscular set of people. Strange to say neither stone nor metal instruments of any kind were met with, and the pottery is thick and of a coarse type. The Hon. Cecil Duncombe considers that the dwellings are of very great age (earlier than the Crannogs of Ireland and Scotland), and are referable to about the same date as the Ulrome Lake-dwellings ; certainly in each case the relics are covered by an enormous accumulation of peat. The same author also discusses the probable origin and antiquity of these ancient Pickering settlers to some length. Unfortunately, however, there seems at present very little data to work upon; nevertheless it is remarkable that the human remains should resemble each other in having belonged to exceptionally small in- dividuals, The skeleton of an adult female shows that she could not have exceeded four feet six inches in height when alive, and the owner of the largest thigh bone would not have stood more than five feet. It would be valuable to have the result of the examination of some human skulls from this place, and amongst future finds it is to be hoped some perfect ones may be secured. The Hon. C. Duncombe’s Paper is illustrated by a plate showing ‘“‘ Fragments of coarse Pottery, and of antlers and limb-bones of deer (Cervus) ; also perforated tines of antlers of Red Deer.” The finds are of great interest, and we trust Mr. Mitchelson and his friends will continue their investigations, especially towards the “island.” The discoveries already made certainly warrant it. As regards Lincolnshire there is not much of a similar character to record. I notice in Miller and Skertchley’s book on The Fenland that remains of a Lake-dwelling at Crowland had been observed by those authors. The following is the description given by Mr. Skertchley, (pp. 578-579) :—‘‘ These people (Neolithic Man) frequently built their villages on piles in lakes as a safe-guard from their enemies. Such Lake-dwellings are common in Switzerland, but rare in Britain. I detected the remains of one at Crowland in the year 1870, during some excavations. The piles were of sallow planted very close together, upon these was laid brushwood, and over this a layer of gravel. Immense quantities of bones, chiefly of the Keltic Shorthorn Bos longifrons were found, together with a few bone implements, and a curious ornament of jet.” The writer also adds that “near Ely, stakes have been found in the peat, but they do not seem to belong to a Lake-dwelling.” You will gather from this brief description that there are many points of resemblance between the Crowland and the Holderness dwellings. 82 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ OLUB. I find that at Brigg some years ago (before the large canoe was found) traces of a platform were discovered ; but this apparently is not a Lake-dwelling, and has been referred to a Roman planked causeway. It is at a depth of six feet, and is briefly described by Mr. James Thropp, in Reports and Papers of the Associated Architectural Societies, 1886, pp. 132. To return to Holderness. In addition to the evidence of Pre- historic man as indicated by the Lake-dwellings, we have some fine earthworks, some barrows, kitchen middens, etc., and imple- ments and other objects found at different times in various parts of the district. The earthworks are at Skipsea Brough, a few miles north of Hornsea, and near Swine respectively. The mound and earthworks at Skipsea Brough are the finest of their kind that I am acquainted with. There is a central mound, and at some distance away a series of earthworks, these latter forming a segment of a circle the centre of which is the large mound. The earthworks are situated to the west and south-west of the mound, the remaining part of the country being, at the time of their construction, an impassable swamp, consequently no further protection would be needed there. It is on the edge of this swamp, at Ulrome, that the Lake-dwellings occur, and the site can be readily seen from the mound. The outer earthwork has a very high and steep face, with a moat at the bottom. Behind the mound is a flat platform, then another moat followed by still another platform. ‘Then comes a large open space several acres in extent. In this the men, cattle, stores, etc., would be kept during troublesome times. Finally there is the large central mound, which is surrounded by a well con- structed moat and outer mound. The most marvellous thing in connection with these earth- works is their enormous size. ‘The central mound is about 70 feet high above the surrounding plain. It has a flat top almost an acre in extent, and covers about five acres of ground. The distance from the mound to the farthest earthwork is about a quarter of amile. From the bottom of the mound to the inner edge of the earthworks the enclosed space is about 220 yards in breadth. The outer rampart is quite half a mile in length; its height varies and in places exceeds that of the central mound. An enemy approaching these earthworks would experience no small amount of difficulty in taking them ; in fact the place would be almost impregnable. After fording the outer moat, the steep slope of the high mound would have to be scaled. This in all probability would be surmounted by a stockade. After the flat platform behind the battlement had been traversed another moat (1) See Address by Mr. J. R. Boyle, F.S.A.,in Zrans. Hull Geol Soc., vol.ii. 1894-5, pp, 11,12. a. ~ = mut = t., Peee eaise \; Ae i at SS ING. KR? y . ae Ss i se igang, By re i wit! t ant VM _ Line of Section. Section looking N. days) i —- == iy) Sip MWh lbasaepi Nii, ae i Doge me pela ie ae | 6 = Plate ITI. —PLAN AND SECTION OF SKIPSEA EARTHWORKS (after Poulson)—page 83. er © PRE-HISTORIC MAN IN HOLDERNESS. 83 would have to be crossed, another though smaller bank, and then the space between the outer earthworks and the inner mound. Finally another bank and moat would have to be surmounted before the-steep sides of the central mound could be reached.t This artificial mound would also probably be surrounded by a stockade at the top, behind which, as a final retreat, the occupants would be situated. In this position, provided all the other earth- works had been taken by the enemy, the occupants would be fairly safe. It has been suggested that probably the occupiers of the adjacent Lake-dwellings retreated to the earthworks in times of disturbance. There can be little doubt that these earthworks were erected by the Britons. Poulson states that they are the work of Drogo de Brevere; one of the followers of William the Conquerer, to whom large traces of land were granted. The probability is that Drogo, on finding such a magnificent stronghold already in ex- istence, stationed himself there. He built a keep, the walls of which were of enormous thickness, upon the central mound. A small portion of the core of one of the walls of this “ keep” still remains ; it is made of large boulders from the coast cemented together. The greater part of the structure unfortunately has been carted away and broken up for repairing roads. Other minor alterations might also have been made in Norman times, but the general arrangement of the earthworks is absolute proof of their being of British age. Besides, British implements have been found on this site. Of course it must be borne in mind that Holderness is dotted over with morainic hills of gravel, and probably one or more of these were utilized for the construction of the Skipsea earthworks, but even then the planning, digging and erection of the embankments, moats, and mound is a work of such enormous magnitude that we cannot but marvel at it, having regard to the primitive implements and means the builders had at their disposal. Yet these are the people spoken of by some historians as “ savage and barbarous people.” The so-called “ Danes’ Dyke” which runs right across Flambro Headland not many miles to the north, and which is admittedly of British date is another fine example of their engineering skill. Notwithstanding the fact that the Skipsea mounds were erected about 2,000 years ago, they are still in a remarkably good state of preservation, so much so that it is quite an easy matter to prepare a restored plan of them. In many respects the structures at Skipsea resemble the mound and earthworks known as the “Castles” at Barrow Haven on the (1) Poulson suggests that probably this space would be flooded in cases of necessity. (2) Amongst others, Dr. Evans in The Hull Quarterly for April, 1886, records the finding of a fine socketed bronze celt, closeto the outer entrenchment. Mr.T. Boynton, of Bridlington has some similar specimens from the same locality. 84 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Lincolnshire side of the Humber. The latter however are on a much smaller scale, but their general plan and appearance suggests that they were built by the same people and are of the same age, The other Holderness earthworks I refer to are near Swine. They are respectively Castle Hill and Giant’s Hill. The latter is a small mound near the church and is not of much importance, though probably of British age, Castle Hill, however, is much larger. It is situated on the west side of the railway line between Sutton and Swine. In shape it is oval. There is a central mound, surrounded by a moat and embankment. It is now covered with trees, though in winter when there is no foliage on them the outline of the hill can be fairly well ascertained. Unfortunately the hill has been excavated to a considerable extent for the gravel of which it is composed. It is very probable that originally the mound was a natural hill, and it has been excavated and modified to meet the requirements of its builders. The gravel would be on the spot, and would not require carrying any great distance. There are other earthworks of less definite shape in the vicinity. Some of these are probably Roman ; several Roman relics have been found on them. There are still other earthworks in Holderness, but of their precise age and the purpose for which they were erected there is some doubt. A short time ago Mr. J. R. Mortimer, of Driffield, showed some of us an interesting structure known as “ Beald Hill,” near Brandesburton. This is in a field on level ground; it is about three feet high, and hasa flat top. It covers a large area,” and is of peculiar shape. ‘There isa central ridge, and joined to each end is a crescent- shaped ridge, the points of the crescents pointing away from the centre of the structure. The shape of the hill might be compared with that of an ornamental capital )-(. Mr. Mortimer, who is an authority on the antiquities of the district, is of opinion that it is an early Anglo-Saxon Moot-hill. If this is so, it hardly comes within the scope of this Paper, but in any case I consider it well worth mentioning. According to the Holderness Glossary, 1877, ‘ Beald” means “‘a sheltered place for cattle in a field, afforded by trees or a hedge side,” though it as frequently is of earth. This name, however, in no way indicates the age of the structure, as it may have been given to it at any time subsequent to its erection. When built it would probably be in a boggy tract of land, and could only be used at a comparatively recent period as a cattle shelter. (1) A good plan of these earthworks can be found in A Picturesque Tour to Thornton Monastery, etc., by J. Greenwood, Hull, 1835, p. 34. (2) Its dimensions are roughly, central ridge 47 yards long; length of each crescent, about 4 yards; width of ridge about 7 yards. PRE-HISTORIC MAN IN HOLDERNESS. 85 Tumuli, or as they are better known locally, ‘“ Barrows,” are not of very frequent occurrence in Holderness, for the reasons explained at the commencement of these notes, the greater part of the land being under water. In the neighbourhood of Spurn Point there is an interesting group of barrows; they are principally situated around Kilnsea Beacon. They were first noticed by the late Dr. H. B. Hewetson, of Leeds, who spent a great part of his time in the district. The four or five mounds are now on the shore line, and are continually being assailed by the waters of the North Sea. Occasionally an extra strong sea will wash part of one of them away, and on such occasions pieces of urns, flint flakes, and other relics are washed out. Three years ago, in company with Dr. Hewetson, I visited these tumuli, and made an examination of the various relics obtained from them which were in his Museum at Easington. The pottery was of a very typical kind, and resembled very much the urns found in the Wold barrows. It included a large food vase, with remains of bones, etc., still intact, and two smaller urns, one of these latter being well marked with the “herring-bone” pattern. There were also other urns, in fragments. The barrows were composed of the clay from the vicinity, but they were very compact, and with difficulty could be excavated. In the clay were large quantities of flint flakes, some of no definite shape, others obviously “ wasters,” and occasionally a well-formed ‘scraper ” was found. No human bones have been obtained from the tumuli. Whether the bodies had been cremated and the ashes buried with some of the urns, or in hollows in the tumuli, or whether the bones had rotted entirely away, could not be ascer- tained. I should hardly think the latter likely to be the case. In the clay at low-water mark, at a considerable distance from the cliffs, was a peculiar structure, which was probably the remains of alargetumulus, There wasa hole in the centre, which Mr. Mortimer informs me contained two skeletons, placed end to end and enclosed in basket work. This was surrounded by clay, and then a circle of flat burnt stones surrounded the whole. This resembled a small pavement, about a foot wide. The whole of the mound proper had been washed away many years ago, and I regret that no record of its contents appears to have been kept. The substratum in the vicinity of the tumuli is peat, and in it several bones of deer, Bos longifrons, etc., have been found. This peat is exposed on the beach for some considerable distance along the coast at this point. Whilst walking over it, about twenty feet to the east of one of the barrows, I observed the bones of a human foot sticking out of the black peaty clay, sole uppermost. With the assistance of Mr. England, of Easington, and other willing helpers, the skeleton was carefully extracted, bone by bone. It 86 IIULL SOIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ OLUB. had evidently originally been thrown into a hole in the peat and buried, little care having been taken in its burial. It was laid back uppermost, with the arms bent under it and the legs bent over on its back. A flint core, from which several flakes had been struck, was found under the abdomen, and one or two very rough flakes at its left side, Strange to say, no skull was buried with it. This could not have been washed away by the sea, as with the exception of the legs, the whole skeleton was buried about two feet in the peat. The cervical vertebrae were carefully extracted one by one, and it was much to our surprise on reaching the axis that no more remains were forthcoming. This would seem to indicate that the body had been decapitated before burial. The bones are very black through their long contact with the peat, and they belonged to an individual of small stature. The absence of the skull is unfortunate ; but the nearness of the bones to the tumulus, and the presence of the flints, point to the fact that it is in some way connected with the burialin the mound. In some instances of british burials there is evidence that slaves, horses, etc., were killed and buried with the chief. Whether we have a case of this sort or not at Easington we cannot say. There are also some Kitchen Middens—extensive accumulations of oyster shells and other refuse, on the Humber side near Kilnsea, which I have not yet had an opportunity of carefully examining. The heap is parallel with the Humber for some distance. There is some doubt as to its age, but I possess the lower part of a Roman vase which Mr. J. Burton, of Horbury, found in it in the summer of 1898. A description of the various scattered relics found in Holder- ness will not occupy much space. Of course it would be impossible to enumerate them all. Several objects have been found by labourers and others in the villages and have been hoarded up in their homes as ‘curios,’ and eventually lost. To the scientific world such might as well never have been found. Perhaps the most interesting of all these finds is the ancient model of a boat and warrior crew found at Roos Carrs near Withern- sea so long ago as. 1836. These are now preserved in the Hull Museum. The following is the description given by Poulson? :— “Tn the year 1836, some labourers, who were employed in cleaning a dike or ditch, which had been made some years previously, in a field belonging to Mr. John Bilton, in Roos Carrs, west of the mill, discovered, about six feet below the surface, in a bed of blue clay, a group of figures, rudely carved in wood, and as rudely put together. The base or foundation of the group being a serpent, on the back of which were eight human figures, fixed by the feet into holes bored in the figure of the serpent, which was bent so as (1) History of Holderness, vol. 2, pp. 99-100, pee Ve CR ee LF" “38g oS isa a>. ee my > trot a aes GONE : sce gint SRT: i PRE-HISTORIC MAN IN HOLDERNESS. 87 somewhat to resemble the shape of a canoe or boat ; the head of the snake forming the prow, and having eyes of small pieces of quartz. The figures were closely crowded, and nearly similar, the only difference being in their height. Each figure represented a warrior, apparently entirely naked, armed with a club, and carrying two round shields, a larger and a smaller one; the eyes of each warrior being, like those of the serpent, formed of small pieces of quartz. An accurate drawing of one of these groupes (sic) has been submitted to some learned and leading antiquaries, none of whom, however, have been able to say exactly what is alluded to by these rude and curious relics of a barbarous age ; but they are generally supposed to have been left in commemoration of the descent of one of those piratical hordes who, in former times, poured in from Scandinavia upon different parts of the English coast, and carried into the interior the most horrible devastation by fire and sword. The serpent is evidently allegorical, and is by some supposed to allude to the ship which brought the pirates over ; by others, to their leader. Perhaps both surmises are in some degree correct.” From the narrator’s account the boat and figures are supposed to have been placed in a box. Poulson in his book figures one warrior, with two shields and a clnb. A paper by the Rev. George Dodds, D.D., subsequently appeared in the Religuary. This is accompanied by a woodcut shewing four of the figures. The paper commences by quoting Poulson’s description ; the remainder being the author’s views as to the theological significance of the find, With this however we need not concern ourselves at present, The photograph which is here reproduced by the kindness of the Editor of the Antiguary, will give as good an idea of the nature of the find as is possible. It is now in the Hull Museum. Underneath the photograph are the words ‘Ideal restoration of ancient boat and warrior crew, carved in wood, found at Roos in Holderness, Yorkshire, remains of which are in the Hull Museum, W. Stevenson, 1893,” and on the back is the following description in Mr. Stevenson’s handwriting :— “This restoration has been carried out by photography. The existing figures were photogr’d and a number of copies were printed off, a number of figures and shields were thus obtained out of which the restoration was built up on a cardboard, which, when completed, was photographed, with this result. The late Lord Londesbro’ stated that the existing figures were worth more than all the rest of the Hull collection, as they were unique: The authority for the position of the shields is the early drawing in Poulson’s “ History of Holderness,” vol. ii., p. 101, published in 1841, which shows one figure only. The artist, hearing there were originally eight (1) Vol. xi. pp. 203-207, 88 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. figures, and finding eight holes in the shortened boat, inserted the two legs in one hole. The club he found at the back of the top of the small shield could rot have been in its original position as the end of the right arm is bored for its reception. The position of the body shield is in conformity with the figures when they arrived at the Hull Museum when the only remaining shield was removed to the left arm of one of the figures. The exaggeration of the organs of reproduction was peculiar to early man in Europe, in this case seeing there are no deep sides to the boat it may only be allusive to the shields being hung upon the gunwales, vide the Viking ship, and the Bayeaux Tapestry.” With regard to the age of the object there is no satisfactory evidence. It is doubtless of great antiquity, having regard to its peculiar construction, and to the fact that it was buried at a depth of six feet below the surface. For this reason, and the fact that it is unique, it has been included in these notes. I have recently heard of a square wooden object, with some upright pieces of wood upon it, having been found in the same place a short while ago. J have however been unable to get any definite information about the find. Stone, bronze and other implements, as might be expected, are occasionally picked up in Holderness ; I have already referred to a bone implement and a bronze axe-head having been found at Skipsea, and to a bronze spear head and other relics from the Ulrome Lake-dwelling. Two or three hoards of bronze implements have been found. Ina bank at Skirlaugh a large quantity of celts, spear-heads, sword blades, etc., was discovered in 1809. A hoard of no less than 35 bronze axe-heads was found at Sproatley in 1852. With the exception of one, all were of the socketed type, with a small ‘lug’ for the insertion of a thong. Several of these were bought for a museum at Pocklington, and the remainder were distributed. Through the courtesy of Mr. Cawkell of Hull, I now have three of these. Two are socketted, and the other is of a paalstab type. This latter I understand was sent to Leeds, and whilst there the end was filed off in order to test its genuineness! Another find of a similar kind was made in 1843 at Lowthorpe, when twelve battle axes and two portions of a large sword were obtained whilst making a drain. A bronze celt has also been found at Brandesburton Barf; a large one weighing two pounds, which is 64 inches long, and has a cutting edge nearly four inches long, was dug up at Burstwick in 1842. A socketed celt was obtained at Sproatly about 60 years ago, whilst a drain running past ‘Amen Field’ was being cut. The most recent find of this character was made a year ago in the upper part of the Burstwick gravel pit. It is a socketed celt, and is covered with a fine smooth coat of patina. This is now in my possession.! (1) For a full list of these bronze implements see my paper in 7rans. Hull Sci. and Field Nat. Club, vol. i., pt. 2, 1899, pp, 52-54, "88 abnd—‘nasusayjryy ‘sing sooy UloLf ‘M349 YOIMYYM ONY LYOG JO TS0ON—'f J 220)/d thet “Dens MA MOB SAIN 21074 QUl Wi adn yorymn: SMI MIT ( SHIM SAA pS Ss ouy. RLO/4! ais 20OM Jn puico} aoom Wy QAATBI Ana42 AD\4euM Clie jrog queiyuw fo Woiynunjsaa yead} PRE-HISTORIC MAN IN HOLDERNESS. 89 Stone celts are also occasionally found, and are in the possession of different collectors. Mr. Mortimer has some in his museum at Driffield, and Mr. T. Boynton of Bridlington has others. On a recent excursion of the Hull Geological Society into central Holderness (to Leven and Brandesburton) two fine specimens were purchased. These had been picked up from the fields. At Burstwick some time ago a very large stone hammer and axe combined was found whilst ploughing. This is in the possession of Mr. Fred Blenkin. It is 103 inches long and 34 broad, and the hole in the centre is over an inch in diameter. Then there are large numbers of querns, or hand-mills for grinding corn. In Holderness they are frequently made from beach boulders. JI have a pair from the neighbourhood of Withernsea ; the lower stone is a granitic boulder and the upper one is of basalt. There are also several others in the possession of other people. These querns of course may be of almost any date from pre-historic to comparatively speaking recent times. Mr. Mortimer tells me that he has found them in tumuli on the Wolds occasionally, and they would therefore appear to have been in use in British times. Being practically indestructible and of large size they are found in fair numbers. They are very frequently built into walls. And now I must bring my notes toaclose. I have endeavoured as far as possible to give a fairly comprehensive and complete account of all the pre-historic objects found in Holderness, and of the structures erected by the pre-historic inhabitants. Whether these people were ‘‘wild and savage barbarians” or not I will leave the reader to judge. Several of the objects I have referred to have been described previously, but usually in out-of-the-way publications. I have summarised and quoted references to these descriptions, and added to them such extracts from my own note books as I thought might be of value, in the hopes that in its present form this paper may be of service to students of the fascinating science of Archeology. Note on THE OcoURRENCE OF THE OTTER AND BapDGER NEAR HULL. An otter, a very fine large one, was killed by one of Mr. Evison’s men about a year ago near the Barmston drain by Cold Harbour Lane, Cottingham. It was very near to or on my property I believe. I remember once about fifty years ago seeing the “seal” of an otter by the side of the large pond at Hullbank. About a year ago, soon after the trees had been cut down, in the late Mr. Lawson’s field at Newland, for building purposes, a fine badger was found in a heap of the cut down boughs and sticks, and killed by some boys and young men. When driving back from Hull I saw them carrying it.—B. B. Haworrn Boorg, Col., J.P., D.L., Hullbank Hall, 25th June, 1900. 90 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. ADDITIONS To raz EAST RIDING MOSS FLORA, 1899. By J. J. MarsHatt, The following further list of additions* to the list of Mosses of the East Riding is taken from the Report of the Yorkshire Bryological Committee for 1899, which is printed in the Naturalist for August, 1900, pp. 237-239. The extreme dryness of the summer, was prejudicial to the growth of mosses during this year. The drought prevailed during an abnormally long period, and much affected the growth of these moisture-loving plants. It will be noticed that none of the records are for the immediate neighbourhood of Hull. This is not as it should be, as there is plenty of good collecting ground in that district. I should be most happy to examine any specimens sent to me at North Bar Street, Beverley. Name. Locality. Collector. Orthotrichum pulchellum, Danes’ Dyke, Flam- W. Ingham and Brunt boro’ J.J. Marshall Amblystegium Kochi, Br. Driffield... ... .... W. Ingham and Sch, (both the large typical form and a small form) Amblystegium -revolvens Driffield ... ... .... W. Ingham (Sw.) De Not. var Cossoni, Ren. Fossombronia Dumortiert Skipwith Common... W. Ingham Lindb. [ Westwood and Swine- moor, Beverley J. J. Marshall] Mollia verticillata (L.) Goodmanham... ... J. J. Marshall Lindb. Mollia crispula (Bruch) Danes’ Dyke ... ... W. Ingham and Lindb. J.J. Marshall Hypnum __ pallidirostre. Beverley Westwood.. J. J. Marshall A. Braun The following species, though previously recorded for the East Riding, have been found in new situations :— Seligeria calcarea (Dicks), B. & S. Found by W. Ingham and J. J. Marshall, at Danes’ Dyke, Flamborough. Seligeria paucifolia (Dicks). Carruth. do. * For previous list see my paper on The Mosses of the East Riding, in Trans. Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club, vol. i., No. 2, for 1899, pp. 40-43. OLD WILD DUCK DECOYS OF LINCOLNSHIRE AND THE EAST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE. By ky Awpas, E..p:sS: (Read February 28, 1900). - ERY little seems to be generally known, and very little has at any time been written on the subject of Duck Decoys and Decoying. All information on this subject was perhaps purposely witheld by the decoymen for selfish motives, and as, during the last half century, decoying had not been a profitable undertaking, and decoys consequently were greatly diminished in number, there would be less interest taken in the subject, and therefore less reason for anyone writing upon it. It was only when decoys ceased to be paying concerns, and when the few remaining ones were in the hands of gentlemen, and were worked principally for interest and amusement, that any complete history or descrip- tion of the general working and methods of capture was attempted. The delightfully interesting and complete account given by Sir Ralph Payne Gallwey, in his “* Book of Duck Decoys,’’* leaves little to be added, and tells almost all that can be told of the decoys of Britain. He deals with the few decoys remaining in use, those in disuse, and those which are now entirely obliterated. The art of decoying (as distinguished from the older methods of driving into nets in the latter part of the breeding season only, which are known to have been in use from the time of King John) appears to have been introduced into England from Holland, where decoys at one time flour- ished. In Blomefield’s “ Norfolk,’ we are informed that «Sir William, son of Sir W. Woodhouse, lived in the reign of James I., and is said to have been the first person who in England invented and erected decoys for taking wild ducks.” So far as can be ascertained the first mention of decoys in English literature is in Evelyn’s Diary, under the date March 29, 1665, where he states ‘‘ His Majestie [Charles II.] ,was now finishing the decoy in the Parke,” and later, ‘“‘ The * Published in 1886. Q2 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Parke was at this time stored with numerous flocks of severall sorts of ordinary and extraordinary wild fowle breeding about the decoy, which for being neere ¢0 great a citty and among such a concourse of soldiers and people is a singular and diverting thing.””’ Cunningham’s ‘‘ Handbook to London” gives details of the cost of making this decoy, and also the name of the Dutchman who constructed it, Sydrach Hilcus. It was situated on an island at the west end of the lake in St. James’s Park, but there appears to be no record as to how long the decoy was worked, or with what success. We only know that the island on which the decoy stood was destroyed at the end of the last century, and the decoy some time previously. Pennant states that in 1790 it had lately ceased to exist. From the middle of the last century to the beginning of the present one seems to have been the period in which decoys flourished in the greatest numbers, from 140 to 150 being known to have existed, whilst there are between 30 and 40 only now remaining. The eastern counties, owing to the large tracts of fenland, were naturally the favoured localities, and Lincolnshire alone could once boast of 38, followed by Essex and Norfolk, with 29 and 26 respectively. Lincolnshire has been styled by one writer ‘‘the*home of decoys and decoymen.” It is so no longer. Its last remaining decoy has fallen into decay, and the probability is that it will never be repaired. The decoy of Ashby was in use during last winter (189g-1g00), but it was so grown up and delapidated that unless a considerable sum of money is spent in its repair (which is improbable), it will not be used again. It seems a great pity that this decoy has to go, and without apparent reason, as the surroundings have not changed, and the birds would still come. It can only be accounted for by the fact that it has not been well maintained, or skilfully worked of late years. It would now cost from £400 to £500 to be put into order. Lhe great decoying district of Lincolnshire was, as might be expected, in the southern portion, particularly near Sleaford and Crowland, and between Wainfleet and Boston. I have heard old people in the parish of Friskney say they could see from one point as many as twelve decoys. ‘These, with one exception, all fell into disuse in the early years of the present century, one only surviving. This was the old decoy at Friskney, which was worked up to 1878. The Friskney decoy was the home of the celebrated Skelton family, from which migrated many members skilled in the art OLD WILD DUCK DECOYS. 93 of decoying, and to this family we owe the designing and establishing of all our most famous decoys. The last Skelton who lived at and worked the old Friskney decoy was the grandson of the noted ‘‘ Old George Skelton,” who achieved a higher reputation for his skill in working decoys and for his great knowledge of wild fowl and their ways than any other man before his time or since. John Skelton worked this decoy till 1860, when he left to take a farm in Warwickshire. It was then taken over by Mr. Thomas Crowe, and managed by him till 1878. Up to 1855 Skelton worked this decoy with six pipes, but, owing to the land being cultivated to a greater extent, the catches declined, and three of the pipes were discontinued. Skelton’s best catches averaged from 300 to 400 fowl in a day, and he sold as many as seven hundred pounds’ worth in one season, at a price of about 5d. per head.* On the other hand Mr.Crowe’s best season was in 1866, when he secured r100 birds, and his best day’s catch was 85. It is worth while noting that the date of his best catch was the season when the fens were last flooded. This shows that a return to the original surroundings would still make decoying profitable. Up to the end of the last century these fens were usually flooded during the winter months, and it was not till 1857 that the land was efficiently drained, although the great drainage works had been carried out early in the present century, in which 200,000 acres came under cultivation. [| have seen the east fen in the winter of 1866 inundated to such an extent that during frost anyone could have skated from Friskney to Lincoln, a distance of 30 miles, without leaving the ice, except to cross the railway embankment. The decoy boat, the only one procurable, was then requisitioned for the purpose of getting in the turnips, which were about two feet below the water. The drainage improvements the year following, and the higher cultivation of the surrounding land, brought bad times to the decoyman. The catches so diminished that they would not pay the working expenses of the decoy; its doom was consequently sealed. The memories of John Skelton and Thomas Crowe will ever be fresh, as also of the charming little bit of primeval fen, about 26 acres in extent, with its luxurious and great variety of ferns, its beautiful trees, its old ‘‘ hassocks,” breast high; its great beards of lichen covering the tree branches * In one season no less than 31,200 wild fowl were taken in ten decoys Situated near Wainfleet. Oldfield’s ‘* History of Wainfleet,” page 180. 94 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. and the posts and rails of “screens,” its profusion of bird life in the summer time, the old reed beds and the fishing in the pond, even the smell of the marsh gas when the pole was pressed into the soft black mud to push the boat along. This little sanctuary, when last I saw it, had lost its glory. The pond still had water in it, but was nearly grown up with reeds. The netting and hoops belonging to the decoy had fallen into the pipes, the reed screens had fallen in upon these, and rank vegetation covered the whole. A gamekeeper had taken the place of the decoyman; the ‘‘vermin-pole’’ was conspicuous with its usual record of its owner’s ignorance of the ways of birds, as proved by the spotted woodpecker recently added to the collection! Pheasants reigned supreme, and I left with a feeling of sadness. The description of the last days of the Friskney decoy almost applies to those of Ashby. Sir Ralph Payne Gallway speaks of the Ashby decoy as ‘‘the most successful decoy in the kingdom, and the only one worked in Lincoinshire.”’ My first visit to Ashby was in 1887, when I made the acquaintance of its then intelligent owner, Mr. George Tacey, who told me the decoy had been constructed not much more than fifty years, and that an accurate account of the catches of every day had been kept for the first thirty-five years of its existence. The following, copied from the Stamford Mercury for July, 1868, gives particulars of these, from which it will be seen that the average catch per annum was over 2740. Ducks. Teal. Widgeon. Shoveller. Pintail. Gadwall. Total. 1833-34 1884 1232 102 —- 9 -= 3227 1834-35 4287 1860 140 16 54 — 6357 1835-36 959 788 38 16 7 — 1808 1836-37 7603 326 24 14 a= -- 1132 1837-38 1511 509 47 II 4 — 2082 1838-39 758 791 21 2 4 = 1576 1839-40 2014 2002 94 21 74 — 4245 1840-41 2584 993 126 13 8 = 3724 1841-42 1666 908 28 5 6 -- 2613 1842-43 1094 2977 49 6 2 — 3228 1843-44 1004 1036 88 3 3 = 2134 1844-45 1298 1181 65 I 2 I 2548 1845-46 1022 1321 39 3 5 I 2391 1846-47 1428 1005 43 5 4 I 2486 1847-48 1212 883 36 = I I 2133 1848-49 1740 1971 53 9 & = 3778 1849-50 1145 956 27 — 2 I 2131 1850-51 380 853 34 — 3 — 1270 1851-52 632 1003 72 I 2 I I71I 1852-53 2682 3279 67 2 26 3 6059 1853-54 2425 1605 75 I 3 2 4III i os I. FIG. THE NORTH-EAST PIPE). ASHBY DECOY (INSIDE (See page 95). FIG. PIPE, INTO THE LOOKING (See DECOY, ASHBY 95). page 5. PLATE 1854-55 1855-56 1856-57 1857-58 1858-59 1859-60 1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 1863-64 1864-65 1865-66 1866-67 1867-68 Ducks. 1298 1004 753 634 715 734 II2I 1605 843 2326 1663 282 1891 1292 OLD WILD DUCK DECOYS. Teal. 1221 781 77: 15606 1208 1204 2365 Widgeon. Shoveller. 5 Pintail. al H NN [aon Bowe 2 HH Gadwall. ie ee eee 95 Total. 2616 1826 1575 2348 2013 2029 3547 2821 2305 4277 2959 936 3475 2545 During the past winter I again visited Ashby Decoy, and found it ‘“‘on its very last legs,” and unless some effort is ENTRANCE TO A DECOY, TAKEN FROM THE POND. made during the present summer to repair it, and clean out the pond and its four pipes, it may be numbered with things that have passed away. (See Plate V.). Like Lincolnshire the fenlands of Holderness were equally suitable for the construction of decoys, and could boast of 96 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. three, none of which, however, are known to have been worked during the present century. They died a natural death on the draining of this district, which was commenced in 1763 and completed in 1798. The three decoys were at Meaux, Scorborough, and Watton respectively. I paid a visit to the site of the Meaux decoy recently, in company with Mr. F. Boyes, of Beverley, who is familiar with the district, and supplied Sir R. P. Gallwey with the information in reference to the Meaux decoy, which appears in that gentleman’s book. We found the position of the four pipes in connection with the decoy to be most distinct, and within Mr. Boyes’ recollection they have very little altered. This is due to the field in which they occur remaining fallow. Some of the trees which-sheltered the north side of the decoy still PLAN OF THE MEAUX DECOY. remain ; they are chiefly sycamore and ash, and shew signs of advanced age. The site of the pond is roughly rectangular in shape, being slightly longer east and west. A pipe is situated at each corner; the two at the west end turn towards each other like the arms of a pair of calipers. This is a very uncommon feature. Those at the east end bend in a southerly direction. The pipes are not of equal size. The one at the north-east corner is smaller than the others; that at the south-west corner is the finest and best preserved. There is an interesting feature in connection with the Meaux decoy which differs from anything I have seen or heard of previously. I refer to the peculiar small promontories or projections from the centre of each side. These are now about four or five feet high, and extend ten or twelve feet into the pond. Their use is not quite clear, but they were probably * ae lary FIG, I. MEAUX DECOY—SOUTH-WEST PIPE. (See page 97). FIG. 2. MFAUX DECOY—SOUTH-WEST PIPE TAKEN FROM THE POND. (See page 97). PLATE 6: OLD WILD DUCK DECOYS. Q7 constructed to give the decoyman some slight advantage in driving the ducks nearer to the mouth of the pipes. The accompanying sketch shews the position of these, and also gives some idea of the shape of the pond and the arrangement of the pipes. Four photographs were taken on the occasion of our visit to the Meaux decoy, and copies have been placed in the Club’s album. Two of these are here reproduced. (Plate VI., figs. 1 and 2.) I am told that there are traces of the decoy at Watton, though less distinct owing to the action of the plough. [ have not, however, had an opportunity of confirming this. The site of the pond and pipes at Scorborough is still plainly discernible, although in the midst of a wood. The trees formerly surrounding the decoy can be seen on the east side of the railway between Arram and Lockington stations. A decoy on Sunk Island is mentioned in Allen’s ‘‘ Yorkshire”’ (1829), but its exact situation is not known. It is referred to, however, as an unsuccessful decoy, probably owing to its exposed position, as neither trees nor shrubs could be induced to grow around it for shelter. Unfortunately, beyond these few particulars, no records of the Holderness decoys are known. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Pirate V., Fics. 1 and 2.—Views of Ashby Decoy, taken by the late Mr. Swales, of Beverley, in 1887. Pirate VI., Fics. 1 and 2.—Views of the site of the Decoy at Meaux. Photographs taken by Mr. W. E. Anfield, midsummer, 1900. The illustration on page 95 shews the position of the pipe and screens as seen from the pond. The plan on page 95 shews the arrangement of the pipes and mounds at Meaux, and the circles 1, 2, and 3 indicate the points from which the photographs were taken. Littte Avuxs aT Spurn.—We have had a great many Little Auks (Mergulus alle, Linn.) about here since the last week in February to 20th March; very many have died.— P. W. Loren, Easington, 29th March, 1goo.* * From the Naturalist. NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA IN HOLDERNESS. Bet: Peron, B-Sc.5.A. (Read September 12, 1900.) I.—LAND SHELLS. HE land shells of Holderness do not furnish a very T extensive list, as there are neither chalk hills nor large woods. Few species have appeared on the new lands near the Humber, and there aquatic mollusca are also scarce, all the water being brackish. On the older lands woodland species are occasionally found in small numbers, and the explanation of their appearance in isolated plantations affords interesting problems in shell distribution. In the low cliff on the Humber side, at the eastern end of Paull Battery, a small section has recently been made, from which gravel was obtained for building the searchlight station. Here the subterranean Achatina acicula was very abundant (1893)—the only Holderness record. All the specimens were dead, and were found at a depth of two to three feet. The hill is separated from Boreas Hill and Rose Hill by low ground which must formerly have been salt marsh. I failed to discover it either at Boreas Hill or Rose Hill, or at Kelsey Hill. It is usually found at the roots of trees, and is probably a relic of the time when this hill extended further south, and was as well wooded as Boreas Hill is now. A mile further to the east, opposite Paull Holme, the river bank turns in abruptly, leaving outside, for no apparent reason, a grassy area which is covered only at the highest spring tides. Pupa marginata occurs under pieces of chalk on a small ridge which runs across this area parallel to the main bank. I once found a field vole’s nest, lined with daisies, under the same stones, which seems to indicate that it is not often flooded. The Pufa cannot have travelled from the mainland, for they would have to cross a salt ditch, filled at high water; and, a better reason, there are no others in South Holderness, except at Spurn. They may have been brought with the chalk used for making the bank, though they would hardly be found on fresh chalk; and, in that case, ee ee Me oily i adie ain x ¥ h a, DISTRIBUTION OF LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA. 99 we should expect to find them all along from Hull to Spurn. Transportation on drift-wood from some point higher up the river seems the most probable explanation, especially as they occur in a bend of the bank into which they would naturally be swept by the current. The same theory accounts for the occurrence at Spurn of such unexpected species as Pupa marginata, P. umbiltcata, Vertigo minutissima (found under an old basket), Helix pygmea, Zonites fulvus; and it is rather remarkable that all these are found in the highest part of the bend where flotsam of every description is cast up by the tide. Pupa marginata is more numerous at Paull Holme than at Spurn, though this can hardly be taken as confirmatory evidence. The genus Pupa holds the record for dispersion: ‘‘It inhabits all the six zoological regions, and has been found in the Palzozoic coal measures of Nova Scotia.”* Other Holderness localities for P. umbilicata are Patrington; a bank near the cliff, north of Withernsea; and Burstwick. In the last-named locality one specimen was found on a fallen elm. As Helix virgata is the chief sea-coast Helix, it is not surprising that the variety nigrescens occurs at Spurn; but it should be noted that the only other colony is on chalk (Isle of Wight), and that near Kilnsea it is found with the aliens mentioned above. I saw three specimens in 1895. I have only one Holderness record of Buliminus obscurus— an empty shell, retaining its original colour, found amongst a group of trees near Welwick. After careful search we failed to find any others, though, as the trees were old, it could not have been a solitary specimen introduced with them. Bale Wood, Aldborough, furnishes Helix aculeata and Vertigo edentula ; both are fairly numerous, and were probably intro- duced with the trees. V. edentula is also found, with Helix pygmea, in the woods on the north side of Hornsea Mere. Here, again, we have recent plantations. Vertigos are the joy—and despair—of every conchologist, and I have spent days in searching for them in various parts of the district, but my only other records are V. substriata, in rejectamenta on the banks of Hedon drain, and V. antivertigo, which is common amongst the wet moss between the trees and the reeds on the north side of Hornsea Mere. It is best taken by placing bulrush stems on the moss after the herbage has been mown, and examining them every day. Would that all vertigos were found as easily! Zownites mitidus, another * Kew, ‘‘ Dispersal of Shells,” 1893, p. 115. I0O HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. isolated species, will be captured at the same time. These two are representatives of an older fen fauna which has dis- appeared with the Holderness meres. They are not found in the recently formed fen at Kelsey Hill, H. evicetoyvum is well established on the Humber bank at Paull, in the achatina locality, and for a short distance by the side of the Seaton Road at Hornsea—the two places being more than twenty miles apart. It is curious that these two should be associated in the only other achatina locality in the East Riding—Drewton. The beautiful Helix virgata, var. hyalozona is confined to a small area on the cliff top, south of the Skipsea lacustrine deposit. Why does it not spread further south? Suppose two or three wandered away and interbred with the ordinary form (as they do at Hunstanton, where /yalozona is more abundant) which form would they produce? I commenced an experiment with the object of deciding this problem with Helix aspevsa, vars. minor, and exalbida (from the Hornsea colony), which were taken in May and kept apart through the winter. I succeeded in hatching a large number of eggs from both, but all my trouble was wasted through the inquisitiveness of a boy who could not understand why snails were kept under glass, and thought they would thrive better in the garden. As far as I could judge from specimens two months old (August), all were going to be the ordinary colour. However, if exalbida ever occurs at Hedon, it may safely be reckoned one of my escapes, and in that case, my surmise will be proved incorrect. At present, I believe that this gives the reason why the Skipsea /iyalozonw does not spread, and accounts for the want of increase of evalbida at.Hornsea. Recent building and subsequent gardening operations have probable extermin- ated the latter altogether. Helix cantiana was formerly supposed to be confined to the four metropolitan counties,“ but it is a very common shell in Holderness, especially between Hedon and Burstwick, where it may be found in profusion on the roadside. I found great difficulty in procuring specimens with the thickened rib which takes the place of the usual helix lip. Do they die in the second year ? H. capevata, which occurs on gravel at Kelsey, Paull, Spurn, &c., illustrate one mode of shell distribution by appearing on the railway bridge over the Burstwick drain, the top of which is covered with gravel from Kelsey. * Gray’s ‘‘ Turton,” 1857, p, 139. DISTRIBUTION OF LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA. IOI The broken banding exhibited by specimens of H.. nemoralis from Spurn has been noted by Mr. J. W. Taylor,* and is attributed to the extreme dryness of the point. The majority of those seen in August, 1900, were normally banded; vars. hyalozonata, roseolabiata, and albolabiata may be found near Ridgmont. H. hortensis is uncommon (Railway Bridge, Hedon), and I have not met with H. avbustorvum below Hornsea and Rise. One specimen of H. vufescens turned up on the Burstwick road. H. pulchella, which is noted for its extensive range, occurs throughout the district, and Vitvina pellucida is practically the only woodland shell in young plantations. | II.—FRESH-WATER SHELLS. The agricultural drains which traverse the district have no doubt contributed to the wide distribution of the com- moner fresh-water species, for after heavy rains the water rises to the top of their high banks and frequently overflows, forniing inland seas, such as are seen at Hollym and Burton Carrs, and Lambwath. More dispersion is perhaps effected after severe frosts, when the ice from the ditches and marshy ground carries with it earth containing aquatic plants and shells of every description. In this way, masses of roots, two feet square and a foot thick, were brought down the Great Ouse after the break-up of the frosts of 1895, and stranded on the bank above Lynn. From these, living specimens of Bythinia tentaculata, B. Leachit and Limnua trunca- tula were obtained, but all the bivalves and Velletia lacustris were dead; the reeds subsequently flourished till killed by want of moisture, A uniform fauna, however, is not always found throughout a given drainage area, or even along a single drain. Thus, Nevitina fluviatilis is confined to a short length of Sutton drain, the absence of a suitable habitat preventing any migration. I have not found it in any other drain in Holderness, though it may similarly occur in particular lengths. * “Monograph of the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of the British Isles,” Vol. I., p. 99. + The following instances refer to other districts, but are worthy of record :—Vertigo pygmaa, var. quadvidentata is abundant on the chalk approaches of the bridge which carries the Gayton (Norfolk) road over the Melton Constable line. The surrounding district is covered with sand. H. pomatia, liberated in Forge Valley by Mr. Bean, was alive in 1868 (C. Ashford, Science Gossip, 1868, p. 160). Mr. Fierke and I made an exhaustive investigation in 1894, but did not find it. 102 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. The dispersion of Planorbes is facilitated by their shape, which causes the smaller species to adhere readily to any object with which they come in contact. The small Pl. nautileus is abundant in ditches and ponds from Marfleet to Patrington, though a distinct gap in its range may be noted between Marfleet and Hedon, and it seems to be absent further inland. The salt ditch which runs parallel to the Humber prevents any voluntary migration to the ponds on the stray inside the Humber Bank, but it is found in the ponds near Marfleet, though absent from the one on Saltend Common. These ponds are a frequent resort of ducks and waders, and, if its dispersal was effected by birds, we ought to find nautileus in all of them. I am inclined to think that it has been introduced by cattle into the ponds on the Marfleet stray from the ditches in the district. The cattle are frequently transferred from the fields to the bank, and wice versa. There is no communication between the two strays; the cattle on Saltend are usually brought from a distance, or from fields towards Hedon and Preston, where nautileus does not occur, and there is no continual transference. On the Norfolk side of the Wash, Pl. nitidus takes the place of nawtileus, occurring in the ditches near the bank. I never found mautileus. In Holderness, it is just the reverse, nautileus being common and nitidus rare. The latter is found at Burstwick, in a short length of old ditch or pond by the roadside, 20 to 30 feet above the level of the neighbouring drain, —an interesting spot, of a type which is fast disappearing. There is no apparent drainage either in or out. Pl. nitidus is also found in a pond on the cliff top near Withernsea, and at Rise, both more than ten miles from Burstwick. The Withernsea pond may have been stocked by birds, though, ~ in that case, we might reasonably expect some resemblance ~ between the shells of the Humber and Wash areas, while the fact that one end of the Burstwick locality is a drinking place for cattle may explain its introduction there, though it must have been brought a considerable distance. In both cases, transport by water is quite out of the question. Their former distribution is instructive: both nétidus and nautileus are found in the lacustrine deposit at Skipsea, and the latter in that opposite Atwick (1892). They are absent from those at Ulrome, Atwick Gap, Mapleton, Neville’s Dyke, and Holmpton, and have not been taken in Hornsea Mere. Pl. spivorbis is numerous only in the marshy ground on Saltend and Marfleet Stray, just inside the bank, the former being one of the few instances of the occurrence of fresh-water pepe ae pats FREER Ea Ra DISTRIBUTION OF LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA. 103 shells on recently enclosed land—probably a case of bird dis- persion. It is found occasionally inland, but is frequently overlooked, as its favourite localities dry up in summer. The larger Pl. coyneus inhabits Hornsea Mere, and a ditch in the low marshy ground at the head of the Ryehill drain. Segmentina nitida, the rarest of the Holderness Planorbes, lives amongst the reeds on both sides of Hornsea Mere. The gravelly south shore, which is always worth investigation, provided me with a dead shell in 1886. Five years afterwards I found it living on the north side, and in the following year I took it almost opposite on the south. A complete collection of the shells of the mere may be obtained from the rejectamenta on the south shore, but I have never found Limnea glabra washed up there. At Hedon L. glabyva shared with Physa hypnorum a short ditch about thirty yards long, isolated from all other water. Like other glabra localities I have seen, it was dry in summer, though the masses of Callitriche, &c., would probably keep the bottom damp and favour the growth of the shells, which were larger and thicker than any others I have found. On examining the place this year I found no signs of Limnaa, Callitriche, or even water, while the hoof-marks on the bottom showed clearly that the cattle had sheltered from the heat under the high bushes which now grow on each side. About a quarter of a mile away, in a dry ditch, I unearthed a single specimen with the mouth closed by a thin epiphragm, but before I reached home it was crawling round the sides of the tube, proving that in times of drought—which will occur every summer in glabya pools—it follows the example of the planorbes and ‘‘aestivates”’ till the autumn rains fill the ditches again. These two localities are separated by a drain which runs at a lower level, and which was probably cut after their dispersion. Mr. C. Hollingworth has recently found L. glabya in abund- ance in a third station at Sproatley. It has also been found in Inglemire Lane and Haltemprice Lane, near Hull. Physa hypnorvium also seems capable of withstanding pro- longed drought, for it occurs with L. glabya; in fact, it was while watching this species climbing up its thread that I first saw the latter. It is not uncommon round Hedon, though usually confined to old ditches, and therefore absent from Kelsey Hill. Mr. C. Reid has noted the occurrence of Limnea truncatula in a raised stone cattle trough on the Humber marshes,* the water being provided by a deep boring. This may refer to the Lincolnshire side. * Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Nat. Soc., vol. v. (1892), p. 297. 104. HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. The isolated cattle pond on Saltend Common probably dates from the time of reclamation. The chalk sides and foundation by which it is raised above the surrounding level do not favour the growth of aquatic plants, but Lemna, Potamo- geton, and Callitviche manage to exist in spite of periodic cleaning out. There are a few beetles and two species of Crustacea. Mollusca are represented by the bivalves Spharium lacustve and Pisidium pulchellum, and the omnipresent L. peregra. Bivalves have been known to attach themselves to the legs of beetles and birds, so that it is probable that these two have been introduced in this way from the ditches further inland where both are abundant. As the pond is frequently visited by ducks and waders in search of food, no great increase in number of any individual species can be expected, though Sph. lacustve is firmly established. The larger bivalves are not numerous; Anodonta cygnea and anatina are found in Hornsea Mere, and the latter is common in the Burstwick and Keyingham drains, its lower limit being about two miles from the outfall, since below this the Humber water makes the drains so salt that Tedlina solidula may be found near the cloughs. ‘Though the Keying- ham drain runs close to the Kelsey ponds I have not found Anodonta in them, but it has migrated to the old brickpond at Hestholme, which is also near the drain and within half-a-mile of Kelsey. Viviparus, Unio, Ancylus, and Velletia are notable omissions. We have probably no locality suitable for the first two, while the streams are too muddy and not sufficiently rapid for Ancylus, but there is no reason why the lake limpet, Vedletia, should not occur, though as its structure and habit render it particularly liable to dispersal, our unsuccessful search may be regarded as proof of its non-existence in the district. I have taken several fruitless journeys in quest of Dyeissensta on the information of labourers who assured me that they had gathered ‘‘ mussels’”’ exactly like the edible mussel, but in every case they proved to be Anodonta—a fact which seems to indicate that the average countryman’s power of comparison is very limited. This species, brought with Baltic timber, has spread inland from Goole, Wisbech, and London, but not, as far as I can discover, from Hull or Lynn—probably because these two are so near the sea that the salt water in the docks kills it immediately. To verify this, frequent search should be made in the Alexandra Dock at Hull, which is filled with fresh water. (See page 105). PLATE: 7; BYE-GCONE *HULE NATURALISTS. I.—GeEorGE Norman (1823-1882). (Liead June 20, 1900). O such an extent has the study of nature developed in recent years, that it is an utter impossibility for any one individual to have even a general knowledge of the various branches of science included in the somewhat vague term ‘“‘ Natural History.”’ The result of the continual investigations by a whole army of workers is that each section receives more and more attention, and now-a-days a whole lifetime can well be devoted to the study of one small branch of one of these sections, and even then the subject will not be exhausted. The introduction of the microscope and of im- proved methods of microscopic research has been the means of a great deal more attention being paid to the minute structures of plants and animals than was formerly the case; and I fear in these present busy times there is a tendency on the part of most.of us to devote our energies too much to the subject in which we are particularly interested to the neglect of all others. The consequence is that in many matters which should be of common knowledge to members of a Naturalists’ Club, we frequently betray our ignorance. Too often we hear that the all-round “‘ Field Naturalist ”’ is a ‘‘species’’ almost extinct. But this is not the case. We number amongst our members not a few who, on a country ramble, are able to identify with equal facility the birds or insects, plants or fossils, met with on the way. And this is as it should be. Though it has been frequently urged that every member of this club should endeavour to know ‘ every- thing of something,” yet it is equally desirable that he should know ‘‘something of everything.’’ But if there is so little opportunity for us to see and learn what our fellow workers in other directions are now doing, what chance is there of con- sidering what has been accomplished by naturalists of previous generations ? There have been at Hull at no distant date naturalists and scientific men of great ability. Some of these have accom- * Some of these were referred to in a paper read to us on August g, 1899, by Mr. W. G. B. Page, entitled ‘*Some Hull Naturalists,’’ which paper really first suggested to me the preparation of the following notes. It included short accounts of the work of Adrian Hardy Haworth, F.L.S., Peter William Watson, F.L.S., Robert Harrison, George Norman, and William Spence, F.R.S., F.L.S. We hope to publish accounts of the work of some of these in subsequent issues of our Transactions. 106 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. plished work of great value and importance. It is surely interesting now and again to look back; and if an occasional review of what has been done has no other effect, it will, I feel sure, convince us that though we are deservedly proud of the society to which we belong, much good work was done before our club was formed. But incidentally, also, many points of importance to us, as students of local natural history, present themselves. Mr. George Norman spent a great deal of his time in his favourite pursuit, entomology; though he was much interested in botany (including the diatomacez) and other branches of natural history, and accomplished some sound work in connection therewith. He spent part of his life in business as a merchant, together with his brother, Mr. T. A. Norman, in Wilberforce House, High Street; but he preferred the country and the study of Nature to crowded thoroughfares and business anxieties. And who would not ? But being in comfortable circumstances, Norman was able to follow his own inclinations; and, contrary to what is usually done by people similarly situated, he devoted practi- cally the whole of his life to the study of Nature’s secrets. How strange it is that those best able to do good work so rarely take advantage of their opportunities, and usually spend a life of idleness and luxury, leaving the world little, if any, the better for their existence. But Norman’s time was well and profitably spent, with the result that he has made several additions to our knowledge of the flora and fauna of Britain, and also of America. He was not a mere collector, I am told he simply took what he required for his purpose, and had the utmost contempt for those who would not hesitate to kill hundreds of insects, or even exterminate a rare species from a district altogether, for the sake of keeping a stock of negotiable specimens. In this neighbourhood George Norman collected butter- flies and moths, though his most valuable results in this direction were achieved elsewhere. He had certain books, which were his ‘‘ working” books, and it is from his numerous notes and records on their pages that we are able to form some idea of what he accomplished. A copy of Stainton’s ‘‘ Manual of British Butterflies and Moths’’* (1857, Vol. I.) * This book is a fair example of the style of Norman's work. Not only are there notes, additional localities, &c., on almost every page, but he has taken photographs (natural size) of a large proportion of the moths described therein, ani pasted them in the margin of the book. In some cases there are four or five such photographs on one page. ie as eee er BYE-GONE HULL NATURALISTS. 107 was one of these. To the records printed therein Norman has inserted additional localities in a large number of cases. Several of these are of great local importance. I have care- fully examined the book, and find that no less than 14 species, mostly labelled ‘‘ Hull,’ ‘‘ Hessle,” or “‘ Cottingham,” are not included in Mr. Boult’s list of local Macro-lepidoptera, which is published in our last Transactions. These are included in the ‘‘ List of Additions,’’ which will appear in the current year’s issue (see page 115). In several instances the records are initialled ‘‘T. S.”’ These initials are those of Thomas Stather (uncle to our member, Mr. J. W. Stather), who lived in Derringham Street, and got together a very fine collection, which I am pleased to say is still in existence. But it was in Scotland and Canada that Norman accomplished his most valuable entomological work; and as the places he visited were almost new ground at that time, he obtained quite a large number of rare and interesting specimens, several of which were new records for the localities, and in many instances new to science. Some of these were named after him; for example, amongst the Canadian specimens we find Perigrapha Normani, Agrotis Normaniana, Noctua Normaniana, Lithophane Georgii, and Crocigrapha Norman. Much of his time was spent at Forres, in Morayshire, where he was able to find plenty to occupy his attention. The ‘ Zoologist”’ contains a number of contributions from his pen on the insect fauna of Morayshire. The “ Scottish Naturalist,” or, as Mr. Norman styled it, the ‘‘ Book of Thistles,’’ started in 1875, and one of the first papers printed therein (pages 16-18) is ‘A List of the Noctuz occurring in Morayshire.” * Other notes of his appear in the same volume. In The Entomologist’s Annual for 1869 is ** A Table of Scarce and Local British Lepidoptera,’ for the previous year, in which Norman is responsible for quite a large number, all from Forres, whilst in the same Annual for 1872, further records from Forres are enumerated (pages 111 and 114). The Ento- mologist’s Monthly Magazine contains several similar notes; for instance, in Vol. 18 (for 1881-2), he gives particulars of additions to his ‘ previous list of bugs occurring in Moray- shire’’ (June, 1881, vol. 18), whilst in the August number for the same year Mr. John Scott describes three species new to * In this paper Norman speaks of having taken to his ‘‘old study, entomology, after a lapse of above twenty-five years.’ Probably during this time his attentions were more devoted to microscopy. Cc 108 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB, Britain of Hemiptera-Homoptera, two of which (Deltocephalus Flori and D. repletus) were taken by Mr. Norman at Forres. A still further addition was made in the May, 1882, issue of the same magazine (page 276), and this article, signed ‘*G. Norman, Peebles, March 28th, 1882,” was probably the last he wrote, for he died suddenly, at Peebles, on July 5th of that year. Late in 1873 we find him in Canada, where he remained for two years. The first year, 1874, he stayed at St. Catherines, Ontario, and in 1875, near Orillia. One reason why he went out was to endeavour to find the habitat and study the life history of the very rare Agrotis fennica,* and in the January issue of the Canadian Entomologist for 1874, we find a letter from him, asking for information as to where it occurs, its economy in the larval state, food plant, &c.{ A year later, in the same journal,} he gives a paper on “‘ Captures of Noctuide at St. Catherines, Ontario,” the list including ‘‘several species, and even some genera, hitherto new to science.” Detailed descriptions of these appear in the Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, and are mostly written by Mr. Aug. R. Grote, of Buffalo.§ In April, 1875, at the request of the Editor of the Canadian Entomologist, Mr. Norman gives a few hints on ‘“‘ Sugaring for Noctuez,”’|| which I think will not be uninteresting to our members; I therefore quote them in full (see note at the end of this paper). In the December issue of the same journal (page 226), soon after Mr. Norman left for Europe, Mr. Grote gives some ‘‘Lepidopterological Observations,’ in concluding which he says :— ‘‘ The specimens illustrated on the accompanying Photographic Plate were taken at St. Catherines, or Orillia, by Mr. George Norman, of Cluny Hill, Forres, Scotland, and are interesting since they are mostly types of new species described in these pages. Their discovery is due to the scientific enthusiasm of Mr. Norman, who has spent two years in Canada to the benefit of Entomological knowledge and the pleasure of his North American friends.’’4/ After his return from America he still contributed to the Canadian Entomologist, the issue for April, 1876, containing a * Mr. N. F. Dobree tells me that he has since found the habitat of Agrotis fennica to be in Western Siberia. See Entomologist, Dec., 1887. + Page 19. + Jan., 1875, pages 3-6; and Feb., pages 21-24. § Vol. x (1873-4), Vol. 2 (1874-5), and Vol. 3 (1875-6). On the cover of the second volume of this series, in Mr. Norman’s handwriting, is a list of “New Species added to the N. American Noctua fauna found by G. N. during 1874-5.’’"—27 in all! || Canadian Entomologist, pages 61-62. | One of these specimens, No. 13, is Crocigrapha Normani. —— BYE-GONE HULL NATURALISTS. 10g lengthy list of ‘‘Captures of Noctuide near Orillia, in the Province of Ontario, Canada” (pages 67-72). Though Orillia was nothing like so favourable a locality as his previous place of sojourn, St. Catherines, he still was able to find there a few species new to science. Between his return from America in 1875, and the year of his death, most of his time was spent in Morayshire, and he contributed numerous notes to various scientific periodicals in reference to the “ butterflies and bugs”’ of that district. Finding a “ List of specimens sent to the British Museum” amongst some of his papers, I communicated with the authorities, and have received the following reply from Mr. Butler :— “The late George Norman, of Hull, in 1869 presented five Noctuid moths (Agrotis agathina) collected by himself, I believe, in Morayshire; this moth was previously represented in the British collection by five examples from the old Stephensian collection, and no others have since been added. “In 1875 Mr. Norman presented 117 Noctuid moths, collected by him in Canada; these were very useful in making up the Museum series of N. American Noctuide. ‘“In 1883 the private collection of the late George Norman was presented to the Museum by his brother, Thos. A. Norman, Esq. It consisted of 2350 Hemiptera, from Scotland and Canada; also five Lepidoptera, four Diptera, and two Neuroptera. ‘‘The value of this last donation may be best understood when it is known that these (excepting, of course, the Canadian captures), combined with the Power, Scott, and Saunders collections represent the present beautiful working collection of British Rhynchota now in the Museum Insect Room. ... In the impetus to the study of British entomology which their acquisition by the nation gives, their scientific value is considerable.”’ But he was better known, at any rate in Hull, as a micro- scopist. He had at all times a great love for the microscope, and did all in his power to encourage others similarly inclined. He was one of the founders and for some time the President of the Hull Micro-Philosophical Society. Sheahan says :— ‘The nucleus of this Society was formed at a private residence about six years ago [i.e. about 1858], but owing to the numerical increase of its members and a growing interest in its objects and utility, its meetings have since been held in one of the rooms of the Royal Institution. The number of members at present is 32, most of whom possess instruments and lenses of superior make. The meetings are held bi-monthly, when papers are read, with discussions thereupon. The President of the Society, George Norman, Esq., is well known to the microscopical world through his published labours in the field of Diatomaceze; by whom also a comprehensive ‘‘ List’’ of the species and locality of deposit of these interesting microscopical objects, numbering upwards of 400, gathered from the various ponds, ditches, lagoons, salt and fresh water streams, &c., IIO HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. occurring at or about the neighbourhood of Hull, was published in 1859.* This pamphlet betrays evidence of indefatigable zeal, patience, and acquirement. . . . Several interesting papers, emanating from the different members of the Society, have appeared from time to time in the metro- politan scientific journals.’'} In addition to his excellent local list of diatoms already referred to,} the following references to Norman’s paper occur in Mr. F. W. Mill’s ‘Introduction to the Diatomaceze.’’s§ “Notes on some new and rare Diatomacee from the Stomachs of Ascidians.”” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1858, page 158. “On Rhizosolena,”’ op. cit., 1858, page 158. ‘*On some undescribed species of Diatomacez.'"’ ‘‘T. M. S., 1861, page 5.” ‘Diatomaceous Deposits,"’ Q. J. M. S., 1868, page 218. “Hunting for Diatomacee.’’ ‘Intell. Observ.”’ [no date. | Mr. Norman also contributed some ‘‘ Notes on Ascide as a source for Diatomacez”’ in the Zoologist for 1857 (page 5772). Although the study of diatoms was such a favourite one with so many naturalists during Norman’s time, he was able to make several additions to our knowledge on the subject. Some new species which he found were named after him; others he named in honour of his friends and fellow-workers, J. D. Sollitt and R. Harrison; for example, there are Coscino- discus Normani, Pleurosigma Normani, Odontidium Harrisonit, and Aulacodiscus Sollittianus. Mr. Norman's excellent microscope and his collection of several hundred slides are now preserved in the Museum in Albion Street. Though it is manifest that Norman took a keen interest in botanical matters, I have not been able to find that he published anything relating to that subject. He has, however, supplied others with material. He had a great liking for ferns, exotic and British, and had a very fine collectlon of the former in his greenhouses; several of the plants are still living and in the possession of his sister, Miss Norman. A great number of the excellent illustrations in Lowe’s “ Ferns, British and Exotic” (8 vols., 1855-1860), are from specimens * A second edition of this was issued in 1865, and contained numerous additions to the previous list —T. S. { Sheahan’s “‘ History of Hull,’ 1864, page 509. . { The paper ‘‘On the Diatomacez in the neighbourhood of Liver- pool”’ is included in Mr. Mill's list in error. It was not compiled by Norman. § Our president, Mr. Philip, is busy revising this list and bringing it up to date, and the probability is it will be printed in our Transactions before long. q : : ; d t ‘ : BYE-GONE HULL NATURALISTS. FEL supplied by Mr. Norman, and we find the author is indebted to him ‘‘for many plants and fronds of rare ferns, as well as for the loan of several valuable foreign works upon the different Filices.” That he also did some work amongst the local plants is only what we might have expected. Fortunately, his records, in his own handwriting, are preserved in two books—‘‘ The Botanist’s Manual” (Sheffield, no date), and Baines’ “‘ Flora of Yorkshire”’ (first edition, 1840). This latter contains Mr. Norman’s dated signature (1845), and the records will presumably date from that time. Mr. Robinson has carefully examined both books, and finds that in many cases Norman’s records are the earliest for several East Riding plants, whilst in others they are additions to our ‘‘ Flora.” Full particulars, however, will appear in the ‘Flora of the East Riding.” The royal ‘‘flowering” fern (Osmunda regalis), found by Norman in Cliff Wood, near Newbald, is new to us, whilst in the Bee orchis (Ophyrs opifera) at Hessle, the Butterfly orchis (Orchis bifolia) at Birkhill Wood, and Herb Paris (Paris quadrifoliata) in the same situation; he has priority as regards recording the localities. Mr. Robinson is of opinion that the additional East Riding records which appear in the second edition of Baines’ ‘Flora of Yorkshire’? (1857), have been supplied by Norman, as they correspond in many respects with the written remarks in that gentleman’s copy of the first edition. Incidentally many interesting points present themselves on a perusal of the additional records in the two books, though I must not enumerate them all. ‘‘Scot’s Bog” is frequently referred to, and apparently was an_ excellent collecting ground for botanists. The Grass of Parnassus (Parnassia palustris), and other beautiful marsh-loving plants flourished there in Norman’s time. ‘‘Scot’s Bog’’ existed close by Cottingham Station, but the Mill Dam Pumping Station, erected in 1890, has drained the land in the vicinity, and the Grass of Parnassus is no more. ‘‘ Cottingham Common” has been similarly changed, many of the plants recorded by Norman not being there now. The former occurrence of the Carraway (Carwi carui), ‘Near the Anlaby Toll Bar, Humber Bank,” is also of interest. The Water. Violet (Hittonia palustris) grew in a ditch ‘‘near Rose Cottage, between Hull and Newland.’ Need I add that it does not grow there now? Of great value to the members of our Club are a number of records of a more general character, which Norman made IIi2 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. between 1843 and 1864. The Editor of the ‘‘ Zoologist ’’ has kindly supplied me with particulars of no less than 47 notes, &c., contributed to his magazine by Norman, between the dates named. Amongst these are ‘‘Summer Birds at Hull,” and ‘* Rough-legged Buzzard at Hull” (1844); ‘* Great Grey- backed Shrike near Hull” and ‘‘Waxen Chatterer near Hull” (7845); ‘Occurrence of S. convolvuli and A. atropos near Hull” (1846); ‘‘ Deilephilia celerio at Brantingham Thorp” (1847); ‘‘Opah, or King Fish on the Yorkshire Coast”’ (1849); ‘‘ Waxwing near Hull,” *‘ Wild Swans near Hull,” and “Early appearance of the Martin near Hull” (1850); **Some American Snails naturalised in Yorkshire”’ (1854); ‘‘ Large Flocks of Crossbills near Hull” (1855); “The Locust at Hull’”’ (1857); ‘* Hooded Crows at Flambro’ Head” (1858); ‘‘Sphinx convolvuli near Hull” (1861); ‘‘Caaing Whales in the Humber” (1862); and ‘Crested Grebe in the- Humber,” and ‘Ring Ouzel near Malton” (1864). ead have liked to give a brief summary of these various notes, but this paper is already much longer than I at first anticipated it would be. It is very essential, however, that local records of years ago should be brought before our members, and I hope in a future paper to review the various notes, relating to this district, which have appeared in the ** Zoologist,” from its commencement in 1842, and elsewhere. This will include Norman’s notes as well as others. Photography was another of Norman’s hobbies. I have already referred to the photographs of insects which he took. But he secured an excellent series of views of the old Toll Bar at Newland, Cottingham Castle, and other places which do not now exist. These, of course, are of historic value. I cannot conclude without tendering my very best thanks to Miss S. Norman, for giving me such ready access to the various books from which the foregoing information has been compiled, and for assistance in other ways. ‘es: Larce Pike aT Burton ConsTABLe, Yorks., S.E.—I record the capture of what I believe to be one of the largest pikes ever caught in Yorkshire. It weighed 294 lbs., and was caught on a spoon bait, in October last, in the lake at Burton Constable, by Mr. Councillor Cooper, of Hull, who has had it preserved.—J. R. Lowrnuer, Crane Hill, Beverley, 4th April, 1900.” * Reprinted from the Naturalist. BYE-GONE HULL NATURALISTS. Il3 APPENDIX. SUGARING FOR NOCTUZ. By THE LATE GEORGE NORMAN. Having been requested by the worthy Editor of this journal [Lhe Canadian Entomologist] to contribute a few hints on sugaring for Noctue, I have endeavoured to put together a few notes that may prove serviceable to those who may not have been successful in this method of capture. To begin with, it ought to be a golden rule never to abandon a locality, even should it yield nothing for a few nights. Often have I sugared a new locality night after night, with absolutely no results, but by persevering the moths have become attracted to the place, and, in course of time, were swarming on every tree. The mixture I have found to answer best is either the common black treacle (not refined syrup), or the very coarsest brown sugar, called, I believe, by the trade, ‘‘ Jamaica foots.” In either case the sugar or treacle must be thinned down toa proper consistency by means of stale ale, or, what is still better, the thick yeasty residuum from an ale or stout cask. Some collectors add a drop or two of oil of aniseed, and, just before brushing on to the trees, a small quantity of rum, but I have really found no benefit from either addition. My receptacle for the mixture is made of zinc, flattened at the sides and rounded at the corners, so as easily to slip into my shooting-coat pocket. It has a brass screw at the neck, with a leather washer, the handle being attached to the brush—an ordinary painter’s ‘sash tool’’—and goes inside the neck, and is screwed tight when in the pocket. By this means all soiling the fingers is avoided. On arriving at my ground, I look for a round with plenty of young trees with stems under twelve inches in diameter, selecting a place interspersed, if possible, by walks and foot- paths. The thick, dense portions of woods are of no use, but the outside trees will do very well, provided the trees are not too large, and the trunks too rough and corky; choose the trees of medium roughness, for perfectly smooth ones, such as beech and young poplars, are as bad as those too rough, and rarely pay for the trouble. Spread the mixture on the lee- ward side of the tree, in a longish patch, at about the height © of your face from the ground, as near sunset as possible as to time. Then comes a quiet pipe or two until it is dark II4 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. enough to light the lantern. Never smoke when examining for moths, or you will lose many a rarity. When quite dark, light the lamp and go carefully over the trees. My lantern isa portable flat one, burning with vapour of benzoline, and is, I believe, called a ‘‘ sponge spirit lamp.” It is far more cleanly than oil. The lantern has a drawer for matches, and, instead of having a ‘‘ bull’s eye”’ in front, has a circular piece of plate glass, with bevelled edges. This arrangement allows the light to spread more than the ‘ bull’s eye,’”’ and enables one more easily to take the moth with the net, should it try to escape. No one ought to rely upon his chip boxes or cyanide bottle alone, when he goes his round; some moths are proverbially skittish, or fall to the ground and are lost among the herbage, if a hand net is not placed beneath them. The old plan of using a chip box for each specimen is, I think, the best, but many prefer the cyanide bottle. If the moths are left for twelve hours in the bottle they lose much of their rigidity. In barren places, without trees, the sugar may be applied to stones and rocks, and on the sea shore or on sand hills, pieces of chip or wood may be sugared and stuck in the ground; or in the event of these being not procurable, heads of thistles or bents (Ammophila) may be tied into bundles and smeared with the enticing lure; such localities often yield rare Agroti. I have generally found damp, dark nights, with a soft breeze blowing, the best, but have also had the most excellent collecting even during the most brilliant moonshine. Some writers recommend sugaring a tree every ten yards or so; my plan has been to sugar every suitable and accessible tree, how- ever near each other. In the spring the catkins of willows and sallows ought to be visited and carefully examined by means of a bull’s-eye lantern. Many hybernated moths will be found in company with the J@niocampide. Again, in the autumn the flower spikes of the common reed (Arundo phrag- mites) should be visited after nightfall. In my excursions [| usually carry my apparatus, lamp, &c., in a leathern wallet, which is suspended by rings to a stout leather waist belt. This arrangement leaves the shoulders and chest free. BITTERN NEAR BEVERLEY.—A fine specimen of the Bittern (Botaurus stellaris) was shot at the side of a ditch near Beverley, on 22nd December. It is six years since this species has occurred in this district.—J. R. Lowruer, Crane Hill, Beverley, 1st January, 1g00.* * Reorinted from the Naturalist. PeDITIONS FO. THE, CLUB'S LIST -OF LOCAL MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA, Igoo. By J. W. Bou rt. HE following species do not occur in the ‘‘ List of Macro- Lepidoptera collected within eight miles of Hull,” which is printed in our Transactions for last year (page 55). The first (Mania typica), isa common species, and was accidentally omitted from the list. All the others are recorded by the late Mr. George Norman in a copy of ‘« Stainton’s Manual,” now in the possession of our Secretary, Mr. T. Sheppard, and particulars of these have been supplied to me by Mr. Sheppard (see his remarks on page 105). The records marked * are initialled ‘‘«T.S.” in Norman’s hand- writing, and were in the collection of the late Thomas Stather, of Hull. This collection is still in existence. The other species are presumably Norman’s own captures. It is rather remarkable that not one of the last thirteen species is now known to occur in this district :— Name. Locality. Mania typica Hull. Mamestra abjecta* Hull. Celena Haworthit* Hull. Ayrotis porphyrea* Hull. Agrotis pyrophila* Hull. Noctua subrosea* Hull. Teniocampa populeti Cottingham. Dicyela oo Beverley. Dianthoecia conspersa Hull. Hadena glauca* Hull. Heliothis peltiger™ Hull. Tovocampa pastinum* Hull. . Catocala fraxini* Hull. Brephos parthenias Cottingham. It has been remarked that our last list did not contain many species which are recognised as very common in other parts of the country. This is due to the fact that they do not occur in close proximity to the city of Hull, in consequence of the absence of woods and other suitable habitats. The past year has been a very poor one from a collector’s point of view, so far as this neighbourhood is concerned. 116 HULL FIELD NATURALISTS’ AND SCIENTIFIC CLUB. The Humming-bird Hawk Moth (Macroglossa stellatarum) has has been very plentiful, however, as also the Death’s Head Moth (Acherontia atropos). No less than eleven dozen of these latter have recently been received from the neighbourhood of Spurn by one man alone, to my knowledge. The ‘Clouded yellow”’ (Colias edusa) has been fairly frequently met with this year—for the first time since 1878. A specimen of the small Elephant Hawk Moth (Chero- campa porcellus) is recorded by Col. B. B. Haworth-Booth, J.P., D.L. It was caught near the entrance to Hullbank Hall in July last. Near the same place I recently took a specimen of Aplecta occulta, the first time for nineteen years. Hornet aT BeverRLEY.—On 26th September last, a specimen of the Hornet (Vespa crabo) was taken inside my house by my sister, and I have secured it for my collection. I believe this insect to be of uncommon occurrence in East Yorkshire. It is a question how a solitary specimen occurred here, where the species has never been known to breed.— James R. Lowruer, Crane Hill, Beverley, 3rd November, 1899. (This record is one of great value and interest. The only previous authenticated occurrence for Yorkshirethat Iam aware of is that at Bishophill, York, some fifty years ago, as recorded in my list of Yorkshire Hymenoptera (Trans. Yorks. Nat. Union, Part II., for 1878, pages 49-50). Mr. Lowther has allowed me to see his specimen, which is certainly Vespa crabo.—W.D.R.] * THe Lamprey in THE River Huti.—On July 18th of this year, I observed a fine specimen of the Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Hull below the weir at Hemp- holme. It was about three feet long and weighed between three and four pounds. It appeared quite fearless of observation and passed within a few feet of me, revealing its snake-like markings. This handsome fish has only once before been recorded in the River Hull.|—H. M. Foster, Sept., 1900. * Reprinted from the Naturalist. + See ‘‘ The Fishes of the River Hull,’’ by the present writer, in Trans. Hull Sci. and F. Nat. Club, Vol. I., No. 1, 1898, pp. 10-21. EAST RIDING BOTANICAL NOTES, 1g00. By J. F. Rosrnson. HE botanical section of the Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club during the past year has again done good work, both in old ground and also in newly visited patches. Thus at Birkhill Wood, near Beverley, where the late Mr. Geo. Norman was accustomed to ‘‘ botanise’’ forty years ago, Veronica montana, Melampyrum pratense, Paris quad- vifolia, and Luzula sylvatica were found in June last. Of these, Luzula is a new vice-country record; and, near to its station, we made the discovery of a patch of heather, Calluna Erica, which previously was not known either in Holderness or on the Chalk Wolds. The fast disappearing marshes have, as usual, not been neglected, with the satisfactory result that Lathyvus palustris, sapposed to be entirely or almost entirely lost to Yorkshire, was found flowering in a station near Arram, and in the neighbourhood of Lysimachia vulgaris, Cavex pavadoxa, Lastvea Thelypterts, &c., whilst over them all waved many a purple grey plume of the rather common East Riding grass, Calamagrostis lanceolata. The salt marsh alluvium near the Humber below Paull yielded, so lately as 18th August of this year, a plant which was quite new to Yorkshire, namely, Bupleuvum tenuissimum ; and a day or so later, in brackish pools nearer Spurn, the keen eyes of Mr. T. Petch, B.A., B.Sc., who first saw the Bupleuyum, detected Ruppia spiralis, this being the first record for the East Riding of Yorkshire. Later still the small clubmoss, Selaginella selaginoides, together with Bryum turbinatum, have been added to our list as found at North Newbald. Add to the above the very large number of aliens and foreigners that Messrs. WaterfaJl and Boult have found stranded on waste places near the Hull Docks and elsewhere, since the appearance of the last part of the Transactions, and it will be seen that no lack of reward has accrued to East Riding botanists, whose promised ‘“ Flora”’ has now assumed such respectable proportions that it should not be long before it reaches the public. LitrteE GuLL aT WITHERNSEA AND LITTLE AUK AT BarTon-on-HuMBER.—I have in my collection a Little Gull (Larus minutus), which was shot at Withernsea after a storm three or four years ago; and a Little Auk (Mergulus alle), which was caught at Barton-on-Humber on 22nd March, 1g00, by Mr. R. Stamp.—Cuas. CoLpWELt. DEFORMED DIATOMS IN THE SUBWAY NEAR THE ST. ANDREW’S DOCK, HULL. By R. H. Pui ip. (Read November Ist, 1899.) N one of the excursions of our society during last summer, my attention was attracted while passing through the Subway to the West Dock by a thick brownish deposit, apparently oozing through the brick walls. On taking a little of this home ina tube and examining it under the microscope, I found it to consist almost entirely of diatoms of the genus Suriredla, a genus that contains some of a=Surirella ovalis, var. ovata (normal form—valve face); b, b=ditto, girdle face ; c, c, c=deformed specimens; d=a detached girdle. (Magnified about 400 diameters.) the largest and most beautiful of our British diatoms, notably, S. biseriata, a fine species, not uncommon in boggy pools, and 8. spiralis, a very strangely twisted frustule, looking like a figure 8, which I have found in this district at Newbald Springs only. The species from West Dock Subway is S. ovalis, variety ovata, a smaller form than either of those = DEFORMED DIATOMS. Iig alluded to above, but remarkable in this instance for the curious distortion of shape in the majority of the frustules, the extent and variability of which may be seen by the accompanying diagram. Every student of diatoms must occasionally have come across deformed or modified valves, in which, while the specific distinctions were unmistakeable, the general appearance was very considerably altered. Dr. Miquel, in an article in ‘‘ Le Diatomiste,’”’ professes to have effected modifications in the diatomaceze by artificial culti- vation, the predominance of certain physical and chemical elements being intentionally exaggerated. In the case under notice, the deforming agent may have been the deficient amount of light in the Subway, or it may be that the diatoms are in some way affected by infiltration of brackish water from the dock, though the normal form is not uncommon in brackish water. In any case, the variations of form are unusual and worth notice. Considerably more than fifty per cent. of the specimens collected are deformed in this way. TooTH OF OXYRHINA MACRORHIZA FROM THE RED CHALK or SpEEToN.—Mr. F. Lamplough, on a recent excursion, obtained a very fine shark’s tooth from the Red Chalk near Speeton Gap, which appeared to be different from anything that the writer had seen from the Red Chalk of Yorkshire. On sending the specimen to Mr. A. Smith Woodward, F.R.S., of the British Museum, that gentleman informs us that the tooth belongs to the shark named Oxyrhina macrorhiza by Pictet and Campiche, and that he only knows the species from the Gault and Cambridge Greensand and from the Albian of France and Switzerland. The tooth is, therefore, an addition to our Red Chalk fauna. A figure of a similar specimen from the Cambridge Greensand appears with Mr. Woodward’s paper on ‘‘ Notes on the Sharks’ Teeth from British Cretaceous Formations,” which appears in the Pro- ceedings of the Geologists’ Association, Vol. XIII., No. 6, for February, 1894, Pl. V., fig. 24.—T. Suepparp, F.G.S., Sept., 1900. LOCAL ARCHZOLOGICAL NOTES. By Tuomas SHEPPARD, F.G.S. (2) On a Bronze Mould and a Hoard of Bronze Axes found at Hotham Carrs, East Yorkshire. INCE the publication of an account of the various finds . of bronze socketed axes, found in Holderness, which appeared in our last year’s Transactions,* the Rev. Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., F.S.A., has kindly ient, for exhibition to our members, a portion of the contents{ of a large hoard of bronze flanged axes, and the two valves of a mould of the same material, found at Hotham Carrs, near North Cave. As a detailed account of this find has not previously been published, and it is to some extent of an exceptional nature, the following notes thereon may be of interest. The hoard was discovered in 1867 where it had been de- posited by its original owner, on Hotham Carrs farm. The various articles were all found together,} and had apparently been hidden away and not again unearthed until accidentally discovered by the plough several centuries after they were buried. In his excellent work .on ‘British Barrows” (1877), Canon Greenwell states (page 47) that many of the hoards of implements found in this country ‘‘seem to have been collections of damaged and broken implements, gathered together for the purpose of being recast.’’ The Sproatley hoard, referred to in our last Transactions, was evidently such a collection, as nearly all the axes were cracked or otherwise imperfect. The specimens from Hotham are similarly defective. There are in all seven axes, all of the flanged or ‘‘paalstab”’ type. The largest, which is perfect, * Vol. I., Part Il., 1899, pages 52-54. + The greater portion of this hoard was sold to a rag and bone dealer, and subsequently to a brass founder in Hull and destroyed. ~ Canon Greenwell possesses another celt from Hotham ; it was not part of this hoard however, and though a “‘ paalstab,”’ is of a different type from those under notice. § Similarly, the Sproatley hoard consisted of 35 celts, but with one exception all were of the socketed type, the exception being a ‘‘ paalstab.” (See page 120). VIEWS OF BRONZE MOULD AND AXE FOUND AT HOTHAM. PuiatTe 8. LOCAL ARCHZOLOGICAL NOTES. I2I but rather clumsily made, is seven inches long, and 23 inches broad at the cutting edge. The others are either broken on the cutting edge or at the opposite end. One specimen is simply the lower half of the axe, whilst in another the cutting edge is entirely broken away. Though the axes differ somewhat in shape, and were consequently cast in different moulds, they resemble each other in the size and shape of the ‘‘ wings” as well as in other particulars. As will be seen from the specimen figured on the accompanying plate, the ‘‘wings” are very broad, and lozenge-shaped. One artistically made celt has a loop to enable it to be secured to the handle with a thong; the others are without this provision for secure hafting. The most important object found amongst the Hotham hoard is the bronze mould, and it is interesting to find that two of the axe heads have been cast in the mould.* One is the specimen with the cutting edge broken off, already referred to, and the other is the one figured. Examples of stone moulds have at times been found in Britain, but it rarely happens that bronze moulds are discovered in this country. They are occasionally met with on the Continent. } The mould is 74 inches long, nearly 2 inches broad in the centre (when the valves are placed together), and 23 inches wide in its widest part. The two parts fit together with much precision, which is strong evidence of the high degree of efficiency in bronze casting attained by the Britons. On the outside the mould is slightly ornamented by ridges, but, as near as possible, the mould is the shape of the axe, being not unnecessarily thick in any part. One valve of the mould has five projections (two on each side and one at the bottom), the other half having correspond- ing holes into which the projections fit. In every detail the mould is well and carefully made. A reference to the drawings (Plate VIII.) will perhaps give a better idea of the various articles contained in the hoard than any description that can be given. * The complete specimen does not fit precisely into the mould, but this is due to the fact that the cutting edge has been hammered out after casting, thus making the edge larger and sharper. + Canon Greenwell possesses one, for palstaves, from near Amiens, in France, and there is another French one in the Pitt-Rivers collection. Dr. R. Munro, in his ‘“‘ Lake Dwellings of Europe’’ (1890), figures two bronze moulds, for socketed celts, one (fig. 9, No. 22, on page 43), trom Auviernier ; another (fig. 17, No. 8, on page 84), from the Lake of Geneva. Both specimens were found in Lake Dwellings. 122 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Fig. 1 represents the outside of the mould. Both valves are practically alike externally. Fig. 2 shews the inside of the same valve. The general outline of the axe is well shewn, as also the depressions for the ‘‘ wings.” The five projections are clearly depicted, and the cup-shaped hollow at the top is where the melted metal was poured in. Any bronze remaining in this hollow after casting would be cut off. Fig. 3 is a side view of the two valves of the mould placed together, as when ready for casting. Fig. 4is the nearly perfect axe, one of the hoard, which has been cast in this mould. By comparing this with figure ag it will be observed to what extent the cutting edge has been hammered out. My best thanks are due to Canon Greenwell for the opportunity he has given me of examining and describing these very interesting specimens, and also to Miss Mortimer for the trouble she has taken in preparing the very excellent drawings from which the illustration has been prepared. (>) On a French Type of Bronze Axe found at Hull. The axe-head referred to in the following note was dis- covered about the year 1884, during the construction of the Alexandra Dock, which is situated on the left bank of the Humber at the east end of the town of Hull. It was found whilst levelling the bottom of the dock, at a depth of about 40 feet, and was purchased from the labourer who found it by Mr. Dannatt, of Hull, who supplied the workmen with provisions. He paid one shilling for it. The greater portion of the material excavated during the construction of the dock consisted of old Humber silt, a comparatively recent deposit. The strata passed through, however, varied in different parts of the dock. Beginning at the top they were :— Clayey warp (a considerable thickness) ; Warp sand (of varying thickness, maximum about 5 feet) ; Clayey gravel; Peat, with occasional oak stumps ; Boulder clay (glacial). In other parts of the dock the only beds exposed were warp, peat, and gravel. ~~ LOCAL ARCHEOLOGICAL NOTES. — 123 , Mr. Clement Reid, F.G.S., referring to these deposits, says: ‘The overlying warp contains abundance of shells. . .. A boat was found in the warp and a bronze dagger. Warp, however, is so rapidly deposited that the depth at which such articles occur is no evidence of their antiquity.” * I have not been able to get any information about these BRONZE AXE FROM HULL, At the top are front and side views, and at the bottom a view looking down from the top of the axe, showing the sockets finds, and on communicating with Mr. Reid in reference to the ‘‘bronze dagger”’ and boat, he says that so far as he remembers he was told they had been found in some of the early excavations. He never saw the objects, and does not know what became of them. It is possible, therefore, that the “‘ bronze dagger ’’ is the axe-head under notice. * Geology of Holderness (Geological Survey Memoir), 1885, page gr. D I24 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. As to the probable horizon in which the axe occurred, there can be little doubt that this was either at the base of the warp or on the level of the peat-bed. The axe-head is of the flanged form (palstave), is 42 inches long, 24 inches wide along the cutting edge, and its present breadth across the flange is 1g inches. It weighs 184 ounces. Its peculiarity lies in the great width of the flanges, which have been bent over, thus forming an incomplete socket on each side of the blade. Measuring round the flange from edge to edge, the width is 24 inches. The flanges were flat or thereabouts when cast, and have been hammered over in the manner shown in the accompanying drawing. The flanges are much wider than ordinary, and the hammering over, as in this specimen, is quite unusual in British axe-heads. There is also a decided ‘‘squareness”’ about this implement which is not usually found in British specimens. A few days ago the Rev. Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., F.S.A., kindly showed me his extensive collection of British and foreign bronze implements. It did not contain one British example similar to the one from the site of the Alexandra Dock, though it includes several from France which are precisely similar in type. These usually have a narrow prolongation of the metal above the flanges. In the specimen under notice, however, this has been cut off, apparently with a small bronze gouge, examples of which have frequently been found. This is not the first occasion on which ancient bronze im- plements of a French type have been dug up in this country. Canon Greenwell has a beautiful bronze halbert-blade, found at Kimberley, in Norfolk, of a quite novel type in England, but which has occurred in France. A precisely similar one, found at Plougrescant, Cétes du Nord, is engraved in Mortillet Musée Préhistorique, Plate ]xix., No. 707. Canon Greenwell also informs me that a number of bronze socketed axes of a purely Brittany type were discovered in the New Forest, Hampshire, and are described in Archwologia, vol. v., page 114, plate viii. (c) On a Roman Vase recently found in North Lincolnshire. A short time ago a friend at Barton-on-Humber informed me that a small Roman urn had that day been dug up ina clay-pit there. On going over I found that a very fine and LOCAL: ARCHOLOGICAL NOTES. 125 perfect vase, in an exceptionally good state of preservation, had been obtained in a field near the Humber bank, a short distance west of the ancient town of Barton-on-Humber. The land at this point consists of old Humber silt, resting on a bed of peat, of varying thickness. Below this is a bed of chalky gravel, and finally the solid chalk. The silt is being excavated for use in the manufacture of cement at some works adjacent, and where the vase was found it is five feet thick. The vase was lying on its side, and resting upon and partly embedded in the peat. Whether the five feet of silt represents ROMAN VASE. Two-thirds Actual Size. the accumulation since Roman times or not we cannot say, but the point is worth bearing in mind. The vase is made of fine grey clay, but it is now of a dark colour, and has a glossy surface through its contact with the peat. Its normal colour can be seen in a small fracture which was made whilst digging it out. The vase is 32 inches high, 3 inches wide in its widest part, slightly over 2} inches across the top, and the neck, which is nearly half an inch from the top, is 2} inches in width. The base measures nearly 14 inches across. The vessel holds slightly over a quarter of a 126 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. pint. It will thus be seen that it is of an unusually small size, and is, consequently, of exceptional interest. At the distance of an inch from the bottom is a belt (about 14 inches wide) of diagonal markings, which are about a quarter of an inch from each other.“ This cross-hitching goes round the vase, and has apparently been made with the thumb-nail before the clay was baked. The vase appears to have been again put on the wheel, after the cross-hatching, in order to delete the ends of the markings, and thus leave a regular and even ornamentation. Towards the bottom there is evidence of its having been in close proximity to a flame, possibly of a lamp, at some period subsequent to the original baking. The vase contained nothing but clay. In one place inside is a ferruginous stain, which may have been made whilst the specimen was buried in the peat. The vase is now in my possession. * At a place about two miles to the west—near South Ferriby—I have found numerous pieces of oman pottery, portions of much larger vessels than the one under notice, and ina great number of cases these have been ornamented with similar diagonal markings. Smews NEAR BeverLey.—Mr. J. Coates, of Flemingate, Beverley, informs me that he shot a fine female of the Smew (Mergus albellus) on the River Hull, near Beverley, in December last. This bird is a regular winter visitor to the River Hull, and we generally have records of specimens shot, usually males.—J. R. Lowrner, Crane Hill, Beverley, 1gth March, 1900. UnusuaL CotoraTion oF FLounper.—Whilst fishing in the River Hull, near Beverley Lock, on the 6th of June, I caught a flounder ( Plewronceetes flesus), the under side of which was exactly the same colour as the upper side generally is. I have never seen such a variety before, but Mr. T. Skinner, a local angler, tells me he caught one last year which was white on both sides.—J. R. Lowruer, Crane Hill, Beck Side, Beverley, gth July, 1900. A HALTEMPRICE DOCUMENT. By J. R. Boyre, F.S.A. HE following is a brief description of a document of great local interest which I have recently had the good fortune to discover whilst examining some old papers, &c., at Beverley. It is a receipt for £4 6s. 8d. for the tithe corn of Anlaby and Wolferton, paid by John Eland, of Hull, on February 5th, 1535 or 1536. It is written and signed by Robert Colynson, the last prior of Haltemprice. It is the only document known to be in existence that was actually written by an inmate of the old priory. The paper is slightly damaged on the right-hand edge, and the following is a fac-simile and transcript, so far as it can be read :— hel (Gna ae fife Dae of folenvay 3 US Is ep gl 1 pal o F Ao’ 128 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Ihe Thys byll mayd the fyft daye of february [in the year of | our lorde god a thowsand fyue hundreth xxxv [witnesseth that] I haue resauyd of mast' John eland of hullesq .... dew vnto me thys feest of the puryficac’on [of our blessed] laydy for the teyth corn of anlawghby & wolf{erton] .. . for hurrelbek, of the qwych iiij! vjs & viij4, & also . me well & trewly content & payd, the forsayd .... to be qwytt & for that term & all other befor . . . to be suffycyently dyscharged In wytness hereof... . myn name « sette the seall of myn offyce P’ me Rob’t’m Colynson priorem de hawtemp [{rice| A Rorquat at ALDBorouUGH, East YoRKSHIRE.—A large whale was found dead by the steamship ‘‘ Empress,” and towed into Scarborough Bay, on Saturday, September tst. As the sanitary authorities refused permission to land it, it was taken out to sea and cast adrift, presumably on Saturday night. Early on Monday morning, it was found stranded on the beach at Aldborough, just south of the inn, having been blown ashore by the northerly wind. It had been recorded as a Sperm Whale in the local Press, but proved to be really a common Rorqual (Balenoptera musculus). Measurements taken at Aldborough made its length 74 feet, fluke (posterior margin) 7 ft. gin., flipper 6-7 feet. The last was estimated, as the animal was much decomposed—having, in fact, lost nearly the whole of its skin. No girth measurements were possible. The baleen was slate coloured, with yellowish markings, though several plates, usually in groups of three, were pure white. At the auction on Monday afternoon, a combination of Aldborough men secured it for £10, the first and only bid. Cutting-up operations were commenced on Wednesday, the blubber being packed in barrels for convey- ance to Hull.—T. Petcn, B.A., B.Sc. Ho.perNESs Bats.—Several large bats were observed flying over the Burstwick drain at Hedon during August, 1g00. One shot on August 18th was identified as a Noctule (Vesperugo noctula). The bat common in Holderness, is the Pipistrelle (Vesperugo pipistrellus). I have one record of the long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus) ; a specimen was caught ina room at Thorp Garth, Aldborough, August, 1897.— T, Peres, :Beht,7.Se- LIST OF THE COLEOPTERA OCCURRING AROUND HULL. By C. W. RussELt. (Read August 29th, 1900). HE following list does not profess to include all the species that occur near the City of Hull, but it is hoped that the placing on record of such species as have so far been met with will have the effect of inducing others to devote some of their time to the collection of these interesting insects, and thus enable us to add to this list each year and make it more complete. There are over three hundred species, which have been secured by Mr. T. Stainforth and myself, principally whilst collecting lepidoptera, but we feel confident that a careful search, which we intend to make during next season, will add considerably to this list. So far the area worked has been confined to the immediate vicinity of the city, but we intend in the future to extend it to all the parts visited by the club in their excursions, viz., the East Riding. Up to the present the land species have received the most attention, though a few water beetles have been noted. The fact that Hull is a large timber port accounts for the presence of several species which would otherwise not occur with us. Amongst these some interesting examples have been found, principally in the vicinity of the docks, though in odd cases specimens have been taken some considerable distance away. These have been duly noted as they occur on the list. We are indebted to the Rev. Alfred Thornley, of Lincoln, for kindly identifying the more difficult species. We are thus more confident as to the correctness of the names than we should otherwise have been. The list is arranged according to Fowler and Sharpe's ‘“ Catalogue of the British Coleoptera” (1893). The initials ““T. S.” after the records are those of Mr. Thomas Stainforth; ““C. R.” are my own. 130 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Carabus nemoralis Mill, af violaceous Marsh. monilis F, NN ‘otiophilus biguttatus F. a palustris Duft. Leistus rufescens Guér. » Sspinibarbrs F. »» jferrugineus L. » fulvibarbis Dej. Nebria brevicollis F. Nebria livida F. Formerly taken on the site of the St. Andrew’s Dock. (J-. W. Boult.) Loricera pilicornis F, Clivina fossor L. Dyschirius globosus Herbst. Broscus cephalotes L. Badister bipustulatus F. Acupalpus meridianus L. Bradyeellus harpalinus Dej. Harpalus puncticollis Payk. (=parallelus Brit. Cat.). Harpalus eneus F. a ruficornts F. Stomis pumicatus Panz. Pterostichus vulgaris L. Re madidus F. 6 niger Schall. 5 cupreus L. es picimanus Dutft. e nigrita F. Pterostichus strenuus Panz. erythropus Marsh). Amara spinipes Auct. (= aulica Panz.). Amara plebeia Gyll. », convextuscula Marsh. 5, similata Gyll. Amara ovata F. a apricaria Sturm. », familiaris Duft. Calathus crsteloides Panz. 6 piceus Marsh. mollis Marsh. Calathus melanocefhalus L. Pristonychus terricola Herbst. Anchomenus viduus var. mastus Duft. =e marginatus L. fa dorsalis Mill. f= prasinus Thunb.). 5, parampunctatus F. albipes F. Be mbidium biguttatum F, Ss ripartum Ol, ne JSemoratum Sturm, ae eneum Germ. we obtusum Sturm. es 4 maculatum Gyll. guttula F, Bembidium vartum Ol. (= ustulatum Sturm. ). Bembidium nitidulum Marsh. (=dbrunnipes Sturm.). Bembidium gilvipes Sturm. . lampros Herbst. nn littorale Ol. ‘ 4 guttatum F. =a bipunctatum L. oa minimum F, Trechus minutus F, Ad micros Herbst. Lebia chlorocephala Hof. Demetrias atricapillus L. Dromius linearis Ol, ar 4 notatus Panz. * meridionalis De}. . 4g maculatus L. ue melano-cephalus L. flaliplus fulvus F. oe Jiuviatilis Aubé. is obliquus F. Celambus versicolor Schall. 43 wnequalis F, Laccophilus interruptus Panz. (=minutus Er.). Deronectes depressus F. Hydroporus palustris L. LIST OF THE COLEOPTERA OCCURRING AROUND HULL. 131 Hydroporus planus F. Agabus nebulosus Forst. Tlibius fuliginosus F. ,, obscurus Marsh. Colymbetes fuscus L. Dytiscus marginalis L. Set punctulatus F. Acilius sulcatus L. Gyrinus natator Scop. is marinus Gyll. a elongatus, Aubé. Hydrobius fuscipes L. Helophorus aquaticus L. Helophorus brevipalpis Bedel (=granularis Thoms.). Spheridium scarabeotdes F. Cercyon lateralis Marsh. be unipunctatus L. ne melanocephalus L. Aleochara lanuginosa Grav. Hlomatlota circellarts Grav. Conosoma lividum Er. Tachyporus obtusus L. chrysomelinus L. Aypnorum F. brunneus F. e humerosus Er. Tachinus rufipes L. ute proximus Kr. a subterraneus L. marginellus F. ”’ ys Megacronus analis F. Quedius fuliginosus Grav. ~ mesomelinus Marsh. Creophilus maxillosus L. Ocypus olens Mill. ,, morto Grav. », cupreus, Rossi. Letstotrophus nebulosus F. Philonthus splendens F. <3 fimetarius Grav. a decorus Grav. + Jaminatus Creutz. Ro a marginatus F. NXantholinus punctulatus Payk. Re tricolor F. § glabratus Grav. Baptolinus alternaus Grav. Othius melanocephalus Grav. 5, fulvipennis F. Lathrobium elongatum L. < Sulvipenne Grav. 3 boreale Hoch. rs brunnipes F. on longulum Grav. Stenus speculator Er. ae brunnipes Steph. Oxytelus rugosus Grav. Lathrime@um atrocephalum Gyll. Coryvphium angusticolle Steph. Omalium rivulare Payk. Omalium excavatum Steph. (=/fossulatum Er.). Omalium rufipes Fourc. (= Jiorale Payk.). Anisotoma cinnamomea Er. One example among dead leaves. C.R. Necrophorus humator F. oe ruspator Er. we mortuorum F. Necrodes littoralis L. One, under a stone, Autumn, 1895. C.R. Silpha rugosa L. oe atrata L. Choleva fusca Panz. ky agilis Ml. “3 augustata F. ae velox Spence. ae tristts Panz. Ffister unicolor L. », merdarius Hoff. Saprinus nitidulus Payk. Subcoccinella 24 punctata L. (=e/obosa Schneid.). 132 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Adalia bipunctata L. and var. Jenestrata Weise. Adalia obliterata L. Coccinella 10 punctata L. (= variabilis \l.). Coccinella 22 punctata L. 5 7 punctata L. Ps rr punctata L. Flalysia 14 guttata L. ap 78 guttata L. Chilocorus similis Rossi. Coccidula rufa Herbst. Dacne rufifrons F. Soronta grisea L. Nitidula bipustulata L. Nemosoma elongatum L. Taken from imported timber, two specimens, Alexandra Dock, Autumn Clay WSSe Rhisophagus ferrugineus Payk. Lathridtus lardarius De Geer. Enicmus transversus Ol. Cartodere ruficollis Marsh. Corticaria elongata Humm. Melanophthalma gtbbosa Herbst. Cryptophagus dentatus Herbst. Cryptophagus setulosus Sturm an scanicus L. Atomaria pusilla Payk. <5 apicalis Er. Ephistemus girinoides Marsh. Typhea fumata L. Mycetophagus quadripustu- latus L. Dermestes murinus L. Attagenus pellio L. Byrrhus pilula L. Cytilus varius F. Simplocaria semistriata F. Aphodius fossor L. 5» contaminatus Herbst. Aphodius ater De G. ae merdarius F. ‘3 rujfipes L. 5 prodromus Brahm. eG luridus F. HA Jimetarius L. Geotrupes stercorarius L. Melolantha vulgaris F. Elater balteatus L. Athous hemorrhoidalis F. ys niger L. Agriotes sputator L. + lineatus L. ,, obscurus Marsh. Corymbites holocericeus F. Telephorus lividus L. Fs heemorrhotdalis F. aA lituratus F. - rusticus Fall. ne Juscus L. Rhagonicha fulva Scop. Thanasimus formicarius L. One on window in the town, Aug. 1goo. T.S. Ptinus fur. L. Niptus hololencus Fald. », crenatus F. Gibbium scotias F. One in old house, High Street, TG055 ICAR: Priobium castaneum F. Anobium domesticum Fourc. Bostrichus capucinus L. In imported oak at Hull, ‘‘ Naturalist,” Jan. 1893, p20. Crs boleti Scop. ,, btdentatus Ol. Callidium violaceum L. From impertedbirch, Alexandra Dock, Autumn 1899, T.S. Acanthocinus edilis L. Many examples were taken about the town in the summers of 1898 and 1899 LIST OF THE COLEOPTERA OCCURRING AROUND HULL. probably imported with timber. C.R. Pogonocherus bidentatus Thoms. One specimen in old hedge. T.S. Monochammus sutor L. Several taken on the wing in Earles’ Shipbuild- ing Yard, in the summers of 1898 and 1899. C.R. Rhagium indigator, Gyll. One example flying near the Alex. Dock. C.R. Two taken from imported tim- ber on the Alex. Dock. T.S; Bruchus pisi L. Lema lichents V oet. », melanopa L. Chrysomela marginata L. One example on_ the banks of the Lamwath drain, near Sutton, in the summer of 1899. CR. Chrysomela staphylea L. Ae polita L. wf varians Schall. Melasoma populi L. Gastroidea poligont L. Phedon cochlearia F. - tumidulus Germ. Phyllodecta vitteline L. Prasocurts phellandri L. Sermyla halensis L. Longitarsus luridus Scop. Phyllotreta nemorum L. re undulata Kuts. Aphthona atrocerulea Steph. (=cyanella Redt.). Mantura rustica L. Crepidodera ferruginea Scop. Plectroscelts concinna Marsh. Cassida viridis F. Blaps mucronata Latr. EAS Scaphidema metallicum F. (=aneum Payk. Tenebrio molitor L. Phieotrya rufipes, Gyll. (= Stephensi, Duv.). One in decaying willow near Ganstead, winter of 1895. C. R. Rhinosimus ruficollis L. a virtdipennts Steph. a planirostris F. Nacerdes melanura Schmidt. Pyrochroa serraticornts Scop. Meloé violaceous L. Rhynchites nanus Payk. Apion violaceum Kirby. 5, Aumile Germ. ,, wverens Herbst. », Ccarduorum Kirby. ,, @ichroum Bedel. flavipes Brit. Cat.). Otiorrhynchus picipes F. Omias mollinus Boh. Liophleus nubilus F. Phyllobius piri L. * oblongus L. m urtica De G. alneti F.). (= an viridiceris Laich. (=untformis Marsh. + argentatus L. Sitones lineatus L. 5, puncticollis Steph. Hypera nigrirostris F. me rumicis L. »» plantaginis De G. Liosoma ovatulum Clairv. FAylobius abietis L. Pissodes pint L. Orchestes fagi L. a guercus L. Erirrhinus acridulus L. Dorytomus vorax F. Mecinus pyraster Herbst. Anthonomus pedicularis L. 134 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Cronus scrophularie L. | Tenebrioides mauritanicus L. » Olattariea F. | Rhinoncus pericarpius L. Celiodes 4 maculatus L. Calandra granaria L. Ceuthorrhyncus contractus | 3 oryse L. Marsh. | Scolytus destructor Ol. Ceuthorrhyncus pleurostigma | FHylastes palliatus Gyli. Marsh (=swlercollis Gyll.) | Myelophilus piniperda L. Ceuthorrhyncus erysimi F. | Tomicus typographus L. . guadridensPanz. | <9 acuminatus Gy). Ceuthorrhynchidius troglodites Pityogenes bidentatus Herbst. F. | | ? Birp “Escapes” 1N HotpEerness. — The following instances of ‘‘escapes’’ have recently come under my notice: Amadina sp.—One shot out of a party of three at Patrington in October, 1897, by Mr. T. Straker; now in the possession of Mr. J. A. Fisher, Aldborough. Cardinals (igneus / )—This brilliantly coloured bird was observed for several days on Mr. J. Robinson’s farm at Elstronwick in the summer of 1899, and was ultimately caught amongst some thorns. It was wounded, but had quite recovered when I saw it in July, and was still alive in August, 1900.—T. Petcu, B.A., B.Sc. Late Breepinc oF Birps 1n HoLpDERNEss. — The following instances of late breeding occurred in 1g00:— Ring dove, two eggs, Aldborough, August 18th; Reed bunting, five eggs, Hedon, August 25th; Sedge warbler, young birds just out of nest, Aldborough, September rst; House martin, young in nest, Aldborough, September 4th ; Lark, nest with three young birds overturned by reaper, Aldborough, September 5th.—T. Percu, B.A., B.Sc. Witp Pants 1N THE East Parx.—Ina quiet corner near the greenhouses in the East Park is a large bed devoted entirely to the cultivation of wild flowers. Amongst these are many which would prove useful to botanists and members of the Club in their studies. The plants are arranged in natural order, and a list of the species growing has been prepared by Mr. C. Waterfall, and is kept by him for reference. Mr. F. Judson, who has charge of the collection, would be glad of plants not at present represented in the collection. Perhaps members will bear this in mind whilst on their rambles. EN NQus RAL re ‘NOAASAW ATAIMAING AHL 6 ALV Tg NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF THE DRIFFIELD MUSEUM OF ANTIQUITIES AND GEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS. By J. R. Mortimer. T was the great London Exhibition of 1851 that first decided my taste for scientific enquiry. Afterwards, Mr. Edward Tindall’s geological and archeological collections, at Bridlington, fired me with a strong desire to make a similar collection. A curious chalk cast was the first specimen I obtained, whilst a small ammonite, which I bought from Mr. Tindall, was the first of its kind I possessed. My brother, the late Robert Mortimer, of Fimber, had a like love for collecting. For the first ten or twelve years the late Edward Tindall, of Bridlington, and the late George Pycock, of Malton, were almost our only rivals; yet we accumulated specimens but slowly. We had, however, during this period, trained many of the farm servants in the Fimber neighbourhood to dis- tinguish and keep for us any geological and archeological specimens they could find. The small collection we then made mainly consisted of chalk fossils and a very few stone and flint tools. These we exhibited in cases, in my offices at Fimber. Small though this display was, it seemed to stimulate others to indulge in the same hobby, and soon our neighbourhood was more or less periodically visited by the thirteen competitors hereafter named and _ their agents, during a period of about 35 years, ranging from 1861 to 1896. None, however, of these enthusiasts, except Mr. Tindall and Mr. Chadwick, collected geological specimens, though all of them were active competitors for stone, flint, and bronze weapons. They constantly visited the district, and, not infrequently, bought from the very field labourers whom we had trained to distinguish these specimens, by overbidding us, and so running up the prices. The combined energies of these gentlemen would, I believe, obtain from the same area quite three times the large number of stone, flint and bronze tools, and weapons, that have been collected by my brother and myself, now 136 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. exhibited in the Museum at Driffield. If this be the case, it should be asked: What has become of so great a number ? In attempting to answer the question, I will briefly refer to each collector’s labours. (1.) The late Edward Tindall, of Bridlington, not only commenced to collect more than 50 years ago, but he held almost unrivalled access to a field rich from both a geological and archeological point of view. Besides, he was personally a diligent collector, so much so as to call forth, at times, uncomplimentary remarks from superficial observers. On one occasion, whilst gathering specimens in a field near the sea, at Bridlington, two ladies were passing, and he overheard one remark to the other, ‘* Look here, that poor old (meaning ‘demented’) man we saw last year is here again, picking up stones and throwing them down again.” These ‘‘ stones,” of course, were the rejected specimens. I myself, when similarly engaged, have been accused of mushroom gathering. Mr. Tindall obtained a great number of specimens, but he was always ready to dispose of them whenever any collector, no matter from whence, wished to buy. Never- theless, he generally had on hand a considerable number of both geological and archeological specimens, and amongst them were often some choice ones. After his death, in 1877, at the age of 63, the collection he had then on hand was sold. Part of this was obtained by Mr. Robert Gatenby, of Bridlington, but what became of the remainder I do not know. (2.) The late Mr. George Pycock, of Malton, made a collection, which he sold, many years ago, to the late Dr. Rooke, of Scarborough, and it is now in the private museum of Dr. Rooke’s son at Scarbro’. (3.) The Rev. Canon Greenwell, of Durham, amassed a large number of valuable specimens (independently of those he obtained from his excavations of the barrows), the greater number of which have been gathered from the surface of the wold hills and the immediate neighbourhood. These the Canon sold in July, 1896, to Dr. Sturge, of Nice, and they are now in the south of France, to the great loss of East Yorkshire. (4.) The late Frederick Porter, of Yedingham, had gathered together several hundreds of stone and flint tools, among which were some good specimens. He disposed of ial ie Mallat NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF THE DRIFFIELD MUSEUM. Ms a portion of them, I believe, to the Rev. Canon Greenwell, but I do not remember what became of the others, when he removed from Yedingham to Jersey in 1868. (5.) The late Mr. Charles Monkman, of Malton, was, for a considerable time, an energetic collector. Some of his best specimens fell into the hands of the Rev. Canon Greenwell, and a few were obtained for the York Museum. After Mr. Monkman’s death, on April 13th, 1875, the remainder were quickly disposed of by his wife; but I am ignorant of their present whereabouts. (6.) The late Charley Hartley, of Malton, obtained many specimens of both flint and stone implements from the same collecting ground. These, about the year 1875, he sold to the late Mr. T. W. U. Robinson, of Houghton-le-Spring, near Durham, who had a large collection, gathered from all parts. Mr. Hartley afterwards made a second collection, which, after his death, on September 7th, 1883, was dis- posed of, and the best of these specimens were also bought by Mr. Robinson. (7.) The late Rev. James Robertson, Curate-in-charge of Barton-le-Street, also for several years periodically visited the part of the Wolds from which I obtained my collection, and he procured a large number of pre-historic relics. Most of these, I have been told, he disposed of, in 1876, to Mr. John Evans (now Sir John Evans), Nash Mills, Hemel Hampstead, and in 1877, my brother, the late Robert Mortimer, purchased the remaining portion of Mr. Robert- son’s collection for £25. (8.) Mr. George Edson, late of Malton, was a very careful and industrious collector of all kinds of specimens of archeological interest, both as an agent to Canon Greenwell, and on his own account. When leaving Malton, he sold his collection by auction on May 8th, 1891, and many choice specimens were disposed of to various pur- chasers, a few going to the York and Malton Museums. (9.) The late Thomas Allerson, of Norton, near Malton, was, like Mr. Edson, constantly being brought into contact with the farm servants and other field labourers, when on his business journeys in this neighbourhood, most of whom had then become well skilled in distinguishing the value of different specimens. They were also quite ready to take advantage of the extra prices to be obtained from the rival purchasers then in the market. So keen was this competi- tion at one time, that, to retain our hold of the market, we 135 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. distributed handbills, offering rewards, consisting of money and a free pass to the Leeds Exhibition in 1866, to those who would supply us with the greatest number of articles of various kinds. In 1873 Mr. Allerson had obtained a con- siderable number of pre-historic relics, which he then wished to sell, and he offered them to me. These I purchased from him, and they are now in the Museum at Driffield. (10.) My friend, Mr. Thomas Boynton, of Bridlington Quay, has a large and choice collection of stone, flint, and bronze weapons of local origin, as well as a few from the south of England and other districts. He also possesses many very beautiful flint and chert arrow-heads, and various instruments from America and other countries. He is frequently adding to his very fine collection, which should certainly be secured so as to remain in East Yorkshire. (11.) The late Rev. Thomas J. Monson, of Kirby Under- dale, was merely one of Canon Greenwell’s collecting friends in this neighbourhood, and after he had purchased a few specimens picked up by the farm servants, he forwarded them to the Canon, without having any further interest in the matter, or knowing more about them. The probability is that the district was not very much impoverished by his labours. (12.) Mr. Robert Gatenby, of Bridlington, has obtained several hundreds of flint, stone, and bronze specimens, a few of which are very fine ones. He is still adding to the number. (13.) Mr. Samuel Chadwick, late of Malton, who emi- grated to New Zealand in 1895, was a very energetic collector of both fossils and implements. His _ business occupation brought him frequently among the farm labourers” and quarrymen in the rural districts. This gave him excep- tional opportunities for obtaining a considerable quantity of specimens, and for a considerable time he was my most active rival. That Mr. Chadwick made good use of these facilities, the contents of the Malton Museum give ample proof. This fine and large collection, gathered almost entirely from the neighbourhood, is also sufficient evidence of his energy and knowledge as a diligent collector. Besides those placed in the Malton Museum, he supplied many specimens to the York Museum, and a few to other places. There were also a few minor collectors, whose united labours have assisted to impoverish this neighbourhood. SS ee NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF THE DRIFFIELD MUSEUM. 139 For the last few years, almost the only local collectors | have had to compete with are Mr. Thomas Boynton, Bridlington Quay ;, Mr. Robert Gatenby, Old Bridlington ; and, I may add, Sir Tatton Sykes, Bart., of Sledmere. COLLECTIONS FROM THE BARROWS. Hitherto I have only referred to the collections of specimens which have been obtained from the surface of the land, or otherwise accidentally found. In addition to these, four valuable collections of ancient British and Anglo-Saxon relics have been obtained by excavating the barrows of this district. 1.) The late Lord Londesborough explored a_ great number of barrows in this neighbourhood, during a period of ten years, ranging from 1842 to 1852, and the principal of the articles he then discovered were placed in his museum at Grimston. After his lordship’s death, when the house and estate at Grimston were sold (about 1872), the contents of the museum were dispersed. Afterwards (in 1886) a portion of the relics were sold by auction by Messrs. Christie, Manson, and Wood, at their rooms, King Street, St. James’, London. Of the present whereabouts of this large collection (excepting a small. portion, including some rare specimens from a barrow at Kellythorpe, near Driffield, which at the above sale found its way to the British Museum) | know nothing. I fear, however, that the whole of it is lost to East Yorkshire. (2.) The late James Silbourn, of Pocklington, during the years 1851-2, opened several of the barrows in the neighbour- hood of Huggate and Warter. Since then I have re-opened nearly the whole of these particular barrows, as I could not distinguish, before excavating, which of them had been opened by Mr. Silbourn. I found that he had placed a strip of lead, on which his name was stamped, in several of the barrows he had opened. In the spring of 1852, Mr. Silbourn, during an exploration in stormy weather, took cold, which brought on inflammation, and so caused his death. After this regrettable circumstance, the pottery and many other relics he had obtained from the barrows were sold by his relatives, and, like the previously named collection, their fate is unknown to me, excepting—as in the previous instance—a very small portion, which is now in the British Museum. (3.) The Rev. Canon Greenwell, of Durham, during a period of thirty years (1864-1894), excavated upwards of 300 E 140 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. barrows on the chalk wolds, immediately adjoining my field of research. An account of the greater number of these he published in his work on ‘‘ British Barrows” (1877). The illustrations and descriptions in this very valuable book clearly indicate what a large treasure of relics was then obtained. That all these have been placed in the British Museum, and are now entirely lost to East Yorkshire—their legitimate home—is, I think, much to be regretted. (4.) And lastly, I have myself, between 1864 and_ the present time, explored nearly the whole of a series of the Wold barrows on an area of about eighty square miles. That I have safely preserved the relics discovered during these researches, the contents of the museum at Driffield will testify. I also possess about 1000 drawings, which my daughter has made for me, of all the objects of interest which I have discovered ; and I have in addition a full type-written description of the results of all my excavations ; and I may say that the procuring and arranging of this collection has been one of the greatest pleasures of my life. That this collection should belong to the district, and remain in it, has been, and is, my great and constant desire. Unfortunately, however, I cannot afford to offer it as a free gift; but to prove my great anxiety for its remaining in the neighbourhood, I have offered it to the East Riding County Council at half its value. Probably such a purchase by a County Council might seem to be a little in advance of the times; never- theless, a time will come when such a thing will be done, and if the East Riding County Council accept this offer, they will never regret being amongst the pioneers in such an advanced and enlightened step. From the memoranda I have just given it is sad to observe that of all the collectors I have referred to, including myself, only six are now living. It is also to be lamented that of the fourteen collections, only four remain in the neighbourhood, these being in the Driffield and Malton museums respectively, and those belonging to Mr. Thomas Boynton and Mr. Robert Gatenby. Of the other ten, nine are mainly absorbed by public and private museums in distant parts of the country, or have otherwise disappeared ; whilst a great portion of one (the most important of the ten) has been removed so far as the south of France. It is still more to be regretted that three of the most valuable collections of the four named explorers of the barrows (viz., those of the late Lord Londesborough, the Rev. Canon NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF THE DRIFFIELD MUSEUM. I4I Greenwell, and the late James Silbourn) have been dispersed, and are lost to their native East Yorkshire. Such, unfortunately, must be the fate of all private collections if not permanently fixed during the life of their original owner, as it far too frequently happens that that which one generation gathers the next generation scatters. I have said ‘‘more to be regretted” because it is possible that some future collector might obtain a small collection of specimens from the surface of the land, but to make another collection from the barrows of this district would be quite an impossibility, as they are practically exhausted. From these facts it is evident that the neighbourhood has been deprived of a great number of its precious relics, which were a valuable legacy left by our ancient forefathers, and by right should have remained and belonged to the present and all future occupants of the district. These valuable remains are almost the only reliable records of the customs and mode of living of our remote ancestors ; they are the fossil history of the district, and they must always be of the greatest interest to the neighbourhood in which they have been found; it is, therefore, our bounden duty to provide, as far as possible, for their safe keeping in the district. Nevertheless, I have shewn that, unfortunately, during the last thirty-five years this district has been immensely impoverished of its archeological treasures, and it is much to be regretted that even at the present time the tendency is to favour the removal to distant collections any relics which are found in this neighbourhood, rather than assist to retain them in the district to which they belong by inheritance ; such instances have recently come under my notice. At present only three of all the eighteen collections I have referred to—viz., fourteen, consisting of specimens obtained from the surface of the land, and four from the excavations of the barrows, remain in East Yorkshire. Surely the East Riding possesses some governing body that, before it is too late, will see the wisdom of permanently possessing these, and handing them down to future governing bodies as a source of education and a treasure of permanent value to the district. When this is accomplished, and it is known that this collection belongs for ever to the district, it will be a centre of donations of relics found in and belonging to the neighbourhood (rather than the specimens be sent to distant collections, where they can only be of minor value), and in time it ought to, and will, become a large and very valuable possession. RECENT FORAMINIFERA OF THE RIVER HUMBER. PART oi, Beh OW, Minis, Bek. M.S. A BOUT three months ago our President, Mr. R. H. 7 Philip, kindly supplied me with several gatherings containing Foraminifera, one of which was of mud from the River Humber. On examination I found that it was not only very rich in specimens, but was also representative of the numerous species which might be expected to flourish there along with certain forms which are rare on the east coast of England, such as Cornuspira foliacea, Phil. The material proved to be almost entirely recent, a few fragments which were much worn appeared to be derived from chalk beds, probably washed down by the river, and were unrecognisable. The following is a list of some of the recent species found in this gathering, with a few references to the more easily acces- sible works upon the subject, and a short description of each species mentioned. The sketches illustrating this paper should be compared with the references quoted, in order to note variations from the type forms. I wish to acknowledge the great obligation that I am under to Mr. Frederick Chapman, A.L.S., F.R.M.S., for generously naming a number of species submitted to him, which I was unable to determine, owing to their being mounted in balsam. LIST OF GENERA AND SPECIES. Miliolina oblonga, Montagu. Will., Rec. Foram. Gt. Brit., p. 86, pl. vii., f. 186, 187. Terrigi, Atti. Acc. Pont. Nuov Liticei, anu. Xxxiil., p..173, pl. i., £2. Brady, Rep.. Chale p. 160, pl. iv. a,b. Brady Parker and Jones, Trans. Zool. Soe. vol! xit., ‘ps 214, pl: xl. f) 27: A feeble, smooth-shelled variety. Test long oval, from end to end triangular, with rounded angles. Often Triloculine, and in its later stages becomes Quinqueloculine. Surface porcelaineous, segments somewhat inflated, usually four visible on one side, three on the other side. Aperture with tooth. Common. Plate 10, fig. 15 a, b. RECENT FORAMINIFERA OF THE RIVER HUMBER. 143 Miliolina Bosciana, d’Orb. Dela Sagra, Hist. Physique de V’Ile de Cuba, Foram., p. 191, pl. xi., f. 22-24; Millett, J.R.M.S., 1896, p. 267, pl. vi., f. 1. A variety of M. oblonga, in which the chambers are more numerous and the sutures oblique. The specimens in the gathering exhibit no surface markings. Frequent. Plate 10, fig. 17. Miliolina secans, d’Orb. d’Orb., Ann. Sei. Nat., vol. vii., p- 303, No. 43. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 167, pl. vi., f. 1, 2. This species is characterised by its broad, compressed, outspread contour, and sharp or subcarinate peripheral edge. Common. Plate 10, fig. 18. Cornuspira foliacea, Philippi. Carp. P. & J., Introd. Poram.,,p. 66, pl. v.,; f. 16. P. & J.,, Phil. Trans., 1865, p. 408, pl. xv., f. 33. J. P. & B., Crag Foram., pl. iii., f. 50, 51. Goés, Rhiz. Carribean Sea, p. 120, pl. ix.. f. 308, 310. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 199, pl. xi., f. 5-9, Trans. R. I. Ac. Bxvil., p. 326, pl. xu., f. 1, b. | Chap., J.R.M.S., 1891, p: 74, pl ik-28 194; b. A thin, flat shell, consisting of a tube, without partitions, evenly coiled upon itself, increasing in size, and becoming flatter with each whorl; aperture long. Kare. Plate 10, fig. 8 a, b. Cornuspira involvens, Reuss. J. P. & B., Crag Foram., p. 3, pl. iii., f. 52-54. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 200, pl. xi., f. 1-3. Balkwill and Millett., Jour. Micr., 1884, p. 23, pl.i., f. 1. Poe M1. trans OR. 1. Ac. xxviii., p. 327, pl. xi, £2 4,6 Eveee)-; ..tanss Zook Soe. vol. xii., p.. 216, pl. xl.,/f.a-3: Chap., J.R.M.S., 1889, p. 484, pl. xi., f. 4-5; 1891, Pp. 5755 pe, 1x.,'f, i2. Shell biconcave, the tube increases rapidly in size towards the margin, and each whorl more or less embraces the pre- ceding one. Megalospheric form (as illustrated) frequent ; microspheric form. Kare. Plate 10, fig. 7 a, b. Cornuspira carinata, Costa. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 201, pl. xi., f.4 a,b. Sherb. and Chap., J.R.M.S., 1889, p. 484, pls. 1.6. Intermediate in form between C. foliacea and C. involvens. The outer margin of the tube is marked by a narrow keel. Rare. Plate 10, fig. 9 a, b. 144 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Textularia agglutinans, d@’Orb. De la Sogra, Hist. Phisiq. Heram. Cuba, p. 236, pl. 1,4. 17, 18, 32-34. P. &*]., Pie Trans. 1865, p. 369, pl. xv., f. 21. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 363, ply xli., £ 1-3. Vine, Proc. Yorks. Polytech. Soc. ns.ixg ip: 28, pl. ii:, f; 17.., sherb.:and Chap., J.R.M.S., 1886; p.-gaze plo xiv., 1. 6a, b5.988o,-p.485, pl. xi., f. 10.- Chap.,.]. Re Mies: T6902; DP: 329, pl. V1., f,.21- Elongated, tapering, slightly flattened, segments alternating in two rows, inflated; texture coarsely aranaceous ; aperture a smooth curved fissure. Frequent. Plate 10, fig. 11. Gaudryina baccata, Schwager, Nov.-Expd., Geol. III., p. 200, pl. ty., f. 12 2,6. Brady, Rep. Chall., p.379; pl xkae f. 8-11. Closely allied to G. purpoides d’Orb. Differs in that it is larger, with more inflated segments, being distorted in a tolerably definite manner. Specimens typical. Common. Plate 10, fig. la, b, ¢, d. Gaudryina subrotundata Schwager, Nov-Expd. Geol., II. p. 198, pl. iv.,g a, b,c. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 380, pl. xlvi., ee ea ars Subcylindrical, tapering at the initial end; sutures de- pressed ; aperture central, near the inner margin of the final segment; texture variable, from smooth in small to rough in large specimens. Rare, the specimens being comparatively smooth for their size. Plate 10, fig. 2. Gaudryina textilaroides, Reuss, Mittheil. Jaarb. d. k. ung. Geol. Anstalt, VI., p: 15, pl. i., f. 6. Contour broad and compressed; lateral edges either rounded or subangular. Frequent. Plate 10, fig. 3. Bulimina affinis, d’Orb., Foram. Cuba, p. 109, pl. i, f. 25, 26. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 400, pl.i., f. 14 a, 6. Sherb. and Chap., J.R.M.S., 1886, p. 756, pl. xu., 1. 10 @, >. Plate 10; fig. 4 a, b. Bulimina ovata, d’Orb., Foram. Fossiles Vienne, p. 185, pl. xi, £29, 14. Po & 9, Phils Trans. 1865, p: 3745) pleaxgie £ 67 a, &. Brady, Rep: Chall, p. 400, pl. 1, f.“a37ayee. Plate 10, fig. 5 a, b. B. affinis and B. ovata are quasi-varieties of b. purpoides. The first named tapering to the arboral extremity, the second is usually larger and more regularly ovate. Both are frequent. RECENT FORAMINIFERA OF THE RIVER HUMBER. 145 Bulimina pyrula, d’Orb., Foram. Fossiles Vienne, p. 184, Mipsis. Geto. pcs PO. J. Geol. Soc. XVL, pl. xx., f.45: Carp. P. & J., Introd. Foram., p. 195, pl. xii., f. 20. Brady, Rep. Chall.i-p. 399, pl. 1). f., 7-10. Chap., .J.R.M.S.,, 1892, De. 750, Pia kits fig: Ovate or pyriform, sometimes slightly compressed on three sides. Segments erect or overlapping, of which the last three, forming the final convolution, are often all that are visible on the exterior. Shell walls thin and transparent, and finely punctuated. Rare. Plate 10, fig. 6 a, b. Bolivina punctata, d’Orb., Voyage Amer. Merid., V., Foram., p. 63, pl. viiil., f. 10-12. J.P. & B., Crag Foram., pl. ii., f. 3,4. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 417, pl. lii., f. 18, 19. Sherb. & Chap., J.R.M.S., 1886, p. 743, pl. xiv., f. 10 a, b Of Textularian form, slender, elongate, symmetrical, rounded, slightly curved; composed of a double alternating series of segments. Walls thin and finely perforated. Aperture ovate, oblique. This isa variable form. Common. Plate 10, fig. 10. Bolivina dilatata, Reuss, Denkschr. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, I., p- 381, pl. xlviii., f. 15. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 418, pl. lii., 20, 2. lrady, P. & j.,. Trans, Zool: Soc.’ X11., p; 221, pe xlid... £213, 6 This species differs from &. punctata in its broader pro- portions and acute peripheral edge, as well as in the comparatively long and narrow contour of its chambers. Rare. Plate 10, fig. 12. Lagena globosa, Montagu. Will. Rec. Foram., Gt. Brit., pos, pl. i, £85, 16,16 ¢.. P. & J., Phil. Trans. 1865, p. 348, pl. xii., f. 37, pl. xvi., f. ro. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 452, plc. ivit, t 1-9; Test subglobular, pyriform, or elliptical; aperture is situated in an entosolenian neck. Orifice variable. Frequent. Plate 10, fig. 23. Lagena apiculata, Reuss. P. & J., Phil. Trans., clv., p. 358, pi, xu, 1 38, 303 plawuvi., f. 6,7, 8,9. .J..P. & B., Crag Poram., -p. 44, pl. i. 27. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 453, pl. lvi., f. 4, 15-18. Sherb. & Chap., J.R.M.S., 1886, P- 744, pl. xiv... 04. Only differs from L. globosa in having a pointed instead of rounded base. Rare. Plate 11, fig. 26. 146 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Lagena gracillima, Seguenza, ]. P. & B., Crag Foram., p45, pl. i., f. 36, 37.. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 456, -pl. lv, f. 19-28. Chap., J.R.M.S., 1893, p. 582, pl. viii. f. 6. Test long and slender, broadest near the middle, and drawn out to a point at the extremities, each of which carries an aperture. Frequent. Plate 10, fig. 19. Lagena levis, Montagu. Will., Rec. Foram. Gt. Brit., Bato ipl. 84 be 5, Seas (Pom Js. Phils Deans. clv., pagkengne xiii. f. 22; pl. xvi., f. ga. J. P.& B., Crag Foram., p. 33, pl. i., f. 28. Tate and Blake, Yorks. Lias, P- 453, pl. XVlil., i997, 7 a. Sherb.& Chap,, J.ReM.S., p. 744, pl. xiv ie. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 455, pl. lvi., f. 7-14, 30. Test consists of a globular, oval, pyriform, or subfusiform chamber, with a produced tubular neck. Frequent. Plate 11, fig. 28. Layena aspera, Reuss. Brady, Carb. Perm. Foram., p. 120, pl. viii., f. 1-5. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 457, pl. lvii., f. 7-10. Balkw. & Millett, J.R.M.S., 1884, p. 78, pl. ii., f. 1. Chap., §.ROM.S.{ 9693.0 P- 502; pl. nail., & 3s. Test subglobular or pyriform, and entosolenian, beset with minute, rounded, exagenous beads distributed without apparent order. Rare. Plate 11, fig. 27. Lagena striata, @Orb. Will., Rec. Foram. Gt. Brit., p. 7, pli. f. t4.. [Poe Bs, Creag Foram., p: 35; pl. 1, £23648 Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 460, pl. lvii., f. 22, 24, 28, 29. Sherb. & Chap,, J-R.M-S.,-1886, ph 745, pl. xvi.;£. 16, 27. Test regularly oval with tubular neck, surface marked with parallel, longitudinal strie. Frequent. Plate 10, fig. 21. Layena sulcata, Walker & Jacob. Will., Rec. Foram. Gt. eet Peep eae 8; p: 6, pli, £. 163 p..9, pli aee P: & J, Phil. Trans., clv., P- 351, pl. xii. f. 24, 28-32; pl. Vi, 1 6,7 7-. Late = vie Yorks. Lias, p. 453, pl. xviii., f. 8. Brady, Rep. Chall., 2, pl. Ivii., f. 23, 26, 33, 34; pl. lvii., ta, 07, he: Balkw. B Wiehe, Trans. R. I. Aes XXVIil, p. 338, pl. xiv., f 1, 2. “Sherb. & Chap.,. |-K°M:S., .1886;.p.7 745, pl: xiv.,-f, 18. - Chap., J. B.M-S.,:1893,.9-.593; ‘pl. Vill., L 'oae Flask-shaped, surface marked with thin parallel sharp ridges or cost; neck variable, and ornamented. Frequent. Plate 10, fig. 22. RECENT FORAMINIFERA OF THE RIVER HUMBER. 147 Lagena acuticosta, Reuss. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 464, pl. lvii., f. 31, 32; pl. lvii., f. 20, 21. Chap., J.R.M.S., 1893, p- 583, pl. viii., f. 12. Distinguishable from L. sulcata by having comparatively few, thin, much elevated cost, frequently of unequal size. Frequent. Plate 10, fig. 20. Layena squamosa, Montagu. Will., Rec. Foram. Gt. Brit., i, plot, 1.29. |. P. & B., Crag. Foram., p. 39, pl. iv., f. 7. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 471, pl. lviii., f. 28-32. Test ovato-globose or pear-shaped, usually entosolenian, surface ornamented with raised linear reticulation, often resembling the scales on the skin of a fish. Frequent. Plate 11, fig. 24. Lagena melo, d’Orb. Will., Rec. Foram. Gt. Brit., p. 13, pl. i., f. 31. Carp. Introd., p. 309. J. P. & B., Crag Foram., p. 36, pl ty £35." B.. P. & J... Trans: Zool. Soc:, XIT., pie ano. lo mins, £25, 24; 25. A form intermediate between L. sulcata and 1. squamosa. Frequent. Plate 11, fig. 25. Lagena orbignyana, Seguenza. Will., Rec. Foram. Gt. Brit., p. 9, pl. i., f. 19, 20. Brady, Rep. Chail., p. 484, pl. lix., f. 1, 18, 20, 24-26. Balkw. & Millett, J.R.M.S., 1884, eo, pl.ii.,.7. (3. Oval compressed, the oral end protuberant and tapering, smooth, the circumference bordered by a keel. Shell some- times bordered on both faces near the keel by a raised ridge. Frequent. Plate 11, fig. 29. Nodosaria pyrula, d’Orb. Will., Rec. Foram. Gt. Brit., p- 17, pl. u1., f. 39. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 497, pl. Ixit., £. 10- 12. Balkw. & Wright, Trans. R. J. Ac., XXVIIL., p. 343, pki, ft. 33. 5B. P..& ]., Trans. Zool. Soc., xi., p. aaquph Miter to. Test slender, composed of a series of ovate segments con- nected by tubular necks, forming a straight or slightly curved line ; surface smooth. Rare. Plate 11, fig. 30. Nodosaria scalaris, Batsch. Will., Rec. Foram. Gt. Brit., p. 15, pl. ii.. f. 36-38. P. & J., Phil. Trans., 1865, p. 340, pl. xvi.n £2 a, 6, ¢;. play, £213. J.P. & Bi, Crag. Foram, p- 52, pl. iv., f. 8. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 510, pl, Ixiii., f. 28- a pl. Inte do ¥G-ro.s Pe. PS & fs, Prans.. Zool. Soc. mts p. 223, (pl. xliv., f.. 6, 19. 148 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Test composed of two or more sub-globular segments in a straight series; sutures depressed. The final segment is drawn out into an apertural tube terminating in a phialinelip, the opposite extremity of the test is commonly mucronate. Rare. Plate 11, fig. 31. Nodosaria calomorpha, Reuss. P. & J., Phil. Trans., clv., Pasd2, Di. xvi., f.3: Brady;. Rep: Chall.,.p.. 497,.p))) eine 23-27. Test composed of ventricose smooth segments forming a straight line. Primordial segment rounded at its anterior extremity or produced into a mucro. Rare. One specimen only found in the gathering. It is rough and worn, being probably derived from a chalk deposit. Plate 11, fig. 32. Polymorphina lactea, Walker & Jacob. Will., Rec. Foram. Gt. Brit... ps: Zi, 2ploVi., £147 pt 72, pli vi. gt nega J.P. & B., GraggForami, ‘pl..1., 4. 48., 1B. P. & |... Monae Polymorphina-(T. Linn. Soc.. xxvii.), p. 213, pl. xxxix., f.r a-c. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 559, pl. Ixxi., f. 11, 14. Test oblong or cylindrical, sometimes compressed, has normally but four or five visible segments. Rare. Plate 11, fig. 33. Globigerina bulloides, d’Orb. Will., Rec. Foram. Gt. Brit., p. 56, pl. v., f. 116-118. Goés, Retic. Rhizopoda Caribbean Sea, p. 90, pl. vi., f. 195-207. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 593, pl. Ixxvils; Ixxix., 1. 3-72 Sherb. & Chap:, |.R. M.S: .1e6; ap 756, pl. xvi. f..8 a; 6. Chap., .J.R.MS., 1896, p- 587ape MA, /f: 4. Subglobular, the adult shell composed of about seven nearly spherical segments, arranged spirally, so that all are visible on the upper side, and three or four on the lower side; aperture of each chamber opens into a common umbilical vestibule ; surface more or less rough; walls hyaline, finely and distinctly perforated. Frequent. Plate 10, fig. 14. Globigerina linnwana, d’Orb., Foram. Cuba, p. 106, pl. v., f, 10-12. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 598, pl. cxiv., f. 21 a-c. Test rotaliform, compressed; both surfaces convex, the inferior having a sunken umbilical recess; peripheral edge thick and square. Frequent. Plate 10, fig. 13. RECENT FORAMINIFERA OF THE RIVER HUMBER. 149 Discorbina globularis, d’Orb. Will., Rec. Foram. Gt. Brit., p- 53, pl. iv., f. 104, 105. Carp. P. & J., Introd. Foram., p- 204, pl. 1ii., f. 1. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 643, pl. Ixxxvi., f. 8, 13. Discoidal, thick, the superior surfaces quite convex, the inferior slightly so; segments somewhat inflated, finely per- forated, hyaline, all visible superiorly, only the last convolution inferiorly ; sutures somewhat depressed; aperture large and irregular. Common. Plate 11, fig. 34. Discorbina rosacea, d’Orb. Will., Rec. Foram. Gt. Brit., p. 54, pl. iv., f. r0og-111. J. P.& B., Crag Foram., pl. iv., f. 17. Goés, Relic. Rhizopoda Caribbean Sea, p. 105, pl. viii., f. 251- 257. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 644, pl. Ixxxvil., f. 1,4. Sherb. and Chap., J.R.M.S., 1886, p. 756, pl. xvi., f. 11 a, 6. Contour lenticular, plano-convex, peripheral margin rounded. Frequent. Plate 11, fig. 35. Discorbina rugosa, d’Orb. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 652, pl. Ixxxii., f. 3 a, 6, c (pl. xci., f. 4 4, b, ¢). Sherb. and Chap., J.R.M.S., 1889, p. 487, pl. xi., f. 33. Chap., J.R.M.S., 1896, p- 582, pl. xiil.. f. 10 a-c. Test compressed, nearly symmetrical, the peripheral edge is round and lobated. The umbilical cavity of the inferior side is partially covered in by the valvular flaps protecting the successive apertures. Rare. Plate 11, fig. 36. Planorbulina mediterranensis, @’Orb. J. P. & B., Crag Foram., pl. ii, f. 3. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 656, pl. xcil., f. 1-3. B.P.& J., Trans. Zool. Soc., XII. (1888), p. 227; pl. xlv., f. 18. A thin, flat, nearly circular shell, composed of numerous segments arranged in a single layer, more or less distinctly spiral, the first whorl being nautilated and of a darker colour than the younger ones. Inferior surface flat, superior surface lobated; periphery irregular; segments inflated, slightly embracing, conspicuous and_ profusely perforated ; sutures depressed; apertures at the extremity of each seg- ment, simple with raised lip. The living animal is often attached to foreign bodies. Extremely well grown specimens frequent. Plate 11, fig. 37. Truncatulina lobatula, Walker and Jacob. Will., Rec. Foram. Gt. Brit., p. 59, pl. v., f. 121, 123. Carp. P. & ‘J., I50 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Intvod. Foram., p,.2or, plivs,f. 5: J. Pick B., Crag Foram., pl. ii., f. 4-10; pl. iv., f.19. Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 660, pl. SG. te DOs pl. xe, f. 1)4,°5¢- pl. cxv., £455 Plano-convex, the convexity on the inferior surface, superior surface flat or concave. Shell of dark colour, stout, and coarsely punctuated ; aperture a long fissure at the upper and inner margin. Often parasitic, and sometimes found with the outer layer of sarcode covered with sand. Very few specimens were found, although usually common on our coasts. Plate 11, fig. 38. Rotalia Beecarii, Linné. Will., Rec. Foram. Gt. Brit., p. 46, ploiv.; 1. 90-92. (Pc ].; Phil. Trans., tiie p. 388, ‘pl. xvi., f. 29-30. J.P. & B., Crag Foram., pl. ii., f£. 19-25; Encycl. Brit., 9th Ed., 1879 ‘(© Times’ ’) Foram. = "380, f, 2Gy Brady, Rep. Chall., p. 704, pl. cvii., f. 2, 3. Double-convex, convexity greatest on inferior face ; margin rounded and slightly lobated ; segments numerous, arranged in about four convolutions, only the last visible on the under side. Frequent. Plate 11, fig. 39. Nonionina depressula, Walker & Jacob. Will., Rec. Foram. St Brit, p07, plntVat.)7O47i6. FP. e].; eb, Trans., 1865, Pp. 403; pl. xiv., f. 39 a, b. Brady, Rep. Chall., paz25: pl. CIX., f20,.7 Test compressed, peripheral edge round, the umbilici are nearly flush, segments somewhat “inflated. Shell wall thin and hyaline. Gannon Plate 11, fig. 40. Polystomella striatopunctata, Fichtel & Moll. Will., Rec. Foram. Gt. Brit., p. 42, 44, pl. ili, f. 81, 82, 82a. Pep Phil. Trans., 1865, Pp, 402, pl. xiv., f. 31-343 pl. xvii., f. 6a, b. B. P. & J.,, Trans. Zool. Soc. xii., p. 230, pl.xhiu. Brady, Rep: Chall... p. 799. plwcixs, £22, 23. Discoidal, bilaterally symmetrical; final convolution in- closes all the others ; margin rounded ; walls finely perforated ; septal bridges distinct ; a single row of pores along the sutures. Frequent. Plate 11, fig. 41. RECENT FORAMINIFERA OF THE RIVER HUMBER. ean Cetra way, Bee x Bx 2 Pa ae 5h F. W. MILLS del. PLATE 10. at ee § RECENT FORAMINIFERA OF THE RIVER HUMBER. de SL Vad TP STTIN “M 4 © « . . al . ‘ vs ‘ RECENT FORAMINIFERA ON THE RIVER HUMBER. I 5fi EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLaTE Io. Fig. 1. Gaudryina baccata, | Fig. 13 Schw. x I00 ee. G. subrotundata, + 4, 14 Schw. x 56 mia. G. textilaroides, | ,, 15 Reuss. x 56 » 4. Bulimina affinis, Herds d’Orb. x 80 5. 5-' B. ovata, d’Orb. x 80 Ee aie » 6. B.pyrula,d’Orb. x 80 », 7. Cornuspira involvens, Sean tics: Reuss. X 100 meow. toliacea: Phil: ee ee) x 100 foe. G. Carinata, Costa, | 32.20 xX 100 » Io. Bolivina punctata, be ro d’Orb. x 56 » 11. Textularia aggluti- oo vee ; nans, d’Orb. x 88 », 12. Bolivina dilatata, | ,, 23 Reuss. x 56 PEATE Ar. Fig. 24. Lagena squamosa, | Fig. 34 Mont. x 80 me Lmelo,d Orb: x 80 | 5, 35 » 26. L. apiculata, Reuss. x 85 » 36 i 27; L. aspera, Reuss. x 80 a) RTF » 28. L. laevis, Mont. x 80 | », 29. L. orbignyana, Seg. | x 80 Apeeis: », 30. Nodosaria pyrula, d’Orb. x 66 Mae SAS. fa gt. N. scalaris, Batsch. x 7O 5 Wa 32. N. colomorpha, Reuss. x 50 eh ie »» 33- Polymorphina lactea, W.& J. x 66 page BM . Gloligerina linnzana Orbs x 275 . G. bulloides, d’Orb. Xx 95 . Miliolina oblonga, Mont. x 80 . M. subrotunda, Mont. x 80 . M. Bosciana, d’Orb. x 80 . M. secans, x 80 d’Orb. ). Lagena gracillima, Seg. x 80 . L. acuticosta, Reuss. x 8o a A eShriatay x so . L. sulcata, W. & J. x 8o - 15) *elobosa, x 80 d’Orb. Mont. . Discorbina globularis d’Orb. x I00 rosacea, d’Orb. xX 100 . D. rugosa, Xx 100 . Planorbulina terranensis, xX 100 . Truncatulina loba- tula, W. & J. x 100 . Rotalia Beccarii, Linné. x 100 . Nonionina depres- sula, W.& J. x 100 . Polystomella striato- punctata, F. & M. x 100 d’Orb. medi- d’Orb. NOTES ON THE PROGRESS MADE BY THE CLUB IN 1899-1900. (Being the Secretary's Report, vead at the Annual Meeting, September 26th, 1900). T is pleasing to report that the past year has been one of the most successful we have ever had. The interest that has been taken in the Club’s work generally by so many of the members is very encouraging, and augurs well for the future of the Society. There has been a strong in- clination on the part of several members to pay particular attention to the study of some branch of Natural History. The effect of this has been that a keener interest has been taken in our Field Meetings, several important additions have been made to our knowledge of the fauna and flora of the East Riding, and the papers read at our meetings have had a much greater bearing upon our work than has hitherto been the case. As in previous years, fortnightly meetings have been held throughout the twelve months, and at these the following papers, &c., have been given :— 1899. Oct. 18.—‘‘ East Riding Wells and their Traditions.’—Mr. J. Nicholson. Noy. 1.—‘' The Anglian Invasion of Diera.’—Mr. J. R. Boyle, F.S.A. Nov. 15.—‘' Pre-historic Man in Holderness.’’*—Mr. T. Sheppard. Nov. 29.—‘‘ Amphibians”’ (Lantern).—Mr. H. M. Foster. Dec. 13.—'‘ Of Planetary Motion—the Problem and its Solution.’’—Mr. J. A. Ridgway. 1900. Jan. 3.—‘‘ Natural History Notes in North Wales.''—Mr. R. H. Philip. Jan. 17.—‘‘ Symbiosis—A Study in Plant Partnerships” (Lantern).—Mr. J. F. Robinson. Jan. 31.—‘' Cyclone and Cloud—A Study of English Weather.'’—Mr. C. H. Gore, M.A. Feb. 14.—‘‘ The Life in our Local Pondsand Drains.’’—Dr.J. Hollingworth. Feb. 28.—‘‘ Wild Fowling and Decoying.’*—Mr. T. Audas, L.D.S. Mar. 14.—‘' The Club’s Work.’’—Members. Mar. 28.—‘‘ What is a Species ?’'’—Dr. H. H. Corbett. April 11.—'' A brief History of the Apple.'"—Mr. J. Wilson, F.R.H.S. April 25.—'‘A Talk on Speeton Clay and its Fossils.’—Mr. J. W. Stather, F.G.S. May 9.—‘‘ The Ubiquiious Microbe and his Ways.’’—Mr. G. Ross. May 23.—‘' Exhibition of Spring Flowers.””—Members. June 6.—‘ The Stratification of Local Names, with special reference to the Names of Yorkshire.'’—Mr. J. R. Boyle, F.S.A. NOTES ON THE PROGRESS MADE BY THE CLUB. 153 June 20.—“Bygone Hull Naturalists and their Work; I., George Norman.”’*—Mr. T. Sheppard. July 4.—‘‘ (a) Holiday Rambles.”—Members. ‘«(b) Observations on Local Museums.’’—Mr. G. Maw, F.L.S. July 18.—‘* (a) A short Flower Study.’’"—Mr. F. Lawson. “«(b) A few Local Moor and Marsh Blooms.’’—Mr. G. H. Hill. Aug. 15.—‘‘ Future Work for Hull Naturalists.’-—Mr. T. Sheppard. Aug. 29.—‘‘Our Local Beetles.’’*—Mr. C. W. Russell. Sept. 12.—‘* Notes on the Distribution of Land and Fresh-water Mollusca in Holderness.’’**—Mr. T. Petch; B.A., B.Sc. The intervening Wednesday evenings during the winter months were devoted to practical work, and proved very useful. The Microscope Club, and the work in connection with the Exhibition, occupied many of these, though a few short papers were read and discussed. Amongst these were ‘‘The Grass of Parnassus,’’ by Mr. G. H. Hill; ‘“ British Butterflies,” by Mr. J. W. Boult, and ‘‘ Moths,” by Mr. J. Porter. On March 7th a special meeting was held, when Mr. Hugh Blakiston, B.A., delivered an address on ‘‘ The National Trust for places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty,” with lantern illustrations. One result of this meeting was that a sub-committee was formed by the Club, whose duty it will be to watch the places in the East Riding in the interest of the Trust. The following gentlemen form the sub- committee:—T. Audas, L.D.S.; J. R. Boyle, F.S.A.; J. Hollingworth, M.R.C.S.; R. H. Philip; J. F. Robinson ; and T. Sheppard, F.G.S. Membership.—Twenty-five new members have been elected during the year. About the same number has been struck off the rolls for various reasons, so that the number remains practically the same as last year. Lady Members.—On January i1oth, 1900, the following resolution was passed :—‘‘ That lady members be admitted to this Society as ‘ Corresponding Members,’ and at the Corres- ponding Member rate, irrespective of the place of residence. All corresponding lady members be specially invited to the Club’s excursions.” The attendance at the in-door meetings has been good, averaging 33 during the winter months, and 26 in the summer. Excursions.—Between April and the present time rambles into the country have been taken every Saturday afternoon, * These papers are printed in the present volume of Transactions. 154 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. and on Bank Holidays, and these have been well attended. The places visited were :—Little Weighton, North Cave and Newbald (twice), Willerby, Swine, Skidby, Hessle, Imming- ham (Lincs.), Askham Bog (with Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union), Burstwick, Market Weighton (with Hull Geological Society), Goole Moor, Barton and South Ferriby, Pulfin Bog, South Cave, East Hull, Wild Cat Lane, Kirton Lindsey (with H.G.S.), Paull, Grassington (with Y.N.U.), Hall Ings, Rise Park, and Bilton. On May togth-21st the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union visited Hornsea and Skipsea, and several of our members took a prominent part in the arrangements. Transactions.—A volume of Transactions (Vol. I., Pr. I.) has been issued to the members for the year 1899, and this contained papers of local interest which had been read at our meetings. This was even better than the previous year’s issue. Copies have been sent to various Scientific Societies and Institutions, and the following have kindly agreed to exchange publications with us :— Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club. British Museum (Natural History), London. Burton-on-Trent Natural History and Archzological Society. Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club. Edinburgh Geological Society. Geological Institution of the University of Upsala. Glasgow Natural History Society. Halifax Scientific Society. Hull Geological Society. Hull Literary Club. Kansas University, Kansas. Leeds Geological Association. Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society. Lloyd Library, Cincinnati, Ohio. Medical Officer of Health, Hull. Missouri Botanical Garden. Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society. Nottingham Naturalists’ Society. Rochdale Literary and Philosophical Society. South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies. Warwickshire Naturalists’ and Archzologists’ Field Club. Yorkshire Philosophical Society. The Library has been well looked after during the year. In addition to the periodicals received in exchange for our Transactions, and the scientific magazines purchased by the Club, several valuable volumes have been presented. These include Vols. 1, 2, and 3 of the ‘“‘ Royal Natural History,” NOTES ON THE PROGRESS MADE BY THE CLUB. 155 presented by Mr. J. R. Lowther, Carpenter’s ‘ Introduction to the Foraminifera,” presented by Mr. F. W. Mills, F.R.M.S., and thirteen handbooks presented by the Trustees of the British Museum. The Library is still handicapped for want of proper accommodation, and several volumes of scientific magazines, &c., require binding. The Microscope Club is in active operation, and several good instruments, &c., have been purchased during the year. The British Association.—Since our last meeting the Club has been elected a Corresponding Society of the British Association, and your Secretary was appointed delegate. He attended the Bradford Meeting early in the present month, and took part in the discussions of the Corresponding Societies Committee, which met twice during the Meeting of the Association. A Photograph Album has been purchased for the Club’s use, and Mr. C. W. Mason, who has charge of it, would be glad to have suitable unmounted photographs for insertion. The Club’s Collection.—The entomologists have added to the Club’s collection during the year, and Mr. F. W. Mills, F.R.M.S., has presented some interesting microscope slides ; one of these, containing specimens of the foraminifera from the mud of the Humber, is- exceptionally interesting and valuable. Exhibits.— Mention should be made of the remarkable hybrids (stuffed) exhibited at our meeting on January 3rd by Mr. W. H. Rider, of Hull. The sire was a fawn pug dog, and the dam a jet black cat. The hybrids were a grey colour and of peculiar appearance. Many other interesting objects have been brought before our members during the year, amongst which should be mentioned the hoard of bronze axes and mould from Hotham, and other pre-historic objects of local interest, kindly lent for exhibition by the Rev. Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., F.S.A. Several of the exhibits are described in our Transactions. The Exhibition. Perhaps one of the most successful of the Club’s undertakings was on Feb. 8th, gth, and roth last, when an Exhibition of local Natural History, Geological, and Archeological specimens was held in the large room in the Technical Schools, Park Street, by the kind permission of the Technical Instruction Committee. We _ were F 156 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. assisted in many ways by Dr. J. T. Riley, the Director of Studies. This Exhibition was on a scale not hitherto attempted by the Club. On this occasic: Mr. T. Audas’ excellent collection of Birds’ Eggs were on view for the first time. To menticn all the specimens would be rather a large undertaking, but I never remember an occasion on which the members worked so well and so willingly. The result was an Exhibition such as Hull had never seen pre- viously. Dr. H. Clifton Sorby, F.R.S., Mr. R...H. Philigy Dr. J. Hollingworth, Mr. J. F. Robinson, and Mr. J. R. Boyle, F.S.A., delivered attractive lectures in a side room during the Exhibition, which were well appreciated. The total receipts for the Exhibition were about £17. As might be expected the expenses were rather heavy, but after paying these there was a small balance in hand. Te LIMN#A GLABRA AT SPROATLEY.—Amongst some material recently collected by Mr. C. Hollingworth for microscope work from a pond at Sproatley, I noticed some examples of Limnea glabva, and on subsequently visiting the locality, I found the shell in great abundance. This makes an additional locality for this species; the other places in the district at which it has been recorded being Hedon (Mr. T. Petch) ; Haltemprice Lane; Inglemire Lane (Mr. J. W. Boult); and Leconfield (Mr. J. D. Butterell}. (See Mr. Petch’s remarks on page 103).—F. W. Fierxe, M.C.S., Aug., 1goo. At Putrin Benn, River Hutt, Jury 7th, 1goo. Blue sky above, white clouds, and Summer rays That gleam on meadows stretching wide and green To Beverley’s grey pile, resting serene In solemn state—Time’s relic of lost days: A strong wind o’er the river’s surface plays Where darkening ripples dull its Summer sheen ; Low in the blast reed-plumes and sedges lean, Where pink Valerian tosses in a maze Of yellow Iris, panicles of grass, And perfumed Meadow-sweet ; in lowly state Blue-eyed Forget-me-nots and Orchids pale From rushy nests peep forth; where Marsh-peas mass Their trailing stems and blossoms fair—-elate 3 O’er marsh and river sweeps the Summer gale. . 1/11/oo. + E. LampLouGH. Pe | : BS ry ‘e all in eee ys ee ap hy it) " Poti a “ a t ‘ rt . ie <) i . wats ¥ rt si ; 7 u rf a? ash vite 4 AAC OF Aly iy . y | if , of CON PEN-Ta: rae SER ___ Pre-historic Man in Holderness. Thomas Sheppard, F.G.S. - — - _ Additions to the East Riding Moss Flora, 1899. J.J, Marshall - — -— ‘ Old Wild Duck Decoys of eee ae the Pia paging of ee el: T. Audas, L.D.S. » ____ Notes on the Distribution be voy ane sa ae Moltusea in n Holder- ee ness. TT. Petch, B.Sc., B.A. - : ___ Bye-gone Hull Naturalists. I. George Norman (1823-1882). “7.8.” - _ Sugaring for Noctuxe. The late George Norman - - Additions to the Club’s List of Local Macro- ee J. W. Boalt - _ East Riding Botanical Notes, 1900. J. F. Robinson - - - Deformed Diatoms in det Sahay near St. Andrew’s Dock, Hull, in te R. H. Philip - B 4 E Z f i 5 a Local Archeological Notes. TT. eine) F.G.8. (a) Note on a Bronze Mould and a Hoard of mae tac found a Hotham Carrs, East Yorkshire. (6) On a French Type of Bronze Axe found at Hull. (c) On a Roman Vase recently found in North Lincolnshire. A Haltemprice Document. J. R. Boyle, F.S.A. — - : - : = List of Coleoptera occurring around Hull. C. W. Russell — - - - Notes on the History of the Driffield Museum of da ste? Geo- logical Specimens. J. R. Mortimer - _ Recent Foraminifera of the River Humber (Part L.). F. W. Mills, F. RMS. _ Notes on the Progress made by the Club in 1899-1900. “T.S.” - — - SuHorr NoTEs :— Notes on the Occurrence of the Otter saan Badger near a Be, B. B. Haworth-Booth, J.P., D.L. - - Little Auks at Spurn. P. W. Toten - Large Pike at Burton Constable, Yorks., S.E. J. R. Lowther Bittern near Beverley. J. R. Lowther The Hornet near Beverley. J. R. Lowther - : it The Lamprey in the River Hull.. H. M. Foster - aay The Little Gull at Withernsea; and the Little na at Barton. on- — Humber. Chas. Coldwell Tooth of Oxyrhina macrorhiza irom the Hed Chalk a Speeton. T. Sheppard, F.G.S. — - - : Smews near Beverley. J. R. Lawtker - - - - 2a Unusual Coloration of Flounder. J. R. Lowther — - - A Rorqual at Aldborough, East Yorkshire. T. Petch, B. ke B. Se. - Holderness Bats. T. Pate B.A., B.Sc. - - “ : Bird ‘“‘ Escapes” in Holderness. T. Petch, B.A., B. Se. - Late Breeding of Birds in Holderness. T. Petch, B.A., B.Sc. | Wild Plants in the East Park Limniea glabra at Sproatley. F. W. Hie a M. c S. At Pulfin Bend, River Hull, July 7, 1900. E. Lamplough * P. ” a x “ PRANSACTIONS , OF THE DIL: Ls Nor av: (wirn Tire Pace, Index, &c.) ‘ 7A _ Epitep ny THOMAS SHEPPARD, 4 mt. PRICE FIVE SHILLINGS NET. (Free lo Members. ) we a As 2 _ SoLp By , own & Sons, Lrp., Savire St. & Kine Epwarp St., Huw. December, 1901. List: of Officers, 1901-1902. President—T. AUDAS, L.D.S. Vice-Prestdents— R. H. PuHItie. J. Hotiincwortu, M.R.C.S. J. F. Rosinson. Committee— T. Aupas, Jun. E. LAMPLOUGH. Ge. Ay rb. C. W. Mason. H. E. Jounson. J. ScHOFIELD. Recorders— _ ARCHZOLOGY . : « : , . J. R. Bovis, Fs.A- Microscopy (General) . 4 . J. Hottincworth, M.R.C.S. (Botany) . ; ; : . J. F. Rosinson. é (Foraminifera) . : . F. W. Mitts, F.R.M.S. BioLocy, Marine (General) . d . F. W. Frerke, M.C.S. re i Vertebrata (Mammalia and Aves) T. Aupas, L.D.S. (Pisces) ‘ : ; H. M. Foster. Invertebrata (Mollusca) . . F. W. Fierke, M.C.S. (Arachnida) : ; : G. Ross. (Lepidoptera , : J. W. Boutt. (Coleoptera) ‘ . TT. STAINFORTH. J. F. Ropinson. Botany (Phanerogamia and Ferns) | C) Wiheenpaan — (Mosses) (9. . 4 a. Je J. Miiggaee as (Diatomaceez) . A ; R. H. PuHiip. OLOGY aE Tete os Oo A OS See CHEMISTRY. : ; : A. R. Warnes, M.S.C.I. J. Porter. E Librarians—|~-_ Woon. Curator—J. W. Boutt. Secretary —T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S., The Museum, Hull. * * it, pe, 4 ON ae x .<— CON TENTS OF VotumeE I., Parr IV., 1901. The Diatomacee of the Hull District. F. W. Mills and R. H. Philip Water-Spouts on the Yorkshire Wolds. Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A., F.G.S. By-gone Hull Naturalists—II. Adrian Hardy Haworth, F.E.S% &c. (1767-1833). T.S. The Sea Lavender (Statice limonium)in Holderness. T. Petch, Bot eee: : : ; Paludestrina jenkinst near Hull. T. Petch, B.A., B.Sc. The Birds of a Hull Town Garden. John Nicholson Second List of Coleoptera occurring near Hull. T. Stainforth and H. E. Johnson Mollisia cinerascens, Rehm, at Brough; a new record for Great Britain. C. Crossland, F.L.S. Notes on the Progress made by the Club during the year 1goo-1go1. T.S. SHORT NOTES :— A Gamekeeper’s Hoard at Brock o’Dale. T. 8. Acronycta alvi at Beverley. N. F. Dobree East Riding Pseudoscorpions. H. E. Johnson The Black Rat (Mus rattus) at Hull. E. W. Wade : Poronia punctata, an addition to the Yorkshire Fungus Flora. J. Fraser Robinson : Algve at Barton-on-Humber. J. Fraser Reber : Colonel B. B. Haworth-Booth, D.L., J.P., of Hullbank Hall. Edward Lamplough : ; : Carpenter Bee at Hedon. T. Petch, B.A., B.Sc. The Great Snipe near Hull. T. Petch, B.A., B.Sc. A Fossil Walrus in Holderness. Thomas Sheppard, F.G.S. PAGE, TRANSACTIONS OF THE bull Scientific AND Ficld Waturalists’ Club. EDITED BY THE SECRETARY. THE DIATOMACEZ OF THE HULL DISTRICT. By F. W. Mitts, F.R.M.S., anp R. H. PHui.ip. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. HE valuable list of Diatoms of the Hull District, published by the late Geo. Norman, in 1859, of which a revised and extended list was issued in 1865, proved of such use to students of these fascinating microscopic plants, that it has been referred to and quoted from by many later writers on the subject. But since that time the study of Diatoms has made extensive strides, and it has been found necessary to largely revise the nomenclature, in view of fresh light from the work of many observers. In consequence of this, Norman’s list is, as far as the names are concerned, fast becoming obsolete, and to the compilers of the present list it seemed desirable to thoroughly revise his records and bring his nomenclature up to date. In addition to this, many fresh species have been noted in the district, which are here included. Most of the illustrations have been drawn from the figures contained in Smith’s ‘‘Synopsis of the British Diatomacez,”’ Schmidt’s ‘‘Atlas der Diatomaceenkunde,’”’ Van Heurck’s ** Synopsis des Diatomées de _ Belgique,’ Peragallo’s ‘‘Diatomées Marines de France,” and ‘‘Monographie du 157 A 158 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. genre de Pleurosigma,”’ the plates of Diatoms published in the ‘* Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science,” and in a minor degree from about 30 other works. Some of the figures have been drawn specially for this paper, as the species they re- present had not been previously satisfactorily delineated. In all cases every published figure of the species included has been examined, and also the collection of photographs from original types by Dr. Maddox and others which are either in our possession or were accessible to us. No time has been spared in our endeavour to render this list of Diatoms as complete as possible, and the plates as good as the space at our command would allow. They containa few forms which we have decided to omit from the list, the evidence of their occurrence in the district being, in our opinion, insufficient. These forms are marked 7 in the keys to the plates. In revising the nomenclature, we have, in the main, followed the classification given by Van Heurck, as his work is one of the most recent, and perhaps the most popular and and well known to students of the Diatomacee. We have however, ventured to diverge from his leading in some few particulars. For instance, we considered that the genera Pinnularia, included by Van Heurck in Navicula, also Trice- ratium and Amphitetras which he includes with Biddulphia, were better known under their older names. Many of the species recorded as Pinnularia by Norman are however more correctly placed among Navicula, and we have accordingly referred them to that genus. It will be observed that a considerable number of forms recorded by Norman as distinct species have, by more or less general consent of later writers, been reduced to the status of varieties. In this connection we wish it to be clearly under- stood that we do not claim the rank of true species, or even varieties for every form that we list as such; but merely that the specific or varietal name is useful for designating certain forms familiar to diatomists. The boundary line between species and varieties is too vague and uncertain to admit of closer defination than this. Not to overload the list with a plethora of synonyms, we have used in each case, the name which, in our opinion, is the most generally accepted now, and in those cases in which that name differs from the ‘one used by Norman, we have placed his after it in brackets, ignoring (with a few exceptions) all other synonyms. We have to acknowledge a few forms in the list on the authority of the ‘‘Alga Flora of Yorkshire,” by W. West, —— THE DIATOMACE-E OF THE HULL DISTRICT. 159 F.L.S. and G. S. West, A.R.C.S., which has just appeared. We have, however, rejected a few included by them on the authority of Norman, on one of two grounds; either that having examined Norman’s gatherings, we find that he had mis-named the species recorded, or that we do not admit the forms recorded as worthy of specific identification. In the identification of Norman’s records we have been greatly assisted by the kind permission of the authorities of the Hull Municipal Museum to inspect the slides formerly forming his collection and now in their possession. The comparison of these slides with present day gatherings leads to some noteworthy considerations. The firstis perhaps the great industry and patience of Norman and his contem- porary microscopists, as evidenced by the number of localities they have examined and the exhaustive lists from each place. The next most striking fact is the remarkable fixity of certain species in certain localities. Half a century has rolled away since Norman and Harrison made their records, but still the springs of Newbald yield Melosiva arenaria, and those of Haltemprice, /ragillaria Harrisoniz,—in each case the only localities in this district where these forms are found in quantity. And now, as in those days, all Humber gatherings still contain Pleurosigma angulatum, Amphiprora alata and Nitsschia sigma with its varieties. Side by side with these we find other cases, illustrative of the apparently capricious appearance and dis- appearance of certain species which every diatomist must have experienced. For instance, in the Wold springs of Newbald and Weedley, Dzatoma hyemale is now a fairly common form, but it is not recorded by Norman and we fail to find it in any of his slides, though he has made many pre- parations from localities where it may be found to-day. A converse case of disappearance is shown in Norman’s “« Amphiprora constricta,”’ which, after considerable hesitation and research of authorities we make out to be S¢auronezs amphoroitdes Grun, though it is not exactly typical. This seems to have been not uncommon in Norman’s time in the docks of Hull and Grimsby, but we have failed to find it now in those localities. Mavicula peregrina and N. digito-radiata var Cyprinus, common in most of Norman’s slides of brackish water forms, are much scarcernow. Many of our new records are from the brackish waters from the Hull and Humber, such as Aulacodiscus Sollittianus and Campylodicus clypeus, but these are not at all plentiful, so it is not necessary to suppose that they are fresh arrivals, but merely that Norman did not happen to light on them. 160 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. As regards the extent of country to be considered as the ‘- Hull District,” we have followed Norman in not confining ourselves too closely to the immediate neighbourhood of the City. His records comprise gatherings from places, in a few cases, as far distant as Harrogate and Whitby. Speaking generally, we have assumed any place to be in the district that is within reach of a half-day excursion from Hull. The only species we have omitted from his list are those he records on ships’ bottoms from foreign parts, as these cannot fairly be considered local. Early in our work, the question arose as to whether we should be justified in including species which Norman found only in the stomachs of Ascidian Molluscs, adhering to oyster shells bought in the Hull market, but the evidence being conclusive that these were dredged up from the North Sea, and the fact that we have found many of these Ascidian species on the shores of the Yorkshire coast and in the Humber estuary, renders it pretty certain that the whole of them may be found, after more numerous observations, within our limits. | Norman regretted not having been able to make many gatherings from the sands of the sea shore, and unfortunately we have to express the same regret. The conditions under which gatherings may be made from marine sands are so fugitive that opportunities of making them are exceedingly scarce. Our material from the North Sea is somewhat scanty. It consists merely of a few Ascidian gatherings examined by Norman, some plankton diatems on the authority of Prof. T. P. Cleve, and a deepsea sounding. There is therefore a wide field for the labours of our members who are fond of the sea. . A careful perusal of Prof. Cleve’s works on the plankton of the North Sea and neighbouring waters will afford much valuable information as to the seasonal distribution of the numerous diatoms inhabiting them. We have, however, only thought it desirable to record the forms found by him in a gathering taken near the Yorkshire coast at long. 0° 5’ W., lat. 55° 20’. The diatoms from this gathering are identified in the following list thus :—(Cl.). The plankton diatoms are of great interest and teach us much about oceanic currents. The neritic (litoral) forms are in many cases varieties of the oceanic, and pass suddenly from one to the other—e.g., Rhisosolenia alata becomes changed into R. gracillima, and it is not an uncommon occurrence to find a specimen one half of which is typical of R. alata and the other half of R. gracillima. Again, the northern varieties on inhabiting more temperate waters change their appearance, THE DIATOMACE OF THE HULL DISTRICT. 161 as Coscinodiscus oculus tridis of the Arctic Ocean becomes C. concinnus of the North Sea. Norman’s first list comprised about 400 species, and was then the longest local list that had ever been published. The revised edition of 1865 contained about 480 species. The present list comprises about 600 species and varieties, and we think it is worthy of notice that this is about one half of the species known to be inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland. Notwithstanding this we do not regard the list as anything like complete, but feel sure that with further research many species hitherto unrecorded will be found, and we should wel- come communications from observers who have obtained such forms. These will be inserted in future issues of the Club’s Transactions. [For the very excellent drawings of diatoms on the accompanying plates, as well as the plates themselves, the Club is greatly indebted to Mr. Mills.—Ed. ] 162 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. ABBREVIATIONS FOR LOCALITIES. Asc = In Ascidian Molluscs. Mft. =Marfleet. Ask. =Askern. MCh. =Marsh Chapel. Atk. =Atwick. MWn. = Market Weighton. Brw. =Barrow on Humber. Net. =Nettleton. Btn = Barton on Humber, Nbd. =Newbald. Bnm. =Benningholme. NHd. =New Holland. Bvy. =Beverley. Nid. = Newland. Btm. =Brantingham. Nsm. =Newsholme. Brd. =Bridlington. Pine eultine Bro. = Brock o’Dale. RiC. =Riccal Common. Bft. |=Broomfleet. RFy. =River Foulney. Brh. =Brough. ine 5, lelimlll Cle. =Cleethorpes. Retr. = 95, Humber: CIM. =Cliff Moor. RAb. =Roche Abbey. Cot. =Cottingham. Run. =Runswick. Cus. =Cusworth. ScC. =NScotter Common. Des. =Dairycoates. SkC. =Skipwith Common. Don. = Doncaster. SFy. =South Ferriby. Dfd. =Drittield. Slt. =Saltersgate. Dun. =Dunswell. Skl. =Skirlaugh. Bir) —Ellerker: Spd. =Springhead. Elm. =Elmswell. Spn. =Spurn Point. EvP. =Everingham Park. Stl. =Stallingbro’. Fla. =Flambro’. Sty. =Stoneferry. Gan. =Ganstead. Str. =NStrensall. Gby. =Grimsby. Stn. =Sutton-on-Hull. Htp. =Haltemprice. Tty. =Tetney. Har. = Harrogate. Tic. =Tickton. Hfd. =Hatfield Moor. Tol. =Tollington Moor. Hes. =Hessle. VD. =Victoria Dock, Hull. Hin. =Hinderwell. WD. =West Dock, Hull. Hsa. = Hornsea. Wne. = Wawne. HmP. = Hotham Park. Wee. =Weedley. HWW.=Haull Waterworks. Wtn. = Welton. Ing. =Inglemire Lane. Why. =Whitby. KHI. =Kelsey Hill. Wsa. = Withernsea. Key. =Keyingham. Wil = Willerby. Kil. =Killinghall. Wre. =Wressle. bp.=brickpond. c¢.=canal. dr.=drain. ss.= springs. tp.=timberpond. RECORDERS :— Cl.=Cleve. C.=Coombe. H.=Harrison. Hu.=Hunter. Mi.= Mills. Mu.= Munroe. N.=Norman. P.=Philip. 8.=Stiles. VH.=Van Heurck. W.= West. —— THE DIATOMACEZ OF THE HULL DISTRICT. 163 SUB-FAMILY. RAPHIDIEZ. TRIBE CYMBELLEAE. [Spectes not recorded in Norman’s List ave marked *.] Amphora ovalis, Kutz., common in all fresh waters; pl. 12» £1; Pe »» var. gracilis., Btn. & Nbd. ss. (P.); pl. 12, f. 36%. ‘: ie ag. o aS tie, een. (Ps). Eir: (S.); re) ya lps ee Face a -# », pediculus (A. minutissima, WSm.), Cot. Bvy. Nbd. ss. (N.), HmP. RFy. Arram, Gan. (P.), RAb. (C.), Bvy. (Wd (So) -pl 12, £ S. Hs Normanii, Rab., on wall in orchid house (N.); pl. 12, f. 4. % Proteus, Greg., RHr. (Mi.); pl. 12, f. 37*. ‘4 arenaria, Donk., Hsa. sands (N.), Spn. (P.); pl. 12, £5: se angusta, Greg., Brd. sands (P.); pl. 12, f. 6*. 3 crassa, Greg., Asc. (N.), RHr: SFy. Paull, Cle. (P.); DAZ: fs 7. ty, (N.), SFy: {(P.), RHr. (Mi.); pl 12, £'S, - salina, WSm., VD. tp. RHI. Sty. (N.), RHr. SFy. (P23: pl. 12, f..10. sp costata, WSm., behind Garrison, Hull (Mu.), Feder 1pMi.)5, pl..12, £21. 6 coffeaeformis, Kutz., Brd. sands (P.); pl. 12, f. 9*. “ veneta, Kutz., Btn. ss. (Mi.); pl. 13, £ 17*. 3 lineolata, Ehr. (A. tenera, WSm.), RHr. Sty. (N.), Paull, RHID(P.) ;. pl.-12, £.:12. ui commutata, Grun., (A. affinis, WSm.), Sty. RHr. 53 Nyalina,, Kutz., RHr. Gby. (N.), -Goole (Hu-)}; Dlg; fF 13. He ostrearia, Breb. (A. litoralis, Donk.). Hsa. sands (N.), RAb. (Hu.); pl. 12, f. 14. 5 “2 var. quadrata (A. quadrata, Breb.), Asc. (N.) 3"pL 22, £15. ibs fusca, A-.S., RHr. (Mi.); pl. 13, f. 18*. Cymbella Ehrenbergii, Kutz., Hsa. peat, Cot. (N.), Brd. peat (John Phillips), Nbd. ss. (P.), Ask. (S.); pl. 12, f. 16. 164 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Cymbella cuspidata, Kutz., Slt. Cot. (N.), RFy. Nbd. ss. ” 9 (B.), cask: (Ss) spl. 12; 6 27: cuspidata, var. naviculiformis., KHI1. Pfn. bog (P.), BlenS.) ita (G:)$ ‘pl. 13,929". amphicephala, Naeg., Cot. Brh. CIM. (N.), Atk. MWn. Btm. (P.); pl. 12, f. 18. obtusa, Greg., Brh. ss. (N.); pl. 12, f. 19. affinis, Kutz., Har. (N.), Brh. (S.) ; pl. 12, f. 20. microcephala, Grun., Fla. cliffs (P.); pl. 12, f. 21*. aequalis, WSm. (Navicula angustata, WSm., N. inaequilatera, Lag.), Thorne moor, ScC. Cot. (N.), Ask. (S.), Brd. (P.), Meaux, Wne. Bvy. (W)is: plies f 22. gastroides, Kutz., Cave, EvP. Nbd. ss. (P.), Hfd. (So) ops 12, f. 25%. lanceolata, Ehr.+ (Cocconema lanceolatum, Ehr.), RHI. Nbd. Risby, Dfd. (N.), Arram, KH. Gby. park (P.), RHr. (Mi.); pl. 12, f. 24. af var. cornuta, HWW. (N.); pl. 12, f. 25. cymbiformis, Ehr. (Cocconema cymbiforme, Ehr.), common in fresh water; pl. 12, f. 26. AO var. parva. (Cocconemaparvum, WSm.), Anlaby Rd. (Mu.); pl. 12, f. 27. Cistula, Hempr. (Cocconema Cistula, Ehr.), com- mon in fresh water; pl. 12, f. 28. 5 Var. mtaculata.,| Dfd.. Fla. Hes, \(P:)s plolasd 29". Helvetica, Kutz., Slt. MWn. c. Spring ditch (N.), KB Spd.) (22): pl. 12; £30: Encyonema prostratum, Ralfs., RHI. Wne. (N.), HWW. (Mi.), Nid. (Mu.), Arram (P.), RAb. (C.) ; pl 12, £31. ; turgidum (Greg.), Grun., Spring ditch (Mi.), Skidby dr. (P.); pl. 13, £. 20%. caespitosum, Kutz., common; pl. 12, f. 32. Ae var. Auerswaldii, RHr. (Mi.), Gby. park (P.); pl. 13, f. 21*. ventricosum, Kutz. (Cymbella ventricosa, Kutz.), Skl. Bnm. Ing. (N.), Cot. Btm. Wtn. ss. (P.), Stn. Bvy. (W.); pl. 12, f. 33. + Hunter records Cocconema Boeckii (WSm. sic.) Grun. for Goole. This is a variety of Cymbella lanceolata, which we illustrate (after Grunow in A.S. Atl., Pl. ro, fig. 11), in our Pl. 26, fig. 17. + The form recorded by Norman, as Cymbella maculata, on exami- nation of his slides proves to be Encyonema caespitosum, no doubt found without tubes. Pe «7 * : THE DIATOMACE OF THE HULL DISTRICT. 165 Encyonema gracile, Rab., KHI. (P.); pl. 12, f. 34%. ee = var. Scotica (Cymbella Scotica, WSm.), Sit. Cote. Md. (Nz) -KHE. (P.); pl. 12, f. 35. TRIBE NAVICULEAE. Mastogloia Smithii, Thw., Stl. RHr. Sty. (N.); pl. 13, f. 1. Ae Br var. lacustris, EvP. KHI. (P.); pl. 13, 12. * lanceolata, Thw., VD. tp. (H.), Cle. (N.), HmP. MWn. bog (Mi.); pl. 13, f. 3. 43 apiculata, WSm., VD. tp. (H.); pl. 13, f. 4. ~ Danseii, Thw., Hsa. mere, Brh. Bft. (N.); ya pa “F Grevillei, WSm., Hsa. peat (N.); pl. 13, f. 6. 3 Gallica, WSm. (Diadesmis Gallica), Water tank, Hull (H.); pl. 18, f. 20. Stauroneis Phenicenteron, Ehr., Net. Cot. MWn.c. Risby(N.), Hsa. mere, Elm. (P.), Tic. (W.), Hfd. (S.); pe is, £7: 4 gracilis, Ehr., Net. Htp. RHr. (N.), Hsa. mere (P.), Brw. ss. (Mi.); pl. 13, f. 8. eA acuta, WSm., Risby, Hsa. peat (N.), Nbd. ss. (P.); pl. 13, f. 9. : A Gregorii, Ralfs., RHr. Mft. (Mi.), Cle. (P.); pl. 13, f. 22*. 3 spicula, Hickie., Hes. creek (P.), RHr. (Mi.); pl. 18, f. 10*. “ salina, WSm., Sty. Stl. MCh. Tty. (N.), Paull, WD. (P.); pl. 13, f. 11. fy anceps, Ehr., Cot. Bvy. Wne. Htp. (N.), HmP. Hes. (P.), Routh (W.), Hfd. (S.); pl. 13, £. ‘V2. 40 Fe var. linearis (S. linearis, Kutz.), CIM. (N.), Hes. creek (P.); pl. 13, f. 13. a “ var.amphicephala(S. amphicephala, Kutz.), Mtn. peat (N.); pl. 13, f. 14. 5 Smithii, Grun. (S. linearis, WSm.), Kil. Bvy. Cot. MWn. c. (N.), Dfd. Swine (P), Elr. (S.); pl. 13, f. 15. “ Legumen, Ehr., ScC. (N.), Cot. (P.), Bvy. (W.); pl. 13, f. 16. ss amphoroides, Grun. (Amphiprora constricta, Ehr.), VD tp. Mft. (N.); pl. 26, f. 7. 166 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Pinnularia nobilis, Ehr., Cot. (N.), Arram dr. (P.), Hsa. peat (Mi.), Bvy. (W.); pl. 16, f. 1. major, Kutz., Hsa. peat, MWn. c. (N.), Cave, Arram, Hsa. mere (P.), Hfd. (S.); pl. 16, fi 2. viridis, Kutz., common in fresh water ; pl. 16, f. 3. 5» Var. commutata (P. hemuptera, WSm.), Sit. (N.), Hsa. mere (P.); pl. 16, f. 4. hemiptera, Kutz. (P. acuminata, WSm.), Scarbro. (Wa) F pk 27,5 2". cardinalis, Ehr., Hsa. and Marton peat (N.); D116; ier: gracillima, Greg., Slt. (N.); £16: undulata, Greg., ScC. (N.); pl. i Gartearte lata. Breb., Scarbro’. (W.); pl. 27, f. 1. borealis, Ehr., Bnm. MWn. c. (N.), Sculcoates lane (P ); pl 16) f. 8: divergens, WSm. (N. legumen, Ehr.), Cot. (N.), Don. (S.); pl 6, f. 9. retusa, Breb. Asc. Fla. dredgings (N.); pl. 16, f. 10. Brebissonii, Kutz. (P. stauroneiformis WSm.), Skl. Net. Cot.(N.), Nld. bp., Swine, Run. (P.), Tic. Bvy. Meaux (W.); pl. 16, f. 11. stauroptera (Grun.), var. parva, Endyke lane (P.); pl 16, £12". tabellaria, Ehr., Slt. (N.); pl. 16, f. 13. gibba, Kutz., Slt. Risby. Cot. Htp. (N.); pl. 16, £.14. subcapitata, Greg., ScC. CIM. (N.); pl. 16, f. 15. appendiculata, Ag., on rocks, Why. (N.), Nsm. (W.)3 pl. Tine. 4. globiceps, Greg., Mft. dr. (N.); pl. 16, f. 16. mesolepta, Ehr., Slt. Htp. Bvy. Hsa. peat (N.), Hes. MWn. (P.), SFy. (Mi.); pl. 16, f, 17. interrupta, WSm., Net. Wne. Har. (N.); pl. 16, f20: nodosa, Ehr., ScC. CIM. Marton peat, Tol. (N.); pl.-16;£ 18. nodosa, var. formica (P. polyonca, Breb.), Pond in Net. Wood (N.); pl. 16, f. 19. claviculus, Greg., Marton Peat (N.); pl. 16, fugie GENUS NAVICULA. RADIOSAE. Navicula oblonga, Kutz. (Pinnularia oblonga, WSm.), Cot. Skl. Hsa. peat (N.), KHI. Pfn. Dun. (P.), Hfd. Cus. (S.); pl. 16, f. 22. THE DIATOMACE4® OF THE HULL DISTRICT. 167 Navicula peregrina, Kutz. (Pinn. peregrina, Ehr.), Sty. Tty- ditch nr. RHI. (N.), SFy. Key. dr. (P.), RHr. (Mi.), Hfd. (S.), Tic. (W.); pl. 16, f. 23. peregrina, var. Menisculus Schum., Brw. ss. Pfn. bore (P.);-nl 17, 2 9*: cincta (Ehr.) Kutz. (Pinn. cincta, Ehr.), HWW. UN. )F Brh. (P2)5 pl 17, £ 6. gracilis, Ehr. (Pinn. gracilis), Mft. RHr. Tty. Sit. (N.), Paull (P.), RAb (C.), Ask (S.); pl. 16, f. 24. var. schizonemoides, V. H. (Colletonema neglectum, Thw.), RHI, Wne, HWW. Bra) (N2),, Bam. (PB); RAB (C.); pl. 16, f. 25. viridula, Kutz. (Pinn. viridula, WSm.), Wne. Kil. Cot.(N.), Elm. ss. Stn. dr. (P.), RHr. (Mi.), Cus. Ask. (S.); pl. 16, f. 26. », var. Slesvicensis, Sty. (VH.), Nid. Elr. (P.); pl. .16,'f. 27*: radiosa, Kutz. (Pinn. radiosa, WSm., Pinn. acuta, WSm.), common; pl. 16, f. 28. se var. tenella. (Pinn. varians var. tenella Greg.), Brh. Wsa. (N.); pl. 16, f. 29. cryptocephala, Kutz., common in brackish water ; ” pl. 16, f. 30. it. var. exilis., Ing. (P.); pl. 26, f. 3%. 4 », Veneta, Nsm. (W.), RAb. (C.); pl. 26, f. 19%. rhyncocephala, Kutz., Cot. Risby, Har. Htp. Mwn. p).(N.), Gby. Sty. Rd: (P:);) Bvy.. Wne- Meaux (W.); pl. 16, f. 31. rhyncocephala, var. rostellata (Pinn. garganica, WSm.), Cot. Har. RHI. (N.), RHr. (Mi.), Wid. (P:); pl. 17, £.°7. gregaria, Donk., Ing. (P.); pl. 16, f. 32%. Hungarica, Grun. (Pinn. pygmaea Ehr.), RHI. Cot. Sty.\(N.); pl 17,.2, 8. * var. capitata (Pinn. inflata, Kutz. N. humilis, Donk.), Wne. Kil. MWn. Bvy. (N.), Nid. bp. Dun. (P.), Elr. (S.); RAb. (C.), Tic. (W.) ph 16, f. 33. nana, Greg. (Pinn. nana), Cot. Sty. (N.), RFy. Swine (P.); pl. 16, f. 34. cancellata, Donk., Brd. Sands (P.); pl. 16, f£. 35*. 168 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Navicula crucifera, Grun. (N. apiculata, Breb.), Asc. (N.); pl. 16, f. 48. fortis, Greg., \Brd. Sands .(P.),- RHr. (Mie pl. 16, f. 36*. digito-radiata, var. Cyprinus, WSm. (Pinn. Cyprinus), Dcs. Tty. MCh. Gby. (N.), Cle. (P.); pl. 16, f. 37, Reinhardtii, Grun., Nid. bp. (P.), Hfd. (S.); pl. 16, f. 38%. distans (WSm), V. H. (Pinn. distans, WSm.), Hsa. sands, Fla. dredgings, Asc. (N), Fla. rocks,’ Cle. (P.)*. pl) 16st. So: arenaria, Donk., Brd. sands (P.); pl. 16, f. 40%. lanceolata, Kutz., Bvy. (N.), Htp. Nid. bp. (P.); pl. 16, f. 41. Gastrum (Ehr.) Donk. (Pinn. varians, Greg., N. rostellum, WSm.), Cot. Htp. Stl. Ing. (N.), Rusa. Brh: Pin. (P.); pl. 16, £4 3 4 var. exigua (Pinn. exigua, Greg.), Sty. (N.); pl. 16, f. 43. Anglica, Ralfs. (N. tumida, WSm.), Cot. (N.), Rab. (S.), Wre. (W.), Key. 'Gan--(P2); pl. 16, f. 44. ae var. pubsainen RFy. (P.)3 ph. 16; 45%. mA semen, Ehr., Hsa. peat, Cot. Risby (N.), Hfd. (S.); pl. 16, f. 46. dicephala, WSial, Htp. (N.), MWn. (Mi.), Run. Bro. (P.), Meaux. Wne. (W.), Don. (S.); pl. 16, f. 47. directa, WSm. (Pinn. directa), Gby. (N.); pl. 16, f. 49. DIDYMAE. Navicula Crabro, var. Pandura Breb., Asc. (N.) ; pl. 16, f. 50. », interrupta, Kutz., RHr. (Mi.), Cle. (P.); pl. 17, f. 9*- », didyma, Ehr., Sty. MCh. Gby. (N.), RHr. (Mi.) ; pl. 16, f. 51. ,, Bombus, Ehr., Asc. (N.), Cle. (P.); pl. 16, f. 52. ELLIPTICAE. Navicula Smithii, Breb., ditch nr. RHI. Asc. (N.), NHd. Cle. (P.)). Flas (Ms) 3: pliT, £. di rf ,, var. aestiva (N. aestiva Donk), Hsa. sands (N2)§ spi, 782 2 THE DIATOMACE2 OF THE HULL DISTRICT. 169 Navicula litoralis, Donk., Brd. sands (P.) ; pl. 16, f. 53*. zs nitescens, Greg., Asc. (N.) ; pl. 17, f. 10. a fusca, Greg., Asc. (N.) ; pl. 17, f. 11. .,. suborbicularis, Greg., RHr. (Mi.) ; pl. 17, Pees a ms var. coffeaeformis A. S. RHr. (Mi.) ; Pei i as". ,, elliptica, Kutz., Hsa. peat, Htp. Nbd. RHI. MWn. c. Cot. (N.), HmP. Wee. (P.) ; pl. 17, f. 3. 53 3 var. ovalis, Swine (P.), Cus. Don. (S.) ; pl. 17, f. 3a*. as var. oblongella. A slide of Norman’s labelled N. ellipsis WSm. from VD. piers, contains this and the preeeding variety with intermediate forms ; pl. 26, f. 4. LYRATAE. Navicula Lyra, Ehr., Fla. dredgings, Asc. (N.), Cle. (P-) ; pis 7, t. 24: Re ,, var. elliptica, RHr. (Mi.) ; pl. 17, f. 15*. - forcipata, Grev., Asc. (N.), Cle. (P.) ; pl. 17, f. 16. i pygmaea, Kutz. (N. minutula WSm.), Sty. MCh. Tty. (N.), SFy, RHI. Hes. (P.); pl. 17. f. 17. HENNEDYEAE. Navicula Hennedyii, WSm., Asc. (N.) ; pl. 17, f. 18. ASPERAE. Naviculaaspera, Ehr.(Stauroneis pulchellaWSm. ), Hsa. sands, Fla. dredgings, Asc. (N.), RHr. (Mi.), Cle. (P.); pl. 17, f. 19. STAURONEIDEAE. Navicula Tuscula, Ehr. (Stauroneis punctata, Kutz.), ScC. Hsa. & Wsa. peat (N.), RHI. Pfn. (P.); pl. 17, f. 20. sr mutica, Kutz., Posts in river, Des. (N.), Hull dock (P.) ; pl. 17, f. 21. *5 », var. undulata (Stauroneis undulata Greg.) RHI. Cot. CIM. (N.) ; pl. 17, f. 22. e ,» Var. quinquenodis (N. undosa Donk) Cot. (N.); pl. 17, f. 23. ,, crucicula, Donk. (Stauroneis dilatata, WSm.), Sty. Tty. (N.); pl. 18, f. 22. ,, integra, WSm. (Pinn, integra) Brh. (N.); pl. 17, f. 25. 170 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. PALPEBRALES. Navicula palpebralis, Breb., South bank, RHr. (Mu.); pl. 17, bn) f. 26. », var. Barklayana Greg., Hsa. sands (N.) ; pl. 17, f. 27. ABBREVIATAE. Navicula brevis, Greg., RHr. (Mi.) ; pl. 17, f. 28*. ” elegans, WSm., Sty. Tty. (N.), SFy. (P.); pl. 17, f. 29. PERSTRIATAE. Navicula humerosa, Breb., Hsa. sands Tty. (N.), Brd. sands, Navicula Navicula Spa. Cle. (P.))5 pl. 17, £..30: latissima, Greg., RAb. (Hu.) ; pl. 26, f. 22*. scutelloides, WSm., Hsa. mere (N.) ; pl. 17, f. 31. granulata, Breb., Hsa. sands (N.), Spn. (Mi.) ; pl. 17, f. 32. Baileyana, Grun., RHr.(Mi.),Cle. (P.); pl. 17, f. 33%. confervacea, Kutz. (Diadesmis) Ask. (S.); pl. 26, F220. pusilla, WSm., Wne. MWn. c. Sty. Cot. (N.), Nid. bp. (P), RHr. (Mi.), Meaux (W.); pl. 17, f. 34. marina, Ralfs. (N. punctulata WSm.) Stl. MCh. (N.jiClen (PS) "pl 17, £35. J OHNSONIEAE. scopulorum, Breb. (Pinn. Johnsoni, WSm.), VD. (N.), Paull, NHd. Cle (P.); pl. 17, f. 36. CRASSINERVES. cuspidata, Kutz., Hsa. mere & peat, Risby, Htp. (N.), Wee ss. Arram dr. Nld. bp. Gan. (P.), Wre. RiC. (W.), Hfd. (S.) ; pl. 17, f. 37. forma craticula (Surirella craticula Ehr.) Marton peat (N.) ; pl. 26. f. 16. ambigua, Ehr., Hsa. & Marton peat, Sty. (N.), Spd. (P.), Str. Wre. (W.) ; pl. 17, f. 38. ambigua forma craticula, V.H., Swine (P.); De Lin is toes ” FUSIFORMES. Navicula fusiformis, var. ostrearia (Gaill) V.H. (Amphipleura Danica Kutz) Tty. Gby. RHr. (N.); pl. 17, f. 40. THE DIATOMACE4 OF THE HULL DISTRICT. 171 SCULPTEAE. Navicula sculpta, Ehr. (N. tumens, WSm.), Tty. Sty. (N.), Hes. SFy. RHI. (P.), Ask. (S.) ; pl. 17, f. 41. Ee Bohemica, Ehr., RHI. nr. Haworth Hall (P.) ; pl. 17, f. 42*. 5, Sphaerophora, Kutz., Htp. Net. Hsa. peat (N.), Nid. bp. Hin. (P.), Meaux, Bvy. (W.); pl. 17, f. 43. SERIANTEAE. Navicula serians, Breb., ScC. (N.), Hfd. (S.), Str. (W.); pl. 17, f. 46. », exilis (Kutz) Grun., Hfd. (S), Bvy. Wne. Wre. (W.); pl. 26, f. 18. ,, follis, Ehr. MWn. c. Bvy. (N.), RHI. Pfn.bend (P.); pl. 13, f. 24. FORMOSAE. Navicula probabilis, A.S., RHr. (Mi.) ; pl. 17, f. 45*. ~ latiuscula, Kutz. (N. patula, WSm.), Hsa. peat (N.), Hfd. (S.). 53 amphisbaena, Bory., Sty. Net. Cot. MCh. Tty. Har. Htp. (N.), Arram, Dun. (P.); pl. 18, f. 1. s, amphisbaena, var. subsalina, SFy. Gby. park (P.), RHr. (Mi.); pl. 18, f. 2*. LIMOSAE. Navicula limosa, Kutz., Cot. ss. RHI. Wne. (N.), Pfn. (P.), Hfd. (S.), Bvy. (W.) ; pl. 18, f. 3. . Ware Outta, Fifd. (S.), Bro. (P.) ; pl. 26; £220: AFFINES. Navicula bisulcata Langst. (N. scita,s WSm.), Nbd. and Cot. ss. (N.); pl. 18, f. 5. xe Iridis, Ehr. (N. firma Kutz.), Risby, Cot. Htp. (N.), Nbd: Han. (P.), Hfd. (S.); pl. 18, £. 6. “F 5» Var. amphigomphus Ehr., Cot. Wne. Har. (N.);. 8m. Btn. ss. (P.), ‘SKC. (W.) ; spl.-38, py fs 172 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Navicula Iridis, var. amphirhyncus Ehr., Net. Cot. Skl. Har (N.), Nid. bp. Dun. Gan. (P.), Goole (Hu.) Bvy. (W.), Brd. peat (John Phillips) ; pl. 18, f. 8. = +» Wat. dubia Ehr., Pfn. bog. Btn, ss: (Pay; pls.18; f.09s. 5 ,, var. undulata Grun., SFy. MWn. (Mi.), Gan. (P.); pl. 18, 10*. He ,, var. affinis Ehr.(N. affinis, N. producta), Cot. Htp. ScC. Skl. Hsa. peat (N.), Dun. Gan. (P.), Wre. (W.), RAb. (C.); pl. 18, f 11. LINEARES. Navicula liber, WSm., Fla. dredgings (N.), RHr. (Mi.) ; pl. 18, f. 12. BACILLEAE. Navicula bacillum, Ehr., Hsa. peat (N.), RHI. Pfn. (P.); pi. 18,'f. 13: ,, laevissima, Kutz., Slt. Net. Cot. Htp. Hsa. peat, Wne. (N.), Btn. ss. RHr. (P.) ; pl. 18, f. 14. wt obtusa, WSm., Cot. ss. (N.); pl. 18, f. 15. im Pupula, Kutz., Wre. (W.); pl. 27, f. 3*. MINUTISSIMAE. Navicula incerta, Grun., Key. dr. (P.) ; ‘pl. 26, f. 23%. ie atomus, Naeg., Cot. (N.), Rain puddle, Sculcoates (P;)5 pl, 18, f 16. - cocconeiformis, Greg., CIM. (N.); pl. 18, f. 17. 5, binodis, (Ehr.) WSm., Bvy parks (N.), RAb. (C.) ; pl. 18, f. 18. fe lepidula, Grun., Spring ditch, ScC.(N.); pl. 18, f. 19. Schizonema Smithii, Ag., Hsa. on submerged peat beds (N.); pl 18;f. ar », crucigerum, WSm.,VD. tp. Tty, Gby. (N.), Paull NHd. Cle) .(P.); pl. 17, 24. ,, Grevillei, Ag. Sandlemere peat, RHr. (N.), Fla. rocks (P.); pl. 18, f. 23. ,) ramosissimum, Ag. MCh.(N.), Mft. (P.); pl. 18, f. 24. _ Colletonema lacustre, (Ag.), V.H. Hfd. (S.); pl. 26. f. 24%. ~ Vanheurckia rhomboides, Breb. (Navicula rhomboides Ehr.) Thorne, ScC. CIM. (N.), Arram (P.), SkC. x (Fowler) ; pl. 18, f. 25. oe a THE DIATOMACE OF THE HULL DISTRICT. rye: Vanheurckia rhomboides, var. Saxonica Rab. (N. crassinervia Breb.), Net. Slt. Cot. RHI. (N.), Htp. (P.), Ask. (S.); pl. 18, f. 26. es vulgaris (ColletonemaThw.) V.H., Cot. ss. (N.), Stn. dr. Htp. (P.), RAb. (C.); pl. 18, f. 27. Amphipleura pellucida, Kutz., Net. Risby, Ing. (N.), Cot. (H.), Htp. (P.), Hfd. Don. (S.); pl. 18, f. 28. Brebissonia Boeckii, Grun. (Doryphora Boeckii WSm), Why. (N.); pl. 18, f. 29. Berkeleya fragilis, Grev., Des. (H.); pl. 18, f. 30. 3 obtusa, Grev. (Schizonema Dillwynnii Ag.), VD. tp. RHr. Why. (N.); pl. 18, f. 31. Scoliopleura latestriata (Breb.) Grun., RHr. (Mi.), Cle. (P.) ; pl. 18, f. 32%. tumida (Breb.) Grun. (Navicula Jenneri WSm. ) RHr. Stl. RHI. Sty. Mch. Gby. (N.), Cle. WD. (P.), Fla. (Mi.) ; pl. 18, f. 33. Westii (WSm.), Grun. (Navicula Westii WSm.), RHI. Stl. Sand-le-mere, Hollym carrs (N.), Paull, WD. (P.); pl. 18, f. 34. Toxonidea insignis, Donk., Asc. (N.), Brd. sands (P.) ; pl. 19, f. 31. 9 undulata, Norm., Asc. (N.); pl. 19, f. 32. Pleurosigma angulatum, WSm., outlet Hsa. mere, Sty. Gby. (N°), Cle. Paull, WD. .(P.),. RHr. (Mi): ”) DUPLO N tL, A Aestuarii, WSm., Dcs. RHr. (N.), Mft. Cle. (P.) ; pl. 19, f. 2. - quadratum, WSm., Des. (N.), Paull, WD. (P.); D9; f-3: delicatulum,WSm., VD. tp. Sty. (N.); pl. 19, f. 4. strigosum, WSm., Paull, Fla. Gby. Mft. (N.), RHr. (Mi.), NHd. (P.) 53 pl. 19, f. 5. a rigidum, WSm., Fla. (N.), RHr. (Mu.) ; pl. 19, f. 6. stine! var. Ninn (P. Normanni Ralfs) Asc, (N.); pl. 19, f. 7. os naviculaceum, Breb. (P. transversale WSm.), Asc. (N.) ; pl. 26, f. 31. intermedium, WSm., VD.tp. Gby. (N.), NHd. (P.):; pl Ag, f. 10: intermedium, var. nubecula (P. nubecula WSm.), VDte.Gby. (N.) 5 pl 19, £21, - speciosum, WSm., Gby docks (N.); pl. 18, f. 35. elongatum, WSm., Mft. Hsa. mere outlet, Tty. (N.), Cle: Hes. Key. dr. (P.); pl. 19, f. 12. B 174 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Pleurosigma acutum, Norm., Asc. (N.); pl. 19, f. 18. ” decorum, WSm., Fla. (N.), Mft. Key. dr. (P.) ; pl 19; £14. Hippocampus, WSm., RHr. RHI. Tty. Sty. (N.), Key. Mft. Hes. (P.); pl. 19, f. 15. attenuatum, WSm., Cot. Net. Risby, Nbd. Wne. (N.), Wold ss. (P.), Hsa. peat (Mi.); pl. 19, F.16: attenuatum, var. scalprum (Gail) Grun. (P. acuminatum, WSm.), Gby. Stl.(N.), Hfd.(S.) ; pl. 19, f. 17. litorale, WSm., Gby. Stl. (N.), RHr. (Mi.), Mft. Cle. (P.); pl. 19, f. 18. Balticum, WSm., Humber bank (N.), RHr. (Mi)., Cle. (P.); pl. 19, f. 19. Balticum, var. Brebissonii (Cl. & Grun.), V.H. (P. scalprum, Breb.), Hes. RHI. Gby. Sty. (N.); RHr, (Mi.), Mit. (P.) ; pl. 19, £. 20. Balticum, var, Wansbeckii, Mft. NHd. Cle. (P.); pl 485 36". acuminatum, (Kutz), Grun. (P, lacustre, WSm.), Cot. Htp. Risby, Hsa. peat, Bvy. MWn. c. (N.), Nid. bp. Gan. Btn. ss. (P.), Hsa. mere, Wre, i(W.) 3) pl-19) £21. strigilis, WSm., Mft. Sty. (N.), Paull, NHd. (P.), Brh. (S.)) pl Lot 22: Spenceril, var. Smithii, Grun. Hsa. mere and peat, Wne. Risby, Net. Htp. (N.), MWn. Dun. (B.)y Ein side (S;))3 pl. 19) £23. Spencerii, var. curvula, Grun. Paull (P.) ; pl. 18, hots: : tenuissimum, WSm., Salt pools Gby. (N.); pl. 19, f. 24. Parkerii, Harrison, Thornton le Moor (N.), Key. dr (Pe) se 19 2S: distortum, WSm., Gby. (N.), Mft. NHd. Key. dr. (Po) pL 282 26. Fasciola, WSm., RHr. Gby. Sty. Stn. (N.), Key. dr. NHd> Bft., Mit: (Ps) pl 19, f. 27. 5, var. prolongatum, (P. prolongatum,WSm.), Gby. VD. tp. (N.);; pb 19, £ 28. macrum, WSm., Sty. Stn. (N.); pl. 26, f. 32. eximium, (Thw.), WH. (Colletonema eximium, Thw.), Sty. Wne. Outlet Hsa. mere (N.), RHE Hes. (Bft..(P)3\pl.19; £30, ——-—--_ —_— iF ; 7 THE DIATOMACE OF THE HULL DISTRICT. 175 Pleurosigma scalproides, Rab. Hfd. (S.) ; pl. 27, f 4*. lanceolatum, Donk., Hsa. sands (N.), Brd. sands (P.) ; pl. 19, f. 9. Amphiprora alata, Kutz., MCh. Hes. Sty. VD. tp. (N.), WD. Cle. (P.), RHr. (Mi.) ; pl, 13, £. 25. paludosa, WSm., Sty. Stn. Hes. RHr. (N.), Paull, KHI. Cle. (P.); pl. 18, f. 26. “ ornata, Bail., Hes. creek (Mi.) ; pl. 13, f. Po lee Orthotropis lepidoptera (Greg.), Cl. (Amphiprora lepidop- tera), Fla. dredgings (N.) ; pl. 13, f. 28. lepidoptera,.var. Mediterranea Grun., RHr. (Mi.) ; pl. $5, £29" Plagiotropis elegans (WSm.), Grun. RHr. (Mi.) ; pl. 13. f. 30%. vitrea (WSm.), Grun. (Amphiprora vitrea), Fla. dredgings (N.), Cle. (P.) ; pl. 13, eee Auricula complexa (Greg.), Cl., Cle. (P.); pl. 27, f. 13*. ”’ ”’ ” ”’ TRIBE GOMPHONEMEAE. Gomphonema constrictum, Ehr., Skl. Risby, Bvy. Wne. Hsa. peat, Cot. MWn. c. (N.), EvP. Wee. ss. Dun. Arram (P.), Ask. (S.), Wre. (W.); pl. 13, f. 32. constrictum, var. capitatum, Ehr., Cot. Hsa. peat (N.), Anlaby Rd. (Mu.), EvP. Dun- Htp. (P.), Wre. (W.); pl. 13, f. 33. acuminatum, Ehr., Dfd. Nsm. Cot. Wne. Bvy. (N.), Nbd. Elm. Htp. (P.), Ask. (S.) 5 pl. 18, f. 34. var. elongatum, WSm., Stl. (N.); p. 13, f. 35. var. trigonocephalum, Cot. Dun. Pfn. bog. (P.) ; pl. 13, £. 36*. Fa ,, Augur, Ehr. (G. cristatum, Ralfs), Green- house tank (N.) ; pl. 13, f RE subtile, Ehr., Hsa. peat (N.); Pl. 13, f. 38. ” ” ” ”” ne montanum, var.. commutatum, Nbd. ss. (P.), Ask. Don. (S.) ; pl. 13, f. 39%. ws parvulum, Kutz., Arram, Btm. brook (P53 pl. 13, f. 40*. gracile, Ehr. (G. dichotomum, WSm.), Nbd. RHI. MWn. c. (N.), KHI. (P.), Stn. (W.) ; pl. 13, f. 41 & 41a. micropus, Kutz. (G. tenellum, WSm.), Sty. Nid. Dfd. Skl. Londesbro. (N.), Key. (P.), Meaux, Bvy. Stn. Nsm. (W.) ; pl. 13, f. 42. 176 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Gomphonema intricatum, Kutz., Net. Wne. Derwent, Bnm. (N.); “KH. Btn: ss: .Htp: (P.):3 pl: 13,:£ 43) 35 var. vibrio (G. vibrio, Ehr.), RHI. Wne. (N.), Ask. (S.); pl. 13, f. 44. “3 angustatum, Kutz., Btm. (P.) ; pl. 13, f. 45%. Se olivaceum, Kutz., Bnm. Cot. Beck (N.), Htp. Fla.” Cliffs .(P.), Ask. (S:), Wre. (W.)3>8E 3at46. < exiguum, Kutz., VD. (N.) ; pl. 13, f 47. ) pl 26st S gibberula, var. rupestris (E. rupestris, WSm.), ScC. (N.)eaplo 152£..9. ocellata, Kutz., Hsa. peat (N.); pl. 15, f. 10. Eunotia Arcus, Ehr., Malton, Wne. (N.), KHI. (P.), Brh. (S.) ; pl; bb, F211: ,, var. bidens (Himantidium bidens), Tol. CIM. (N.), Ric. (W.),. Ask. (S.); pl. 15, £.°12. major (WSm.), Rab. (Himantidium majus), Cot. (N.), Seamer (W.) ; pl. 15, f. 13. gracilis (Ehr.), Rab. (Himantidium gracile), RHI. Ing. ScC. (N.), Hfd. (S.) ; pl. 15, f. 14. exigua, Breb., Twigmoor gull ponds, pure (P.), Ask. (S.), Malton (W.) ; pl. 15, f. 15*. pectinalis (Kutz.), Rab. (Himantidium pectinale), Cot.-Slt-(No); Nido (Pa) 3 ph D5) F 6. 43 var. undulata, Ralfs (Himantidium undu- latum WSm.), Stl. (N.), Cus. (S.); pl. 15, f. 17. a var. ventricosa, Grun., Hfd. (S.); pl. 26. £5295: THE DIATOMACE OF THE HULL DISTRICT. 179 Eunotia Veneris, Kutz. (E. incisa, Greg.), RiC. SkC. (W.) ; ’9 ” ” pl. praerupta, 26, f. 27*. Ehr., Btn. ss. (Mi.), Pfn. bog. Nid. (P.), RiC. Nsm. (W.) ; pl. 15, f. 18*. robusta, Ralfs (E. serra, Ehr.), Brd. peat (John Phillips) ; pl. 26, f. 26%. var. tetraodon (E. tetraodon and E. diadema), ScC. (N.), Brd. peat (John Phillips) Don. (5;); Str. W.); pl. 15. £. 19. ( diodon, Ehr., Str. (W.); pl. 27, f. 5*. (S Saoeariin: Eke, RAb. .); pl. 26, £. 28%. lunaris (Ehr.), Grun. (Synedra lunaris), CIM. Tol. ” (N.), NHd. Pfn. (P.), Hfd. (S.); pl. 15, f. 20. var. bilunaris, Bvy. MWn. (W.); pl. 27, f. 6%. », undulata, Goathland OW.) pl. 27; £. 7. flexuosa, var. bicapitata, Grun., Hfd. (S.); pl. 27, f. 8*. TRIBE SYNEDREAE. Synedra pulchella, Kutz., RHr. (N.), Nld. bp. Ditch Holder- be ness Rd. (P.), Wre. RiC. (W.); pl. 15, f. 21. var. Smithii, Ralfs. (S. acicularis, WSm.) ; RHr. Tty. (N.), Key. (P.); pl. 15, f. 22. var. lanceolata, O’Meara (S. minutissima, WSn.), Sty. Nid. (N.), Stn. (P.), Nsm. (W.); pl. 15, f. 23. Vaucheriae, Kutz., Wil. Hall Ings. (P.), Nsm. ” Wre. (W.); pl. 15, f. 24*. var. deformis (S. deformis, WSm.), Nbd. ss. Why. (N.); pl. 15, f. 25. ulna (Nitz.) Ehr., Htp. Wne. Bvy., Hsa. peat (N.), Nbd. Dfd. Arram, NHd. (P.); pl. 26, f. 25. Var. longissima (S. longissima, WSm.), Ing. ScC. Sty. bp. Brh.(N.), Arram, Pfn. bog. (P.); pl. 15, f. 26. Var. ” ’” splendens, Bvy. Routh (W.); pl. 15, f. 27%. obtusa, Burton Stather (P.); pl. 15, f. 28%. oxyrhyncus, Londesborough Park (N.), Dfd. Btm. (P.); pl. 15, f. 29. vitrea, HmP. (P.), RiC. (W.); pl. 15, f. 30*. aequalis (Kutz.), RAb. RiC. (W.); pl. 26, 2 16*, amphirhyncus (Ehr.), WH. Don. (S.); plaid, f OF. 180 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Synedra Acus (Kutz.) Grun., Endyke Lane, Key. (P.), Wre. Meaux, SkC. (W.); pl. 15, f. 31*. sf ,» var. delicatissima, Brh. (N.), Key. (P.), Scarbro’>, MWn. (W.); pl. 15, f. 32. radians (Kutz.) Grun., Risby, Derwent, Cot. Whe. Nbd. (N.), Btn. ss. Pfn. bog. (P.); pl. 15, f. 33. ae Gallionii, Ehr., Fla. dredging's (N.); pl. 15, f. 34. capitata, Ehr., Hsa. peat, Risby (N.), KHI. Arram, Btn. ss. (P.), Hfd. (S.), Str. (W.); pl. 15, f. 35. amphicephala, Kutz., Btn. ss. (P.); pl. 15, f. 36*. ; affinis, Kutz, Fla. (N.), Spn. Hes. Creek (P-); pl. 15, f. 37. Y yy. evar. eracilis (S. gracilis) Kutz.), RH. (N)5 pl. 15, f. 38. tabulata (S. tabulata, Kutz.), RHr. Mft. (N.), Paull (P.); pl. 15, f. 39. hamata (S. hamata, WSm.), outlet Ripley Lake (N.); pl. 15, f. 40. af ss ,, fasciculata (S. fasciculata, Kutz.), Ripley (N.), Spn. Paull (P.); pl. 15, f. 41. fulgens (Kutz.), WSm., Mft. Cle. (N.); pl. 15, f. 42. 55 superba, Kutz., Gby. Cle. Why. (N.); pl 15, f. 43. a baculus, Greg., RHr. (Mi.); pl. 15, f. 44%. Asterionella formosa, Hass., outlet Ripley Lake (N.), Ask. (S®)) Str CW.); pl. 15,2, £5, A * var. Bleakleyii WSm., Asc. (N.); pl. 15, f. 46. Bs Ralfsii, WSm., Asc. (N.); pl. 15, f. 47.

Bids (sa pl. 20, f. 22. var. constrictum, Spring ditch (Mu.), Stl. Bft. (N.); pl. 20, f. 23. Zinkenii, Kutz., NHd. Atk. (P-); pl. 20, f. 24*. ” ” ’” TRIBE DIATOMEAE. Diatoma vulgare, Bory., Wne. Malton, Knaresbro’, (N.), Dfd. (P.); Wre. (W.), Ask. Cus. (S.); pl. 20, f. 25 and 29. elongatum, Ag., Skl. MWn. c. RHr. (N.), KHI. Pin... bog.. (P.),; Wre. (W.);, dai. Cus. (S.); pl. 20, f. 26. var. Ehrenbergii (D. grande, WSm.), wall under leaky tap (N.); pl. 20, £27. hiemale (Lyng.) Heib., Nbd. & Wee. ss. (P.), Brh. (S.); “Seatbro: (W.-)5, ‘pli. 20) 68 eaae pl. 26, f. 33%. Ff var. mesodon, Nbd. & Wee. ss. (P.), RAb. (C.); pl. 26, f. 34*. Denticula tenuis, Kutz., RHI. Wne. Nbd. (N.), Anlaby Rd. (Mu.),* Hsa: mere (Mi.), KH. @.); pl. 20, f. 30. var. inflata (D. inflata, WSm.), Nbd. ss. (N.), Btn. & Wtn. ss. (P.); pl. 20, f. 31. frigida,’ Hsa. mere, Elm: \ss7. (P2- pl. 20, f. 32%. ” ’” bie) ” ” TRIBE TABELLARIEAE. Grammatophora marina (Lyng.), Kutz., Fla. Filey, Why. (N:),. VD? tps (Mu.), Spa.“(E ae pl. 20, f. 33. var. macilenta(G. macilenta(WSm.), Why. Filey (N.); pl. 20, f. 34. serpentina (Ralfs.), Ehr., Why. Fla. (N.); pl. 20, f. 35. oceanica, Ehr., RHr. (Mi.); pl. 26, f. 10*. Or 1 ” | THE DIATOMACE.£ OF THE HULL DISTRICT. 183 Tabellaria fenestrata (Lyng.), Kutz., SkC. (W.); pl. 20, f. 37%. - flocculosa (Roth.), Kutz., Cot. Stl. Risby (N.), KHI. (P.), Brh. (S.), RiC. (W.); pl. 20, f. 38. Tetracyclus rupestris (Braun.), Grun., Goole (J. Harrison) ; pl. 26, f. 30*. Rhabdonema Adriaticum, Kutz., Why. (N.); pl. 20, f. 39. g arcuatum (Ag.), Kutz., Filey, Why. Fla. (N.), Des. (H.), Spn. (P.), RHr. (Mi.); pl.20, f. 40. minutum, Kutz., Filey, Why. (N.), Spn. (P.), RHr. (Mi.); pl. 20, f. 41. TRIBE SURIRELLINEAE. Cymatopleura elliptica (Breb.), WSm., common in fresh water; pl. 21, f. 1. ‘ * var. Hibernica, Nld. bp. RFy. (P.), Hfd:(S.)} pb 20, £2". 5 % var. constricta, Grun., Goole (W.); plats: % Solea (Breb.), WSm., common in fresh water ; Dl. 2 ef 3: + 5» Var. apiculata (C. apiculata, WSm.), Cot. Skl. Net. (N.), HWW. (Mi.), RFy. (P.), RAb. (C.); pl. 21, f. 4. Surirella biseriata, Breb., Cot. Wne. MWn. (N.), Dun. Htp. Arram, Wee. ss. (P.), Cus. (S.); pl. 21, f. 5. ,, linearis, WSm., Cot. Bvy. Wne. MWn. (N.), Nbd. & Btn. ss. (P:), RAb. (C.); pl. 21, f. 6. 5» constricta (S. Smithii Ralfs), Run. (Mi.), Meaux (P.) ; pl, 24; £)7*. », elegans, Ehr., ScC. Hsa. peat, MWn. c. (N.), Run. (P.); pl. 21, f. 8. », subsalsa, WSm., RHr. (N.); pl. 21, f. 9. ,, robusta, Ehr. (S. nobilis, WSm.), Cot. MWn. Sty. (N.), Nbd. Twigmoor (P.); pl. 21, f. 10. + ‘ var. splendida (S. splendida, Kutz), MWn. c. Sty. (N.), Bvy. (W.), MWn. bog. (Mi.), Wee. Nbd. & Btn. ss. (P.); pl. 21, f. 11. 5s < var. tenera Greg., Spd. Stn. dr. Bro. (P.); pl. 21, f. 12*. 3. Striatula, Turpin, Stl.;MWa. c. RHr.- RHI. (N:), Hes. creek, Key. dr. (P.); pl. 21, f. 13. h Hoorn im) | RAGE 13 1. Mastogloia Smithii Thw. ,, varlacustris ae ae lanceolata Thw. 3 ) A. as apiculata WSm. Ss ne Dansei Thw. 6. nS Grevillei WSm. +. Stauroneis Phenicenteron ‘ ~ Ehr. 8. Stauroneis gracilis Ehr. OQ. ,, acuta WSm. 10. ,, spicula Hickie. Te ,, salina WSm. 12. 5) aneeps hr. iti ,, 4) Varlinearis. Kutz 14. ,) anceps var amphi- cephala. 15. Stauroneis Smithii Grun. 16. * Legumen Ehr. 17. Amphora veneta Kutz. 18. * fusca A.S. 19. Cymbella cuspidata naviculiformis. 20. Encyonema_ turgidum (Greg) Grun. 21. Encyonema_ caespitosum var Auerswaldii. 22. Stauroneis Gregorii Ralfs. 23}Mastogloia exigua Lewis. 24. Navicula follis Ehr. 5. Amphiprora alata Kutz. 20. ive var paludosa WSm. 27. "C ornata Bail. 28. Orthotropis lepidoptera (Greg) Cl. 29. Orthotropis lepidoptera var Mediterranea. 30. Plagiotropis elegans (WSm.) Grun. 31. Plagiotropis vitrea (WSm.) Grun. 32. Gomphonema constrictum Ehr. 33: Gomphonema constrictum var capitatum. 34. Gomphonema acuminatum Ehr. 35. Gomphonema acuminatum var elongatum. 36. Gomphonema acuminatum var trigonocephalum. 37- Gomphonema Augur Ehr. 38. os subtile Ehr. 39. 55 montanum var commutatum. 40..Gomphonema parvulum Kutz. 41 & 41a. Gomphonema gracile Ehr. 42. Gomphonema micropus Kutz. 43. Gomphonema _ intricatum Kutz. 44. Gomphonema _ intricatum var vibrio Ehr. 45. Gomphonema angustatum Kutz. 46. Gomphonema olivaceum Kutz. 47- Gomphonema exiguum Kutz. 48. Gomphonemainsigne Greg. 49. Rhoicosphenia curvata (Kutz) Grun. 50. Rhoicosphenia curvata var marina. 51. Achnanthidium Breb. Achnanthes longipes Ag. brevipes Ag. BE, parvula Kutz. i subsessilis Ehr. flexellum 13. PLATE I. bo CONT CVU fs ioe) IO. iT. PATE Achnanthescoarctata Breb. ., Hungarica Grun. ,, microcephala Kutz. ,, ~ovalis (Greg.) V.H. ,, exilis Kutz. ,, Mminutissima Kutz. ,, linearis WSm. | , trinodis 'Arnott) Grun. Achnanthes lanceolata Breb. Achnanthes lanceolata var dubia. Anorthoneis excentrica (Donk) Grun. | Campyloneis Grevillei (WSm.) Grun. | Pleuroneis costata (Greg.) | Gh | Cocconeis scutellum Ehr. Var ” ” stauroneiformis. 14. 16. Cocconeis scutellum parva. 17. Cocconeis pediculus Ehr. var 18. ry, placentula Ehr. 18a. iN ‘ rar lineata. 19. Cocconeis molesta var Amygdalina. 20. Cocconeis minuta Cl. Pit as Helvetica Brun. 22. Epithemia turgida (Ehr.) Kutz. 23. Epithemia turgida var Westermanni. 24. Epithemia turgida var granulata. 25. Epithemia Hyndmanni WSm. 26. Epithemia Sorex Kutz. 27 8 gibba Kutz. 28. a ,, Var ventri- cosa. 14. PLATE GA at tauren tes Bi .04 i eeN RRS QUT] bre tt sr. ‘ad PLATE 1. Epithemia Argus Kutz. 4. 18. 19. 20. 21. var longi- ” ” cornis. ‘ Epithemia Argus var am- phicephala. Epithemia Zebra (Ehr.) Kutz. +;Epithemia Zebra var ven- tricosa. Epithemia Zebra var - pro- boscidea Grun. Epithemia Musculus Kutz is 3 var | constricta. Epithemia gibberwla var rupestris. Epithemia ocellata Kutz. Eunotia Arcus Ehr. ne ~ var bidens: 5» major (WSm.) Rab. 5, gracilis (Ehr.) Rab. », exigua Breb. » .pectinalis: (Kutz) Rab. 5, pectinalis var lata Ralfs. praerupta Ehr. ,, robustavartetraodon 5, lunaris (Ehr.) Grun. undu- Synedra pulchella Kutz. to be OW) Gost Hor £ & WWWWWW WW DH ® Sfp Nin OO Sf fo 45: aS a 15. mnedra pulchella var Smithii Ralfs. ,, pulchella var lanceo- lata O’Meara. ,, Waucheriae Kutz. ,, var deformis "(WSm). ,, ulna var longissima. splendens. obtusa. oxyrhyncus A ay eee ,, Acus (Kutz) Grun. 5, 4, var delicatissima ,, radians (Kutz) Grun. ,, Gallionii Ehr. ,, capitata Ehr. ,, amphicephala Kutz. ,, affinis Kutz. var gracilis. ,, tabulata. hamata. 3 1 way fasciculata ,», fulgens(Kutz)WSm. ,, superba Kutz. baculus Greg. Aetcriogeile Forno Hass. bi) ) V ar Bleakeleyi. Asterionella formosa var Ralfsii. le) PLATE 1 MATTE SeGUCECEEE EEE EELLUTE Goon marmceTVPEVPWU NUL ay per Paint TONE — =. | PEALE 16: 1. Pinnularia nobilis Ehr. 30. Navicula_ cryptocephala 2. + major Kutz. Kutz. ] », viridis Kutz. 31. Navicula_ rhyncocephala 4. 9 ea uecOnn Kutz. mutata. | 32. Navicula gregaria Donk. 3. Pinnularia cardinalis Ehr. | 33. a) PL uncanicameawaG 6 ,, gracillima Greg. | capitata. afc ., undulata Greg. | 34. Navicula nana Greg. 8 ,, borealis Ehr. | ais; ., cancellata Donk. Q. ,, divergens WSm. | 36. ,, fortis Greg. 10. ai retusa Breb. 377. ag digito - radiata Hi ., Brebissonii Kutz. | var Cyprinus. ier ,, stauropteraGrun. | 38. Navicula Reinhardtii Grun. Sis * Tabellaria Ehr. 39: A distans (WSm) 14. ae gibba Kutz. V.H. ise nee subcapitataGreg. | 4o. Navicula arenaria Donk. 16. 5, globiceps Greg. | 41. ,, lanceolata Kutz. 7 a mesolepta Ehr. De Pe Gastrum (Ehr) 18. ,, nodosa Ehr. Donk. 19. - ,, var formica. | 43. Navicula Gastrum var 20. ., interrupta WSm. | exigua. 1. ., ¢laviculus Greg. | 44. Navicu!a Anglica Ralfs. 22. Navicula oblonga Kutz. 45. 5 oF var sub- ° 22: »» peregrina Ehr. salina. 24. ,, gracilis Ehr. 46. Navicula semen Ehr, 25s m7 »» War schi- | 47. ,, dicephala WSm. zonemoides. 48. ,, crucifera Grun. 6. Navicula viridula Kutz. 49. - directa WSm. 7s - Ms var Sles- | 50. He Crabro var Pan- vicensis. dura Breb. 28. Navicula radiosa Jkutz. 51. Navicula didyma Ehr. 29. Re ewan tenella 52. e Bombus Ehr. Greg. 53: ,, litoralis Donk. 10. < Py PLATI vi iy AW A sme) im. a LUT AA\\\\ 3 WT Ril anual (\\" HW RIEAHE 1. Navicula Smithii Breb. 2. oe) > Deformed diatoms at Hull, 118 Diatomace of Hull District, 157 | Diatoms, 28, 39, 118, 157 Distribution of shells, 98 Dobree, N. F., 228 | Driffield Museum, Notes on, 135 | Duck Decoys, 91 | Eagle in Holderness, 43 Early History of Spurn, 69 East Riding Flora, Notes on, 21, 44, 117, 232 East Riding Mosses, 41, 90 East Riding Pseudoscorpions, 228 Editorial, vi. Eggs of Blue Titmouse, 54 Elephant’s skull at Kilnsea, 54 Entomological Notes, 6, 28, 55, 107, 113, 115, 116, 129, 228, 229, 237, 239 Entomology for 1898, 28 Fierke, F. W., M.C.S., 156 Fishes of River Hull, 10. 116 Flora of East Riding, Notes on, 21, 44, 117, 232 Flounder, unusual colour of, 126 Foraminifera of Humber, 142 | Fossil Walrus in Holderness, 250 Foster, H. M., 9, 10, 116 Fragment of Early Spurn History, 69 French Celt at Hull, 122 Gamekeeper’s Hoard, 228 Geological Notes, 2, 22, 29, 31, 44, 45, 71, 119, 122, 124, 135, 225, 250 Geology around Goole, 2 Goole, Natural History of, 1 Gravels around Hull, 45 Great Snipe near Hull, 237 Haltemprice Document, 127 Hatfield Chase, 3 Haworth, Adrian Hardy, 229 Hedon, Carpenter Bee at, 237 Herrings, Fresh Water, 9 History of Driffield Museum, 135 Holderness Bats, 128 Holderness, Pre-historic Remains in, 71 Holderness, Sea Lavender in, 233 252 Holderness Shells, 98 Hornet at Beverley, 116 Hornsea, Antlers from, 22 Hotham, Bronze Mould at, 120 Hull, Black Rat at, 232 Hull District, Diatoms of, 157 Hull, Great Snipe near, 237 Hull, Paludestrina jenkinsi near, 236 Humber Foraminifera, 142 Johnson, H, E., 228, 239 Kilnsea, Elephant’s Skull at, 54 Lamplough, E., 156, 235 Lamprey in River Hull, 116 Late Breeding of Birds, 134 Lepidoptera, ‘Local, 55, ‘115 Limnea glabra at Sproatley, 156 List of Coleoptera, 129, 239 List of Illustrations, xvi. List of Lepidoptera, 55, 115 List of Members for 1898, p. iii. List of Officers, 1898-9 p. i. 1899-1900, p. ix. 3s s 1900-1901, p. xi. = Ns 1901-1902, p. xiii. Little Auk at Barton, 117 Little Auks at Spurn, 97 Little Gull at Withernsea, 117 Local Archieological Notes, 120 Local Entomology, 1898, 28 Loten, P. W., 97 Lowther, J. R., 68, 112, 114, 116, 126 Macro-lepidoptera near Hull, 55, 115 Marshall, J. a 41, 90 Mills, F. W., F.R.M.S., 142, 157 Mollisia cineracens at Brough, 244 Mollusca, Distribution of, 98 Morfitt, William, 37, 43 Mortimer, J. R., 31, 135 Mosses of East Riding, 41, 90 Bi] > Natural History of Goole Moor, 2 Nicholson, John, 238 Norman, George, 105, 113 Notes on History of Museum, 135 Note on large antlers from Hornsea, 22 Driffield Notes on Progress of Club—1898, 24 » > », 1899, 64 », 1900. 152 1901, 245 ” ” 9 > ° Odontidium Harrisonii, 28 Ornithological Notes, 5, 36, 43, 54, 68, 91, 97, 112, 114, 117, 126, 134, 228, 257, 238 Otter near Hull, 89 ““Our Average Member,” 70 INDEX. Our Water Supply, 29 Oxyrhina macrorhiza at Speeton, 119 Paludestrina jenkinsi near Hull, 236 Petch, T., B.A., B.Sc., 98, 128, 134, 233, 236, 237 Philips, R. H., 28, 39, 70, 118, 157 Pike at Burton Constable, 112 Plants in East Park, 134 Pond Herrings, 9 Poronia punctata at Paull, 232 Pre-historic Man in Holderness, 71 Recent Foraminifera of Humber, 142 Red Chalk at Speeton, 119 Red Deer Antlers from Hornsea, 22 Reminiscences of a Whale Hunt, 37 River Hull Diatoms, 39 River Hull Fishes, 10, 116 River Hull, Lamprey in, 116 Robinson, J. F., 44, 117, 232 Roman Vase at Barton, 124 Rorqual at Aldborough, 128 Russell, C. W., 129 Sea Lavender in Holderness, 233 Secretary’s Report—1898, 24 1899, 64 1900, 152 5 * 1901, 245 Second List of Coleoptera, 239 Sheppard, Thomas, F.G.S., 22, 24, \ 44, 46, 52, 54, 64, 71, 105, 119, — 120, 152, 228, 229, 245, 250 Skull of Anas boscas from Peat, 44 Skull of Elephant at Kilnsea, 54 Slade, Rev. H. P., 29 Smews near Beverley, 126 Sproatley, Limnwa glabra at, 156 Spurn, Early History of, 69 Stainforth, T., 239 Statice limonium in Holderness, 233 Sugaring for Noctuae, 113 Thorne Moor, &e., 3 Tooth of Oxyrhina macrorhiza at — Speeton, 119 Wade, E. W., 232 Walrus, fossil, 250 Waterspouts on the Wolds, 225 Water Supply, 29, 31 Whale at Aldborough, 128 Whale Hunt at Goole, 37 Wild Duck Decoys, 91 Wild Plants in East Park, 134 Withernsea, Little Gull at, 117 Withernsea, Skull of Anas boscas from peat at, 44 Wryneck at Beverley, 68 Wryneck on Holderness Coast, 36 Yorkshire Chalk Water Supply, 31 Yorkshire Wolds, Waterspouts on, 225 ” ” > > 12s. nel. | Postage Bil 7 Grey ee nitrod ucnon to the | - STUDY OF THE DIATOMACE~ By F. W. MILLS, F.R.M.S. AS as aN “With a Bibliography by Juuian Desy, F.R.M.S. Pa Pp ‘Contents :—Preliminary Remarks—The Structure of Diatoms-aNai e- ment of Diatoms—Classification of the Diatomacex, with a Conspectus the Families and Genera—Modes of Reproduction—C ollecting Diatoms—Mou ving oe -Diatoms — Microscopical Examination — How to Photographi Di.coms — - BIBLIOGRAPHY. Press Notice:—‘‘... Mr. Mills has adopted the method of classi- ~ fieation for the Diatomacex which for the present may fairly be considered the best... . There is a very useful chapter on Mounting Diatoms, and some - excellent teaching on the microscopic examination of “these forms. and the ~ whole is rendered complete by a chapter that will greatly aid the: ii c on ‘How to Photogiaph Diatoms.’ We welcome this book ; it will oceupy a cy distinet place in the literature of the subject in our language. . . .”-—Nature. aie _ILIFFE & SONS, Lrp., 3, Sv. Bribe STREET, LUDGATE Gia E.C. Ts Diatomacez of the Hull District. of (With Illustrations of 600 Species.) ee me oa By F. W. MILLS, F.R.M.5., and Rte PHILIP. 70 * ie Price 4/6 net. 7 Sola by WM. WESLEY & SONS, 28, Essex Srreet, STRAND, 6 HULL MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS. By THOMAS SHEPPARD, F.G.S., Curator. ae No. 1. —The Whale’s Skeleton. (Notes on the Siceletoms Of . FM Sibbald’ s Rorqual in the Hull Museum. Illustrated). One Penny, ENo. II. —Specimens Recently Added. (Out of Print.) . A No. III.—Local Antiquities, &c., in the Hull Museum. ‘bldatees “79 ee rated. One Penny. No. IV.-—The Ancient Model of Boat, and Warrior Crew, from, os aha near Withernsea. Illustrated. One Penny. Other Handbooks are in Preparation. On Sale at the MunicipAL Museum, or at A. BRown & Sons, Lrp., Savile Street and King Edward Street, Hull. it a VB --A few copies of the ‘Guide to the Museum of the Gateraty? a 4 pai Hosagnical Society, Hull” (1860; 104 pp., with plan) ere on hand, ancl ay be ad from the Attendant at the Museum, price 6d. each. - baal 3s Cotte ssestaris eu Hedi Kista Rea trskesisteeeticat pepseactatiitss 4