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FIG. 1.—-BEMPTON AND SPEETON CLIFFS, LOOKING WEST.

PuateE I. [ Frontispiece.

TRANSACTIONS

Hull Scientific and &

= Field Naturalists’ Club

FOR THE YEARS 19038-1906.

VOLUME III.

EpitepD By THOMAS SHEPPARD, F.G.S.

SOLD BY

A. Brown & Sons, Ltp., Kinc Epwarp St. & SAVILE St., HULL.

1907,

List of Officers, 1906-7.

President—T. SHEPPARD. F.G.S.

Past-Presidents—

J. F. Ropinson.
T. Aupas, L.D.S.

J. Hotirnewortu, M.R.C.S.
R. H. PHI.ip.

E. LAMPLOUGH.

Vice-Presidents—

J. W. Bou tt. Ge Hi. His H. M. Foster.
E. W. WabeE.
Commitlee—
W. R. Bromsy. H. KNIGHT.
H. B. Browne, M.A. | W. J. STRACHAN.
F. C. LaMpLoucu. | Lr.-Cox. C. H. Mitsurn, M.B.
Librarian—J]. PORTER.
Treasurer—]. RipLey, 87, De-la-Pole Avenue.
Hon. Secretary—T. STAINFoRTH, The Museum, Hull.
Editor—T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S.
Recorders—
MIcROSCOPY J. Hotuincwortn, M.R.C.S.
VERTEBRATA (Mammalia and Aves) T. Aupas, L.D.S.
(Pisces) H. M. Foster.
INVERTEBRATA (Mollusca) . : T. E. Dosss.
: : { J. W. BOouLt.
(Legpitiera) | A. C. WILFoRD.
(Coleoptera) T. STAINFORTH.
B Ph of eects (J F. ROBINSON.
oTany (Phanerogams and Ferns) GC. Warearany,
(Diatoms) Ry He PHIvie.
(Mosses) ; J. J. MarsHALt.
(Fungi) A. R. Warnes, M.S.C.I.
GEOLOGY . ; T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S.
(Paieutatagyh « H. C. Drake.
PuHotocrapPnHy (and LANTERNIST) C. W. Mason.

CHEMISTRY

H. E. JOHNSON.

PREFACE.

oS eae present Part of our Transactions concludes the
Third Volume. The Club can certainly feel satisfied
that the aim set out when it first began to publish in 1898,
namely, that its Transactions should deal with original
matters of Jocal interest only, has been so far achieved.
In the three Volumes which have been published it is not
possible to find a single paragraph that does not bear
upon this district. In the present Volume there are papers
and monographs of altogether exceptional worth, and these
have been increased in value by a wealth of plates and
illustrations in the text of which any Society might be
proud.

It is to be hoped that the Club may long continue to
carry on its useful work.

iTS

HuL., January 1907.

CONTENTS

Or Vo.ume III.

The Birds of Bempton Cliffs. E. W. Wade .

The Marine Fauna of the Humber District and the Holderness
Coast. T. Petch, B.A., B.Sc.

Evidences Relating to East Hull. Thos. Blashill, F.R.I.B.A.

Addenda to the Flora of the East Riding. J. F. Robinson .

Dispersal of Shells by Beetles. Rev. E. P. Blackburn. -

Preliminary List of Micro-Lepidoptera occurring within Eight
Miles of Hull. J. W. Boult ;

Third List of East Yorkshire Coleoptera. T. Stainforth and
H. E. Johnson . 3 3 5 :

Additions to the List of the Diatomacez of the Hull District.
R. H. Philip

Notes on the Progress made by the Club in 1901-1902
Notes on the Progress made by the Club in 1902-1903 .

The Published Records of the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca
of the East Riding, with Additions. T. Petch, B.A., B.Sc.
(Plates) - =

Roman Villa at Harpham, East Yorks. Thomas Sheppard, F.G.S.
(Plates) ‘ : = - , ;

List of the Aquatic Larvz of Flies occurring in the Hull District.
H. M. Foster

Mr. T. Petch, B.A., B.Sc. J. F.R. (Plate)

East Yorkshire Botanical Notes in 1904. C. Waterfall and
J. F. Robinson . : :

The Committee’s Report on the Work of the Club during 1903-4 .
Natural Aspects of Hull and District. J. Fraser Robinson .
The Mycetozoa of the East Riding. T. Petch, B.A., B.Sc.
The Hull Museum and Education. T. Sheppard, F.G.S.

Notes on Local Diatoms for 1904-1905. R.H. Philip. (Plate)

In Memory of Thomas Blashill, F.Z.S., F.R.I.B.A., weds
T.S. (Plate) 5 - : F

Notes on the Reclaimed Land of the Humber District. T. pene
B.A., B.Sc. 0 : : : : :

102

I21

173

vi CONTENTS.

The Committee’s Report on the Work of the Club during 1904-5 -

Mr. James W. Boult, Stonemason and ah a sa J. Fraser
Robinson. (Plate) é

Notes on a Collection of Roman Antiquities from South Ferriby,
in North Lincolnshire. Part I. T. Sheppard, F.G.S. (Plates)

Some Holderness Dialect Fighting Words. John Nicholson

Hymenoptera of the East ssc of Yorkshire. W. Denison
Roebuck, F.L.S. -

Bygone Hull Naturalists: I1J.—Wiliam Spence 1783-1860.
T.S. (Plate) P ; : :

Notes on Diatoms in 1906. R. H. Pane
East Riding Coleoptera in 1906. T. Stainforth

The Relationship between Provincial Museums and Local

Scientific Societies (Presidential Address). T. Sheppard, F.G. Ss.

East Yorkshire Botanical Notes in 1906. J. Fraser Robinson
The Committee’s Report on the Work of the Club during 190 5-6

SHORT NOTES :—
The Feathered Thorn (Himera pennaria). J. W. Boult
Humber Saltmarsh Plants. T. Petch, B.A., B.Sc.
Plumatella repens in Holderness. T. Petch, B.A., B.Sc.
Nebria livida at Withernsea. T. Stainforth
Marine Zoology in the East Riding, 1904. T- Petch .
Notes on the East Yorkshire Fauna

East Riding Botanical Notes. J. F. Robinson and
C. Waterfall . : ; : : : ;

Hull Naturalists ° ; :
Notes on East Yorkshire Coleoptera in 1905. T. Bunions
East Yorkshire Entomology in 1906. "J. W. Boult

East Yorkshire Conchology in 1906. T. E. Dobbs

Remains of Gyrodus from the Coral weg of East Yorkshire.
H. C. Drake .« - :

Our Past-Presidents Z
East Yorkshire Fungi in 1906. A. R. Warnes
British Eggs of Pallas’ Sand Grouse. T.S. (Plate)

PAGE
232

236

ILLUSTRATIONS

In Vouume III.

PLATES.

I.—Bempton and Speeton Cliffs, looking west.
II.—J. Hodgson down Raincliffe.
III.—W. Williamson on Jubilee Corner.
IV.—Fig. 18, Sharing the Spoil.
V.—Key Map.
VI.—Founded on Captain Philip's Map of 1720.
VII.—Citadel of 1784. From Robt. Thew's Plan.
VIII.—S.E. View of Citadel, enclosing South Blockhouse.
IX.—S.W. View of Citadel, enclosing South Blockhouse.
X.—East Side of Old Harbour, near the Entrance.
XI.—Figs. 1-41, Diatomacez.
XII.—Showing Distribution of Mollusca.
XIII.—Showing Distribution of Mollusca.
XIV.—Pavement of Roman Villa.
XV.—Pavement of Roman Villa.
XVI.—Pavement of Roman Villa.

Fig. 19, Homeward Bound.

(Figs. 1-3).
XVII.—Portions of Tiles from Roman Villa. (Figs. 1-2).
XVIII.—Coins, etc., found at Harpham.
XIX.—T. Petch, B.A., B.Sc. (Lond.).

XX.—Figs. 1-13, Diatoms.
XXI.—Thomas Blashill.
XXII.—Mr. G. H. Hill.
XXIII.—Mr. J. W. Boult.
XXIV.—Portrait of Past-Presidents.
XXV.—Roman Fibulz from South Ferriby.
XXVI.—Roman Fibulz from South Ferriby.
XXVII.—Roman Fibulz from South Ferriby.
XXVIII.—Gaulish and Roman Fibule.
XXIX.—Gaulish and Roman Fibule.
XXX.—Anglo-Saxon and Later Fibule.
XXXI.—William Spence, F.R.S.

XXXII.—British Eggs of Pallas’ Sand Grouse.

viii ILLUSTRATIONS.

IN THE TEXT.
PAGE

3—Bempton Cliffs, looking east.
8—Guillemots on Hateley Shoot.
g—Guillemots on Hateley Shoot.
11—Cliffs near Hateley Corner.
15—Fig. 6, Guillemots Newly Hatched. Fig. 7, Young Guillemot with
Sand-Eel. .
16—Fig. 8, Razor-Bill Newly Hatched. Fig. 9, Young Razor-Bill.
17—Fig. 10, Puffin Newly Hatched. Fig. 11, Young Puffin.
19—Edward and John Hodgson.
21—J. Hodgson Descending the Cliff.
25—After the Ascent.
47—From Joseph Osborne’s Map, 1669.
49—Iron Chest found at the Sugar House.
49—Plate of Polished Iron, Pierced, that Covered the Lock.
50—The Sugar House as a Warehouse.
51—Seventeenth Century House of the Gunbys, Burtons, and Spyvees.
60—Town of Stoneferry.
63—Old Room in the White House.
63—Old Upright Spinning Wheel.
64—Latest Form of Spinning Wheel.
81—Old House on Site of Holderness House.
82—View of Holderness Road from Lodge, Holderness House.
85—Part of Plan from Cotton MS., Augustus I., Vol. I., showing
village south of Drypool Church.
89—Part of Hollar’s Plan, 1640.
g1—South Blockhouse and Castle of Henry VIII. From Hollar’s
Engraving.
93—Part of View showing Castle and North Blockhouse.
96—East Side of Old Harbour, opposite entrance to Queen’s Dock.
112—Surirella medulica.
165—Distribution of Paludestrina jenkinsi,
178—Oyster Shells found at Harpham.
251—Aucissa Fibulz from South Ferriby.
254—Enamelled Brooch from South Ferriby.
257—Three Views of Fish-shaped Fibula found near the London Wall,
257—Three Views of Fish-shaped Fibula found at Rotherly, Wilts.
287—Marble Bust of William Spence.
291—Sketches of new East Yorkshire Diatoms.

‘

Epirep Bis THOMAS SHEPPARD, F. G: aa

be
on)

>» * 5 oO
Rar wie
Sy PRICE 3/6 NET.

(i: Free to Members. )

CONTENSZS

Or VotumeE III., Part -I., 1903.

With 11 Plates and Numerous Illustrations in the Text.

PAGE

The Birds of Bempton Cliffs. E. W. Wade ; : f I
The Marine Fauna of the Humber District and the Holder-

ness Coast. T. Petch, B.A., B.Sc... ; ? wt ae

Evidences Relating to East Hull. Thos, Blashill, F.R.1.B.A. 42
Addenda to the Flora of the East Riding. J. F. Robinson. 98.
Dispersal of Shells by Beetles. Rev. E. P. Blackburn + hee

Preliminary List of Micro-Lepidoptera occurring within eight
miles of Hull. J. W. Boult . ; 4 é 2 Oe

Third List of East Yorkshire Coleoptera. T. Stainforth and
H. E. Johnson . ; : : ‘ ‘ : lO

Additions to the List of the Diatomaceze of the Hull District.

R. H. Philip ; : A é , : ; LO
Notes on the Progress made.by the Club in 1go1-1902 . Bey!
Notes on the Progress made by the Club in 1902-1903 .« » key,

SHorT NOTES :—

The Feathered Thorn (Hiimera pennaria). J. W. Boult . : : 26
Humber Saltmarsh Plants. T. Petch, B.A., B.Sc. . : ‘ - 26
Plumatella repens in Holderness. T. Petch, B.A., B.Sc. : ; 26

Nebria livida at Withernsea. T. Stainforth . : ; : : 97

——
*.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

Dull Scientific
Field Maturalists’ Club.

EDITED BY

TI. SHEPPARD, F.G.S.

THE BIRDS OF BEMPTON CLIFFS.
By E. W. Wabpe.

(Read February roth, 1902.)

F there is one feature in the landscape of the broad-acred
i shire of which Yorkshiremen may justifiably be proud,
it is the chalk cliffs of the East Riding. Other counties
can boast mountains, dales, moors, rivers, perhaps as good
as or better than ours, but on the whole of the east coast
of England, at any rate, we may safely say there are no
cliffs to equal these. Making their appearance first at a
point somewhat east of Speeton, they extend in a mighty
rampart, intersected in three places only by slopes which
can be descended without ropes, to the Thornwick bays,
from which point to Flambro’ Head they are broken up into
a series of indentations and ‘caves, famous through all
England for their beauty. Can any scene surpass the wild
magnificence of these rocks in the storms of winter, when
the billows are thundering mountains high at their bases,
dashing the spray to a height of a hundred feet or more
over the low cliffs of Thornwick, and sending the wind-borne
spume miles inland to tell the tale of their fury. Woe
betide the unhappy sailors whose vessel is caught in the
% B

2 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

cruel fangs masked by those breakers. Their vessel is
crushed like an egg shell in the grip of a giant, and they
are hurled into eternity before any means of rescue can
be devised.

Or visit the cliffs again in spring or summer, when the
treacherous sea is soughing gently at their feet, and brilliant
sunshine touching into vivid colour the green patches that
relieve the monotony of the continuous white line. Can
any contrast be more beautiful than this of blue sky, the sea,
and towering white walls flecked with green and fringed
with sea foam, or more powerful in its appeal to the heart
of the lover of nature? At this season, too, the mighty cliff
shelters in its bosom myriads of birds who find there a
nursery to rear their young; and in the expression of the
emotions which at that period possess every phase of created
life, present to the onlooker, be he naturalist or not, a scene
that invariably excites an appreciation that impels him to
revisit it. The otherwise silent and sombre ledges are fairly
alive with birds, incessantly bowing to each other as with
a politeness which their continual fighting belies, lovemaking,
apparently all talking at once, no one listening to the other.
The birds seem so thick upon the favourite ledges as to
leave no room for more, yet a continual stream of new
arrivals comes in and fights its way among the seething
mass, sometimes, however, being beaten back and circling
round again before repeating the attempt. Each new comer
is greeted with a shower of pecks from those already in
possession, whilst occasionally the fight lasts till one or
other, or both combatants lose their balance and fall off the
cliff. Along the face of the cliff the birds fly to and fro
like a swarm of flies, whilst countless thousands are settled
in small and large parties on the water 350 feet below, quietly
courting and feeding, or resting till their turn comes to
join their mates above. A babel of hoarse cries, which has
been compared to the cheering of a distant multitude, rises
continuously, mingled with the sound of quick wing-beats,
to the watcher on the cliff top, as does a most ancient and
fish-like smell whenever a puff of wind reaches him from
below !

In the early morning, when the sun is on the cliffs, I
have seen thousands of birds sporting in the water round
some low rock, the game apparently consisting of alternately
scrambling up the rock and flopping down again into the
water, those which dropped down being replaced at intervals
by fresh arrivals at the top of the rock. They frequently

THE BIRDS OF BEMPTON CLIFFS. 3

lie on their backs in the water for some minutes whilst
washing themselves. To the scene add a background of
sea, blue sky, flecked here and there with white cloud or
breaker, vessels passing to and fro upon the errands of busy
life, whilst away to the north-west stretches the coast-line
past Filey Brigg to Scarbro’ and Whitby. Surely nothing
finer could be desired by the lover of nature.

To those who dwell in the neighbourhood of the cliffs,
almost every ledge and corner is linked with some memory,

FiG. 2.—BEMPTON CLIFFS, LOOKING EAST.

and the events that have happened there are chronicled in
the names bestowed by those who have obtained their daily
bread from the cliffs for generations. Any striking feature
in their formation has been seized upon and fixed for ever in
the attention by an appropriate name.

Such names as Pidgeon’s Hole, Sandy Corner, Shitt’n
Shelf, Weather Castle, (H)’ateley Shoot, Coffee Mill, Birds’
Shoot, Aud Yoon, Staple Neuk, The Dorr, tell of peculiarities
in the shape of the cliffs, or of the birds, many of these having

4 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

been handed down from father to son. Other names are :—
White Wings, because a white guillemot was seen there ;
White Breadloaf—a friend in need asked for help; E. Hodgson
replied to his guest, ‘‘ Noo theer’s a spot theer, and whativer
there is on it you shall have ’em.”” The man was presented
with the eggs from this ledge, with which he bought the
first white breadloaf he had had for many months. Shoe--
maker’s Shop, Kit Pape Spot, Broken Head (Coatham’s
head broken), Franky Barnet Table, Bobby Robson Three
Ha’penny Spot, Ding Dong, Katey Robson, Hat Hole, Arra
(harrow) Tooth, Duggleby Corner, now called Jubilee Corner,
because first climbed in the Queen’s first Jubilee Year—all
these tell of events in the lives of the people, that endear
them to the cliffs.*

To turn to the population of the cliffs past and present,
I shall confine my remarks to summer inhabitants—to name
the winter visitors to a migration centre like Flambro’ is
outside the scope of this paper.

The occurrence of the Raven was already traditional when
the oldest inhabitants of Bempton and Buckton were boys,
their fathers having told them of the time when a price was.
set upon the head of this Ishmael among birds, who seems
to have every man’s hand against him wherever he goes.

Mr. Nesfield, at Buckton, has two fine adult Peregrine
Falcons, male and female, shot from the cliffs over twenty
years ago, and one young one in first plumage which he
kept in confinement, over thirty years ago, but when it
escaped and proved difficult of capture, he shot the bird
in order to secure it. The shooting of one of the old birds.
was the cause of the eyrie on the cliffs being finally deserted.
A pair of Peregrines took up their quarters on the cliff early
in April, 1902, but the hen bird being shot, their evident
intention of breeding there was frustrated.7

Some forty years ago the birds seem to have been more
numerous even than now, if recollections are to be trusted,
every bay from Flambro’ Head westward having apparently
its breeding population, where now a bird is never seen
sitting on the ledges, e.g., there is a small cove west of
Thornwick known as Chatter Trove, from the noise the
birds are said to have made there. It is now entirely
deserted by them. In those days the Kittiwake used to

* Wade's Spot, a more modern name, should have been included.—Eb.

+ I should not omit mentioning that a prominent Flambro’ naturalist
has a firm belief in the former occurrence of the Great Auk at Bempton,.
a belief which I got into serious disgrace through scoffing at.

THE BIRDS OF BEMPTON CLIFFS. 5

breed in thousands, while now scarcely hundreds are seen,
and, as the skins were in demand for ornament, the birds
used to be ruthlessly shot down in the breeding season.
The method was to lie in wait for the birds when they came
to collect grass for nest materials, to shoot one, and keep
throwing it up and imitating the bird’s cry, when, as all who
have shot Kittiwakes know, the living birds would flock to
the body of the dead one. The question, ‘‘Is kitts carry-
ing?” was the usual one asked by the shooter who wished
to know whether it was worth his while to go out to the
Slaughter. So numerous were the birds that E. Hodgson can
remember a field upon which the twitch had been raked
together on Saturday, being completely cleared of it by the
time the carts came to take it away on Monday, all having
gone into the nests. Then followed a time of indiscriminate
slaughter. Scores of excursionists poured. in from the
neighbouring towns to aid in the massacre. The birds
were shot off the water as they flew to their parental duties
on the cliffs, the young being left to starve and die. The
human brutes who killed them were rarely at the trouble of
picking up the bodies (which, indeed, were of little use to
anyone), and, on the strength of this butchery, passed them-
selves off as ‘‘sportsmen.” This went on until there was
danger of the disappearance of the birds altogether. But
birds are wonderfully tenacious in clinging to their favourite
haunts. No persecution could drive away the remnant who
came as usual year after year, until the Protection Acts gave
them a chance again.

By the Act of 1880, all wild birds were protected between
1st day of March and 1st day of August. A schedule was
appended to the Act specifying certain birds, the penalty for
killing which was £1 per bird, and amongst these were our
cliff birds. Other Acts followed in 1881 and 1894, and in
1896 an Act giving power to the Secretary of State, on
application by a County Council, to extend the close time
in any portion of its area. By an Order dated roth May,
1895, this was done for the East Riding of Yorkshire, and
the close time made to extend from the 1st day of March to
the 15th day of August in each year. The eggs were not
protected, this being unnecessary, as we shall see later.

On July 5th, 1902, some casual shooting from a Filey
boat caused the destruction of some hundreds of eggs and
newly hatched birds, the startled parents, when they left the
rock, kicking these off the ledges, from which they fell on to
the rocks below.

6 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

These Protection Acts aroused the bitterest hostility
among the Flamborough fishermen, both because they were
deprived of the fees derived from taking out the so-called
sportsmen in boats to the scene of butchery, and because
they grudged the birds the fish upon which they live. Their
food consists mainly of the fry of the herring, but also of
any young fish of suitable size (sand eels, &c.), and various
crustaceans. After all man’s needs are supplied there must
surely be more than enough for the birds, which, as far as I
am aware, have never made any sensible diminution in the
quantity of fish. The Member who was mainly responsible
for the first Protection Act, the late Christopher Sykes,
lost the support of the Flambro’ voters for many years in
consequence. :

The present breeding-ground extends from Selwick Bay,
under the lighthouse, westward to where the cliff disappears:
below Speeton, and the species breeding are as follows :-—
The House Martin, building beneath the rocky ledges. The
Jackdaw and Carrion Crow, who here keep up the reputation
of their family for thieving. The /Vheatear I have seen in
June on the cliff top, but have no proof its breeding there.
The Rock Pipit, whose nest is perhaps the most difficult of
all nests to locate ; its entrance is generally a hole about
14 inch wide under a tuft of grass, and on the approach of
an intruder the cock bird gives the alarm, the hen slips off
her eggs, and both sit chirping at him from various points
on shore or cliff till his patience is exhausted. The Aesfre/,
a few pairs of which breed on the ledges, and are taken
annually. The Cormorant frequently perches in the rocks,
but has no breeding-place nearer the Whitby district and
the wreck of the '‘ Beaconsfield” at Aldborough. The Szock-
dove and Rock-dove, which apparently breed separately. A
pair or two of Herring Gulls, which are, however, generally
robbed of their eggs and driven away. The Avt/wake Gull,
whose plaintive cry and beautiful plumage form so great
an ornament to the cliffs, and last, but not least, the Puffin,
Razor-Bill, and Guillemot.

The Puffin is interesting mainly from its singular appear-
ance. The horny sheath assumed over the bill zm the
breeding season, and the red skin round the gape, and the
two appendages above and below the eye, give the bird the
appearance of being altogether overweighted by the bill. It
has an extraordinarily comical effect, and some people have
been illnatured enough to turn this against the bird and
say it looks a snob. In the Shetlands, when anyone looks

THE BIRDS OF BEMPTON CLIFFS. 7

a bit wanting in brains, he is said to be ‘‘ for all the worrld
like a Tammy Norrie.”

The Razor-Bill differs very little in habits from the
Guillemot, except that it is more solitary, and prefers a
hole or sheltered corner to lay in instead of the open ledges.
Male and female in both Razor-Bill, Puffin, and Guillemot
are indistinguishable, and the birds undergo but little change
from winter to summer plumage. The Razor-Bill has a
sooty hue on the throat in summer, which is lost in winter,
and the Guillemot, owing to the loss of some slight metallic
hue present in the plumage during the breeding season,
looks darker on the head and back in winter, and has a
white or mottled, instead of a dark brown throat, and a patch
of white extending on each side of the throat to the nape
of the neck. Puffin, Razor-Bill, and Guillemot, all are true
pelagic birds, spending their whole lives on the sea,* and
only resorting to the cliffs during the breeding time. All
are North Atlantic species, their farthest southern range in
winter being the Mediterranean, and also about lat. 30° in
the Atlantic, whilst in summer their breeding range extends
from the Mouth of the Tagus to Iceland, the Faroes, Bear
Island, and the American Seaboard up to lat 64°. The
Razor-Bill appears to be a rather more tender bird than the
Guillemot, with a higher rate of mortality, and lower rate
of increase.

It is as a Guillemot haunt that our cliffs are famous
throughout the British Isles, and to the Guillemot, therefore,
I shall mainly confine my remarks.

There are two varieties, viz., the Ringed or Bridled
Guillemot, which is distinguished by a white rim round the
eye and a white line extending from the outer corner of
the eye down the neck, and the bird which has not this
mark, ¢.c., the typical species. In the first half of last cen-
tury, opinions raged round the question of these two being
separate species. Yarrell, on the evidence of Iceland fisher-
men, considered that they were, which opinion Dr. Saxby,
in his ‘‘ Birds of Shetland,” tried to maintain, but with no
certain data. He kept Ringed Guillemots in confinement
for five years, during which the plumage never changed,
and he maintained that the eggs of the ringed bird had
larger blotches than those of the other. The St. Kildan’s
contend that bridled birds are all males. Gould, in 1837,
questions its right to be considered a separate species, and

* The Guillemot at any rate, if placed on land, is unable to take
to flight.

8 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Hewitson, in 1856, says it has no such claim; but the vexed
question was put finally to rest by Harvey Browne and
Buckley in their ‘‘ Fauna of the Outer Hebrides,” when they
observed bridled birds paired with typical, and both bridled
males treading typical females, and vice versa, also a bridled
bird feed a young one which was under the wing of a
typical bird. In face of all this evidence I regret to find a
writer, in a letter to the Spectator on ist June, 1889,

FIG. 3.—GUILLEMOTS ON HATELEY SHOOT.

stating that the Ringed Guillemot is found breeding in small
numbers on our cliffs, and that it dreeds true.

The proportion of bridled birds on the Hebrides is about
one in five, whilst on our cliffs the climbers sometimes do
not see one all day. In looking over some thousands of
birds with powerful glasses on 19th January, 1902, I could
only find one Bridled Guillemot amongst them, and but two
birds with white patches on the neck.

The Guillemot spends the winter on the open sea, and
begins to revisit the haunts of its youth about Christmas

a

THE BIRDS OF BEMPTON CLIFFS. 9

time. At irregular intervals these visits are repeated, gene-
rally taking place at high-tide time, and in calm weather,
when the birds appear almost as thick on some ledges as
in June, but are silent. None but the Guillemot ever comes
to the cliff in winter. Late in April the birds begin to take
up their abode permanently on the cliff, and early in May
the first eggs are laid, the Razor Bill being slightly before
the Guillemot in commencing. The average time for eggs

Fic. 4.—GUILLEMOTS ON HATELEY SHOOT.

is from the third week in May to the commencement of July.
The earliest eggs of which I have any record were seen on

‘6th May, and from then till about the second week in July

egg§ may be seen. The latest date I have taken an egg
is 17th July. If, however, the egg be taken, a second and
even a third is sometimes laid, threé being the outside
number, and only one being produced at each laying. The
second egg is frequently more brilliantly coloured than the
first. An impression prevails among some writers that a
-second egg may be produced within a week if the first is

10 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

taken, but from actual data, as well as report, I am able:
to fix the interval in the case of the Guillemot at nineteen
to twenty days, and of the Razor Bill, seventeen days.

The birds are so much alike, that in cases where a ledge
had been cleared of eggs and visited a few days afterwards,
when other birds had laid there, the observer might easily
persuade himself that the same birds had produced second
eggs.

A considerable difference exists in the date at which
different birds lay, for on 15th June, 1901, climbing a ledge
which had been left alone, I found fresh and half-incubated
eggs side by side. The large end of the egg is extruded
first, the bird standing straight upright, with the feathers.
ruffled, during the process. When sitting, the egg is tucked
between the feet by the bill, and is covered by the thigh
feathers. The bird then either sits upright upon it, or in
the recumbent position usually attributed to sitting birds,
the position being lengthways along the egg. A sitting
bird can be distinguished by the way in which it resolutely
turns its face to the wall as though shunning the pleasures.
of this world and devoting all its attention to maternal
duties! When the egg is well incubated or hatching, the
bird often refuses to leave it, preferring even capture by
hand.

Sports from the typical variety are sometimes seen on the
cliffs, a very dusky bird which lived for a season or two
enabling the climbers to ascertain that sometimes the male
assists in the duties of incubation, as in this case the normal
and dusky bird were seen to change places on the egg.
A bird with an entirely white head, except for two dark marks
above the eyes, has now been seen for four or five years.
Harvey Browne and Buckley, on the contrary, assert that
the female sits whilst the male feeds her, she becoming fat
and he lean in the process. The disengaged birds, whose
numbers are swelled occasionally by non-breeders, mean-
while sit facing the sea in rows, on the ledges, making
endless obeisances, dressed in white waistcoats like the
banqueters at an alderman’s festival, and, for aught we
know, perhaps making long speeches about civic matters.
to each other.

No Guillemot will willingly leave the ledge where it was
born and brought up, hence the many scuffles for a place
upon the ancestral rock; and unless actually driven off by
stronger birds, they always return to lay there. Certain
peculiarly marked eggs have been taken from the same.

THE BIRDS OF BEMPTON CLIFFS. Il

ledge for twelve and fourteen successive years, and I have
specimens of such eggs extending over a period of three
and four years. Even shooting birds from the ledges, as we
have seen, does not deter the survivors from coming back
to the very same spot. A well-marked egg is found year

FiG. 5.—CLIFFS NEAR HATELEY CORNER.

after year on the same ledge of rock as long as the bird
lives, unless a fall of rock occurs, in which case all desert
that neighbourhood.

There is, however, a deplorable carelessness among the
birds in rolling their eggs off the ledges. Perhaps it is
because the egg rests upon the web of the feet, that whenever

12 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

they are suddenly startled up a regular shower of eggs is
rolled down the cliff. A visit to the cliff-foot during the
season reveals hundreds of empty egg-shells wasted on the
beach. If the bird is leaving its-egg of its own accord it
often is seen to push the egg away before taking to flight,
but if angered or alarmed it is my firm belief that many birds
kick their eggs down the cliff to prevent the intruders getting
them. I have stood on a ledge watching a bird which
deliberately kicked its egg down several minutes before
leaving the rock itself, and still sat looking at me. Many
eggs are laid at sea and trawled up or washed up in Filey
Bay. No egg, except that of the Jack Snipe, bears so large
a proportion to the size of the bird as that of the Guillemot,
actually averaging, as it does, 4 of the weight of its parent,*
or, in the case of a double-yoked egg, considerably more.

It is astonishing that amongst all the eggs, which so
much resemble each other, the parent can find its own
again, especially as in wet weather the ground colour is quite
lost in mud and the birds’ excrement. Some writers affirm
that they do not always find their own again. I have seen
dirty eggs on the ledges, cold and deserted, but whether they
have been lost by the parent, or the bird has been shot, it is
difficult to say. When frightened off the egg the bird makes
a long stay away, at least half-an-hour, but if a young one is
on the ledge she is soon back. It is believed that the rock
at this season retains enough heat to preserve the vitality of
the egg. Taking all things into consideration, I should say
few birds are so careless of the safety of their eggs as the
Guillemots. The bird will sometimes be found sitting on a
ledge just wide enough to hold bird and egg, and occasionally
with water continually dripping upon her.

The peculiar pear-shape of the Guillimot’s egg, in con-
junction with its position upon the rock ledges, lends itself
to the belief that it has been evolved by the operation of the
law of the survival of the fittest, as it would obviously be
a protection against the destruction of the egg by the agency
of wind. Upon this point, however, there is room for con-
troversy, as an examination of the actual conditions now
prevailing leaves a doubt whether this abnormal shape could
have been so developed. (1) The parent bird leaves the egg
in all sorts of positions, as often as not with the small end
pointing seawards, and this at the extreme edge of the ledge,
and sometimes on a dangerously narrow ledge, sloping

'* The average weight of a bird is 2 Ibs., and of an egg } lb.

THE BIRDS OF BEMPTON CLIFFS. 13.

slightly down towards the water, where, if it commenced
to roli, it must inevitably fall. (2) Constant observation
and enquiry have failed to elicit any instance of an egg
revolving on its own axis, and so escaping destruction, the
surface of the ledges, as viewed by the climber who stands
upon them, being so uneven as almost to prevent such
movement. (3) The close attendance of the parent bird
is an additional safeguard, because she rarely leaves the
egg except when scared by foes. (4) In the months of
June and July, when incubation is proceeding, violent gales
are infrequent, and as a practical climber of many years’
experience, I find that what may be a high wind at the cliff
top is not felt below—as soon as the climber leaves the edge
of the cliff he reaches a region of calm, where he is shielded
from the fury of the wind, apparently by an air buffer cover--
ing the face of the rock, from which the force of the gale
rebounds, leaving its cccupants unharmed. (5) On the
Farnes, where eggs are laid on the top of an unsheltered
stack of rock, there is no recorded observation of their being”
blown about by the wind, nor has this open position pro-
duced any special modification in the shape of the egg, which
exactly resembles those laid in sheltered places.

The colours of the Guillemot’s egg vary more than in
those of any other bird. The general type is a greeny blue
with streaks and splotches of black. Next in point of
numbers is a white egg with black streaks and blotches.
The rest have no definite scheme of colouration, but show
every shade of red from the lightest ‘‘rusty” to deepest
chocolate-red, whilst brown, fawn, buff, stone colour, blue;
green, yellow, and violet, combine in endless shades and
varieties of marking, spots, blotches, and scrawls, to make
a bewildering display, the richness of which almost dazzles
the beholder. The varieties of size and shape are also extra-
ordinary. No cliffs are so famous for producing these
varieties as our own.

That portion of the cliff climbed by Edward Hodgson’s
gang is more famed for these rich-coloured varieties than
any other, which he attributes to its being less thoroughly
‘climbed out” than the others, partly owing to the number
of odd corners which are not worth visiting, and partly to his
ceasing to climb sooner than the other gangs. The effect
of this is also seen in his birds laying, on the average, a
week earlier than those on other parts of the cliff.

The Razor-Bill’s egg is not so richly marked as that
of the Guillemot, the blue and green types being absent.

14 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

altogether. It is also slightly smaller in average size.
Occasionally the two birds lay eggs with a white ground-
colour almost exactly alike.*

The Guillemot sits about thirty days, and from about
the middle or third week in July onwards the young are
hatched. Their continuous shrill chirpings then mingle with
the hoarse growls of the old birds, who fly further and
further afield in search of food, reaching even as far as the
Lincolnshire coast. In this respect the Guillemot is handi-
“capped. Owing to the shape of his beak he can only carry
one fish at a time, with its head down his throat, whereas
the Razor-Bill and Puffin, with their broader bills, carry
sometimes as many as a dozen at a time, the bodies of the
fishes hanging down on each side of the bill, the heads being
in the bird’s mouth. The extra numbers of trips which the
Guillemots make to the cliffs will partly account for their
being so much more in evidence there. Very little food is
wasted, such a thing as a fish being seldom seen on the
ledges. The commonest food seems to be sand-eels.

About the third week in July the young begin to take to
the water, but how they get down alive from that giddy
height is not clearly known. Several alternative methods
are believed in and loudly proclaimed by their respective
apostles. Some say the old bird carries the young in her
beak, some, on her back, some, between her legs. Mr.
Heathcote saw an old Guillemot, in St. Kilda, push the
young one off a low ledge and follow herself, both flopping
into the water together. Gatke, from fifty years of observa-
tion, says the old ones leave the ledges, calling the young,
and that the latter, in their eagerness to reach their parents,
overbalance themselves, and fall off the ledges into the
water ; but the cliffs of Heligoland are low, and the same
method on our high cliffs would mean destruction to young
birds unable to fly. Ed. Hodgson says that he has seen
young Guillemots and Razor-Bills called off the ledges by
their parents, always at high tide, when, with rigid wings,
and feet spread out on each side of the tail, they slant away
to the water. When climbing ledges with young of a fair
‘size upon them, I have observed them occasionally launch
boldly out,+ flapping their tiny wings, and, by spreading

* A Razor-Bill’s egg with white ground-colour may be distinguished
from a Guillemot’s of the same type by holding it to the light and
looking through the hole by which it was blown, when the inside of the
shell of the Razor-Bill will Le seen to be light green, whilst that of the

Guillemot is white.
+ Usually they viciously attack the intruder.

THE BIRDS OF BEMPTON CLIFFS. 15

out their webbed feet and tail to give them support (as
their parents do when performing difficult evolutions in the
air), land on a grassy slope far below, quite uninjured. As

Fic. 6.—GvuILLEMOTS NEWLY HATCHED.

soon as they reach the breakers instinct asserts itself, and
they dive again and again with the most exuberant delight.
By the third week in August the ledges are all deserted, and
parents and young have gone out to sea.

Fic. 7.—YOUNG GUILLEMOT WITH SAND-EEL.

There is but little difference between the young of the
Guillemot and Razor-Bill when hatched, both have dirty
white underparts, and are grey-black above, but later the
Razor-Bill has a greyer head and neck, and its slightly

16 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

stouter bill always distinguishes it. The young Puffin at
first is covered with fluffy black down, with a patch of white
on the breast. How long they take to reach maturity is not

Fic. 8.—Razor-BILL NEWLY HATCHED.

fully known, but from the numbers of non-breeding birds
present at the cliffs, it must be at least two years before

they breed.
The Guillemot has, perhaps, fewer enemies than most

FIG. 9.—YOuNG Razor-BILL.

birds. The larger Falcons do not seem to trouble either the
Guillemot or the Razor Bill, though the Peregrine is very
fond of the Puffin. The Guillemot, however, is not entirely
free from persecution by natural enemies. He is infested by

THE BIRDS OF BEMPTON CLIFFS.. 17

a species of louse, as far as I know peculiar to himself, which,
to judge by its bite when it gets a taste of human blood,
must cause the bird considerable annoyance. The Jackdaw

Fic. 10,—-PUFFIN NEWLY HATCHED.

and Herring Gull harry the eggs and young whenever these
are left uncovered by the parent birds. One would have
supposed that a bird so quarrelsome where its own species is

Fic. 11.—YOUNG PUFFIN.

concerned would have made some attempt to fight off a foe

whose purpose was to destroy its offspring, but the Guillemot

looks on with apparent indifference whilst these birds suck

its eggs or rip open its defenceless young. | The Herring
Cc

is HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Gull’s modus operandi is to dig its bill through an egg, fly out
to sea with it, sucking the contents out as it goes, and then
drop the empty shell. When once they have commenced the
habit they seldom leave the cliff as long as eggs are to be
had. The Jackdaw, being possessed of feebler weapons,
employs more guile. His way is to roll the eggs off the
ledges and then fly down and share the spilt contents with
his relatives below. J. Hodgson tells me that he has seen a
Jackdaw deliberately roll several eggs from a ledge, watching
them as they fell down the cliff, and then fly down to a lower
ledge to repeat the process, always keeping an eye upon the
descending egg to mark where its contents were scattered.

The ‘‘ unnatural” enemy of the Guillemot is man. In our
part of the world he confines his attention to the eggs and
does not, like the men of the Outer Hebrides and St. Kilda,
snare the sitting birds for food. Probably he would despise
such prov ee though it is said that the breast of the bird
is by no means to be ignored. The industry of climbing
(locally known as ‘‘climming’’) is an old and an honourable
one in the villages of Flamborough, Bempton, and Buckton,
affording a comfortable living for some six weeks each year
to over a dozen men. The Yorkshireman would never dream
of going about his cliffs without ropes, and looks upon
anyone who is fool enough to do so as little short of a
madman. *

In the Shetlands, Dr. Saxby tells us, that about the
middle of the eighteenth century it was thought a disgrace
to die anywhere but on the banks, 7.e., rocks. Such a thing
as a rope was never used. Probably the generally loose
and crumbling nature of the chalk rock is accountable for
the horror with which our Yorkshireman regards the notion
of climbing in any way but suspended by ropes from the
top of the cliff. From the recollections of Edward Hodgson,
extending back nearly fifty years, 1 am able to supply a
history of climbing as carried on at Bempton. When a
boy, his father used to take him out to coil up the ropes
on the cliff top. In those days only two men used to go
out, the one being let down and pulled up by the other, and

* In the course of my attempts in.this direction I have aroused no
little astonishment and some wrath by my supposed foolhardiness. I
have been likened to a rat (with an adjective) running about the rocks,
and one Sunday morning, after an arduous climb up some very loose
rock, on arriving at the top who should meet me but my old friend
Ned Hodgson, with his grandson in one hand and his ‘* bonny black-
thorn” in the other. Shaking this latter at me, he exclaimed, “Eh!
A‘ad a good mahnd te warm yer.”

THE BIRDS OF BEMPTON CLIFFS. 19

E. Hodgson remembers how his father, when he found the
weight below too much for him, used to call to the boy
to leave his rope and pull till the climber got to a place
where the weight was taken off the man at the top. The
record haul with this method was seven score eggs, a part

Fic. 12.—EDWARD ANDZJOHN HopGson.

’

or the cliff still bearing the name of ‘‘ Seven Score Place,’
in remembrance of the feat. The weight carried by the
climber can be reckoned at about 4 eggs per lb., or 23
stone, which he and the man above had to raise to the
top, in addition to his own weight.

Those were the good times, before slaughter became the

20 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

- fashion, but climbing was slow with so little assistance, and
the two men would sometimes rest an hour between each
descent. Later on, three men were employed, one to lower
and two to pull up, and you will find three is the number
mentioned in Seebohm’s ‘‘ British Birds.” In those days,
however, the places greatly overhanging were left severely
alone.

Prior to the passing of the Protection Act, a bad time for
both climbers and birds prevailed, and E. Hodgson tells me
that he could not make half-a-crown a day at it, even when
taking his wife as ‘‘third man” for the sake of economy!
The climbing was consequently almost discontinued for some
years. With the increase of the birds has come a corres-
ponding increase in the numbers and skill of the climbers,
four gangs of four men each being now employed during
the season regulariy at the Speeton and Bempton cliffs,
besides occasional raids near the Head made by the Flam-
borough fishermen.

The right of egg-gathering belongs to the farmer whose
land abuts upon the cliff-top, and this right he grants to
the men who work for him when egg-collecting is out of
season,

The season, varying as the egg supply is early or late,
commences about the third week in May and _ finishes
about the end of June or first week in July (latest date roth
July). During that time each gang will collect on an average
about 300 to 400 eggs daily, or, allowing something for wet
days, when climbing is impossible owing to the greasy state
of the ropes, 130,000 eggs in all per season. In spite of this
the birds increase yearly. The price of the eggs varies, the
commoner ones being sold for sometimes 16 a shilling, some-
times 12 a shilling, and the better-marked ones, according to
the rarity of the markings, fetching from 2d. to 7/6 each.
Twenty-five years ago 3d. was considered an extravagant
price for an egg. Mr. Audas recollects requiring to be
persuaded to buy an exceptionally good red egg for 2d. A
good proportion of the eggs are used as food, others are
applied to the process of clarifying wine and dressing patent
leather. *

Each gang of men keeps strictly to its own ground, there
being, from the birds’ point of view, ‘‘honour among

_ * The eggs are now sought after by collectors trom every part of the
kingdom, and the competition thus set up has gradually raised the price
paid for rare specimens.

THE BIRDS OF BEMPTON CLIFFS. 21
thieves.”* A climbing gang goes systematically over its
ground day by day, economising time and labour as far as
possible by visiting the ledges when the greatest quantity of
fresh eggs is likely to be found upon them. Each ledge upon
this system is visited every third day, unless wet weather
should intervene, when they get behindhand, and many eggs,
having received a few days incubation, are spoiled for eating
purposes. They are then taken and used as food for pigs,
to induce the birds to lay again. When a ledge becomes
thin it is ‘‘fallowed” for a year, after which, the birds reared

Fic. 13.—J. HopGson DESCENDING THE CLIFF,

there having brought up the ground to its full laying strength,
it is ‘‘climbed” again. Some favourite ledges, however, are
always crowded and will bear climbing every year. The
birds invariably come back to the ledges where they are
reared unless driven away by actual crowding.

* Some fifteen years ago I can remember a scurvy trick played upon
a Bridlington gang. Having to come a greater distance, and happening
one windy morning: after a stormy and wet night to come late to work,
they found almost all the ledges cleared. A council of war decided that
the wind must have cleared the ledges. The true culprits, who, more
from a spirit of mischief than anything else, had been beforehand and
climbed every ledge, were never discovered.

22 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

The method of climbing is doubtless familiar to the
members of this Club, but I have so often seen it inaccurately
described that I should like to go over the ground again.
An iron bar, or stake, as it is called ‘‘ at cliff top,” is driven
into the ground, to which a rope is attached and the loose
end (the length of which is regulated according to the distance
to be descended) is flung over the cliff, scattering the
frightened Guillemots who flee in every direction, kicking
many a good egg to the bottom in their haste. This rope is
known as the hand-rope as it is held by the climber, and with
its assistance he swings to and fro’ and regulates the amount
of weight borne by the man at the top. A hemp sling, made
in tiie form of two loops through which the legs are thrust, is
fastened firmly to a belt round the climber’s waist, and
attached by two hemp eyelets in front to a second rope. It
is then passed round the body of the man who does the
lowering, being prevented from cutting through his clothes
by a strong leather apron worn round his waist. He sits on
the ground and holds the rope with a hand on each thigh,
letting it run through his fingers. The climber retreats
backwards towards the edge of the cliff, holding the fixed
hand-rope in one hand, and in the other a revolving wheel
mounted in the end of an iron stake. This he sticks into the
edge of the cliff, passes his body rope over it, and after
carefully clearing away all loose stones from the vicinity of
the ropes, goes merrily down the cliff, kicking off from the
rock and keeping himself perpetually swingIng to and fro’ to
prevent his commencing to spin round where the rock is
overhanging. Whenever he reaches a ledge with eggs he
stops, letting his mate above know that he is getting
them by taking part of the weight off the body-rope. The
man at the top then holds the rope in both hands, pressing
them against one of his thighs.

When the climber has cleared the ledge, he kicks himself
away from the cliff, puts his full weight on the rope, and is
lowered again. Both the man at the top and the climber
carry handfuls of grass, without which their hands must
blister at the first descent, for these practised hands waste
no time over the work, and, if necessary, a man will drop
down 100 feet in two or three minutes to get to the ledge where
the eggs are. When descending, therefore, the hand-rope is
held very loosely as a rule. The extra two hands at the top
meanwhile are occupied in uncoiling ropes, seeing that they
run straight, &c. A regular code of signals is employed
through the agency of the rope passed round the waist of the

THE BIRDS OF BEMPTON CLIFFS. 23

man above, which, when jerked by the climber, tells his mate
what he requires. A single jerk means he wishes to come
up. The laconic command ‘‘up” is then given, and all
three men commence a ‘‘ tug of war,”’ by which the climber is
raised to the top. Two jerks mean more hand-rope, and the
command ‘more band” is given and executed. Three jerks
‘mean ‘‘less hand-rope.” The rope, when hanging down
too far below the climber, by its weight prevents his free
swing to and fro’, and consequently he must not have more
out than is necessary. Of implements, the climber has none,
save two linen bags, one slung across each shoulder trans-
versely to the opposite side of the body, and a stick, with an
iron hook at the end. An old ‘‘ billycock ” hat padded with
cotton-wool, or better still, a tall hat, protects his head from
falling stones—the only danger he dreads. Fear of any-
thing else is unknown to him. The qualms which a beginner
feels, when, for the first time, he has to launch himself
backwards off an overhanging ledge (comparable, I should
say, to those of a gymnast doing his first So ft. fly), become,
to the practised hand, a delightfully exhilarating sensation.
Sometimes he can only succeed in reaching an egg by
swinging in, catching at it with one hand, and swinging
back without touching the ledge with his feet at all. Some-
times he walks sideways along a ledge collecting eggs until
he is some twenty or thirty feet out of the perpendicular.
To save the trouble of walking back he kicks off from the
ledge, when all the eggs are gathered, and swings back to
the perpendicular. This is the hardest sensation of all for
the beginner to master. Where the cliff is overswung so
much as to make the eggs unattainable, iron peg's are driven
in at intervals by the climber. Round each of these he
winds his hand-rope in turn as he comes to them, and so
draws himself under to the desired ledge. He peers into
each cranny as he goes down, and if he sees a Puffin glower-
ing at the end of her burrow, or, mahap, a pair of Rock-
dove’s eggs out of his reach, the stick and hook are brought
into requisition to draw the eggs to him. At Jubilee Corner,
where the rock is unusually ‘overhung, a permanent wire
rope is fixed in the rock. This was first placed there by
attaching it to the middle of a rope, the ends of which were
held on each side of the projection, thus forming a loop,
which may be described as similar to a skipping rope. The
loop was then thrown over, the ends pulled tight and secured,
and the wire rope was ready for descent, being afterwards
permanently fixed by iron pegs. Considerable ingenuity

24 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

has been brought into the science of climbing, and save
where the rock is loose and rotten, a way to any ledge can
be found, however difficult of access. So often have the
ledges been climbed that the man at the top knows almost
as well as the man below what is going on, and mechanically
holds or lowers as required. When the work is exception-
ally severe the climber sometimes rests on a ledge for a few
minutes, but, as a rule, goes straight through with his work
till all the ledges within reach are cleared, when the signal
is given and he is hauled up, stopping sometimes on the
way up to gather an egg which had been overlooked on the
way down. When he reaches the top the bags are emptied
into a huge market basket. Should one of the eggs be
broken, old Ed. Hodgson turns to the crowd of boys who are
generally present, and, with the ghost of a smile wrinkling
the corners of his mouth, says, ‘‘Can ony of you yoong
gentlemen sook a hegg?” Some boy more bold than the
rest tries, but the contents of the Guillemot’s egg are
generally too stiff for him, and he spits it out amidst the
laughter of his companions.

Very few accidents happen to the climbers. Edward
Hodgson ceased climbing at 52, being then, as his son said,
‘‘ower numb” to negotiate the ledges. Sometimes ladies
have been known to go down the cliff, and a beginner who
‘‘frames well” is said to be ‘‘middling fierce at job.” I
can only recommend anyone in search of a new pleasurable
sensation to try climbing. The men will look after you and
see that you run into no danger, and the excitement is,
perhaps, greater than that gained in any other form of
athletics.

At the close of the day the eggs are pooled in one large
heap and shared out, each man ‘taking three eggs in turn
till all are appropriated. The eggs are then carried home
in market baskets.

There are some interesting problems to study in connec-
tion with the Guillemots and their eggs. The persistence
of the birds in sticking to and coming back to the same
ledges, however much persecuted, is one of those character-
istic traits which has given rise to the epithet ‘‘ stupid,’’ as
applied to this species, as is also its refusal to leave the egg
sometimes until captured by hand. Of the former we can
say that a closer study of nature shows the same persistence
more or less evident in all birds, who prefer coming back to
the same ground year after year, unless driven away ; of the
latter, that the bird must be aware that leaving the egg

J. HopGson DOWN RAINCLIFFE.

FIG. 14.

PLaTe II.

16,

FIG.

E CORNER.

W. WILLIAMSON ON JUBILI

PLate III.

THE BIRDS OF BEMPTON CLIFFS. 25

generally involves the destruction of the egg. The colour-
ing of these birds’ eggs also opens up many interesting
problems.

The numberless varieties in colour shown can hardly be
due to the attempted predominence of one colour which is
more protective than another, because the predominant
colour, green and black, makes the eggs most conspicuous.
Is it, as Dixon in the introduction to the 2nd vol. of

Fic. 17.—AFTER THE ASCENT.

Seebohme’s British Birds suggests, that the absence of foes
gives the Guillemot’s egg a freer hand to branch out into
varieties than those of other birds? The foes present, viz.,
Jackdaw, Gull, and man are very deadly in their way, but in
spite of them the birds and eggs increase. Of the Jackdaw
and Gull, it is impossible to say whether they prefer any
special type of egg. As far as observation goes they do not.
Of man it is asserted that by taking all the rarely-marked

eggs he can get, he has diminished the numbers of such

D

26 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

eggs gathered each year. This statement however, as it
cannot be accurately measured (most of the climbers being
unscientific observers, and most of them getting more and
more by the sale of rare eggs each year), is also open to
doubt. These varieties occur only very rarely, 1 abnormal
egg in 1000 being about the average per season, and if they
indicate a permanent departure from the normal type, the
movement can only be in its inception. Given a sufficient
number of eggs to select from, any species of bird will be
found to produce many abnormal eggs, but none so far
removed from the common type as those of the Guillemot.
The cause, however, to which this abnormal variation can be
assigned appears to be shrouded in mystery.

A specimen of the Feathered Thorne (/zmera pennaria)
was caught on November 8th, on the tram stables at Stepney,
Hull. This specimen is an addition to the list of Macro-
lepidoptera occurring near Hull, published in the ‘* Trans-
actions of the Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club”
for 1899.—J. W. Boutt.

HumMBER SALTMARSH PLANTS.—The areas reclaimed from
the Humber possess only a saltmarsh flora at the time of
enclosure, and few plants except cornfield weeds obtain a
footing afterwards. It is interesting, therefore, to note that
Listera ovata is well established on a drain bank on the 1850
enclosure on Sunk Island. The drain is still brackish, and
Scirpus maritimus, Sueda maritima, and Salicornia herbacea
grow at the foot of the bank.—T. Percn, B.A;;) B.Sc;

PLUMATELLA REPENS IN HOLDERNESS.—During August,
1902, whilst searching for marine species in the brackish
ditches and ponds near the Humber, I found the fresh-water
polyzoon, Plumatella repens, near Skeffling, in a ditch which,
although it runs up to the river bank, contains fresh water.
The zoophyte formed a semi-transparent, whitish mass, en-
crusting the roots and stem of Rumex, and in some respects
resembled the alcyonelled form, the zocecia being crowded
together. This is the first fresh-water polyzoon I have found
in Holderness, and the second in the Humber district ; the
other being Fredericella sultana, at Barton, Lincs., August,
1901,—T. Petcu, B.A., B.Sc.

Fic. 18.—SHARING THE SPOIL.

Fic. 19..—HOMEWARD BOUND.

PLATE IV.

THE MARINE FAUNA OF THE HUMBER DISTRICT
AND THE HOLDERNESS COAST.

By T. Percn, B.Sc., B.A.
(Read August 20th, 1902).

OR many years the study of marine zoology seems to
F have been neglected by Yorkshire naturalists ; indeed,
so far as our particular district is concerned, there is
no evidence that any systematic investigation has ever been
commenced, for, with two exceptions, the only available
records relate to dead polyzoa, &c., gathered on the tide-
mark. We may plead, with considerable justification, that
the Holderness coast is uninviting to non-ornithological
zoologists ; the sandy shore from Bridlington to Spurn, and
the belt of mud along the Humber, possess none of those
characters which make corresponding areas in other districts
attractive. But a few brief explorations have shown that by
taking advantage of the numerous coast defences we can
demonstrate the presence of a number of species in addition
to the mud fauna proper, many of them living under con-
ditions which suggest extremely interesting problems, and I
venture to record the results of these expeditions as a pre-
liminary list for the Humber district in the hope that the
subject will be undertaken by others.

With the exception of a single visit to the Western
Reservation in August, 1902, when Nereis pelagica and
Corophium longicorne were taken, my excursions have been
confined to localities east of Hull; the frontage of the Hull
docks, or even the docks, may provide additions to the list.
As far as I can ascertain no species of the usual dock fauna
has been recorded for the Hull district. :

Saltend and Paull, about three miles east of Hull, furnish
our first hunting ground. Here, in the shallow pools on the
grassy flats outside the bank, which are reached only by tides
over 27 ft. 6 ins.,* we find a prawn (Palemonetes varians), an
amphipod with abnormally large antenne (Corophium long-
icorne), and an isopod (Spheroma rugicauda), which rolls

* Albert Boel.

28 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

itself into a ball when alarmed. /P. varians is more abundant
after spring tides, but C. dongzcorne lives in tubes in the mud
until the pools dry up; I have found them in mid-winter. In
1902, shoals of Meomyszs vulgaris were to be found in all the
Humber pools from Saltend to Spurn and in most of the
brackish drains where I had not taken it previously. Paludes-
trina ventrosa, Which occurs in all our brackish ditches inland,
is abundant on the U/va in the Saltend pools, with some
P. stagnalis, and small whitish specimens of the latter are
found on the stones on the foreshore, but this species
evidently does not flourish here. Another interesting mollusc,
Alexia myosotis, lives amongst the grass just below high
water mark of average tides, especially along Hedon Haven.
Under the stones in front of Paull, and at the foot of the
piles which protect Saltend Common, we find the isopoda,
Ligia oceanica, Jera nordmanni, and Ldotea marina, and the
amphipoda, Gammarus marinus, G. locusta, and Orchestia
littorea. The larger specimens of Ligia may often be seen
on the timber basking in the sun, but their exceptional
agility renders them by no means easy of capture. Worms
are represented by Nevezs pelagica and N. diversicolor, and
mollusca by the periwinkle, Zz¢forina rudis. In front of
Paull, Wembranipora monostachys decorates bricks and broken
tiles from half-tide level downwards, and it is fairly abundant
also on the stones at Saltend, though these are barely sub-
merged at neap tides. <A red alga, Rhodochorton rothiti,
previously found by Mr. J. F. Robinson at Hull, forms a
velvet coating on these stones, and Porphyra vulgaris grows
amongst Lnteromorpha compressa on the timber.

All these are common along the Humber foreshore in
similar localities, and if the narrow belt of chalk which
suffices in such situations formed an adequate protection
elsewhere, we should meet with little else until we reached
the ‘‘clays” of Kilnsea and Spurn; but owing to the change
in the direction of the Humber currents, or the narrowing of
the channel, it usually happens that the reclaimed areas
require much stronger safeguards against erosion shortly after
enclosure, and these generally consist of banks of chalk at
right angles to the river bank. If these ‘‘cranches” run
out into deep water, they provide a Laminarian zone, desti-
tute, of course, of Laminaria, but affording a_ suitable
habitation for many unexpected species.

The most notable of these cranches is Well Creek, about
three miles east of Paull, and fifteen miles in a direct line from
Spurn. It is commonly known by this name amongst Hull

7
A
{
F

THE MARINE FAUNA OF THE HUMBER DISTRICT. 29

anglers, but there is no creek, unless they refer to the narrow
bay which is left at low water between Foulholme Sand and
the mainland, and into which this bank extends across the
foreshore of Cherry Cob Sands. My first acquaintance with
its inhabitants was made on a fishing expedition, when I
hauled up a fine specimen of Zealia crassicornts which seized
the bait and allowed itself to be torn off the rock rather than
relinquish its meal. At spring tides, crass of all the colours
of the rainbow may be seen in abundance, many over three
inches in diameter, and often surrounded by rejected shells of
Tellina tenuis; Tubularia indivisa clothes the lowest stones
with pink blossoms and overshadows its more beautiful
companion, Odelza gelatinosa; pycnogonids feed on the
crass or sprawl amongst the Tubularia; and the stems of the
latter are covered with Clytia johnstoni, Farella repens,
Pedicellina and Coryne. The scale worm, Lepzdonotus
sqguamatus, is fairly common; Amphitrite johnston? rears its
thick mud tube between the stones; and the surface of every
block bristles with the projecting galleries of Polydora ciliata.
Altogether, we add some thirty species to our list from little
more than half as many square yards.

Another anemone occurs here, always on the under sur-
face of the larger blocks, and often so flattened that it seems
merely a brown blotch on the stone. When expanded, the
column is 1-14 inches in height and half-an-inch in breadth,
smooth, rich reddish brown, very mutable, capable of con-
striction in any part, no warts; tentacles, long but not fully
expanded except in the dark, dusky, with a white ring near
the tip; generally half expanded, with the disc thrown into
six lobes like fringed petals just projecting over the edge of
the column; margin of column entire, no moulding; base
usually expanded; acontia, thick, long, white, emitted freely.
Mr. Alexander Gray agrees in considering it a form of the
daisy anemone, Sagartia bellis.

The crass occurs again on the western bank of Stone
Creek, and in greater profusion on the first bank on Sunk
Island. This does not run out as far as the one at Well
Creek and is therefore not as productive, but the proximity of
Sunk Island Sand alters the character of the mud, and we find
here the western limit of the lugworm, Avenicola marina,
and the ‘‘ white cat,” Mephthys longisetosa. Campanularia
flexuosa occurs here, and Obelia gelatinosa attains a length
of eight inches.

The change in the character of the shore is evident from
the fact that shrimping with ‘‘ push-nets” is practised from

30 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Sunk Island, Patrington Haven, Skeffling, etc.; but no
favourable hunting-ground is to be found in the bend to the
east of Sunk Island, where the work of reclamation is still
proceeding. At Skeffling, however, a sloping bank has been
built at high water mark, of closely packed boulders which
are said to have been obtained from the ruins of the formerly
adjacent Burstall Priory. Here is found a third anemone,
living between the boulders or on small stones in the mud;
in the latter situation the stone is sometimes two inches
below the surface, and the tentacles just project, somewhat
resembling the syphon of a mollusc. I thought at first that
it was a form of Sagartia troglodytes but Mr. Alexander Gray
considers it a variety of S. mzvea. Its height when expanded
is 1-14 inches, breadth of column three-quarters of an inch,
white with a light brown tinge at the top of the column and
on the disc; when retracted, brownish with a white base,
showing opaque white lines extending to the top in young
specimens, and ending about half way up in older ones;
tentacles, long, translucent, with two opaque white rings
near the base; disc, with a ring of white spots, alternately
round and linear; two white radii, forming with the mouth
a white line extending right across the disc; suckers at top
of column. In captivity they have lost the brownish tinge,
and are pure white when expanded and somewhat greenish
when retracted. I have not seen any acontia emitted. In
the white spots and radii they agree with the /roglodyfes
figured by Gosse, Pl. iii. Fig. 2. The same form may be
found in small numbers at Stone Creek, and on the Den,
at Spurn.

From Skeffling to Spurn, Odelia gelatinosa and Gonothyr@u
Jovent occur on all the stones near high water mark and at the
roots of Zostera in the pools in such profusion that one
despairs of ever finding anything else. Campanularia
angulata may be secured by gathering the Zos/era leaves,
and probably other species will reward anyone who examines
the Zostera pools more carefully than I have been able to do.
From Skeffling Mya arenaria, Scrobicularia piperata, and
the cockle are common, and Paludestrina stagnalis is present
in millions; from Welwick to Spurn undoubtedly forms the
headquarters of this species on the north shore of the
Humber.

The Den, the reputed site of Ravenser, furnishes the
only group of stones on the north shore of the Humber,
between Hull and Spurn, which has not been deposited by
human agency, and from its proximity to the open sea

THE MARINE FAUNA OF THE HUMBER DISTRICT. 31

might be expected to yield good results, but in reality it is
distinctly disappointing. The boulders of which it is com-
posed are small, very few measuring a foot in diameter, and
at its lowest horizon, z.e., on the south-west side, it is only
a broad shingle beach. There are few anemones; Vesicularia
spinosa grows in large tufts on Fucus, with some Mem-
branipora pilosa; the ragworm, Nerine coniocephala, and
two nemertines occur under the stones ; and the limpet and
the dogwhelk have here their only station on the north shore
of the Humber. But it is worth a visit, if only to see the
tubes of the ‘‘sand mason” and the masses of Corallina
officinalis, where the water drains off from the pools on the
top. Several other seaweeds grow here, but Chondrus crispus
is the only one identified at present.

Dredging in the Humber has been limited to excursions
in August with the Paull shrimpers. There is not much
variety in the rubbish; Portunus depurator, the cleanser
crab, comes up occasionally; the hermit crab (Zupagurus
bernhardus), Pandalus annulicornis, and Pectinaria belgica,
were dredged off Trinity Sand; and Aydractinia echinata,
Clytia johnstoni, Clava_multicornis, and Sabellaria alveolata
were found on empty whelk-shells. TZedlina balthica, a
common Humber bivalve, is often found in the stomachs of
plaice caught in the trawls; the thick shells are evidently
broken by their mutual pressure.

On the outer coast there are few permanent abodes for
zoophytes or worms, since the whole beach is continually .
moving southwards. On the Binks, where the shingle is
temporarily brought to rest, we find nothing, for, judging
from its state at low water when one usually plunges knee-
deep into the gravel at every other step, the upper strata of
this immense deposit must be in motion when submerged ;
consequently, it offers no attractions except to the student of
ripple marks, and he will find admirable examples, ten yards
long with a fall of two feet on the steeper side. Proceeding
northward, the groynes on the Spurn shore furnish several
mollusca and polyzoa, especially Gzbbula cinerarta adorned
with living Membranipora pilosa; and a large patch of
boulders and clay pools between Kilnsea and Easington— -
Kilnsea Skerries—still awaits careful examination; I have
never been fortunate enough to obtain the desired coincidence
of favourable tide and favourable weather. ZTudbularia larynx
grows here, sometimes on the large boulders, but more often
in small tufts on the clay in the corners of the pools.

In August 1900, a pool outside the sea-bank at Easing-

32 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

ton, only reached by very high tides, yielded a ‘‘ shrimp ”
which I have not found elsewhere in the district. Dozens
were swimming round and amongst a mass of Ruppia
rostellata, Chetomorpha litorea, and Cladophora which almost
filled the pool, and with this as a background they were
dark, but as they swam into open water the colour faded
until they could scarcely be distinguished from the sand. I
held my hand motionless in the water, and they swam up to
it, just as P. varzans does in the Thames pools, to see if it was
edible, but at the least movement they darted backwards,

assuming a vertical position with a peculiar bend of the
pleon as though they were sitting on invisible chairs. As I.
had no apparatus, I tried to catch them by drawing them
slowly to the shore, but they always escaped at the last
moment, until I accidentally drew my hand along the bottom
and so pushed in front of it a gradually increasing ridge of
sand. This time I succeeded; the shrimp evidently imagined
itself safe as long as it saw sand beneath it, and made no
attempt to escape until it was stranded on the shore. Only
once in half-a-dozen times did the manceuvre fail, and |
caught sufficient to verify the opinion formed from its
behaviour, that it was Macromysts flexuosus (M. chameleon).
This pool, which was in existence in 1890, has since been
destroyed by the advance of the sea; and several other pools
here, formerly slightly brackish, are now flooded with sea
water at exceptionally high tides. This year (1902) I
obtained from them Palemonetes varians, Neomysis vulgaris,
Paludestrina stagnalis, P. ventrosa, and the black sea slug,
Limapontia depressa,; the two crustaceans also occur in the
large pond on the landward side of the bank.

After we leave the Spurn district, shore hunting is con-
fined to pools in the clay or groups of boulders near low
water mark, which may remain undisturbed, sometimes only
for a few months, sometimes for a year or two. In this way
several crustacea have been obtained at Aldborough, and
some mollusca at Holmpton. It is to be regretted that no
examination was ever made of the ruined Hornsea Pier,
where, sixteen years ago, we gathered mussels from the
barnacle-covered pillars; the barnacles were considered
worthy of a place in my heterogeneous collection, and I still
possess specimens, with Cyprina tslandica which | well
remember carrying home in my boots from Barmston.

Many species may be obtained during the ‘‘ crabbing”
season at Hornsea, Withernsea, and Easington. This year
(1902), as the Hornsea fishermen were compelled by the

THE MARINE FAUNA OF THE HUMBER DISTRICT. 33

weather to leave their crabpots out until the middle of August,
I was able to secure many deep water forms. The most
interesting capture was the hermit crab in his accustomed
home, an empty whelk shell, with the upper whorls tenanted
by Nereis fucata and the crustacean, NVenia fuberculosa,
sharing the lower.

In addition to all these localities, in which work is
necessarily discontinuous, the brackish ditches of the Humber
district offer a wide field for investigation without any of the
discomforts of mud-wading, and have already provided
several interesting discoveries. Here we may watch the
gradual change as the water becomes less brackish year by
year, or note the rarer converse effect on the flora and fauna
when by some means the salt water enters a normally fresh
water stream. Asa rule, fresh water species are killed by a
very slight admixture of salt water, but marine (estuarine)
species can endure a wide variation of salinity; and this)
endurance creates a feeling of astonishment that the instances
of migration from salt to fresh water are so few.

In the Hedon drain, the shore crab and the plaice have
been caught in practically fresh water, and Zel/ina balthica
was obtained in abundance several years ago in the lower
reaches where the fresh water flowed over it at every low tide.
During the last two years, owing to the imperfect clough,
the drain has become more brackish, and in August, 1902, I
took the common shrimp (Crangon vulgaris) and Neomysis
vulgaris, half a mile from the outfall, where formerly we
caught roach. The lower limit of the flowering rush, the
arrow head, and the fresh water mussel has been pushed
back a mile; even Potamogeton pectinatus does not flourish
in the lower reaches, and the drain no longer turns red with
unicellular algz in August. An instance of the converse
occurs on Sunk Island in a drain on the 1850 enclosure which
formerly entered the old North Channel by a clough (dated
1850) which is now blocked up. Palemonetes varians lives
with Zimnea peregra and the water crowfoot in the drain, and
Orchestia littorea is found on its banks. P. ventrosa, Entero-
morpha, and the other inhabitants of brackish water are
absent.

Another instance is found at Patrington Haven, which was
navigable in the middle of the last century. It then opened
into the North Channel, a relic of the former channel round
Sunk Island, but owing to the reclamation of the eastern
parts of Sunk Island in 1826 and 1850, it became so warped
up that all traffic was discontinued. Subsequently, the North

34 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Channel was again excavated to carry off the Winestead
drainage water, and a clough erected near the Humber (1868).
At present, the former course of the Haven is marked by a
shallow depression with a series of pools from one to three
feet wide and about four inches deep. After over half a mile
of this, it drops about a dozen feet into the Winestead drain,
and this enters the Humber by a modern clough (1868), a
mile and a half away. The pools are brackish; the mud in
them is black, with no sign of the yellow Humber silt; and
they are above the level of all except the highest spring tides.
They contain Paludestrina ventrosa, and a few Spheroma
rugicauda, but no P. stagnal?s, nor the other crustacea found
in tidal pools. On the sides, amongst a luxuriant growth of
Triglochin maritimum and Plantago maritima, Alexia occurs
in profusion, sometimes crawling up the stems of the plants
like a Succinea: the shells are larger and thinner than those
found on the Humber bank. Thus we have here a mollusc
which usually requires a periodic bath of salt water, living in
a situation where the salt water can never reach it, for there
seems no reason for supposing that the tidal water has flooded
this area since the erection of the clough. Its normal posi-
tion on the Humber bank is at the roots of grass, &c., at
high water mark of average tides ; I have not taken it above
the level of a 26 ft. tide (Albert Dock). It occurs again
inland on the sides of a closed ditch on Cherry Cob Sands.
Here it was accompanied (August 1902), by Paludestrina

- ventrosa, P. stagnalis, Paleemonetes varians, Spheroma rugi-

cauda, and [dotea marina; and from the presence of /dotea
and P. stagnalis | suspect that the ditch has been connected
with the Cherry Cob Sands drain till recently. All the
specimens of P. varians from this locality are marked with
red dots, and have only one tooth on the lower edge of the
rostrum.

This ditch, and the immediate neighbourhood of the
clough in Cherry Cob Sands drain, form the only inland
localities so far discovered in Holderness for Paludestrina
stagnalis, On the foreshore it occurs in abundance from
Spurn to Welwick, and thence in decreasing numbers to
within a few miles of Hull, and it shares the brackish pools
at Easington (seashore) and Saltend, which are out of the
reach of ordinary tides, with P. ventrosa. The latter inhabits
all the brackish ditches inland, but has not been found on
the foreshore. P. jenkinsi is only known as a freshwater
shell in Holderness.

All the brackish water crustacea mentioned above may be

THE MARINE FAUNA OF THE HUMBER DISTRICT. 35

found in the narrow drain which runs for three miles at the
side of the road through the reclaimed area known as Cherry
Cob Sands. Neomysis vulgaris usually remains near the
clough amongst the spreading fronds of Ulva latissima; the
others are common throughout the whole length. About
two-and-a-half miles from the outfall, the zoophyte, Gono-
thyreea lovent, occurs on Potamogeton and on the sides of the
culverts, with a J/embranipora whose identity was for a long
time doubtful. The latter was first found on Pofamogeton,
forming a complete cylinder round the stem, and it similarly
encrusts Chetomorpha and hawthorn branches which have
fallen into the drain, or spreads in radiating colonies over
bricks, but under the bridges it forms masses of superposed
plates, often an inch thick, extending along the wall in a
band two or three inches wide just below the water line.
Sometimes it assumes a more erect habit and forms a
cornucopia-shaped structure about an inch in height. The
masses of plates are very fragile, especially when the animal
is dead, and the larger growths will seldom bear removal.
One specimen, a foot in length, which I saw in August, 1902,
had been built round a branch an inch thick, which projected
from the mud; the diameter had been trebled by the over-
lapping plates, and encrusted Chefomorpha hung in white
festoons from the upper end. When normally encrusting
Polamogeton, €c., the zocecia are arranged alternately in
straight or spiral lines, somewhat resembling J/. mem-
branacea, and bear two erect spines at the upper end, but
they differ from that species in the less rectangular shape of
the cell and in the thickened cell wall which is milled or
granulated along the upper edge and finely denticulate on
the inner. Professor Harmer considers that this form should
be referred to MW. lacrotxit.

The masses of plates, in which the zocecia are spineless
and without the inner denticulations, agree almost exactly
with WM. monostachys, var. fossaria, recorded by Hincks from
similar localities in East Anglia, specimens of which were
kindly sent me by Professor Harmer. I have also found the
spineless form normally encrusting a brick in company with
the other, and where the two colonies met and produced free
expansions, one or two of the cells possessed six spines. : In
addition, two small upright tubular colonies, resembling
miniature corals, exhibit on some of the zocecia the single
spine of JZ. monostachys though more upright than in the
typical form.

Specimens kept in a small brackish water aquarium lived

36 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

from April to July, and their decease then was due in a great
measure to the decay of the Potamogeton. I never observed
any new growth, and am inclined to attribute this to the fact
that the water was maintained at the April standard of
salinity. The natural water shows a wide range of variation,
which may be due to the entrance of the Humber water
through the primitive clough, and the concentration of the
brackish drainage water from the adjoining fields. With
regard to the first, some water undoubtedly enters, but never
in sufficient quantity to cause any appreciable increase in
depth although the drain is only from six to ten feet wide.
The samples of water for the following analyses were taken
about two-and-a-half miles from the outfall, immediately
below the upper limit of Wembranipora and Gonothyrea :—

Dec. 27, 1901—Drain partly frozen; depth of water, 1 ft.
Chlorides= 5°29 grams NaCl per litre.
April 1, 19022—Depth about 1 ft.
Chlorides =7*91 grams NaCl per litre.
May 21, 1902—Depth about 1 ft.
Chlorides = 18°6 grams NaCl per litre.
August 1, 1902—Depth 6-8 inches.
Chlorides = 23°8 grams NaCl per litre.
Sept. 1, 1902—Depth 6-8 inches.
Chlorides = 23°5 grams NaCl per litre.

The tide of Sept. 1, was two feet higher than that of August T.

In addition to the species enumerated, P. ventrosa is
abundant, eres diversicolor attains a larger size than on
the Humber foreshore; Cladophora gracilis (?), which grows
in abundance from Skeffling to Spurn, is fairly common on
the bridges.

Former records for the Humber district are Amathilla
sabini, ‘River Humber,” Rev. A. M. Norman, ‘* British
Amphipoda,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, vol. iv., p.
119; Chiton marginatus and Hydrobia ulve, Spurn, W. C.
Hey, Naturalist, Nov. 1884, vol. x., p. 92; and ‘ American
Shells in the River Humber” (Venus mercenaria), Science
Gossip, vol. xxv. p. 115. With regard to the last, Mr. J. R.
Hardy informs me that it was, and is still, obtained by the
Cleethorpes oyster dredgers, together with the ‘‘ crow
oyster,” Crepidula fornicata, another American shell, both
having been introduced with oysters.

Two lists of debris gathered on the tide mark have been
published :—‘‘ Polyzoa, &c.,” observed on the occasion of
the visit of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union to Spurn,
Sept. 3, 1884 (Vat., Nov. 1884, vol. x., pp. 92, 93), and

—"

THE MARINE FAUNA OF THE HUMBER DISTRICT. 37

‘“Notes on Polyzoa found at Cleethorpes,” Vines (.Vaz.,
Jan. 1892).

With the exception of Cardium echinatum (listed with the
hope that search will be made for it on the Humber sands),
and possibly some of the polyzoa dredged off Hornsea, all
the species recorded here have been obtained alive. Many
others have been collected on the beach after storms, but it is
impossible to say how far these may have travelled, and
therefore it has been thought advisable that they should be
recorded separately.

(Species occurring in the Humber are marked with an asterisk.)

CCELENTERATA.
HyYDROZOA.

*Clava multicornis (Forsk.). On chalk, Well Creek, Stone Creek,
&c.; dredged on whelk shells, off Trinity sand.

*C. squamata (Miill.). On Fucus vesiculosus, Stone Creek.

*Coryne van benedenti, Hincks. On Tubularia indivisa, Well Creek.

*Tubularia indivisa, Linn. Well Creek; Stone Creek; alive, but
detached, Kilnsea Skerries.

T. larvnx, E. & S. On boulders, and on the clay, Kilnsea Skerries.

*Hydractinia echinata (Fleming). On whelk shells dredged off Trinity

sand.

*Clytia gohnstoni, Alder. On Tubularia, Well Creek; on red alge,
crab pots, Hornsea ; with gonothecze, August.

*Obelia gelatinosa (Pall.). Near low-water mark, Well Creek ; Stone
Creek. From Skeffling to Spurn on stones near high-water
mark, and on Zostera marina. With gonothecz, August.

*Campanularia flexuosa (Hincks.). Stone Creek; with gonothece,
August, 1902.

*C. angulata, Hincks. On Zostera, Skeffling.

*Gonothyrea lovent, Allman. Skeffling to Spurn, on stones and
zostera; brackish drain, Cherry Cob Sands, on bridges and
Potamogeton pectinatus. In reproduction in the latter locality in
May, in the former in August.

Plumularia similis, Hincks. Crab pots, Hornsea.
Antennularia antennina(Linn.). Brought up with crab pots, Hornsea,

SCYPHOMEDUS. :

*Aurelia aurita. Frequent on the outer coasts in August. Observed
swimming in Hedon Haven, September rst, 1902.
Cyanea capillata. Common, outer coasts, August.

ANTHOZOA.

*Sagartia bellis (E. & S.). Well Creek.

*S. nivea, Gosse. Stone Creek; Skeffling, near high-water mark ;.
the Den.

*Tealia crassicornis (Mill.). Well Creek ; Stone Creek.

CTENOPHORA.
Pleurobrachia pileus (Fabr.). Pools, Aldborough.

38 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

ECHINODERMA.

Ophiocoma rosula, Forbes. |
Uraster rubens (Linn.). -Crab pots, Hornsea.
Solaster papposa (Linn.). |

VERMES.
NEMERTINI.

* Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnst.). The Den, under stones.
*Tetrastemma dorsalis (Abild.). Well Creek.
*Lineus gesserensis (Miill.). Stone Creek and Skeffling, under stones.

POLYCH ETA.

*Lepidonotus sgquamatus (Linn.). Well Creek.

* Nereis diversicolor, Mull. Saltend, &c.; brackish drain, Cherry Cob
Sands.

*N. pelagica, Linn. Saltend, &c.

N. fucata, Sav. In whelk shells occupied by hermit crabs, crab
pots, Hornsea. On an average, one in every three shells
examined,

* Nephthys longisetosa,Erst. In sandy mud, Stone Creek, Skeffling, &c.

* Nerine coniocephala, Johnst. Under stones, the Den.

*Polydora ciliata (Johnst.). In borings in whelk shells, Hornsea ; in
chalk, Well Creek, Stone Creek, &c.

Dodecaceria concharum, CErst. In borings in whelk shells, Hornsea.

*Amphitrite johnstoni, Mgrn. Well Creek; Stone Creek. During
S.W. gales the mud between the chalk blocks is washed away
and the upright tubes are destroyed; the worm then takes refuge
in the lower part, which usually runs horizontally along the
under surface of the stones.

*Terebella conchilega, Pall. The Den.

*Pectinaria belgica, Pall. Dredged off Trinity Sand.

*Arenicola marina, Linn. From Stone Creek eastwards.

Filograna implexa, Berkeley. On whelk shells, Hornsea.

*Spirorbis borealis, Daudin. On Fucus and Vesicularia, the Den; on
whelk shells, Hornsea.

*Sabellaria alveolata, Linn. On whelk shells, Hornsea, crab pots ;
dredged off Trinity Sand.

*Spio seticornis (Fabr.). Skeffling, amongst clusters of mussels in the
zostera beds.

POLYZOA.

Eucratea chelata(Linn.). On Campanularia (?); crab pots, Hornsea.

Scrupocellaria reptans (Linn.). |

S. scruposa (Linn.).

Bugula turbinata, Alder. |

*B. plumosa (Pall.). Well Creek; alive, but detached.

Flustra foliacea, Linn. Small colonies on Laminaria, crab pots,
Hornsea.

*Membranipora lacroixii, Hincks. On Potamogeton, &c., brackish
drain, Cherry Cob Sands.

*M. monostachys, Busk. On stones near high-water mark, Saltend,
Skeffling ; on Mytilus and stones near low water, Well Creek,
Stone Creek, Paull; brackish drain, Cherry Cob Sands.

-Crab pots, Hornsea.

THE MARINE FAUNA OF THE HUMBER DISTRICT. 39

EE =

*M. monostachys, var. yossaria, Hincks. Brackish drain, Cherry Cob
Sands.
*W. pilosa (Linn.). On Fucus and Vesicularia, the Den; on Gibbula,
Spurn and Kilnsea ; on whelk shells, Kilnsea and Hornsea.
M. membranacea (Linn.). On Laminaria, Hornsea.
M. lineata (Linn.). On whelk shells, crab pots, Hornsea.
M. dumerilii (Aud.). On whelk shells, Hornsea crab pots.
*VW. aurita, Hincks. On chalk, Well Creek, Stone Creek.
Cribrilina annulata (Fabr.). On whelk shells, Hornsea crab pots.
Microporella malusii (Aud.). On whelk shells, Hornsea crab pots.
M. impressa (Aud.). On red alga, Hornsea crab pots.
M. ciliata (Pall.). On red alga, Hornsea crab pots.
Mucronella peachii (Johnst.). On whelk shells, Hornsea crab pots
Kilnsea Skerries.
Schizoporella spinifera (Johnst.). On red alga, Hornsea crab pots.
Cellepora pumicosa (Linn.). Hornsea; Kilnsea Skerries.
Crisea eburnea, Linn. Hornsea crab pots.
C. denticulata (Lam.). Hornsea crab pots.
: Diastopora patina (Lam.). On whelk, Kilnsea Skerries.
» *Alcyonidium mytili, Dalyell. Well Creek, Stone Creek, &c. abun-
4 dant on stones. On Gibduda, Spurn.
*Vesicularia spinosa (Linn.). In tufts on Fucus, the Den.
*Amathia lendigera (Linn.). The Den.
*Farella repens (Farre). On Tubularia, Well Creek.
. * Pedicellina cernua (Pall.). On Tubularia, Well Creek.

BRACHYURA. CRUSTACEA.

Stenorynchus phalangium (Penn.). Crab pots, Hornsea.

fHyas coarctatus, Leach. Crab pots, Hornsea.

Cancer pagurus, Linn. Outer coast. In holes in the clay, Kilnsea
Skerries, Aug. 6, 1902.

" *Carcinus menas (Penn.). The Humber; Hornsea, Aldborough, &c.

In all the agricultural drains near the outfall.

*Portunus depurator (Linn.). The Humber ; not common.

P. arcuatus, Leach. Crab pots, Hornsea.

Porcellana longicornis (Penn.). Crab pots, Hornsea.

__ MAcRUrRA.
a Galathea squamifera, Leach. Crab pots, Hornsea.
*Rupagurus bernhardus (Linn.). Dredged off Trinity Sand. Crab
4 pots, Hornsea.
4 *Crangon vulgaris (Linn.). Abundant. Hedon drain, half a mile from
the outfall, July, rgo2.
‘ fHippolyte cranchii, Leach. Hornsea crab pots.
4 fT. varians, Leach, Hornsea crab pots.
*Pandalus annulicornis, Leach. Dredged off Trinity Sand.
*Palemonetes varians (Leach). Pools, Saltend, Easington ; brackish
ditches, Easington, Cherry Cob Sands; fresh water ditch, Sunk
Island.
Leander serratus (Penn.). Hornsea crab pots.
) Macromysis flexuosus (Miill.). Pool on the sea shore above the level
by of ordinary tides, Easington, August, 1900.
*Neomysis vulgaris (Thompson). Hedon drain; Cherry Cob Sands
drain. Pools, Saltend, &c. Zostera pools, Skeffling to Spurn.
Pond inside the bank, Easington.

40 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

AMPHIPODA.
*Talitrus locusta (Linn.). Kilnsea, Easington, &c., river and sea shore.
*Orchestia littorea (Mont.). Under stones and amongst grass at high
water mark, River Humber; on the bank of a fresh water ditch,
Sunk Island.
*Montagua marina, Spence Bate. Amongst Tubularia, Well Creek.
Kroyera arenaria, Spence Bate. Aldborough.
*Amathilla Sabini (Leach). ‘‘River Humber."” Rev. A. M. Norman.
*Gammarus marinus, Leach. Saltend, &c. ; Aldborough.
*G. locusta, Linn. Saltend, &c.
Nenia tuberculosa, Spence Bate. Inthe body whorl of whelk shells
occupied by hermit crabs, Hornsea crab pots.
*Corophium longicorne (Fabr.). Pools, Saltend, &c; brackish ditches,
Cherry Cob Sands. ;

ISOPODA.

Eurydice pulchra, Leach. Shore pools, Aldborough.

*7dotea marina (Linn.). On the foreshore, Saltend, Well Creek, &c.
Zostera pools, Skeffing to Spurn; brackish ditches, Cherry Cob
Sands.

*Spheroma rugicauda, Leach. Saltend, Paull, &c.; ditches, Cherry
Cob Sands, Patrington Haven (Old Dock).

Sph. serratum (Fabr.). Aldborough.

*Jera nordmannt (Rathke). Paull, Well Creek, the Den.

*Ligia ocean ica, Linn. In all the chalk banks along the Humber.

CIRRIPEDIA.
*Balanus improvisus, Darwin. Well Creek, &c.
Balanus balanoides (Linn.). Hornsea Pier.
*Chthamalus stellatus (Poli.). Skeffling.
Verruca stromia (Miill.). On whelk shells and Laminaria, Hornsea.

PYCNOGONIDA.
*Pycnogonum littorale, Brunnich. On Crass, Well Creek, Stone
Creek. ;
*Nymphon gracile, Leach. Well Creek, usually on the mud.
*Phoxichilidium coccineum (Johnst.) Well Creek, Stone Creek,
amongst Tubularia.

MOLLUSCA.

* Craspedochilus cinereus (Linn.)= Chiton marginatus. Spurn, Sept. 3,
1884. W.C. Hey. Common, Well Creek to Spurn.
Anomia ephippium (Linn.). On whelk shells, Hornsea, Kilnsea.
* Mytilus edulis, Linn. Well Creek to Spurn.

Cyprina tslandica (Linn.). Barmston sands.

Kellia suborbicularis (Mont.). In Laminaria, Hornsea crab pots.
*Scrobicularia plana (da Costa)=piperata. Skeffling to Spurn.
*Tellina tenuts (da Costa). Common, R. Humber.

*Macoma balthica, var. carnaria, Renn. Common, R. Humber.
*[ Venus mercenaria, Linn.] Cleethorpes oyster beds. J. R. Hardy.

Cardium echinatum, Linn. A single valve in good condition, Well

Creek.
*C. edule, Linn. Skeffling to Spurn.

THE MARINE FAUNA OF THE HUMBER DISTRICT. 41

*Mya arenaria, Linn. Skeffling to Spurn. Distorted specimens
amongst stones on the Den.

Barnea candida (Linn.)=Pholas. In clay, Kilnsea Skerries.

*Patella vulgata, Linn. The Den.

Helcion pellucida (Linn.). Kilnsea Skerries.

Gibbula cineraria (Linn.)=Trochus cinerarius. Holmpton, Kilnsea,
Spurn.

Lacuna crassior (Mont.). Holmpton.

L. divaricata (Fabr.). Holmpton.

*Littorina littorea (Linn.). Well Creek to Spurn; Kilnsea Skerries.

*Z. obtusata (Linn.). Well Creek ; Stone Creek.

*Z. rudis (Maton). On stones near high-water mark, Saltend to Spurn.

*Paludestrina ventrosa (Mont.). Brackish ditches. Pools outside the
bank, Saltend and Easington (sea shore).

*P. stagnalis (Baster) = Hydrobia ulve = Rissoa ulve. In pools and on
the foreshore, Saltend, &c. Abundant in zostera pools or on the
mud, Skeffling to Spurn. Inland, in a closed ditch, Cherry Cob
Sands, and in Cherry Cob Sands drain near the clough. Often
found dry on the mud, but never buried in it.

*(Crepidula fornicata (Linn.)]. Cleethorpes oyster beds. J. R. Hardy.

Buccinum undatum, Linn. Kilnsea Skerries ; Hornsea.

*Purpura lapillus (Linn.). Holmpton; Kilnsea Skerries; groynes,
Spurn; the Den.

Limapontia depressa, Alder & Hancock. On Vaucheria, in pools
only reached by exceptional tides, Easington, August, 1902.

*Kolis papillosa (Linn.). Well Creek, August, Igo.

* Alexia denticulata, var. myosotis, Drap. Amongst grass, just below
high-water mark of average tides, Saltend to Welwick; ina
closed ditch, Cherry Cob Sands; abundant at the old head of
Patrington Haven, August, 1902.

TUNICATA.

Cynthia grossularia (Van Beneden). On Gibbula and whelk shells
Spurn.

ADDITIONAL NOTE TO FOREGOING PAPER.

Since the foregoing account was printed, it has been ascertained

that the tidal water is periodically admitted into the Winestead Drain
as far as the clough of 1839; Alexia, therefore, lives at Patrington
Haven under normal conditions. The horizon given for it on the
Humber bank is about 10} feet 0.D. (springs rise over 13 feet O.D.) ;
this is exceeded in sheltered situations as at Patrington.

Paludestrina jenkinsi now occurs from Hedon Haven to Lord's

Clough, with Zimnea peregra, Planorbis spirorbis, Physa hypnorun.,
and Pisidium pusillum in water containing chlorides=.77 grams NaCl
per litre; and from Lord’s Clough to Marfleet (Mr. T. Stainforth,
April 13, 1903), the only shell found, in water containing chlorides=
4.8 grams NaCl per litre.—T. PETCH.

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL.
By Tuos. BLASsHILL, F.R.I.B.A.

HE extended boundary of the eastern portion of the
City of Kingston-upon-Hull includes the modern
parish of Drypool-with-Southcoates and a large

portion of the parish of Sutton, consisting chiefly of the
hamlet of Stoneferry. It includes, also, the more distant
Marfleet. New streets and buildings are fast obliterating
ancient sites, with the boundaries of at least half a dozen
manors, and it is important to put upon record, before it is
too late, the former condition of these territories. I shall
have to use some of the materials already published in my
‘History of Sutton,” and must refer to it for fuller details
on many matters, but it was my research for that object
which made possible this contribution to local history.

In early times, when the district east of the valley of the
Hull was called the Isle of Holderness, that wide low-lying
valley, except in a few favoured spots, was freely subject to
the tidal ebb and flow. The date of the embankment of the
Humber and the Hull is too large a question to be settled
apart from other investigations, but, judging from the
inadequate description of Sutton in Domesday Book, I have
suggested that, in 1086, all our low grounds were still
overflowed by the tides. The historical and topographical
interest of the locality is, however, not dependent on the
precise date of the reclamation.

Beginning with the group of manors, or reputed manors,
in the parish of Sutton, we first find that Domesday Book
associates the Manor of Sudtone, held under the Lord of
Holderness, with a berewic held under the Archbishop’s
College of St. John of Beverley. The owners of manor and
berewic had each his house with its enclosed land, but the
tillage and meadows of both were in narrow strips or in
plots, mixed together all over the area ; the manor consist-
ing of about three-fourths, and the berewic one-fourth of the
whole. In time, the berewic began to be called a manor,
and the manor itself became divided amongst many persons,
each ot whom described his share as if it were the whole.

42

Liry
~~ Boy,
~= Nba
=—ARy

ANCIENT ENCLOSURE

KEY MAP

FOUNDED CHIEFLY ON THE 6'8 ORDNANCE MAP OF 1856
THE SUTTON ENCLOSURE MAP OF 1767 AND MRGEO. FRYER’S PLAN
OF SUDCOATES,SUMMERGANGS AND DRYPOOL. ”

S “x Reo
. D
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Ss ve oe %,
\n 70,
SUTTON °. INGS

%,

<<
THE GREAT

OXLAND

(sutron)

WEST FIELD

MARFLEET

GSON
HOO“ aURTO

/
/

as

CENTRAL HULL

1
1
1
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'

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 43

For clearness, and also because of the interest which is
given to the story, places and persons must be associated
together. The following were the lords of the undivided
manor as it descended from father to son; all were of
knightly rank :—

Siward, living in the time of the Conqueror.

Sayer de Sutton rst, ‘‘the ould lord Sayer.”

William, mentioned in 1173.

Amandus, mentioned in 1187 and 1195.

Sayer 2nd, the King’s Bailiff of the Port of Hull,
mentioned as early as 1211.

Sayer 3rd succeeded about 1250.

Sayer 4th succeeded about 1270.*

John de Sutton, senior, 1289.

John de Sutton, junior, 1339.

Thomas, the brother of John, 1356. He died between
1381 and 1389, when his daughters, Constance
Marjory, and Agnes, divided his manors and
lands.

The berewic was acquired from the College of St. John
at an early date, on the nominal rent of one pepper corn,
by the family of de Melsa, or Meaux, living at Bewick, in
Aldboro. They held it until, in 1377, John de Meaux, the
last male, died, and his sister Alice, who married Sir Ralf
de Hastings, succeeded. Then the berewic passed into a
family whose prominence in those times was very likely
to be fatal. The grandson of Sir Ralf and Alice was Sir
William de Hastings—created a baron—the Chamberlain
and friend of Edward IV., with whom he landed at Raven-
spur in 1471, and on whose death Hastings was promptly
executed by order of Richard III. In his will he mentions
his ‘‘manor” of Sutton, and afterwards we hear no more of
aberewic. It is a pity that the lords of manor and berewic
never quarrelled, for else we should have learned more about
them and their lands.

Sayer de Sutton the second, the first and last man of real
mark in the family, Bailiff to the King for the port at the
river’s mouth, a strong, high-handed man, always struggling
with his neighbours or his superiors, often in the right,
paying the penalty when in the wrong, was a commanding
influence over East Hull in the early years of Henry III.

* A deed quoted herein is evidence that the date of 1289, given in
Frost's ‘t Notices,” is erroneous.

44 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

He was a drainer of marshes, and it seems probable that he
caused the cutting of Summergangs Dyke, which forms the
boundary between Sutton and modern Drypool-with-South- -
coates. These last originally lay wholly in the parish of Swine.
There was a berewic in ancient Dripole, and another in
Sotcote—he and his successors held the latter under the
Archbishop’s College of St. John of Beverley. But they held
a very large portion of ancient Dripole as a manor dependent
on their Manor of Sutton. This may have been the Dripole
berewic, or the result of some arrangement with the Arch-
bishop. In dealing with the districts of East Hull I shall
begin with this portion.

DRIPOLE IN THE PARISH OF SUTTON.

Ancient Dripole included the Groves. When, in 1302,
the road from Hull into Holderness was made a public high-
way, it was said to pass first ‘through the middle of the
town of Dripole to Suttcoats Som’gang.” This accurately
describes the course of the thoroughfare, which divided the
northern part of Dripole from the rest. While the fortifica-
tions of Henry VIII,, along the east side of the Old Harbour
still remained, the North Block House stood right in front
of the North Bridge, so that the traffic had to go partly
round it, and along the short piece of road formerly called
Bridge-Foot. Beyond this, in the seventeenth century, and
later, was Block House Lane, now called Witham, a country
road between grass fields, with only such agricultural
buildings as usually went with such land. At the further
end of this wide thoroughfare the great open Common of
Summergangs stretched out right and left, Block House Mill
standing near the corner of it, opposite the centre of the
wide road.

Summergangs Dike, which defined the west side of
Dansom Lane and part of Naylor’s Row, curved round to
its outlet at Drypole-gote, near the entrance to Drypool
Basin. Between this spot and the North Bridge would be
the site bought from Sir Thomas de Sutton on which to
build a tower to defend the town. The fortifications of
Henry VIII. took land out of Sutton and Swine, they also
cut off the end of Summergangs Dike, which got a new
outlet beyond Dripole Field, half a mile further north. Of
this there is evidence. Excavations would probably show
that the lower course of the dike had been subject to the
tide, much of the land being waste. As the history of

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——

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 45

the ancient and modern fortifications is well known, chiefly
through the researches of Mr. E. S. Wilson, F.S.A.,* I need
only refer to the condition of the adjacent lands, quoting
chiefly from Wills at York, from the ‘‘ East Riding Registry,”
and from private documents kindly shown to me.

In 1659, Joseph Blaides left to his son William a close,
adjoining unto the Block House, containing twelve acres in
Drypoole.;+ His descendants had ten acres there, with
three tenements. In 1709, Mrs. Ann Watson conveyed to
Alderman Collings Block House Close, of six acres, on the
south side of Block House Lane. Captain Phillip’s map
of 1720 shews a stable of Alderman Collings’, where now
runs Great Union Street. This street was laid out in 1801,
when the North Block House was removed, but there was
previously there a way into Drypool. In 1744, William
Burton, of Hotham, the heir to his great uncle, Christopher
Gunby, sold to John Jones, house carpenter, and Thomas
Ward, bricklayer, his cottage, with garth of an acre in the
parish of Sutton, ‘‘at the going in to the town of Drypool,
from Hull, at the north-west end of the town of Drypool,
and abutting on the highway which leads from Hull to Dry-
pool.” { In 1768, Thomas Broadley acquired from Matthew
Henry Witham, together with a share in the manor, land
near to the North Bridge, and south of ‘‘ Bridge-Foot,
otherwise Witham.” I think this new name came from his
father, Henry Witham, whose aunt, the widow of Thomas
Dalton, had left her late husband’s property in Sutton to her
own family. From that time building went on over this
corner of Sutton parish, leaving a large vacant space in the
centre of it, known as the ‘‘ Muck-Garth,” and used as such
without much protest until the Cholera epidemic of 1849.

There was in Bridge-Foot, probably on both sides, waste
land of the manor. When buildings sprung up, John
Collings and others paid rents to the lord. Edward Johnson

* “Statement as to the Title to the Citadel and Fortifications of Kings-
ton-upon-Hull.'"” And see also a very interesting paper on ‘‘ The Castle
of Kingston-upon-Hull,” by Mr. Joseph H. Hirst, M.S.A., in the Tran-
sactions of the East Riding Antiquarian Society.

+ The name of Block House Lane seemed to cling to the locality.
In Baines’ Directory, of 1823, the map applies it to Naylor's Row. A
Sugar House conveyance, of 1825, mentions, I think in error, ‘‘ Lime
Street, formerly called Block House Lane.”

+ A Fine (Trinity Term 8 Wm. III.) in which Christopher and Robert
Gunby were plaintiffs shews that the family held lands in Sutton, Stone-
ferry, Southcoates, and Drypool as early as 1696, but I think the name
was then somewhat recent.

46 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

had a way to his lime kiln. Thomas Broadley’s purchase
tncluded houses, shops, and warehouses, let to Robert
Owing and others. In 1768 Owing demised to Burrill a new
built house and buildings adjoining ground of the Rev. John
Collings on south and east.

Early in the eighteenth century, Lime Street was called
the High Road to Stoneferry and Sutton. It ran close to the
raised bank of the river, which left a width of some thirty or
forty yards of grass between bank and stream. The local
name for this space, covered only at the highest tides, was
the Growths, or Groves.

For a quarter of a mile from Bridge-Foot the High Road
ran past old enclosed lands on the right, that extended back
in long strips as far as Summergangs Dike, where Dansom
Lane was afterwards made. The Growths along the river,
opposite to each plot, belonged to the plot.

In Joseph Osborne’s Map of 1668, in the Hull Museum,
a wooden windmill is shewn near the river, not far from
the North Bridge. In Captain Philips’s Map, of 1720,
the separate plots on the right of the high road, divided
by ditches, seem to be carefully indicated. Early in the
eighteenth century, shipbuilding and seed-crushing, already
well established on the Sculcoates bank,* were in contempla-
tion on ‘‘ Sutton Side,” as it was sometimes called. A rape
mill, an oyle mill, a warehouse, one good residence, and
some small farm buildings, already stood near the high
road to Stoneferry, and the brickmaker was making ready
for the builder.

The suburb springing up was called Brick-Kilns. The
whole district, which was afterwards called the Groves, was
still reckoned to be in the Sutton portion of Drypool.

At, or close to the entrance to the High Road from Bridge-
Foot, was a tavern called ‘‘ The Antigallican,” a sign very
popular in those days of hatred against the French. It was
pulled down about 1765, before the house next door was
bought to make the outlet for Sutton Drain, then about to
be cut.; In 1730, Hannah, the widow of Edward Johnson,
Grocer, conveyed to her son, William Johnson, ‘‘ of Brick-

* Wincolmlee, about which there is an absurd legend of an old
woman who would ‘wink and lie,” is there. I think the name was
brought from Wincolmlee, near Newcastle, by Hugh Mason, who owned
the Charterhouse lands adjoining, or perhaps by one who was connected
with shipping.

} E.R.R. Conveyance by Thomas Broadley and his tenant, Robert
Owen, or Owing, of the adjoining plot to the Commissioners of drainage.

"g9g1 ‘dVW S,ANNOSSO Haasof Woud

. i — ee ee ee ee ee ee

48 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Kilns, limeburner,”’ her lime-kiln and little garth, lying in
Brick-Kilns near the River Hull, and near to the North
Bridge. In 1740 he described it as being between the Sugar
House and North Bridge. Although one fine lime-tree is
remembered, and more have been imagined in that locality,
I am disposed to derive the name of Lime Street from the
industry then practised there.

The plot on which the Sugar-House was built consisted
of six acres of grass, in two closes, that extended along the
wide part of Witham as far as Dansom Lane. The land
at the corner of Lime Street and Witham was perhaps not
included. The plot had belonged to the Johnsons, but, in 1721,
passed through the hands of Robert Ellerker, millwright, to
the executors of Richard Sykes, of whom William Wilber-
force, senior, was one. In 1726, a rape mill, lately built, and
two houses faced the high road by the river. But, in 1732,
Godfrey Thornton, of London, and William Thornton, of Hull,
sons of. John Thornton, a Hull merchant, and brothers-in-
law of William Wilberforce, had here their buildings for boil-
ing, baking, and refining sugar, first illustrated in Gent’s
‘* History of Hull.” In 1752, in the time of their nephew,
John Thornton, of Clapham, who married Lucy Watson, of
Hull, a distill house had been lately built, with a double ~
refining house. In 1756, William Wilberforce, junior, was
concerned financially with the Thorntons and Watsons in a
piece of land forming the northern part of the Sugar-House
site, on which a Soap-House with two dwelling houses were
newly erected. In 1760, this *‘sope-house with warehouse
for smelting tallow’ was conveyed to John Thornton. The
soap-house was carried on for many years by Lee and Pead,
and afterwards by Lee and Cross.

The Sugar-House was owned in many shares, chiefly by
the Thorntons, who actually carried on the business to the
fifth generation, but Watsons and Wilberforces were also
interested in the property. Fifty years ago there was a
draw-bridge across Lime Street that had to be raised to let
a high vehicle pass, also an upper bridge, and men were
wheeling sacks in long procession. There has been found
recently a very fine iron chest of the seventeenth century,
having under the lid an elaborate lock with ten bolts. It was
in a hole in the brickwork under the old chimney, and may
have contained the more treasured belongings of the Thorn-
tons. A similar chest isin the vestry at Swine. Sugar-baking
came to an end before the soap-making industry, which was
carried on till about 1859.

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 49

IRON CHEST FOUND AT THE SUGAR HOUSE.

PLATE OF POLISHED IRON, PIERCED, THAT COVERED THE LOCK.

50 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

The third William Wilberforce, whose memory is im-
perishable, imbibed from his near relatives, the Thorntons,
the principles of religion and philanthropy which he upheld
with all the energy of his life. But, with the Thorntons,
those principles were hereditary and inbred. London
merchants and bankers of the highest standing, Directors
of the Bank of England, Chairmen of great commercial
associations, leading authorities on finance, and the trusted
advisers of Chancellors of the Exchequer, they kept in touch,
by business and by marriages, with the town from which
they sprang. Of such were John Thornton, ‘‘the philan-

THE SUGAR HOUSE AS A WAREHOUSE,

thropist,” whose benefactions were ‘‘more than princely,”
Samuel Thornton, who represented Hull in four Parliaments,
but suffered in a great commercial crisis, John Thornton,
his son, who took upon himself the inherited burden, Henry
Thornton—the cousin and closest friend of Wilberforce—
aman of boundless generosity, and Henry Sykes Thornton,
“a king of men.” The threatening ruins that tower over
Lime Street are their monument.

One of the houses built by the Thorntons still remains.
It was probably the residence of Benjamin Pead, soap maker,
and from 1846 to 1865 was the parsonage of the Rev. John
Scott, the vicar of St. Mary’s. It is a good example of an
eighteenth century town house.

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 5%

The house which the Spyvees leased from the Burtons,
built before 1690, with its ornamental gables, stood next to
the soap-house, but has disappeared. Hither John Spyvee
brought his business of a ‘‘roper”’ from Goole way, becoming
a Freeman of Hull in 1722, but the burial, in 1718, of a
**band-maker ” at Sutton, seems to suggest an earlier date.

SEVENTEENTH CENTURY HOUSE OF THE GUNBYS, BURTONS, AND SPYVEES.

His son Samuel, and his grandson Samuel, followed him as
lessees under the Burtons, heirs of the Gunbys, and then the
chief proprietors here. They had farm buildings at the back,
also tillage in the Clough Field, and pasturage in Summer-
gangs. In 1748, the ‘‘Greaves, or Groves” in front,
extending to the river side, were under a short lease to
Edward Hodgson, whose family was coming into prominence.
In 1774, Samuel Spyvee, junior, bought the house and rope-

52 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

walk, but Sutton Drain had before then cut off the further
end of the land on which Pemberton Street was laid out.
Rope-making was continued by Samuel Spyvee Cooper, but
the builder was inevitable. There was, to the last; an
old wooden bridge over the water, not quite reaching the
eastern bank; the gap could be temporarily spanned when
a rope for a deep mine was being made, and the rope would
then be extended even along Pemberton Street. Spyvee
Street now commemorates this old family. ‘Their memorials
are to be found at Drypool Church, which attracted this
growing neighbourhood until 1844, when it was provided
with the new Church of St. Mark’s in its own parish.

In 1787, the next plot in Brick Kilns, before owned by
Idell and by Popple, but then by Hill, was sold by auction
at the George Inn. It ran back as far as the Quakers’
Burial Ground. There were upon it two dwelling-houses
fronting the high road, and a large building, lately a rape-
mill, also the Groves by the river, containing 1575 square
yards. The auctioneer used a sand-glass to time the bids,
and to demonstrate to buyers the ebbing away of their
opportunity. By the conditions of sale the highest bidder
within the running of three half-minute glasses was to be
the purchaser. The property fetched fifteen hundred and
sixty pounds.

Quakers then had their separate burial grounds, the
burials being registered at the Parish Churches until they
hept Registers of their own. This small grave-yard, now
surrounded by houses, contains three flat stones, the oldest
of which commemorates Ant® Wells, of Hull, Merchant,
who departed this life on the 28th day of 6th month, 1676.
In 1678, when the wife of Thomas Richardson, of Wyton,
was buried there, the Minister of Sutton noted that they
failed to produce to him an affidavit that she was wrapped
only in woollen, as the law then required. It had, by
mistake, been sent to Swine, because Drypool was known
to be in Swine, and this locality was still called Drypool.
There are a few entries in the Sutton Registers down to 1679
of persons buried ‘‘in loco usurpato populo vulgo dicto
Quakers,” and, with grander simplicity, ‘tin Sepulterio
Quakerorio.”’

Quakers swarmed about Hull, and were notorious for
their sufferings. In 1657, when the Quaker, William Elliker,
a small Sutton farmer, probably living in this neighbour-
hood, refused to pay eight shillings and sixpence towards
the repair of the ‘‘ Steeple-House,” or Church, the Steeple-

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 53

House officers, with the local constable, Peter Tock, seized
a bacon-flitch, which was sold for twenty-six shillings, and
two chines, ‘worth one shilling and sixpence. Still smaller
men lost calves or pewter dishes, and, after deducting
expenses, a few coppers would be offered back, which they
would refuse to touch. This is only asample. They were
hauled before the magistrate in Hull, or cudgelled, or turned
out to a savage mob. Many were sent to York Castle;
some died. They were, no doubt, very provoking. When
they differed with the magistrate they called him a liar, and
when he was drunk they told him of it Straight, tightening
their hats on their heads.

In 1767 the adjoining plot to the north, with its groves or
growths, belonged to Edward Hodgson. In the same year
the property beyond this, now the Allottment Gardens and
the Recreation Ground adjoining Dansom Lane, belonged to
Robert Burton, but the growths by the river had been
acquired by Hugh Blaydes. In 1818 these were occupied as
timber yards by Richardson & Wade, John Barkworth, and
others, which brings us to the modern state of thing's in this
locality.

We now reach a large plot, the history of which goes
back to remote ages. It was the ancient ploughland of the
manor, called Dripole Field as lately as 1710, but which,
from the new outlet to Summergangs Dike, got the name
of the Clough Field. It contained only twenty-eight acres,
which does not agree with the three oxgangs, or forty-five
acres, which Sayer de Sutton, the second, held in Dripole,
nor with the area of the berewic in Dripole as given in
Domesday.* Perhaps the enclosed lands between it and
Witham had been carved out of old’ Dripole Field; there
is here great scope for conjecture. Nearly the whole of the
strips of lands in this tillage field must have belonged to
Robert Burton, for in 1757 he sold the wide Growths in front
of it, reserving only the claims of the owners of one broad
land and one narrow land in the field. What is called a
Pightle, probably a Toft, that had been nibbled from the
Clough Field was sold in 1764 to Thomas Hodgson, and is
now, | think, the site of the Subscription Mill in Dansom
Lane. In 1767 the Enclosure Award gave the whole field
to Robert Burton. In the midst of this ancient ploughland
the truncated spire of St. Mark’s Church dominates its
district of mean streets.

* This was three Zaxabie oxgangs, which was probably the same
. land that Sayer afterwards held.

54 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

We know the complete history of Magnusdaile, the
estate next to the Clough Field during nearly seven hundred
years. It had been got together bit by bit in the thirteenth
century, by the Monks of Meaux. They had one piece six
perches wide, from Robert de Melsa, the owner of the
berewic, for the health of his soul and the souls of his
ancestors, but were bound to repair the ‘‘ Sedik”’ or river
bank, along which was a right of way, afterwards the High
Road. Some of the plots were given to keep up the daily
alms at the Abbey Gate, some were got in exchanges, some
they redeemed from mortgages to the Jews at York and
Lincoln. They were permitted to enclose this estate of
thirty two acres with bank and ditch. It ran from the river
to Summergangs dike, and its northern boundary was a
stream called Gyselfleth. After a hundred years, however,
they had so neglected its boundaries that the cattle of the
_neighbours roamed over it, but when they began to clear
out the ditches, the lord of the manor and the free tenants
made violent resistence. Then all the parties met on the
spot, the monks shewed their charters, old men gave their
recollections, and as Sir Thomas de Sutton took their
part, they were allowed to amend their boundaries. They
could then let the land at a mark per annum more than
before.

At the Dissolution in 1539, Magnusdaile, in Dripole, was
occupied by Agnes Squyer, at the rent of £3 19s. In 1608,
Peter Orrell, of South Cave, got a lease from James I. for
forty years, at £3 a year, with 16s. for ‘‘ increase for the
price of a sheep.” In 1627, his son, Walter, who was living
there in his own house, sold the remainder of the lease to
William Popple, described in the conveyance as ‘‘ Master
and Mariner,” for one hundred and forty eight pounds. In
1656, Alderman William Popple held the freehold, and left it
to his son, Edmund, it being then occupied by Peter Tocke,
the constable, and Richard Tocke. In 1709, John Idell
conveyed to Alderman Gray meadow land near Halfpenny
Gate, ‘‘otherwise Maunsdale ;” there was then, perhaps,
a toll gate on the High Road. About that time Henry
Cocke held Magnusdaile. In 1767 this property belonged
to Richard Hodgson. From him it passed to Howard ; the
brick making industry having spread over it. It was next
owned by Mr. Liddle, then the Flax and Cotton Mills, old
aud new, were built upon it, with the workmen’s dwellings
in Dansom Lane, called the Lines. Howard Street (now
Chapman Street) was run through it, and the Groves got

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 55

the kind of population, and put on the appearance of a
Lancashire town. :

Before the middle of the seventeenth century, the drain,
to take the water from Summergangs Dike, had been cut
between Old Dripole Field and Magnusdaile, with a clough,
shown in Osborne’s map, and this gave rise to the new
name of the Clough Field. The estate of the Monks has
been commemorated in old documents under such names
as Maunsdale, Mansdell, and Moundscale ; Mounsdale Drain
may still be traced. It is mentioned in presentments by the
jury of the middle Bayliwicke of Holderness in 1708, when
the owners and occupiers of Summergangs were amerced in
five pounds for default in the Clow Dike.

Somewhere along the High Road to Stoneferry, at, or
near Magnusdaile, was the Outhouses. Richard Tocke,
tenant to Alderman Popple, was living, as the Parish
Register says, at the ‘‘Oute houssiss.”” Here was another
burial-place, several times mentioned in the Register. It
is sometimes called, rightly or wrongly, a ‘‘ burning” place ;
some traces of it ought to be found in excavations, not far
beyond the Sculcoates Bridge. I think that Gyselfleth,
north of Magnusdaile, was the boundary of ancient Dripole.
At some little distance beyond the boundary the footway to
Sutton struck off from the High Road across the Ings, where
it still runs by Thistleton.

HuLL, IN THE MANOR OF SUTTON.

Beyond Magnusdaile, a belt of land close to the river
bank was an old enclosure, behind which were the open
meadows of the Ings. The way in which some, at least,
of this river-side land became enclosed seems to be shown
by two charters (Stowe, Nos. 484 and 485), in the British

_ Museum. By these, Sayer the Third granted to the Nuns

of Swine thirty acres of land, measured by the perch of
eighteen feet, between the closes formerly belonging to
Amandus de Watton and Simon Scott, of Hull, extending
from the meadows of Sutton to the river, with common of
pasture for their cattle after the hay and corn harvest until
the middle of March. The large close that measured thirty
acres and a half, on which the Hull Glass Works stood,
and which Earle’s Cement Works now occupy, answers this
description, lying, as it does, north of Magnusdaile, part of

_ which had been the property of William de Watton. The

56 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Charter, No. 487, grants twenty one acres of land in the
meadows of Sutton, extending from the common pasture of
Summergang as far as the arable land by the river.

The enclosed lands beyond the thirty-acre close, towards
Stoneferry, were the South Field, the Little Field, and the
‘‘Intack,” a name that suggests its enclosure. They were
sold to Mr. Thomas Broadly, by the last representatives
of that branch of the Daltons which acquired the third
part of the manor, called Boomer’s, or Bulmer’s, from the
descendants of Agnes, daughter of Sir Thomas de Sutton.

The Ings were, in general, called the Meadows of Sutton,
but, on account of their extent, they had many distinctive
local names, a portion near the river beyond Magnusdaile
being known as the Meadows of Hull.

There is a Charter (Stowe, 486), by which Sayer the
Third granted important rights-of-way to the Nuns of Swine,
who had large and growing interests in Dripole. One of
these ran along the present footway, leading from Sutton
towards Kingston-upon-Hull. Sayer grants to the nuns
that, with their men riding or going, they may use the
path which reaches from Sutton as far as Dripole, ‘‘ through
the meadows of Sutton and of Hull and of Dripole as the
men of Sutton and Dripole now use it.” This is an exact
description of the path, as shown on the old map of Sutton,
which represents the allotments in the common fields at the
Enclosure of 1767. It is not known that Sayer had any
lands on the west side of the river, and, if he had, we
cannot conceive why the men of Sutton, or the nuns, should
desire to go from Sutton to Dripole by the way of Wike,
or Myton, or the ‘‘ Hull” which grew up on their sites.
I place this evidence first, because it throws light on many
documents of older and later dates. Sayer the Second had
leased to Thornton Abbey, in 1217, for twelve years and
three months, pasturage for 616 sheep, at six score to the
hundred, in the fields and marshes of Sutton, Hull, Sote-
cotes, and Dripole, with free entrance and exit between Hull
and Wilflete. That is, I submit, all over his lands between
the River Hull and the limits of his manors at Marfleet.

The application of the name ‘‘ Hull” to these meadows
may more clearly be inferred from a singular grant (Dods-
worth, 94. f. 90), made by Sayer the Fourth, immediately
on succeeding to the manors. His father, Sayer the Third,
who died about 1270, having left, we must suppose, no
special provision for Joan, his widow, she impleaded in
the Court of the King, before the Justices of the Bench,

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 57

by a Writ of Dower, called from its commencing words,
‘Unde nihil habet,” certain persons who had held lands
and tenements from her husband. They included Arch-
bishop Walter Giffard, Isabella de Fortibus, then the
widowed Countess of Albemarle, Richard, Abbot of Meaux,
and Matilda, Prioress for Swine. These, appearing before
the Justices in the Octave of St. Hilary, 55th Henry 3rd,
drew in Sayer, the son, as heir, who, as he says, ‘‘ to avoid
costs and labours and grievances,” granted to his mother,
on Thursday next before the Feast of St. Matthew, in
the Chapel of Sutton, a sufficient dower, including the
following items :-—

‘The Manor of Sottecotes with its liberties, easements,
and other appurtenances, his entire holding in Drypol, with
all its liberties, easements, gates, customs, and other appur-
tenances, eighty acres of meadow with their appurtenances,
in Villis de Sutton et Hull, with which she had already been
dowered by the Bailiffs of the Countess of Albemarle.” And
also ‘‘ William the Reeve (prepositus), of Hull, with all his
holding, all his family and chattels.” I do not suppose that
the ‘‘ Ville de Hull” then meant more than the cottages
which accommodated the herdsmen whom William super-
vised, with, possibly, a few serfs or labourers employed
about the bank of the river. At any rate, the dower granted
would be in his manor, and not in the Hull which sprung
up at or near Wike or Myton.

Again, Sayer, ‘‘the son of Sayer” (who was probably the
fourth), granted to Robert de Hildyard, common in Sutton
and Hull, as much as belonged to an oxgang of tillage.
Tillage and pasturage would be in his manor. At the
inquest on the death of Sayer the Fourth, in 1289, the
manor of Sutton is mentioned, together with the manors
of Ganstead and Hull, but nothing is known of his holding
a manor of Hull other than this.

These charters throw light on an older document (B. M.
Lansd., 194), by which Stephen, son of Ralph de Sutton,
a descendant of former lords, grants, for the health of his
soul and the souls of all his ancestors, to God, and to the
Altar of St. John of Beverley, his bondsmen, John, Henry,
and Roger, sons of Richard, son of Robert of Hull, with
all their children then born, or in future to be born. Unless
it can be shown that the lords of Sutton had also a manor
on, or near the site which Edward I. obtained from the
Monks of Meaux, we must, I think, read all the ordinary
references to Hull with Sutton of this early date, as applying

F

58 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

to the Hull which was a member of the manor of Sutton.
And when, in 1269, Joana de Stoteville refers to her men
of Hull, they must have been men in her manor of Cotting-
ham, who lived by the river side.

I am not concerned in questions as to the sites of Wyke
and Myton, but I do not understand how, if the name of
Hull was in use before 1278 for the growing town on, or
near to the site which Edward I. afterwards acquired from
the Monks of Meaux, the Monks should, in that year, be
petitioning for a market and fair at the same spot, under
the name of Wyke, near Myton, on the Hull; nor is it
likely that, with such a gold-mine actually within their
grasp, they should have mortgaged their estate here for a
trivial sum, thus inviting a loss which they must have
foreseen. Nor can one imagine such a commerce as Frost
mentions in his Notices, existing upon a site that, as yet,
had no Municipal Government and no public means of
approach by road, and which failed to be clearly described
in any independent documents relating to this locality.

I suggest that the commerce, whether by the Hull or by
the Humber, was carried on by transhipment between sea-
going ships and river barges, in the harbour or haven, from the
chain fixed across the river’s mouth to the chain at Stanford-
Rak, or Stoneferry, these being the two limits of the port.
In respect of such traffc, the ‘‘ Ville de Hull” means the
Port on the Hull. Such an arrangement rendered necessary
the appointment of Sayer the Second as the Bailiff of the
river, until the king saw the advantage of a regularly con-
stituted town at the river’s mouth, which would put an end
to the ill-regulated commerce along the stream.

Sayer the Second, though deprived, for his misdeeds, of
the control of the traffic, retained his ancient rights over the
stream. In 1269, his son, Sayer the Third, gave up to
Archbishop Walter Giffard, his rights of making weirs in
the water of Hull, or any other obstacle to ships and boats,
between the Humber and Beverley. This date is fixed by
a similar grant of Joanna de Estouteville in respect of her
manor of Cottingham ; John de Oketon being one of the
witnesses to each charter.

From the railway bridge at Wilmington may still be traced
on the grass, after a light fall of snow, the High Road to Stone-
ferry. When the Holderness Road and the Ings RoadtoSutton
superseded the High Road by the river, Stoneferry was, for
wheel-traffic, practically cut off from Hull. Sixty years ago,
the existing road beyond Wilmington was a private way to

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 59

farm lands, axle-deep in mud, with an unlighted footway,
along which women walked in pattens. The keeper of the
Holderness toll-bar would stroll round to see if he could
catch any unauthorised person driving that way to Hull to
escape the toll.

STONEFERRY.

Stanferry, Staynfery, Stanefery, or Stoneferrye, may be
one of the places made dry by the Embankments, or it may
have been one of the small holms always just clear of the
tides. J assume it is the same as Stanford-Rak, where, before
1269, Johanna de Stuteville of Cottingham and her predeces-
sors put a chain across the river at night. At that time it
was the place nearest the Humber where road traffic crossed
the river and it must then have been a place of some impor-
tance. The derivation of the name from ‘‘ Sutton-ferry”
is plausable, but it is more allied to Stanmar or Stainmar, the
sheet of water that once lay over a great part of Summer-
gangs and Sutton Ings.

It was a hamlet of small farms with one site that may
have been anciently occupied by a residence or a farm of
the Lords of the Manor. This is close to the ancient ferry
and landing place and to Stoneferry Clough ; the enclosure
map of 1767, shows that the paddock between the existing
farmstead and the town street was part of the village Green.
Its traditional name is the Green garth.

In the reign of Richard II. a third part of the manor with
its fishery was conveyed from Thomas Ughtred to Sir Ralph
Hastings, together with ‘‘The Ferry of the Water of Hull”
then let to William Bulfyne.

Stoneferry Clough is the most ancient outlet for water
from the meadows of Sutton; it took drainage even from
Wawne. The old channel still crosses the fields from near
’Tween dikes-lane to Stoneferry-town street, where it widens
towards the Clough. The ancient name was Ankdam, it is
now called Antholme or Hantom, but in very early times
a ‘Leda’ or canal was cut along the side of the road from
Sutton. This is called in the Enclosure Award, Antholme-dike.
Between these two channels was a long narrow Common,
called in old charters the ‘‘Lede” or ‘‘le led’’; some adjoining
meadows in the Ings were called Ledeholmdaile. At the
Enclosure it was called Leads Common. Both the dikes
were solemnly fished by owners of shares in the manor in

order to keep up their rights. They divided the dikes into

60 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

sections. As late as 1774, after the Enclosure, a con-
veyance from Wadman to Frost of the Hastings be: ewick,
includes ‘‘one fishery in the middle set in the Lea Dike and
also one set in the upper end of New Lea Dike.” The old
name for the road from Stoneferry to Sutton is Leads Road,

TOWN OF STONEFERRY

N

site ‘Sy

WEST CARR a
(High Common)

SCALE

CARTH ENDS

THE

and the Bridge over Sutton Drain is Leads Bridge. Such
is the persistency of old names.

After the partition of the manor between the three daugh-
ters of Sir Thomas de Sutton the chief house of the successors
of Constance, the eldest, must I think have been upon the
site by the old ferry which I have indicated. They let it to
tenants with the manorial rights. Her third share in the

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 61

manor and lands was bought in 1527, of Robert Ughtred by
Cardinal Wolsey, some little time before his disgrace, as
part of the endowment of his new College at Oxford. In
1529 it was confiscated by Henry VIII., who in 1535 granted
it to Sir Marmaduke Constable. In 1554 the lessee was
Stephen Hogge of a Southcoates family. He lived at
Stoneferry and left to his wife and children his part of the
manor of Sutton which he held from Sir Marmaduke Con-
stable, and his two parts of the house in which he lived.
In 1649, this share in the manor was held by Sir Philip
Constable, Bart., who calls himself ‘‘a third lord in Sutton”;
his rental here stood thus—
Rent-
Capons.
Thomas Hay of Stoneferry... 02. 13. 04. 2

John Cross . 10. OF. 08. 2

William Watson ... sce | ORs, dates Gas 2

Steven Snaith arts wx, (O21. Oe, 2
16. og. 08.

The capons are the last remnants of the ancient ‘“‘ ser-
vices” which in feudal times a tenant had to render to his
lord. Apart from them his manorial rights seem to have
been of no substantial value. The lands lay intermixed all
over the Parish, so that the rental of Stoneferry cannot be
separated from that of Sutton.

In March 1552-3, Sir Philip Constable’s estates having
been forfeited for treason against the Commonwealth, a
survey and valuation was made. (Rentals and Surveys,
Domestic, Interregnum, E. 58, Folio 182 b.), in which
Constable’s third share in a cottage and a ninth part of the
manor stood at six shillings and eightpence a year. Among
the tenants was Mr. Thomas Watson, the prefix to whose
name shews that he was of more consequence than his
small rent of forty shillings for Constable’s third share
would indicate. His father, Mr. Thomas Watson, and
‘his mother had lived at Stoneferry, though they were
probably from Drypool ; their wills shew no signs of wealth.

I am not sure that he can be identified with the Thomas
Watson whose half-penny token dated 1668 and bearing the
arms of the Tallowchandlers’ Company, is in the Municipal
Museum, but he was probably a prosperous merchant in
Hull. The Town Clerk, Charles Vaux, Steward of the
Manor of Sutton, was his friend and executor. Before

62 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

his death in 1665, he had acquired the forfeited estates of
Sir Philip Constable in Sutton and Stoneferry and seems to
have added thereto. He lived at the White House on the
site I have described. His property was chiefly settled by
Deed and by Will on his widow for her life, some of it with-
out any devise of the remainder, of which his sister Elizabeth,
the wife of John Truslove of Wawne and Stoneferry, got a
considerable share as ‘‘shift-lands,’”’ besides what she had
under his will. From her descendants Mr. Thomas Broadley
bought a portion called Whitehouse farm, the rest of her
property being acquired by Mrs. Ann Watson who lived at
White House, and, dying in 1721, founded in that house her
College for widows and maiden daughters of clergymen.

Mrs. Ann Watson’s will furnishes incidentally many
interesting particulars as to her house and lands, and other
possessions. She left amongst her friends her plain. gold
ring, with a ‘‘posie” or motto in it, her gold ring without
a posie, her clothes of woollen, linen, and silk, and a pair of
silver candlesticks and snuffers. Her heirlooms and pictures
in her house were to be continued there for ever for orna-
ments and benefits to the house. Her house, called White
House, the north end of cow-house, and the close it stood in,
were for ever to be appropriated to a college or dwelling for
clergymen’s widows and clergymen’s daughters, old maids,
and for a school for teaching children.

Ten girls, who could read, were to be taught by the
school dame to knit, spin, and sew. The girls were to be
the children of poor inhabitants in need of such assistance,
and were to help the ladies in their domestic affairs, and each
was to receive twopence per week. The children were to go
to Sutton Church on St. James’ Day, and every Sunday when
there should be service and sermon, and to be catechised
when there should be catechising. The minister of Sutton
was to have five pounds for the service and sermon on
St. James’ Day. The school dame was to read prayers on
Wednesdays and Fridays. Each of the inmates was to
receive five pounds per annum, the school dame being paid
five pounds more.

When a new College or Hospital was provided at Stoneferry,
the White House was used as a farm. In the time of my
grandfather, Samuel Hudson,* who succeeded his father there,
it was a spacious Manor house, having a carved oak staircase

* This name, which appears in lists of occupiers from the sixteenth
century, is now extinct.

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 63

and large rooms that had been divided to accommodate the
former residents.

SE QE ————— eet
:
SSS

OLD ROOM IN THE WHITE HOUSE.

OLD UPRIGHT SPINNING WHEEL.

64 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

The house was taken down when a new house was built
some seventy-five years ago. The small portion now
remaining consists of a low room with a chamber over; the
floor of the chamber is carried on a beam and joists, all
bearing a good moulding on the angles. There was origin-
ally a wide fireplace, but within the opening a more modern
fireplace has been constructed. It may be that this was done
by Mrs. Watson, or even by the Trusloves or Thomas

fh
HT

LATEST FORM OF SPINNING WHEEL.

Watson. The floor-timbers and the wide fireplace look as
old as the time of Stephen Hogge.*

The Rev. J. H. Bromby, Vicar of Hull, remembered the
ladies being carried to Sutton Church, as Ann Watson had
provided, riding on pillions behind the tenants. Until the
direct road from Hull was made, Stoneferry had much
of the quaint tranquility of a Dutch village. But until the

* The implements for spinning, measuring, and hanking flax, here
illustrated, are part of those used at that house until 1829 by my grand-
mother and her daughters.

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 65

drain was cut there was not always access to Sutton. In
1589 and in 1637 Stoneferry children had to be baptized at
Drypool because of the floods over the Leads Road.

The student of Field names may find near the city boun-
dary some interesting items. Meadows and pasturage that
Isabella, Countess of Albermarle, had held under the lords
of Sutton, were held in 1296 by Robert de Hillyard, lately
her bailiff. They descended to the two daughters of Thomas
de Hillyard of Riston, about whose wardship and marriage
there is an interesting dispute recorded in the Chronicle of
Meaux Abbey. Katherine, who married Peter de Nuttle of
Burstwick, parted with her life interest, settling the reversion
on her son (Dods. 139. f. 45. b.), in whose family the pro-
perty descended. By the river, just beyond the World’s
End farm, are two fields called High and Low Nuttles, which
commemorate this piece of family history. Early in the
fifteenth century, there was near Stoneferry a hamlet called
Lopholme, mentioned in the manuscript record at York
Minster of a great case about burials in Sutton. Out on
the margin of the West Carr are a couple of fields still
called Loppam, where marks of foundations are all that
remain of this deserted hamlet. Part of the property of
the Carthusian Monastry near Hull was here, and families
called Lopholme, Lopham, and Loppam, lingered long among
the small farmers of Stoneferry.

In 1717 Mary Peacock conveyed to Thomas Mould a
Garth where a cottage formerly stood, with half a steng
(or rood), formerly called Guyme Coat (an enclosure for
sheep), abutting on Guyme Close on the west and on
Stoneferry West Carr on the north. Guyme Close would
be by the river, north of Stoneferry : the name commemorates
a Gime, or breach in the bank. The Moulds were a family of
merchants in Hull. .

Tue West Carr AND SuTTON INGS.

The West Carr, a great sheep pasture, Sutton Ings, a
great meadow and the pasture of Summergangs in South-
coates, were all under the same lord of the manor, and were
occupied to some extent by the same tenants. The sheep and
cattle lived in winter on the meadow ground and in summer
on the pastures. The chronicle of Meaux Abbey is largely
occupied with the early and persistent struggles of the
Monks to acquire shares in the newly reclaimed meadows

66 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

and pasturage from the lords of the manor, and from the
free tenants whose ancient farms were perhaps already large
enough for them. The success of the monks was remarkable
and, through their trade in wool, they ought to have grown
richer than they did. At the dissolution of the monastry
in 1539, the Crown seized this property, letting it with
Meaux Abbey, on leases for lives to the family of Alford, and
later, granting the rents from these leases to John Dudley,
Duke of Northumberland and to his son, Robert Dudley,
Earl of Leicester ’till it again reverted to the Crown. These
rentals were afterwards settled upon successive Queens-
Consort.

The municipal boundary includes part of the Ings which
were divided into ‘‘ dailes ” or allotments, several transactions
in which between the lords of the manor, the Nuns of
Swine, and others, are recorded in the Stowe Charters. The
Marr or Lake, which had covered much of this ground, was
commemorated amongst the dailes by such names as Stayn-
mar and East and West Stanmardaile; Robert de Stanerma
seems to have written many of the Charters.

Sutton Drain, made through the Ings about 1765, greatly
to the improvement of all the low lands over a wide area,
was the outcome of long consideration. In 1677 a Com-
mittee of the Corporation had reported against a scheme
for carrying such a drain to Malmesdale Clough, thinking
that a better outfall could be got into the Humber between
Drypool and Marfleet, which idea has since been carried out.
A proposition was seriously entertained as recently as 1786,
to make Sutton drain into a navigable canal, with Locks
and Wharves for the carriage of corn and manure and goods;
the roads being excessively rough and hazardous. There
were then no light carts, and farmers’ wagons frequently
broke down, even on turnpike roads.

The railway to Hornsea, after crossing Sutton drain,
enters upon an Enclosure more ancient than Summergangs
dike, for the dike was carried half round it so as to in-
clude it in Sutton. It was the largest of the sheepfolds which
were necessary adjuncts to pasturage in Summergangs and
meadow in the Ings. There were probably more sheepfolds
than one here. One of its three divisions is called Langcroft,
an old name, the largest is Hedon-croft, probably so called
from Hedun de Hedun, who in 1217 held meadow in the
Ings.

By a charter (B.M. L.F.C. VIII.), Sayer the third ganted
to the Nuns of Swine, the site of that sheepfold in the

—————

ag | Red

Cy ae ee’

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 67

cultura” that lies next to the cultura called Hedon-crofte,
‘just as it is bounded by the dikes.’ These would be
meadows, for the term is used of meadows in similar char-
ters. Also before 1260 Sayer granted to the Nuns (Stowe
487) eighteen and a half acres next Hedon-croftes, near to
their sheepfold. He warranted this against his lord, the
last William de Fortibus, Earl of Albemarle, who died in
1260. At the dissolution in 1540, the property of the Nuns
was granted to Sir Richard Gresham, then to Sir John
Constable and passed to the Alureds.

In 1731 and 1734 (E.R.R.) conveyances were made of
a bercaria or sheep-coate called Swine Lathes, and two
closes containing eighteen acres, formerly the lands of John
Alured. The lathes would be store places and shelters for
sheep. At the Enclosure in 1767, Hedon-close belonged to
the family of Sedgwick, the owners of the Hastings manor.

In the Ings, close to the Summergangs dike, a little west
of Hull East Park, is a field of old enclosure called Countess
Croft. Sayer the third, or his son granted o Isabella,
Countess of Albemarle, widow of William de Fortibus, by
a charter (Dodsworth, 94), with 120 acres of meadow in
Sutton, pasturage for a thousand sheep in Sottecoates, Dry-
pool, and Sutton. This was no doubt, her sheepfold, and
we see by such evidences the persistency of old dikes and
old names.

SOUTHCOATES.

At the time of the Domesday Survey, about 1086, Sotcote
and Dridpol had in the manor or manors thirteen taxable
oxgangs. It was then waste, but in the time of Edward the
Confessor its annual value had been thirty shillings. The
College of St. John of Beverley had in Sotcote a berewic of
one carucate or eight oxgangs, and in Dritpol three oxgangs
with soke upon five. All this was tillage, amounting to 195
acres in the manor and 240 acres in the berewic. This also
was then waste. But if the third part of the ploughland,
which must lie in fallow each year, went untaxed and unre-
corded, this sum of 435 acres represented a total of 652 acres
of tillage, besides meadow and pasturage, of which nothing
is told. The total area of the combined townships is now
1481 acres.

The interest of the lords of the Manor of Sutton in South-
coates, led to the foundation of a Chapel there, subject to the
rights of the Church or Chapel of Drypole which was under

68 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Swine. In 1236, a dispute between Sibil Prioress of Swine
and Sayer the second, who complained that she had deforced
him from the advowson of the Church of Dripole, was settled
by a Fine in which he quit-claimed to her this right. In
return she agreed that the nunnery should find a chaplain,
with clerk, books, vestments, light, and all requisites for a
chantry in the chapel at Ganstead, also that he should have
a free chantry in Southcoates, as he had before, at his own
charges, saving harmless the Church of Dripole.

In 1327, Sir John de Sutton senior had licence in Mort-
main to alienate three messuages and land, with pasture for
two horses, four oxen, and two hundred sheep, in Sotcotes,
to a Chaplain to celebrate divine service daily in the chapel
of St. Mary at Sotcotes, for the souls of himself and his
ancestors. Some of the charters of Sir John de Sutton are
dated at Sudcoats, having, no doubt, been sealed at the
Chapel of St. Mary, the site of which might perhaps be found
among the farms, or at Mile-house, where the Holderness
Road turns as if to avoid some pre-existing obstacle. A
list of the chantry priests is given by Poulson.

The natural overflow from the Stainmar would be at
Marfleet, but, in the constant efforts to improve the drainage,
the Humber and the Hull have by turns taken these low-
land waters. Summergangs-dike, which was cut for this
purpose, divides Sutton from Southcoates and Drypool. It
has been called ‘‘ Gouts ’’-dike, corrupted to Gold-dyke, from
the French egouf—a sewer.

The Patent roll of the 1st Edward II (part 2.m, 4. d., 1308)
reveals some of the troubles of the lord of the manor. John
de Sutton senior, complained that certain named persons had
distrained and impounded his cattle, killing several, and a
Commission was issued with orders to deal with the male-
factors. Again in the ist Edward III (part 3.m. 24. d.) a
long list was presented of rioters who, at Drypole, had
beaten and wounded John the son of the lord of the manor
to the peril of his life. These also with others had entered
the Free Warren of John de Sutton senior, at Sotcotes,
Sutton, and Drypole, hunting hares and rabbits, and beating
and wounding his servants,

Summergangs, always a pasture, dotted and seamed all
over with ponds, and sikes and watery hollows, was of
very fluctuating value. The charter by which Hull acquired
one-sixth of the manorial rights, shews that in the reign of
Henry VIII, the full annual value of three commons, each
being for eighty sheep and four horses, was thirteen shillings

Sl Oe ee

=

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 69

and four pence. Its history in the reign of Elizabeth is
chiefly contained in the Rolls of the Manor Courts which I
shall quote, but in a survey made in 1674, when the Crown
lease of the Meaux Abbey pasturage was held under
Catherine the Queen of Charles II, four hundred sheep-gates
were nearly overlooked because, for many years, sheep had
not been turned in, as the profit would not have been enough
to pay the highway rate. The suggestion that the name
comes from So’mer-gangs would be more convincing of
the name if the ancient lake had been the South Mere, but
there is no evidence of this. It was a pasture, only used in
summer and, on account of its wetness, not always in that
season.

In my book upon Sutton I have shewn how this grazing
for 400 sheep in Summergangs, with pasturage for the lambs
in the Ings ‘‘in the season of separation,” was granted by
Sayer de Sutton 3rd to Martin de Otringham, Knight, a
burgess of Hedon, and given to Meaux Abbey by his grand-
son Richard, a priest. After the Dissolution it was included
in the leases to the Alfords of Meaux Abbey. The Prioress
of Swine had here pasturage for 500 sheep and all other
cattle except pigs. This was worth 26s. 8d. per annum at
the Dissolution, and was sold in 1557 to Sir John Constable
and his son.

In 1637, Margaret Bell alias Stalker, a servant, died
of the plague which she got at Hull. She lies buried in the
Summergangs.

The Holderness Road, made for public access to Hull,
was not precisely new ; it followed the old line of one of the
rights of way granted by Sayer the third to the Nuns of
Swine. His charter (Stowe 485) gave them freeway for
carts and wains, men, horses, and other animals from the
bridge of Bilton, through the midst of the meadow of Sutton
as far as Summergang-dike, and through the pasture of
Summergangs as far as Dripole and Sotecotes and to their
sheepfolds. In 1302, in the time of John de Sutton, the
grandson of Sayer, the King took, without payment, the
meadow and pasture along this track, for laying out the road
into Holderness. It passed ‘‘through the middle of the town
of Dripole to Suttecoates Som’gang,” (at Dansom Lane),
thence to the cross in Somergangs, (the position of which
is lost), thence to the west end of the town of Sutcotes, (near
Mile-house), and thence to Lambhelmsike—where Summer-
gangs-dike is now crossed by the road. It may be that the
omission to pay for the land was due to its being an old

7O HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

private road. In the great floods of 1764, the whole land
between Bilton and Hull was under water, so deep that the
turnpike houses were deserted, and there was no travelling
along the road ‘‘from January 6th to the 1st day of April,
except in a boat. One man and horse, attempting to go
through, were drowned.’”* About 1813, Isabel Richardson,
who kept house for her cousin, Thomas Priestman, in Hull,
used to walk to his new house at East Mount along this road
in pattens, ‘‘to keep her feet out of the water, so abundant
in this locality.”’

Many entries in the Book of the Provost of St. John at
Beverley, relate to Southcoates where the lords of Sutton
held a Manor under the College, while other persons also held
lands directly under it. The manor was held at a rent of
eight shillings per annum, and when Sir Thomas de Sutton
failed to appear at the Court of the Provost or to pay his
rent, he was fined like other tenants or was excused like
others. Sir Thomas succeeded his brother Sir John, who had
held one manor in Sutcoates and two carucates of land,
presumably arable, with the meadow and pasture and houses
that went with it. In the 26th, Henry VI his representatives
were Sir Edmund Hastings, Sir John Salvayn, and the
Ladies Isabella Godard, wife of John Cussons, and Constancia
Pygott or Bigod, who then shared the divided manor. Their
lands in Sutcotes are described as arable, meadow and pasture.
In the reign of Henry VIII., Salvayn’s share passed through
Sir William Sydney and the Crown to the Corporation of
Hull.

The hamlet of Southcoates seems to have contained
several small farms or cottages with crofts at their rear and
sheepcots close to the pasturage. The Manor Rolls and other
evidences shew that there were in Southcoates, besides Sum-
mergangs, the following open fields and meadows :—

The East Field, West Field, and Humber Field, were
originally the three open araole fields necessary for a rotation
of wheat, spring crops, and fallow; but by the reign of
Elizabeth, and probably long before, all these had been laid
down in grass. Indeed, the old plough-lands, when they are
clearly visible, seem never to have acquired the double
curvature characteristic of ancient tillage. I think the fields
were at least partly meadow, for fines were inflicted on those
who turned cattle into some of them or drove across them

* This is the true effect of an entry in the Patrington Register, which
I examined with the late Canon Maddock; ‘‘ but” being there used for
“except.”

.

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 71

after Candlemas. The South Ings meadow abutted on
Humber bank and adjoined the Humber Field.

The ‘‘ Wood” adjoined the West and East Fields ; it con-
tained about twelve acres. There was a dike from East
Field gate to West Field gate ‘‘about the Wood.” It was
probably rough pasturage, with some trees or bushes;
William Hogg lived at the Woodhouse. In 1578, Katherine
Wetherall was fined 12d. for cutting down ‘‘ burcell”’ in the
Wood. Burcell or bristle was a dead fence or the thorns or
brushwood used for fencing. Besides these, there were the
Ewelands, the Chimney land, and the Cornepasture, all lying
to the north-east of Southcoates.

The Ewelands was a good-sized meadow owned by
different persons; perhaps their ewes were sent there from
Summergangs when the lambs were turned into Sutton Ings
to be weaned. It adjoined Marfleet, for Sir Philip Constable’s
tenant. Mr. Miller, held ‘‘all that parcel of meadow lying in
Ewland containing eight acres, bounded by Marfleet Common
on the east.” It was near to Sutton Ings, for in 1726 Anne
Kirby conveyed to Peter Langrick two acres of meadow
there, near to Ewland Gate, which may have been the
Toll-bar.

The ‘‘Chimley land” adjoined the Ewelands and the Com-
mon. In 1554, Stephen Hogge, of Stoneferry, left to a child
then expected his Chimney Land—if a son. It has been
suggested that lands were so called because turves for fuel
might be cut in them, or because a Chimin or way passed
through them. Christopher Bennington had to pay ten
shillings for neglecting the dike between his Chimley land
and Yowelande, and the tenants of Ewelands were fined a
shilling for not having scoured two cordes, or fourteen yards,
of the dike between them.

In 1713, a conveyance from Beauley and Nettleton to
Thomas Wetwang, a Sutton yeoman, included four acres of
meadow in the Ings running over the ‘‘ Cawsey,” one end
extending to the Sideing, and the other to Chimney lands.
The Side-Ings was a small ancient enclosure by Landsyke
drain, south of Bellfield ; the Cawsey (or Causeway) was, I
suppose, the Holderness Road. Another strip of one acre
ran ‘‘over the Cawsey adjoining Bilton Common.” Ina copy
of ‘‘ Paynes for the Middle Balywick,” of about 1650, the jury,
which dealt with all the greater water-courses in the district,
ordered that ‘‘ the sewer beginning at Chimney lands Nooke,
and that runneth betwixt the Sumergams and the Ings, and
runneth to the new sewer at Maunsdale, and from thence to

72 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Mounsdale Clow, be well dressed with sythe and rake, and
ground-scoured where need requires, in paine of every corde
undone tos.” This is Summergangs dike, running from the
boundary of Marfleet, which is not otherwise referred to in
this copy of Paynes. Another conveyance includes meadow
abutting upon ‘‘a close of meadow” called Chimney lands.
The Cornepasture, probably tillage laid down to grass,
may have been enclosed land. Thomas and Frances Hogg
were joint tenants of the Corne Pasture House. In 1659,
Joseph Blaides, senr., left to his son William, who in 1667
devised to his sons, ‘‘land called the Corne Pasture and
the Ewelands, containing 24 acres.” I suspect that these
were old enclosures out of the East Field. There was a
close called Galencroft.

The entries of encroachments in the rolls of the Manor
Courts shew that the Common was part of Summergangs,
that which lay south of the Holderness Road. It adjoined
the West Field, for Thomas Teele had to pay 12d. for not
sufficiently digging out the dike between them. It adjoined
the Chimley land, for Robert Hodgson was fined ten shillings
in respect of twenty cordes of the intervening dike.

In 1422, William Twyer of Ganstead, by a charter which
I have seen, caused to be settled upon his son Robert, on his
marriage, lands, which included a messuage, a croft, eleven
acres and a half of plough land, one acre and three roods of
Meadow in Sotcotes and three animal pastures in the Frith,
which was in the same locality.

The Court Leet or view of Frank Pledge, a Royal Court,
and the Court Baron of the Lords of the Manor were held
together twice a year, in April or May and in September or
October; a few of the Rolls, the earlier in Latin, are preser-
ved at the Town Hall. They are usually headed like the
first which begins as follows :—*

“ Sudcotes. View of Prank Pledge with the Court Baron
of the Mayor and Burgesses of the Town of Kingeston upon
Hull and of Philipp Constable Esquire, Thomas Dalton,
John Stanhoppe, John Cockerell, Ralph Brown, and heirs of
Robert Hogge, Lords of the Manor, held there the r2th day
of October in the 18th year of the reign of our Lady Eliza-
beth by the Grace of God Queen of England France and
Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c.”’ The Court elected
four Adjisters, called jesters, or keepers of the fields, a Con-

* T have to thank the Property Committee of the Corporation for per-
mission to use these Rolls, and I am particularly indebted to Mr. Boyle,
as already mentioned.

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 73

stable and a Bailiff, and then dealt with some thirty or forty
“suitors,” who were absent, either excusing or fining them
‘eightpence each. Henry Randes was the Steward. The
Jury of about fifteen was sworn and they had to take the
list of offences and deliver their verdict a few days later at
the house of John Lewis in Hull, under a penalty of from
six and eight pence to forty shillings each. Waste, or stray,
cattle had to be handed over to John Lewis.

The ordinary offences were such as not keeping up
ditches or fences for which they were responsible, omitting
to make a clute or dam across a ditch where necessary,
driving cattle across a clute, not bringing in their rams from
Summergangs at the proper season, turning horses into a
sheep pasture, turning pigs or geese into a pasture, not
taking their sheep out of the meadow ground at the feast of
the Purification, driving cattle across a field at forbidden
times, turning out sheep or cattle where they had no right,
taking them in or out without informing the Wardens or
Jesters, permitting swine to go unringed or to go ‘‘wroting”’
in the field, allowing dogs to chase sheep, keeping an unlaw-
ful dog, turning out diseased animals, as Richard Hoge did
with ‘‘tow skabed horsses” and one with glanders to the
infection of the others, fold-breach, or liberating cattle im-
pounded for trespass, or for non payment of ‘‘ Jest money.”

The fines varied greatly for the same offence as to place,
time, and the extent of the offence. Generally the basis for
the calculation was the noble of six shillings and eight pence.
Turning out diseased animals might cost 3s. 4d. or 6s. 8d.,
turning out geese 5s. to 1os., sheep or cattle wrong 2d. to Is.,
a bull 2s., a swine wroting 4d. Twenty cordes (of twenty-
one feet) seems to have been a usual length of dike for a
tenant to keep in order; to neglect this might cost him ten
shillings. But often the fines were so trivial, that the jury-
men must have considered the chance of their own turn
coming next. The Pinders, who had to impound stray cattle,
were ordered not to take for their ‘‘ punsalls”” more than 2d.
_for a horse, or 1d. for a’ beast or five sheep. This confirms
the ordinary estimate of five sheep to one beast-gate.

Many tenants who had made encroachments on the
Common or Summergangss had to pay from two pence to
eight pence a year annually therefor, there being, it seems,
no absolute prohibition.

To let rights of pasturage to strangers was an offence
for which fines of eight pence to six and eight pence satisfied
the Court, but a tenant might let grazing rights to another

G

74 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

tenant if he gave notice to the Jesters. The rule, of doubt-
ful application in Sutton, that pasturage could only be held
by an inhabitant, ‘‘down sitting and uprising,” does not
seem to have existed here, for among the suitors are resi-
dents in adjacent townships.

The Court dealt with cases of debt or damage between
the Suitors. It made orders as to the repair of Humber
bank, as to keeping up military exercises and enforcing the
sumptuary laws by which every one had to dress according
to his degree. Rarely it made orders applicable to Drypool,
the relations of this place with Southcoates being variable
and difficult to understand.

Once Leonard Lockwood and William Hogge had to
answer for failing to pay 2s. 8d. for three ‘‘se sparres ”—
pieces of ship timber—bought of Leonard Stutt. Then
Leonard Lockwood complained that John Cockerell, having
accepted ten shillings, had not let him have pasture for
certain beasts as he had faithfully promised, whereupon the
defendent came and said the complainant might have the
pasture.

In April 1595, the Jury presented the inhabitants of
Sudcotes for wearing of hattes, the total penalty being 4d.
It being then obligatory on men to wear on Sundays and
holidays woollen caps of English make under a penalty of
3s. 4d., the inhabitants of Sutcots and Dripole were pre-
sented in October for not wearing capps according to the
statute and were amerced in 6d. only. The township of
Sutcots was amerced in 12d. for not keeping their Stocks in
repair. For not watching according to the statute, the inhabi-
tants of Sutcots were amerced in 12d, and for not exercising
the statute for ‘‘artylyrie”’ their amercement was 6d. John
Aldred was ordered to keep his gate from Dripole field,
(in Sutton) into Summergangs in sufficient repair, hung
and locked, and the ‘‘bursels”’ or fences at both ends of
the gate in repair. No one might make a brigg from his
meadow in Sutton Ings across Summergangs dike unless it
was properly fenced and so kept. The same Court ordered
that, as there were divers places in the South Ings where
the Humber bank was in great ruin and decay, sufficient
timber should be taken ‘‘ of that which now lyethe a scattered
abrod on the banke, grothes and pasture of the South
Ings” for the lockering of the same. And it was ordered
that for the cost of the work every lord, freeholder, or tenant,
for term of years, in the South Ings should pay 2s. 6d.
for ‘‘every Noble ancient rent’’ they had in the South

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 75

Ings. The meaning of the Noble in relation to pasturage in
Southcoates will appear from other evidences.

This Court of the 20th October, 1595, is notable for the
variety of its business. John Graves did fealty and was sworna
tenant. Mr. Robert Dalton who had succeeded his father as
one of the lords of the manor had not shewed his evidences
but he had promised to shew and examine them to any
who should be thought meet at his own house before the
next Court. Mr. Eestoft had made the like default but his
tenant Mr. Shipwrighte (a Sutton man) craved respite till
the next Court.

The fines were moderated by the Jury, written in English,
and ordered to be read out in church where the whole parish
would hear. Very few would be entitled by their own inno-
cence to scoff at their neighbours on account of such exposure.

The struggles of the writer of the later Rolls to set down
unfamiliar words and phrases are pathetic, but he gives some
evidence of the local pronunciation of Yorkshire and Lincoln-
shire words. He writes of yowes, bease, boles, geyse, and
yates that must ‘‘ hinge of iorane lowpes and crukes.” One
list is of ‘‘paymens layde at thyse corte howldene at Sutcotes
in the xxxj yeare of the reigne of oure sufferinge layde the
quenne maightye.” The ‘‘sonne and hare” succeeds his
father. A tenant must ‘‘dacke his dike” or ‘‘dacke his
dacke” or ‘‘make half dacke.” A dack was a hollow or
furrow that might let off water, perhaps a mere grip. Then
the tenants ‘‘shall none genge no horse gaytes from theyre
Sheppe gaytes nor shepp gaytes from theyre hors gaytes,”
upon pain of every default ros., unless they exchanged or
substituted half a common together. It was thus secured
that at least forty sheep should be dealt with when the tenant
chose to change one kind of animals for another. Geng or
genge is a variant of ging, a troop or gang. But this scribe
also uses ‘‘geng” for give—as ‘‘to geng warning.”

From lists of suitors in attendance at this court, or
amerced for absence, or excused, compared with the list of
estreats in October 1593, when all were absent through the
omission of the bailiff to summon them, we have the following
names, nearly in the order in which they were called :—

Freeholders : | William Willson.

Richard Hillyard, Gentleman. Thomas Bennington.
Robert Hogg. Stephen Hogg of Stoneferie.
Simon Wetherell. John Aldred, Esquire.
Thomas Rawlingson. The heirs of Barnebie.

John Gregorie. | The heirs of Threshwell.

76 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Freeholders (continued) :
The heirs of Girlington.
Michael Beesbie.
Robert Gayton.

Walter Proctor.

Leaseholders and tenants at Will:
Marmaduke Grimstone, Esquire.

John Chicken.
George Almond.
Margaret Rawlingson.

The heirs of Christopher Askwith.

Joshua Wakefield.
Richard Hogge, Junior.
William Barnes.

Thomas Hogge, Senior.
Margaret Hodgeson.
Peter Almond.

Henry Constable, Knight.

Margaret Tweene.

Thomas Grimstone.

Frances Hogge.

Robert Spencer.

Christopher Hillyard, Knight.
Paul Carter.

Christopher Hogg.

Thomas Anderson, alias Fox.
Miles Todd.

Thomas Hogg.

William Humpton.

Robert Stephenson.

Matthew Tuttell.

Leonard Lockwood.

Robert Dew.

John Graves.

Richard Huntingdon.
Thomas Wood.

Roger Keddie.

A few names, perhaps of temporary occupiers of pasture
gates, are missing, Thomas Anderson, alias Fox, and Todd
were probably tenants of John Alford, Esquire, of Fawley
Court, Wilts, lessee of the Rectory and tithes of Sutton.
He was elder brother of Sir Lancelot Alford, lessee of the
meadows and pasturage in Sutton and Summergangs that
had belonged to Meaux Abbey. John had inherited the
rectorial tithes and lands in Sutton and other property,
leasehold and freehold. Ata Court held about 1590, Edward
Trislay was ordered to shew his evidence for his Common
in Summergangs. He was Edward Truslove, gentleman, of
Wawne and Sutton, a relative of the Alfords, and lessee
under them of the Rectory lands. He was the father or
grandfather of John Truslove, of Wawne and Stoneferry.

The difficulties arising out of the ownership of land in
common fields are illustrated by records (Exchequer Special
Commissions, 1oth and 11th, Charles I.), of proceedings by
Katherine, Mary, and Margaret Davie, whose grandmother,
dame Katherine Moore, had bought the reversion of the Sutton
Rectory, after the lease, granted by Queen Elizabeth to the an-
cestors of the defendant, Henry Alford. He said that certain
lands which they claimed were not part of the Rectorial lands,
but the Court ordered them to be given up, and appointed
a Special Commission of four persons to set them out.
They agreed as to several items of the claim, but differed
about a tenement called Bursiland, in Sutton, sometime
let to Thomas Foxe, and a bovate or oxgang of land
called Bursiland, in Sutton and Sudcoats, lately held by

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. Lh

John Meeke. The report of James Watkinson and Robert
Moore reveals a conflict, after which their two colleagues
refused to discuss the matter further, and carried the Com-
mission away. It is easy to see how the confusion might
have arisen.

The farmstead called Bursiland, worth 6s. 8d. per annum,
a mere cottage being worth 4s., was probably named from
the bushes or thorns locally called bursels, used for making
a dead fence, and the oxgang of land, originally let with it,
would bear its name. But the arable fields of Southcoates,
laid down to grass, were valued in Nobles, and the identity
of the strips of tillage must have been forgotten. When,
in 1710, Hugh Mason bought the Sutton Rectory from
Brodrepp, the heir of the plaintiffs, he took a conveyance
of the tenement called Byrsall Lands, and the oxgang called
Byrsill, but perhaps these properties were never identified.

Gyme Close, one of the lands in dispute, containing 4}
acres, took its name from the ‘‘Gyme,” which was, I think,
on the small piece of Summergangs close to the Holderness
Road, and near to Mile House, over which piece Southcoates
Lane passed. A Gyme was a hole formed in the ground by
the giving way of an embankment. There were, near there,
a large pond, and a little watercourse called Gyme Sike. The
Commission found that Gyme Close abutted north on Sum-
mergangs and south on the West Field. The Enclosure
Award gives a right of way through the south-east corner of
lands allotted to Benjn. Blaydes, called the Gyme, and from
thence turning south-west upon the side of the old enclosure
into another part of the Gyme, leading from Sudcoates to
Hull. It also awarded a thirty foot road on the allotment of
Benjn. Blaydes from the Turnpike road near the Gyme Sike

‘on the south-west side of the Gyme, to West Field as far as

the village of Sudcoates. This is rather vague, but I think
this small piece of Summergangs west of Mile House was
called the Gyme.

The Noble of grass was the result of a valuation rade of
the new pasturage when the arable fields were laid down, in
the fifteenth or sixteenth century. The number of cattle-gates
that the open grass lands, apart from Summergangs, would
support, was then calculated, and three gates were supposed
to be worth an annual rent of 6s. 8d., or a noble. These
were then allotted tu the freeholders, in proportion to their
holdings. This involved fractions, but the beast-gate being
divided into four feet, two feet was a gate for a foal or a calf.
The fractional parts of a Noble were often expressed rather

78 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

awkwardly in money—William Woolfe was amerced in 2d.
for unjustly filling two gates, ‘‘ over 4s. 2d. of grass.”

For the benefit of the present inhabitants I have given
some idea of the intolerable complexity of the system of
common fields.

The name of Sir Philip Constable, of Everingham, whose
estates were forfeited for treason against the Commonwealth,
is of melancholy interest in connection with Southcoates as
in Stoneferry, he being lord of a third of this manor also. In
March, 1652, the survey shewed that his total annual income
there was £19 19s. 6d., but the surveyors thought the value to
be £3 16s. more. Among other tenants, Thomas Harrison
had a cottage, and a two-acre meadow called Ember Garth,
with one Noble in the East Field, and one in Humberfield.
He had also ‘‘ten pence,” or the eighth of a Noble in the
Wood, and 160 sheep-gates in Sommergaines. I suppose
Constable’s property was sold, but he was- allowed to
compound for his chief estates, by paying a fine of one-
third of their value. The family is now represented at Ever-
ingham by Lord Herries.

John Dalton, of Swine, who had inherited a share in the
manor, was a fellow-sufferer. In 1653 he complains to the
Committee for Compounding that, although two-tnirds of his
- estate is sequestered for his recusancy, his third has not been
set apart for him, so that he cannot comply with the demands
of his creditors. This was granted ‘‘if sequestered for
recusancy only.” In 1654 he begs to contract for the two-
thirds under the Recusants Act of 1653. He owned the
Hastings berewic, married the Lady Mary Viscountess
Dowager Dunbar, and lived at Nuttles. In 1685 he died.

The eighteenth century was the period when the great
bulk of the open fields in England was enclosed, and allotted
to private owners, their value being enormously increased.
But very considerable enclosures had before been effected.
A large piece containing nine fields in the north-east corner
of the parish was treated as old enclosure in 1764.
About 1590, the East Field seems to have extended to the
Oxlands in Sutton, for the Court ordered the ditch between
those lands to be cleansed.*

The moving spirit in the enclosures carried out in South-
coates was Charles Pool, the younger, through whose
influence Sutton parish was enclosed, in 1767. He was
a prominent man in Hull, a nephew of the Rev. William

* There was somewhere a little Oxland, which may be that here
referred to. If so, Ewelands was an ancient meadow.

“. :

“ vy

HE HUMBER

CITADEL OF 1784. FROM Rosr. THEW’s PLAN.

Puate VII.

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 79

Mason the Vicar of Holy Trinity, and cousin of the Rev.
Arthur Robinson who succeeded to the benefice.

Summergangs was enclosed in 1748, the pasture gates
being then reckoned by Demain, or Stinted Commons,
and Free Commons, which were of double value. The
Demain Common meant pasturage for eighty sheep and
four horses or beasts. Charles Pool, having acquired
a large proportion, and being, also, the owner of the
tithes, brought the other owners of pasturage to an agree-
ment, whereby this wide area was cut up into sections,
the tithe upon which was fixed at one shilling and
sixpence per acre. Dansom Lane now runs along thé
western margin of Summergangs, close to old Summer-
gangs Dike. That the flow of water along this dike had
already been cut off is clear, for this lane, first called Clow
Lane, and, for a short time, Mill Lane, was made to enable
cattle to be taken from the Holderness Road to drink at
‘*Mansley,”’ or ‘‘Munsley” Clow ditch, near to Edward
Hodgson’s farm house, on Magnusdaile, where the water
had been diverted to the river.

Of the three ancient open fields the Humber Field was
the first to be enclosed. In 1717, Elizabeth Robinson con-
veyed to Sarah Robinson lands including a ‘‘close of meadow
or pasture formerly called the Thirteen and fourpence,”’ con-
tainlng three acres in Sudcoates. In 1727, Sarah Robinson
conveyed to Wm. Jarratt the same close in Humber Field,
‘‘which said field was some years ago enclosed and allotted
in lieu of six beast gates, commonly called thirteen shillings
and fourpence of grass.” But if I have correctly identified
the Humber Field, it was enclosed long before 1717. In the
11th Charles I. the commissioners in the case of Davey and
Alford, who quarrelled over Bursill lands, agreed that
Humber Close was a close of pasture ground of about 5%
acres, abutting south and west on Sudcoates Humber Field,
east on a pasture ground called Sudcoates South Inges, and
north on a pasture ground called Sudcoates West Field.
This Humber close must in 1636 have already been enclosed

_out of the Humber Field.

The East and West Fields, with the South Ings, which
seems to have ceased to be meadowed, were enclosed in
1764 under the influence of Charles Pool, who enclosed
Summergangs, and on similar terms. The total amount of
pasturage dealt with was 94 nobles, one gate, one foot, and
the sixth part of a gate, which would be grazing for one
sheep.

80 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

To those of us who remember Southcoates two genera-
tions ago its then condition seems already ancient. At the
enclosure, ditches were cut to define the allotments, the
Holderness Road, having been, I think, until that time,
open to the Common.

The allotment in Summergangs, made to Mr. William
Constable on the north side of the Holderness Road, with
adjoining lands, was within a few years occupied by a
house, the property of Mr. Hall. In 1785 it was ad-
vertised for sale as ‘‘a handsome new-built house,
commanding a beautiful expansive view of the Humber.”
It became the residence of Mr. Pickard, who sold it
to Mr. John Broadley. By the kindness of Mr. Walter
J. Jalland, I am able to give an illustration of the original
house. In 1838 it was bought by Mr. Boswell Middleton
Jalland and his brother, who erected in its place the fine
Elizabethan mansion called Holderness House, two illustra-
tions of which appear in Poulson’s ‘‘ Holderness.”’

Except Holderness House, no residence, unconnected
with business premises, was erected on the north side of
Holderness Road beyond Dansom Lane before 1850. About
that date the site of Wilton Terrace at the corner of Dansom
Lane and the Holderness Road was still a grass field. With
several properties in Sutton and Hull, it was left by Thomas
Mould to John Graham, afterwards Graham-Clarke, of New-
castle, the son of John Graham, of Sutton, and the
maternal grandfather of the poetess, Elizabeth Barrett
Browning. Nearly all the old buildings north of the
road have been removed, but one long covered rope-walk
is now embedded in a great joinery factory. The mills, with
the smoking chimneys of distant factories, were the great
features in the approach from Holderness.*

The mill, called Block House Mill, recently taken down,
stood in Drypool by Summergangs, in a line with the centre
of Witham. Its lower story was, in shape, like a dwarf
tower or fortification. But sketches on the maps of the
allottments shew only a little wooden mill. I suppose it
took its name from Blockhouse Lane.

South of Holderness Road, the terrace called Somers

* These mills included the ‘‘ Six Sail Mill,” the sails of which, having
caused the death of a man, were said to have revolved afterwards the
contrary way! Such was the legend; but the Rev. John Ellam, formerly
the Vicar of Drypool, heard as a fact that, the accident having happened
during its construction, the owner had the machinery reversed as a mark
of his sorrow.

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 81

Town had then been built many years, and there were
better houses beyond, the last terrace being Hornsea Parade,
near Marfleet Lane. But, before the days of omnibuses, build-

OLD HOUSE ON SITE OF HOI.DERNESS HOUSE,

ing tor residence was pretty strictly limited within the
distance, to and from which a business man could walk
for his early dinner, or even, in those times of long hours,

HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

82

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‘ASQOH SSANUAMION ‘ADAOT WONA GYOU SSANYACMIOH AO MAIA

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 83
to and from his early tea. Hull was then supposed to be
finally completed, but I have since heard of far-sighted
people who thought that the town might extend even beyond
such limits. Its population has trebled under our eyes.

DRYPOOL IN SWINE.

Owing to the lack of efficient drainage, and to the
frequent floods of early times, this remote corner of Holder-
ness would be nearly valueless, until the great demand
for wool brought every acre that would carry sheep into
practical use. The old tillage of doubtful dryness would
then be more valuable as meadow and pasture, and this
seems to have been the case through later times. The page
of evidences in Poulson’s ‘‘ Holderness,’ does not afford
much help, for references to Drypool are inextricably mixed
with Sutton and Southcoates; but, except as to Drypool
Field, in Sutton, of 29 acres, there is little evidence of
medieval or modern tillage.

Although the Chapel of St. Peter was the mother church
of Southcoates, both were included, together with the manors,
in the parish of Swine. A manuscript book of the fifteenth
century, in the library of the Dean and Chapter of York,
records some long and complicated proceedings in various
ecclesiastical courts, relating to the right of burial of the
inhabitants of Sutton, Stoneferry, Dripole (in Sutton), and
Lopholme at their chapel of Sutton, which was not yet
separated from the mother church of Wawne. On the 23rd
March, 1429, John Wylflete, of Hedon, whose family belonged
to Preston and Marfleet, said that several years ago many
person were drowned in the river at Hull Ferry, and their
bodies were taken out in the parish of Swine, which would
be the eastern bank of the river at Drypool.*

After the Reformation this parochial arrangement broke
down, and, under the Commonwealth, a remedy was sought.
A Survey, made in 1649, states that ‘‘Drypoole hath a
Parochial Chapel depending upon Swyne; the tythes belong
to the Lordship of Drypoole and Sudcoats, and are worth
yearly the value of thirty pounds, out of which they should
provide for a minister, but have not had one this four years
and a half. | We consider it fitt that it be Separate from
Swyne, and made a parish of itself, being five miles distant

* Wilflete was the old name for the dike that divided Southcoates from
Marfleet. ,

84 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

from Swyne.” This scheme was carried out at a later date.
A memorandum of the early part of the eighteenth century
states that the advowson was bought by Alderman John-
son, of Hull, and left to his daughter, Mary Banes.

The fields or open places: in Drypool were the Arnes-
croft Meadow, adjoining Southcoates West Field, also
the Kirke Field, adjoining the Humber Field, of Southcoates.
There was somewhere a Middle Field, as well as a Dripole
West Field, which last agrees with the Clough Field in
Sutton.*

The Arnescroft was evidently a large meadow in which
all who had much interest in Drypool had shares. There is
no part of Drypool that answers to this except the large
piece thrust in between Summergangss and the rest of South-
coates. This leaves very little ground for Humber Field,
but the Humber must have taken a breadth of land along
that shore, in spite of the ‘‘lockering” done to the bank in
the South Ings.

In 1579 tenants in Humber Field were fined ten shillings
because they had not sufficiently dug out 20 cordes of dike
or 420 feet next the Kirke Field. The Stowe MS.,
No. 70, in the British Museum is a grant made about 1250
by Geoffrey de Watton to the Nunnery of Swine of lands
including ‘‘an acre and a half and a perch in the territory of
Dripol in Neucroft, whereof one head extends to the Humber
and the other head upon Arnes Croft, and an acre and a perch
of meadow at Thorndaile towards the south.” Neucroft
was probably a recent extension of Kirke Field, which was
near the Church, so as to bring it in touch with Humber
Field. No. 71 is another grant, with his body for burial,
by this same Geoffrey, of ‘‘those two selions (or plough-
lands) which extend from the dike of Arnescroft as far as
the Humber, and that acre and a perch of meadow lying
next to the ‘cultura’ of the said Nunnery at Thornedaile.”
These were probably the same lands, and the term ‘‘cultura”
is sometimes used for meadow.

An old enclosure in this locality is indicated in the entry
in book of the Provost of Beverley of the 26th Henry VI.,
already quoted. The lords of the Manor of Sudcoats are
said to hold of the Lord Provost a place of lands with the
appurtenances in the town of Dripole, ‘‘and it lies between

* A Corporation lease of 1695, to Thos. Atkinson, includes five roods
of pasture ‘tin Drypool feild, nigh Moundscale Clough of Clough feild.”
This must have been their share of the wide Growths, for the Clough
Field was never laid down to grass.

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 85

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PART OF PLAN FROM COTTON MS., AUGUSTUS I, VOL. I., SHOWING VILLAGE SOUTH OF
DRYPOOL CHURCH.

86 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

the place of the Abbot of Thornton to the north and the
Outgang which leads to the pasture called Newfrith to
the south.” Was this upon the detached piece of
Southcoates sold, as we shall see, in 1651 by Broumflitt to
Popple? If so, it indicates the position of the land of
Thornton Abbey. Further evidences as to localities not
easy to identlfy are contained in the surveys made of lands
acquired for the fortifications in Drypool.

To begin at the beginning :—The land sold in the first
year of Richard II. by Sir Thomas de Sutton to the Mayor
of Hull and others lay ‘‘on the east side of the water
of Hull on the north side of the Kaye there.’”’ It consisted
of one piece measuring 100 ells each way ‘‘ within the
lordship of the said Thomas de Sutton in Dripole;” also
the land on which the Quay was situated containing 100
ells in length and 10 in breadth. There is no conclusive
proof that he held land outside his Manors of Sutton and
Southcoates. There is no evidence that this land was used
for the expressed purpose of building a fortification. The
fortifications actually made there grew out of different con-
ditions at a later time.

The dissolution under Henry VIII. of the Priory of Nuns
at Swine, the Carthusian Priory at Hull, and Thornton
Abbey, brought much of the limited area of Drypool into
the possession of the King. These lands had been let to
tenants, and the Crown when in need ot money, leased or
sold them with others for large sums paid down, subject
always to the existing tenancies. The chief points of interest
here are the lands by the river on which were erected the
Block Houses and their connecting walls. The land of the
Carthusians was in Sutton, extending from the North Bridge
to Dripolegote; that of the Nunnery lay to the south in
Swine. The land of Thornton Abbey was in the Drypool
portion of Swine, or partly in Southcoates.

I have long suspected that all the lands of the Carthusians
in Sutton, Lopholme, Stoneferry, and Drypole, east of the
River Hull, being those which had decended from Benedict
de Sculcoates through the families of De Grey of Rotherfield
and De la Pole, were, like the Hastings berewic, independent
of the lords of Sutton. After the fortifications were erected
the surplus land was granted to Sir Henry Gates, and upon
the deed a memorandum was added that ‘‘ the said Mannor
of Skulcots dothe extende into ye P’ishes and hamletts of
Sculcots, Sutton lord?:, Drypole and Stonefery.” This con-
dition might have been created when Henry VIII. acquired

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EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 87

the manor, but there is some evidence that it was of older
standing. As far back as the time of Sayer the second, when
the Monks of Meaux desired to cut a canal in the West Carr,
they asked leave, not only from the lord of Sutton and John
de Meaux, the owner of the herewic, and the free tenants,
but from William de Seintluce (Santa Lucia), who then held
the Sculcoates Manor. Evidently he was of more importance
than a free tenant. And in 1312 there is an entry upon the
Close Roll (New Calendar, 5, Edw. 11, m. 16), ordering the
King’s Escheator to restore to the widow the lands which
John de Grey, of Rotherfield, ‘‘tenant in chief, held in
Scolecotes, Sutton, and Drypol.” Perhaps when the course
of the river was originally marked out, certain patches of dry
land belonging to the Sculcoates manor were left on the
eastern side.

On the surrender of Swine Priory in 1536, its Drypool
property consisted of two holdings only—a grange let to
John Williamson, chaplain, at £6 a year, and a close called
‘le pightell,” with six acres of meadow, let to Robert
Blassill at 18s.* Among the appurtenances to the grange
there was probably meadow in ‘Sutton Yngs,” besides 37
acres of meadow there let separately at 49s. 4d. All these
lands were granted with the rest of the Swine property to Sir
Richard Gresham, who was receiving the rents from the
tenants in 1539. Among the Spiritualities of the Priory was
the Rectory of Driepoole, worth five pounds a year, the tithe
of which the Prioress had kept in her own hands.

When the King determined to make the fortifications, the
lands had to be got back from Gresham by an exchange
carried out under Edward VI. The grange was then said to
be in the township of Drypoole adjoining the King’s Majesty’s
edifications and fortress. t

The fortifications having been finished, Queen Mary
granted to John Grene and William Jenyns, property includ-
ing Drypole Grange with the appurtenances now described |
as 33 oxgangs of land, 154 acres of meadow in.a close called
Armescroft, 5 acres of meadow in Sutton Yngs, in a place

* He also held a lathe or barn, two stables, and two gardens in
Southcoates and Stoneferry. The registers and other documents shew
that this Drypool family survived there in the Eighteenth Century.

+ There was also included a cottage with a close in Drypooi, called
Lancroft, let on lease to Agnes Squyer, widow, at 5s. 4d. She held
Magnusdaile under Meaux Abbey, and if this is the Langcroft that
adjoins Hedon Croft, the name of Drypool extended further into Sutton
than I have supposed.

88 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

called Grym, and the tithes of the 154 acres in Armescroft,
three cottages in Drypole, near the graveyard, a bercaria
called Swynelathes, with the manure from all animals pastur-
ing therein, and all other property let with the grange.
All this was let on lease to Thomas Aldred, Esquire,* at
44 11s. 4d., and if these ‘‘appurtenances” went with the
grange when the rent was 46, the difference seems to be
due to the absorption of land for the fortifications. The
land so absorbed would lie west and south of the church.
There appears to have been already a tower there at the
entrance to the Old Harbour, to which was secured one end
of the chain that closed the Port, and if there were also
houses there, as shewn in the plan in the Cotton Collection,
they might be included in the appurtenances originally
acquired with Drypool Grange.

As to Swynelathes, the charter (B.M., L.F.C., VIII., 7),
which still bears the seal of Sayer the third, grants to the
nuns the sheepfold ‘‘ which lies next to the land called
Hedoncroft in Sutton just as it is bounded by the dikes.”
I have placed Swynelathes on the key map with Hedon Close
and Langcroft, which are so named in the Sutton Tithe
Award of 1843. ‘‘Grym,” or the Grimes would lie unfenced
in the Ings adjacent.

Early in the Seventeenth Century the Crown was raising
large sums on the remainder of the monastic lands. In 1609
Sir Baptist Hicks, a London Merchant, afterwards Lord
Campden, and his associates having paid 475,000, James I.,
at their instance, granted to Edward Bates and Henry Ellwes
lands including the pightell with 11 acres of meadow in the
Ings, formerly held by Robert Blassill.

In the first year of Queen Mary the surplus lands, formerly
belonging to Thornton Abbey, were granted to Domina Joan
Constable, widow, and Sir John Constable, of Burton Con-
stable. They included a cottage in Drypole, an oxgang of
land and pasture in the Kirkefelde, a sheep cote and half a
close of land of 14 acres in the fields of Drypole, land and
pasture in ‘‘le Midlefelde,”” Drypole, called a ‘‘ pyghell,”
half an oxgang of land and pasture in the fields of Drypole,
containing 14 acres, 14 acres of land and pasture in le Midle-
feld, and a close of an acre in the town of Drypole. The
Middle Field would lie between the Kirkefield and the Clough
Field in the Groves.

* Alrede, Aldred, or Alured—the family so long prominent in and
about Hull.

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 89

ie
.

PART OF HOLLAR’S PLAN, 1640.

90 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

On the Patent Roll, 17 Elizabeth, part 5, is a grant to John
Sonkye and Percival Gunson of an acre and a half of meadow
in Maunsdale, two acres of meadow in the south territory of
Stoneferry and Dripole West Field, half an oxgang of land
in the lordship of Drypule, called Kirkefeld, and a toft there
containing an acre of meadow, and another acre and a half
of meadow called Armescrofte, formerly belonging to the
dissolved monastery of Thorneton, co. Lincoln. At the
Dissolution, Thornton Abbey held in Drypole lands of the
annual value of £5 1s. 24d.

About 1570, Mr. Robt. Ratcliffe endowed his hospital in
Salthouse Lane with pasture to feed one cow in the Kirkefield.
In the 4th James I., Henry Alured held pasture there for
56 cattle. But Sir Francis Thomas purchased of him two
oxgangs in the Kirke Field. This would be tillage. It may
be that only one part of this field had been laid down to grass.
In 1645, Jeffrey Blades of Hull, Mercer, devised to his son
Edward a close of meadow of four acres and one stang in
Dripole Church Field.* In 1659, Joseph Blaides senior,
of Hull, devised to his son William the Blockhouse close,
containing 12 acres in Drypole. Also, ‘‘at Stoneferry the
house wherein Ellen ffisher dwells, called the ffery house,
with one garth and the groves”’ and a common, and a house
in Drypoole with free common and a Pichell. In 1667,
William Blaides of Hull, Shipwright, devised to his son the
same property. The family was closely connected with Scul-
coats and Sutton.

The Parish Registers contain some interesting items be-
longing to the time before the Blockhouses of Henry VIII.
were superseded by the new Citadel, and when old Drypool
still existed. In 1591, Jenet Adam of the South Blockhouse
was buried. In 1600, Owmfrey, the son of William Hop-
kinson was baptised, the ‘‘consponsors” being Humphrey
Hall, rector of Patrington, Josua Hall and ‘‘Mistrees Peeke”’
of Hull. The fortifications were used as prisons for Popish
Recusants who were very harshly treated—alive and dead.
In 1602, Thomas Cletheray, a recusant of the North Block-
house was put into his grave ‘‘by the means of Henry
Garrat, without the minister and without the order of
buriall according to law.” In 1677, Mr. Martin Frobisher
of the South Blockhouse was buried. This bearer of a
distinguished name may have had no connection with the

Te

* He also left to him his gardens, &c., near Jesus Gate, ‘now called

Blanket Row,” lately purchased of Thomas Gaskin.

gI

“ONIAVUONA SUVTITIOH WONT ‘IIA AUNAH AO AILSVD AGNV ASNOHNDOIA HLNOS

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL.

92 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

great sea captain, for the name was in common use for a
person who furbished up arms or utensils. Among the
expenses of the Corporation about 1522 was one shilling
paid ‘‘to the Frobisher for scouring the Sword.” In 1597,
a suicide was buried on the north side of the church. The
name of Blaides frequently appears; the Bromfleets were
landowners improving their position from the sixteenth to
the eighteenth century. One of the oldest local names is
Schakyll or Shackles, of Stoneferry and Southcoates in
the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

The erection, late in the seventeenth century, of the
Citadel, which remained until the middle of the nineteenth
century, led to many negotiations and revived old disputes
between the Crown and the Corporation, extending back to
their purchase from Sir Thomas de Sutton, in 1377, of land
for a tower.* Questions relating to lands in that locality
were dealt with in 1801, and particularly in 1861, when an
action by the Corporation against the Crown was dismissed.
Owing to legal proceedings now pending, points that might
be of interest cannot be investigated at present, but the
following item may be usefully extracted from proceedings in
Chancery of about the latter date. See Chancery B. & A.,
1860, page 6, and Decree No. 2259, 22 Nov., 1861.

Until 1681 there remained in use on the east side of the
river the fortifications of Henry VIII., consisting of the
North and South Blockhouses with the Castle standing
between them, and the long connecting wall and ditch. But
in that year the Ordnance Department under Charles II.
determined to strengthen and extend these fortifications, and
caused a new Citadel to be constructed wholly in the parish
of Drypool, enclosing the Castle and the South Blockhouse,
but abandoning the North Blockhouse and the connecting
wall from the scheme of military defence.

On the rith October, 1681, the Board of Ordnance sub-
mitted to Counsel ‘‘ the draughts and the conveyance for the
lands to the south of Drypool Church and to the east of the
Castle and South Blockhouse, to be taken in of several
persons for the fortifications.”” The works were at once
pressed on by Major Beckman, who was in charge. While he
was still negotiating with the Corporation, and though the
conveyances were not complete, he was working on the site
of the old wall and ditch on the eastern side near to the river,

* See Poulson’s ‘‘ Holderness ” under Drypool, and Sheehan's ‘‘ Hist.
of Hull.”

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94 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

which belonged to the Crown. But after some long delay
the purchases of land were completed, and ‘‘the same was
duly conveyed by the several owners thereof.”

The two purchases contained about 30 acres, one part
being ‘‘all that close adjoining into the blockhouse, containing
by estimation about 12 acres, lying and being in the lordship
of Drypool,” and another part containing 19 acres of pasture
ground, ‘‘ abutting west upon the said close first described.”
Tne new Citadel occupied the land covered by the southern
end of the old fortifications and part of the land purchased,
and it-projected upon the foreshore so that the tides rose from
four to eight feet against the south wall. There remained,
however, about 14 acres of the purchased land lying eastward
of the Citadel, the surplus property of the Crown. The
whole became extra parochial.

From the description there may have been two, savor rs
or separate owners only, or there may have been ‘‘several” or
many owners of the close and the piece of pasture ground.
But there is no hint of a village of Drypool such as has been
assumed to have existed south of the church, and is indeed
shewn upon a sixteenth century drawing in the British
Museum. Better details of old Drypool may be discovered,
but, whether the owners were two or many, one can be
clearly identified.

In 1690, Elizabeth Truslove, * the sister of Thomas Watson,
of Stoneferry, left to her daughter, Margaret Dickinson, a
messuage and close in Drypool, which messuage had been
lately demolished, and the ground taken from her upon
the making of a citadel or fortifications near Drypool,
“‘for which I have not as yet received any satisfaction.”
This seems to carry the Watson property beyond the
manor of Sutton. Here was one of the purchases that were
uncompleted when Major Beckman was hurrying on the
works on the western side of the Citadel.

In 1651, Robert Broumflitt conveyed to Israel Popple his
interest in a croft on which a tenement or toft late stood
abutting on Church-Field Lane (leading from Drypool Church
to the Kirke Field), on which now stand buildings north of
Popple Street. The King’s highway was on the west, and
Churchfield Lane on the south. Farm buildings on this
land have been converted into cottages. The Hedon New
Road, an unprofitable undertaking, sliced a portion from the

* She was the daughter of Thomas and Margaret Watson, of Stone-
ferry, and was married to John Truslove, of Keingley, Wawne, at
Drypool Church in October, 1650.

‘X] FLVId

“ASNOHMOOTYT HLAOS ONISOTIONA THAVLIIDQ AO MAA “M'S

ee a a ney

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 95

property. With this was conveyed one little close near to it,
the two being shewn on Capt. Philips’ map and on later
maps. The Ordnance map of 1856 shews that these were
detached portions of Southcoates. They had common rights
in that manor. In 1665, Thomas Bromfleet was a Church-
warden. The name of Bromfleet appears in many entries
in the Register, the prefix of Mr. shewing the position
of the family. In 1665, Mr. Thomas Watson, of Stone-
ferry, who got Sir Philip Constable’s share in the manor
of Sutton, left the manorial rights to his sister’s son,
George Bromfleet, with all the privileges of the Courts, &c.
Although he only got therewith a piece of ancient pasture
ground, he was, as Sir Philip Constable had been, ‘‘a third
lord in Sutton.” In 1676, George Bromfleet joined with
John Dalton, who owned a portion of the manor of Sutton,
as well as the Hastings Manor, in granting to the Mayor
and Burgesses of Hull liberty to set down posts and stoopes
on Sutton Side for fastening such ships as should be drawn
beyond the North Bridge. His share in the manor passed,
by purchase, from his representatives to Charles Pool, Senior,
and through the family of Mason to Mr. R. C. Broadley.
Charles Pool acquired from the same source the tithes of
Drypool and Southcoates.*

North-west of Church Street is a block of property,
bounded, by- St. Quintin’s Place, close to the old course of
Summergangs Dike. This was associated with a smaller
piece to the north of Popple’s crofts. Wills of the family of
St. Quintin, long resident in Drypool, shew that it was in that
family in 1729, when it consisted of a dwelling-house and
garth, with two ‘‘pickels,” and one free common on Summer-
games. Pickel here means pightle, a sheepcot or enclosure
in the meadows. In 1781, William St. Quintin left the
property to his sisters for life, and afterwards to a boy named
William St. Quintin. In course of time it became covered
with streets and houses, which are now being partially
cleared away.

Hardly any of the places named in the records of old
times would now be recognisable by the thinly scattered

* The lands and tithes belonging to George Bromfleet, who died in
1703, were inherited by his son, Henry. His heir was his uncle, Samuel
Bromfleet, whose coheirs were the sisters, Consolation Lyth, spinster
(who in 1710 sold her share to Thomas Eyres), and Jane, the wife of
Noah Ellerthorpe. In 1717, both shares were bought by Charles Pool,
whose son, Charles Pool the younger, brought about the enclosure of the
spacious fields and commons in Southcoates and Sutton. This with
much of Pool’s property passed to the family of Broadley.

96 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

population of the cowkeepers and shepherds that were their
chief occupiers. Building is reaching Stoneferry and pro-
gressing towards Sutton. The Humber Field and the Kirke
Field, with much of the South Ings and the Arnescroft have
been appropriated, and the eastern docks have driven back
the Humber tides. Streets and terraces of houses, such as
have occupied all the western parts of the Summergangs,
are now invading the grass lands of the West Field, while

EAST SIDE OF OLD HARBOUR, OPPOSITE ENTRANCE TO QUEEN'S DOCK.

far away beyond the East Field, streets were, years ago,
prematurely laid out. Electric Tramways having been
carried beyond the East Park, with probable extensions
eastward and northward the time cannot be far distant when
all the old historic sites and landmarks within the eastern
boundries of the City will be known only from old records.
The western part of the City is now being intersected by
noble avenues ; soon the Holderness Road will be continued
by a straight thoroughfare leading to the centre of it’s com-
merce and the centre of its Municipal life. The ‘‘Groves”

ae.

'X FTLVIg

“AONVULNG AHL UVAN ‘WAOGUIVE] GTO Ao ACIS LSVI

EVIDENCES RELATING TO EAST HULL. 97

will be intersected by a thoroughfare as necessary for bright-
ing the dull places of that oddly named locality as for the
convenience of its trade. Then the narrow, crooked and
squalid rows and lanes through which the growing traffic
has struggled, will give place to fitting and dignified means
of approach to the City of Kingston-upon-Hull.

Of those who have kindly given me information on par-
ticular points I must here thank Mr. Fred. A. Scott, Mr. J.
Spyvee Cooper, and Mr. H. F. Smith in respect of lands in
Drypool and the Groves, Councillor J. G. Hall, who has
studied the Drypool Registers, Mr. G. H. Hill, who has
investigated the ancient boundaries, and Mr. W. Brown, for
permission to copy some drawings in his possession. I have
mentioned other names in the text, particularly that of Mr.
J. R. Boyle, F.S.A., in respect of the older documents which,
by leave of the Corporation, I was able to consult. And I
must add the name of our Editor, Mr. Sheppard, who, having
set me the task, has facilitated it with a patience which I can
only hope is unfeigned !

REFERENCES.

For the possessions of Meaux Abbey—the Chronica Monasterii de
Melsa, in the Master of the Rolls’ Series. For the lands of Swine Priory
—the Stowe MSS. in the British Museum. For wills, except a very few
that I have seen—the Registry at York. For transactions in land during
the eighteenth century—the East Riding Registry at Beverley, which,
as regards Drypool, might be searched with profit. I have used a few
private documents. It has sometimes seemed necessary to quote from
local histories, but, in general, the matter of this paper is new. I have
not been able to deal with Marfleet.

NVEBRIA LIVIDA AT WITHERNSEA.—In Mr. C. Russell’s list
of local Coleoptera, printed in the Transactions of this Club
for 1900, reference is made to the former occurrence of
of this rare and local species near the St. Andrew’s Dock,
Hull. It is also known to occur at Filey, Bridlington,
and Hornsea. During the summer of 1902, Mr. Dohl has
succeeded in securing a specimen at Withernsea—a new
locality for it.—T. STAINFORTH.

ADDENDA TO THE FLORA OF THE EAST
RIDING.

By J. F. Rosrnson.

iG is little more than a year since the publication of the
‘‘Flora of the East Riding,” yet, as was previously

anticipated by its author, a considerable number of
additional records already have to be noted. Several of the
species mentioned below appear in Watson’s ‘‘ Topographical
Botany” as found in vice-county 61 (S.E. Yorks.), but were
overlooked, as it was gathered from Watson’s work that
Mr. J. G. Baker was responsible for most of the East Riding
records therein set down. As Mr. Baker’s Supplement to
Baine’s ‘‘Flora of Yorkshire,” 1857, was drawn upon, it
seemed unnecessary to duplicate with entries from Watson’s
‘‘Topographical Botany.” But evidently Watson had had
other sources of information ; or more likely, Mr. Baker had
been able to supplement his Supplement above mentioned.

We are indebted to Mr. Ar. Bennett, F.L.S., of Croydon,
for having kindly pointed out the omissions, besides giving
additional records and information gathered from herbaria
and MSS. not readily accessible to ourselves. Other additions
are due to various observers and the unceasing vigilance of
the Yorkshire Societies devoted to field work.

Observing the London Catalogue (Ninth Edition) order,
the following is the list :—

(The numerals prefixed to each Species give the Catalogue Numbers.)

186. Polygala oxyptera, Rezchd.
On tumulus in Hull Ings, June, r900; legunt C. Waterfall and J.F.R..
(teste Rev. W. R. Linton).

194. Dianthus deltoides, Zzn.
(‘Maiden Pink.”)

Sandy fields near Rillington. Specimens sent by W. H. St. Quintin,,
Esq., D.L., Scampston Hall, Oct. 12, 1902 (vide also Wats. Top. Bot.).

276. Hypericum dubium, Zeers.
(Wats. Top. Bot.). We have no confirmation of this.

ADDENDA TO THE FLORA OF THE EAST RIDING. 99

720. Peucedanum palustre, Mench.

Incognit in Rob. Flora E.R., was gathered between Howden and
the Ouse Swing Bridge about 1880 (Mr. F. A. Lees).

1038. Calluna Erica, DC. Var. zncana.

Skipwith Common, 13th Sept., 1902; legunt Mr. H. J. Wilkinson of
York, and J.F.R.

1106. Symphytum tuberosum, Zz77.
(Wats. Top. Bot.).

1191. Rhinanthus major, Zhrh.
(Large Yellow Rattle.)

Incognit in Flora E.R., is recorded incidentally for Skipwith
Common, E.R., in Mr. F. A. Lees’ W. Yorks. Flora, p. 245.

1259. Galeopsis ochroleuca, Zam.
(Wats. Top. Bot.).

1327. Polygonum minus, Auds.
Risby, 1838 (vide sp. in the Motley Herb., Swansea). In a swampy

place in sandy lane near Dryham, Hotham Carrs, E.R. (East
**Derwentland”), 29 Aug., 1903, legit J.F.R.

1341. Rumex limosus, Thwzil.
Skipwith (H.J.W. and J.F.R.), growing with 2. maritimus ; also in
Brick Ponds near Hawthorn Avenue, Hull, and in the same companion-

ship (Messrs. S. Mason and Chas. Waterfall)—first records for E.R.
Yorks.

1599. Potamogeton acutifolius, Zink.

Sps. labelled ‘‘ Beverley, Yorkshire, Mr. R. Teesdale, July, 1798,” in
Herbm. of Sir J. E. Smith (fide Mr. Ar. Bennett).

1651. Cladium jamaicense, Cranzs.
(Vel. Mariscus, Br.) (Wats. Top. Bot.). No locality given.

1622. Scirpus acicularis, 7. Br.
Skipwith Common (F. A. Lees). (Sp. in herb. A. Bennett), 1875.

100 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

1639. S. sylvaticus, Lenn.
(Wats. Top. Bot.).

1786. Sieglingia (vel. Trviodia) decumbens, Bernh.

Skipwith Common, 4th July, 1903; legit J.F.R. It was one of the
Top. Bot. omissions from Flora E.R. Yorks.

1904. Phegopteris polypodioides, /ve.
(Beech Fern.)
(Wats. Top. Bot.).

1921. Lycopodium Selago, Lzn.
(Wats. Top. Bot.).

Besides the above, which should be added to the 1035
Species recorded in the East Riding Flora, many additional
stations of the less common plants have been discovered,
notably on the boulder clay under-cliffs near Primrose Valley
and other places on the shores of Filey Bay, the sandy tract
called Hotham Carrs to the west of North Cave, and on the
old and favourite ground of Skipwith Common, near Selby.

None of the Dock Waste or Cornfield aliens are included
in the above, but it may be stated that already between fifty *
and sixty must be added to the already copious list in the
‘*Flora,” p. 47. These additions to the ‘‘alien”’ list have
all been made since its publication, and were determined, as
previous examples were, by the most courteous and able
Chief of the Botanical Gardens and Afforestation Department,
Hong Kong, Mr. S. T. Dunn, B.Sc., late of the Royal
Gardens, Kew, who characterised our last batch, gathered
chiefly on the West Dock Reservation, as ‘‘a particularly
interesting set of plants.”

DISPERSAL OF SHELLS BY BEETLES.

By Rev. E. P. BLACKBURN.

visited Tibthorpe Wold, to the west of Driffield.

Near Mr. Piercy’s farm-house, at a height of nearly
400 feet, is a pond, the nearest water to which is half a
mile away, and the next a mile away. It has been in use
for some time, but, in common with other ponds on Sir
Tatton Sykes’ estate, is frequently cleaned out, and conse-
quently did not appear very productive from a conchologist’s
point of view. About six years ago it was entirely emptied
and re-lined. Application of the scoop, however, quickly
brought up a host of Pisidia, with which the pond swarmed
on one side, together with a number of small water-beetles,
water-boatmen, and water-bugs. A few Limnca peregra
were put in the pond a year ago, but had not survived for
want of food. Several of the beetles were observed with
something on their feet ‘in the pond, but it could not
exactly be seen what. The.pisidia were brought home, and
put in a basin with their native mud, and it was found that
a number of water-bugs (Corzxa) and beetles had been
brought along with them. The next day we saw a bug
(Corixa) in the bowl caught by the foot with a pisidium. A
day or two later I was examining the contents of the bowl,
and found three others caught. I killed the insects, and
gummed them on a piece of paper. No. 1 had two pisidia
on two back legs. No. 2 had three shells attached; one a
fairly large one. No. 3 is more perfect, and has two shells,
one on each side. Two days later, I found a lively little
water-beetle caught, but he managed to get free. A
fourth specimen, however, was secured with one pisidium
attached. Wallis Kew (in ‘‘The Dispersal of Shells”), after
explaining how ponds, similar to the above, are stocked with
pisidia by means of flying insects, animals, &c., says: ‘‘Some
of our common water-boatmen are, probably, even stronger
than the Nepa, or water-scorpion. I have, once or twice,
seen them alight upon the surface of the ponds, in the sun-
shine, fold their wings, and disappear in the water.” With
the specimens above mentioned, it is quite plain that ponds
may be stocked very easily in the way described.

Div in August, 1903, a small party of conchologists

PRELIMINARY LIST OF MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA
OCCURRING WITHIN EIGHT MILES OF
HULL.*

By J. W. Boutt. K/ ‘i

HE following species of Micro-lepidoptera have been

identified amongst specimens caught near Hull. We

have several others, particulars of which will be

published as soon as they have been identified. Records

initialled ‘“‘ W. M.” have been made by Mr. W. Mansbridge.

One reason for the publication of this meagre list is that

others may endeavour to fill up some of the many blanks
in the lepidopterous fauna of the district.

PYRALIDES. ) CRAMBI.
A glossa pinguinalis. | Crambus pratellus.
Pyvalis glaucinalis. 5» pascuellus.

Pe tristellus.

» fannalis. :
» culmellus.

Scopula lutealis.
» oltvalis.

PAW shies oe TORTRICES.
Botys ( flavalis) urticata.

» vuralis. Tovtrix podana, W. M.
Ebulea crocealis. | » cvategana.

», stachydalis. » vibeana.
Spilodes sticticalts. a. coryluna.
Pronea forficalis. » vinidana.
Catacly. lemnata. 55 mumuistrana.
Hydvocampa nympheata. forstevana.

A stagnata. Peronea variegana.

Penthina betuletana.
33 capreana.

Pardia tripunctata.

Euchromia mygindana.

PTEROPHORI.

|

|

| » Aastiana.
Ptevophorus monodactylus.
Alucita hexadactylus.

* A list of the Macro-lepidoptera appeared in the Transactions of the
Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club, Vol. I., Part II., 1899,

PP- 55-64.

THIRD LIST OF EAST YORKSHIRE COLEOPTERA. 103

Sphalevoptera ictericana, W.M. Tinea dubtella.

Pedisca corticana. Tineola biselliella, W. M.
Ephippiphora pflugiana. Adela cupvella.
mA brunnichiana. Hyponomeuta cagnagellus.
Symeathis oxyacanthella. Depressavia flavella.
Xanthosetia hamana. iG assimilella.
Argyvolepia havtmanmuana, z angeltcella.
W. M. & hevacleana.
A phelia osseana. Dasyceva sulphurella.
AZ cophora pseudospretella,
TINE. W. M.
a Argyvesthia ephippella, W. M.
Diurnea fagetella. sy c
Tinea sn 2 gedartella, W. M.

THIRD LIST OF EAST YORKSHIRE
COLEOPTERA.*

By T. SrainrortH and H. E. JoHNSON.

HE following list contains, besides our own records, a
compilation of species of East Riding Coleoptera,
drawn from every available source.

Especially are we indebted to the ‘ Naturalist” for the
numerous records to be found in its pages, and to the “ List
of the Coleoptera of Yorkshire,” by the Rev. W. C. Hey,
M.A., which is being published in the ‘‘ Transactions of the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union,” but which, as yet, has only
reached to the end of the Staphylinide. Other works consulted
are “ The Zoologist,’’ for 1859, containing a list of Hornsea
Mere records, by Mr. W. K. Bissil; the ‘ Naturalists’
Journal,” for 1895, which contains a list of water beetles
from Shipwith Common, in an article by the Rev. W. C. Hey.
A few records have also been taken from the Rev. W. W.
Fowler’s ‘‘ Coleoptera of the British Islands.”

We are again indebted to the Rev. A. Thornley for
identifying many of our records, and have also been kindly
assisted by Mr. E. G. Bayford, who made us a compilation

_of East Riding records in the early vols. of the “‘ Naturalist,”

and by Mr. M. L. Thompson.

* The first list appeared in Vol. I., No. 3 of these Transactions, and
the second list in Vol. I., No. 4. ‘ :

104

HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

The initials, T.S., are those of Mr. T. Stainforth; H.E. J.,

Of Mie Be

Johnson; E. G. B., of Mr. E. G. Bayford;

W...K. B.,-of Mr.-W. kK. Bissils: W. °C. H.;. ofthe nev:
W. C. Hey, M.A., and E. B. W., of Mr. E. B. Wriggles-

worth.

CICINDELID.

Cicindela campestris L. Be-
tween Speeton and Filey.

CARABID.

Cychrus vostvatus L. Brough.
Ee BW wats LV, 1x2
ni? Op GIB Te 0

Cavabus granulatus L. Brough
E. By W.~ Mat. VI., 72.

Elaphrus cupreus Duft. Horn-
sea Mere.

Dyschivius thovacicus Rossi.
Brad: is. Common.

Dyschirius politus De}. Brid.
W. W. Fowler.

Clivina collavis Herbst.
Brough. E. B. W. Nat.

OYA Pry fs
Chlanius nigricovms F. Horn-
sea Mere. W. K. B.

Chlenius holoseviceus F,
Hornsea Mere formerly.
W. K. B.

Oédes helopioides F. Horn-
Sea. VV. is.

Bradycellus distinctus De}.

Filey, 1903. ' ¥. N.U.

Harpalus vupicola Sturm.

Brough. E. B. W.

a calceatus Sturm.

Brid. W. W. Fowler.
Nat. 1886.

Pterosticus anthvacinus Ill.

Wolds. Naturalist 1891.
Hornsea. W. K. B.

Pterosticus gracilis Dej.

We B.
= minor Gyll,

W. cB:
fe diligens Sturm.
7‘ (strenuus Daws).

W. K. B.

ie stviola F. Flam-
borough Head. Hey;
List of Yorkshire Coleop-
tera.
Amara apricavia Payk. Brid.
W. Gon,
5, consulavis Duft. Brid.
W. W. F.
», btfyons Gyll. Brid.
Spuru,;. Wi.
» acuminata Payk.
W. “C. ET. Hormsea,
Wei. IB:
Calathus fuscus F. Spurn.
E.G. B. tase
- flavipes. Fourc.
W. K. B.
Taphria mvalis Panz. W.K.B.
Anchomenus gracilipes Duft.
Hornsea; doubtful.
W.. K.-B.
Anchomenus piceusL. W.K.B.
on puellus Dej.
W.. KB.
Olisthopus votundatus Payk.
Brough. E.B.W. Nat.
Vita gee
Bembidium rvufescens
E.B. We) Nae
7t:
Bembidium assimile Gyll.
Hornsea. W. W. F.

Guer.
WI

THIRD LIST OF EAST YORKSHIRE COLEOPTERA. 105

Bembidium tibiale Duft. Brid.
WW... Nat.; 1886.
My. IK. By

Bembidium affineSteph. Brid.
Mii Ws Fo W. K.-B.

Bembidium saxatile Gyll.
Brid. W. W. F.

Bembidium anglicanum Sharp.
Humber Bank; Filey.
a, a5

Bembidium obliquum Sturm.
W. K. B.

Tachypus flavipes L. Brid.
IW; Co Hi

Trechus discus F. W.K. B.
» wmuibens F. Hull (W.
Spence, ‘‘Stephen’s Man-
ual,”’ 1839, p. 50.

Trechus minutus, var. obtusus
Br Spurn. i. G. B.

Trechus secalis Payk. Shores
of the Humber (W.
Spence and “ Stephen’s
Manual.”’)

Patrobus septentrionis De}.
Bob. W- Nat. V1.,72.

HALIPID#.

Brychius elevatus Panz.
Beveriey.. .oh.2 Hull.
ove. Hi.

Halipius variegatus Sturm.

’ Hornsea. W.W. Fowler.

PELOBIID.

Pelobius tavdus Herbst.
Withernsea. Nat., 1892.

DYTISCIDA,

Deronectes assimilis Payk.
Beverley. W.C. H.
Deronectes 12 pustulatus F.
Driffield. W.C. H.

Celambus confluens F.
Hydroporus vivalis Gyll.
Driffield. W.C. H.
Hydroporus wmbrosus Gyll.

W..C. H.
5 Gyllenhaltt Schiddte.
Wo Capt.
A melanavius Sturm.
GH.
‘5 memnonius Nic.
Brough. E.B. W.
73 obscurus Sturm.
W. C;
<a pubescens Gyll.
Filey, 1903. Y. N. U.
Agabus unguicularis Thoms.
PR Sse se
33 chalconotus Panz.
W..C. Hi.
Rhantus bistriatus Berg.
W.. Cie

* Actlius sulcatus L.

» var. scoticus Burt.

BW. Nat. Vi, 71:

GYRINID.
Gyrinus opacus Sahl. Bever-
ley Wet.
HYDROPHILID#.

Anacena limbata F. Filey,
rg03. -Y.NoU;

Philydrus nigricans Zett.
W's eo TA

ie melanocephalus Ol.
W...C. Ein

Berosus luvidus L. Spurn.
E. G. B.

Limnebtus truncatellus Thoms.
Brcugh. E.B.W. Filey.

Chetarthria seminulum Herbst
Filey; 1903... Y..N.-U.

I

106 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Helophorus nubilus F. Brid.
Market Weighton.
W..C SEL.

Hlenicocerus exsculptus Germ.
Filey, 1903. Y.N:.U.

Sphanidium bipustulatum F.

<3 vay. marginatum
FP. Brough. “E. (G. B.
Nat., Igor.

Cercyon littoralis Gyll. Brid.

», hemorrhoidalis Herbst.
Common.

SrAPHYEINMIDZ.

Chilopora longitarsisEr. Near
Hull, by Mr. Spence,
1832.

Astilbus canaliculatus F. Brid.
We. i

Homalota gregaria Er. Brid.

W. Hey.

- elongatula Grav.
W. K. B.

- graminicola Gyyll.
W. K. B.

Deinopsis evosa Steph.
Wk. B.

Conosoma littoreum L.

W.. K..5B.

Tachyporus solutus Er.E.B.W.

Wat. VIL, 71-72.
33 pustllus Grav.
WKB.

Mycetoporous longulus Mann.
W. K. B.

Hetevothrops binotata Er.
Banks of the Humber.
Steph: Til. V.., 257.

Quedius cruentus Ol. With-

ernsea. Nat. 1892.

» cinctus Payk (impres-

sus Panz.). Horn-

sea, W. K. B.
Withernsea,

Wits Bi:

Quedius tytstis Gfav.
E.B.W. Nat. VL.,

71-78
., molochinus Grav.
Market Weighton.

Nat. 1388.
» nigriceps Kr. Horn-
sea. “W. KoB.
» manrvorvufus Grav.
W..KOBi
., semteneus Steph.
Brid. W.C. H.
,, boops. Grav. Brid.
WG. H.
Staphylinus ervythropterus L.
Sledmere. Nat. 1891.
Ocypus brunnipes F. E.B.W.
Nat. VI.,. 71-72.
Philonthus eneus Rossi. Brid.

Wea
S. unbvatilis Grav.
Wickes:
7 covvinus Er.
W.K. B.

ie discoideus Grav.
Brid: \W.G2He
we micans Grav.
W. K.35:
Cafius xantholoma Grav. Brid.
W. W. Fowler.
Actobius cinervascens Grav.
WK. B.
Xantholinus fulgidus F. With-
ernsea. Nat. 1892.
Othius leviusculus Steph.
Brid.) Wr Coy
Lathrobium quadvatum Payk.
W. K. B.
multipunctum Grav.
Brid. W. W.
Fowler.
Pederus littovalis Grav.
Brough. E. B. W.
Stenus guttala Mill. Brid.
Nat. 1886.

9

REMEAEE,

agar ee

be fit
8 a

*

THIRD LIST OF EAST YORKSHIRE COLEOPTERA. 107

Stenus bimaculatus Gyll.
W....B;
guno FW. Ke. B.
Brid. W.C. H.
» melanopus Marsh.
Brid. W. W.
Fowler.
vafellus Er. W.H.B.
pubescens Steph. Filey,
ges. Ve Nol.
pallitarsis Steph.
W. K. B.
latifyvons Er. W.K.B.
Oxy porus vifus L. Market
Weighton. E.G. B.
Bledius tricornis Herbst. Sunk
Island: Archdeacon
Hey.
avenavyius Payk. Brid.
Nat. 1886.
opacus Block. Brid.
Canon Fowler.
» dissimilis Er. Brid.
Canon Fowler.
Oxytelus laqueatus
Hiley, t903. YN. U.
Deliphrum tectum Payk.
Beverley, taken in cow-
dung, by Mr. Spence,

9

”

”

Kirby M.S. Steph. IIl.,

WV... 341%
5 Ses leviusculum Gy)l.

Bodj Wi.C.o.
topterum Steph.
E. B. W. Nat.

9

Miks5, 7-2.

Eusphalerum primula Steph.

isiid. W. C. HH.

HISTERIDZ.

Saprinus maritimus Steph.
W. W. Fowler.
Hister bimaculatus L. Horn-

Spurn.
sea. Nat: VII, 16:

Marsh.

COCCINELLID.

Anisosticta 19 punctata L.

Brough. E. B. W. Nat.
Vee 72s

NITIDULID.

Carpophilus hemipterus L.
re mutilatus Er.
Foreshore, Marfleet, both
species from decaying
onions in tidal refuse.
i, Pan) ain S.

Epurea melina Er. As pre-
ceeding. H. E. J. and
ins

Meligethes puctpes Sturm.
Filey, 1903. .Y. NoU.

Cychramus luteus F. Brough.
NataVile7l:

LATHRIDIIDZ:.

Corticavria denticulata Gy)l.
Biley1903.) ‘YGNaU:

CRYPTOPHAGIDZE.

Micrambe vit Panz. Filey,
1903.60 Ve Neill.
Atomaria fimetarti Herbst.
Flamb. W. W.
Fowler.
Ms elongatula Er. Brid.
W. W. Fowler.
les Juscipes Gyll. Brid.
and Flamboro’.
W. W. Fowler.

= bevolinensis Kr.
Flamboro. W.
W. Fowler.

mesomelas Herbst.
Filey, 1903.
YoNe UV

108

MYCETOPHAGID#.

Mycetophagus piceus F. Bev-
erley. ‘TS:

GEORYSSID.

Georyssus pygmaeus F. Brid.
Nat. 1886. -W. ~W.
Fowler.

PARNID#.

Elmis eneus Mill. Brough.

Nat. 1891.

LUCANID#.

Lucanus cervus L. A_speci-
men was brought alive
to the Hull Museum
which had been taken
in the town.

Dorcus parallelopipedus L.
Kirkella. J. Porter.
Brough. E.B. W.

Stnodendvon cylindricum = L.
Brough. Nat. 1901.
BG, By
SCARABZID#.

A phodius erraticusL. Brough.
Nat. Viz, 7i.. Eo Bey,
Aegialia avenania F, Spurn.
Ey, ab,
Geotrupes mutator
Flamb.
Wis. 7s
EBs W.
Bes vernalis LL. Brough.
Nat. VI. 7%.
Phyllopertha horticola L. Spurn
C. Russell.
Anomala frischit F. Spurn;
common.

Marsh.
Nat.

HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

BUPRESTID-A.

Trachys minuta L. Brough.
Nat.-VI., 71, E.EQayve

ELATERIDA®.

Lacon murinus L: Hornsea
Metre. Ti. Eee

Agriotes pallidulus Ill. Filey,
79037. Y. Nee:

Corymbites cupreus F. Duns-
yell. T.'S.

Dolopius marginatus L. Filey,
1903. YoU:

DASCILLIDZE.

Dascillus cervinus L. Com-
mon.

Helodes minuta L. Brough.
Nat. 1891. E. G. B:
Microcara livida F.

var. bohemant

Dunswell. T.S.

Mann.

MALACODERMID#.

Ancistronycha abdominalis F.
Brough. Nat. VI., 71.
Begs. W.

Telephorus lividus L.

var. dispar F.

_ Brough. Nat.
ViL,72. Baye
Se bicoloyF. Brough.
| Nat... Vile gre
E. B. W.

bipustulatus L.
Mere. T. S.

Maiachius
Hornsea

PTINID:.

| Hedobia imperialis LL. Brough.
Nat. Igol.

CISS hose.

Cis fuscatus Mell.
BoG. B.

Spurn.

CERAMBYCID#.

Gracilia minuta VF. Hull.

= Ber S55

— Rhagium bifasciatum F.
Brough. Nat. III., 191;
Wels 72

Strangalia avmata Herbst.
iBrd:. Nate VI1., 162,

Monochammus sartor F.
Several specimens from
the docks.

CHRYSOMELID#.

Orsodacna lineola Panz. Very
common in a_ wooded
valley on the Yorkshire
Wolds (Allan Harker).
W. W. Fowler.

_ Donacia thalassina Germ.
Hornsea. H.E.].
ee

Sr impressa Payk.
: Ws 1K. Bs

— Chrysomela marginalis Daft.

Wetwang. Nat. 1891.

— Gastrojdea viridula De G.
Brough. Nat. VI., 72.
Hydvothassa marginella Ls
a Pulfin Bog. H.E.J. T.S.
— Lochmaa caprew L. Brough.
Wat, V1,372-

3 sutuvalis Thoms.
Skipwith Com-
mon.

—— Galerucella sagittarie Gyll.
— Hornsea. H.E.

— -Spheroderma iestacenm F.
Brough. > Nat. VI-;.72.

THIRD LIST OF EAST YORKSHIRE COLEOPTERA. 109

Crepidodera vufipes L. Filey,
19037. YN. U;

Psylliodes marcida 11, Spurn.
W. W. Fowler.

Cassidu flaveolaThumb. Brid.
Tes

Ae equestris F. Brough.
Nat. VIS 72:

TENEBRIONIDA.

Alphitobius piceus Ol. Im-
ported with grain to
Hull.

Guathocerus cornutus F. Hull;
tidal refuse. -

Tribolium ferrugineum F.
H{ull; tidal refuse.

OEDEMERID&.

Oedemeralurida Marsh. Horn-
sea. Nat. VII., 159.

MORDELLID.

Anaspis frontalis L. Horn-
sea Mere.

» geoffroys Mull. Horn-
sea Mere.

CURCULIONID.
A pion

miniatum Germ.
Brough. Nat.

Wilks 72:

* pallipes Kirby.
Withernsea. Nat.
1892.

‘is bohemant Thoms.
Spurn, 1898.
E. G. B

.. radiolus Kirby. Wet-
wang. Nat.1891.

110 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Apion ononis Kirby. Spurn,
1898. --E:.G. 7B.
Exomtas pelluctdus Boh. Spurn
1898. E.G. B.
Phyllobius pomone Ol. Brough.
Nat. VI, -92:
Philopedon geminatus F. Spurn,
Withernsea. H.E.]J.,T.S.
Barynotus obscurus F. Com-
mon.

Barynotus elevatus Marsh.
Brough. Nat.
Wig tye:
Sttones sutuvalis Steph.
Brough. Nat. VI., 72.
Cleonus sulctrostris L. Spurn.
Withernsea.
Tanysphyrus lenna F. Filey,
tg03. Yi. INE
Poophagus sisymbrit F.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF THE DIATOMACEZ#
OF THE HULL DISTRICT.

By R. H. Puitie.

INCE the List of Diatomacez of the Hull District was
published in the Transactions of this Society for r1go1,
a constant search has been maintained for fresh
additions. As was pointed out at that time, the branch of
the Diatomaceous Flora to which the late George Norman
had paid the least attention was the littoral, or sea-shore
species, and consequently it is not surprising that most of
my new records are from this group.

East of Cleethorpes, along the Lincolnshire coast, there
is an area of broad, grassy flats, intersected with narrow
channels, which at high water are filled by the tide and when
it is low become a network of mud troughs with a trickle of
land drainage along the bottom. The cul-de-sacs and back
waters of these channels have proved to be so many traps
for the capture and retention of floating masses of Diatoms,
in lumps of rusty-looking, flocculent matter. Placed under
the microscope, this repulsive-looking stuff yields many
beautiful and interesting forms to reward the _ searcher,
among which special mention may be made of MNavicula
abrupta, N. vacillans, N. Scandinavica (a very fine form, of
which I only found a single frustule), Swrzrella Comis, &c.
The last named species was fairly abundant, even more so
than S. fastuosa, to which it is nearly allied. MNavicula blanda
A. Schm., an interesting form recorded by Cleve in the
North Sea, and by Peragallo in the English Channel, was
very abundant at Cleethorpes.

=e

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF DIATOMACE:. Iil

The rock pools at Filey have also proved a good
collecting ground, yielding amongst large quantities of
Fragilaria striatula, such interesting forms as Amphora
inflexa and Thalasstonema nitsschioides—both rather anom-
alous and troublesome to classify. Van Heurck includes the
former under Amphora on the authority of Cleve, reserving
his own opinion, and Peragallo, who describes the genus
Amphora as ‘‘actuellement le cauchemar (nightmare) du
diatomiste,” follows suit, with evidently some doubt, since
he gives almost equal honour to the old specific name
Okedenia, which was given to it by Eulenstein in honour of
Okeden, an English diatomist, contemporary and correspon-
dent of Norman.

Thalassionema nitsschioides is the name approved by
Peragallo for the latter, and Van Heurck, while retaining it
among the Synedras, says ‘‘It is not a true Synedra.
Perhaps a new genus should be created for it.”

The inland waters have been so well worked by Norman
and others, that many new discoveries can hardly be
expected. Prnnularia sublinearis, which I record here for
the first time in this district, was, | have no doubt,
frequently found by Norman, as I observe in looking through
his note-book, he two or three times mentions having noticed
a Pinnularia ‘‘like P. vérzdis, but with finer striz,’’ which is
an exact description of this form. Pinnularita Hilseana,
which I found in a ditch in Houghton Wood, is a small but
beautiful form of infrequent occurrence.

Perhaps my most interesting find was taken from a ditch
in the low-lying country between the Wolds and the Market
Weighton Canal, described on the map as Hotham Carrs.
This gathering consisted largely of a beautiful form of
Surirella, figured and described in Peragallo’s ‘‘ Diatomées
Marines de France” as Surirella medulicu Per. It appears
to be a variety of S. constricta WSm. (S. Smithi Ralfs.),
distinguished from the type form by its straighter sides.
Peragallo records this variety as found by him in brackish
water at Médoc, a place in the south of France well known
to claret drinkers.

Van Heurck states that Surivella Smithii is recorded fo
brackish waters in England by Wm. Smith, Comber ana
Stolt, and in Ireland by O’Meara. No previous freshwater
records appear to be known, yet here we find it abundantly
in a ditch about five miles from the Humber, and in country
that has not been overflowed by the tide for at least a cen-
tury. It should, however, be noted that the Jurassic rocks

112 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

of this district are very rich in salt, so much so, that some
sanguine people have proposed to mine for it as in Cheshire,
but have so far met with little encouragement from the East
Yorkshire landed proprietor, and also that prior to the
cutting of the Market Weighton Canal, over a century ago,
the country consisted of saline marshes to which the tide
had frequent access. Still the fact that I find it associated
with such freshwater forms as Cymatopleura Solea, Gompho-
nema acuminatum, and Vanheurckia vulgaris ; and that there
are no purely brackish water forms in the same gathering

Surirella medulica.

—unless Navicula integra can be regarded as such—renders
its survival under present conditious for so long a time an
interesting puzzle.

A small percentage of the frustules shows a curious dis-
tortion caused by an indentation on one side of the valve,
as shown in the lower figure. Peragallo’s plates show
similarly distorted forms of Surirel/a labelled as distinct
species, S. rentformis Grun. being a distortion of S. gemma
Ehr., and S. Meumeyeri Jan. of S. fastwosa Ehr.

I am indebted for the drawings for the accompanying
plate to the able pencil of Mr. T. Stainforth.

XI.

PLATE

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF DIATOMACE-E. Bb

PLATE.

Amphora inflexa, Breb., f. 1.

+5 levissima, Greg., Cleethorpes, f. 2.

a exigua, Greg., Hedon, Cleethorpes, f. 3.
Pinnularia sublinearis, Grun., Hessle, Ganstead, Anlaby

Road, f. 4.

- Hilseana, Jan., Ditch in Houghton Wood, f. 5.

“4 Stauntonii, Grun., Cleethorpes, f. 6.

t3 cruciformis, Donk., Cleethorpes, f. 7.

=a quadratarea, A. Schm., Cleethorpes, f. 8.
Navicula blanda, A. Schm., Cleethorpes, f. 9.
= pseudo-retusa, Per., Cleethorpes, f. 10.

- Reinhardtii, var. gracilior, Grun., Hotham carrs,
sa

=" salinarum, Grun., Cleethorpes, f. 12.

- ventricosa (Ehr.) Donk., Market Weighton Canal,
f. 13.

“ vacillaris, A. Schm., Cleethorpes, f. 14.
+5 hyalina, Donk., Cleethorpes, f. 15.
a abrupta, Greg., Cleethorpes, f. 16.
2 Scandinavica (Lag.) A. Schm., Cleethorpes, cae Oy
“4 Schumanniana, Grun. (N. Trochus, Ehr.), Ingle-
mire Lane, f. 18.
ie halophila, Grun., Hedon, Cleethorpes, fae
He Liburnica, Grun., Cleethorpes, f. 20.
33 formosa, Greg., River Hull, Cleethorpes, fe 2.
a inflexa (Greg) Ralfs, Filey, f. 22.
Amphiprora venusta, Grev., Cleethorpes, f. 23.
Achnanthes delicatula, Kutz., Newland, f. 24.
Cocconeis dirupta, Greg., River Hull, f. 25.
Eunotia lunaris, var subarcuata (Naeg.) Grun., Immingham,

f. 26.
Synedra investiens WSm., Newland, Stoneferry, f. 27.
a affinis var. arcus., Marfleet, f. 28.

Thallassionema nitzschioides, Grun., Filey, f. 29.

_ Raphoneis amphiceros var. rhombica, Grun., Filey, f. 30.

Licmophora gracilis, var. minor, Kutz., Filey, f. 31.
Denticula elegans, Kutz., Kelsey Hill, f. 32.
Cymatopleura Solea, var. regula (Ehr.) Ralfs., Spring
Head, Swine Moor, Newland, f. 33.
Surirella Comis, A. Schm., Cleethorpes, f. 34.
medulica, Per., Hotham Carrs, page 112.

1i4 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Nitzschia litoralis, Grun., Cleethorpes, f. 35.

st thermalis (Kutz.) Grun., Stoneferry, Wawne,

Hornsea Mere, f. 36.

ae subtilis, Grun., Hotham Carrs, f. 37.

A incurva, Grun., Cleethorpes, f. 38.

Re epithemioides, Grun., Cleethorpes, f. 39.
Druridgea geminata, Donk., Victoria Dock timber pond,

f. 40.

Biddulphia levis, Ehr., Filey, f. 41.

NOTES ON THE PROGRESS MADE BY THE
CLUB IN 1got-1go2.

(Being the Secretary's Report, read at the Annual Meeting,
October rst, 1902).

HE Society is to be congratulated on the completion of

a most successful year’s work. In no previous part

of the Club’s history has it accomplished so much.

The members have devoted particular attention to the

Natural History of the East Riding, resulting in many most

important discoveries being made. In addition to the fact

that new ‘‘finds” are recorded in the sections already well

worked by the Club, some of our members have taken an

interest in hitherto neglected branches of study, and thus our

knowledge of the fauna and flora of our neighbourhood has
been materially increased.

Since the last Annual Meeting, Volume I., Part IV., with
Index, &c., and Volume II. complete, of the Transactions,
have been issued to the members. The first of these was
distributed last December, and one-half of it was occupied
by a most valuable Memoir on the Diatomacez of the Hull
District, by Messrs. F. W. Mills and R. H. Philip. This,
through the energy and generosity of Mr. Mills, was illus-
trated by no fewer than 17 plates, containing drawings of
about six hundred species of diatoms—an invaluable work of
reference for students of this interesting subject. Reprints
of this work are sold by Messrs. Wesley & Sons, Essex
Street, Strand, at 4s. 6d. each.

The other publication is the ‘‘ Flora of the East Riding
of Yorkshire,” which, by an arrangement with the publishers,

NOTES ON THE PROGRESS MADE BY THE CLUB. 115

has recently been issued to the members as Volume II. of
our Transactions. It contains about 250 pages, and has an
admirable map of the Riding, geologically coloured, by Mr.
W. H. Crofts.

It is gratifying to find that both the publications referred
to have been favourably reviewed all round, the scientific
press being particularly free in praising our work, especially
in regard to the,doca/ nature of the articles and notes.

Lectures.—Four syllabuses have been issued, one for the
six winter months, October, 1901 to March, 1902, and three
covering two months each during the summer. These latter
also contained the Excursion Programmes. It is gratifying
to find that, with one exception, all the Lectures were
delivered by members of the Club. The following is a list
of the addresses given :—

Igor.

Oct. 9.—‘ Flightless Birds.’-—Mr. T. Audas, L.D.S.

Oct. 23.—‘‘ Coal Products.’’-—Mr. A. R. Warnes, M.S.C.I.

Nov. 6.—‘‘The Chrysanthemum, its History, Cultivation, and Develop-
ment.’’—Mr. J. W. Wilson, F.R.H.S., &c.

Nov. 27.—‘' Some Types of Weather in the British Isles ‘’ (Lantern).—Mr.
G. H. Gore, M.A.

Dec. 4,—‘‘ The Diatoms of the Humber.’’—Mr. R. H. Philip.

Dec. 18.—‘‘A Ramble along the Yorkshire Ccast’’ (Lantern).—Mr. T.
Sheppard, F.G.S.

1902.

Jan. 8.—‘Insanity.""—Dr. J. Hollingworth, M.R.C.S.

Jan. 22.—‘' Birds” (Lantern).—Mr. H. M. Foster.

Feb. 5. —‘‘ Notes on the Early History of Hull.”—Mr. E. Lamplough.

Feb. 19.—‘‘ The Birds of Bempton Cliffs’ (Lantern).—Mr. E. W. Wade.

Mar. 5.—‘‘ Functions of Leaves.’'—Mr. J. Schofield.

Mar. 19.—‘‘ Plant Movements.’’—Mr. J. I", Robinson.

April 2.—‘‘ Cellulose.”—Mr. A. R. Warnes, M.S.C.I.

April 16.—‘‘ Birds and their Nests” (Lantern).—Mr. E. W. Wade.

April 30.—'t Aquatic Generations of Terrestrial Plants’’ (Lantern).—
Mr. H. Knight.

May 14.—‘' Odontology.’’—Mr. H. Wallis, L.D.S.

May 28.-—‘‘Notes on the Flora of Japan.’’—Mr. J. W. Wilson, M.A.,
F.R.H:S.

June 11.—‘‘ Holderness Water Sculpture, Part I.''—Mr. G. H. Hill.

June 25.—‘‘ Notes on Coleoptera.”—Mr. T. Stginforth.

July 23.—Microscopical Evening, ‘‘ Pond Life.''"—Members.

Aug. 6.—‘‘ Holderness Water Sculpture, Part II.’'"—Mr. G. H. Hill.

Aug. 20.—‘* Marine Zoology of the Humber’’ (Lantern).—Mr. T, Petch,
B:Se:,; BAe

Sept. 3.—‘‘ Yorkshire Naturalists at Sedbergh.’’—Mr. R. H. Philip.

Sept. 17.—‘‘ Water Beetles, their Natural History and Evolution.’’—Mr.
H. E. Johnson.

Most of these Lectures were illustrated by specimens,
diagrams, &c.

116 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

During the winter months the Members of the Microscope
Section met on alternate Wednesdays, in connection with
which the following special syllabus was prepared :—

1goI. .
Nov. 20.—‘‘ Microscopic Forms of Vegetable Life.""—-Mr. R. H. Philip.
vec. 11.—'* Microscopic Structure of Alge, &c.”—Mr. J. Schofield.

1902. :
Jan. 15.—‘' Microscopic Structure of Phanerogamia.’’—Mr. J. F.

Robinson.

Feb. 12.—‘‘ Foraminifera, &c.’’—Mr. H. E. Johnson.
Feb. 26.—‘t Zoophytes.’’—Dr. J. Hollingworth.

On July oth the members spent an evening at the
Municipal Museum, in Albion Street, which had recently
been opened to the public. The Curator described the most
interesting exhibits, and also read a paper on ‘‘ The Educa-
tiona! Advantages of Museums.”

Excursions.—All through the summer, Saturday after-
noons, Bank Holidays, &c., have been devoted to field work,
and though we have for many years been traversing East
Yorkshire in pursuit of Natural History, the excursions
during the past summer have been well attended, and many
new records have been made in the different sections. The
following is a list of the plaees visited :—North Cave, Filey
and Scarborough (with Hull Geological Society), Hall Ings,
Wawne, Kelsey Hill, Barton and South Ferriby, North
Ferriby, Immingham, Haltemprice Lane, North Grimston
(with Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union), Paull, Pulfin Bog and
Driffield (by invitation of the Driffield Naturalists’ Society),
Hornsea Mere and Aldborough (with Hull Geological
Society), Kirby and Bentley, Newport and Walling len,
Leven Canal and Beverley (by invitation of the President,
Mr. T. Audas, L.D.S.), Sutton, South Cave, &c. (with Hull
Geological Society), Western Reservation, Hedon and Salt-
end, Brock-o-dale and Askern, Little Weighton, and Ferriby
and Hessle.

On the occasion of the Driffield excursion we were hos-
pitably entertained by our members there, tea being kindly
provided by Mr. and Mrs. Dry. The visit to Leven Canal
and Beverley will also long be remembered by those who
were there, partly on account of the glorious walk along the
Canal and Hull Bank, and partly on account of the excellent
manner in which the President had arranged to appease the
appetites acquired during the afternoon.

Natural History Survey of Hornsea Mere.—The Committee
having decided to thoroughly investigate the Natural History

kes coal

NOTES ON THE PROGRESS MADE BY THE CLUB. 1S

of Hornsea Mere, several visits have been made to that
locality by the members, collectively and individually. During
the next twelve months it is hoped to devote much attention
to this interesting locality, with the view of eventually pub-
lishing a memoir dealing with all aspects of the Mere.

Membership. — ‘Twenty-nine new members have been
elected during the year, which brings the present total to
176, only a slight increase, however, upon last year’s number,
owing to the number struck from the rolls and resigned being
so great. We have also to record the death of the Rev.
J. T. Harwood, of Driffield, who was an excellent botanist.

The Attendance at both summer and winter meetings has
been up to the usual standard, averaging about 4o during
the winter months and 30 during the summer.

British Association Meeting.—Your Secretary attended
the Conference of Representatives of Scientific Societies, at
the British Association Meeting at Belfast last month, as
delegate from this Society. Many matters were brought
forward of interest to our members, mainly in reference to
the lines upon which Scientific Societies should work.

NOTES ON THE PROGRESS OF THE CLUB
DURING 1902-3.

(Being the Annual Report of the Secretary, read at the
Annual Meeting, held on September 30th, 1903 ).

T is once more my pleasant duty to record that the work
of the Society during the past twelve months has been
quite up to the usual standard.

Transactions.—It was announced at our last Annual
Meeting that the ‘‘ Flora of East Yorkshire”’ has just been
completed and issued to the members as Vol. 2 of our
Transactions.

For the present year a volume is in preparation and will
be in the hands of the members very shortly. Part of the
volume has already been issued as a reprint, viz., Wade’s
‘** Birds of Bempton Cliffs.”

Four papers read at our meetings have been printed

elsewhere :—Mr. Philip’s on a ‘‘Ramble round Bowes”’

appearing in the Leeds Mercury Supplement for August 15th,
and the Secretary’s on ‘‘ Hull’s Contribution to Science” in

118 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

the ‘‘ Naturalist” for June, July, and August, 1903 ; Mere J.
Nicholson’s ‘‘ Loose Leaves from Driffield,” privately printed,
and the Rev. Ww. C. Hey’s ‘‘ Shore Collecting at Filey and
Scarborough,” in the ‘‘ Naturalist’ for September.

Valuable as the contents of past publications have been,
there yet remains much to be done in the direction of
publishing local lists. We still require a list of Land, Fresh-
Water, and Marine Shells of East Yorkshire; a list of the
various Fungi of the district ; and there are other particulars,
mostly referring to the Microscopical section, which require
working in a similar manner. It is pleasing to find that
several of the members are taking up work in this connection,
and we hope before long to publish the results in our annual
volume.

In addition to the income derived from the sale of Mr.
Wade's painphlet, the Society has received financial assist-
ance from the sale of Transactions and the ‘‘ List of Diatoms ”
previously published.

Lectures.—Since the last Annual Meeting three Syllabuses
have been issued ; one for the Winter Session, October, 1902,
to March, 1903, and two Summer Syllabuses of three months
each. The Lectures given during the year have been as
under :—

1992.

Oct. 15.—Presidential Address.—Mr. J. Fraser Robinson.

Oct. 29.—'‘A Swiss Ramble with the Hand Camera’ (Lantern).—
Dr. J. Hollingworth, M.R.C.S.

Nov. 12.—‘'East Yorkshire Boulders and their Sources" (Specimens).—
Mr. J. W. Stather, F.G.S.

Nov. 26.—'tA Chat about Beetles’? (Lantern)—Mr. E. G. Bayford,
Barnsley.

Dec. 3.—‘' The Micro-Organisms and Disease" (Lantern).—Dr. J.
Wright Mason, M.B., D.P.H., Medical Officer of Health.

Dec. 17.—‘‘ Loose Leaves from Driffield.”—Mr. J. Nicholson, F.R.H.S.

Jan. 7.—‘'tSome Records of East Hull.’’"—Mr. T. Blashill, F.R.LB A.

Jan. 21.—‘*‘ The Mammalia" (Lantern).—Mr. H. M. Foster.

Feb. 4.—‘‘ Notes concerning the Perfume of Plants.’’—Mr. W. Mans-
bridge.

Feb. 18.—‘Some Notable Local Conchological Records.’"—Mr. F. W.
Fierke; 1M.C-S:

Mar. 4.—‘' Some Stray Thoughts on Birds.”’—Mr. F. Boyes.

Mar. 18.—‘‘ Hull’s Contribution to Science.'’—Mr. T. Sheppard, F.G.S.

April 1.—‘t Photo-Micrography ”’ (Lantern).—Mr. A. Assert.

April 15.—'t The Blowpipe in Geology and Mineralogy ”’ \(Experiments).—
Mr. A. R. Warnes, M.S.C.I.

April 29.—'‘ A Ramble between North Cave and Newport.’’— Mr. R. H.
Philip.

May 13.—‘‘ ey ae oe ne J. F. Robinson.

May 27.—‘! Fresh-Water Rhizopods.’’--Mr. H. R. Philip.

NOTES ON THE PROGRESS MADE BY THE CLUB. 18 ge)

June 10.—* Shore Collecting at Filey and Scarborough,” by the Rev. W.
C. Hey. Read by the Secretary.

June 24.—‘‘ Ants” (with Diagrams).—Mr. T. Stainforth.

July 8.—‘‘ Micro-Lepidoptera.’’—Mr. W. Mansbridge.

July 22.—“ The Delta of the Hull.’’—Mr. G. H. Hill.

Aug. 5.—‘' Holiday Notes.’"—Mr. R. H. Philip.

Aug. 19.—‘‘ Some Conchological Studies.’’—Rev. E. P. Blackburn.

Sept, 2.—‘* Podurae.’’—Mr. H. M. Foster.

Sept.16.—‘‘ Adaptation of Flowering Plants to their Seasons. ’—Mr. H.
Knight.

Most of these Lectures were illustrated by specimens,
diagrams, &c.

During the winter months, in addition to the fortnightly
Lectures, meetings have been held on the alternate Wednes-
day nights, which were chiefly of a practical and informal
character. For these nights the following Syllabus was
carried out :—

1902.
Nov. 5.—Exhibition of Botanical Specimens by Members.
Nov. 19.—Conversational Evening.
1903.
Jan, 14.—Exhibition of Photographs of Local Bird Life by Mr. C. W.
Mason.
Jan. 28.—‘*Mounting Diatoms in Phosphorus.’’—Mr. H. M. Foster.
Feb, 11.—‘' Fred Good on Paul.’’"—Read by Mr. E. Lamplough.
Feb. 25.—Conchological Evening.
Mar. 11.—Conversational Evening.

Mr. C. Crossland, F.L.S.—In October, 1902, Mr. C. Cross-
land, F.L.S., of Halifax, the Secretary of the Yorkshire
Mycological Committee, spent a week-end in the district,
and also delivered an address on ‘‘ The Structure and Classi-
fication of the Fungi” at a special meeting held at the
Museum. Mr. Crossland’s enthusiasm has certainly done
good to our Society, and already several members are
working at the Fungi as a result of his visit.

Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.—On December roth, 1902,
the Annual Meetiny of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union was
held at Hull, when the President’s Address was delivered by
Mr. P. F. Kendall, F.G.S., entitled ‘‘ Some Problems in the
Distribution of Animals and Plants.” By the permission of
the Hull Corporation, a Conversazione was afterwards held
in the Museum; the members of the Union being entertained
by the Hull Geological Society and ourselves. A _ special
Exhibition was also held in the Museum, which was highly
appreciated, and on the following day a visit was paid to the
new section at Kelsey Hill.

Excursions.—The following Excursions have been held
during the summer :—From April 4th to June 27th, 1903, the

120 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Club visited Sutton and Wawne, Bridlington (with Hull
Geological Society), Hornsea Mere, Newport, Ferriby and
Brough, Leconfield, Patrington, Hornsea Mere (with Leeds
Conchological Society), Swine, Filey (with Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union), Sproatley, Barton and South Ferriby,
Pulfin Bog, and Hornsea Mere again.

From July 4th to September 25th the Club visited :—
Skipwith Common, Driffield, Barton and South Ferriby,
Hornsea (for the beach), Birkhill Wood, Filey, Bowes
(Y.N.U.), Kelsey Hill, North Cave (for Snake Hall), Horn-
sea Mere, West Dock Reservation, Hutton Cranswick (for
Watton Abbey), Wharncliffe Crags (Y.N.U.), Hornsea Mere,
Helmsley.

One of the earliest of these was in connéction with the
Y.N.U. visit to Filey, which in point of numbers was one of
the best attended meetings of the Union. At some of our
Excursions, the newly-formed East Riding Nature Study
Committee has taken part, to the mutual advantage of our
Society and the Committee. Monthly visits have been paid
to Hornsea Mere in connection with the proposed Monograph
of the Natural History of the Mere, which the Club proposes
to issue.

Membership.—During the past year the usual disagreeable
duty of erasing the names of certain members from our list
on account of arrears of Subscription and other causes has
had to be performed, but this has been counterbalanced by
an increase of 20 members, leaving the present total 177, as
against 176 last year.

Attendance.—The attendances at the indoor meetings
have been most satisfactory, but on the Excursions, with a
few exceptions, it has not been what might have been
expected, although to a large extent this is no doubt due to
the glorious uncertainty of our ‘‘ Summer” weather.

Press.—It is our duty to thank the local press for the
assistance they have given the Club in the matter of reports
of our Excursions and Meetings.

Finances.—One particularly pleasant feature in connection
with this Society is that, notwithstanding the amount of work
its members have accomplished, and the number of pages
taken up thereby in our annual Publications, the Club’s
finances remain in a satisfactory condition. This is prin-
cipally due to the fact that its Publications have been of such
value that there has been a demand for them amongst the
scientific public, and to the fact that we have a hard-working
Treasurer.

ery 4

~ THE NATURALIST.

_A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the North of England.

‘Wy. " Edited by } { ;
THOMAS SHEPPARD, F-.G.S., and T. W. WOODHEAD, F.L-S.

Price 6d. Monthly, or 5s. per Annum if paid in advance to
the Editors, at the Museum, Hull.

The New Volume commences January 1st.

SBIR tse ALES AAs AN AES
E. Amongst the Contents of the 1903 Volume are the following
_ papers of particular interest to East Yorkshire readers :—

‘ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

' Botanical Survey for Local Naturalists’ Societies ; Dr. W. G. Smith,—York-
Ei shire Glacier Lakes. —The Modern Method of Studying Agarics; G. Massee,
. -F.L.S., V.M.H., &c.—Holderness Birds; T. Petch, B.Se., B. A.—Economic
"Fungi; J. H. Holland, F.L.S.—New Freshwater Mites; C. F. George
rh M.R.C.S.—Christmas Afternoon’s Fungus Ramble ; W. N. Cheesman.—
4 Beavers in East Yorkshire ; Thomas Sheppard, F.G.S.—Equipment of the
Field Naturalist ; Rev. A. Thornley, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S.—-Bibliography,
Geology, and Palzontology, 1900 and 1901 5 T. Sheppard, F.G.S.—Some
Points in the Biology of the Hepatice ; F. Cavers, B.Sc.—Lincolnshire
Galls; Rev. E. A. W. Peacock and Miss S. C. Stow.—Yorkshire Natura-
lists at Cowthorpe, Filey, Goathland, Bowes, Wharncliffe, and Helmsley.
—Pre-historic Jet Ornaments from East Yorkshire ; J. R. Mortimer.—
Hull’s Contribution to Science; T. Sheppard, F.G.S.—-The Chemistry of
some Common Plants; P. Q. Keegan, LL.D.—Pied Flycatcher in York-
shire ; J. Braim.—Diatoms near North Cave ; R. H. Philip.—Observations
on Rooks; Juliet V. Blackburn.—-North of England Pseudoscorpions ;
_ &H. Wallis Kew, F.Z.S.—An Oolitic Plant Bed in North Cleveland ; Rev.
= J. Hawell, M.A., F.G.S.—Raven's Nest on Louth Steeple in 1693; C. S.
_ Carter, M.C.S.—Notes on Yorkshire Bryophytes; F. Carvers, B.Se.—
~ Some Holderness Myxomycetes; T. Petch, B.Sc., B.A.—Snails and Spiders
on Towers; H. Wallis Kew.—Shore-Collecting near Scarborough-and
Filey ; Rev. W. C. Hey.—River Flies as the Food of the Pied Flycatcher ;
Miss M. L. Armitt.—Marine Zoology at Filey ; T. Petch, B.Sc., B.A.—
Notes on the Vegetation of Ponds [at Filey]; Dr. W. G. Smith.—York-
shire Coleoptera in 1902, &c.

Amongst the Short Notes are :—

> Cottingham Churchwardens’ Accounts. —Gamekeeper’s Hoard at Kirk Smeaton.
_ —Fork-tailed Petrel at Grimsby.—Little Bustard at Kilnsea.—-White’s
> Thrush in Yorkshire.—Moles and their Fortresses.— Ringing Bees. —
Albino Birds in Yorkshire.—The Birds of Yorkshire.— Diatoms near
_ Grimsby.—Nature Study.—Beetles and Electric Light.—A Scarborough
" “Naturalist.”—Seal at Ulrome.—-Scottish Rocks in East Yorkshire.—
Birds of Bempton Cliffs.—Relics of the Stone Age.—An East Yorkshire
' Erratic. — Bos primigenius in Holderness.—Coast Erosion.—British Bronze
Axes.—Great Spotted Woodpecker near Spurn.—Hepatics new to York-
shire.—Mammoth’s Tusk at Brough.—Pike at the Hempholme Lock.—A
New Yorkshire Fossil.—Ancient Earthworks.—Woodchat Shrike at Spee-
ton.—Lepidoptera near Selby.—Beluga at Scarborough.—Albino Hedgehog
and Mole.—An Early Scandinavian Relic.—Pre-historic Bone Disease.—
In Memory of Samuel Chadwick.—The Yorkshire Chalk.—Snails on
Bridlington Priory Tower.—Pigmy Flints.—Partridge Motherhood. —Early
Burials in East Yorkshire.—Diatoms at Filey Brig, &c.

, ae The Articles are illustrated by numerous plates and illustra-
_ tions in the text.

Che Birds of Bempton Cliffs,

By E. W. WADE.
| Ilhusts bad, by 19 Photographs taken by the Author. Demy 8vo. Price 2s. net. a:

Geological Rambles in East Yorkshire.

By THOMAS SHEPPARD, F.G.S.

247 pages, Demy Svo., suitably bound in cloth, 7s. 6d.

With over 50 Illustrations from Photographs, &c., by GoprrEy BincLey and others, .
and a Geological Map of the District.

Che Flora ot the East Riding of Yorkshire,

INCLUDING A PHYSIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.

By JAMES FRASER ROBINSON.
With a List of the Mosses, By J. J. MARSHALL.

And a Specially Prepared Coloured Geological Map, showing the Botanical Divisions of the!
District.

253 poges, Demy Svo., Bound in Cloth Boards, 7s. 6d.
A Special Interleaved Edition has also been prepared for Notes, 10s. 6d. net. —

_ Bull Dyuseum Publications.

By THOMAS SHEPPARD, F.G.S.,

CURATOR.
Price 1d. each. Postage extra.

No. I.—The Whale’s Skeleton. (Notes on the Skeleton of Sibbald’s Rorqual in the Hull
Museum.) (Illustrated. ) >
II.—Specimens Recently Added. Second Edition. (Illustrated.) >
II.—Loeal Antiquities, &c., in the Hull Museum. (lIllustrated). Second Edition. 4
I1V.—The Ancient Model of Boat, and Warrior Crew, from Roos Carrs, near Withernsea:
(Illustrated). 74
ed .—An Unpublished Manuscript Map of the River Hull, dated 1668 ; &e. (Illustrated)...
ViI.—Karly Hull Tobacco Pipes and their Makers. (Illustrated). Bie
VUI.—Old Hull Pottery (Illustrated), and East Riding Geology. ; ‘
VIII.—Hull Coins and Tokens. (Illustrated). By W. Sykes.
IX.—Quarterly Record of Additions, No. I. (Illustrated).
X.—Remains of Ichthyosaurus Thyreospondylus, from the Kimeridge Clay of
Yorkshire ; Educational Adyantages of a Museum; &c. Soap:
X1.—Quarterly Record of Additions, No. Il. (Mlustrated).
X1.—Quarterly Record of Additions, No, III. (Illustrated).
XIII.—-Quarterly Record of Additions, No. IV. (Illustrated).
X{V.—Additional Notes on the Roos Carr Images. (Illustrated).
XV.—Quarterly Record of Additions, No. V. (Illustrated).
XVI. lay apHaAY. ie of Additions, No. VI. (Hlustrated).

- the Diatomaceee of the Bull Distri I.

(With Illustrations of GOO Species.) z-
By F. W. MILLS, F.R.M.S., and R. H. PHILIP. —
Price 4s. Gd. net. Sold by William Wesley & Sons, 28, Esser Street, Strand, London.

Pi

.

\

Pua oie Gur Ran? & MEE Sp re
CSTs! dite dy ech St ah al Mtoe 2 ;
4 Rare A te F
ao : : : 9 EB. 1905
f $ i » 5 = t

x pre ection

“OF THE

ul It Scientific and &
3 ‘Field. Naturalists’ Club

“FOR THE YEAR 1904.

VOL. Ill. Parr II.

Boul 3 a eRIeR) 216 “NET

. ( Free lo Members. )

: “Soup BY
; Sons 1 Lm, * Savine St & Kinc bellies St., Hut.

ei de ~ 1904.

“CONTENTS:

eae OF Voume ML, Part IL; 1904. pee ey
ek With 8 Plates and Mstratons m the Ti ext. z

'

as | = ) oe
The: Published Records of. the Laad and ‘Fresh-water bay
ees ; “Mollusca of the East Riding, weith: Additions. es ae

(Platée)/.° Tells BSE eA = oa eae

_ Roman Villa at Harpham; East Yorks: (Plates). Thomas , . oi
Sheppard, B.G.5; ER re eae : : 0 Ae ae a a o

“List of the guste Larve of Biss: occuring in the- Hull
‘District. H. eM, Fosters) ov irs ; os nue

Mc, 'T. ‘Petch, B.Sc.;B:Ay “2 J.F.Ri *(Plate)/?-)'° %, Ae aa

East Yorkshire Botanical Notes in 1904. ° c. Waterfall Me Re
and J. F. Robinson. — . aap A: ie “184

The Committee's Report on. ther Work of the Club during’ .
1903-4 i ee te ae ot

7 Ke
’ r “4
- SHort Nores :— | 6 Reel,

_ Marine Zoology in the East Riding, 1904. T. Petch .

_Notes on the East Yorkshire Fauna . ayy ae : 2

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ull Scientific

Field Maturalists’ Club.

“7 SHEPPARD, F.G:S.

a THE PUBLISHED RECORDS OF THE LAND AND
FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST
RIDING, WITH ADDITIONS.

By T. Percn, B.Sc., B.A.

Mollusca of the East Riding are to be found in the
£ “‘ Historie Animalium Anglie ” of Dr. Martin
Lister (1678-81), though the only definite East Riding
locality is that for Viviparus contectus, ‘‘near Bubwith |
_ Ferry,” in the immediate neighbourhood of our present
stations for this species. Several of Lister’s records for
the York district were repeated by Pennant (Brit. Zool.
me 1812), Maton and Rackett (Linn. Trans. vol. viii., 1807),
and others, but no additions were made till 1840, when
the Rev. W. Hincks, in a criticism of Gray’s Turton
(Annals of Nat. Hist. ser. i., vol. v., p. 366), enumerated

six species, four of which were not given by Lister. The ©

same observer furnished several records in Forbes and

ae earliest records of the Land and Fresh Water ‘

122 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Hanley’s ‘‘ History of British Mollusca” (1853), but
apparently he did not publish a list.

In 1844 Captain Thomas Brown included in his ‘‘ Illus-
trations of the Recent Conchology of Great Britain,”
records of three species from the neighbourhood of Hull.
These are WNeritina fluviatilis, ‘‘in many of the slow-
running rivers, as the Humber ;” Drezssensta polymorpha,
‘‘in many places in the canal between Manchester and
Hull;” Unio rostrata (=U. pictorum), ‘‘1 found this
species in the canal near Hull.” Needless to say, there
is no such canal, while the description of the Humber
suggests that Captain Brown never saw it. This record
of Unio pictorum is repeated by Forbes and Hanley to
justify their synonyms, and they also give the first reliable
record for the eastern division of the Riding, Cyclas
lacustris, ‘*‘ Hornsea,” on the authority of H. Strickland,
who later contributed ‘‘ Helix ericetorum m. sinistrorsum,
Bridlington,” to Jeffrey’s British Conchology (1862-69).

Since 1860 the following lists relating wholly or in
part to the East Riding have been published :—

S. W. North.—L. and F.W. Mollusca found near York.
Magazine of Natural History and Naturalist vol. i.
(1860), p. £39. This includes species which occur
within a radius of two or three miles, generally
without localities.

W. C. Hey (Rev.).—Contributions to a better knowledge
of Yorks. L. and F.W. Mollusca. Journal of
Conchology vol. ii. (1879), pp. 310-314.

J. D. Butterell.—(1) List of the L. and F.W. Mollusca
of Hull and Vicinity. Naturalist vol. iv. (1878-9),
pp. 70-75. (2) List of L and F.W. Mollusca found
at Hornsea, July, 1880. J. of C. vol iii. (1880-82),
pp. 136-7. (3) List of L. and F.W. Mollusca
observed in the neighbourhood of Beverley. J. of C.
vol. 3, pp. 289-296

R. M. Christy. —L. and F.W. shells of the neighbour-
hood of York. Zoologist series 3, vol. v. (1881),
Pp- 175-185, 242-249.

J. S. Gibbons, M.D.—List of shells collected at Burling-
ton, Bempton, Speeton, and Flamborough Head,
Vorks.-5J.208 (©: -vol..atig"p. 299.

C. Reid.—Mollusca of Hornsea Mere in ‘‘ Geology of
Holderness,” 1885.

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. 123

G. Roberts (and J. Beanland).—Mollusca of Wressle and
neighbourhood. Nat. vol. xi. (1886), pp. 311-314.

Wm. Nelson and J. W. Taylor.—List of Yorkshire
Mollusca: pt. 1, 1877, Spherium to Anodon ; pt. 2,
1880 (published 1883), Drezssensza to Valvata; pt. 3,
1883 (published 1885), Valvata to Pl. spirorbis ;
pt. 4, 1884 (published 1886), Pl. vortex to Pl.
contortus ; pt. 5, 1890 (published 1891), Physa to
L. peregra. (Trans. Yorks. Nat. Union).

E. P. Blackburn (Rev.).—Mollusca of Driffield and
neighbourhood. Nat. vol. xxix. (1904).

The above are referred to in the list by initials or name

only.

Additional records are to be found in the many notes and

papers contributed to the Journal of Conchology and the
Naturalist by Messrs. J. W. Taylor, Wm. Nelson, W.
Denison Roebuck, W. C. Hey, L. B. Ross, F. W. Fierke,
and others; and Messrs. Hey and Fierke have written
articles on the Mollusca of Flamborough and Hornsea for
‘‘Flamborough, Village and Headland” (1894), and Fretwell’s
- Guide to: Hornsea (no date) respectively. Notes by the
compiler of the ‘present list have been published in the
“* Transactions of the Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’
Club,” vols. i. and iii.

The accounts of the visits of the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union to various localities in the East Riding furnish many
records or confirmatory evidence of the existence of rare
Species, on the authority of Messrs. J. W. Taylor, W. D.
Roebuck, and other West Riding conchologists. The
following table gives what information it has been possible
to collect with regard to these excursions; but in
estimating the value of records in excursion circulars, it
must be remembered that the more recent of these merely
summarise the recorded mollusca of a wide area, often
without definite localities and in many cases not in the

district visited :—

HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

124

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LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. 125

Lists of species found in the lacustrine deposits of Holder-
ness have been given by J. Phillips (Geology of Yorks. 1829:
ard ed., 1875), H. F. Hall (Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc.
1866-7, pp. 38-45), C. Reid (Geology of Holderness, 1885),
and the Rev. W. C. Hey (Nat. 12, p. 374). Messrs. Wood
and Rome (Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. 24, p. 154), give
genera only, without localities. In August 1892, Mr.
F. W. Fierke and myself spent several days in exploring
the deposits between Kilnsea and Barmston, and _ speci-
mens obtained then are deposited in the Hull Museum;
we did not find any land shells.

I have not been able to consult the Bootham Observer,
mentioned by Mr. R. M. Christy, nor the Yorks. Naturalists’
Recorder, referred to by Mr. J. E. Harting in ‘‘ Rambles in
Search of Shells.”’ Neither is included in the British
Museum Catalogue. The various publications of the York-
shire Societies are in most cases represented in the British
Museum Library by odd numbers only, and for this reason I
have not seen ‘‘ Forms of pond snails in Yorkshire,” W.C.
Hey (Ann. Rep. York Phil. Soc. for 1883, 1884, pp. 32-35).
Doubtless other records exist in the many natural history
periodicals which have perished on the vza media of popular
science and field work, but every effort has been made to
render the list a complete summary of all that have been
published.

The East Riding divides naturally into three well marked
regions—the Plain of Holderness, the Wolds, and Derwent-
land. Full details of the physiography of these divisions
will be found in Mr. J. F. Robinson’s ‘‘Flora of the East
Riding ;” roughly they consist of boulder clay, chalk, and
alluvium respectively. The rainfall lies between 25 and 30
inches per annum over the greater part of the Riding, falling
below 25 inches on the Patrington-Spurn peninsula, and
exceeding 30 in the neighbourhood of North Grimston and
Sledmere. This variation has apparently no effect on the
distribution of mollusca.

From a conchologist’s standpoint Derwentland is remark-
able for the number of natural and artificial watercourses,
which intersect it in all directions. The Ouse on the west,
the Derwent and its tributaries, the Foulney, the Market
Weighton and Pocklington canals, and the many agricultural
drains combine in making it specially rich in aquatic forms,
thirty-eight species being recorded for this division, two of
which, Viviparus -contectus and Spherium rivicola, are not
found in the other two. This abundance has attracted the

126 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

attention of several West Riding conchologists, and the
neighbourhood of Howden, Wressle, and Newport has been
well searched for aquatic species by Messrs. G. Roberts,
J. Beanland, and Wm. Nelson, but probably for the same
reason terrestrial mollusca have been in most cases neglected,
and we have few records of the smaller land species. An
additional reason may be found in the fact that the ‘‘ waste ”’
land of this division, though more extensive than in the other
two, consists of large sandy commons whose molluscan
fauna may be concisely enumerated as in the Skipwith
circular (124), ‘‘no mollusca are to be found on the common
itself.” Yet, granting this, it is not obvious why alluvium
shall be less productive than boulder clay ; and the absence
of records may be attributed to lack of workers rather than
to a real difference in distribution. Of the northern and
central portions of Derwentland very little has been recorded.
The mollusca of York and district have been tabulated many
times, and few works on British Conchology fail to cite
York as a locality for rare species, but the majority of
recorders have preferred to follow Dr. Martin Lister in the
North and West rather than the East Riding. General
records for the Ouse below York have been included here ;
a more exact investigation may remove them from the East
Riding list. No records have been found for that part of
the valley of the Derwent which lies to the north of the
Wolds.

In the central division, which includes all the elevated
land of the Riding, aquatic mollusca are rare since the
porosity of the chalk precludes the formation of natural ponds
and the artificial ponds are usually barren or contain Pzszdza,
L. peregra, and L. truncatula only. Its list of aquatic
species, however, reaches 30, chiefly from the ponds on the
boulder clay in the neighbourhood of Filey and Flamborough,
and it has its own peculiar form in Ancylus fluviatilis, which
is almost confined to the small streams of its slopes. The
numerous dales, chalk pits, and beech woods make this
region richer in land species than the other two, and even fir
woods on chalk are not barren: Clauszlia laminata, Pupa
anglica, Limax cinereo-niger, Limax arborum, and Amalia
sowerbyi are found in this division only, while Aelzx
granulata and Clausilia rugosa have only been found outside
it at Wressle and Langwith respectively. It is characterised
by the presence of Helix rufescens and Clausilia, and the
relative abundance of Helix hortensts, H: arbustorum, and
H. ttala. The investigation of this area commenced with the

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. 127

visits of the Goole Scientific Society to Brough and Welton
Dale in 1876, and the work of the Rev. W. C. Hey in the
Filey district, and of Mr. J. D. Butterell near Hull about the
same date. More recently various localities in the south
have been frequently visited by Hull naturalists. The coast
from Filey to Bridlington, the neighbourhood of Beverley,
and the southern extremity of the Wolds have all been
thoroughly searched, but, with the exception of a few places
along the Driffield and Malton Railway, the central and
northern parts have not received any attention. It is highly
probable that careful search in these parts, especially along
the northern and western slopes would add several species to
the list, e.g., Helix lapicida, H. fusca, Hyalinia glabra,
Hy. excavata, Aseca tridens, Acicula lineata, Cyclostoma
elegans, H. lamellata, all of which are found in the North
Riding. From the present records, many of the more
primitive species appear to have been entirely driven out of
the East Riding by more highly organised forms. Pupa
anglica, however, still exist in small numbers on the cliffs
of Filey and Speeton.

The Plain of Holderness resembles Derwentland in the
number of its watercourses and the abundance of aquatic
species, though the ditches of the boulder clay on the east
are not very productive. In the hollows of the boulder clay,
however, where the agricultural drains traverse the sites of
former marshes (e.g., between Marton and Aldborough), the
conditions are similar to those which prevail in the valley of
the Hull, and consequently aquatic forms are well distributed
throughout the district. As large areas lie below the level
of spring tides, and nearly the whole of the surface drainage
finds its way to the sea vé@ the River Hull, the importance
of maintaining an unobstructed passage for it has been
appreciated from the earliest times. Mr. J. D. Butterell’s
observation that the constant cleansing of ditches and drains
prevented the arrival at maturity of the larger species is
confirmed by Mr. F. W. Fierke (Fretwell’s Guide, p. 56),
and probably the same fact may account for the absence of
some ; cleaning an agricultural drain involves not only the
cutting and removal of weeds, but the periodic excavation of
the entire bed of the stream.

Forty-two species of fresh water mollusca have been
recorded for this division, four more than for Derwentland,
though the advantage is somewhat doubtful as the occurrence
of Viviparus viviparus, Unio tumidus, and Unio pictorum
needs confirmation. P’szdium milium, Segmentina nitida,

128 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Limnea glutinosa, and Paludestrina jenkinst have not been
found in the other two divisions. The scarcity of Planorbzs
vortex and abundance of P. spzrorbis is a marked feature,
and a similar contrast is seen between P. /fontfanus and
P., nautileus. P.umbtlicatus is very common, and all grada-
tions between this and P. carinutus may be found. If the
determination of P. parvus is correct, it is the only species
found in the lacustrine deposits which does not exist in the East
Riding at the present time. Limncea auricularia, L. stagnalis,
and Z. palustris are local. Both limpets are uncommon,
Ancylus being found on the west only, while Vel/efza occurs
also sporadically on the east; only one of the localities
recorded for Verztina is east of the Hull. As indicated
above, Unzo is rare. Dretssensia has not been found in the
Hull docks or timber ponds, where the water is salt except in
the new Alexandra Dock. Conchology seems to have been
neglected by the earlier Hull naturalists: a small collection
made by George Norman, now in the Hull Museum, contains
land, freshwater, and marine shells, British and Foreign,
without names or localities. Mr. J. D. Butterell’s lists for
Hull, Hornsea, and Beverley (1879-1883) form the foundation
of our knowledge of the mollusca of this area, and his thorough
investigation of the valley of the River Hull has afforded a
sufficient reason for the absence of detailed lists by later
workers. Mr. L. B. Ross is responsible for many records in
the neighbourhood of Driffield, but has not published a full
list ; and the work of Mr. F. W. Fierke, whose knowledge
of the Hull district is unrivalled, is represented by brief notes
only.

With the exception of a small area in the neighbourhood
of Brandesburton, the whole of this district has been well
investigated, and for this reason the smaller land species
appear as numerous as in the central division. Aelix
hortensis, H. arbustorum, H. rufescens are rare or local, and
HT, granulata is not known. The small plantations of
Holderness yield better results in the winter months than in
the summer, 4. aculeata, H. pygmaa, Vertigo edentula, Pupa
umbtlicata, &c., being then more easily found, but they are
not rich in woodland species, probably because all are of
recent growth. There is no record of Claustlia, and Bulea
has only been found in small numbers on trees in hedgerows;
these are, however, the only East Riding stations for this
species. On the coast, H. virgata and H. caperata abound,
but H. zfala occurs more frequently on the gravels inland,
approaching the coast only at Hornsea.

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. I29

Omitting Helix lapicida and Aszeca tridens, which are
included in the Census, but of which no record has been
q + found, 100 species have been recorded for the Riding.

These are distributed as follows :—
.
/
The Plain of Found
Derwentland. Wolds. Holderness. in all.
Eanes ye") 3039 52 47 37
Fresh water. 38 30 42 28
4 77 82 89 65

Derwentland only: (2), Viviparus contectus, Spherium
rivicola.

Wolds only : (7), Lémax cinereo-niger, L. marginatus, Amalia
sowerbyt, Testacella scutulum, Claustlia laminata,
Pupa anglica, Hyalinia lucida.

Holderness only : (8), Amalia gagates, Testacella haliotidea,
Balea perversa, Vertigo minutissima, Segmentina
nitida, Limnea glutinosa, Paludestrina jenkinst,
Pisidium milium.

Derwentland and Wolds: (2), Helx granulata, Clausilia
rugosa.

Derwentland and Holderness: (8), Vivéparus viviparus,
Bythinia leachit, Neritina fluviatilis, Unio tumidus,
U. pictorum, Anodonta anatina, Pisidium amnicum,
P. henslowanum.

Wolds and Holderness: (8), Avion subfuscus, A. intermedius,
Agriolimax levis, Helix itala, H. pygmea, Vertigo
antivertigo, Planorbis fontanus, Sphaerium lacustre.

Initials only, without references, are used to indicate
records in the tabulated lists, thus :—‘‘W.C.H.” refers
to Mr. Hey’s paper in the Journal of Conchology ;
- “W.C.H. in R.M.C.” refers to a record by Mr. Hey
included in Mr. Christy’s list ; and ‘* W.C.H. circular Ga?
_ to one on the Yorks. Naturalists’ Union excursion circular
_ bearing that number. “Y.N.U. 1883” signifies that
the species was found on the East Riding excursion for
_ that year, and is included in the report of such excursion.
_ Records _initialled ‘©T,P.” have not been previously
_ published.

130 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

List oF ABBREVIATIONS.

EP B Blackburn, G.R. . . Roberts, G.

the Rev. E. P.| W.D.R. . Roebuck, W. Denison
J.W.B. . Boult, J. W. J. W.T. Taylor, J. We
J.D.B. |. Butterell, J. D. N. & T. . Nelson & Taylor.
R.M.C. . Christy, R. M. J. of C. . Journal of Conchology
F.W.F. . Fierke, F. W. Nat. . . The Naturalist.
J.S.G.__. Gibbons, J. S., M.D. Y.N.U. . Yorkshire Naturalists’
W.C.H.. Hey, the Rev. W. C. Union.
S.W.N North, S. W. Mon. . . Monograph.
duals Petch, T.

Arion ater (Linn).
Generally distributed throughout the Riding.

Derwentland.— York district, very abundant (R.M.C.). Allerthorpe
(Y.N.U. 1893). Wressle, banks of Derwent (G.R.).

Wolds.—Howsham Woods (Y.N.U. 1889). Kildwick Percy (J.D.B.
3rd circular, 1885; Y.N.U. 1885; circular 106). Sledmere (Y.N.U.
1891) North Grimston, plentiful (Y.N.U. 1902). Filey (W.C.H.
2nd circular, 1883; Y.N.U. 1883; Y.N.U. 1903). Flamborough
(F.W.F. circular 116). Danes Dyke (Y.N.U. 1886). Brough
(Y.N.U. 1901).

Holderness.—-Driffield, banks of canal, ‘‘all five species of Arion”
(J.D.B. circular 145). Beverley, generally distributed ; abundant
in Pighill Lane (J.D.B. 3). Hornsea, common (J.D.B. 2; Y.N.U.
1881). Hull district, very common (J.D.B. 1). Withernsea (F.W.F.
circular 99); on the cliffs (J.D.B. Nat. vol. 17, p. 253). Common
in Holderness ; Spurn (T.P.).

Var. albolateralis Roebuck:—Danes Dyke (Y.N.U. 1886). Flam-
borough (F.W.F. circular 116), probably refers to the previous
record. Railway Bridge, Hedon, three specimens, April 1904 (T.P.).

Var. brunnea Rbk :—Aldborough (T.P.).

Arion subfuscus Drap.
Not included in the Census (J. of C., vol. 10, pp. 217, &c.).

Wolds.—Filey (Y.N.U. 1903).

Holderness.— Driffield, banks of canal, ‘‘all five species of Avion’
(J.D.B. circular 145).

.

Arion intermedius Normand.

Wolds.—Filey, first ravine south (Y.N.U. 1903). North Grimston,
several (Y.N.U: 1902). Sledmere (Y.N.U. 1891). Welton Dale
(Y.N.U. 1901). Drewton Dale (T.P.). North Cave (T.P.).

Holderness.—Driffield, banks of canal, ‘‘all five species of Avion’
(J.D.B. circular 145): fairly common in the district (E.P.B.).
Hornsea (Leeds Conch. Soc., Yorkshire Weekly Post, July 11th,
1903). Withernsea (F.W.F. circular 99). Not uncommon amongst
moss or dead leaves in marshy places: Roos Bog; Bale Wood,
Aldborough; Tansterne; Hedon; Kelsey Hill; Spurn (T.P.).

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. I31

Arion circumscriptus Johnst.

Derwentland.—Allerthorpe (Y.N.U. 1893).

Wolds.—Filey, first ravine south (Y.N.U. 1903). Lowthorpe (Y.N.U.
1890). Sledmere (Y.N.U. 1891). North Grimston, common
(Y.N.U. 1902). Brough (Y.N.U. 1901). Drewton Dale (T.P.).

Holderness.—Driffield, banks of canal, ‘‘all five species of Arion”
(J.D.B. circular 145). Hornsea, woods north of mere ; Bale Wood,
Aldborough ; Hedon; Burstwick ; Humbleton ; Cottingham (T.P.).

Arion hortensis Fer.

Derwentland.—York district, abundant beneath logs of wood (R.M.C.).

Wolds.—Filey, cliffs (W.C.H. 2nd circular, 1883; Y.N.U. 1883).
Flamborough (F.W.F. circular 116). Danes Dyke (Y.N.U. 1886).
Sledmere (Y.N.U. 1891). North Grimston, several (Y.N,U. 1902).
Kildwick Percy (J.D.B. 3rd circular, 1885; Y.N.U. 1885; J.D.B.
circular 106). Brough (Y.N.U. 1901). Drewton (T.P.).

Holderness.— Driffield, banks of canal, ‘‘ All five species of Avion”
(J.D.B. circular 145). Hornsea, common (J.D.B. 2). Beverley,
everywhere (J.D.B. 3). Hull district, very common (J.D.B. 1).
Common in Holderness (T.P.).

Amalia gagates (Drap.).

Holderness,— Withernsea (J.D.B. circular 99); on the cliffs (J.D.B.
' Nat. vol. 17, p. 253).

Amalia sowerbyi Fer.

Not in the Census.
Wolds.— Filey, ‘‘in the ravine,’’ (Y.N.U. 1883 ; Y.N.U. 1909).
Holderness.—Hull, ‘‘Limax sowerbyi?” in gardens (J.D.B. 1).

Limax maximus Linn.

Derwentland.—York district, common (R.M.C.). Newport nr.
Staddlethorpe, abundant (T.K. Skipwith, in Taylor, Mon. 2, p. 49).
Allerthorpe, var. fasciata (Y.N.U. 1893).

Wolds.—Howsham Woods (Y.N.U. 1889). Kildwick Percy (Y.N.U.

1885; circular 106). Flamborough (F.W.F. circular 116). Danes
Dyke (Y.N.U. 1886). Lowthorpe (Y.N.U. 1890). | Sledmere
(Y.N.U. 1891). North Grimston, var. fasczata, plentiful (Y.N.U.
1902).

a ‘Holderness.— Driffield, banks of canal (J.D.B. circular 145): in garden

(E.P.B.). Beverley (F. Boyes, Nat. 7, p. 171); not common, Long
Lane (J.D.B. 3); common in gardens, Westwood (J.D.B. in
Taylor, loc. cit.). Hornsea (J.D.B. 1); in cellars and outhouses
(J.D.B. 2). Withernsea (Y.N.U. 1892). Hull, common in gardens
(J.D.B. 1.). In stickheaps, &c., fairly common, Aldborough ;
Burstwick ; Hedon; Kelsey Hill, var. fasciata ; Humbleton (T.P.).

132 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

The following varieties are quoted from J. W. Taylor,
Mon. il. pp. 41-49.

Var. vinosa Baud. Beverley, Oct. 1884 (J.D.B.). Var. fasciata Raz.
Beverley, Oct. 1884 (J.D.B.): Sledmere, Aug. 1891. (F.W.F.).
Var. tetrazona Taylor, Beverley, Sept. 1884 (J.D.B.). Var. cellaria
D’Arg., gardens, Westwood, Beverley, Sept. 1884 (J.D.B.). Var.
tigris Adams ms., Beverley, Oct., 1884 (J.D.B.).

Limax cinereo-niger Wolf.
Var. maura Held.

Not in the Census. Probably overlooked in other localities
on the Wolds.

Wolds.—Brantinghamthorpe (Y.N.U. 1901 ; Faylor, Mon. ii. p. 69).

Limax flavus Linn.

The absence of records of this species is no doubt due to
its preference for the neighbourhood of houses.

Derwentland.—Newport, near Staddlethorpe, abundant in gardens,
Aug. 1883 (T.K. Skipwith, Taylor, Mon. ii. p. 86).

_~Wolds.—Kildwick Percy (Y.N.U. 1885 ; circular 106).

Holderness.— Beverley, abundant in gardens, Westwood, Sep., 1884,
(J.D.B., Taylor. loc. cit.). Hornsea, (J.D.B. 1); in cellars, rather
common (J.D.B. 2). Hedon; Aldborough (T.P.). Driffield in
garden (E.P.B.).

Limax marginatus (Miill.).

Not in the Census. Probably limited to the central
division.
Wolds.—Howsham Woods, (Y.N.U. 1889). Sledmere (Y.N.U. 1891).
Both confirmed by Mr. J. W. Taylor (Mon. ii. p. 99).

Agriolimax agrestis Linn.

Derwentland.—York district, ‘‘abounds" (R.M.C.). Allerthorpe
(Y.N.U. 1893). Wressle (G.R.).

Wolds.—Filey, cliffs (W.C.H. 2nd circular, 1883; Y.N.U. 1883;
Y.N.U. 1903). Flamborough (F.W.F. circular 116). Danes Dyke
(Y.N.U. 1886). Lowthorpe (Y.N.U. 1890). Sledmere (Y.N.U.
1891). North Grimston, (Y.N.U. 1902). Kildwick Percy (J.D.B.
grd circular, 1885; Y.N.U. 1885; circular 106), Brough (Y.N.U.
1901).

Holderness. — Driffield, banks of canal (J.D.B. circular 145); everywhere
(E.P.B.). Beverley, common everywhere (J.D.B. 3). Hornsea,
very common (J.D.B. 2; Y.N.U. 1881). Withernsea (F.W.F.
circular gg); on the cliffs (J.D.B. Nat. 17, p. 253). Hull district,
very common (J.D.B. 1). Abundant everywhere ; Spurn (T.P. ;
Y.N.U. 1904).

Var. nigra Morelet :—Beverley (F. Boyes Nat. 7, p. 202); in gardens
(J.D.B. Nat. 8, p. 185) ; described as new (J. of C. 4. p. 27).

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. 133

Agriolimax levis Miill.

Wolds.—Filey, first ravine south (Y.N.U. 1903). Flamborough (F.W.F.
circular 116). Danes Dyke (Y.N.U. 1886). Kildwick Percy
(Y.N.U. 1885 ; circular 106). Drewton Dale (T.P.).

Holderness.—Driffield, banks of canal (J.D.B. circular 145). Beverley
district, in moist places ; generally distributed, but not numerous ;
Leckonfield, Meaux, Risby, and banks of R. Hull (J.D.B. 3).
Hornsea (Leeds Conch. Soc., Yorkshire Weekly Post, July 11th,
1903). Generally distributed in damp woods and marshy places
throughout Holderness; Bale Wood, Aldborough; Roos Bog ;
Hedon ; Humbleton (T.P.).

Testacella haliotidea Drap.

This and the following species are obvious introductions.

Holderness.— Beverley, Swailes' Nursery Gardens (J.D.B. Nat. vol. 8,
p. 185; J. of C. vol. 4, p. 67).

Testacella scutulum Sby.
Wolds.—Woodleigh, Hessle, F. Mason (Webb, J. of Malac. vol. 6, p. 26).

Vitrina pellucida (Miill.).

This species is most active in the winter months. A
search then would probably show that it is as common in
Derwentland and the Wolds as in Holderness.

Derwentland.—York district (S.W.N.); very general, but not abun-
‘ dant (R.M.C.).

_ Wolds.—Howsham Woods (Y.N.U. 1889). North Grimston, a few
3 (Y.N.U. 1902). Sledmere (W.D.R. circular 93; Y.N.U. 1891).
Lowthorpe (Y.N.U. 1890). Filey ( W.C.H. 2nd circular 1883 ;
Y.N.U. 1883; Y.N.U. 1903). Brough and Welton (Goole Sec.
Soc., Nat. 2, p. 179; J.D.B. circular 69; F.W.F. circular 157 ;
Y.N.U. rg01). Drewton Dale (T.P.).

Holderness.—Driffield (L.B. Ross circular 145); all over, some of them
uncommonly beautiful (E.P.B,). Beverley district, abundant if
sought for early in spring ; Westwood ; plantations near Rowley,
and Meaux (J.D.B. 3). Meaux, long plantation (J.D.B., J. of C. 3,
P- 332). Hornsea, in woods near the Mere (J.D.B. 2). Spurn (5th
circular 1884; Y.N.U. 1884). Hull district, generally distributed
(J.D.B. 1). Abundant in Holderness in plantations and thorn
fences, especially during the winter ; it may be found crawling on
the under side of branches in stickheaps when the upper side is
coated with ice; Hedon, abundant Dec. 24, 1902; Thearne, Jan. 1,
1904 (keen frost) ; Tansterne, Lelley, Humbleton, Aldborough, Jan.
5, 1904 (T.P.). Cottingham (J.W.B.).

Hyalinia lucida (Drap.).

' _ Wolds.—Tibthorpe (E.P.B.); identification confirmed by Mr. J. W.
Taylor.

134 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Hyalinia cellaria (Miill.).

Derwentland.—York district, abundant (S.W.N.); generally dis-
tributed (R.M.C.). Wressle (G.R.).

Wolds.—Howsham Woods (Y.N.U. 1889). Sledmere (Y.N.U. 1891).
North Grimston, plentiful (Y.N.U. 1902). Filey, cliff (W.C.H. 2nd
circular 1883; Y.N.U. 1883; Y.N.U. 1903), Flamborough, in
copses (W.C.H. circular 62; F.W.F. circular 116). | Bempton
(W.C.H.; J.S.G.). Danes Dyke (Y.N.U. 1886). Lowthorpe
(Y.N.U. 1890). Brough and Welton (J.D.B. circular 69 ; Y.N.U.
1901). Hessle, fine (J.D.B. 1.)

Holderness. —-Driffield, banks of canal (L.B. Ross, circular 145); abundant
(E.P.B.). Beverley district, common almost everywhere ; Cherry
Tree Lane (fine), Meaux, Westwood, Molescroft, and in gardens
(J.D.B. 3). Hornsea, in woods, plentiful under decayed wood
(J.D.B. 2). Meaux, long plantation (J.D.B. J. of C. 3, p. 332).
Withernsea (F.W.F. circular 99). Hull district, common (J.D.B. 1).
Common in Holderness (T.P.).

Hyalinia alliaria (Miller).
A common species in at least two divisions.

Derwentland.—York district, rare, though well distributed (R.M.C.)
Allerthorpe (Y.N.U. 1893).

Wolds.—Howsham Woods (Y.N.U. 1889). Kildwick Percy (Y.N.U.1885;
circular 106). Sledmere (W.D.R. circular 93). Lowthorpe (Y.N.U.
1890). Filey, cliff (W.C.H. 2nd circular 1883). Bempton (W.C.H. ;
J.S.G.). Flamborough, in copses (W.C.H. circular 62). Risby
(J.D.B. 1), plentiful (J.D.B. 3). Skidby; Hessle (J.D.B. 1).
Harland Rise (J.D.B. 3). Brough (Y.N.U. 1901). North Cave (T.P.).

Holderness.—Driffield, banks of canal (J.D.B. circular 145); abundant
(E P.B.). Molescroft ; Meaux (J.D.B. 3). Meaux, long plantation
(J.D.B., J. of C. 3, p. 332). Hornsea, in woods sparingly (J.D.B. 2).
Swan Island (F.W.F. Fretwell's Guide, and circular 150). Withern-
sea (F.W.F. circular 99), Common in Holderness plantations and
stickheaps; Birkhill Wood; Thearne; Coniston; Burstwick; Thorp
Garth, Aldborough; Skeffling; Spurn; Hedon, &c. (T.P.).
Cottingham (J.W.B.).

Hyalinia nitidula (Drap.).

Generally distributed, but not as common as the last
species except in the neighbourhood of York.

Derwentland.— York district, common (S.W.N.); commoner than I
have ever seen it elsewhere (R.M.C.). -Allerthorpe (Y.N.U. 1893).
Wressle, river bank (G.R.).

Wolds.—Howsham Woods (Y¥Y.N.U. 1889). Kildwick Percy (Y.N.U.
1885; circular 106). North Grimston, common (Y.N.U. 1902).
Sledmere (W.D.R. circular 93; Y.N.U. 1891). Filey cliffs
(W.C.H. 2nd circular, 1883). Flamborough (F.W.F. circular 116).
Danes Dyke (Y.N.U. 1886). _ Lowthorpe (Y.N.U. 1890). Brough
and Welton Dale (Goole Sc. Soc., Nat. 2, p. 179; J.D.B. circular
69; J.D.B.1; Y.N.U., 1901). Ferriby, on the Humber bank (J.D.B.
circular 69). Hessle (J.D.B. 1). Drewton Dale (T.P.).

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. 135

; Holderness.— Beverley district, not common, Westwood, Cherry Tree
Lane (J.D.B. 3). Hornsea, hedgerows, not frequent (J.D.B. 2).
Anlaby Road, Hull (J.D.B. 1). Keyingham (J.D.B. 1). Withernsea
(J.D.B. J. of C. 6, p. 397). Sparingly in hedges and plantations ;
Sutton; Hedon; Kelsey Hill; Cherry Cob Sands ; Patrington ;
Aldborough (T.P.). Driffield district abundant (E.P.B.). Cot-
tingham (J.W.B.).

Hyalinia radiatula (Alder).

Rare, even if all the records are correct.

Derwentland.—York district, common round York (R.M.C.).

Wolds.—Flamborough, in copses (W.C.H. circular 62). Sledmere
(W.D.R. circular 93 and J. of C. 6, p. 395). Risby (Beverley
F.N. and Sc. Soc. Nat, 7, p. 170) ; sparingly (J.D.B. 3).

Holderness.—Hornsea (Leeds Conch. Soc., Yorkshire Weekly Post, July
11th, 1903); south side of Mere (E.P.B.). Hull district, banks of
Barmston Drain (J.D.B. 1).

Hyalinia pura (Alder).

Rare, except on the Wolds; apparently a characteristic
shell of elevated districts.

Derwentland.—York district, scarce (R.M.C.). Allerthorpe (Y.N.U.
1893). Wressle (G.R.).

Wolds.—North Grimston, a few (Y.N.U. 1902). Sledmere (T.P.).
Harland Rise ; Westwood ; plentiful (J.D.B. 3). Risby (Beverley
F.N. and Sc. Soc. Nat. 7, p. 170; J.D.B. 3). Skidby ; Hessle
(J.D.B. 1). Brough and Welton (J.D.B. circular 69; F.W.F.
circular 157). Welton (J.D.B. 1). Brantingham Dale (Y.N.U.
1901). South Cave (F.W.F. circular 111). Drewton Dale (T.P..).

Holderness.—Meaux (J.D.B. 3). Hornsea, in woods sparingly (J. D.B. 2).
Wassand end of mere (F.W.F. Fretwell’s Guide and circular 150).
Withernsea (J.D.B. 1). Driffield district, common (E.P.B..).

Var. margaritacea (Jeff.):—North Grimston (Y.N.U. 1902). Sledmere
(T.P.). Beverley Westwood (J.D.B. Nat. 8, p. 185).

Hyalinia crystallina (Miill.).

Common throughout the Riding.

Derwentland.—Common at York (W.C.H.). Allerthorpe (Y.N.U. 1893).

Wolds.—Howsham Woods (Y.N.U. 1889). North Grimston, a few
(Y.N.U. 1902). Sledmere (W.D.R. circular 93; Y.N.U. 1891).
Filey, cliff (W.C.H. 2nd circular, 1883; Y.N.U. 1883; Y.N.U.
1903). Speeton (J.S.G.).. Flamborough (F.W.F. circular 116).
Danes Dyke(Y.N.U.1886). Lowthorpe(Y.N.U.18g90). Londesborough
(J.D.B. circular 75). Brantingham Dale (Y.N.U. 1901). Brough
and Welton (J.D.B. circular 69 ; F.W.F. circular 157). Drewton
Dale (T.P.).

A

136 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Holderness.—Beverley district, common; Harland Rise; Leckonfield ;
drift, Beverley Beck; Westwood; Risby; Meaux (J.D.B. 3).
Withernsea (F.W.F. circular 99). Hull district, pretty generally
distributed (J.D.B. 1). Common in Holderness; Hornsea ;
Aldborough ; Spurn ; Hedon; Patrington ; Birkhill Wood (T.P.).
Driffield district, pretty nearly anywhere (E.P.B.).

Hyalinia fulva (Miill.).

A common East Riding shell on all soils and even on
pure sand.

Derwentland —York district, very well distributed but far from being
common: Langwith Wood (R.M.C). Dryham Plantation (T.P.).

Wolds.—Filey, cliff (W.C.H. 2nd circular 1883 ; Y.N.U. 1883; Y.N.U.
1903). Flamborough (F.W.F. circular 116). Danes Dyke (Y.N.U.
1886). Lowthorpe (Y.N.U. 1890). Sledmere (W.D.R. circular 93 ;
Y.N.U. 1891). North Grimston, one (Y.N.U. 1902). South Cave
(F.W.F. circular 111). | Harland Rise (J.D.B. 3). Skidby (J.D.B.
1). Risby (Beverley F.N. and Sc. Soc. Nat. 7, p. 170; J.D.B. 3).
Welton (J.D.B. 1). Brough and Welton (J.D.B. circular 69 ;
F.W.F. circular 157; Y.N.U. 1901). Drewton Dale; Brantingham ;
North Cave (T.P.).

Holderness.— Drift, Beverley Beck (J.D.B. 3). Meaux, very abundant
(J.D.B. 3); long plantation, abundantly, (J.D.B. J. of C. 3, p. 332).
Hornsea, woods at Wassand end of Mere (F.W.F. Fretwell’s Guide
and circular 150). Hull district, banks of Barmston drain (J.D.B.
1), Spurn (T.P. Trans. I. 99). Birkhill Wood (T.P.). Common
in Holderness plantations and = stickheaps; Thorp Garth,
Aldborough ; Tansterne ; Bale Wood ; Roos Bog; Hedon (T.P.).
Driffield district, common everywhere (E.P.B.).

Hyalinia nitida (Miill.).

This species is usually found among wet moss in marshy
places, and such localities are not common.

Derwentland :—York, common (S.W.N.). Allerthorpe, in a ditch at the
entrance to the common (Y.N.U. 1893).

Wolds.—-Filey (Y.N.U. 1883). South Cave (F.W.F. circular 111,
probably referring to Weedley Springs). Weedley Springs (T.P.).
Kelleythorpe (T. P.).

Holderness.—Hornsea (J.D.B. 1): in marshy places near the mere,
plentiful (J.D.B. 2; Y.N.U. 1881; F.W.F. Fretwell’s Guide and
circular 150; T.P. Trans. I. 99). Hull District, banks of Barmston
drain (J.D.B. 1). Drift, Beverley Beck ; Cottingham (J.D.B. 3).
Roos Bog (T.P.).

[Hyalinia excavata (Bean).

This species is recorded for the North Riding from York
(R.M.C.) and Scarborough, but has not yet been found in
the East Riding. It is probable that a search on the
northern slope of the Wolds would add it to our list. |

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. 137

Helix rotundata Mill.

A common species in plantations and hedgerows in all
parts of the Riding.

Derwentland.—Common everywhere (W.C.H). York District, common
(S.W.N.); everywhere(R.M.C.). Allerthorpe(Y.N.U.1893). Wressle,
frequent (G.R.).

Wolds.—Howsham Woods (Y.N.U. 1889). Kildwick Percy (Y.N.U.
1885; circular 106). North Grimston, common (Y.N.U. 1902).
Sledmere (Y.N.U. 1891). Filey plantation (W.C.H. 2nd circular,
1883). Hessle ; Skidby ; Risby (J.D.B. 1). Ferriby, Humber bank
(J.D.B. circular 69). Brough (F.W.F. circular 157 ; Y.N.U. 1901).
Hessle (J.D.B. in Taylor Mon. 1, p. 28). Fairly general but not in
large numbers ; Scarborough Road; Cowlam; Sledmere; Bainton ;
(E. P.B.).

Holderness.—Beverley district, Harland Rise; Risby; Cherry Tree
Lane; Molescroft ; plantation near Long Lane ; locally abundant
(i: D:B:. 3): Drift, Beverley Beck (J.D.B. 3). Withernsea
(F.W.F. circular 99). Abundant in hedgerows and plantations in
Holderness; Hedon; Burstwick; Boreas Hill; Enholmes; Bale
Wood ; Aldborough ; Humbleton; Hornsea, woods north of Mere,
&c. (T.P.). Wansford Road, Driffield (E.P.B.).

Var. turtoni Flem. :—-York district, a few examples (S.W.N.) ; fairly
common (R.M.C.).

Var. alba Mog. : —Howsham Woods (Y.N.U. 1889). Hessle (J.D.B. 1);
five specimens (J.D.B. Nat. 4, p. 25).

Helix pygmezea Drap.

Wolds.—Sledmere (Y.N.U. 1891). South Cave (F.W.F. circular 111).
Brough (F.W.F. circular 157). Ferriby, on the Humber bank, at
roots of furze (J.D.B. circular 69). Beverley Westwood, scarce
(J.D.B. 3). Driffield (L. B. Ross, J. of C. 4, p. 356). Welton
Dale ; Drewton Dale (T.P.).

Holderness.—Hornsea, woods north of mere ; Spurn (T.P. Trans. I. 99).
Generally distributed in Holderness, but never abundant; most
easily found in the winter ; Roos Bog; Preston, on hedge clippings
on the Lelley Road; spinney on roadside, Lelley ; spinney north of
the railway, Twyers; Hedon ; Kelsey Hill ; Humbleton (T.P.).

[Helix lamellata Jeff. ~

_Not recorded for the East Riding. It occurs sparingly
among Zusuda at Raincliff Woods and Hackness, a few miles
beyond the Riding boundary, and abundantly among Lugula
at Hayburn Wyke and among beech leaves in Mulgrave
Woods (F.W.F. and T.P. Sept. 1894). |

a

138 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Helix aculeata Miill.

Not in the Census, though recorded for all three divisions.
It is fairly common in plantations.in Holderness and on the
Wolds.

Derwentland.— York district, rare (S.W.N.) ; rare, Langwith (J. Back-
house in R.M.C.).

Wolds.—Sledmere (Y.N.U. 1891). South Cave (F.W.F. circular 111),
probably referring to Drewton Dale. Drewton Dale (T.P.).
Brough (F.W.F. circular 157). Chalk pit at Tibthorpe (E.P.B.).

Holderness.—Beverley Westwood, scarce ; plantation near Long Lane,
moderately common on decayed wood (J.D.B. 3). Hornsea, woods
at Wassand end of mere (F.W.F. Fretwell’s Guide and circular 150);
woods north of mere (T.P.). Bale Wood, Aldborough (T.P. Trans.
I. 99). Twyers, Hedon, spinney north of the railway, Dec. 31,
1903; Kelsey Hill, April 4, 1904; Tansterne; Birkhill Wood ;
Humbleton (T.P.).

Helix pulchella Miill.

Derwentland.—York district, common about York (W.C.H.); rather
rare, hedgebanks, Heslington (H. Richardson in R.M.C.). Aller-
thorpe (Y.N.U. 1893).

Wolds.—Filey (Y.N.U. 1903). Bempton station (W.C.H. Nat. 12, p.
374, and ‘‘ Flamborough,” p. 136). Flamborough (F.W.F. circular
116). North Grimston station, several (Y.N.U. 1902) Hessle,
Beverley, Skidby, Welton (J.D.B. 1). Brough and Welton, (Goole
Sc. Soc. Nat. 2, p. 179; J.D.B. circular 69; F.W.F. circular 157).
Drewton Dale ; Brantingham ; Sledmere (T.P.).

Holderness. —Drift, Beverley Beck (J.D.B. 3). Hornsea, under moss in
a field near the mere (J.D.B. 2). Withernsea (F.W.F. circular gg).
Generally distributed throughout Holderness, but seldom abundant;
frequent under stones on roadsides near the sea; Kelsey Hill,
abundant among wet moss; Marton, footpath to Withernwick ;
Spurn; Mappleton; Hedon; Lelley; Tansterne; Aldborough
(T.P.). Driffield, in great quantities on Wansford Road and
generally (E.P.B.). Cottingham (J.W.B.).

Var. costata Mull. :—Skidby ; Welton (J.D.B. 1). Brough and Welton
(J.D.B. circular 69; F.W.F. circular 157). Harland Rise and
Westwood, abundant (J.D.B. 3.) Drewton Dale ; Sledmere (T.P.).
Mappleton ; Kelsey Hill; Hornsea ; the usual form under stones in
dry places (T.P.). Cottingham (J.W.B.).

Sub-fossil; Hornsea beach, (H. F. Hall). Sewerby cliff (W.C.H.
‘© Flamborough,” p. 136).

|Helix lapicida Linn.

Included in the Census. No published records of this
species have been found relating to the East Riding.
Helmsley seems the nearest locality. ]

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. 139

Helix aspersa Miill.

Derwentland.—York district ; everywhere (S.W.N.); far too common
(R.M.C.). Wressle (G.R.).

Wolds. —Filey, cliffs (W.C.H. 2nd circular 1883 ; Y.N.U. 1903). Bempton
| (J.S.G.). Flamborough (F.W.F. circular 116). Burlington
: (W.C.H.). Bridlington (W.C.H. circular 62; Y.N.U. 1886).
Lowthorpe (L. B. Ross, circular 84; Y.N.U. 1890.) Sledmere
(Y.N.U. 1891). North Grimston (Y.N.U. 1902). Kildwick Percy
(Y.N.U. 1885; circular 106). Sancton (Y.N.U. 1888). Brough and
Welton (J.D.B. circular 69; F.W.F. circular 157; Y.N.U. 1901).
Ferriby, Humber bank (J.D.B. circular 69).

Holderness.— Driffield (T. W. Bell, J. of C. 5, p. 221); banks of canal
(L. B. Ross and J.D.B. circular 145); found generally (E.P.B.).
Leckonfield ; Long Lane, Pighill Lane, Cherry Tree Lane, Queens-
gate Road, and gardens, Beverley (J.D.B. 3). Meaux (J.D.B.
3). Hornsea, extremely abundant, especially near the sea (J.D.B.
2). Withernsea (J.D.B. Nat. 17, p. 253). Spurn (5th circular
1884; Y.N.U. 1884; Y.N.U. 1904). Hull district, common (J. D.B. 1).
Everywhere (T.P.).

Var. conoidea Picard :—Bridlington Quay, road to Flamborough
(W.C.H. in J.W.T., J. of C. 4, pp. 89, &c. ; W.C.H. circular 62).

Var. minor Mog. :-—Riccall (J.W.T. loc. cit.). Filey ; Spurn (T. P.).

Var. fenuwior Shuttl.:—York district; common (R.M.C.). ‘‘ This
variety has been several times recorded for Yorkshire, but without
sufficient foundation ” (J.W.T. loc. cit.). ,

Var. flammea Picard :—Burstwick (T.P.).

Var. exalbida Menke :—Bridlington, road to Flamborough.(W.C.H.
in J.W.T. loc. cit.; W.C.H. circular 62; Y.N.U. 1886; F.W.F.
circular 116; W.C.H. ‘‘Flamborough” p. 136). Hornsea (F.W.F.
Fretwell’s Guide and circular 150; T.P. Trans. I. 100); first
found by Mr. J. W. Boult ; it occurs here on a hedge bank faced
with cobbles ; though the bank is about four hundred yards in
length, it is only found over a distance of two or three yards,
and seldom more than two specimens at once; 1891-1903 (T.P.).

Helix nemoralis Linn.

Interesting details of the differences in colouring, weight,
&c., between specimens from the Wolds and from Scar-
_ borough are given by Mr. W. Gyngell, Science Gossip,

_ m.s., vol. 7, 1900-01, p. 286. It appears to be equally
common in all districts ; perhaps most abundant in Holder-
_ mess though this is uncertain since the number seen depends
altogether upon the weather. It is very abundant on Spurn
Point—a range of sandhills with the smallest rainfall in
England.
Derwentland.—York district; abundant (S.W.N.); not nearly so
common as might be expected; Heslington (R.M.C.). Fulford

(H. Richardson in R.M.C.). Allerthorpe (Y.N.U. 1893). Howden
(Wm. Nelson, J. of C. v. pp. 262-67). Wressle (G.R.).

140 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Wolds.—Howsham Woods (Y.N.U. 1889). Pocklington (3rd circular
1885). Kildwick Percy (Y.N.U. 1885; circular 106). Wharram
Grange, a few (Y.N.U. 1902). Sledmere (W.D.R. circular 93 ;
Y.N.U. 1891). Filey, cliffs (W.C.H. 2nd circular 1883; Y.N.U.
1883; Y-N.U. 1903). Speeton and Flamborough (W.C.H. circular
62; F.W.F. circular 116). Danes Dyke, ‘‘ the smallest I possess,
having deep black bands” (W. Gyngell, loc. cit). Sewerby (W.C.H.
‘¢ Flamborough” p. 135). Bridlington (Y.N.U. 1886). Lowthorpe
(Y.N.U. 1890). Sancton (Y.N.U. 1888). Brough and Welton
(J.D.B. circular 69; F.W.F. circular 157 ; Y.N.U. 1gor).

Holderness.—Driffield, (T. W. Bell J. of C. v. p. 221; L. B. Ross and
J.D.B. circular 145); common (E.P.B.). | Beverley district, plentiful
off the chalk ; Cottingham; Leckonfield ; Pighill Lane (in company
with hortensis) Cherry Tree Lane, Grovehill Road, Meaux (J.D.B. 3).
Hornsea, very common (J.D.B. 2). Withernsea (F.W.F. circular
g9). Abundant at Spurn (J. Cordeaux, Nat. 10; 5th circular 1884 ;.
Y.N.U. 1884; Y.N.U. 1904); with interrupted bands (W. E. Clarke,
Taylor Mon. I. p. 32); with transverse bands and no markings below
the periphery (W.D.R. J. of C. iv. p. 15). Hull district, very common
(J.D.B. 1). Common in Holderness (T.P.). With broken banding,
Nafferton (E.P.B.).

Var. minor Mogq. :—Brough, on the foreshore (Y.N.U. Igor). Hedon ;
Spurn (T.P.).

Var. voseolabiala Taylor :—Lowthorpe (Y.N.U. 1gor1). Burstwick
(F.W.F. J. of C. vi. p. 398; rubella voseolabiata ooo00, F.W.F-
J. of C. vi. p. 307 ; F.W.F. The Conchologist I. p. 55). Ridgmont
(T.P. Trans. I. p. tor). These two refer to the same locality, 7.e.,
the trees by the side of the Halsham road, east of Ridgmont, where
the varieties listed here are common (T.P.).

Var. albolabiata Von Mart. :—Bridlington (Y.N.U. 1886; F.W.F..
circular 116), Chalk pit on the Wolds (W. Gyngell loc. cit.). Wressle,
bank of Derwent, one specimen (G.R.). Railway Bridge, Hedon,
several (T.P.). Ridgmont (T.P. Trans. I. p. 101). Sledmere,
vubella albolabiata (T.P.).

Var. hyalozonata Taylor :—Burstwick (F.W.F. The Conch. I. p. 55).
Ridgmont (T.P. Trans. I. p. tor). Hedon, drainbank (T.P.).
Chalk pit on the Wolds (W. Gyngell loc. cit.). Railway Bridge,
Hedon (T.P.). Bridlington (W.C.H. ‘‘Flamborough”’ p. 135).

Var. voseozonata Ckl.:—Ridgmont (T.P.). Cottingham (J.W.B.).
Var. conica Pascal:—Spurn (T.P.).
Var. undulata Gentiluomo :—Spurn (T.P.).

Var. bimarginata Picard :—Driffield (L. B. Ross in J.W.T. J. of C.
iv., pp. 28, &c.). Wressle (G.R.). Hedon (T.P.).

m. scalariforme Taylor :—Carnaby, (W.C.H. in J.W.T., J. of C., iv.,
p- 53; W.C.H. J. of GC. iii., p. 178).

Var. hybrida Poiret :—These are now designated A. nemoralis, var.
voseolabiata or H. hortensis, var. fuscolabiata. Settrington, near
York (H. Pollard Nat. 3, p. 44). York, common but local (S.W.N.).
Fulford (W.C.H., J. of C. 3, p. 178; R.M.C.). Speeton and Flam
borough (W.C.H. circular 62). Beverley Road and Anlaby Road,.
Hull ; Springhead (J.D.B. 1).

1 ss \
y aN
3 \)
eS
Helix hortensis.
rs a aa}

Me ) pf ; ‘ : Bs
— ; igen AY N

%& ao a oS
1 te

SK

Helix rufescens.

Clausilia laminata.

PLATE XII.

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. I4!I

The following have also been recorded :—Shell straw colour with
white bands, Brough (J.D.B. 1). With straw coloured bands,
Bridlington (W.D.R., J. of C. 5, p. 134). Var. citronozonata, chalk
pit on the Wolds (W. Gyngell, loc. cit.). Var. petiveria, Wressle,
common with and without bands (G.R). Var. trochoides Clessin,
Wressle (G.R.). The common colours in Holderness are Zzbellula
and rubella; I have olivacea from Hedon (T.P.).

Helix hortensis Miill.

The recorded stations suggest that the distribution of
this species is determined by altitude, though it is found
at low elevations in other districts. It is apparently common
near York and in the central division, but is only known
to occur in Holderness on the western edge at Beverley and
Cottingham, though it has been carefully looked for else-
where. Probably some of the records refer to H. nemoralis

_var. albolabiata.

Derwentland.—York district, common (S.W.N.): more abundant than
nemoralis (R.M.C.). Fulford (W.C.H. in R.M.C.).

Wolds.—Settrington, near York (H. Pollard, Nat. 3, p. 44).
North Grimston, a few (Y.N.U. 1902). Sledmere (Y.N.U. 1891);
my specimens are xemoralis albolabiata (T.P.). Kildwick Percy
(Y.N.U. 1885; circular 106). Filey (Y.N.U. 1883). Bempton
(J.S.G). Speeton and Flamborough (W.C.H. circular 62; T.P.
circular 172). Not east of Bridlington Quay (W.C.H. ‘‘ Flam-
borough” p. 135). South Cave, var. /ilacina (F.W.F. circular 111).
Welton Dale (F.W.F. circular 157; Y.N.U. 1901). Skidby
(J.D.B. 1). Not common; King’s Mill, Driffield; Bainton; Kirkburn
Road, Tibthorpe; Lund Wold (E.P.B.). | North Cave, with var.
lilacina (T.P.).

Holderness.—Cottingham, var. castanea oooo0 (F.W.F. J. of C. 6, p.
306 ; p. 398). Beverley (J.D.B. 1); extremely abundant in Pighill
Lane, Long Lane, Queensgate Road, Cherry Tree Lane; in Pighill
Lane a series of specimens may sometimes be found running by
fine gradations from this species to nemoralis; H. hortensis var.
hybrida, Pighill Lane, perhaps not quite typical but intermediate
between fortensis and nemoralis (J.D.B. 3). Hedon Railway
Bridge (T.P. Trans. i., p. ror) recorded in error. Clough Road,
Newland (J.W.B.). Cottingham, New Village, and banks of
Cottingham Beck, with var. Jlacina (J.W.B.). Kilnsea, one
specimen (Y.N.U. 1904).

Helix arbustorum Linn.

Like the last species, this is rare in the eastern division
except at Beverley and Cottingham. References to J.W.T.
here refer to Mr. Taylor’s ‘‘ Life history of H. arbustorum”’
(J. of C. 5, pp. 241-259, and 302-305). The altitudes given
require correction in many cases, thus Bubwith is about
20 ft., but it is certainly more abundant in the central
division than in the less elevated districts.

142 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Derwentland.—York district, common (S.W.N.); rare as a general rule
(R.M.C.). Fulford gravel pits (W.C.H.) ; 300 ft. (W.C.H. in J.W.T.);
(H. Richardson in R.M.C.). Between Selby and Barlby (Y.N.U.
1875.). Bubwith, 200 ft. (Grassham in J.W.T.). Wressle, abundant
on river side (G-R.).

Wolds.—Howsham Woods (Y.N.U. 1889). Settrington, near York
(H. Pollard Nat. 3, p. 44); 300 ft. (PollardinJ.W.T). North Grimston,
common (Y.N.U. 1902.) Sledmere (W.D.R. circular 93; Y.N.U.
1891; Welburn in J.W.T.). Kildwick Percy (circular 106; R.
Standen, J. of C. 6, p. 272). Driffield, 300 ft. (Pollard in J.W.T.).
Filey, cliffs (W.C.H. 2nd circular 1883; Y.N.U. 1903); 200 ft. (Bailey
in J.W.T.). Speeton cliffs (W.C.H. Nat. 12, p. 374 and “ Flam-
borough,” p. 135); 200 ft. (Bailey in J.W.T.); (T.P. circular 172.).
Brantingham (Y.N.U. 1878) ; 300 ft. (Butterell in J.W.T.). Brough
(J-D.B. 1; J.D.B. circular 69) ; 200 ft. (Sutterell in J|.W.T); (F.W.F.
circular 157).Welton (J.D.B. circular 69). _ Hessle (J.D.B.1); 100 ft.
(Butterell in J.W.1). Carey chalk pit (T.P.). Skidby (J.D.B. 1)-
Risby (Beverley F.N. & Sc. Soc., Nat. 7, p. 170). Croombe near
Sledmere (E.P.B.).

Holderness.—Beverley (J.D.B. 1), very abundant, Pighill Lane, Kitchen
Lane, and Long Lane; found also at Queensgate Road, Cherry Tree
Lane, and Leconfield; one of our commonest shells (J.D.B. 3;
Butterell in J.W.T.). Hornsea, woods Wassand end of Mere
(F.W.F. Fretwell’s Guide and circular 150; T.P. Trans. I. p. ror).
Rise (T.P. Trans. I, p. tor). Dunswell (T.P.). Newland, Hull,
formerly, locality now tuilt over (T.P.). The altitudes of these
localities are Rise, 60 ft.; Hornsea, 20 ft.; Dunswell and Newland,
8 ft. Cottingham New Village (J.W.B.).

Var flavescens Moq.:—Brough (J.D.B.1; ].D.B. circular 69; Butterell
in J.W.T.). Welton (J.D.B. circular 69). Brantingham (Y.N.U.
1878). Sledmere (Y.N.U. 1890). Fulford (W.C.H. in R.M.C.;
W.C.H. in J.W.T.). Beverley, Queensgate Road and Long Lane
(J.D.B. 3; Butterellin J.W.T.). Carey chalk pits (T.P.). Cottingham
(J.W.B.).

Var. fuscescens D. & M.:—Beverley (J.D.B. 3; Butterell in J.W.T.).
Sledmere (Welburn in J.W.T.; Y.N.U. 1891). One, Wressle
(J. Beanland). Cottingham (J.W.B.).

Var. cincta Taylor :—Wressle, one in 1884 (G.R.). Sledmere (T.P.).
Cottingham (J.W.B.). i

Var. fusca Fér :—Wressle, ditch near station, 1884, none in 1886 ; occurs
also on the Derwent banks (G.R.); fusca + roseolabiata, Wressle
(G.R).

Var. major Pfr.:—Fulford gravel pits (W.C.H. in J.W.T.)

Var. conoidea Westerl.:—‘* Probably,” Fulford (W.C.H. in J.W.T.).
‘«(?),”” Wressle (G.R.).

Var dipressa Scholtz :—Wressle (J. Beanland).

Var. trochoidslis Roffiaen:—Wressle, on the artificial bank, one in
1884, three in 1886 (G.R).

‘

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING 143

Helix cantiana Mont.

Common. in all three divisions ; in South Holderness it is
more abundant than zemoralts.

Derwentland.—York district, common but local (S.W.N.): hedgerows
near York (W.C.H.); very abundant, between York and Dunnington
common the whole way (R.M.C.). Allerthorpe (Y.N.U. 1893).
Lund, near Osgodby (Wm. Nelson, Taylor, Mon. I. ror). Newport
(W. Nelson J. of C. 5, pp. 262-267.). Wressle, bank (G.R.).

Wolds.—Filey (Y¥.N.U. 1903). Bempton (J.S.G.; J.S.G. J. of C., I.
p. 369; W.C.H. circular 62, and ‘‘ Flamborough” p. 135). Flam-
borough Head, in great profusion on brambles (W.C.H.; F.W.F,
circular 116). Bridlington (Y.N.U. 1886; Overton, J. of Malac. 8,
p. 53). Lowthorpe (L. B. Ross circular 84; Y.N.U. 1890). Sledmere
(Y.N.U. 1891). North Grimston, abundant (Y.N.U. 1902). Kildwick
Percy (Y.N.U. 1885; circular 106). Market Weighton (Y.N.U.
1888). Brough and Welton (J.D.B. circular 69; F.W.F. circular
157; Y.N.U. 1901). North Cave (T.P.). Bainton; Rudston; Lund
Wold; Kelleythorpe (E.P.B.).

Holderness.—Driffield, banks of canal (L. B. Ross circular 145).
Beverley, Queensgate Road, abundant and fine (J.D.B.3). Hornsea
(Leeds Conch Soc., Yorkshire Weekly Post, July 11th, 1903). Hull
district, common (J.D.B. 1). Hedon (W.C.H.; T.P., Trans. I,
p- too). Paull: Cherry Cob Sands: Kilnsea: Aldborough, &c. (T.P.).
Cottingham (J.W.B.). Foston; N. Frodingham: Skipsea; Hornsea;
Driffield (E.P.B.).

Var. rubescens Moq. :—Wressle, with type (G.R).

Var. albida Taylor :—Allerthorpe, type not seen (Y.N.U. 1893). Dunning-
ton, a few (R.N.C). Hedon (T.P).

Var. albocincta Ckll.:—Lund, near Osgodby (W. Nelson,Taylor, Mon. I.,
p. ror).

Helix rufescens Penn.

This species is practically confined to the central division,
being common only in the Flamborough district. If, as
has been stated, it is approaching here its northern limit,
perhaps the fact that chalk is the most favourable ground.
for mollusca generally influences its distribution.

Derwentland.—York district, common (S.W.N.); scarce (W.C.H.);
“very scarce near the city, never taken it myself’? (R.M.C.)
Wressle, ‘‘ appears to be rare, one specimen in 1884” (G.R.).

Wolds.—Filey, cliffs (W.C.H. 2nd circular 1883 ; Y.N.U. 1903). Bemp-
ton (J.S.G.); common (W.C.H.). Flamborough, ‘ abounds”
(W.C.H. circular 62 and ‘‘ Flamborough,” p. 135; F.W.F. circular
116). Speeton (T.P. circular 172). Danes Dyke (W.C.H. circular
62; Y.N.U. 1886). Bridlington (Rev. R. D. Maxwell, Nat. 4, 90).
Lowthorpe (L. B. Ross circular 84; Y.N.U, 1890). Driffield (T. W.
Bell, J. of C., 5, p. 221). Sledmere (Y.N.U. 1891). Brough and
Welton, in gardens (J.D.B. circular 69; F.W.F. circular 157).
Ferriby, Humber bank (J.D.B. circular 69).

144 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Holderness.—Barmston, garden on cliff (T.P.). Skipsea(T.P.). Fokerleys,
Hedon, one dead (T.P. Trans. I. p. tor). Driffield district, found
pretty generally; in great abundance on the ieeds near the canal on
the Wansford Road (E.P.B.).

Var. alba Moq.:—Danes Dyke (W.C.H.; W.C.H. circular 62, and
“Flamborough,” p. 135). Driffield (T. W. Bell, J. of C. 5, p. 221).

Var. rubens Moq. :—Driffield (T. W. Pell, loc. cit.).

Helix hispida Linn.

Hf. hispida Linn. =H. concinna Jeft.; H. hispida Jeff. = var.
hispidosa Mousson. Most of the quoted records _ refer
presumably to the latter, though no distinction has been
made by the majority of recorders.

Derwentland.—York district, common (S.W.N.); H. concinna abundant,
H. hispida less abundant (R.M.C.). Wressle, river bank, hispida, a
few, concinna frequent (G.R.). Allerthorpe (Y.N.U, 1893).

Wolds.—Howsham Woods (Y.N.U. 1889). Kildwick Percy (3rd circular,
1885; Y.N.U. 1885; circular 106). Market Weighton (Y.N.U. 1888).
North Grimston (Y.N.U. 1902). Sledmere (W.D.R. circular 93;
Y.N.U. 1891). Filey, cliff (W.C.H. 2nd circular, 1883; Y.N.U.
1883; Y.N.U. 1903). Bempton (W.C.H. Nat. 12, p. 374). Flam-
borough (F.W.F. circular 116). Danes Dyke (Y.N.U. 1886). Low-
thorpe (Y.N.U. 1800). Brough and Welton (J.D.B. circular 69;
F.W.F. circular 157; Y.N.U. 1901). » Ferriby, Humber bank (J.D.B.
circular 69).

Holderness.—Driffeld, banks of canal (L. B. Ross and J.D.B. circular
145); hispida and var. hispidosa, very common (E.P.B.). I eckonfield,
Cherry Tree Lane, Rowley, Westwood, Molescroft, Risby, Figham,
Swinemoor, Meaux (].D.B. 3). Hornsea, frequent (J.D.B.2). Hull
district, very common (].D.L.1). Withernsea (F.W.F. circular 99 ;
H. concinna Y.N.U. 1892). Common in Holderness (T.P.). Kilnsea
Warren, one (Y.N.U. 1904).

Var. albida Jeff. :—Banks of Spring Dyke, Hull (J.D.B.1). Newland,
Hull (T.P.). Speeton (T.P.). Ferriby, Humber bank (J.D.B.
circular 69).

Var. subrufa Moq.:—Keyingham (J.D.B. 1). Danes Dyke (Y.N.U.
1886). Beverley district, with type, localities above (J.D B. 3).

Var. fusca Menke:—Wressle, ‘tone or two sent to Mr. Cockerell’’

(G.R.).
Subfossil. Hornsea (H. F. Hall).

Helix granulata Alder.

Wolds.—Howsham Woods (Y.N.U. 1889). Sledmere (Y.N.U. 1891,
not seen by F.W.F. or myself).

Derwentland.—Newsholme (June 12, 1886, J. Beanland).

EE

eo

—_—

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. 145

[Helix fusca Mont.

This species occurs abundantly in Yedmandale, a few
miles beyond the Riding boundary, and still nearer, ‘‘ near
the Derwent at Castle Howard Railway Station” (W.D.R.
J. of C. vii., p. 131), but it has not yet been recorded for
the East Riding. ‘‘No Helix fusca,” Howsham Woods
(Y.N.U. 1889).]

Helix itala Linn.

This species has not been recorded for Derwentland, and
is rare in Holderness, where all its known stations are on
the drier glacial gravels. It is a characteristic shell of the
central division.

Wolds.—Filey, cliff (W.C.H. 2nd circular, 1883; Y.N.U. 1883; Y.N.U.
1903). Bempton (W.C.H.; W.C.H. ‘‘ Flamborough,” p. 135).
Speeton Road, in one place only (J.S.G.). Flamborough Head
(W.C.H.). Flamborough, near chalk pits (W.C.H. circular 62 and
‘‘ Flamborough,” p. 135; F.W.F. circular 116). Settrington, near
Malton (H. Pollard, Nat. 3, p. 77). North Grimston, common
(Y.N.U. 1902). Fimber, chalk pit near railway (W.D.R. circular
93), abundant along the railway (Y.N.U. 1891; W.D.R. J. of C. 6,
Pp- 395). Beverley Westwood, old quarry near the mi'l (J.D.B. 3).
Skidby (J.D.B.1). Drewton Dale (Goole Sc. Soc., Nat. 2, p.41; T.P.
Trans. I., 100). South Cave (F.W.F. circular 111). Welton
(Goole Sc. Soc., Nat.-2, p. 179; J-D.B. 1; Y.N.U. 1901). Brough
and Welton (J.D.B. circular 69). Ferriby, Humber bank (J.D.B.
circular 69). Driffield district, rather rare; Tibthorpe ; Scarborough
Road; Cowlam; Fimber; plentiful where found but very local
(E.P.B.). Kelleythorpe (T.P.).

Holderness.— Hornsea, in a field near the sea (J.D.B. 2); towards the
coast (F.W.F. Fretwell’s Guide and circular 150); Seaton Road,
hedge bank (T.P. Trans. I., 100). Keyingham, very plentiful (J.D.B.
1). Paull, gravel pit on the Humber bank (T.P. Trans. I. 100).
Spurn, common on the sand hills (J. Cordeaux, Nat. Aug., 1884), is
an error. Brandesburton (E.P.B.).

Var. alba Charp.:—Bempton (W.C.H.). Flamborough, near chalk
pits (W.C.H. circular 62). Beverley Westwood (J.D.B. 3). Hornsea,
(F.W.F. Fretwell’s Guide and circular 150); Seaton Road (T.P.).

Var. minor Moq.:—Beverley (J.D.B. 3). Ferriby, Humber bank
(J.D.B. circular 69).

m. sinistvorsum Jeff. :—Bridlington (H. Strickland, Jeffreys’ Brit. Conch.
ep: 27).

Helix caperata Mont

Apparently rare in Derwentland, though common else-
where, especially on the Wolds, along the coast, and on
the Holderness gravel hills. ;

140 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Derwentland.—York, common (S.W.N.); ‘‘ lam surprised by its almost
entire absence; bleached specimens in ploughed fields beyond

Dunnington Common”’ (H. Richardson, in R.M.C.). Allerthorpe
(Y.N.U. 1893).

Wolds.—Filey, cliff (W.C.H. 2nd circular, 1883). Bempton (J.S.G.)-
Flamborough, near chalk pits (W.C.H. circular 62 and ‘ Flam-
borough,” p. 135; F.W.F. circular 116). Burlington (W.C.H.).
Bridlington, cliff (Y.N.U. 1886). North Grimston, common (Y.N.U.
1902). Fimber, chalk pit near railway (W.D.R. circular 93)-
Market Weighton (Y.N.U. 1888). Lime quarry near Westwood,
Beverley ; abundant, Pot and Ladle Quarry, Walkington (J.D.B. 3).
Hessle; Skidby; Welton (J.D.B. 1). Brough and Welton (J.D.B.
circular 69 ; F.W.F. circular 157; Y.N.U. 1go1). Diewton Dale;
North Cave (T.P.). Somewhat local; Flamborough; Cowlam;

Tibthorpe; Scarborough Road and Pockthorpe Road, Driffield
(E.P.B.).

Holderness.—Auburn (W.C.H. Nat. 12, p. 374). Driffield, banks of
canal (J.D.B. circular 145). Hornsea, on thistles and herbage on
the cliffs near the promenade, very common (J.D.B. 2; Y.N.U.
1881); (E.P.B), Keyingham (J.D.B. 1). Withernsea (F.W.F.
circular 99). Spurn (Y.N.U. 1884; F.W.F. circular 140; T.P.
Trans I. 100). Kelsey Hill; Hedon; Paull (T.P. Trans. I. 100).
Common in Holderness on the gravels and along the coast; Patrington
Haven, Humber bank and old beach; Cherry Cob Sands; Sunk
Island, bank of 1800; Humbleton; Aldborough (T.P.). Kilnsea
Warren (Y.N.U. 1904). West Dock Reservation, Hull (J.W.B.).

Var. ovnata Picard:—Cliff north of Bridlington (W.C.H. ‘ Flam-
borough,” p. 135). Bridlington (W.C.H. Nat. 12, p. 374). Flam-
borough (F,W.F. circular 116). Lime quarry near Westwood,
Beverley (J.D.B. 3). Market Weighton (Y.N.U. 1888). Brough
and Welton (J.D.B. circular 69). Welton Dale(J.D.B.1), Hornsea,
with the type, less common (J.D.B. 2; Y.N.U. 1881). Spurn,
abundant (Y.N.U. 1884). Kelsey Hill (T.P.).

Helix virgata Da Costa.

The distribution of this species practically coincides with
that of the last.

Derwentland.—York district, common (S.W.N.); ‘'less common than
if we were near the sea” (R.M.C.). Allerthorpe (circular 106;
Y.N.U. 1893).

Wolds.—Filey, cliff (W.C.H. 2nd circular, 1883; Y.N.U. 1883; Y.N.U.
1903). Speeton Road (J.S.G.). Flamborough (W.C.H. circular 62
and ‘‘ Flamborough,” p. 135; F.W.F. circular 116). Burlington
(W.C.H.). Bridlington, chffs (Y.N.U. 1886.) Fimber, chalk pit
near railway (W.D.ik. circular 93; Y.N.U. 1891). North Grimston,
abundant (Y.N.U. 1902). Lime quarry near Westwood, and Queens-
gate Road, Beverley (J.D.B. 3). Drewton Dale (Goole Sc. Soc.,
Nat. 2, p. 41). Brough (Goole Sc. Soc., Nat. 2, p. 171; J.D.B.
circular 69; F.W.F. circular 157). Welton (J.D.B. 1; J.D.B.;
circular 69). Hessle (J.D.B. 1). Kelleythorpe (E.P.B.).

wae

:

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. 147

Holderness.— Driffield, banks of canal, abundant (L. B. Ross and J.B.D.
circular 145). Auburn (W.C.H. Nat. 12, p. 374). Hornsea (J.D.B. 1);
monochrome variety approaching var. cavinata in form plentiful
near sea (J.D.B. 2); cliff and hedgerows near the sea, abundant
(J.D.B. 2) ; roads to cliffs (F.W.F., Fretwell’s Guide and circular 150).
Withernsea (F.W.F. circular 99). Spurn (3rd circular, 1884); ‘‘ Not
observed" (Y.N.U. 1884); common (T.P.); a few (¥.N.U. 1904).
Anlaby Road and Spring Head Road, Hull (J.D.B.1). Very common
along the coast and frequent inland; Paull; Patrington ; Sandlemere ;
Aldborough, &c. (T.P). In great profusion ; at Nafferton the road-
side is alive with it (E.P.B.). West Dock Reservation, Hull
(J.W.B.).

Var. lineata Olivi:—Withernsea (F.W.F. circular 99). Flamborough
(F.W.F. circular 116). Sledmere ; Hornsea; Atwick; Paull;
common (T.P.).

Var. nigrescens Grat.:—Spurn (F.W.F. circular 140).=Kilnsea Warren
(T.P. Trans. I. 99; Taylor Mon. 1, p. 94), Form approaching
nigvescens, Barmston, Aug. 1gor. (T.P.).

Var. alba Taylor.—Skipsea, on the cliffs south of the lacustrine deposit ;
sandhills north of Barmston (T.P.). A white form with a dark
peristome is common with the type (T.P.).

Var. hyalozona Taylor:—In great abundance on the cliffs between
Hornsea and Skipsea (F.W.F., Fretwell’s Guide and circular 150) ;
should be locality given above (T.P. Trans. I. 100). Barmston (T.P.).

Buliminus obscurus (Milll.).

This species is practically confined to the central division ;
the occurrence of a dead specimen at Welwick in the extreme
south-east is inexplicable.

Derwentland.—Two along the Dunnington Road (R.M.C.).

Wolds.—Filey, cliffs (W.C.H. 2nd circular 1883). Speeton (J.S.G.;
W.C.H.; W.C.H. circular 62 and ‘‘Flamborongh’”’ p. 136).
Flamborough (W.C.H. circular 62). Lowthorpe (Y.N.U. 1890).
Sledmere (Y.N.U. 1891). North Grimston, a few (Y N.U. 1902).
Kildwick Percy (Y.N.U. 1885; circular 106). Brough and Welton
(3rd circular 1878; Goole Sc. Soc., Nat. 2, p. 171; J.D.B. circular
69; F.W.F. circular 157). Brantinghamthorpe (Y.N.U. 1901).
Ferriby, Humber bank (J.D.B. circular 69). Cottingham; Drewton
Dale (J.W.B.). Scarborough Road, Driffield; near Middleton Ings;
Tibthorpe; York Dale (E.P.B.).

Holderness.— Driffield, near canal (L. B. Ross, circular 145; L. B. Ross
J. of C. 4, p. 306); Wansford Road (E.P.B.). Drift, Beverley Beck
(J.D.B. 3). Welwick, one dead shell, (T.P. Trans. I. 99).

Pupa anglica (Fér.).

Is abundant on the cliffs in the North Riding and extends
southward as far as the cliffs are favourable; it has not
been found on the clay cliffs of Holderness.

148 ‘HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Wolds.—Filey, one specimen in the ravine (Y.N.U. 1883); first ravine
south, three specimens (Y.N.U. 1903). Flamborough Head (W.C.H.
Nat.27; p. 271; E-P-B:):

Pupa cylindracea (Da Costa).

Is common over the greater part of the Riding, though
absent or overlooked in Derwentland.

Derwentland.— York, common (S.W.N.).

Wolds.—Filey, cliff (W.C.H. 2nd circular 1883; Y.N.U. 1903). Speeton
(W.C.H.; J.S.G.; W.C.H. circular 62 and ‘‘ Flamborough ”’ p. 136).
Flamborough (W.C.H. circular 62; F.W.F. circular 116). North
Grimston, the mill, one (Y.N.U. 1902). Bishop Burton; Pot and
Ladle quarry, Walkington; plentiful (J.D.B. 3). Beverley (J.D.B.,
Taylor, Mon. I. p. 255). Risby (J.D.B.1; Beverley F.N. and Sc..-
Soc. Nat. 7, p. 170; J.D.B. 3). Hessle (J.D.B. 1). Brough (F.W.F.
circular 157). Welton Dale (Y.N.U. 1901). Ferriby, Humber bank
(J-D.B. circular 69). South Cave; Brantingham; North Cave
(T.P.). Tibthorpe (E.P.B.).

Holderness.—Driffield, near canal (L. B. Ross, circular 145); Wansford
Road (E.P.B.). Meaux (J.D.B. 3). Hornsea (Leeds Conch. Soc.
Yorkshire Weekly Post, 11th July, 1903; E.P.B.). Swan Island,
common (T.P.). Withernsea (F.W.F. circular 99; T.P. ‘rans. I.
p. 99). Spurn; Patrington, road to Welwick: Burstwick (T.P,
Trans. I. 99). Thearne; Tansterne, common; Bale Wood, Aldborough,
common; stickheap, Thorp Garth, Aldborough; Rose Hill, near
Hedon; Kelsey Hill, among gravel; Humber bank at Paull, Cherry
Cob Sands and Welwick; Skeffling; Humbleton (T.P.). In its
localities on the Humber it has probably been introduced with the
chalk used in making the banks.

Pupa muscorum (Linn.).

Is abundant in a few localities on the Wolds, and occurs
in small numbers in the other two divisions in places where
chalk has been used in the construction of banks, &c.

Derwentland.—Pocklington, on bridge over the canal (Y.N.U. 1893).

Wolds.—Bempton, plentiful (W.C.H. Nat. 12, p. 374, and “ Flam-
borough,” p. 136). Flamborough (F.W.F. circular 116). Danes
Dyke (W.C.H.). Driffield (L. B. Ross, J. of C. 4, p. 356). Birdsall,
a few (Y.N.U. 1902). South Cave (F.W.F. circular 111). Brough
(J.D.B. circular 69; J.W.T. J. of C. 4, p. 28). Welton, wall near
(J.D.B. 1 and circular 69). Brantingham (T.P.). Tibthorpe (E.P.B.).

Holderness.—Road to Spring Head, near Hull, on chalk laid to support
sleepers (J.D.B. 1). Spurn (Y.N.U. 1884; T.P. Trans I., 98). Paull
Holme, on the Humber bank (T.P. loc. cit.). Cherry Cob Sands,
on the Humber bank; Welwick beach, three specimens under an
old basket (T.P.). Wansford Road, Driffield (E.P.B.).

ao
3 1

es ae

Y
j

Pupa muscorum.

Pupa anglica

Limnzea glabra.

De oe eae
eed

Planorbis fontanus,

~

LAND AND FRESH. WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. 149

Var. inidentata C. Pfr.:—Brough or Welton (J.D.B. circular 69),
recorded as P. marginata, and distinguished from var. edentula which
is the type of P. muscorum.

- Subfossil:—Hornsea (H. F. Hall). Sewerby, cliff (W.C.H. ‘* Flam-
borough,” p. 136; G. W. Lamplugh, Nat. 28, p. 447).

Vertigo antivertigo (Drap.).

Wolds. — Filey, cliff (W.C.H, 2nd circular 1883). Risby, one specimen
(J.D.B. 3). South Cave (F.W.F. circular 111), probably referring to
Weedley Springs. Weedley Springs (T.P.). Kelleythorpe (T.P.).

Holderness.—Hornsea, among moss near the Mere (F.W.F. Fretwell’'s
Guide and circular 150; T.P. Trans. I., go).

Vertigo pygmza (Drap.).

Not included in the Census, though forwarded to the
Conchological Society in 1891; probably generally dis-
tributed over the Wolds.

Derwentland.—York district, general (W.C.H. in R.M.C.).

Wolds.—Speeton (W.C.H.; J.S.G.; F.W.F. J. of C. 6, p. 398).
Flamborough (F.W.F. circular 116), probably refers to Speeton.
Pocklington (Y.N.U. 1893). Beverley Westwood, var. quadridentata,
scarce (J.D.B. 3). Drewton Dale (F.W.F. J. of C. 6, p. 398). South
Cave (F.W.F. circular 116), probably refers to Drewton Dale.
Kelleythorpe (T.P.).

Holderness.— Withernsea, on road to Holmpton, ‘‘ probably pygmea "'
(J.D.B. circular 99). Waxholme, in the cutting (Y.N.U. 1892).
Hedon, railway bridge, among moss, var. quadridentata (T.P.).

[Vertigo substriata (Jeff.).
Recorded for Hedon in error (T.P. Trans. I., g9).|

[Vertigo pusilla Miill.

Occurs about two miles beyond the Riding boundary on
a wall at West Ayton, where it was first found by the Rev.
W. C.-Hey.|

Vertigo edentula (Drap.).

The commonest of the East Riding Vertigznes, being
found in plantations throughout the district. It is not
included in the Census.

Derwentland.—Langwith (J. Backhouse in R.M.C.).

Wolds.—Speeton (exhibited for F.W.F. at the Conch. Soc., J. of C. 6,
p- 398). Flamborough (F.W.F. circular 116), probably refers to
Speeton. Sledmere (Y.N.U. 1891). Brough and Welton (Y.N.U.
1878 ; H. F. Parsons, Nat. 4,90; J.D.B. circular 69).

150 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Holderness. —Meaux, very abundant (J.D.B., 3); long plantation near
Meaux, abundant (J.D.B., J. of C. 3, p. 332). Hornsea (F.W.F.
Fretwell’s Guide and circular 150); woods, north of Mere (T.P.
Trans. I., p. 99). Bale Wood, Aldborough, fairly common (T.P.
Trans. I., p. 99). Spurn (Y.N.U. 1884, one specimen taken by
R. D. Darbishire).

Vertigo minutissima (Hartm.).

Not in the Census. It is hardly probable that this is
indigenous on Spurn; the nearest recorded locality in the
Humber basin is Went Vale.

Holderness.—Spurn (Kilnsea Warren), three specimens under an old
basket, Aug. 4th, 1894; (T.P. Trans. I., 99) ; identification confirmed
by Mr. J. W. Taylor.

Balea perversa (Linn.).

Not in the Census. Ash trees are common in Holderness
hedgerows, but Ba/ea is rare.

Holderness.—Ash trees near Wansford (J.D.B. circular 145). Anlaby
Road, Hull, 1891 (F.W.F.), locality since destroyed. Humbleton,
one young specimen on elm on the road to Aldborough, Jan. 5th,
1904 ; after a long search on May, 26th, 1904, a full grown specimen
was found in the same locality, again on elm, though ash and beech
also grow here (T.P.). Hedon, on willows near footpath to Paull
(T.P.).

Clausilia perversa (Pult ).

Practically confined to the central division, where it is

abundant.

Derwentland.—York district, common near York (W.C.H). Langwith
(R. Backhouse in R.M.C.).

Wolds.—Howsham Woods (Y.N.U. 1889). North Grimston, common
(Y.N.U. 1902). Kildwick Peyéy (Y.N.U. 1885 ; circular 106). Sledmere
(W.D.R. circular 93). Filey, plantation close to (W.C.H. 2nd
circular, 1883; Y.N.U. 1903), Speeton (W.C.H. circular 62, and
“Flamborough” p. 136). Flamborough (W.C.H. circular 62;
F.W.F. circular 116). Danes Dyke (Y.N.U. 1886). Bridlington
Quay (L. B. Ross, J. of C. 4, p. 356). Harland Rise; Rowley ;
Risby ; Bentley (J.D.B.3). Hessle ; Skidby (J.D.B.1). Brough and
Welton (J.D.B. circular 69; F.W.F. circular 157; Y.N.U. 1gor).
South Cave; Drewton Dale; Carey chalk pit; North Cave (T.P).
Between Cottingham and Skidby (J.W.B.) Croom; Sledmere ;
York Dale (E.P.B.).

(Clausilia biplicata (Mont.).

Recorded for Welton or Brough by the Goole Sc. Society,
Nat. 2, p. 179, but undoubtedly an error]. :

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. I5I1

Clausilia laminata (Mont.).

Found only in the central division, and more local than
perversa.

-Wolds.—Howsham Woods (Y.N.U. 1889). North Grimston, common
(Y.N.U. 1902). Kildwick Percy (Y.N.U. 1885; circular 106).
Sledmere (W.D.R. circular 93; Y.N.U. 1891). Skidby (J.D.B. 1).
Rowley and Harland Rise (J.D.B. 3). South Cave (F.W.F. circular
111). Brough and Welton Dale (Goole Sc. Soc. Nat. 2, p. 179; 3rd
circular 1878; Y.N.U. 1878; J.D.B. circular 69; Y.N.U. 1887;
F.W.F. circular 157; Y.N.U. 1901). Drewton Dale (T.P). Between
Cottingham and Skidby (J.W.B.). Croom; Sledmere ; York Dale
(E. P.B.).

Var. tumidula :—Sledmere (W.D.R. circular 93)-
Var. albina Moq. :—Welton Dale (Y.N.U. 1887).

[Azeca tridens (Pult.).

' Is included in the Census. No published records have
been found]. .

Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull.).

Derwentland.—York district, common (S.W.N.) abundant everywhere
(R.M.C.). Allerthorpe (Y.N.U. 1893).

‘Wolds. Howsham Woods (Y.N.U. 1889). Kildwick Percy (Y.N.U.
_ 1885; circular 106). North Grimston, common (Y.N.U. 1902).
Sledmere (Y.N.U. 1891). Filey, cliff (W.C.H. 2nd circular 1883;
Y.N.U. 1883: Y.N.U. 1903). Speeton (J.S.G). Flamborough
(F.W.F. circular 116). Danes Dyke (Y.N.U. 1886). Harland Rise ;
Westwood; Risby; Molescroft (J.D.B. 3). Brough and Welton Dale
(Goole Sc. Soc., Nat. 2, p. 179; J.D.B. circular 69; F.W.F. circular
157). Brantinghamthorpe (Y.N.U. 1rgo1). Everywhere, in isolated
specimens (E.P.B.).

‘Holderness.—Driffield, banks of canal (L. B. Ross circular 145). Drift,
Beverley Beck ; Cherry Tree Lane; Meaux (].D.B. 3). Hornsea,

woods near the Mere (J.D.B.2). Withernsea (F.W.F. circular 99).
Spurn (Y.N.U. 1884). Hull district, common (J.D.B.1). Common
(T.P).

Var. lubvicoides Fer. :—Harland Rise (J.D.B. 3).

Subfossil, in blue clay, below the shell marl :—Bridlington, one speci-

men (W.C.H. Nat. 12, p. 374).
Cecilioides acicula (Miull.).

Not in the Census ; probably common on the chalk and
gravels. -

Derwentland.—Fulford, gravel pits, dead (H. Richardson in R.M.C.).

152 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Wolds.—North Grimston, not uncommon on the station wall (Y.N.U-.
1902). Very common, six or eight feet deep in the ground, in York-
shire, on the top of gravel pits and in Saxon coffins (Gray’s Turton
1857, p. 159). Wolds, specimens from barrows in Mortimer's.
Museum, Driffield (Nat. 15, p. 209). Harland Rise and Beverley
Westwood, scarce (J.D.B. 3). Hessle, Welton, Skidby, dead shells,
scarce (J.D.B. 1). Brough, on an old wall (J.D.B. circular 69).
South Cave (F.W.F. circular 111), probably referring to Drewton
Dale. Drewton Dale (T.P. Trans. I. p. 100),

Holderness.—Paull, gravel pit east of battery, dead shells, abundant
(T.P. Trans. I. p. 98) ; not found in similar situations at Boreas Hill
and Kelsey Hill (T.P.).

Succinea putris (Linn.).

Derwentland.—York district, common (S.W.N.). Pocklington, canal
(Y.N.U. 1893). Wressle, common on mud near the Fleet (G.R.).

Wolds.—Howsham Woods (Y.N.U. 1889). North Grimston, several
very small specimens at the mill (Y.N.U. 1902). Market Weighton
(Y.N.U. 1888). Filey (Y.N.U. 1883; Y.N.U. 1903). Speeton
(J.S.G.). Flamborough (F.W.F. circular 116). Danes Dyke
(Y.N.U. 1886). Kelleythorpe (T.P.).

Holderness—Driffield, canal (L. B. Ross, circular 145). Leckonfield ;
Long Lane and Swinemoor: Figham; Cottingham, very fine ;
Meaux ; common (J.D.B. 3). Hornsea, in damp places, common
(Jj.D.B. 2; Y.N.U. 1881). Withernsea (F.W.F. circular 99).
Hull district, very common (J.D.B. 1). Fine in ditches between
Hull and Dunswell; Hedon; Kelsey Hill; Burstwick ; Swine ;
Aldborough ; Barmston ; generally distributed (T.P.). River Hull,
near Hull Bridge ; Endyke Lane (J.W.B.). Hornsea ; Wansford
Road; Foston; Rotsea (E.B.P.).

Var. vitrea Moq. :—Banks of Barmston drain near Hull (J.D.B. 1).
Wressle (G.R., T. D. A. Cockerell, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 5, vol. 19, p. 175)-

Subfossil. Hornsea (H. F. Hall, p. 45). Bridlington (W.C.H. Nat.
12, p. 374). Nevilles Dyke (T.P.).

Succinea elegans Risso.

Derwentland.—York district, common (S.W.N.). Wressle, S. pfeifferi
and var. brevispirata Baud (G.R.).

Wolds. —Filey, cliffs (W.C.H. 2nd circular 1883; T.P.). Flamborough
" (W.C.H. J. of C. 3, p. 178; F.W.F. circular 116).

Holderness.— Driffield, debris from canal (J.D.B. circular 145). Beverley
district, ‘‘.S. elegans or more probably pfezfferi,” generally dis-
tributed (J.D.B. 3). Withernsea (Y.N.U. 1892). Swine; Lambwath
stream between Marton and Aldborough ; Leven Canal ; Hornsea
Mere and Stream Dyke; Hedon; Sutton drain; Dunswell; not
uncommon (T.P.). Endyke Lane (J.W.B.). Common along the
canal bank and in streams and ponds in the Driffield neighbourhood
(E P.B.).

q LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. 153

Var. albida Taylor :—Beverley, Pighill Lane, 3 specimens (J.D.B. 3;
J.D.B. J. of C. 3, p. 240; J. W. Taylor, J. of C. 4, pp. 28, &c.).

Var. virescens Morel. :—Wressle, Succinea virescens, one specimen
identified by T. D. A. Cockerell (G.R.): S. vitrea (T. D. A.
Cockerell, Nat. World, 4, p. 43); S. vztrea (Jeff), with figures
(T. D. A. Cockerell, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. 109,

p- 175).

Carychium minimum (Miill.).
Derwentland.—Very common about York (W.C.H.); ‘‘swarms ”’
(R.M.C.). Snake Hall (T.P.).

Wolds.—Filey, cliffs (W.C.H. 2nd circular, 1883). Speeton (J.S.G).
Flamborough (F.W.F. circular 116). Danes Dyke (Y.N.U. 1886).
Lowthorpe (Y.N.U. 1890). Sledmere (Y.N.U. 1891). North
Grimston, not uncommon (Y.N.U. 1902). Kildwick Percy (Y.N.U.
1885 ; circular 106). Abundant, Westwood, Risby, Molescroft, &c.
(J.D.B. 3). Very abundant at Skidby (J.D.B. 1). Risby (Beverley
F.N. and Se. Soc. Nat. 7. p. 170). Brough and Welton (J.D.B.
circular 69; F.W.F. circular 157; Y.N.U. 1901). South Cave ;
Drewton Dale (T.P.). In plenty at Flamborough Head and Sled-
mere (E.P.B.).

Holderness.— Driffield (L. B. Ross, J. of C. 4, p. 356); banks of canal
(L. B. Ross, circular 145). Cottingham; banks of R. Hull (J.D.B. 3).
Hull district, common in suitable localities (J.D.B. 1). Hornsea,
woods near the Mere, common (J.D.B. 2). Withernsea (F.W.F.
circular 99). Common in plantations, among moss, and under
stones by the roadside ; Hedon; Mappleton; Roos; Aldborough ;
Cherry Cob Sands, &c. (T.P.). Wansford Road (E.P.B.).

Segmentina nitida (Mull.).

This local species is found in one locality in Holderness :
it has not been discovered in the lacustrine deposits.

Derwentland.—‘‘ The Bootham Observer states that in 1855 it was found
in ponds on Tilmire . . . but I have met with it nowhere except
at Askham.” (R.M.C.).

Holderness.—Hornsea Mere (Y.N.U. 1881 ; W.D.R. J. of C. 4, p. 13;
F.W.F. Fretwell’s Guide and circular 150; T.P. Trans. I. p. 103).
This species seems to prefer the shelter of the reeds, and may best be
found along the first plantation on the Seaton Road or near the
snipe ground on the south.

Planorbis fontanus (Lightfoot).

Occurs sparingly in a few localities in Holderness and the
neighbouring parts of the Wolds.

_ Derwentland.—York district, very local (S.W.N.); sparingly distributed
(R.M.C.). No East Riding localities are given near York; not
recorded for the Wressle and Howden districts.

M

154 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Wolds.—Filey, on caddis cases (Y.N.U. 1903). Burlington (W.C.H.
G. Wingate in N. & T.); (W.C.H. circular 62); pond filled up
(W.C.H. ‘‘ Flamborough” p. 137). Risby, in the Acorus calamus
pond, Aug. 1902 (T.P.).

Holderness.—Leckonfield Moat, sparingly (J.D B. 3). Hornsea Mere
(J.D.B. in N. & T.; C. Reid, p. 83; F.W.F. Fretwell’s Guide and
circular 150; E.P.B.; T.P.). Burstwick, ditch on side of road to
Burton Pidsea ; Withernsea, pond on cliff; Rise (T.P. Trans. I.
p- 102). North Frodingham; Wansford (E.P.B.). Salt Ings Lane
(J. W.B.).

Subfossil. Skipsea (F.W.F. Fretwell’s Guide; T.P. Trans. I. p. 102).

Planorbis nautileus (Linn).

Very common in South Holderness near the Humber,
but apparently becoming rarer further inland: it is one of
the first shells to appear on recent reclamations.

Derwentland.—York district (S.W.N.) ; ponds near York (W.C.H.) ;
rare in the Ouse (H. Richardson in R.M.C.). Cowbridge, near
Newport: pond near Sleight’s House (Wm. Nelson, J. of C. 5, pp.
262-267).

Wolds.—Flamborough, (F.W.F circular 116). Pond near Danes Dyke
House (Y.N.U. 1886; W.C.H. ‘‘ Flamborough” page 137).

Holderness.—Hornsea Mere (Y.N.U. 1881 ; C. Reid p. 83). Withernsea
(F.W.F. circular 99). Holderness ponds and dykes (F.W.F.
circular 140). Pond at Springhead, Hull (J.D.B. 1). Ditch
bordering Swinemoor, Beverley (J.D.B. 3). Ditches and ponds,
Marfleet to Patrington: ponds on the Humber bank and inland,
Marfleet (T.P. Trans. I. 102). Hedon; Patrington; Waxholme ;
Kilnsea ; pond, roadside between Sutton and Wawne (H. E. John-
son); (T.P.).

Var. crista(Linn.) Swinemoor with type, abundant (J.D.B. 3). Spring-
head, Hull (J.D.B. 1). Withernsea (F.W.F. circular 99). Holderness

ponds and dykes (F.W.F. circular 140). Hedon; Patrington ;
Waxholme (T.P.).

Subfossil. Hornsea (Hall p. 45: C. Reid p. 82). Mappleton; Atwick ;
Skipsea (T.P. 1892).

Planorbis albus (Linn).

Appears to be rare in Derwentland; it is not recorded _in
lists for Wressle or Howden.

Derwentland.—York, somewhat rare (S.W.N.); sparingly distributed
(R.M.C.). Pocklington canal (Y.N.U. 1893).

Wolds.—-Bempton, very fine in ponds close to the precipice (430 ft.)
(W.C.H. ; W.C.H., ‘‘ Flamborough ”’ p. 137). Flamborough, ponds
near the cliffs very fine (W.C.H. circular 62; F.W.F. circular 116).
Kildwick Percy (Y.N.U. 1885; circular 106). Londesborough
(J.D.B. circular 75). Brough (J.D.B. circular 69). Welton, pond
at entrance to dale and stream through village (J.D.B. 1; J.D.B.
circular 69; Y.N.U. 1887; Y.N.U. rgor). North Cave (T.P.).
Risby (T.P.).

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. 155

Holderness.—Driffield, debris from canal (J.D.B. circular 145). Leven
canal (J.D.B.1; J.D.B. 3). Swinemoor, and drift Beverley Beck,
moderately plentiful (J.D.B. 3). Hornsea Mere (Y.N.U. 1881 ; C.
Reid p. 83). Beverley and Barmston drain (J.D.B. in N. & T.).
Dunswell; Burstwick drain; drain near Cowden; Keyingham
drain ; local, and apparently preferring streams (T.P.). Easington
(Y.N.U. 1904). Common from Hornsea to Driffield (E. P.B.).

Subfossil. Skipsea (T.P.). Hornsea (T. Sheppard, Nat. 27, p. 366).

|Planorbis parvus (Say).

Subfossil, in the mud cliffs of Hornsea, Wm. Nelson,
J- of C. 5. p. 139|-

Planorbis spirorbis (Miill.).

“In profusion in all ponds,” (W.C.H.), accurately
describes the distribution of this species. It is far more
common than P. vortex.

Derwentland.—York district, with vortex (S.W.N.); general and

abundant (R.M.C.). Breighton (J.D.B. circular 75). Newsholme

: (J.B.). Wressle (G.R.). Cowbridge; Sandholme; pond near

Sleight’s House: Featherbed Lane (Wm. Nelson, J. of C. 5,
pp. 262-267).

Wolds.—Filey, cliff (W.C.H. 2nd circular, 1883 ; Y.N.U. 1883; Y.N.U.
1903). Speeton (J.S.G.); undercliff, abundant (N. & T.). Flam-
borough Head (W.C.H. ; F.W.F. circular 116). Bridlington, debris,
a quantity (C. T. Musson in N. &. T.). Kelleythorpe (T.P.).

Holderness.— Driffield canal (L. B. Ross, circular 145). Wansford (L. B.
Ross in N. & T.). Skipsea (N. & T.). Swinemoor; Leckonfield ;
drift of Beverley Beck; Long Lane; Kitchen Lane; abundant
(J.D.B. 3). Figham ; Meaux ; New Holland near Meaux (W.D.R.
in N. & T.). Hull district, common; Spring Dyke (J.D.B. 1).
Hessle; Hessle Road, Hull; Anlaby Road, Hull (J.D.B.in N. & T.).
Ditch near Hornsea (W.D.R. in N. & T.). Hornsea Mere(C. Reid,
p- 83). Ditch near Wassand, plentiful (J.D.B. 2). Saltend Common,
ponds (T.P. Trans. 1, 102); probably destroyed by inundation
in 1900. Ditch inside the Guard Bank, Saltend (T.P. Trans. 3,
p- 41). Haltemprice Lane; Sproatley; Mappleton; pools in planta-
tions, Hornsea; Withernsea ; Hedon, Westlands, &c. ; generally
distributed (T.P). At Hornsea and in the Foston streams and
canal (E.P.B.).

Subfossil. Bridlington (W.C.H. Nat. 12, p. 374). Hornsea (H. F.
Hall, p. 45).

Planorbis vortex (Linn.).

‘‘Cochlea exigua subfusca, altera parte planior, sine
limbo, quing: spirarum..... Huic deest limbo : at parte
altera sc. superiore planior est, et ubi limbus in proxime

156 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

superiore, ibi velut acies. .. . Circa Eboracum in aquis
stagnantibus aliquoties eam inveni. In fossis ad fluvium
Darwent juxta Bubwith Ferry magna copia habentur.”’
—Lister, Hist. Anim. Ang., p. 146. Messrs. Nelson and
Taylor consider that this refers to the last species; Dr.
Jeffreys, following Montagu, Donovan, Pennant, &c., thought
it indicated vortex. The comparison is with carinatus
(‘*e medio orbe limbus notabilis exstat”’). It is generally
agreed that vortex is rarer in East Yorkshire than spzvorbis.

Derwentland.—York district, common (S.W.N.); by no means common
or widely distributed (R.M.C.). Kirkham Abbey (Y.N.U. 1889).
Pocklington Canal (Y.N.U. 1893). Riccall (N. & T.). Wressle,
Fleetdyke, and near the Castle (G.R.). Pond near Howden Station
(N. & T.). Sandholme and Ousethorpe (W. Nelson, J. of C. 5, pp.
262-67). Bubwith (J.D.B. circular 75). Selby Cut ; ditch alongside
Selby Cut ; Newsholme (N. & T.).

Wolds.—Brantingham (J.D.B. circular 69).

Holderness.—Driffield (W.C.H. Nat. 12, p. 374); plentiful in R. Hull
(L. B. Ross in N. & T.); debris in canal (J.D.B. circular 145).
Skipsea, pond near the coast (N. & T.). Hornsea Mere (J.D.B. 2).
(Y.N.U. 1881 ; C. Reid, p. 83). | Withernsea (F.W.F. circular gg).
Figham, and drift of Beverley Beck, not common (J.D.B. 3).
Figham (N. & T. ; J.D.B., J of C. 3, p. 177). | Hull district, not as
common as spzrorbis ; Spring Dyke ; Beverley and Barmston Drain
(J.D.B. 1). Thorp Garth, Aldborough ; Hedon ; Burstwick (T.P).
Typical vortex is rare in Holderness. Lambwath stream, near Skir-
laugh (T.P.). Haltemprice Lane (J.W.B.). Common (E.P.B.).

Subfossil. Hornsea (H. F. Hall, p. 45).

Planorbis carinatus (Miull.).

Derwentland.—York district, common and well distributed (R.M.C.).
Pocklington Canal (Y.N.U. 1893). Riccall; Howden; Selby Cut
(N: 82,7):

Wolds.—Bridlington (G. Wingate in N. & T.).

Holderness.—Driffield Canal (L. B. Ross and J.D.B. circular 145).
River Hull at Driffield (L. B. Ross in N. & T.). Leven Canal ;
Beverley (J.D.B. 1). Leven Canal; Figham; Leckonfield Moat,
local and not plentiful (J.D.B. 3). New Holland, near Meaux
(W.D.R. in N. & T.). Hornsea Mere (J.D.B. 2; Y.N.U. 1881 ;
C. Reid, p. 83); exceedingly fine (F.W.F. Fretwell’s Guide and
circular 150). Withernsea (F.W.F. circular 99). Keyingham drain;
Kelsey Hill; Ryhill drain, local (T.P.). Endyke Lane (J.W.B.).
Common (E.P.B.).

Subfossil. Bridlington (W.C.H. Nat. 12, p. 374).

Planorbis umbilicatus (Miill.).

Derwentland.—York district, abundant (S.W.N.) ; very common
(W.C.H.). Naburn Lock, plentiful 1887 (J. Grassham). Riccall ;
Bubwith ; common in ponds near Barlby Bank, Selby (W.D.R.).

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. 157

Howden; Newsholme Road near Howden; Newsholme; pond,
Wressle; pond between Wressle and Breighton; pond near
Brackenholme (N. & T.). Wressle, common in most drains (G.R.).
Cowbridge; Ousethorpe; Featherbed Lane; Wressle (Wm. Nelson,
J. of C. 5, pp. 262-67). Kirkham Abbey (Y.N.U. 1889).

4

.

y

Wolds—-Kildwick Percy (Y.N.U. 1885; circular 106). Bridlington
(J.S.G.; G. Wingate in N. & T. ; Y.N.U. 1886).

Holderness—Driffield Canal (L. B. Ross & J.D.B. circular 145) ; plentiful
in R. Hull (L. B. Rossin N. & T.). Wansford (L. B. Ross in N. &
T.). Beverley district, everywhere common ; Swinemoor; Figham ;
Leckonfield ; Long Lane (fine); Kitchen Lane; Weel Carrs ;
Common bank Nook (J.D.B. 3). Meaux, common (W.D.R. inN. &
T.). Rejectamenta Beverley Beck (J.D.B. in N. & T.). Hull district,
common (J.D.B. 1). Cottingham Road; Spring Dyke; Holderness
Road (J.D.B. in N. & T.). Hornsea Mere, in ponds, fine (J.D.B. 2;
Y.N.U. 1881; C. Reid, p. 83). Withernsea (F.W.F. circular 99).
Kelsey Hill; Hedon; Lambwath stream and ditches, Marton to
Aldborough ; Burstwick; Sandlemere; Barmston; Dunswell ;
common (T.P.). Common (E.P.B.). Southcoates Lane (J.W.B.).

Subfossil. Hornsea (H. F. Hall, p. 45). Bridlington (W.C.H. Nat.
12, p. 374). Mappleton ; Atwick ; Skipsea (T.P.).

Planorbis corneus (Linn.).

Derwentland.—York (Hincks, Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. I. 5, p. 367; S.W.N) ;
common (R.M.C.). Breighton (J.D.B. circular 75). Pond near the
Vicarage, Riccall; Breighton (W.D.R.). Newsholme Road near
Howden (N. & T.). Pond near the Castle and in the Fleetdyke,
Wressle ; Pond near the Crescent Inn, going to Bubwith (G.R.).
Sandholme ; Featherbed Lane (Wm. Nelson, J. of C. 5, pp. 262-
67).

Wolds.—Burlington (J.S.G.). Bridlington (W.C.H. circular 62; G.
Wingate in N. & T.). Boynton fishponds (W. C. Hey, Nat. 12, p.
374), very large (L. B. Ross in N. & T.). Brantingham (J.D.B.
circular 69). Marsh near Kirkburn Gypsey Race (T.P.).

Holderness.— Driffield Canal (J.D.B. and L. B. Ross, circular 145).
Foston and Brigham (L. B. Ross in N. & T.). Wansford (J.D.B.
in Taylor, Mon. I, p. 305). Swinemoor; Figham; Long Lane
(J.D.B. 3). Beverley Parks ; rejectamenta Beverley Beck (J.D.B.
in N. & T.). Figham (J.D.B. J. of C. 3, p. 177); one specimen
W.D.R. in N. & T.). Hornsea Mere (Y.N.U. 1881 ; C. Reid, p. 83:
T.P. Trans. I. 103). Hull district, generally distributed, plentiful
in Spring Dyke (J.D.B. 1); with note on colour (J.D.B. J. of C. 3,
p- 137). Cottingham Road, 1878; Holderness Road, 1879 (J.D.B.
in N. & T.). Skidby drain (W. Nelson, J. of C. 7, p. 367). | Burst-
wick, head of Ryhill drain (T.P. Trans. I, p. 103). Barmston ;
Lambwath stream and ditches, Marton to Aldborough ; Keyingham
drain near Thorneycrofts; Dunswell; not common (T.P.). Endyke
a Plentiful in streams at Foston and Rotsea Carr

-P.B.).

Var. minor :—Newsholme (G. W. Chaster, J. of C. 7, p. 367).

_ Var. major :—Boynton fishponds, 33X13 mm., 35X14 mm. (L. B.
Ross in N. & T.).

158 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Planorbis contortus (Linn.).

Derwentland.—York district, common (S.W.N.); pretty common
(R.M.C.). Newsholme, White Rails Dyke (J. Beanland).

Wolds.—Bridlington (J.S.G. ; G.R. and G. Wingate in N. & T.) Filey
(Y.N.U. 1903). Lowthorpe, Brace Bridge (Y.N.U. 1890). Marsh
near Kirkburn Gypsey Race (T.P.).

Holderness.— Wansford (L. B. Ross in N. & T.). Swinemoor; Figham ;
drift of Beverley Beck ; Kitchen Lane ; pond near England Springss ;
very abundant (J.D.B. 3). Meaux and New Holland near Meaux
(W.D.R. in N. & T.). Hornsea Mere (Y.N.U. 1881; C. Reid,
p- 83). Hull district, found with P. corneus (J.D.B. 1). Newland,
Cottingham Road, and Spring Dyke (J.D.B. in N. & T.). Haltem-
price Lane; Sutton ; Hedon ; Keyingham drain ; not common (T.P.).

Subfossil. Hornsea (C. Reid, p. 82). Skipsea (T.P.).

Bullinus hypnorum (Linn.).

Locally abundant in Derwentland and Holderness.

Derwentland.—York district, common, but local (S.W.N.); very abun-
dant in the York district ; Tilmire (R.M.C.). Harlethorpe, near
Bubwith ; pond near Breighton (N. & T.). Wressle (G.R. ; J.B. in
N. & T.). Cowbridge; Sandholme; Featherbed Lane (W.
Nelson, J. of C. 5, pp. 262-67).

Wolds.—Burlington (W.C.H.).

Holderness.— Driffield, plentiful in R. Hull (L. B. Ross in N. & T.).
Drift of Beverley Beck; Cherry Tree Lane; Kitchen Lane;
Commonbank Nook ; not common, disappears at times (J.D.B. 3).
Anlaby Road and Beverley Road, Hull (J.D.B. 1). Hornsea (Leeds
Conch. Soc., Yorkshire Weekly Post, July 11th, 1903), Hedon, not
uncommon (T.P. Trans. I. p. 103). Ditch inside guard bank,
Saltend (T.P. Trans. III. p. 41). _Haltemprice Lane ; Dunswell ;
Ridgmont; Flinton; local(T.P.). Endyke Lane (J.W.B.). Stream
near Hornsea Mere (E.P.B.).

Physa fontinalis (Linn.).

Derwentland.—York district, common (S.W.N.); (W.C.H.) ; decidedly
less common than hypnorum (R.M.C.). Allerthorpe (Y.N.U. 1893).
Ditch along the Ouse between Selby and Barlby (Y.N.U. 1875).
Riccall; Hemingborough ; pond near Howden Station (N. & T.).
Wressle, Fleetdyke (G.R.). Ousethorpe ; Sandholme (W. Nelson,
J. of C. 5, pp. 262-67).

Wolds.—Flamborough, ‘‘a prevailing species’? (W.C.H. circular 62).
Bridlington (Y.N.U. 1886; G. Wingate in N. & T.). Lowthorpe,
Brace Bridge (Y.N.U. 1890). | Londesborough (J.D.B. circular 75).
Brantingham (J.D.B. circular 69). Ellerker, near Brough (N. & T.).

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. 159

Holderness.—Driffield Canal (L. B. Ross and J.D.B. circular 145).
Figham ; Swinemoor ; Long Lane; Leckonfield Moat (J.D.B. 3).
New Holland, near Meaux (W.D.R. in N. & T.). Hull district,
common (J.D.B. 1). Newland, near Hull (N. & T.). Hornsea
Mere (Y.N.U. 1881; C. Reid, p. 83); ‘‘reaches usually large
dimensions" (F.W.F. Fretwell’s Guide and circular 150). Ditches
near Wassand (J.D.B. 2). Hedon; Sutton; Dunswell; Ryhill
drain; Aldborough ; moderately common (T.P.). Withernsea
(F.W.F. circular 99). Skidby Drain (J. W.B.). ‘* Abounds”’ (E.P.B.).

Amphipeplea glutinosa (Miill.).

Holderness.—Skidby drain, near Hull, found by Mr. J. F. Robinson,
Oct. 1889 (F.W.F., J. of C. 6, pp. 251-53; Taylor Mon. I.
p. 202; &c.), not seen recently (J.W.B. and T.P.).

Limnza peregra (Miill.).

Derwentland.—York : abundant (S.W.N.); a dwarf form abounds in
deepish water in the Ouse (R.M.C.). Naburn Lock (J. Grassham) ;
Barlby, common on bank of Ouse (W.D.R.) ; Hemingborough ;
Harlethorpe, near Bubwith (N. & T.). Wressle, common (G.R.).
Newport ; Cowbridge ; Sandholme ; Ousethorpe; Featherbed Lane;
Wressle Castle (Wm. Nelson, J. of C. 5, pp. 262-267). Allerthorpe
(Y.N.U. 1893). Kirkham Abbey (Y.N.U. 1889).

Wolds.—Filey (Y.N.U. 1883; Y.N.U. 1903). Buckton pond, fine
(W.C.H. circular 62, and ‘‘Flamborough” p. 137). Burlington
(J.S.G.). Bempton (W.C.H.). Pond near Danes Dyke House
(Y.N.U. 1886). Flamborough (F.W.F. circular 116). — North
Grimston, abundant and fine (Y.N.U. 1902). Sledmere (Y.N.U.
1891). Kildwick Percy (Y.N.U. 1885; circular 106). Londesborough
(Y.N.U. 1880; J.D.B. circular 75). Riplingham (F.W.F., Kew’s
‘‘ Dispersal of Shells,” p. 10, and circular 157). Brough (J.D.B.
circular 69; Y.N.U. 1901). Welton, pond at entrance to Dale,
fine (J.D.B. 1).

Holderness,— Driffield canal (J.D.B. and L. B. Ross, circular 145).
Leven canal (J.D.B. 1). Beverley, common and abundant
everywhere ; fine in Leckonfield Moat, and ditch in Long Lane ;
spire short and mouth wide, Figham and Pighill Lane (J.D.B. 3).
Hornsea, generally distributed, but not very abundant (J.D.B. 2;
Y.N.U. 1881; C. Reid p. 83). Withernsea (F.W.F. circular 99).
Saltend Common, Cattle pond (T.P. Trans. I. p. 104). Saltend,
ditch inside the guard bank; Sunk Island (T.P. Trans. III., pp.

3 & 41). Everywhere (T.P.). Everywhere (E.P.B.). Easington
(Y.N.U. 1904).

Var. ovata Drap. :—Newsholme (J.B.). York district, not uncommon
(R.M.C.). Hormsea Mere (?) (Y.N.U. 1881). Skidby drain (W.
Nelson, J. of C. 6, p. 243). Bempton, extraordinarily large
(W.C.H.). Grimston; Skeffling ; Sutton; Hedon; Lambwath
‘stream (T.P.).

Var. maritima Jeff. :—Sunk Island (T.P.).
Var. inflata Kob. :—Hedon (T.P.).

160 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Var. stagnaliformis Taylor. Buckton (W.C.H. in J.W.T., J. of C.
4, p- 82). Kirkburn Gypsey Race (E.P.B.).

Subfossil. Bridlington (Lamplugh in C. Reid p. 73; W.C.H., Nat. 12
p- 374). Hornsea (H. F. Hall, p. 45; Reid p. 82; T. Sheppard,
Nat. 27, p. 366). South of Withernsea (W.D.R. J. of C. 7, p. 88).
Easington ; Holmpton; Nevilles Dyke; Mappleton ; Atwick Gap ;
Atwick ; Skipsea ; Ulrome (T.P.). Limnzea, Bridlington (Phillips,
1875, p. 83). Several species, Dimlington (?), (H. F. Hall, p. 39).

Limneza auricularia (Linn. ).

Apparently a rare species in the East Riding where it
seldom attains large dimensions.

Derwentland.—Fine and characteristic at York (Hincks, Forbes and
Hanley 4, p. 172); occurs rarely inthe Ouse (R.M.C.). Newsholme,
rare (J. Beanland).

Wolds.—Kildwick Percy (Y.N.U. 1893).

Holderness.—Driffield canal (L. B. Ross and J.D.B. circular 145).
Foston (L. B. Ross, J. of C. 4, p. 356). Leven canal (J.D.B. 3).
Hornsea Mere (C. Reid, p. 83; ‘‘in the deeper parts,” F.W.F.
Fretwell’s Guide and circular 150). Swine; Burstwick drain; Sutton
drain ; local (T.P.). Foston stream and canal; Hornsea Mere;
Rotsea Carr; canal, Wansford Road (E.P.B.).

Subfossil. Hornsea (T. Sheppard, Nat. 27, p. 366).

Limneza stagnalis (Linn.).

Not a common species. As it is rare in the lacustrine
deposits it is probable that it has never been common.

Derwentland.—York district ; common (S.W.N.); quite a rarity (R.M.C.).
Riccall (Y.N.U. 1875). Newsholme (J.B.). Wressle (G.R.).
Featherbed Lane (Wm. Nelson, J. of C. 5, pp. 262-67). Breighton
(J.D.B. circular 75).

Wolds.—Boynton fishpond (W.C.H., Nat. 12, p. 374). Risby fishpond,
very sparingly (J.D.B. 3).

Holderness.— Driffield (L. B. Ross circular 145). Beverley (J.D.B. 1) ;
formerly at Figham, but dead shells only to be found now (J.D.B. 3).
Cottingham Road; fine in Spring Dyke (J.D.B. 1). Hornsea Mere
(Y.N.U. 1881; C. Reid, p. 83). Kelsey Hill; Burstwick drain ;
Lambwath stream and ditches, Marton to Aldborough ; Keyingham
drain; Grimston; broken shells round a ‘‘ thrush stone,” Kelsey
Hill, April 21st, 1903; not common (T.P.). Endyke Lane (J.W.B.).
Driffield canal; Foston streams; Hornsea Mere; North Frodingham,
drain near canal (E.P.B.).

Var. fragilis (Linn.) :—York, rare (S.W.N.). Wressle, a small form
like fragilis in the Fleetdyke in 1884 (G.R.). Kelsey Hill (?) (T.P.).

Subfossil. Skipsea, a few (Phillips, 1829, p. 64; 1875, p. 80; C. Reid,
p- 79). Hilston, plenty (Phillips, 1829, p. 64; 1875, p. 74). One
example, south of Withernsea (by E. Hawkesworth, W.D.R., J. of
C. 7, p. 88). Holmpton ; Nevilles Dyke; Atwick; rare (T.P.)

phe

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. 161

Limnza palustris (Mill.).

Derwentland.—York district, ‘‘admodum frequens in stagnis circa
Eboracum” (Lister, Hist. Animal. Angliz, p. 139); rather well
distributed (R.M.C.). Westow (Y.N.U. 1889). Newsholme (J.B.).
Cowbridge ; Ousethorpe ; Featherbed Lane (W. Nelson, J. of C. 5,

pp. 262-67).

Wolds.—Filey (Y.N.U. 1903). Flamborough, common but small
(W.C.H, circular 62; F.W.F. circular 116). Pond near Danes
Dyke House (Y.N.U. 1886; W.C.H. ‘‘ Flamborough” p. 137).
Burlington (J.S.G.) ; fine, millpond (W.C.H. ; W.C.H. circular 62).
Kelleythorpe (T.P.).

Holderness.—Driffield Canal (L. B. Ross and J.D.B. circular 145; L. B.
Ross, J. of C. 4, p. 356). Beverley (J.D.B. 1); locally abundant,
oe; but by no means a common species here ; Long Lane ; Swinemoor ;
Pighill, where it appears to prefer mud to water, and resembles
truncatula in its habits; Figham ; pond in field beyond Kitchen
Lane; Commonbank Nook (J.D.B. 3). Cottingham (J.D.B. 3).
Spring Dyke, Hull (J.D.B. 1). Hornsea (J.D.B. 1); ditches and
swampy places near the Mere (J.D.B. 2 3 Y.N.U. 1881; C. Reid,
p. 83). Haltemprice Lane; ditch parallel to Cottingham Beck ;
Sutton; Lambwath stream and ditches, Marton; Dunswell ;
Kelsey Hill; Springhead ; Hedon; not common in East Holderness
(T.P). Endyke Lane(J.W.B.). Canal and trout streams, Driffield;
Foston streams; Hornsea ; generally distributed (E.P.B.).

Var. tincta Jeff. :_-Newsholme (J.B).

Var. elongata Mog. :—Newsholme (J.B.). Burlington (J.S.G.). Near
Hull (W. L. W. Eyre, J. of C. 7, p. 87). Sutton ; Railway Bridge,
Hedon (T.P.).

Var. stricta :—Near Hull (W. L. W. Eyre, loc cit.).
Var. lacunosa Zgl. :—Sutton ; Dunswell (T.P.).

,
4
}

Var. minor Taylor :—Railway Bridge, Hedon (T.P.); several almost
as narrow as L. glabra, and one specimen turreted.

Var. variegata :—Hedon (as above), with many showing spiral
banding, April 1904 (T.P.).

Var. corva. (Gmel.) :—Driffield (E.P.B.).
Subfossil. Bridlington (W.C.H., Nat. 12, p. 374):

Limnza truncatula (Miill.).

There are few records for Derwentland; it is very
abundant in the other divisions.

_ Derwentland.—York district, common (S.W.N); abundant (R.M.C.).

5 Newsholme, White Rails drain (J. Beanland). Wressle, on caddis
cases in the Fleetdyke (G.R.). Newport (Wm. Nelson, J. of C. 5,
pp. 262-67).

162 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Wolds.—Filey, cliffs (W.C.H. 2nd circular, 1883 ; Y.N.U. 1883 ; Y.N.U.
1903). Flamborough (F.W.F. circular 116). Pond near Danes Dyke
House (Y.N.U. 1886). North Grimston, one specimen (Y.N.U.
1902). Kildwick Percy (Y.N.U. 1885, circular 106), Brantingham
(J.D.B. 1; J.D.B. circular 69; Y.N.U. 1901). South Cave to
Brough, a small form in chalk pits (F.W.F. circular 157). Hessle,
in a lime quarry, fine (J.D.B. 1). Kelleythorpe (T.P.). Cottam
(E.P.B.).

Holderness.—Driffield Canal (J.D.B. and L. B, Ross circular 145).
Swinemoor; Figham; Leckonfield Park; Kitchen Lane; on the
muddy banks of the R. Hull in countless numbers, generally small
(J.D.B. 3). Hornsea, ditch near Mere (J.D.B. 2; Y.N.U. 1881 ;
C. Reid, p. 83). Barmston Drain, Hull (J.D.B. 1). Withernsea
(Y.N.U. 1892). Pond, roadside between Sutton and Wawne (H. E.
Johnson). Hedon; Sutton; Lambwath stream; Skeffling: Patring
ton; Kelsey Hill ; &c. ; common everywhere (T.P.). Everywhere
(E.P.B.).

Subfossil. Hornsea (H. F. Hall. p. 45). Bridlington (W.C.H. Nat.
12, p- 374).

Limnza glabra (Miill.).

It 1s worthy of notice that this species has been found in
every district which has been thoroughly investigated. The
Danes Dyke record appears to be an error; if so it does not
occur in the central division.

Derwentland.—York district, in small ditches but rare (Hincks in Forbes
and Hanley, 4, p. 180); rare (S.W.N.) ; ponds about York (W.C.H.).
Tilmire and Langwith (R.M.C.). Cowbridge, one specimen ;
Sandholme; Featherbed Lane; Wressle (W. Nelson, J. of C. 5,
pp- 262-67).

Wolds.—Flamborough Head, in profusion in a pond where the water is
quite red; this has produced decollation in many cases (W.C.H.) ;
pond filled up (W.C.H., ‘‘ Flamborough,” p. 137). Abounds in
grassy ponds near Danes Dyke (W.C.H. circular 62; not recorded
Y.N.U. 1886 ; nor in ‘‘ Flamborough,” pp. 135-37).

Holderness—Plentiful in a pond near Leconfield Moat with Pl. spzrorbis
and a few L. peregra (J.D.B., J. of C. 3, p. 177; J-D.B. 3; F.W.F.
Trans. I. p. 156). | Hornsea Mere, one dead shell (C. Reid, p. 83) ;
this record has not been confirmed. Hedon, in a closed ditch
behind the ‘‘ Plough Field,” with PZ. spzvorbis and Physa hypnorum ;
shallow ditch, Livers; ditch, ‘‘ Poor Closes,” all three within a
short distance (T.P. Trans. I. p. 103). Pond near the Preston road,
Sproatley, with Pl. spzrorbis (C. Hollingworth). | Haltemprice Lane
(F.W.F.). Inglemire Lane (J. W. Boult; F.W.F. Trans. I. p.
156 and T.P. p. 103.)

Ancylus fluviatilis Mill.

This species is practically confined to the rapid streams
on the slopes of the Wolds, in which the stones are not
coated with mud as in the sluggish drains of Holderness.

,

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. 163

Derwentland.—York district: ‘‘In vadis lapidosis fluvii Ouse” (Lister,
Hist. Animal, Angliz p. 151) ; in the Ouse (W.S.N.); rare, in stony
places in the Ouse (R.M.C.).

Wolds.—Speeton (J.S.G.; W.C.H. ‘‘ Flamborough,” p. 137). Flam-
borough, ponds near the cliffs (W.C.H. circular 62 ; F.W.F. circular
116). Lowthorpe (Y.N.U. 1890). North Grimston (A. H. Taylor
circular 165). Stream on approaching South Cave from Mount
Airy (F.W.F. circular 157). Hotham Beck (H. F. Parsons, Nat. 4,
go). Brough (Goole Sc. Soc. Nat. 2, p. 170; H. F. Parsons, Nat.
4, 90); in the streamlets, (3rd circular 1878; J.D.B. circular 69 ;

. Y.N.U. 1903). Scorborough Beck (H. M. Foster).

Holderness—Driffield canal (L. B. Ross and J.D.B. circular 145).
Driffield (L. B. Ross J. of C. 4, p. 356). Not found in the east of
Holderness (T.P.). Generally in the streams, especially on the
Foston side of Driffield (E.P.B.).

Velletia lacustris (Linn.).

* Rare in the East Riding ; the specimen recorded below is
the only one I have taken.

Derwentland.—Ditch along the Ouse between Selby and Barlby (Y.N.U
1875). River Derwent at Kirkham Abbey (Y.N.U. 1889).

Wolds.—Flamborough (F.W.F. circular 116). Speeton (W.C.H.,
“Flamborough ” p. 137).

Holderness.— Driffield, debris from canal (J.D.B. circular 145). Leven
canal (J.D.B. 1). Leven canal and Leckonfield Moat, fine and
moderately abundant (J.D.B. 3). Hornsea (Y.N.U. 1881; F.W.F.
Fretwell’s Guide ; a dead shell on a caddis case, May 28, 1904,
T.P.). Pond on roadside between Sutton and Wawne (H. E.
Johnson). Ponds near Swine Church (F.W.F. and J. F. Robinson).
Common on reeds of canal at Wansford ; ponds at Skerne (E.P.B.).

[Cyclostoma elegans (Miill. ).

; Is reported for Forge Valley, but has not been recorded
_ for the East Riding].

[Acme lineata (Drap.).

Occurs at Hackness (W.C.H.). Not on record for the
East Riding].

Neritina fluviatilis (Linn.).
Much rarer than might be expected, considering the
_ number of streams in the Riding.

‘Derwentland. —Y¥ ork: ‘‘In vadis lapidosis fluviis Ouse juxta Fooforth
copiose”’ (Dr. Martin Lister, Hist. Animalium Angliz, p. 136;
Hincks, Anu. Nat. Hist. ser. I. 5, 1840, p. 367; abundant in the
Ouse on stones two or three feet below the surface (S.W.N.) ; Ouse
near Bishopthorpe, a very dark variety (W.C.H.) ; very abundant
in the Ouse both above and below the city (R.M.C.). Derwent
near Kirkham Abbey (W.C.H. in N. & T.).

164 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND, FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Holderness. — Driffield, debris from canal (J.D.B. circular 145). Barms-
ton drain (J.D.B. 1 and 2). Abundant in the R. Hull at Grovehill,
where the specimens are thickly encrusted with a calcareous deposit
(J.D.B. 3). Sutton drain (T.P., Trans. I. p. 101). R. Hull at
Gibraltar, dead (H. M. Foster). ‘In slow running rivers as the
Humber” (T. Brown ‘Illustrations,’ 1844, p. 26), is evidently
error. Common in the river at Rotsea; dead shells at Wansford
lock (E. P.B.).

Viviparus contectus (Millet).

This species only occurs in the neigbourhood of Wressle,
where Dr. Martin Lister discovered it more than two hundred
years ago.

Derwentland.—-Fulford, near York (W.C.H.); dead shells occurred at
Fulford two years ago, but none since, I believe (W.C.H. in N. & T.,
1883). ‘‘In fossis ad fluvium Darwent juxta Bubwith octavo ab
Eboraco miliari magna copia reperiuntur” (Lister, Hist. Animalium
Angliz 1678-81, p. 134). Between Wressle and Breighton in a
tributary of the Derwent (W. Nelson, Nat. 10, p. 20; J. of C. 4,
p- 214). Wressle, a few mostly young in the Fleetdyke, 1884 (G.R.) ;
Wressle, ‘‘ this being at present the only really Yorkshire habitat
known” (Wm. Nelson, J. of C. 5, pp. 262-67). An ‘exhibition of
P. contecta from East Yorks. sent by Albert Harker,’ Conch. Soc.
5th June, 1889, is recorded (J. of C. 6, p. 101) without any reference
to localities,

Viviparus viviparus (Linn.).

Derwentland.—In the Ouse at Selby, numerous fine examples on the mud
where clear of weeds before reaching Barlby (Y.N.U. 1875).
York (Hincks, Ann. Nat. Hist. 5, ser. I., p. 367, 1840); I have
taken two or three specimens in the Ouse (S.W.N.); profusely
abundant in the Ouse below York (W.C.H.); below the city it
abounds (R.M.C.).

Holderness.—Foston, near Driffield, exhibited at the Conch. Soc. for Mr.
L. B. Ross (J. of C. 4, p. 356). Dead specimen from highwater
mark at Bridlington (G. Wingate, J. of C. 4, p. 365). Three dead
shells found on the bank of the Beverley and Barmston drain at
Figham in the mud thrown out in cleaning the drain (H. M, Foster,
Jan., 1885). As one branch of the Barmston drain enters the sea at
a few miles south of Bridlington, it is probable that all these dead
shells were derived from colonies in the Driffield neighbourhood,
though its occurrence there requires confirmation.

Bythinia tentaculata (Linn.).

Derwentland.—York, abundant everywhere (S.W.N.). River Ouse,
near Selby (Y.N.U. 1875). Derwent at Kirkham Abbey (Y.N.U.
1889). Howden (N. & T.). _Newsholme and Wressle, very common
(G.R.). Pocklington canal (Y.N.U. 1893). Breighton (J.D.B.
circular 75).

Wolds. —Burlington (J.S.G.). Londesborough (J.D.B. circular 75).

a

ee

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING, 165

Holderness.— Driffield, canal (J.D.B. and L. B. Ross, circular 145) ;
plentiful in R. Hull (L. B. Ross in N. & T.). Foston, plentiful in
R. Hull (L. B. Ross in N. & T.). Beverley, abundant and generally
distributed ; Leven canal ; Long Lane (fine) ; Swinemoor; Figham;
R. Hull; Leckonfield Moat (J.D.B. 3). Hornsea Mere (Y.N.U.
1881 ; C. Reid p. 83; F.W.F. Fretwell’s Guide and circular 150).
Ditch near Hornsea Bridge (J.D.B. 2). Withernsea (F.W.F.
circular 99). Hull district, common (J.D.B. 1). Dunswell; Cotting-
ham ; Burstwick drain; Ryhill drain ; common (T.P.). Abundant,
Wansford and Foston (E.P.B.).

M. decollatum Jeff. Hornsea (Y.N.U. 1881).

Var. cornea Locard., Fleetdyke, Wressle (G.R.).

Subfossil. Skipsea (Phillips, 1829, p. 66; 1875, p. 80; Reid, p. 79).
Hornsea (H. F. Hall, p. 45; Phillips, 1875, p. 77; Reid, p. 82;
T. Sheppard, Nat. 27, p. 366). Holmpton (Phillips, 1829, p. 62;
1875, p. 71). Bridlington (W.C.H. Nat. 12, p. 374). Holmpton ;
Skipsea ; opercula only, Ulrome (T.P. 1892).

Bythinia leachii (Shepp.).
Local in Derwentland and Holderness, but common in
several stations in the latter district.

Derwentland.—Wressle, Fleetdyke on caddis case, rare(G.R.). Bubwith
(J.D.B. circular 75). Near Brough (Y.N.U. 1878; J.D.B. circular
69). York (Hincks, Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. I. 5, p. 367, 1840).

Holderness.— Driffield, debris from canal (J.D.B. circular 145). Hornsea
Mere (Y.N.U. 1881; C. Reid, p. 83; F.W.F. Fretwell’s Guide and
circular 150). Ditch parallel to Leven canal; Figham ; scarce
(J.D.B. 3). Barmston drain, near Hull (J.D.B. 1). Dunswell Lane ;
Sutton drain; common in both localities (T.P.). Endyke Lane
(J.W.B.). Abundant in canal and streams, Wansford and Foston
(E.P.B.).

Distribution of Paludestrina jenkinsi.

Paludestrina jenkinsi (Smith).
Not inthe Census. Only found in the neighbourhood of

_ Hedon at present but it appears to be extending its range.

166 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

It occurs in fresh water except near Marfleet (see Trans.
EL. 7p, 4):

Holderness.—Pond near the guard bank, Saltend, Sept. 3rd, 1900
(F.W.F. T.P. Trans. I. p. 236). Ditch parallel to Humber bank
from Lords Clough to Marfleet (T. Stainforth). Ditch inside the
guard bank, Saltend (T.P. Trans. III. p. 41). Burstwick drain and
drain east of Hospitals, Hedon, April, 1904 (T.P. Nat. 29, p. 141).
Common in the Burstwick drain from the locality marked on the
map to within a short distance of Burstwick, Aug., 1904 (T.P.).

Valvata piscinalis (Miill.).

Derwentland.—R. Ouse at Naburn (W.C.H. in N. & T.; R.M.C.).
Derwent at Kirkham Abbey (Y.N.U. 1889). R. Ouse near Barlby
(Y.N.U. 1875). Wressle, Fleetdyke (G.R.).

Wolds.—Lowthorpe (Y.N.U. 18go0).

Holderness.— Driffield (W.C.H. Nat. 12, p. 374); debris from canal
(J.D.B. circular 145). Brigham, moderately plentiful in canals and
ditches (L. B. Ross in N. & T.). Foston (L. B. Ross in N. & T.).
Leven canal; Swinemoor; Figham; R. Hull; moderately abundant
(J.D.B. 3). Leven canal; Skidby drain (J.D.B. 1). Skidby drain
_(W. Nelson J. of C. 6, p. 243). Hornsea Mere (Y.N.U. 1881 ;
C. Reid, p. 83) Withernsea (Y.N.U. 1892). Dunswell; Fleet
drain Letween Preston and Wyton; Barmston; Burstwick drain ;
fairly common in the larger drains (T.P.). Abundant in canal and
streams, Wansford and Foston (E,P.B.). Endyke Lane (J.W.B.).

Var. antigua Sowerby :—Fleetdyke, Wressle (G.R.).

Var. acuminata (Jeff.) :—In drift of Beverley Beck, and the Barmston
drain at Figham (J.D.B. 3).

Subfossil. Dimlington (H. F. Hall, p. 45); Hornsea (H. F. Hall,
p- 45; Reid, p. 82; T. Sheppard, Nat. 27, p. 366). Bridlington ;
Valvate (Phillips, 1875, p. 83; W.C.H. Nat. 12, p. 374). Sandle-
mere (Reid, p. 84). South of Withernsea (W.D,R. J. of C. 7, p. 88).
Holmpton; Mappleton ; Atwick ; Skipsea ; Ulrome (T.P. 1892).

Valvata cristata Miill.

Derwentland.—York, a few in the Ouse (R.M.C.). Ouse between Selby
and Barlby (Y.N.U. 1875). Pocklington canal (Y.N.U. 1893).

Wolds.—Lowthorpe (Y.N.U. 1890). Bridlington, common attached to
caddis cases in a pond near the railway on-the west side of the line
to Scarborough (G. Wingate in N. & T.).

Holderness.—Leven canal, attached to caddis cases (J.D.B. 1 and 3).
Leckonfield Moat; drift of Beverley Beck (J.D.B. 3). Hornsea
Mere (Y.N.U. 1881; C. Reid, p. 83). Haltemprice Lane; Dunswell ;
Swine; Mappleton; Hedon; Thorngumbald ; not uncommon in
shallow pools and ditches (T.P.). Inglemire Lane (J.W.B.).
Abundant, Wansford and Foston (E.P.B.).

Subfossil. Sandlemere (G. Reid, p. 84). Skipsea (T.P.). Hornsea
(T.P. ; T. Sheppard Nat. 27, p. 366).

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. 167

Unio tumidus Phil.

The occurence of this species in Holderness requires
confirmation.

Derwentland.—York, ‘‘ Musculus angustior’”’ (List. Hist. Animal Ang].
p- 149, tab. 2, f. 30; Appendix p. 12, tab. 1, f. 6), ‘* In fluvio Ouse
juxta Eboracum copiose ’; ‘‘found with pzctorum in Ouse in Yorks.”
(Pennant Brit. Zool. 1812, vol. 4, p. 162); (Maton and Rackett, quoting
Lister ; Hincks, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vol. 5, p. 367; S.W.N.); in
the Ouse but very rare; var. vadiata occurs amongst the rest
(R.M.C.). Market Weighton canal between Newport and Cliff
(J.D.B. circular 75 ; H.F. Parsons, Nat. 4, 90).

Holderness.—R. Hull (J.D.B., Nat. 8, p. 185). Sutton drain, between
Wawne Road and the Great Culvert, in mud thrown out when
cleaning (J. W.B.).

Unio pictorum (Linn.).

Not in the Census. As in the case of the last species, it

is uncertain whether its range at York extends to the East
Riding.

Derwentland.—York, ‘‘ Musculus angustissimus . . . . cum superiore,
at rarior est” (Lister Hist. Anim. Angl. Appendix p. 13, tab. 1, fig.
4); ‘*Ouse in Yorks” (Pennant Brit. Zool. 1812, vol. 4, p. 162) ;
(Maton and Rackett, Linn. Trans. vol. 8, p. 38; T. Brown
“¢ Tilustrations”” 1844, p. 81); common in the Ouse below York
(W.C.H.); very fine and very abundant in the Ouse but the number
below the city far exceeds that above (R.M.C.). Market Weighton
canal between Newport and Cliff (J.D.B. circular 75; H. F.
Parsons Nat. 4, go).

:
:

Holderness.—[Canals about Hull, Forbes and Hanley, vol. 2, p. 146.]
Leven canal; R. Hull (J.D.B. Nat. 8, p. 185). [‘‘I found this
species (U. rostrata) in the canal near Hull,” T. Brown ‘‘Illustra-
tions,” p. 82]. Sutton drain, with U. tumidus as above (J.W.B..).

Var. curvirostris Norm. :—Ouse below York (W.C.H. J. of C. 3, p.
178) ; in the Ouse but not common (R.M.C.).

Var. radiata Moq. :—Pretty common amongst the rest (R.M.C).

As indicated above, Lister described two species of Unio from the
Ouse, Nidd and Foss. Subsequent authors agree in considering
these distinct with the exception of Montagu, who however does not
refer to the figure or description in the Appendix but appears to have
decided from the figures of the Historiz Conchyliorum. There is
much confusion in the references, e.g., Turton (ed. Gray) refers to
tab. 2, f. 30, as Unio pictorum, and Appendix fig. 6 as U. tumidus
though the second figure is a copy of the first. Similar mistakes
occur in Maton & Rackett (loc. cit.), and Leach (ed. Gray),
Molluscorum Britanniz Synopsis. Lister’s descriptions and figures
are

168 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Musculus angustior. Hist. Anim. Angl. p. 149, tab. 2, f. 30; Appendix
p. 12, tabi, f. 6; Hist. Conch. tab. 147, f. 2; (ed. Huddesforth
1770).

Musculus angustissimus. Appendix p. 13, tab. 1, fig. 4; Hist.
Conch. tab. 147, fig. 3.

Anodonta cygnea (Linn.).

Derwentland.—York, R. Ouse (W.C.H.). Ouse at York (T. Brown,
‘* Illustrations," p. 79). Newsholme (J. Beanland).

Wolds.—Kildwick Percy (Y.N.U. 1885; circular 106; Y.N.U. 1893).
Boynton fish pond (W.C.H., Nat. 12, p. 374). Lowthorpe (L. B.
Ross, circular 84). Risby (J.D.B. 1); (Beverley F.N. and Sc. Soc.
Nat. 7, p. 170), one specimen; much less numerous than formerly

(J.D.B. 3).

Holderness.— Driffield canal (L. B. Ross and J.D.B. circular 145).
Leven canal (empty shells, J.D.B. 1; fragments J.D.B. 3). Hornsea
Mere ‘‘ thick, tumid and narrow” W.C.H.; J.D.B.13; abundant
J.D.B. 2; ‘“‘ probably zncrassata,” 3rd circular 1881; F.W.F.
Fretwell’s Guide and circular 150; T.P. Trans. 1, p. 104). Barmston
drain, empty shells (J.D.B. 1). Cottingham, broken shells in fields
probably carried by birds (J.D.B. 3). Foston (E.P.B.).

Subfossil. anatina:—Owthorne but not elsewhere (Phillips, 1829, p.
353; 1875, p- 724). Hornsea (Phillips, 1875, p. 72; Reid, p. 82).
Sandlemere (Reid, p. 84). Unzo, Hornsea (H. F. Hall, pp. 41 and
45). Dimlington (?) (H. F. Hall, p. 39). ‘It is impossible to obtain
entire specimens, but judging from their size all should be referred
to ceygnea ; Mappleton ; Skipsea (T. P.).

Anodonta anatina (Linn.).

Derwentland.— York, to be found in the Ouse in any quantity (R.M.C.).
Wressle, Fleetdyke, var. ventricosa, dead shells (G.R.).

Holderness.—Hornsea Mere (J.D.B. 1; J.D.B.2; T.P., Trans. I., p. 104;
C. Reid, p. 83); the last probably refers to cygnca, which is not
recorded by Reid. Burstwick drain; Keyingham drain; brickpond,
Hestholme, near Ridgmont (T.P. Trans. I., p. 104).

Var. vadiata Jeff.:—Burstwick drain (T.P.).

Spherium corneum (Linn.).

Derwentland.—York, ‘‘in aquis stagnantibus circa Eboracum copiose”’
(Lister, Hist. Anim. Angl., p. 150, and App., p. 14); common every-
where (S.W.N.); fine and abundant throughout the district generally
(R.M.C.). Ditch parallél to Ouse between Selby and Barlby (Y.N.U.
1875). KR. Derwent at Kirkham Abbey (Y.N.U. 1889). Pocklington
canal (Y.N.U. 1893). Wressle, near the castle; Fleetdyke, between
Wressle and Bubwith (G.Kk.). Bubwith aud Breighton (J.D.B.
circular 75).

Wolds.—Filey (Y.N.U. 1903). Flamborough (F.W.F. circular 116).
Brantingham (J.D.B. 1; J.D.B. circular 69). Brough (N. & T.).
Risby (T.P.).

.
:
.
\:
;
q

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. 169

Holderness.—Driffield canal (L. B. Ross and J.D.B. circular 145).
Beverley, very abundant in nearly every pond, ditch and stream in
the district; Figham ; Long Lane ; Swinemoor; R. Hull; Beverley
and Barmston drain (J.D.B. 3). Hornsea Mere (J.D.B. 2; Y.N.U.
1881 ; C. Reid p. 83; F.W.F. Fretwell's Guide and circular 150).
Hull district, Barmston and Skidby drains; plentiful (J.D.B. 1).
Ditch near Hornsea Bridge (J.D.B. 2). Skidby drain (W. Nelson,
J. of C. 6, p. 343). Withernsea (F.W.F. circular 99). Cottingham ;
Springhead Road; Dunswell; Hedon; Burstwick drain ; Keyingham
drain; Sutton; Grimston; Aldborough; abundant everywhere
(T.P.). Easington (Y.N.U. 1904). Common and fairly distributed
(E.P.B.).

Var. nucleus (Stud.) ;—Burlington (J.S.G.).

Var. flavescens (Macgill.) :—Beverley and Barmston drain at Figham
(J.D.B. 3).

Var. regulavis Pascal:—Wressle, in the Fleetdyke (G.R., Nat. 11, p. 347).

Subfossil. Holmpton (Phillips 1829, p. 62; 1875, p. 71). Skipsea
(Phillips, 1829, p. 66; 1875, p. 80; C. Reid, p. 82). Hornsea (H. F.
Hall, p. 45 ; Phillips, 1875, p. 77; Reid, p. 82; T. Sheppard, Nat. 27,
p- 366). Dimlington (?) (Hall, p. 39). Bridlington (Phillips, 1875,
p- 83; W.C.H., Nat. 12, p. 374). Sandlemere (C. Reid, p. 84).
South of Withernsea (W.D.R., J. of C. 7, p. 88). Easington,
Holmpton, Neville’s Dyke, Mappleton, Atwick Gap, Atwick, Skipsea,
Ulrome (T.P., 1892).

Spherium rivicola (Leach).

The Hornsea record has not been confirmed, and it is
doubtful whether its distribution at York extends to the East
Riding. It is not given as an East Riding species in the
Census.

Derwentland.—York, abundant (Hincks, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vol. 5,

p- 367; Tate, British Mollusks, 1866, p. 34); rare in the Ouse
(R.M.C.).

Holderness.—Hornsea Mere (C. Reid, p. 83).

[Spherium pallidum Gray.
Occurs at York in the Foss (W.C.H.). |

Spherium lacustre (Miill.).

A common species in South Holderness, but not recorded
for Derwentland.

Derwentland.—[York, only one locality, a stagnant pond (S.W.N.); a
comparative rarity throughout the York district (R.M.C..).]

Wolds.—Pond near Danes Dyke House (Y.N.U. 1886; W.C.H.
“Flamborough” p. 137). Flamborough (F.W.F. circular 116).
Tibthorpe (E.P.B.). ,

N

170 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Holderness. —Beverley district, local and not plentiful; small at Figham
in a ditch bordering on the Hull Road; also in a ditch runing into
the R. Hull at Commonbank Nook, near Arram (J.D.B. 3). Hornsea
(H. Strickland, Forbes and Hanley, 2, p. 118). Hornsea Mere
(Y.N.U. 1881; F.W.F. Fretwell’s Guide and circular 150). Withern-
sea (F.W.F. circular 99). Spring Dyke, Hull (J.D.B. 1). Saltend
Common, cattlepond (T.P., Trans. I., p. 104). Marfleet; Burstwick
drain; Waxholme; Patrington; Sproatley ; not uncommon (T.P.).
Form approaching ¢allidum, Burstwick Drain (T.P.). Rotsea
(E.P.B.).

Var. vyckholtii (Norm.):—Pond, near Danes Dyke House (Y.N.U. 1886 ;
F.W.F. circular 116).

Subfossil. Skipsea (Phillips, 1875, p. 80, not in 1829; C. Reid, p. 79,
from Phillips).

Pisidium amnicum (Miill.).

Derwentland.—York (S.W.N.); fairly common in the Ouse, (R.M.C.).
Wressle, in the Fleetdyke (J. Beanland).

Holderness. —Driffield, debris from canal (J.D.B. circular 145); canal,
F.W.F., J. of C. 7, p. 173). Barmston drain; Leven canal (J.D.B. 1).
Locally abundant; Beverley and Barmston drain, near Arram;
Leven canal; R. Hull at Grovehill (J.D.B. 1). It occurs in the
Derwent at Ayton (North Riding) and should be found lower down;
in Holderness it appears to be confined to the valley of the R. Hull
(T.P.). Well distributed (E.P.B.).

Pisidium fontinale (Drap.).

Derwentland.— York, common (R.M.C.). Wressle, Fleetdyke, on caddis
cases (G.R.).

Wolds.—Filey, cliffs (W.C.H. 2nd circular, 1883 ; Y.N.U. 1903). Speeton
(T.P. circular 172). Pond near Danes Dyke House (Y.N.U. 1886 ;
W.C.H. “ Flamborough” p. 137). Flamborough (F.W.F. circular
116). Brough (Y.N.U. 1gor).

Holderness.—Driffield, debris from canal (J.D.B. circular 145). Beverley
district; Long Lane; Figham; Levencanal; moderately plentiful
(J.D.B. 3). Withernsea (F.W.F. circular 99). Burstwick drain ;
Garton; Dunswell (T.P.). Lambwath Stream at Skirlaugh (T.P.).

Subfossil. Hornsea (T.P.; T. Sheppard, Nat. 27, p. 366).

Pisidium henslowanum (Shepp.),

Derwentland.—York (S.W.N); common in sand dredged from the Ouse
(James Backhouse in R.M.C.).

Holderness.—Leven canal (J.D.B. 1). Leven canal; Barmston drain near
Arram; ditch parallel to Leven canal; Cottingham; R. Hull at
Grove Hill where its scarcity or abundance appears to be determined
by the action of the tides (J.D.B. 3). Hornsea Mere (C. Reid, p. 83;
T.P. specimens identified by Mr. J. W. Taylor). Lambwath Stream
at Skirlaugh (T.P.).

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE EAST RIDING. I71

Pisidum pulchellum Jenyns.

Derwentland.— Very abundant in shallow ditches near York (W.C.H.) ;
‘Common enough, I believe’’ (R.M.C.).

Wolds.—Risby (T.P.).
Holderness.—Saltend Common, cattlepond (T.P., Trans. I., p. 104).

Pisidium cinereum Alder.

Derwentland.—Ponds on Tilmire (R.M.C.).
Wolds.—Lowthorpe (Y.N.U. 1890).

Holderness.—Beverley, ditch near station, extremely abundant (J.D.B. 3).
Hornsea Mere (C. Reid, p. 83 as casertanum; T.P. specimens identified
by Mr. J. W. Taylor).

Pisidium pusillum (Gmelin.).

Derwentland.—York (S.W.N.) ; very abundant in shallow ditches near
York (W.C.H.); generally distributed (W.C.H. in R.M.C.). Derwent
at Kirkham Abbey (Y.N.U. 1889). Pocklington canal (Y.N.U. 1893).

Wolds.—Pond near Danes Dyke House (Y.N.U. 1886; W.C.H. ‘ Flam-
borough”’ p. 137). Lowthorpe (Y.N.U. 1890). Kildwick Percy
(Y.N.U. 1885; circular 106). Welton; Brantinghamthorpe (Y.N.U.
Igo).

Holderness.—Driffield canal (J.D.B. circular 145; L.B. Ross, J. of C. 4,
Pp. 356). Leven canal; ditch parallel to Leven canal; shallow ditch,
Swinemoor ; extremely abundant (J.D.B. 3). Hornsea, ditch near
Wassand end of Mere (J.D.B. 2; Mere, C. Reid, p.83; T.P.) Leven
canal and Keyingham drain(J.D.B.1). Withernsea (F.W.F. circular
99). Saltend, ditch inside guard bank (T.P. Trans. III. p. 41).
Hedon; Thorngumbald; Grimston; Aldborough; Mappleton;
Hornsea Burton; common everywhere (T.P.).

Var. obtusalis (Lam.). Hornsea Mere; Kelleythorpe (T.P.).

Subfossil. Bridlington (W.C.H. Nat. 12, p. 374). Hornsea (C. Reid,
p. 82). Sandlemere (C. Reid, p. 84). South of Withernsea (W.D.R.
J.of C. 7, p. 88). Kilnsea; Easington; Holmpton; Neville’s Dyke ;.
Mappleton ; Atwick Gap; Atwick; Skipsea; Ulrome (T.P. 1892).

Pisidium nitidum Jenyns.

Derwentland.—York (S.W.N.). ’

Wolds.—Pond near Danes Dyke House (Y.N.U. 1886; W.C.H. ‘ Flam-
borough’’ p. 137). Flamborough (F.W.F. circular 116).

Holderness.—Common, Spring Dyke; Skidby drain; (J.D.B.1). Ditch
bordering the Hull Road, Figham; ditch parallel to Leven canal
(J-D.B. 3). Hornsea Mere, specimens identified by Mr J. W.
Taylor (T.P.).

172 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Pisidium milium Held.
Occurs in several localities, but is never common.

Holderness.—Beverley, ditch in Long Lane, near Beverley Minster,
sparingly (J.D.B. 3). Hornsea Mere (J.D.B. 2; 3rd circular 1881;
Y.N.U. 1881 ; F.W.F. Fretwell’s Guide and circular 150). Burstwick,
ditch on road to Burton Pidsea; Withernsea, pond on cliff;
Burstwick drain; brickpond near Sproatley (T.P.).

[Dreissensia polymorpha (Pall.).

The record quoted in Kew’s ‘‘ Dispersal of Shells,” p.
218—‘‘ in many places in the canal between Manchester and
Hull ’ (T. Brown, “ Illustrations,” 1844, p. 76)—is, of course,
an error as far as regards Hull, since the canal terminates
at Goole. |

ADDENDA.

Records initialled E.P.B. were taken from the proof of
Mr. Blackburn’s paper ; in the published list (‘‘ Naturalist,”
Dec., 1904) the following also occur :—

Hyalinia radiatula (Wolds) Kelleythorpe.

Helix rotundata (Wolds) King’s Mill, Driffield.

Helix pygmea (Wolds) Tibthorpe Wold.

Helix aculeata. Delete ‘‘ Tibthorpe Chalk Pit.”

Hetix pulchella (Wolds) Scarborough Road, Driffield.

Helix pulchella var. costata (Wolds) Tibthorpe Wold Chalk Pit.

Helix cantiana (Wolds) Flamborough ; Bridlington.

Vertigo pygmea (Wolds) Tibthorpe.

Ceciloides acicula (Wolds) Tilthorpe Chalk Pit.

Planorbis nautileus (Holderness) Foston and Hornsea.

Planorbis corneus (Wolds) Kellythorpe.

Planorbis contortus (Holderness) fairly common.

Limnea palustris (Wolds) Kelleythorpe.

Pisidium amnicum (Holderness) Driffield vice ‘‘ Fairly distributed.”

Pisidium fontinale (Wolds) Tibthorpe Wold. (Holderness) Driffield ;
Rotsea ; Beeford ; Skipsea.

Pisidium pulchellum (Holderness) Lowthorpe; Beeford; Skipsea ;
Hornsea.

Pisidium cinereum (Holderness) Rotsea and Foston.

Pisidium pusillum (Wolds) Tibthorpe Wold; (Holderness) Driffield ;
Foston ; Rotsea ; Hornsea.

Pisidium nitidum (Wolds) Tibthorpe Wold ; Kelleythorpe. (Holderness)
Skerne ; Beeford ; Skipsea.

Pisidium milium (Wolds) Tibthorpe Wold. (Holderness) Driffield ;
Skerne ; Lowthorpe ; Hornsea.

From the Skipsea lacustrine deposit Mr. Blackburn records Bithynia
tentaculata, B. leachiz, Limnea peregra, Valvata piscinalis, V. cristata,
Spherium corneum, Pisidium pusillum, P. nitidum, P. roseum, and
P. fontinale,

ea Tl

ROMAN VILLA AT HARPHAM, EAST YORKS.
By Tuomas SHEPPARD, F.G.S.

DISCOVERY of what may eventually prove to be a
Roman villa of no mean importance was made
during the latter part of 1904, in a locality where

such extensive traces of Roman occupation were little
suspected. Evidences of the villa were first noticed by the
farmer, in ‘‘ Cross Trod Field,” near Harpham, about two
miles from the old ‘‘ High Street,” leading from Bridling-
ton to Sledmere. A previous tenant had removed large
quantities of coarse sandstone from a slight and somewhat
rectangular eminence in Cross Trod Field, which probably
represented parts of the walls or foundation of the villa.
These stones were used in the farm buildings, and so
complete was their removal that not one piece was observed
in the recent excavation.

The attention of the Rev. C. V. Collier, F.S.A., having
been called to a few tessere that had been turned up by the
plough, that gentleman had a small trial hole made, which
revealed a portion of a mosaic pavement of red and white
tessere. Subsequent excavations were abandoned until
after the corn was gathered, when they were resumed. The
writer was then invited to join Mr. Collier in the work, and
by the kindness of the owner of the land, Mr. W. H. St.
Quintin, J.P., some labourers were employed. The exca-
vations revealed three different pavements, two close
together, the third some little distance away. These were
at depths varying from a few inches to two feet. When
near the surface the tesserze had been disturbed by the
plough, and in the case of the pavement, shewn in Plate XVI.
fig. 1, many of the tessere had entirely disappeared, leaving
only the underlying concrete.

Upon the pavements were found quantities of wall-plaster,
roofing tiles, oyster shells, nails, coins, pottery, &c., which
the owner allowed to be exhibited in the Hull Museum.

At this juncture, the removal of Mr. Collier from the
district necessitated a temporary suspension of operations,
which, however, were resumed on the pavements, and
specimens found being presented to the Hull Municipal

173

174 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Museum by Mr. St. Quintin. Before anything was removed,
however, careful plans of two of the pavements were made
by Mr. Eastwood, on behalf of Mr. H. O. Piercy, Mr. St.
Quintin’s agent ; the third was sketched by the writer.

Unfortunately, it was found that the concrete underlying
the tessere had disintegrated somewhat, being of a very
sandy character, and had to some extent fallen in amongst
the large angular lumps of chalk which formed the founda-
tion. Some of these chalk fragments even protruded through
the tessere, rendering the removal of the tiles exceedingly
difficult. The most important parts, however, were removed
intact, the remainder being brought away in as large
fragments as was possible. Taking all into consideration,
the pavements were wonderfully perfect, the plough, and
holes driven for stakes for sheep-nets being the cause of the
principal irregularities. The great number of visitors present
during the process of the excavations was responsible for
only a very small section of the tesseree being removed.
Below the concrete the original subsoil was met with, there
being no trace of heating appliances below the floor.

The most important of the three pavements discovered is
that shewn on the plan (Plate XIV.), which represents the
tessellated floor of a square room, on the outsides of which
quantities of mortar, large blocks of chalk, &c., evidently
the foundations of the walls, were met with. The pavement
had sunk in places, giving the surface an uneven appearance.
The large central square, consisting of a somewhat labyrin-
thine design, was not in very good condition, the tesserze
being exceedingly loose. The broad borders surrounding
this square, however, were in much better state of preserva-
tion, and large slabs were brought away intact. The extreme
limits of the room measured about 18 feet each way. The
pavement itself was slightly damaged on the edges,
but was roughly 164 feet by 174 feet. | The centre piece is a
small square, with 164 inch sides. This consists of smaller
tesserz, and is naturally of much finer work. The tesserz
of which it is composed average a little over }-inch square,
those of the remainder of the pavement being 4-inch to
2-inch square.

This centre piece consists of four lanceolate pieces forming
a quatrefoil, joined ‘in the centre in a ring. The outline of
the quatrefoil, as well as the squares enclosing it, is
composed of very dark blue tessere made from nodules,
such as occur in the Speeton Clay or the Lias at Whitby.
Nodules of this character also occur in some quantity in the

ROMAN VILLA AT HARPHAM, EAST YORKS. 175

drift deposits in the neighbourhood. The apex of each foil
is filled: with small cubes of red burnt clay, probably the
waste from tiles. Then follows a ring of yellow limestone
(Magnesian Limestone) two tesserz in width. Three circles
of small chalk tesserze follow next, then the ring of dark
blue tesserz forming the bases of the quatrefoil, inside which
are white and blue cubes. A plan of this centre piece is
shewn in Plate XV.

The remainder of the pavement is entirely composed of
cubes of chalk and sandstone. The chalk is of somewhat
hard type, and has obviously been carefully selected from
beach boulders such as occur on the shore at Bridlington.
This is proved by the fact that some cubes exhibit the unques-
tionable borings and stains made by Clone; and others are
formed from the rounded edges of water-worn chalk pebbles.
Such pebbles would be most suitable for the purpose, as
they had already undergone a process of natural selection
by the action of the waves. The sandstoneis of the
same material as that employed in the roofing tiles of the
building, quantities of which were obtained amongst the
debris of the villa. These tiles were on an average $-inch to
2-inch in thickness, and they were unquestionably derived
from the West Riding. Nothing of the kind occurs zm sztu
anywhere near Harpham.

The design in the large central square is in four parts,
each section being divided into an elaborate key pattern ; all
the four, however, are connected one with another in such a
way that, beginning at the centre, and following one of the
white chalk lines, the entire design is covered Lefore the
outlet is reached leading into the outer border of the square.
As will be seen from the plan, the entire design (with the
exception of the small quatrefoil in the centre) is made
up of broad and narrow bands of chalk and sandstone
respectively, at right angles to each other. The sandstone
bands are two tessere broad, the chalk bands being three.

The pavement rested upon a foundation of concrete
largely composed of sand mixed with fine chalk gravel. This
was placed upon large angular pieces of chalk.

About fifteen yards to the north of this pavement is that
shewn in Plate XVI. fig. 1, which is so near the surface that it
has been much damaged by the plough. It is 274 feet long by
1 to 4 feet broad, and is in an easterly and westerly direction.
The pavement is made up of red and white bricks, and is
ornamented in a castellated design in red and white, each
portion being 94 inches across. This corridor is particularly

176 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

interesting, as it affords evidence of fairly long occupation.
Part of the original design, measuring 5 feet by 2 feet, had
been worn away or otherwise destroyed, and subsequently
repaired. The patch is of very coarse red brick tessere,
without any regard to design, and is obviously the work
of one not so familiar with the construction of these
pavements as the original workmen. The soil above the
pavement was largely composed of lumps of angular chalk,
plaster, thin slabs of sandstone, roofing tiles, iron nails, and
other odds and ends such as might be expected to occur
on the site of a building that had fallen in from decay, or
had been burnt or demolished. A restoration of part of this
corridor is given on Plate XVI. fig. 2.

At the north-east corner of the large pavement was a
rectangular pavement (Plate XVI. fig. 3), the south-west corner
of which closely adjoined the larger pavement. This measured
21 feet by 7 feet, and was composed of tesserz of chalk and
brick, averaging 1 inch sides. The centre of this floor
consisted of a square of white tesserae, with 64 inch sides ;
this was surrounded by a square band of red tessere, 64 inches
wide, and on each side of this were bands of chalk and brick,
each being 64 inches in width. On each of the two long
sides was a white band a foot broad, though this had been
damaged. Both the ends of the floor had also suffered
from the plough, though at the south end there was clear
evidence of the lateral bands returning.

The relative position of the three pavements is shewn
in the adjoining plan (p. 177).

Upon all these pavements a quantity of objects was found.
Upon that shewn in Plate XIV., besides the wall-plaster,
oyster shells, &c., was a quantity of broken roofing tiles,
pottery, pieces of glass, bones and teeth, one coin (Gallienus),
and charcoal. Upon the adjoining pavement (Plate XVI. fig. 3)
we found three coins, pottery, oyster shells, and a large quantity
of bones, nails, &c. Both these pavements shewed evidence
of small fires having been made upon them, the tessere
being reddened and splintered.

Amongst the many interesting objects obtained during the
excavations are the following :—

Plaster.—There are numerous pieces of the original
plaster from the walls, the colouring upon which is still
in a wonderful state of preservation. The colours represented
are white, brown, red, drab, black, yellow, and green.
Several of the pieces show two or three colours. One fragment
(Plate XVII. fig. 1) is of exceptional value, as it gives evidence

a

PGK tyre

ROMAN VILLA AT HARPHAM, EAST YORKS. 177

of a second coat of plaster and colouring having been placed
upon pre-existing plaster work. The original plaster is about
24 inches in thickness in this specimen, and has been coloured
green, yellow, and white. Upon this a second coat of plaster
has been placed, about half-an-inch in thickness, the colouring
being brown, drab, and white. Other examples were found
which had been scored by a toothed instrument, for the
reception of the second coat of plaster. The plaster is largely

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made of the fine, white, rounded chalky gravel, which might
be obtained in the neighbourhood. Its disintegration in
many places had left quite a large deposit of this gravel,
which could easily be detected in the excavations from its
light salmon colour.

Tessere.—The various tesserz illustrate in a remarkable
manner the durable nature of Roman workmanship. They
are frequently broken right through the squares, instead
of being divided at the joints. They vary in size from an

178 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

inch or an inch-and-a-quarter square down to about one-
third of an inch; the larger ones consist of pieces of brick,
probably made from broken tiles, &c. Those of chalk come
next in size; then are squares of thin, shaly sandstone,
precisely the same material of which the roofing stones were
made. The smallest tiles are of hard blue nodules. One
of the brick tesseree has been tooled. It was found loose
and may be part of a special design.

Portions of earthenware roofing tiles were found, with the
side ridges, and also fragments of flue-tiles, with the charac-
teristic deep combings. One flat tile (Plate XVII. fig. 2) has
the impression of a dog’s foot, with possibly also the foot-
prints of a rabbit or hare. Some of the larger earthenware
tiles were found in a small excavation made some little
distance to the south-east of the pavements, where probably
are the remains of a hypocaust.

Portions of several earthenware vessels have been found.
Some of the pieces were picked from the field at some
distance from the pavements; others were taken from the two
floors (Plates XIV. and XVI. fig. 3). Amongst them are
portions of three or more large vessels of dark grey ware, of
the Romano-British type; these are very thick, and were found
in large pieces. The clay of which they were made had been
mixed very largely with ground oyster-shells. Fragments of
two shallow saucer-like vessels were obtained, one of plain
grey ware, the other of yellow material, ornamented on the
outside with a chevron pattern in brown. All these are
obviously the remains of domestic utensils. One small
fragment is evidently of Caistor ware, being ornamented
in relief on the outside.

A great number of oyster-shells were found, and several
of these had a V-shaped piece nipped out of them, shewing
the way in which they had been opened by the Romans
Bones and teeth were fairly common, and apparently belong
to the ox, sheep, pig, dog, and birds.

The other specimens include four coins, one Gallienus,
one Tetricus, one Victorinus, and one undeterminable ; three

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ROMAN VILLA AT HARPHAM, EAST YORKS. 179

glass beads, one of transparent glass, the other two of
turquoise-blue glass; a piece of twisted band, and a lump
of melted lead; two iron staples; a large quantity of flat-
headed iron nails used for fastening the roofing tiles; a
three-sided arrow point 1} inches long; portion of a bronze
buckle, and a small thin piece of bronze and small pieces of
glass, some of which have evidently been acted upon by fire.
Most of these are shown on Plate XVIII.

Unquestionably, the excavations so far made have only
revealed a portion of an extensive Roman Villa, probably
erected in the third or fourth century. Trial holes put down
in different parts revealed traces of foundations, wall-plaster,
&c., at several different points. From a number of objects
found also on the surface, as well as the part of a hypo-
caust (?) discovered at the south-east of the pavements, it
is obvious that the area would well repay further examination,
and this Mr. St. Quintin has kindly agreed to. The Villa is
not surrounded by earthworks or other military protection,
and appears to have been more of the type of a summer
residence, possibly for the use of officers from Eboracum
(York). ;

The entire collection has been kindly presented to the
Hull Municipal Museum by Mr. St. Quintin, where the
smaller objects are already exhibited, and where the tesserz,
&c., will be shewn so soon as they have been placed upon a
new foundation of cement, &c. My best thanks are also due
to Mr. H. O. Piercy and the Rev. C. V. Collier, who has
taken a keen interest in our Museum, and has materially
assisted me in the preparation of these notes.

I am also indebted to Mr. Eastwood for a plan of the
large pavement, and to my assistant, Mr. T. Stainforth (who
is putting the pavements together), for the drawings from
which the plans illustrating these notes have been made.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLaTE XIV.—Plan of large pavement in sandstone, chalk, &c.
a XV.—Details of centre of large pavement.
»» XVI.—Fig. 1, Plan of corridor, in brick and chalk.

” ” »» 2, Restoration of part of corridor.
” 3 9, 3, Plan of pavement in brick and chalk.
» XVII. ,, 1, Portion of brick tile with impression of dog's foot.

99 ) », _ 2, Piece of plaster shewing two thicknesses.
», XVIII.—Objects found during the excavations :—
Four coins.
Three glass beads.
Iron arrow point, piece of lead, bronze buckle.
Iron staples.
Iron nails.

LIST OF THE AQUATIC LARVA OF FLIES
OCCURRING IN THE HULL DISTRICT.

By H. M. Foster.

HE following is a preliminary list of the aquatic larve
so far noted in the Hull neighbourhood. Only those
species of which identification was certain have been

included. I have examples of each preserved and mounted
for the miscroscope.

DIPTERA.

Culex pipiens. Generally distributed in stagnant waters.

Corethra plumicornis. Pond at Leconfield. It
frequents water about two feet deep, and lives near the
bottom.

Chironomus') plumosus. In ponds and_ ditches
throughout the district.

Tanypus maculatus. Pond at Springhead. ‘‘ Eleven
acre”’ pond, Leconfield, and probably occurs plentifully in
other Jocal waters.

Ceratopogon bicolor. Eleven acre pond, Leconfield.
Ditch at Springhead.

Dicranota bimaculata. Scorboro’ Beck at Bealey’s
Lane, found in the mud. (Very scarce).

Ptychoptera paludosa. Pond on Springhead Road.
Clear stream near Watton. (Found in the mud).

Simulium latipes. Watton Beck at Watton. Cave
Beck. Gipsie at Boynton and Bridlington.

Simulium reptans. Scorboro’ Beck at Bealey Lane.
Hempholme Lock, below Weir, River Hull.

Stratiomys chameleon. Ryde Street Brickpond, Hull.

Eristalis tenax. Stagnant water, Leconfield.

TRICHOPTERA.

Limnophilus rhombicus. Ryde Street Brickpond, Hull.

Limnophilus flavicornis. Barmston Drain, River Hull,
and other local waters.

L. lunatus. Generally and plentifully distributed.

L. vittatus. Pond at Springhead.

L. auricula. Scorboro’ Beck ; Gipsie, Bridlington.

Plectronemia. Brian Mill Beck, Scorboro’, below the Mill.

180

AQUATIC LARV OF FLIES IN THE HULL DISTRICT. 181

STALIDA.

Sialis lutarius. Barmston Drain at Hempholme. Pond
Springhead. River Hull above Beverley.

PERLIDZ.

Perla bicaudata. River Hull just below the Weir at
Hempholme Lock. (Very scarce).

EPHEMERIDA.

Ephemera vulgata. West Beck near Corps Landing.
Hutton Beck. Beck near Cranswick. Barmston Drain at
Dunswell. (Found living in burrows in the mud).

Chloeon dipterum. Generally distributed, being not
nearly so local as £. vulgata. (Found on aquatic plants and
stones).

Baetis fluminum. Cave Beck under stones to which
they cling tenaciously.

MARINE ZOOLOGY IN THE EAST RIDING, 1904.

The following have been taken on the Holderness coast
during 1904. In the fishing cobles at Hornsea, May 28th,
crustacea :—AHoplonyx cicada (Fabr.), Callisoma hopet A.
Costa, /dotea marina (Linn.), /dotea linearis (Penn.), Jera
albifrons Leach, Hippolyte varians (Leach). In crab pots,
Hornsea, August 8th, Polynée imbricata Linn., Pedicellina
cernua (Pall.) on whelk shells, and Phoxichilus spinosus
(Mont.) ; with the mollusca, Zacuna crassior (Mont.) common,
L. pallidula (da Costa), Cingula semistriata (Mont.) abundant.
Modiolaria discors (Linn.) was washed up alive at Kilnsea
(sea side) on August 16th; several specimens of Syndosmya
alba (Wood) were found alive on the tide mark at Aldborough
during the same month, and dead specimens of Syndosmya
tenuzs (Mont.) were taken on the river side at Kilnsea.

Eurydice pulchra Leach from Well Creek is an addition
to the Humber crustacea; and Haustorius arenarius (Slabber),
the sand furrow maker, from Aldborough, adds another
species to the East Riding list. The common estuarine
schizopod, Meomysis vulgaris (Thompson), was abundant
during August in the ditch which forms the western boundary
of Westlands, Hedon.

a. Peren:

T. PETCH, B.A., B.Sc. (Lonp.).

R. T. PETCH, the subject of the present sketch,
is an out and out East Riding Yorkshireman, proud
of the fact, for he first saw the light at Hornsea on

the Holderness coast some thirty-four years ago. His
boyhood schooldays were passed in the old choir school
of Holy Trinity, Hull. Later he became a teacher in
the King’s Lynn Grammar School, where he first got in
touch with Dr. Plowright of Micro-Fungi fame. In the
meantime Mr. Petch had graduated in Arts at London
University, and afterwards as Bachelor of Science of the
same University. An all round man in classics, mathematics,
and natural science, his strongest proclivities, nevertheless, are
towards the last; or, at least, it may be said that it is the
absorbing passion of his vacation and other leisure time.
King’s Lynn formerly, and Leyton Technical Institute of late,
may have claimed, and doubtlessly received, Mr. Petch’s
best daily work, but no sooner had the schools ‘‘ broken
up” than the mathematical and science master hastened
northward to the maternal roof at Hedon, the old brick built
town with its fine dominating Church of St. Augustine, over-
looking the restless tide of the Humber, of which indeed the
town was onceaport. The mud deposited by this same tide
has removed that status from Hedon, but has made new land
of the muddy foreshore, every yard of which from Hedon
Haven wad Cherrycob Sands, Stone Creek, Sunk Island to
Spurn, is familiar ground to Mr. Petch. The foreshore, and
also the neighbouring sea coast from Spurn northward to
Filey, have for years found in him their most ardent and
devoted searcher and observer. Thus it is scarcely to be
wondered at that his contribution to natural history journals
and proceedings has been so extensive. No one has written
more fully and with greater interest on such topics as the
‘*Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Holderness,” ‘‘ The
Marine Fauna of the Humber District,” ‘‘ Paludestrina
jenkinst,” &c. (see ‘‘ The Naturalist” and the ‘‘ Transactions
of this Club” for the years 1900 to 1904). Amongst
Zoologists Mr. Petch was the first to announce the discovery
in East Yorkshire of Vertigo minutissima, a tiny mollusc
inhabiting Kilnsea Warren; for Yorkshire Lzmapontia
depressa, a black sea-slug, and Farella repens, a polyzoon
from the Humber, together with undetermined varieties of
182

Ty, Peper, B.A., BiSc..(Lond.),

Pirate XIX.

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- oP are

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caper

T. PETCH, B.A., B.SC. (LOND.). 183

brackish water forms of Membranipora ; whilst Nyctiphanes
norvegica, a shrimp, was new for England.

His notes on E. Riding birds are very numerous and
always from original observation. In Botany Mr. Petch is
also skilled, and brings to the science, as to those dealing with
animal life, the same lynx eye for discovery. Bearing out this
it may be stated that he has the credit of being the first to
discover in our vice-county the three following species of
plants :—Bupleurum tenuissimum, (narrow-leaved Hare’s-ear),
Statice Limonium (Sea lavender), and Ruppia rostellata.
Other records, and they are numerous, will be found initialled
““T.P.” in Robinson’s ‘‘ Flora E.R. Yorkshire,” published
1902. Then, on that debatable ground (Plant or Animal ?)
the Myxomycetes or Mycetozoa, our friend has done equally
distinguished work. Mr. Lister, the greatest living authority
on this perplexing branch ot organisms, credits Mr. Petch
with discovering for the first time in Britain the forms
known as-Badhamia decipiens, Trichia verrucosa (new to
England), Badhamia populina (new species).

His list of East Riding Mycetoza—and he is the first
systematic observer of them in the Riding—numbers some-
thing like sixty, and a complete set of actual specimens
of those collected and named by himself is at the service of,
any working Myxulogist.

Although much has been accomplished locally, Mr. Petch
is not one of those who believe that finality can ever be
pronounced regarding scientific research in any branch ;
so at the present time he has schemes in his mind for
further work in his native County and Riding thereof.
These, however, for the time will have to be taken up
by another or other naturalists (why not of our Hull
Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club); for the appoint-
ment of Mr. Petch as Mycologist (Student of Fungi)
to H.M. Government in Ceylon will shortly remove him
from our midst. Our meetings together in the field
cannot take place any longer—at least for some years to
come, and no one of the Yorkshire or Hull Naturalists will
be more missed therefrom than our energetic, thorough-
going, and genial member.

The best wishes of the Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’
Club go with Mr. Petch to his new sphere of observation
and discovery. May he have health and everything else
necessary to adequately develop himself and add to Nature
knowledge in the world.

jo

EAST YORKSHIRE BOTANICAL NOTES IN 1go4.

HE usual vigilance in the search for plants and for
fuller knowledge of their distribution and associations
has not at all slackened during the past year,

notwithstanding the fact that a special work has been
published dealing with the Flora of the East Riding. Rather,
we have many indications that certain of our anticipations
of its publication have been and are being fulfilled. For
example, there is quite an increase in the number of corres-
pondents furnishing new records of plants, giving manuscript
notes of information that previously had been locked away
from the compiler’s gaze. The additions to the said ‘‘ Flora,”
owing to the above causes, and also as reward to our diligent
search in the fields, number something like a score of species.
Some of these were included in the addenda, of E.R. plants
in the last number of our proceedings.

For much help rendered, our thanks are due to Rev. W.
C. Hey, of West Ayton, who sends us interesting plants from
the Filey district, to Rev. E. A. Woodruffe Peacock, for
determination of certain alien grasses, to Messrs. Arthur
Bennett, F.L.S., H. Stuart Thompson, F.L.S., P. Fox Lee,
Miss Jackson, Thearne Hall, and the Rev. F. H. Woods,
Rector of Bainton, for various important pieces of assistance
in the Botanical Department.

The subject of Botany has been kept well to the front at
the Hull Museum, which is largely due to the practical efforts
of Miss Jackson and Mr. William Brumby who have gathered
and contributed several hundred species of plants during
the season. This is a very practical illustration of how
propagandist work may be done in any branch of Natural
Science.

Our Phanerogamic additions are chiefly of alien plants,
some dozen or so of new species having been added from the
Hull Docks.

The sedge Carex paradoxa has been found in a new
situation, namely, on the north bank of Leven Canal, midway
between Leven and the River Hull.

Two important cryptogamic additions have been made,
namely Moonwort from fields at Hornsea Mere (where it has
not been seen since 100 years ago, O.B.G.) and the Marsh

184

EAST YORKSHIRE BOTANICAL NOTES IN 1904. 185

Buckler, Lastrea Thelypteris. This fast vanishing fern was
known previously in East Yorkshire, in one station only, and
that was near the River Hull. The new locality is near
Driffield, and its discovery is due to the observation in the
first instance (March, 1904) of Rev. F. H. Woods, Rector of
Bainton.

Several interesting Algz have been collected and drawings
have been made of them, but as yet they are only partially
identified.

CHARLES WATERFALL.
Jas. F. Rosrnson.

THE COMMITTEE’S REPORT ON THE WORK
OF THE CLUB, DURING 1903-4

(Presented at the Annual Meeting, September 28th, 1904).

OUR Committee is pleased to record that the work
accomplished during the past twelve months has been
quite up to the Society’s traditions.

Transactions.—Since the last Annual Meeting, Part I., Vol.
III., of the Society’s Transactions has been issued to the
members. This volume is of particular scientific value, and
the Club has received praise in the scientific and public press
for the excellence and local character of its publication. It
contained Mr. Wade’s ‘‘ Birds of Bempton Cliffs,” Mr.
Blashill’s ‘‘ Evidences of East Hull” (both of which have
been issued in separate volumes), Mr. Petch’s ‘‘ Marine
Fauna of the Humber District,’ and other papers of Iccal
interest.

One paper read to the Club has been printed elsewhere,
viz:—The Rev. E. P. Blackburn’s ‘ Shell Collecting for
Beginners,” which appeared in the Leeds Mercury Supple-
ment for Saturday, June 5th, 1904.

In our last Annual Report we deplored the lack of a list
of Land, Fresh-water, and Marine Shells of East Yorkshire,
but we are glad to say that, by the publication of Mr. T.
Petch’s list, part of this cause of complaint will be removed.
We still require, however, lists of local fungi, &c., and much
remains yet to be done, more particularly in the Microscopic

fe)

186 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Section, though we are pleased to note that many of our
members are working surely and persistently in this direction.

The Society has received financial assistance from the sale
of Mr. Wade’s ‘‘ Birds of Bempton Cliffs,” and Mr. Philip’s
‘‘ List of Diatoms,” in addition to that which is derived from
the sale of Transactions.

Lectures.—Since the last Annual Meeting three syllabuses
have been issued ; one for the Winter Session, October,
1903 to March, 1904, and two Summer syllabuses of two
months and four months each respectively. During the year
the following lectures have been given :—

1903.
Oct. 14—*‘*The Geographical Distribution of Plants.”—Dr. W.
G. Smith.
Oct. 28—* ‘* Garden Cities.”—Mr. F. W. Bricknell, A.M.I.C.E.

Nov. 4—Discussion on Evolution.—Opened by Mr. W. Chadwick.
Nov. 11—* ‘‘ The Chamounix and Zermatt Valleys.”—Dr. J.
Hollingworth.

Nov. 18—‘‘ Records and Rarities for 1903.” Members.

Nov. 25—‘‘ East Yorkshire Proverbs and Phrases.”—Mr. J. Nicholson.

Dec. 2—‘‘ Ruskin and Natural Science.”—Mr. W. Wood.

Dec. g—‘‘ Half-an-hour with Cactaceous Plants.”—Dr. J. W. Wilson,
F.R.H.S.

Dec. 16—‘‘ Friendly Bacteria.”—Mr. A. R. Warnes, M.S.C.I.

1904.

Jan. 6—‘‘ Roman Lincoln.”—Councillor J. G. Hall.

Jan. 13—‘‘ Fruits of the Rosaceae.”—Mr. C. Waterfall.

Jan. 20—‘ The Liverworts.”—Mr. J. F. Robinson.

Jan. 27—‘* Solution.”—Mr. G. B. Walsh.

Feb. 3—* ‘‘Some Ornithological Evolutions.”—Mr. Kenneth McLean.

Feb. 10—‘‘ Coloration of Eggs—protective and otherwise.”—Mr. T.
Audas, L.D.S.

Feb. 24—‘‘ Entomology f Hornsea Mere.”—Messrs. Boultand Stainforth.

Mar. 2—‘‘ The Geology of Flamboro’ Head.”—Mr. J. W. Stather, F.G.S.

Mar. g—‘‘ Botany of Hornsea Mere.”—Messrs. Robinson and Philip.

Mar. 16—‘‘ The Origin of Life.”—Mr. R. H. Philip.

Mar. 23—‘‘ Natural History of Hornsea Mere.”—Members.

Mar. 30—“ Pollen Eaters.” —Mr. E. Lamplough.

Apr. 13—‘‘ Flame.”—Mr. G. B. Walsh.

Apr. 27—‘‘ Jottings from a Naturalist’s Notebook.—Mr. H. E. Johnson.

May. 25—‘“‘ Living Matter.”—Dr. John Hollingworth.

June. 8—‘‘ Shell Collecting for Beginners.”—Rev. E. P. Blackburn.

June 22—“‘ Pollen.”—Mr. J. F. Robinson.

July 6—‘ Fertilisation of Plants.”—Mr. G. H. Hill.

July 20—‘‘ Germination of Seeds.”—Mr. H. Knight.

Aug. 3—‘‘ Antiquity of Man.”—Mr. T. Sheppard, F.G.S.

Aug. 17—‘‘ Origin of Seed-bearing Plants.”—Mr. H. Knight.

Aug. 31—‘‘ Roman and Pre-historic Remains in the Neighbourhood of
Easington.”—Dr. J. W. Wilson, M.A., F.R.H.S.

Sep. 14—‘‘ Some Aquatic Larvae.”—Mr. H. M. Foster.

* Illustrated by Lantern Slides.

eee ae

|
|
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J
:
:
;
|
‘
i
:
|

THE COMMITTEE'S REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE CLUB. 187

Most of the lectures were illustrated by lantern-slides,
specimens, experiments, or diagrams.

During the Winter months, in accordance with our
custom, meetings have been held on the alternate Wednesday
evenings. These were of an informal character, devoted
to the exhibition of specimens, microscopic work, and
lecturettes of a practical nature.

On July 2nd the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union visited
Spurn, and many of our members attended the excursion.
On the Saturday evening a meeting was held in the Queen’s
Hotel, Withernsea, at which the following papers of local
interest were read and discussed :—

““The Sea’s Encroachment on the East Coast,” by Mr. R. G. Allanson
Winn, M.1.C.E.I.

“* A few notes on Spurn Point,” by Mr. A. E. Butterfield.

‘“ The Real Ravenser,” by Mr. T. Blashill, F.R.I.B.A.

““Roman Remains at Kilnsea,” by Mr. T. Sheppard, F.G.S.

The first three papers have since appeared in the

“Naturalist,” the last appeared in Hull Museum Publications,
Na: 2y.

Excursions.—The following excursions have been held
during the summer :—From April 1st to May 28th the Club
visited North Cave, Bridlington, Haltemprice Lane, Saltend
Common, Hornsea Mere, Barton and South Ferriby, and
Swine; from June 4th to September 24th, West Dock
Reservation, Leven, Pulfin Bog, Risby Park, Bentley
Woods, Withernsea, Hall Ings, Rise Park, Snake Hall,
Driffield, Haltemprice Lane, and Houghton Woods. In
addition to these the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union has held
excursions to Scarborough, Hebden Bridge, Spurn, Farnley,
Buckden, Dent, and Rokeby. At each of these our Society

was represented, and in the case of Spurn our members made
a goodly muster.

Membership.—Whilst the names of some members have
been erased from our lists, several new members have been
elected, leaving the present total at 175, as against 177 last
year. We have lost quite recently two well-known and
esteemed members by the hand of death—Mr. J. W. Webster,
Easington, and Mr. J. Burns.

Attendance.—The attendance at the indoor meetings has

been up to the average; a falling off occurring during the
holiday season.

188 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

The Hull Museum.—From the Club an expression of its
indebtedness is due to the Museum Committee of the City for
the increasing usefulness of a re-organised Municipal Museum,
particularly in certain branches of Natural Science. The
table of wild-flowers in their season, the insect and ornitho-
logical collections, as well as the palzontological series already
available, have been much appreciated ; whilst in matters
of determination, the promptitude of the Curator to assist
deserves our gratitude. The propagandist work done by
Mr. Sheppard in his lectures to thousands of our young
people is deserving of the admiration and thanks of the club.
In all the branches of Natural Knowledge above-mentioned,
we trust the Museum will continue to develop whilst there
is maintained a keen reciprocity between our Society on
the one hand and the Museum on the other.

Press.—Our thanks are again due to the local Press for the
assistance it has rendered the Society in the matter of reports
of our excursions and meetings, the fulness and general
accuracy of which is much appreciated.

NOTES ON THE EAST YORKSHIRE FAUNA.*

1902. Jan. 1—Waxwing shot, in fine plumage, by Mr.
Dossor at Cranswick.
Jan. 23—Cormorant shot at Leven, 24 ft. beak to tail.
Feb. 23—Otter, female, shot at South Cave.
May 29— ,, caught in Trout Stream, Driffield.
Sept. 9—TZyroud caught in Hull River at Arram, 22 ins.,
5 lbs. 3 ozs.
Sept. 25—Prke caught at Frodingham Bridge, 44 ins.,
19% ins. girth, 1g lbs.
Dec.— Seal caught at Bridlington.
1903. Mar. 14—Badger caught at Cottam, Driffield, 24 lbs.
», 17—2 Otters killed at Sunderlandwick.
April 28—2 Odters shot at Lowthorpe, male 25 Ibs.,
female 15 lbs.
»» 31t—z Otter shot at Welton coming out of a
drain—almost blown to bits.
Oct. 1—Spotted Woodpecker seen at North Cave.
Noy. 1---Gold Crested Wren in my garden, Berkeley
Street, Hull.

* These records have been extracted from the note book of Mr. John

Nicholson, Hull, by Mr. G. H. PRURSEN TED
9 FEB. IYUO
aa

en NATURALIST:

» . A MONTHLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF

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: Contents of January Number.
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Bye ‘ rs ° .

oo In Memory of Thomas Blashill, F.Z:S.;' FUREBAS

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Notes on the Reclaimed Land of the Humber District.

Beinn. “0. Petchy Bas, B.So. ee
ae The Committee’s Report on the Work of the Club ~ a
i, P Ce i
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i . : a
a * Mr. James W. Boult, Stonemason and Entomologist.

s 4 - ~ ‘ hg ¥,
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ae « (

me SHorT NOTES :—

East Riding Botanical Notes. J. F. Robinson & C. Waterfall j g: :
Hull Naturalists : ; “ “ ; “ : 7 .
PY: matt Notes on East Yorkshire Coleoptera in 1905. T. Stainforth ‘

ra

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

Dull Scientitic
Field aturalists’ Club.

Hattie PPAR, EGS:

NATURAL ASPECTS OF HULL AND DISTRICT.
By J. Fraser Rosinson.
ULL and the adjoining district of the East Riding

(Riding=trithing=third part) has not infrequently
been described as low-lying, flat, damp, depressing,

and generally tame and uninteresting. To the right

_ seeing eye, however, neither meanest object nor low-lying
_ district is insignificant, but on the contrary, full of mean-
_ ing and interest. But on the whole the epithet ‘ low-lying”

is correct, as much being imported by the word “ Hull’”’—
_ which is evidently of the same force as “ Holl” in Holland
_ —the nether or low land.

The River Hull, which has given the ordinary name to
the City of Kingston- -upon-Hull, flows southward from
springs at the base of the Chalk Wolds near Driffield

= (Deira-field?), and joins the estuary of the Humber at right:

rf: angles, making a sort of delta on which the nucleus that has
; P

I90 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

expanded into the modern city was first built perhaps a
thousand years ago. At high water—for the River Hull is
tidal—the adjacent land is considerably below the water
level, and were it not for very many miles of embankment
along the shores of both the Humber and its affluent, as
well as by many more miles of big open drains and smaller
ones known as dykes, the district would be still correctly
described in Chaucer’s words, ‘‘ the merschlie londe called
Holderness.”” Thanks to the drainage operations above
mentioned, which have gone on for hundreds of years,
Holderness is now one of the driest parts of the British Isles.
This is borne out by the fact that it is just on a par with East
Anglia in respect of rain-fall, the lowest recorded in the king-
dom. Still there are many relics of ‘‘the dim and watery
woodland” of former times. Many marshy places still exist
untouched by the cultivator’s hand. One lake at least, the
largest in Yorkshire, remains in Hornsea Mere; whilst the
word “Mar” (the pronunciation of Mere) persists in many
place names like Marton and Marfleet. Actual sections of
some old Meres now dry and cultivated, with their marly
bottoms overlaid with peat, may still be seen in the clay cliffs
at Skipsea, Atwick, and Holmpton. The last name in part
very often met with, suggests a feature of the ancient landscape.
The “holmes” were the mound-like gravel hills that would
rise out of the marshes and be the first ‘“‘ terre firme” on
which the primitive inhabitants would build their farms
and hamlets. Even occasional wild bird visitants having
preference for aquatic haunts and breeding places, still tell
of the former prevalence of more watery conditions. The
bittern is a solitary instance.

Away to the west, engirdling geographical Holderness, is
a range of low chalk hills, never more than 850 feet above sea-
level, and not averaging 450 feet. These are the Yorkshire
Wolds, wind-swept uplands, gently rounded and with no
great abruptness, except here and there in the steep sided,
V-shaped dales like those of Drewton and Welton, or better
those near Thixendale, and the magnificent perpendicular
cliffs of Flamborough’s famed promontory.

Still to the west beyond the Wolds are ‘“‘ The Levels,” a
sandy alluvial tract intersected from north to south by the
Derwent, tributary of the Ouse.

The three areas briefly sketched in the preceding para-
graphs have, as geological ground-work, different constitu-
tions. Holderness is a large area of glacial drift, consisting
of ‘Boulder Clay” and. gravels which are really morainic

NATURAL ASPECTS OF HULL AND DISTRICT. I9I

mounds, causing the many pleasant undulations variously
named ‘‘holmes,”’ ‘rises,’ ‘“‘barffs,”’ and ‘‘broughs.’’ Very
interesting to the geologist are the contents of these gravels,
consisting as they do of pebbles, ice-scratched, far-travelled
stones, and bones and teeth of animals like the wild ox,
reindeer, and the extinct mammoth. The Boulder Clay
accumulations are the earliest of the Post Pliocene geological
formation. ‘The reassortment of the mud derived from the
glacial drift has made the many patches of alluvium near the
rivers and smaller streams, which are included in the later
Quaternary System.

The Wolds for the most part belong to the Cretaceous
System, the youngest of the Secondary (Mesozoic) Systems,
and immediately underlie the Boulder Clay, there being no
certainty that the Tertiary epoch is represented in our district
as it is copiously in East Anglia. The Cretaceous System
includes the Neocomian (locally Speeton Clay) and the lower,
middle, and upper chalk formations, all of which are well
exposed at no great distance from Hull. The Neocomian is
of exceptional interest, being a better exposure near Speeton
than any where else in the world. The curious may be
referred to the interesting work entitled, ‘‘ Argiles de Speeton,”’
by Mr. G. W. Lamplugh, F.R.S., and M. Pavlow, of
Moscow. Of the fossil animal contents of the chalk forma-
tions there are innumerable opportunities for collection and
study in chalk pit, quarry, and cliff. Foraminifera like those
of the Atlantic ooze, sponges, mollusc shells, sea-urchins and
their allies, scales of fishes and sharks’ teeth, all in greatest
variety and fair abundance will reward the interested seeker
after nature-knowledge, and tell unmistakably the history of
the earth’s vicissitudes. Of the economic value of the common
white rock called ‘‘ chalk,” there is abundant evidence in the
whiting mills and lime kilns that are found in many places on
the Wolds. Emerging from below the chalk strata, and
forming low hills and terraces round the western escarpment
are rocks of the Jurassic System—Oolite and Liassic. These
are readily distinguished from the chalk and sand rocks by
their yellow and more fertile soil, as, for example, near Brough
and North and South Cave. The Newbald and South Cave
Oolite quarries furnish the only building stone, but that not
of the best, that is obtainable in the East Riding.

Still westward and we are on the “ Levels,” an alluvial
region with a great depth generally of sand and gravel, which
bears more of the heathy character than anywhere else in the
neighbourhood. The ‘“ Levels” are underlaid by Triassic

192 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

sandstones which, however, crop out only in one or two
places, like the Church hill at Holme-on-Spalding-Moor.

In short, all our East Yorkshire rocks are Secondary and
Quaternary only; and, although briefly described above, the
knowledge is fundamental to adequate comprehension of the
present day local geography, scenery, and plant life, which
will be treated of in the sequel.

The rocky groundwork, taken together with the atmos-
pheric, aqueous, and resultant plant conditions, entirely
determines the character of the scenery of any district. Thus
Holderness is not a dead level as may be supposed, but very
pleasantly undulating, and this is owing to the glacial gravel
accumulations spoken of above. The natural streams and
numerous artificial drains, meander along reed and sedge
fringed courses, which anglers know well to appreciate, and
of which artists would do well to cultivate the acquaintance.
For, notwithstanding the lowness of the land, there are
scores of ‘“ bits” of utmost picturesqueness and quiet
beauty wherever waters are making their way slowly to
the Humber. Adjacent to the noble estuary, even if some-
what muddy, how scenic interest arises. In every mood of
storm or shine, wild morning or red-golden sunset, the
Humber is beautiful. Perhaps the upland Wolds will be
preferred. Nowhere of great elevation, nevertheless, their
undulating wind-swept “fields” are inspiring and almost
grand. Dropping down to the ‘“ Levels” we have the soft
beauty of purple heathery commons, wheat, flax and potato
fields, woodland and orchard, all harmoniously blended in
the ever circling seasons.

What is called artificial is, after all, only a phase of the
natural, so reference here may be made to the perfectly
picturesque brick and red-tiled farms and villages that meet
the eye gazing upon our East Yorkshire landscape. Generally
dominated by old churches, and embowered amidst tall trees
of elm or ash, the villages have a positive charm unequalled
elsewhere.

It has already been hinted that the plant is dependent
upon such conditions as those above mentioned; and in
consideration of the botanical aspect, we may begin with
our centre—Hull. Take the trees of the city. All our main
“roads” are really avenues of trees, and will strike the visitor
as uncommonly fine as such. Before building operations
were so extensive, we had still more trees, especially of the
big rough-barked elm; and many of these still remain
piously included, even in the pavement. Of wild plants it

NATURAL ASPECTS OF HULL AND DISTRICT. 193

will scarcely be expected to see much in a large and busy
place like Hull; and yet it is quite possible to find between
two and three hundred different species during the year.
True, they are ‘‘aliens and strangers,” incidentally brought
to the port by ships from all lands, and are welcomed by no
one but the botanist, who often finds them beautiful, and
always interesting. They occur in profusion on the waste
land of the dock reservations, particularly on the west side
of the city, their seed having been dumped down there with
rubbish and sweepings from mills and dock sheds.

Leaving the city to search the various areas above
referred to, we find that each has its own group of plants,
dominant or rarer examples of which may now be mentioned.
Beginning with the Holderness Coast, with its clay cliffs,
one finds plants that apparently prefer clayey soil: such are
the ivy-leaved ranunculus (RR. hedevaceus), the smallest
flowered geranium (G. pusillum), chicory, and the bucks-horn
and seaside plantains. On the small and only sand dune
tract between Withernsea and Spurn Head, another group,
sand and salt loving, have sway and are very distinct in appear-
ance from plants of the clay. The most conspicuous perhaps,
after the three blue-green, seaside grasses including Elymus
avenavius, the large rose-pink flowered species of creeping
convolvulus known as Soldanella, the sea holly (Evyngium),
sea buckthorn Hippophae, the dune-thorn of the Dutch Coast,
and the seaside sedge (Carex avenavia). All this group have
the characteristics of seaside sand plants—fleshy glaucous,
(blue-green) leaves and great ramifications of underground
root and stem systems which effectively bind the loose sands
together.

From Spurn, along the North bank of the Humber, for
many miles, indeed, up to Hull and beyond, the plants are
estuarine in character, being fleshy, salt-loving, and aquatic.
Wild celery (Apium gvaveolens) now so much cultivated and
blanched in the sandy tract near Selby, is perhaps the
most noticeable plant; but with it grow sea-southernwood
(Artemisia), samphire (Salicorma) often pickled locally, and
very sparingly the beautiful sea lavender (Statice Limonium)
and many rushes and sedges, some of considerable rarity,
like Carex divisa.

Inland, the water-courses, streams, drains, dykes, ponds,
and other watery places may be inspected, and quite other
sets of plants would appear, a very large list of which might
be given. White flowered water crowfoot in about a dozen
forms (sub-species) is the most conspicuous plant on the

194 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

surface of ponds and dykes in spring and early summer.
On the edges of the drains grow the great meadow rue
(Thalictrum flavum), mingling with the greatest dock (Rumex.
hydrolapathum) the yellow iris and the largest of the sedge
family. On the water float the yellow, and occasionally also
the white water lily, whilst arrowhead, the rose-tinted
flowering-rush, handsomest plant in Holderness, rise above
the water level. The colour scheme of the marshy and
watery places is exceedingly fine; add to the above-
mentioned masses of purple loosestrife (Lythvum), water
violet, bogbean, water forget-me-not, the orchids—latifolia,
incarnata and Epipactis palustvis, and an idea of the gaiety
of the solitary place may be obtained. In one marshy spot
near the River Hull, the rambling lover of wild plants in
early July would have his vision cheered by the sight of
plant quintette of rare occurrence elsewhere. These are the
marsh pea (Lathyrus palustris) which is not now known in
any other Yorkshire situation, the great yellow loose-strife
(Lysimachia vulgaris), the rare sedge (Carex paradoxa), the fast
vanishing marsh buckler-fern (Lastrea Thelypteris), and waving
over all, the purple and silvery plumes of the small-reed
(Calamagyrostis lanceolata).

How completely dependent plants are on the special
geological and geographical conditions is clearly shown by
the quite different association of plants of the aquatic sort
that are found in damp places on the sandy tract called the
‘*« Levels’? (Derwentland). Here, and here only, the marsh
St. John’s wort (Hypericum elodes), and the beautiful blue
gentian or ‘Calathian Violet” (Gentiana Pneumonanthe),
mudwort (Limosella), and pillwort, Pilularia, all grow in
profusion. This also is our best district for the plants who
make part of their food of insects for the capture of which
they are specially adapted. Such are the two sundews, the
butterwort and bladderwort; whilst the chastely beautiful.
‘‘Grass Parnassus” with its large white flowers, so con-
spicuous in many a marshy place in early autumn, is a not
remote relative.

Before leaving the sandy tract it may be observed that
it is the only part of the East Riding where heather and
the cross-leaved heath grow in abundance, and the rose bay
willow herb and many varieties of bramble and fern still
luxuriate. One plant of the orchidaceous type, Goodyera repens,
is found growing in a Scotch-fir wood on Houghton Moor, the
only place in England south of Northumberland.

Of the fields and woods of the lower positions of the

NATURAL ASPECTS OF HULL AND DISTRICT. 195

district, much might be said. The spring and early
summer carpet of buttercups, daisies, and cowslips, mingled .
with the meadow loving orchids—O. Movio, in many shades,
and O. ustulata—afford visions of beauty that cannot be sur-
passed anywhere else.

Finally, a few remarks may be added on the remaining
area, the Chalk Wolds, which, in their turn, have another
and quite characteristic group. The beech, to the North of
Yorkshire, always a cultivated tree, is most probably here
quite native, and exceedingly fine are the woods of the
same, which are scattered over and frequently top the wolds.
Underneath the beech in several places grows the only
ericaceous plant on the wolds, the yellow bird’s nest, a
pale bleached looking parasite (Hypopitys) of extreme interest
to the biologist and microscopist. The deadly night shade
(Atrvopa belladonna), the beautiful and uncommon bee orchis
(Ophrys apifera), Ovchis pyvamidalis, Campanula glomerata,
dropwort spirea (Spivea Filipendula), and many others of
equal interest are also characteristic of the chalk.

Such is a sample of the vegetal productions of our little
known corner of England. A very small selection truly,
of the one thousand and thirty odd flowering plants and
ferns that are to found recorded in the writer’s “ Flora
of the East Riding of Yorkshire,”’ but sufficient, we submit,
to show that the opening statement of this chapter is unfair
and ill-conceived. On the contrary

“‘ Our life, exempt from public haunt,
Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks,
Sermons in stones, and good in everything.”

THE MYCETOZOA OF THE EAST RIDING.
By T. PETCH, B.Sc., B.A.

T is generally supposed that Mycetozoa are extremely
I rare objects. Even Professors of Botany, when ques-
tioned by students who wished to extend their knowledge
of the group beyond the well-known caricature of Arcyria
punicea which illustrates the subject in so many text-books,
have been known to warn them that specimens are rarely
met with, and to point out the futility of any attempt.
Yet there is no group more generally distributed. In
town parks, in woods, along country hedges, on dock
quays, and in timber yards, wherever any dead vegetable
matter can be found, there will also be myxos.

The majority are certainly minute. This objection was
once raised by a botanist during a visit to Epping Forest,
but, unfortunately for his argument, we immediately
encountered an oak log on which grew several specimens
of Reticulurta lycoperdon measuring from two to seven
inches in diameter. But, neglecting these larger forms, the
others are not hard to find, since they usually grow in large
numbers. Thereis no difficulty in perceiving a square yard
of Cribraria argillacea on the floor of a pine wood, or a six-
foot length of Badhamia populina on a fallen log, or a
rubbish heap whitewashed with Dzachea elegans. The key
of the secret is, that to find myxos one must look for myxos:
he will never succeed in finding many while he is looking
principally for something else.

The species enumerated in the following list—I regret
that through unexpected circumstances it is merely a list—
were obtained during the vacations of two years. Thus it
has not been possible to make any investigations at what is
the best time of year, viz., September to December, and
consequently many common leaf-inhabiting forms have not
been observed. The localities explored lie for the most part
in South and Middle Holderness, where the trees in the
hedgerows and small plantations are chiefly ash, elm, oak,
and poplar. Most of them are well known to the members
of the Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club, and will
no doubt continue to yield an abundant harvest, but it may

196

ee eee —e eee

THE MYCETOZOA OF THE EAST RIDING. 197

save disappointment on the part of future workers to point
out that a few of the less known have lost the particular
feature which made them so productive. | Thus, Thorp
Garth, Aldborough, is credited with twenty-four species,
nearly all of which were gathered in an old stickheap,
some five yards by five, which has since been destroyed;
while the stickheap at Hedon referred to so often in the
records was a collection of elm logs which were sawn up
last year. The Newton Garth locality still exists: it is a
group of willows, surrounding a hollow partly filled with
rotten logs, at the edge of the second field on the field path
from Hedon to Paull.

Better hunting grounds will be found to the west of Hull
among the beech woods on the chalk, and the fir plantations
of Derwentland. The Hull Parks should produce many
other species, more particularly in the autumn on fallen
leaves, especially if these are gathered into heaps for ‘‘ leaf
mould.” The neighbourhood of Cottingham will probably
be productive; many new species have been discovered
during recent years on the waste heaps of market gardens
in the Midlands.

It may not be out of place to pass on some instructions
as to the preservation of Mycetozoa. Immediately they are
brought home they must be laid on a tray until they are dry.
If left in a vasculum or tube they invariably become mouldy.
When dried they may be glued in cardboard boxes, prefera-
bly on paper trays which can be lifted out when it is desired
to examine or remove specimens. Match boxes answer
admirably for small gatherings, though it will facilitate’
storage and save much future trouble if boxes of a uniform
size are used. If kept in adry place with a little naphthalene,
the sporangia retain their shape and colour indefinitely.

Since the determination of a species depends on the
spores and capillitium it is necessary to prepare slides. A
sporangium is placed on the glass slip, a drop of alcohol
added, and then a few drops of water. With the aid of a
needle miniature waves are created in the mixture, and these,
dashing against the sporangium, wash out the spores which
would otherwise hide the capillitium. There is no danger of
losing a// the spores. The water is then drained off, a drop
of ten per cent. carbolic acid is added and drained off almost
immediately, and the specimen then mounted in glycerine
jelly. The mount is afterwards closed with Hollis glue
(one coat) and gold size (two coats).

Glycerine jelly is not an ideal medium, but it is to be

198 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

preferred to Canada Balsam. The latter is used for Cribrarias,
as it preserves the plasmodic granules which distinguish
certain species. Cribrarias may be washed in xylol, but it
is generally possible in their case, and also with such forms
as Arcyria and Stemonitzs, to blow away the spores before
commencing. The microscopist must remember that in
most cases sliding the cover glass about, as is so often
done with botanical sections to secure an absolutely central
position, will roll up the capillitium and quite spoil the
specimen. When he is interested in myxos he will not mind
being eccentric.

The Guide to the Mycetozoa in the British Museum, which
costs threepence, will enable the student to identify his finds
without much difficulty. The “‘Monograph of the Mycetozoa”
can be consulted in the Free Library, and full accounts of all
later species will be found in the ‘‘ Journal of Botany.”

The identifications of almost all the species listed here
have been confirmed or corrected by Mr. Lister, but for
whose infectious enthusiasm and generous assistance this
collection would never have been undertaken.

EXOSPOREA.
CERATIOMYXACEZ.

Ceratiomyxa mucida Schroet.

On elder branches in a hedge, and on rotten logs in a stick heap,
Thorp Garth, Aldborough, Aug. 8, 1903. Snake Hall, near North
Cave, on pine stumps, Aug. 29, 1903; Aug. 27, 1904. Hornsea,
plantations north of the Mere, May 28, 1904; Aug. 8, 1904. Burton
Constable, Aug. 31, 1904. Not acommon species in Holderness, since
logs are seldom allowed to lie until they are rotten.

ENDOSPORE.
PHYSARACE.
Badhamia foliicola List.
In abundance on dead hawthorn twigs in a dry ditch at Tansterne
fox cover, Aug. 8,:1903 (Journal of Botany, vol. 42, p. 129).
Badhamia utricularis Berk.

On an oak post, Thorp Garth, Aldborough, Aug. 8, 1903. North
Cave, Aug. 29, 1903.

THE MYCETOZOA OF THE EAST RIDING. 199

[Badhamia nitens Berk.

W. W. Strickland (Naturalist, vol. 14 (1889), pp. 192, 193) records
this species as B. pallida, Berk., from “‘ The Grove,” Boynton, July,
1880. It is not included by Mr. Lister amongst the specimens from
Boynton examined by him at the British Museum. |

Badhamia decipiens Berk.

Tansterne fox cover, on a piece of bark in the same ditch as
&. foliicola, Aug. 8, 1903. In the Journal of Botany, vol. 42, p. 130,
Mr. Lister writes :—‘‘In Aug., 1903, Mr. Petch collected four reniform
plasmodiocarps of this species at Tansterne, Yorks. They are olive-
yellow, either uniform in colour or varied by yellow ridges or broken
bands formed by dense deposits of lime in the sporangium wall; the
capillitium is of the true Badhamia character, consisting of a coarse
network of broad strands charged throughout with orange-yellow lime ;
the spores are purple-brown, spinulose, and slightly paler on one side,
11-12 4 diam. The specimen agrees closely with that from Montpellier,
and is the first British example we have known.”

Badhamia macrocarpa Rost.

On elm logs in a stick heap, Hedon, Dec. 26, 1902.

Badhamia panicea Rost.

Thorp Garth, Aldborough, Aug. 8, 1903, on a poplar log. On
hawthorn branches, Hedon, Jan., 1904.

Physarum viride Pers.

Abundant, Birkhill Wood, near Cottingham, Aug. 1,:1903; July
23, 1904. Roos Bog, Aug. 10, 1903. Bale Wood, Aldborough,
Aug. 21, 1903; Aug. 24, 1904. Boreas Hill, Sept. 1, 1903. Var.
incanum, Thorp Garth, Aldborough, Aug. 7, 1903. Pond Wood,
Boynton, July 24, 1880 (W. W. Strickland, loc. cit., P. nutans var.
aureum).

Physarum nutans Pers.

North Wood, Boynton, July 22, 1880 (W. W. Strickland, loc. cit.).
Osgodby ; Cliff Common; Escrick, Y.N.U. Fungus Foray (Nat.,
vol. 10 (1885), p. 141). Escrick, Y.N.U. Fungus Foray (Nat., vol.
21 (1896), p. 365). Very common in hedges and stick heaps round
Hedon, Dec. 26, 1902—Jan. 5, 1903. Birkhill Wood, near Cotting-
ham, Aug. 1, 1903. Aldborough, Thorp Garth, Aug. 7, 1903. Bale
Wood, Aldborough, Aug. 21, 1903; Aug. 24, 1903. Enholmes, near
Patrington, Aug. 31, 1903. Boreas Hill, Sept. 1, 1903. Swan Island,
Hornsea, Aug. 22, 1903. Hornsea, plantations north of the Mere,
Aug. 8, 1904. Humbleton and Tansterne, Jan, 5, 1904. Var.
leucopheum, Hedon, Dec. 27, 1902. Var. vobustum, Aldborough, Sept.
4,.1903. A form with stout, erect stalks and purple globose sporangia,
without any deposit of lime in the sporangium wall or capillitium was
gathered at Newton Garth, near Hedon, Dec. 26, 1903.

200 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Physarum calidris List.
A small group of six sporangia in a stick heap at Thorp Garth,
Aldborough, Aug. 8, 1903.
Physarum compressum Alb. & Schw.

Stick heap, Hedon, on elm, Dec. 26, 1902. On a poplar log,
Thorp Garth, Aldborough, Sept. 4, 1903. On the roots of a tree at
Lelley, Jan., 1904. A large gathering of which the majority of the
sporangia possessed white stalks, Hornsea, Aug. 8, 1904. A form
with lobed, iridescent heads, without lime deposits in the sporangium
wall, Fewson’s stick heap, Hedon, Jan. 1, 1904, and May 25, 1904.

Physarum cinereum Pers.

A few scattered sporangia ou dead leaves, plantations north of the
Mere, Hornsea, Aug. 8, 1904.

Physarum vernum Somm.

Abundant on dead hawthorn branches, Hedon, Dec. 30, 1903.

Fuligo septica Gmelin.

On pine needles, Snake Hall, near North Cave, Aug. 27, 1904.

Dryham plantation, North Cave, Aug. 29, 1903,
Craterium pedunculatum Trentepohl.

Filey, first ravine south, on dead rushes, Y.N.U., 1903 (Nat. vol.
28, p. 250). Abundant on twigs, Tansterne fox cover, Aug. 8, 1903;
Jan. 5, 1904. On old rushes, drain bank, Hedon, Dec. 28, 1903.
Thearne, Jan. 2, 1904. Newton Garth, Jan. 4, 1904. Kelsey Hill,
April 4, 1904. Neville’s Dyke, April 8, 1904.

Craterium leucocephalum Ditm.

On dead leaves, Bale Wood, Aldborough, Aug. 21, 1903.

Leocarpus vernicosus Link.

Esrick, Y.N.U. Fungus Foray (Nat. vol. 21 (1896), p. 365). Bale
Wood, Aldborough, a form with rigid-stalked, upright sporangia, Jan.
6, 1904. Yellow plasmodium amongst dead leaves which ripened three
days after gathering, Burton Constable, Aug. 31, 1904.

Chondrioderma spumarioides Rost.

On dead thistles in a hedge, Thorp Garth, Aldborough, Aug. 7, 1903.

THE MYCETOZOA OF THE EAST RIDING. 201

Chondrioderma michelii Rost.

Boynton, Yorks. (Lister, Mon. p- 79; Brit. Mus. Coll. 1112). A few
sporangia on moss, Hornsea, plantation north of the Mere, Aug. 8, 1904.

W. W. Strickland (loc. cit.) does not record this species from Boynton,
but gives Diderma cyanescens Fr., which is a synonym of Chondrioderma
niveum Rost. No Boynton specimens of the latter are included in the
British Museum Collection.

Chrondrioderma radiatum Rost.

North Wood, Boynton, Jan., 1880 (W. W. Strickland (loc. cit.),
recorded as Diderma umbilicatum P. ; specimens from Boynton in the
British Museum Collection (Lister, Mon. p. 85). Ina dead fence, Hedon,
Jan. 1, 1903.

DIDYMIACEZ.

Didymium difforme Duby.

On dead thistles, Hospitals, Hedon, April 10, 1903. On poplar
and hawthorn leaves, Hedon, Jan. 1, 1903. Stick heaps, Hedon, Dec.
26, 1903; April 1, 1904, &c. Thorp Garth, Aldborough, Aug. 7,
1903, &c. Withernsea, on branches, on sand near the beach, Aug. 26,
1903. Boreas Hill, Sept. 1, 1903. Hedon, drain bank, in heaps of
dead grass, Dec. 28, 1903. Thearne, Jan. 2, 1904. Newton Garth,
on old straw, May 27, 1904. Bale Wood, Aldborough, Aug. 24,
1904. Pond Wood, Boynton, Feb. 29, 1880, W. W. Strickland (loc.
cit. recorded as Physarum album, Fr.).

Didymium clavus Rost.

Thearne, on dead grass and leaves, Jan. 2, 1904. Bale Wood,
Aldborough, Aug. 24, 1904. Kelsey Hill, Sept. 1, 1904.

Didymium nigripes Fries.

Pond Wood, Boynton, Feb. 8, 1880 (W. W. Strickland, loc. cit.).
Form with lobed sporangia, on oak leaves, Bale Wood, Aldborough, Aug.
21, 1903. Hedon, drain bank, in heaps of dead grass, Dec. 28, 1903.
“* California,” Hedon, Dec. 31, 1903. Stick heaps, Hedon, Dec. 24,
1903. Newton Garth, May 27, 1904. Hornsea, Aug. 8, 1904.
Kelsey Hill, Sept. 1, 1904. j

Didymium effusum Link.

Filey, first ravine south, Y.N.U., June 1, 1903 (Nat. vol. 28,
p- 250). Thin plasmodiocarps, Hedon, Aug. 5, 1903. Thorp Garth,
Aldborough, on dead thistles, Aug. 7, 1903. Kelsey Hill, April 4,
aoe Hornsea, plantation north of the Mere, May 28, 1904; Aug.
» 1904.

202 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Spumaria alba DC.

White plasmodium creeping over grass on the roadside, Dryham,
North Cave, Aug. 29, 1903; only a small portion ripened when placed
under a bell jar.

STEMONITACE.

Stemonitis fusca Roth.

Rose Hill, Hedon, Dec. 29, 1902. Thorp Garth, Aldborough,
Aug. 8, 1903. Newton Garth, Dec. 26, 1903. Hornsea, Aug. 8, 1904.
Bale Wood, Aldborough, Aug. 24, 1904. Burton Constable, Aug. 31, 1904.

Stemonitis flavogenita Jahn.

This species was till recently incorrectly designated S. ferruginea
Ehr., and East Riding specimens have been distributed under this name.
The discovery of Ehrenberg’s type specimen proves that his S. ferruginea
is the modern S. Smzthii, and necessitates a change of nomenclature
(Journal of Botany, vol. 42, p. 194).

Hedon, on sticks in a hedge, Aug. 3, 1903. Thearne, Oct., 1903,
J. F. Robinson! Hornsea, Aug. 8, 1904. Snake Hall, near North
Cave, Aug. 27, 1904. Pond Wood, Boynton, July 1, 1881 (W. W.
Strickland, loc. cit.).

Stemonitis ferruginea Ehr.

Formerly known as S. Smithiz Machride.
Two small gatherings in Bale Wood, Aldborough, Aug. 21, 1903.

Comatricha obtusata Preuss.

Nursery Gardens, Boynton, Nov. 15, 1885, W. W. Strickland (loc.
cit.); Lister, Mon. p. 118. Filey, Y.N.U., June 11, 1883, fide H. T.
Soppitt (Nat. vol. 8, p. 191); Y.N.U., June 1, 1903 (Nat. vol. 28,
p- 250). Escrick, Y.N.U., Sept., 1896 (Nat. vol. 21, p. 365). Brough,
Y.N.U., May 27, 1901 (Nat. vol. 26, p. 227). Hornsea, April 18,
1903; Aug. 8, 1903, &c. Hedon, Dec. 26, 1903, &c. Birkhill Wood,
Aug. 1, 1903. Thorp Garth, Aldborough, Aug. 7, 1903, &c. Bale
Wood, Aldborough, Aug. 21, 1903. North Cave, Aug. 29, 1903.
Boreas Hill, Sept. 1, 1903. West Dock Reservation, Hull, Sept. 5,
1903. Thearne, Jan. 2, 1904. Tansterne, Jan. 6, 1904, &c. The form
known as C. eqgualis Peck was gathered at Thorp Garth, Aldborough,
Aug. 8, 1903. ;

Comatricha laxa Rost.

Very small sporangia on a pine log, West Dock Reservation, Hull,
Sept. 5, 1903.

J

THE MYCETOZOA OF THE EAST RIDING. 203

Comatricha typhoides Rost.

Thorp Garth, Aldborough, on rotten wood in a stick heap, Aug. 8,
1903 ; Aug. 20, 1904. Swan Island, Hornsea, Aug. 22, 1903. Hedon,
May 25, 1904. Hornsea, plantation north of the Mere, Aug. 8, 1904.

Enerthenema elegans Bowman.

On the under side of a sound pine log, West Dock Reservation, Hull,
Sept. 5, 1903; three Agriolimax agrestis were busily engaged in
devouring the white plasmodium as it emerged from the wood. Rose
Hill, near Hedon, on fallen ash branches, Aug. 4, 1904. Burton

Constable, Aug. 31, 1904. Pond Wood, Boynton, Nov., 1884, W. W.
Strickland (loc. cit.).

Lamproderma irideum Mass.

Thorp Garth, Aldborough, on twigs ina stick heap, Aug. 11, 1903.
Hornsea, plantations north of the Mere, May 28, 1904.

AMAUROCHATACEZ.

Amaurochete atra Rost.

On pit props just landed, ex steamer from Norway, Fish Dock
Extension, Hull, Sept. 1903.

Brefeldia maxima Rost.

Boynton, W. W. Strickiand (loc. cit.); specimens inthe British
-Museum Collection (Lister, Mon. p. 136).

HETERODERMACEZ.

Cribraria argillacea Pers.

Boynton, Yorks., British Museum Collection, 1044 (Lister, Mon.
p- 140). This species is not recorded by Strickland; it is probably
represented by one of the records which were not confirmed by Mr.
Lister in his examination of the British Museum Collection.

Cribraria aurantiaca Schrad.

A fallen willow lying across a ditch on the south side of Rose Hill,
near Hedon, produced this species in abundance, Dec. 29, 1902; Aug.

27, 1903 ; Aug. 4, 1904.

204 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Dictydium umbilicatum Schrad.

On very rotten wood, Thorp Garth, Aldborough, Aug. 8, 1903.
Abundant on a log in Birkhill Wood, July 23, 1904. Hornsea, abundant,
Aug. 8,1904. Wassand, small pale form on an ash stump, Aug. 8, 1904.

LICEACEZ.
Licea flexuosa Pers.

Usually found on old fencing and other worked wood in stickheaps
and dead fences. Hedon, bank of old Humbleton Beck, Jan. 1, 1903.
Stickheap, Hedon, Jan. 1, 1904; April 2. 1904.

TUBULINACEZ.

Tubulina fragiformis Pers.

Snake Hall near North Cave, Aug. 27, 1904; a pinkish red convo-
luted mass which turned black, and finally brown in ripening.

RETICULARIACEZ.

Dictydiethalium plumbeum Rost.

On hawthorn branches in a dead fence, Pollard farm near Hedon,
Dec. 24, 1902. Stickheaps, Hedon, Dec. 26, 1902; Dec. 24, 1903;
zethalia in the latter case two inches long. Bank of Humbleton Beck,
Hedon, Jan. 1, 1903. Swan Island, Hornsea, Aug. 22, 1903. Hospitals,
Hedon, Dec. 29, 1003. Thearne, Jan. 2, 1904.

Enteridium olivaceum Ehr.

Hedon, Dec. 29, 1902. On pit props, ex steamer from Norway, one
of the zthalia three inches in length, Sept. 5, 1903. Tansterne, Jan. 6,
1904. Thearne, Jan. 2, 1904; a form approaching var. liceozdes, with
small hemispherical zthalia and free spores. Boynton, Feb. 1882
(Reticularia applanata Fr.), W. W. Strickland (loc. cit.) ; specimens
from Boynton in the British Museum collection (Lister, Mon. p. 159).

Reticularia lycoperdon Bull.

Boynton, May 14, 1880 (2. wmbrina Fr.), W. W. Strickland (loc. cit.).
Pocklington, Y.N.U., Sept. 7, 1893 (Nat. vol. 19, p. 76). On willow,
Rose Hill, April 11, 1903; Aug. 4, 1904. Newton Garth, July 22, 1903,
Thorp Garth, Aldborough, Aug. 7, 1903. Tansterne fox cover, Aug. 8,
1903. Hornsea, on ash trees south of the Mere, Aug. 13, 1903. North
Cave, Aug. 29, 1903. Burstwick Road, Hedon, May 25, 1904. Hedon,
July 28, 1904. Snake Hall near North Cave, Aug. 27, 1904.

THE MYCETOZOA OF THE EAST RIDING. 205

TRICHIACEZ.
Trichia affinis de Bary.

Bale Wood, Aldborough, Jan. 6, 1904. One gathering of this date
has a capillitium consisting partly of thick elaters as in Z. favoginea,
and partly of rough threads without spirals as in Perichena, with large
expansions. The capillitium forms a network as in Hemztrichia, and
the two forms pass into one another. The sporangium wall is papillose.
The spores are those of 7. affinzs, the modifications of the other parts
being due to the severe frost which prevailed whilst the sporangia were
ripening.

Trichia persimilis Karst.

Bale Wood, Aldborough, Aug. 21, 1903; very abundant, Jan. 6, 1904;
Aug. 24, 1904. Tansterne, Jan. 5, 1904; Aug. 25, 1904. Hornsea,
plantation north of the Mere, May 28, 1904; Aug. 8, 1904. Boynton,
Yorks., British Museum collection, Lister, Mon. p. 167. Strickland
(loc. cit.) does not record 7. persimilis, but gives T. chrysosperma DC.
(= T. favoginea Pers.), North Wood, Feb. 8, 1880; this is no doubt the
gathering referred to by Mr. Lister.

Trichia scabra Rost.

Hornsea, abundant on fallen tree in the plantation north of the Mere,
May 28, 1904.

Trichia varia Pers.

In stickheaps and hedges, Hedon, Dec. 26, 1902 ; Jan. 1-3, 1903; &c.
Rose Hill, on a decaying Pleurotus, Dec. 29, 1903. Newton Garth,
Dec. 29, 1903. Filey, June 1, 1903. Thorp Garth, Aldborough, Aug.
7, 1903. Bale Wood, Aldborough, Aug. 21, 1903, &c. Thearne, Jan.
2, 1904. Humbleton, Jan. 5, 1904; May 26, 1904. Tansterne, Jan. 5,
1904.

Trichia contorta Rost.

Hospitals, Hedon, Dec. 29, 1903. Thearne, Jan. 2, 1904. Ald-
borough, Jan, 6, 1904. Tansterne, Jan. 5, 1904.

Trichia lutescens List.

Dryham near North Cave, Aug. 29, 1903, on sticks, probably haw-
thorn, forming a fence whose base rested on swampy ground by the
roadside ; the sporangia were only slightly attached, and many fell off
when cutting up the sticks. The sixty-six sporangia mentioned by Mr.
Lister were only part of the original growth. ‘‘ The gathering consists
of sixty-six subglobose chrome yellow sporangia from 0.4 to 0.7 mm.
diam. ; the membranous sporangium-wall is quite free from granular

_ deposits, and the abundant pale yellow elaters are mostly long and often
forked, though a few can be found not exceeding 90 ps; they are from
3 to 4 p in thickness, and are faintly marked with about four spiral
lines ; the spores are yellow, minutely spinulose, 10 p. diam.” (Lister,
Journal of Botany, vol. 42, p. 136).

Q

206 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Trichia fallax Pers.

Boynton Pond Wood, Feb. 8, 1880, W. W. Strickland (loc. cit.) ;
specimens from Boynton in the British Museum collection, Lister, Mon.
p. 171. Hedon, Dec. 29, 1902. Thorp Garth, Aldborough, Aug. 8,
1903. Bale Wood, Aldborough, Aug. 21, 1903; Jan. 6, 1904 Swan
Island, Hornsea, Aug. 22, 1903. Newton Garth, Dec. 26, 1903.
Thearne, Jan. 2, 1904. Tansterne, Jan. 5, 1904. Twyers near Hedon,
Dec. 31, 1903. Hornsea, plantations north of the Mere, Aug. 8, 1904.

Trichia botrytis Pers.

Birkhill Wood near Cottingham, Aug. 1, 1903; July 23, 1904.
Abundant in Bale Wood, Aldborough, Jan. 6, 1904.

Hemitrichia rubiformis List.

Boynton Botanical Gardens, Feb. 4, 1880, W. W. Strickland (loc
cit.) ; specimen in the British Museum collection, Lister, Mon. p. 176.

[Hemitrichia clavata Rost.

Strickland (loc. cit.) records Arcyria umbrina Schum., Pond Wood,
Boynton, Feb. 8, 1880. According to Mussat (Saccardo, Sylloge, vol.
15,) this = Avcyria albida var. pomiformis. The name is not given by
Mr. Lister, but specimens in the Peradeniya herbarium named thus by
Berkeley are A. clavata. It is not recorded among the Boynton
specimens examined by Mr. Lister.]

ARCYRIACEA

Arcyria ferruginea Sauter.

On a willow, Newton Garth near Hedon, Dec. 29, 1902; Dec. 24,
1903; April 6, 1904; May 27, 1904. Thearne, Jan. 2, 1904. Thorp Garth,
Aldborough, Jan. 7, 1904.

Arcyria albida Pers.

Often recorded as A. cinerea, Pers.. Escrick, Y.N.U. Fungus
Foray, Sep. 1896 (Nat. vol. 21, p. 365). ‘‘ Avcyria on Lastrea dilatata ;
not described in Cooke; comes very near dA. cinerea; Pond Wood,
Boynton, July 24, 1880,” W. W. Strickland (loc. cit.). Hedon, Jan.
1903, &c. Newton Garth, Dec. 29, 1902. Birkhill Wood, Aug. 1, 1903.
Thorp Garth, Aldborough, Aug. 7, 1903. Swan Island, Hornsea, Aug.
22, 1903. Enholmes, near Patrington, Aug. 31, 1903. Thearne, Jan. 2,
1904. ‘Lansterne, Jan. 5, 1904. Bale Wood, Aldborough, Jan. 6, 1904.
Hornsea, plantations north of the Mere, Aug. 8, 1904. Var. pomzformis
at Tansterne, Aug. 8, 1903; Hedon, July 28, 1904; on dead gorse,
Kelsey Hill, Sep. 1, 1904.

*
¥

Soe aa

THE MYCETOZOA OF THE EAST RIDING. 207

Arcyria punicea Pers.

“« Arcyria (probably) punicea,”’ on rotten birch, Boynton, July 24,
1880, W. W. Strickland (loc. cit.). Beverley, Y.N.U. May 29, 1882
{Nat. vol. 7, p. 205). Escrick, Y.N.U. Sep. 1896 (Nat. vol. 21, p. 365).
Everingham, Y.N.U. Sept. 7, 1893 (Nat. vol. 19, p. 76) Hornsea, Aug.
1902; Aug. 8, 1904. Newton Garth, Hedon, Dec. 29, 1903; Aug. 10,
1904. Tansterne fox cover, Aug. 8, 1903. Bale Wood, Aldborough,
Aug. 21, 1903; Aug. 24, 1904. Enholmes, Aug. 31, 1903. Burton Con-
stable, Aug. 31, 1904.

Arcyria incarnata Pers.

Hedon, Jan. 1, 1903, &c. Birkhill Wood, Aug. 1, 1903. Thorp
Garth, Aldborough, Aug. 7, 1903, &c. Tansterne, Aug. 8, 1903. Roos
Bog, Aug. 10, 1903. Hornsea, on ash trees south of the Mere, Aug. 1
1903. Bale Wood, Aldborough, Aug. 21, 1903; Aug. 24, 1904. Boreas
Hill, Sept. 1, 1903. Hornsea, plantations north of the Mere, Aug. 8, 1904.

Arcyria flava Pers.

Pond Wood, Boynton, W. W. Strickland (loc. cit.; recorded as A.
nutans Fr.) ; specimens from Boynton in the British Museum collection,
Lister, Mon. p. 190. Newton Garth near Hedon, Dec. 29, 1902. Abund-
ant, Bale Wood, Aug. 21, 1903. Birkhill Wood, Aug. 1, 1903; July 23,
1904. Abundant on a fir log, Dryham Plantation, North Cave, Aug.
29, 1903. Hedon, July 28, 1904. Hornsea, Aug. 8, 1904. Snake Hall
near North Cave, Aug. 27, 1904.

Perichzna depressa Libert.

Hedon, Dec. 26,1903 ; May 25, 1904. Lelley, Jan. 5, 1904. Hornsea,
plantations North of the Mere, Aug. 8, 1904.

Perichena populina Fries.

Pond wood, Boynton Jan. 1880, W. W. Strickland (loc. cit., recorded
as P, abietina); specimens from Boynton in the British Museum Collection,
Lister, Mon. p. 199. Abundant, Hedon, Dec. 26, 1902, Aug. 5, 1903, &c.
‘Tansterne, Aug. 8, 1903. North Cave, Aug. 29, 1903. Swan Island,
Hornsea, Aug. 22, 1903. Boreas Hill, Sept. 1, 1903. Twyers near
Hedon, Dec. 31, 1903. Thorp Garth, Aldborough, Jan. 7, 1904.

Perichena variabilis Rost.
Abundant, Hedon, Jan. 3, 1903. Aldborough, Aug. 19, 1903, sporan-

gium wall opaque with granular matter. Thorp Garth, Aldborough,
Jan. 7, 1904. Thearne, Jan. 2, 1904. Newton Garth, Dec. 24, 1903.

208 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

MARGARITACEE.
Margarita metallica List.

Abundant on hawthorn branches in the winter in the neighbourhood
of Hedon, Dec. 26, 1902; Dec. 1903. Rose Hill, Dec. 29, 1902. Newton
Garth, Dec. 29, 1902, &c. Aldborough, Aug. 19, 1903. Thearne, Jan.
2, 1904. Tansterne, Jan. 5, 1904. Humbleton, Jan. 5, 1904.

Dianema depressum List.

Humbleton and Tansterne, Jan. 5, 1904. Bale Wood, Aldborough,
Jan. 6, 1904.

Prototrichia flagellifera Rost.

» Rose Hill, Dec. 29, 1902. Abundant, Newton Garth, Dec. 29, 1902 ;
Dec. 24, 1903. Abundant, Hedon, Jan. 1, 1903. The form without
spiral markings on the threads is of frequent occurrence.

LYCOGALACEZ.
Lycogala miniatum Pers.

Barlby, W. N. Cheesman, Y.N.U. Bot. Report, 1881. Brough,
Y.N.U. Bot. Report, 1878. Pocklington, Y.N.U., Sept. 7, 1893 (Nat.
vol. 19, p. 76). Filey, Y.N.U., June 1, 1903 (Nat., vol. 28, p. 365).
Birkhill Wood, Aug. 1, 1903. Thorp Garth, Aldborough, Aug. 8, 1903-
Hornsea, Aug. 13, 1903; May 28, 1904. Enholmes near Patrington,
Aug. 31, 1903. Hedon, July 28, 1904. Bale Wood, Aldborough, Aug.
24, 1904.

Erratum.

Ptychogaster albus Corda, under fir, Boynton Grove, Oct., 1888,
Strickland (loc. cit.)... This species is not a mycetozoon.

THE HULL MUSEUM AND EDUCATION.

By T. Suepparp, F.G.S., Curator.

HE history of the Museum at Hullis practically the same
T as that of numerous other museums throughout the
country. Inagreat number of instances the collections
started in a small way early in the nineteenth century, and in-
creased in interest at the time when the Literary and Philoso-
phical Societies were in their prime. At that time most of the
leading gentlemen took a prominent’ interest in natural
science. Times changed however, attractions of other
descriptions took the place of the old Literary and
Philosophical debates; funds were not forthcoming as they
had been; the museums became neglected as a consequence,
and eventually were sold or were taken over by some
public body. Such has been the case with the collections
at Hull.

In October, 1822, just over eighty years ago, a few
gentlemen met at the Dog and Duck Tavern, primarily
to discuss the advisability of purchasing a collection of
curiosities from Mr. W. W. Hyde, in order to form a
museum for the town. At the same time the necessity for
some scientific institution was felt, and it was unanimously
decided ‘“‘ That an Institution be formed at Hull for the
general promotion of Literature and Science.” On the same
date as the above-mentioned meeting, the collection of curios
was examined and purchased for £80. By the following July,
the President (Dr. J. Alderson) had delivered an address,
which was printed, and a further collection of fossils, shells,
birds, &c., had been secured for £100. The rooms in the
Exchange were soon inadequate for the collections and
meetings, and in 1831, the Society removed to the building
now known as the Assembly Rooms in Jarratt Street, part.
of which had been specially constructed for its convenience.
In June, 1855, the collections were removed to their present
home in the Royal Institution, Albion Street. This building
was opened by the late Prince Consort in 1854, and cost
about £7000; Charles Frost, F.S.A., a thoroughly scientific
man, then being the president.

209

210 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

From that time the desire, or necessity, for a large
income, slowly but surely affected the nature of the Society’s
meetings and the quality of its work. The popular lecture
made its appearance. Huxley, Thackeray, and many other
scientific and literary leaders were induced to visit the
town. The desire for first-rate lectures increased, the avail-
able funds at the disposal of the Society were more and
more encroached upon for lecturers’ fees, to the neglect
of other matters. Competition with somewhat similar
institutions which were formed in the town aided in the
general destruction of the “philosophical” element, and
assisted in the growth of the more entertaining lantern
lectures. Classes in chemistry and other subjects were
held later in the Society’s rooms, and under its auspices,
but these were gradually discarded, their place being taken
by the School Board and other classes; and even its
Museum, valuable as some of its contents were, became a
source of anxiety to the members, and was eventually
handed over to the town on certain conditions in January,
IgOl.

As an example of the nature of the collections in the
old days is an account of the Hull Museum written by
Llewellyn Jewitt, which appears in the Art Journal, for
1872. In this description, Mr. Jewitt states :—‘‘ The usual
class of foreign ‘curiosities’ which characterise most
museums are here, perhaps, more than usually abundant
and interesting, and there are also a considerable number
of local and other relics of medizval and more recent
times, including a fine and highly important collection of
Yorkshire seals. The miscellaneous character of the
‘curiosities’ of the collection may easily be estimated from
the enumeration of half-a-dozen of what are considered by
some to be the attractions of the place:—‘a part of a
walking-stick belonging to Queen Elizabeth;’ ‘a pair of
cavalier’s boots worn by Sir E. Varney, who bore the
Royal Standard of Charles I. at the battle of Edgehill;’
“some of the long corn among which the English Guards
stood upon the field of Waterloo;’ ‘a piece of the rock
against which General Wolfe leaned when mortally wounded
at the taking of Quebec;’ ‘some bar shot fired by Paul
Jones;’ ‘a lock of Napoleon’s hair;’ ‘an autograph of
Queen Victoria;’ and ‘a piece of the tanned skin of
Thompson the murderer.’”” The nature of the collections
as depicted by Jewitt was not by any means a unique
feature in our provincial museums; the prevailing idea in

THE HULL MUSEUM AND EDUCATION. 211

those days being that the collections should be of the
character referred to. To-day, however, an effort is being
made to change the old order of things, and in the present
municipal museum ‘ Education” is the watchword, and
the specimens are exhibited labelled, arranged, and classified
with a view to conveying as much instructive information
as possible.

As to the value of museums as educational institutions
there can be no question, particularly if they are arranged
on modern lines and are not of the chamber of horrors’
type, formerly so prevalent throughout the country.
Unfortunately, to the average individual, a museum means
a collection of deformities, monstrosities, and curios from
every and any quarter of the globe; and, to some, there is
no doubt that an eight-legged lamb or a murderer’s knife
excites more interest than any other sort of exhibit. Objects
of the morbid type can only have a depraving effect and are
certainly out of place in an educational museum.

A modern museum is of a totally different character.
All the specimens are classified and arranged and labelled
in their proper scientific and historical order, and any
addition to the collection has its one proper position in the
general series, and unless it is in its place it does not fulfil
its proper mission. Visitors to museums would derive far
more benefit from a knowledge of this, than by endeavouring
to gather together scattered fragments of information by
walking aimlessly from one part of the building to another.

To illustrate this, reference might be made, for example,
to the case in the Hull Museum containing pre-historic
remains. This is placed at the south end of the room
devoted to antiquities, and contains implements and objects
of stone, bone, bronze and iron, arranged in such a way,
as to form a key to the early history of the Britons. For
instance, at one end of the case are relics of the Paleolithic
_ or Old-Stone-Age Man, the earliest human occupants of these
islands. These implements are of a very primitive and rude
character. A little further in the case are many fine axes,
spears, arrow-heads, &c., of the Neolithic or New-Stone-Age
Man. A comparison of these two reveals in a moment the
great advance in the art of manufacturing implements by
the New-Stone-Age Man. A little further and we have
the axes, swords, spears, and other relics of the Bronze
Age. The introduction of this metal into Britain had a
wonderful influence upon the arts and upon the civilisation
of the Britons. After bronze was the introduction of iron,

212 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

and we have the Iron Age. The case contains some of
the earliest examples of iron implements and _ utensils
hitherto found in this district.

Thus in this one case is an epitome of the history of the
early inhabitants of the British Islands, and in examining
it from end to end it is possible to get a far better and clearer
idea of the evolution of the early implements and ornaments
than can be obtained by any amount of time spent in reading
up the subject in books.

But the case has other points of interest. Nearly every
specimen contained within it has been found zm the district,
and “local”? is the main feature of the Hull Museum
collections. The days of attempting to form miniature
British Museums, with a little of everything and nothing in
particular, are over, and the object of our provincial museums
should be to illustrate the history, geology, natural history,
antiquities, &c., of the districts in which they are situated.
But many other lessons can be learned by a perusal of the
specimens in this case. Here is the skull of a Bronze-Age
Briton. Note the perfect condition of the teeth, their regu-
larity and absolute freedom from any trace of decay; the
Ancient Britons wsed their teeth, and did not live on sops and
sweetmeats. Close by is a photograph of an elaborately
carved bone pin, and a bronze dagger, the handle of which
has decayed, although the rivets for its attachment are
preserved. These were found with a skeleton at Brough, and
show that the Britons had some idea of a future life, as
when they were buried the various objects likely to be of use
to them in their new hunting grounds were buried with them.

A little further in the same case are examples of the early
cinerary urns containing cremated human remains. The
Corporation has recently erected a crematorium in Hull, of
which Hull people are justly proud, but the novelty is gone
when it is remembered that cremation was in vogue in East
Yorkshire at least 2000 years ago.

Many other lessons might be learned from a perusal of
the specimens in this one case, but full information is set
out in type-written labels, so that those who care may be
instructed. Similarly, the Roman, medieval, and other cases
in the collection are arranged and classified, and are teeming
with information of an instructive and educational character.
Any one of these contains sufficient material for an afternoon’s
study, rendering a perusal of the contents of the Museum at
a single visit absolutely impossible.

i alata

THE HULL MUSEUM AND EDUCATION. 213

HULL ANTIQUITIES.

The case of Hull antiquities is naturally a favourite one
with visitors, and receives a good share of attention. Within
it are specimens found in the city, which in themselves would
amply serve to illustrate a history of Kingston-upon-Hull.
The various coins, seals, pipes, earthenware vessels, glass
and iron objects call to mind the former condition of things
in Hull, and draw attention to the past Hull industries,
whilst the cannon balls of stone and iron remind us of that
memorable siege of Hull, when Sir John Hotham played so
important a part in the history, not only of Hull, but of the
whole country.*

So one might go on from case to case, and find ample
material for writing many volumes.

NATURAL HISTORY.

Half the Museum is devoted to Natural History, and there
again the specimens are all placed in their proper natural
order, and should be examined in that order. ‘The mammals,
birds, reptiles, fishes, insects, and shells are there arranged,
and, as in other parts of the Museum, the local element is
predominant. Hull is particularly fortunate in being situated
as it is, and has the advantage over inland towns in being
able to include the local marine fauna and flora in its collec.
tions. Thanks to the efforts of early Hull naturalists, many
most valuable specimens, formerly secured by the Literary
and Philosophical Society’s Museum, are now the town’s
property. Foremost amongst these is the skeleton of the type
specimen of Sibbald’s Rorqual, which is 474 feet long. This
formerly occupied all the floor-space of the west wing of the
building, but has now been suspended from the ceiling, where
it can be better viewed from the gallery, and has also admitted
of much more use being made of the floor-space.

A perusal of the Natural History specimens is as instructive
educationally as is an examination of the antiquities. Space
does not admit of details being given, but the knowledge
obtained from an examination, say of the relative parts of
the skeletons of the Mammalia, or in the various phases in

* These will shortly be removed to Wilberforce House, the birthplace
ot Wilberforce, in High Street. This magnificent Elizabethan building
has been purchased by the Corporation, and is being transferred intoa
museum illustrative of the History of Hulland particularly of Wilberforce
and his times.

214 HULL, SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

the life of a butterfly, and of the protective colouration and
adaptation to surroundings of the birds, insects, and shells,
is a lesson not soon to be forgotten.

There is, perhaps, a difficulty in conveying to the public
mind the proper function of a museum, but to some extent
this has been surmounted by the delivering of lectures to the
members of various societies who have visited the Museum.
In future, however, there can be no question that the public
of Hull will be able to appreciate to the full the purpose for
which a museum exists. Visits to museums by school
children during school hours are now allowed, providing
children are accompanied by their teacher, and receive proper
instruction in the museum. This is, without doubt, a step
in the right direction.

Unquestionably the knowledge the young gain for them-
selves and the cultivation of their own reasoning abilities
are far more potent in the formation of character and culture
than the useless cramming of the brain more by memory
than by reason. Sir John Gorst, in his address to the
Section of Educational Science at the British Association
Meeting in 1go1 (see British Association Report pp. 858-863),

clearly explains the position as under: ‘‘ The power of

research—the art of acquiring information for oneself—
on which the most advanced science depends may, by a
proper system, be cultivated in the youngest scholar of the
most elementary school. Curiosity and desire to find out
the reason of things is a natural, and to the ignorant an
inconvenient, propensity of almost every child; and there
lies before the instructor the whole realm of Nature-knowledge
in which this propensity can be cultivated.”

What more suitable opportunity could possibly be found
for carrying out this ideal than by a properly conducted visit
to a museum? The children are there told how to examine
the collections, how they are arranged, and how best to derive
instruction from the specimens.

With a view to encouraging these visits, the writer
prepared a syllabus of lectures, which was circulated amongst
the schools in the town and district. The necessary per-
mission was obtained from the Educational Authority, and
the result has been far more satisfactory than was anticipated.
For some time past five mornings each week have been
occupied in delivering lectures to scholars. The following is
a list of the lectures :—

Lecture 1.—*‘How to see a Museum.”—Classification of . Objects—
Labels—Comparisons, &c.

oe

THE HULL MUSEUM AND EDUCATION. 215

Lecture 2.— Rocks.”—Earth’s Crust—Geological Divisions—Igneous

”

”

”

”

”

bed

9

”

”

”

”

”

and Aqueous Rocks—Sandstones—Limestones—Slates
—Organic Remains.

3.—* Coal.”—Position in Earth's Strata—Composition—Evi-
dence of Former Climatic Conditions—Plant Remains
—Mining—Anthracite—Jet—Lignite— Peat.

4.

“ Limestone.” —Composition— Organic Remains—Coral
Limestone—Oolitic Limestone—Chalk—A Yorkshire
Coral Reef.

5.—*Sandstone and other Building Stones.”—How Formed
—Age—Cementing Materials—Old Red Sandstone—
Millstone Grit—Ganister—Casts of Fossils.

6.—* Fossils.’ — Organic Remains — Plants and Animals —-
Modes of Preservation —Casts—Petrifactions—Evolu-
tion—Value to Geologists.

7.—“The Ice Age.”—Modern Glaciers—Moraines—Striated
Surfaces — Erratics — Yorkshire Glacial Deposits —
Boulder Clay—Fauna.

8.—“ Extinct Monsters.”—Age of Reptiles—-Age of Mammals—
Saurians—Mastodon—Mammoth—Red Deer—Methods
of Preservation of Remains—Local Examples.

9.—* The Yorkshire Coast.”—Cliffs— Different Aspects due to
Different Geological Formations — Inlets — Faults
Filey Brig—Flambro’ Cliffs—Caves—Hornsea Cliffs
—Old Lake Beds—Effect of Ice Age on Old River
Channels.

10.—* Pre-Historic Man.”—Cave Man Contemporary with
Mammals now Extinct—Palzolithic Man—Neolithic
Man—Bronze Age—Iron Age—Lake Dwellings —
Burial Mounds and Contents—Types of Weapons—
Yorkshire in Pre-Historic Times.

41._“Roman Britain.”—Landing of Julius Czesar—Roman
Roads—Walls—Camps and Villas—Arts—Pottery—
Coins—Roman Stations in Yorkshire.

12.—“ Anglo-Saxons.”—Eastern England—Customs—Objects
of Iron—Local Relics —Cinerary Urns—Swords —
Daggers—Coins, &c.

13.—“ History of Hull.’—Former State of the Land—‘‘ Ald
Hull’”’—Favourable Position—Pre-Norman Embank-
ments— Wyke—Convent of Meaux—Edward I. and
Hull— Walled Town—Civil War—Docks—Whaling
Days—Industries—Government.

14.—*The Human Skeleton.”—Head—Trunk—Limbs —Names
of Bones—Functions, &c.

15.—* Races of Mankind.” — Distribution— Characteristics —
Savages—Customs—Weapons, &c.

16.—* Mammals.” — Distribution — Variation — Classification —
Marsupials—Cetaceans—Hoofed Animals—Rodents—
Carnivores—Insectivores—Primates.

216 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Lecture 17.“ Birds, Reptiles, and Fishes.”—Classification— Variation
—-Distribution—Habits—British Examples.

18.—* Insects.”— Life History — Butterflies— Moths— Beetles,
&c. — Economical Value — Pests— Common British
Species.

» 19.—‘*Coins and Medals.’—Origin of Coinage—Greek and
Roman Coins—British Coinage—Early English Coins
—Modern Coins—Medals.

20.—“The Art of the Potter.”—British—Roman—and Saxon
Earthenware—Cinerary Urns and Utensils—English
Vessels—China—Hull Potteries—Foreign Vases, &c.

”

”

In addition to the above, children from private schools
and from the schools of the neighbouring villages have visited
the collections.

A pleasing feature in connection with these lectures is the
frequency with which the children visit the Museum after
school-hours, on Saturdays, and other holidays, when they
can often be seen, note-book in hand, taking particulars of
the exhibits. The children are also encouraged to sketch the
objects, and thus a better idea of drawing is obtained than by
merely copying other drawings.

Such is the brief review of some of the work being
accomplished in the Hull Museum. It has, as yet, only been
open to the public a short time, but it has been visited by a
great many people, and the interest taken in the collections
has been most encouraging to the Museum Committee. In
addition to being open free from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each work-
ing day, it is thrown open on holidays, &c., and during the
winter it is open on Tuesday and Thursday evenings from
7-30 to 9-30 p.m. These evening openings are evidently
highly appreciated, particularly by the working classes, many
of whom regularly visit the collection, accompanied by their
children. ‘The interest that the working classes take in the
Museum is particularly encouraging to the writer, as, to a
large extent, the collections are arrangea for their benefit. It
is also most pleasing to record that the work at the Museum
is largely simplified by the help of these people. In fact, the
gallery of collections is gradually being increased by a small
band of voluntary workers, and it would be a great help
to the Museum authorities if still more were to interest
themselves in this way.

§
‘
|
.

or dre

NOTES ON LOCAL DIATOMS FOR 1904-1905.
By R. H. Puitip.

HE year 1904 was not a very prolific one. The general
‘i dry weather tended to restrict the growth, except in
perennial springs.

The most interesting gatherings I took were at Spurn, on
the occasion of the visit of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.
Some washings of Algz, gathered from the foreshore on the
Humber side of the peninsula, yielded Acéznocyclus Ropertt
(Breb) Kitt. in abundance. This species was recorded by
Norman under its old name Coscinodiscus ovalis, as rare in
Ascidian molluscs. It was, however, plentiful enough at
Spurn. I also found is same washings Plagiotropis gibberula
Grun., and Pleurosigma obscurum W.Sm., and in another
gathering from Patrington Haven Achnanthes Danica,
Flogel, and MNavicula apis. Donk., new records for this
district. In fresh water forms, the only new record for the
year was Navicula vulpina Kutz. from Hornsea Mere. I
have, however, some doubt whether this should be considered
a distinct spices, or whether it is merely an unusally large
variety of Mavicula radiosa.

Owing to a variety of circumstances, the number of local
gatherings made in 1905 has been but few. In the Beverley
water supply, two new records have been found in Mavicula
seminulum Grun. and JV. exilissima Grun., both very minute
forms. The Pocklington excursion with the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union yielded some interesting gatherings, but
nothing new. Melosira avenaria (a very fine and striking
form) was plentiful in the Great Givendale springs, along
with large quantities of Diatoma hiemale. No other species
were found in this gathering besides these two.

Cleethorpes has again proved a good collecting ground.
Stephanopyxts turris, a rare species found by Norman in
Ascidian mollucs, has turned up here, also Campylodiscus
Thuretti, first found by Mr. F. W. Mills in a slide from the
river Humber. Vitsschia socialis Greg., Nitsschia punctata,
var. coarctata, and Synedra barbatula Kutz. from the same
gathering are now on record for this district for the first
time. A recent gathering from shore pools near Marfleet
yielded Amphora acutinscula Kutz., A. turgida Greg. and
flantsschia amphioxys var. vivax. This form in the old

217

218 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

records was probably confounded with Witsschia vivax, which
it greatly resembles.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XxX.

I.—Synedra barbatula Kutz. 1X.—Nitzschia socialis Greg.
Il.—Wavicula apis Donk. xX.— < punctata var.
IIIl.— er exilissima Grun. coarctata Grun.
IV.— a3 seminulum Grun. XI.—Pleurosigma obscurumW.Sm.
V.— at vulpina Kutz. XII.—Achnanthes Danica Flogel.
VI.—Plagiotropis gibberula Grun, XI1.—Hantzschia amphioxys var.
VIL.—Amphora turgida Greg. vivax (Htz.) Per.
VIII.— an acutiuscula Kutz.

EAST RIDING BOTANICAL NOTES, 1905.

URING 1905, a quiet but steady season’s work has
been accomplished. Little tracts of slightly fresh
ground have been visited near Houghton Woods,

Figham Common, Beverley Long Lane, Beverley Parks, &c.
Several new stations for East Riding plants have been made
out, e.g., the Greater Burnet, Poferiwm officinale, in an old
sandy lane near Hotham ; Vola f¢ricolor in the same place ;
Nepeta Cataria in Beverley Long Lane (pointed out by its
first finder there, Miss Jackson, of Thearne Hall) ; Astragalus
danicus on Garton Wold, near the Sykes Monument ; Allium
vineale near Saltend Common; Asplentum Ruta-muraria on an
old bridge near Figham Common. New localities have also
been found for Polystichum aculeatum near Birkhill ; the Petty
Whin (Genzsta anglica) among the heather between Snake
Hall and Duck Nest and Buda rubra in sandy fields at Snake
Hall. The Marsh Pea (Zathyrus palustris) vegetated luxuri-
antly in its only Yorkshire habitat this spring, flowered
plentifully in early July, and was in fruit in August. The
Bee Orchis, at Kelsey Hill, was seen in June last.

One plant, quite a new record for the East Riding, viz.,
Leonurus cardiaca, was discovered at Barlby, near Skipwith
Common, in August last by Mr. Wm. Bromby.

The West Dock Extension is no longer available as a
productive alien botanical garden. The North Eastern
Railway Company have killed that, but the scientific pure
and simple must give way to the economic, and we must not
grumble, for there still remains an immense amount of work
to be done in many departments of botany.

J. F. Rosrysov, )
C. WATERFALL, j Recor ders.

XI11

1X

|

CTT

Mi

ES PULEE Terr Ey

NTUCHCATTC Lanegan
MUTT i
rir:

XII

LATE XX.

PLatTE XXI.

gn Memory of
MLOMAS? BLASHILE, PoZ Sa yh Bok

1830-1905.
(PLaTE XXI).

T is with every possible regret that we have to place
upon record the death on January i1gth, 1905, of
Mr. Thomas Blashill—for many years a valued and
esteemed member of this Club, and a personal friend of
many of us. Though his duties and the fact that he resided
in London prevented the Club from enjoying his company
regularly at its meetings, we still had the privilege of seeing
him when on his visits to his native county, and occasionally
we had the pleasure and profit of his presence at our
gatherings, when he appeared before us to read papers.

Much as he was occupied by his various duties in
London, he never forgot the district which was so dear to
him in his early days. Perhaps the most important product
of his pen was the history of his native place, Sutton in
Holderness, a book which was described as ‘‘ one of those
charmingly written local histories which form such an
important feature in the literature of this country.” In this,
his many-sided character and the thoroughness with which
he did what he undertook, were well shown. Following
this work was his ‘‘ Evidence relating to the Eastern part
of the City of Kingston upon Hull”—based upon a paper
read to our Club, subsequently printed in our Transactions,
and later issued in book form. The last paper he wrote was
read at the Withernsea meeting of the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union in 1904,—‘‘Changes in Spurn Point and their
Bearing on the site of Ravenser.”’ This was printed in
the ‘‘ Naturalist” for September, 1904. Another publication
of his was an illustrated guide to Tintern Abbey, a building
in which he took a keen interest.

Of the Woolhope Club, similar in many respects to our
own, Mr. Blashill was twice president, in 1882 and 1go1.
In his address on the latter occasion, he referred to the fact
that he was the last surviving of the members who half-a-
century previously had founded the Club.

219

220 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

But we must look upon the researches Mr. Blashill
carried out in our district as a form of recreation; his life
work, and the work which made him known far beyond the
borders of his country, was in connection with his calling as
an architect. In 1887 he was appointed Superintendent
Architect to the Metropolitan Board of Works, and on the
extinction of that body was appointed to a similar position
on the London County Council. The ability with which he
carried out his duties was shown by the fact that he was
requested to continue for three consecutive years after the
age when he should have retired, and on finally retiring he
received the good wishes of the Council, aud a substantial
pension. Mr. Blashill took a keen interest in Archeology,
and was an active member and vice-president of the British
Archeological Association. He was fond of travel, and
visited most of the ‘countries in Europe.

Mr. Blashill leaves a widow, who has the sympathy of
every member of the Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’
Club.

T. 3S:

NOTES ON THE RECLAIMED LAND OF THE
HUMBER DISTRICT.

By. T.! Prercu,’ ‘ByAt} B:Se:

““ Look you, our foreshore stretches far, through seagate, dyke,
and groin—
Made land all, that our fathers made, where the flats and the
fairway join.”

N the Humber district, the reclamation of salt-marshes
and their transformation into valuable farms is such a
familiar operation that one fails to realise the oppor-

tunities which it offers for investigation. Under the intense
cultivation which prevails in these fertile areas, it is difficult
to follow the advance of the flora of the surrounding country
over the new land; observation is practically limited to the
ditches, where Szum latzfolium and meadowsweet gradually
give place to Ginanthe lachenalit and Phragmites, and the
latter yield in turn to Potamogeton pectinatus, Chetomorpha,
and Ulva. Elsewhere, few but the ordinary weeds of
cultivation are encountered, though occasionally unexpected
Species occur, as, for example, Zzstera ovata on an un-
cultivated bank at the outer edge of the 1850 enclosure
on Sunk Island, probably the only member of the Orchidacez
on these areas.

But it is more interesting to note the other side of the
question ; to find survivors of the original salt-marsh flora on
Jland one hundred, fifty, or twenty years old, and to discover
what changes have enabled them to adapt themselves to
their altered surroundings, and for how long such adaptations
are effective. It is not to be expected that such obvious
problems offer unworked ground. Much information may be
found in P. Lesage, ‘‘Influence du Bord de la Mer sur la
Structure des Feuilles,’’ Rennes (1890), and ‘‘ Contributions
a la Biologie des Plantes du Littoral” (1891), and in
C. Brick, ‘‘ Beitrage zur Biologie und vergleichenden Anatomie
der baltischen Strandpflanzen”’ (1888), though these only
touch on particular points, and by no means exhaust the

subject.

R

222 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

It is, however, a necessary preliminary to such work
that the extent of these areas and their dates of enclosure
should be accurately determined. With this object, an
investigation was commenced some years ago, but was.
ultimately laid aside, partly through pressure of other work,
and partly because of the difficulty of obtaining accurate
information on matters of recent history. I now have no
opportunity of pursuing the matter further, and therefore
wish to point out what seems to be wrong in our present
information, and where additional information is required.
It is to be regretted that the loose statements of earlier
writers should be continually repeated without criticism.

The old Humber bank (ante 1750) extended from Paull
Holme to Thorneycrofts, and thence along the present
Keyingham drain by Saltagh, No Man’s Friend, Ottringham
Clough, and Winestead Clough to Patrington Haven. From
Paull Holme to Thorneycrofts it can still be traced, and it is
marked for the greater part of its length on the Ordnance
Map of 1824. South of this, three main areas have been
reclaimed: Cherry Cob Sands, Saltagh Sand, and Sunk
Island. Cherry Cob Sands extend from the old bank
between Paull Holme and Thorneycrofts to the western
end of Sunk Island, and probably caused the warping
up of the latter; its clough, which bears the date 1770, is
somewhat primitive, and consequently the ditches on this
area afford more salt-marsh and marine forms than those of
the later reclamations on Sunk Island. Saltagh Sand forms
a small triangle lying between the other two, with its apex
at Stone Creek.

Much has been written about Sunk Island, but in no case
does the account seem correct. The different reclamations
may generally be identified by the present banks, roads, and
drains, though there is much confusion of these three on the
maps. The land enclosed previous to 1800 lies to the south
of the present church, and is readily identified. Mr. A. E.
Butterfield (‘‘ Naturalist,”” Nov., 1904) states that this was
1561 acres in 1744; Allen (‘‘ History of Yorkshire”’) quotes

a letter of 1711, in which the area is estimated at near 2000:

acres; Poulsen quotes a survey of 1764 as 1500 acres, and

another of 1774 of 1561 acres, and on the facts stated there:

the last date seems correct. It should he possible, however,
to verify this from the surveys quoted by Poulson, and it
may be pointed out that no evidence as to the extent of the
enclosed land can be obtained from charts.

More difficulty is felt in accepting the date 1800 for the:

THE RECLAIMED LAND OF THE HUMBER DISTRICT. 223

next enclosure, though it is given by Baines (‘‘ History and
Directory of Yorks.,” 1823). By that time, Cherry Cob
Sands and Saltagh Sand had been embanked and united ;
the Keyingham drain flowed on the north of both, and as its
outfall was removed from the present Sands Bridge to No
Man’s Friend in 1772, there could have been no channel
between them even at high water, otherwise the tide would
have entered the drain above the clough. Jeffrey’s map of
1772 shows a complete channel round Sunk Island, and the
Keyingham drainage water flowing over the mud on the west
of the Island, but by 1797, as shown on the drainage plan
which Poulson copied from an unacknowledged source, the
channel on the west had warped up to such an extent that
the water from Keyingham was turned round the north of
Sunk Island, and entered the Humber on the east of it.
This must be taken into account in fixing the date of the
next enclosure. Judging from the maps of 1824 (Ordnance
Survey) and 1829 (Bryant), in making it, a bank was carried
from the apex of Saltagh Sand (the present Stone Creek) toa
point on the Island due south of the present church, and a
second bank was built from the eastern end of the Island,
northwards towards the then Winestead Clough, and thence
westwards. (Thus, in Mr. Butterfield’s map, in the Naturalist,
the bank of 1800 should coincide for some distance on the south
with that which existed in 1774). But there is no evidence that
it was continued beyond Ottringham Clough on the north.
Here it seems to have been met by a cross bank from the old
Ottringham Clough, thus obviating the necessity of con-
structing a bank on the north-west. This would seem the
most economical method of enclosure, and there is no trace
of a north-west bank on any map, or on the Island at present.
If this was so, the date 1800 is incorrect, since the Keying-
ham drain (one of the largest in Holderness) then flowed
round the north of Sunk Island, and the Act authorising the
reduction of its drainage area and diversion between Cherry
Cob Sands and Saltagh into Stone Creek was not obtained

‘until 1802.

The present church was erected in 1877, on the site of a
former building, which Poulson says was built in 1802. As
this is on the ‘‘ 1800” enclosure, an exact date here would
assist.

Mr. Butterfield’s statement that this area is 1200 acres
seems incorrect, and also that after 1728 the channel round
closed up completely ; there is no doubt that at high water
Sunk Island was surrounded by water until the completion of

224 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

the bank of ‘‘ 1800.’’ Oldham, in one map, figures a channel
round in 1850, and Mr. Butterfield’s map suggests the same;
this arises from the two smail drains figured on the Ordnance
Map on the north of the Island, but these do not run parallel
for any considerable distance, and are only ordinary ditches,
except where the present Winestead drain bounds the Island
on the north-east.

After the junction of the Island to the mainland in ‘‘ 1800,”
banks were built across the creek which was left on the
north-east, at the end of Evendyke Plantation (in 1799 or
1807, Poulson*), and at the old Winestead Clough (1819-20,
Poulson), enclosing two small areas which are marked on the
‘Ordnance Map of 1824. With regard to the former, Poulson
says, ‘‘Mr. Watt shut out the tide ;” this would have been
impossible’ unless there had been a previous cross bank
further west.

The triangular mud flat which then remained to the
east of the Island rapidly warped up, and further enclosures
were made in 1826 and 7oo acres in 1850. The
bank of 1850 was completed in eight months, and was
built of the clay from the foreshore ; the construction of the
last (1897) occupied several years, a chalk foundation being
first laid down, and as the material then obtained from the
foreshore contained a large proportion of sand, some diffi-
culty is experienced in maintaining it. Oldham in 1854
wrote: ‘‘A few years will prepare a large increase. .
which . . . will add about 3000 acres.” The area enclosed
in 1897 was 336 acres:{ the chalk foundation was planned to
enclose 522 acres, but in spite of the time occupied on the
work the rate of increase failed to realise expectations, and
the area had to be reduced. Though work has been con-
tinued on the part left between the present bank and the
chalk bank as originally planned, little progress has been
made.

Patrington East Growths seem to have been enclosed in
three sections, and the limits of these can still be traced. The
old beach is marked by the present footpath to Patrington
Clough. These enclosures appear to have followed the Sunk
Island enclosures of 1826, 1850, and 1897 respectively.

The actual salt-marsh on the Yorkshire side of the Humber
between Hull and Spurn is not very extensive. A strip
about ten yards wide runs for about a mile along the Sunk

* Poulson gives two dates on pp. 463 and 465, vol. 2.
| Three fields, 100 acres, 1174 acres, 118} acres.

THE RECLAIMED LAND OF THE HUMBER DISTRICT. 225

Island foreshore, and there is a further patch of about two
acres at Welwick. At Cherry Cob Sands and Stone Creek
are two extensive ‘‘ strays” outside the bank, but these are
covered chiefly with grass, and are only flooded by the highest
spring tides. Clement Reid (‘‘Geology of Holderness,”
1885) wrote: ‘‘The foreshores of the Humber when the
tide is out are generally wide flats of bare mud or sand,
cut up by multitudes of channels and creeks, and passing
upwards into salt-marshes;” and Beazeley (‘‘ Reclamation of
Land,” 1900) states: ‘‘ In some parts of the Estuary of the
Humber between Sunk Island and Spurn Point extensive
tracts of ‘outstrays’ or (locally so-called) ‘ growths’ exist
beyond the banks.” Both these were incorrect: there are
no “growths” between Sunk Island and Spurn, and the
average Humber foreshore consists of a mud flat without
creeks, which is either continued to the foot of the bank or
else rises abruptly by a cliff four feet or so in height to a
narrow grassy strip on which the bank is built. Only in the
two places mentioned above is there any gradual transition.

The rapid growth of Sunk Island in its later stages has
created a somewhat erroneous idea of the rate of accretion
of land in the Estuary. Ten thousand acres in two hundred
years is often quoted, but who thinks of the centuries, even
before the first embankment of the Humber, during which
the foundations were being laid down? Probably the lost
towns of the Humber were deposited on its site.

Sunk Island owes its present size to a happy combination
of currents which placed its nucleus to the west. Had it been
central, Sunk would have been an island still, for there would
never have been called into existence the enormous backwater
in which the floating mud of the Humber was deposited.

There is a common East Yorkshire saying, that a man
can get plenty of land, but can’t find a place to put it.
Materials for another Sunk Island drift about the Estuary at
the present day, but there is no spot where the river can
permanently deposit its load. Deposited at one tide, churned
up by the next, carried up the river at springs and down
again at neaps, its individual particles may travel about the
Estuary for years before they are borne out to sea, or find a
resting-place in some corner where the currents are checked.
The earliest portion of Sunk Island lies suggestively opposite
the outfall of the old Keyingham drain.

No matter how favourable the conditions, the process of
reclamation can be accelerated only to a slight extent by
artificial means. Of Oldham’s 3000 acres, we have secured

226 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

300 ; and who knows Victoria County, whose name was writ
large on the maps of the last century ?

Yet prophets never were deterred by the fate of their
predecessors ; therefore, let us prophesy, even on the unstable
foundation of Humber mud. From Paull Holme, there
stretches south-east, over half the breadth of the river,
Foulholme Sand, exactly as Cherry Cob Sands did centuries
ago. The creek which exists at half-tide between its
southern half and the mainland forms a backwater which is
gradually silting up, so that there will some day be a wide,
mud flat from Paull to Stone Creek. Further east, separated,
as were their predecessors, by the Keyingham drain, lie the
sands of Sunk Island; and thus we have the foundations of
a replica of the reclamations of the last three centuries.
Probably, when ‘‘ Cherry Cob Sands” and ‘‘ Sunk Island”
convey as little meaning to our descendants as the ‘‘ Isle of
Holderness” does to us, there may be reclaimed a ‘‘ Foul-
holme Sand,” extending from Paull to Hawkin’s Point, and
a new Sunk Island in the Welwick bend.

The Spurn flats lend themselves neither to reclamation
nor prophesy, Since the beginning of the nineteenth century,
the channel between the Den and the mainland has filled up,
together with the creeks, in which, according to the old
shore-shooters, a man could hide; but during the last twenty
years they have not appreciably altered. Shelford states,
“‘the Spurn clays rose as a whole 114 inches between 1854
and 1867.” One wonders whether the figures are correct ;
certainly the rate of increase has not been maintained, and
there does not appear to be a sufficient quantity of silt in the
water which covers them at high tide to justify the supposition
that they will ultimately be reclaimed. A low, chalk bank
from Welwick to Spurn, with openings at intervals, mzght
assist, but, on the other hand, it would certainly cause erosion
in the neighbourhood of the openings, and a transference of
the eroded material into the channel. The rejection of the
Holderness Embankment and Reclamation Bill of 1866 must
be approved by all who are acquainted with the vagaries of
the Humber.

The following notes, which have been made during the
last few years when gathering information on other subjects,
may be of use to future workers. As the phrases employed
have often given rise to misunderstanding, it may be explained
that ‘‘ outside the bank” means on the riverward side of it,
while ‘‘ inside the bank ”’ refers to enclosed land which is not
subject to the action of sea water, except by accident.

THE RECLAIMED LAND OF THE HUMBER DISTRICT. 227

I.—RECLAIMED AREAS.

In searching for the zcidium on Glaux maritima, the host
plant was found inside the bank on Saltend Common, and at
the western end of Paull, where, in both cases, the salt
water only reaches when strong winds blow the spray over
the bank at spring tides. Near the searchlight station, east
of the battery, it grows inside the bank, on marshy ground
which is flooded at high tide through the Thorngumbald
Clough, and on Sunk Island it still grows on the shores of
Fisherman’s Channel, a brackish lake on the enclosure of
1800, which is probably the nineteen acres of water referred
to in Kelly’s ‘‘ Directory” (1901). There are several similar
but smaller broads on Cherry Cob Sands, but I have not seen
Glaux there. The other host plant of the fungus, Sczrpus
maritimus, is common in all the brackish ditches of Holder-
ness; but except for a few plants at the head of Hedon
Haven, it does not occur outside the bank east of Hessle.
In place of it, we find Juncus gerardi on the salt marsh at
Welwick.

On Cherry Cob Sands the tidal water frequently enters
the main drain so that, except in winter, the water contains
almost as much salt as that of the Humber. Ulva latissima
flourishes near the clough, and Chetomorpha litorea and a
rigid Cladophora are abundant for the next two miles. [See
Trans. Hull S. and F.N. Soc. vol. 3]. Aster Trifolium and
Apium graveolens are common along the ditches. The
pastures on these areas have a characteristic appearance,
but their constituent grasses have not been noted: Carex
divisa generally occurs on those which have not been
‘* meadowed.”’

Sunk Island is a place to be avoided by the botanical
collector. Even on the oldest enclosures he will find an
almost total absence of the commonest species, while promi-
nent notices forbid the removal of plants from the outer
bank and salt-marsh. The roadsides are bordered by a level,
lawn-like strip of grass on which only Bartsia odontites has
been noted, and the smaller ditches, owing to the thorough-
ness with which the drainage work has been performed,
grow grass only on sides and bottom alike. I have seen it
stated that the tidal water is occasionally allowed to enter
and fill the ditches, but have been unable to obtain any
confirmation of this rather improbable report.

Glaux maritima, Spergularia marina, and Plantago Corono-
pus grow on the shores of Fisherman’s Channel, and Aster

228 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Tripolium grows near at the bottom of grass-covered ditches ;
all these are on the 1800 enclosure.* Plantago maritima and
Triglochin grow near the outfall of the drain on the 1826
enclosure ; in 1850 this drain was diverted through the new
enclosure, and in the newer part, Sweda maritima and
Salicornia herbacea still flourish.

Three years after the enclosure of 1850 a spontaneous
growth of white clover covered the reclaimed land, which
seems to have been at a higher level and more fit for
enclosure than that obtained in 1897. From Oldham’s
figures the lowest part of the former was 7 ft. O.D., and
would, therefore, be salt-marsh, whereas the lowest part of
the latter was quite destitute of vegetation, and the part
abandoned is still mud-flat only. The area which it was
intended to enclose forms a long, narrow, isosceles triangle
with its base along Patrington Haven and its apex near
Hawkin’s Point, but one-third of this was ultimately cut off
by a bank parallel to that of 1850. In 1903 white clover was
abundant at the apex of the triangle, but in other parts it
was practically confined to a narrow strip about twenty
yards wide along the old bank. It seems, therefore, to have
appeared first on that part which was grass-covered before
enclosure, and such ground would be more extensive in 1850
than in 1897. The seeds are probably conveyed to the new
ground by horses and cattle, and fail to germinate on those
parts which still contain a large percentage of salt.

During the construction of the bank, and up to 1902,
Atriplex hastata was abundant on it, but only a few plants
remained in 1903. This may have been introduced with the
grass sown there to prevent denudation. Odzone portulacoides
covered the greater part of the enclosure until 1902, but in
1903 it was present, with Plantfago maritima, only in the
shallow drainage channels. Artemzsta maritima also grew
along these channels and at the foot of the old bank; it was
still in the latter station in 1904.

There is no extermination of the salt-marsh species by an
advancing host of Mesophytes. The bushy growths of
Obione gradually dwindle-and die off as the ground becomes
unsuitable, leaving bare patches which are only after some
time covered with moss and grass. In 1903 the chief grass

* P. Coronopus is common at the edge of the Holderness cliffs, if
these are so low that the spray falls on the top, as for example, at
Neville’s Dyke ; a narrow strip along the cliff at Kilnsea, which was
allowed to go out of cultivation in 1902, was covered with this plant in

1903.

THE RECLAIMED LAND OF THE HUMBER DISTRICT. 229

was Festuca durtuscula, which is also I believe the principal
grass of the salt-marsh; it had, however, become so modified
that, according to the foreman in charge of the works, sods
taken from the enclosure to repair the bank died because of
the salt water.

In 1904 there were no mollusca or waterplants in the
newly dug cattle ponds on the last enclosure. Palemonetes
varians is common in the ditches within the 1850 bank. In
the letter of 1711, quoted by Allen from Leland’s “ Itinerary,”
woad is said to be cultivated on Sunk Island. It would be
interesting to discover whether there are any evidences of its
cultivation; a ‘‘Wood Farm” is marked on maps printed
about 1850. The same letter mentions the introduction of
black rabbits; these still occur, while the common form is so
abundant that a gamekeeper is employed to reduce their
numbers.

2.—SALT Marsu, &c.

The tides of the Humber, according to the published
tables, reach at Hull 6°5 ft. O.D. at the lowest neaps, and
13°5 ft. O.D. at the highest springs. The actual height
attained depends on other factors; Shelford (Proc. Inst.
Civ. Eng., vol. 28) states that the highest recorded tide
up to 1868 occurred on the 8th February in that year, when
a north-west wind piled up the waters to 15°7 ft. O.D. The
level of the reclaimed land is about 10 ft. O.D., and the
banks are maintained at 16 to 17 ft. O.D.

We have, therefore, a vertical average range of 7 feet
(6°5-13°5 O.D.), in which it is possible to have salt-marsh.
The mud which is submerged at every high tide grows only
Zostera. From observations on the Wash it should also

-grow Salicornia herbacea, but the latter plant is compara-
-tively rare on the Humber shore, so rare that it is almost

unknown in the neighbouring villages. I have only met
one ‘‘samphire”’ gatherer, and he, poor man, was not quite
sane. There is practically none on the flats from Spurn to
Welwick; small specimens are plentiful in the salt-marsh,
and dwarf examples, usually very red, may occur at 12 ft.
O.D. I have not been able to confirm Mr. J. F. Robinson’s
observation on Vaucheria dichotoma as a pioneer silt-retainer.
The plant is common enough amongst the grasses, &c., of
the salt-marsh.

Nowhere on the Yorkshire side of the Humber does the
shore rise gradually through the full seven feet. Instead,
we have in the only extensive areas outside the bank a series

230 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

of plateaux of almost uniform height. The one at Saltend
is about 12 ft. O.D.; that along Cherry Cob Sands averages
12°5 ft. O.D.; and the one immediately east of Stone Creek
is about 13 ft. O.D. These can hardly be classed as salt-
marsh, since they are quite dry, except at the higher spring
tides. At lower levels, there are only the banks of three
creeks and the salt-marsh of Sunk Island and Welwick.

The distribution of plants on these plateaux is no doubt
influenced by the grazing of horses and cattle, and the
absence of a particular species on any one of them may be
due to other reasons than the varying periods for which they
are submerged. This remains to be determined ; at present
I can only give a few facts on the range of particular species.
The range of the tides must, of course, be taken into account
in comparing the situations given with other localities.

Aster Tripolium grows from 6°5 ft. O.D., the outer edge
of the salt-marsh, to about 11°5 ft. O.D. Its upper limit is
uncertain, as it is eaten off by cattle. Dwarf specimens
occur on the higher levels with flowering shoots about six
inches high; some have evidently been cropped short, but
others appear to have withered at the top without any previous
mutilation. Further facts about this plant and Stadzce will be
given later.

Obione portulacoides flourishes over the whole area, except
perhaps in the highest and lowest foot. It is common on the
Welwick and Sunk Island salt-marsh, and is fairly abundant

on the Cherry Cob Sands plateau. It seems to survive,

enclosure for about six years. Thrift is more abundant on
the Saltend plateau (12 ft. O.D.) than on the other
two. Artemisia maritima does not grow below 13 ft.
O.D., almost at the upper limit of spring tides. This
usually confines it to the slope of the bank, though it also
occurs on the higher parts of the plateau at Cherry Cob
Sands. The lower leaves appear to be killed by the salt
water.

Bupleurum tenuissimum grows with Artemisia at 13 ft.
O.D., but never away from the bank. It may be found all
along from Saltend to Welwick, 2 ft. high when growing
amongst long grass on the Hedon Haven bank, or barely
6 inches in more exposed positions.

Trifolium fragiferum commences at 13 ft. O.D., where it
is submerged at the highest spring tides, and continues to
the top of the bank.

Plantago maritima and Triglochin maritimum appear to
flourish best at 1o-12 ft. O.D.

G. H. HILL.

Mr.

PLATE XXII.

THE RECLAIMED LAND OF THE HUMBER DISTRICT. 231

Though the artificial conditions to some extent preclude
the application of the methods of Botanical Survey, some
work can be done in comparing the vegetation of the various
plateaux or the structure of a given species growing in
‘different situations; and it is in the hope that these will be
undertaken that the present incomplete notes have been
recorded.

Anyone taking up this subject should consult a
series of articles by Ganong on ‘‘ The Vegetation of the Bay
of Fundy Salt and Diked Marshes,” which appeared in the
“Botanical Gazette,” vol. 36 (1903), Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, &c.

HULL NATURALISTS.

By the kindness of the President, Mr. Edward Lamp-
lough, our Members are presented this year with plates
(XXII. and XXIII.), from photographs, of Messrs. G. H. Hill
and J. W. Boult, two enthusiasts who still have the keen
interest in the work of the Hull Club that they had a quarter
of a century ago.

THE COMMITTEE’S REPORT ON THE WORK
OF THE CLUB DURING 1904-5.

T is once more this Committee’s pleasant duty to report
that the past year has been from almost every point
of view a successful one. Our Society is becoming

more and more recognised as being what a natural history
society should be, and to this the frequent letters received by
our Secretary testify. Especially in the matter of the print-
ing of transactions, advice is asked by cognate societies,
and this inquisitiveness can only result in a greater impetus
being given to the printing of local transactions, and also in
the production of work of good quality and real scientific
value.

Transactions.—Since our last Annual Meeting, Part II.
Vol. III. of the Society’s Transactions has been issued to the
members. The volume is quite equal to its predecessors,
and has received nothing but the most favourable reviews
from both the scientific and general Press. It contained
‘*The Published Records of the Land and Fresh-water
Mollusca of the East Riding, with Additions,” by Mr. T.
Petch, B.A., B.Sc.; ‘‘ The Roman Villa at Harpham,” by
Mr. Thomas Sheppard, F.G.S.; ‘‘ List of the Aquatic
Larve of Flies occurring in the Hull District,” by Mr.
H. M. Foster; an account of ‘‘ Mr. T. Petch, B.A., B.Sc.,”
by J. F. R.; ‘‘ East Yorkshire Botanical Notes,” by Messrs.
C. Waterfall and J. F. Robinson; ‘‘ The Committee’s Report
of the Work of the Club during 1903-4 ;” and shorter notes.
The volume was illustrated by eight plates and other illus-
trations. Mr. Petch’s paper is probably one of the best
local lists of Mollusca ever published. We still require
published records relating to many of the other branches
of natural history followed by our members, and it is
very desirable that systematic work in these directions be
carried on.

From the sale of the reprints of Mr. Wade’s “ Birds of
Bempton Cliffs,” Messrs. Mills & Philip’s ‘‘ Diatoms of
the Hull District,’ and Blashill’s ‘‘ History of East Hull,”
as well as from the sale of Transactions, the Society derives
a regular income.

232

i, ee

THE COMMITTEE’S REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE CLUB. 233

Lectures.—Since the last Annual Meeting three Syllabuses
have been issued—one for the Winter Session, October 12th,
1904, to March 1st, 1905; and two Summer Syllabuses, from
March 4th to June 24th, 1905, and July 1st to September
30th, 1905, respectively. During the past year the following
lectures have been given :—

1904.

Oct. 12—‘‘ The Field Naturalist.”—Mr. E. Lamplough.

Oct. 26—‘‘ Exhibition of Swiss Photographs.” (Lantern.)

Nov. 9—‘‘ The Dynamics of Yachting.”—Mr. H. Wallis, L.D.S.
Nov. 23—‘“‘ Flies with Aquatic Larvee.”—Mr. H. M. Foster.

Dec. 7—‘‘ Ornithological Superstitions.”—Mr. Kenneth MacLean.

1905.

Jan. 4—‘‘ The Ground-work of Chemical Science.”—Mr. G. B. Walsh,
B.Sc.

Jan. 18—‘‘ A Study of Dialect Fighting Words.’—Mr. J. Nicholson.

Feb. 1—*‘‘ Microscopy in the 18th Century.”—Mr. R. H. Philip.

Feb. 15—‘‘ Darwin.”—Mr. J. F. Robinson.

Mar. 1—‘‘ Insects as Food and Medicine.”—Mr. E. G. Bayford.

Mar. 15—‘* A Comparative View of Some Vertebrata.”—Mr. S. Redfearn,
B.Sc.

Mar. 29—‘‘ Life in Other Worlds.’’—Mr. R. H. Philip.

April 12—‘‘ A Trip in East Friesland.’’—Mr. J. R. Boyle, F.S.A.

April 26—‘‘ Field Names.’’-—Mr. W. Wood.

May 10—‘‘ The Tissues of Plants.”—Mr. C. Waterfall.

May 24—‘“‘ Plant Sensibility.”—Mr. J. F. Robinson.

June 7—‘‘ How East Yorkshire was Made.’’—Mr. T. Sheppard, F.G.S.

June 21—‘‘ Disease and Immunity.”—Mr. A. R. Warnes, M.S.C.I.

July 5—‘‘Colour.’’-—Mr. G. B. Walsh, B.Sc.

July 19—‘‘ Plant Lore and Legend.”—Mr. H. E. Johnson.

Aug. 2—‘‘ Pollination in Various Plants.”—Mr. H. Knight.

Aug. 16—‘‘ Disease and Immunity,” Part 2.—Mr. A. R. Warnes.

Aug. 30—Reports of Excursions and Exhibition of Specimens.

Sep. 13—Conversational Evening.

Most of the lectures were illustrated by the lantern,
specimens, or experiments.

On the alternate Wednesday nights during the Winter
months a series of lecturettes on various branches of
natural history was arranged, the subjects dealt with being

as follow:—‘‘ The Daisy,’ ‘‘ Fossils,” ‘‘ Insect Preserva-
tion,” ‘‘ Local Mollusca,” ‘‘ The Mushroom,” ‘‘ Evidences
of Evolution,” ‘‘ Fresh-water Alge,” and ‘‘ Bats.’”’ To each

of these microscopes and specimens were brought.

The in-door meetings have been held without exception
in the Society's rooms at the Young People’s Institute,
Charlotte Street. The average attendance at these has been
twenty-six.

Mr. Sheppard’s paper on ‘‘ How East Yorkshire was
Made” appeared in the ‘‘ Naturalist’”’ for April and May,

234 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

1905, under the title of ‘‘ The Making of East Yorkshire,’”
and has since been published separately by Messrs.
A. Brown & Sons, and a permanent record of Mr. Foster’s:
paper on ‘‘Flies with Aquatic Larve” appeared in the
Society’s Transactions for 1904, in a ‘‘ List of the Aquatic
Larve of Flies occurring in the Hull District.”

Excursions.—The following excursions have been held
during the spring and summer:—March 4th to June 24th,
the Club visited Cottingham Road, Haltemprice Lane,
Springhead and Willerby, Inglemire and Endyke Lanes,
Figham Common, Hornsea Mere, Saltend Common and
Hedon, Newport, Louth (with the Hull Geological Society),
Wawne, Risby and Bentley Woods, Beverley Long Lane,
Beverley Park, East Bank of the River Hull, Pulfin Bog,
Hessle, Withernsea, Goole Moor, Barton and South Ferriby ;
from July 1st to September 3oth, Hall Ings, Kelsey Hill,
Swine, Haltemprice Lane, Hornsea Mere, Saltend Common,
Skipwith Common, Driffield, Snake Hall, Sproatley, Burton
Bushes, Newbald, and Houghton Woods.

The attendance at the excursions has not been what
might have been expected, although there have been excep-
tions in this respect.

The thanks of the Society are due to Miss Bainton, of
Beverley Park; Miss Jackson, of Thearne; and the Rev.
F. H. Woods, B.D., of Bainton, for so kindly entertaining
the members when excursions were held by the Society in
their respective districts.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union has held excursions
at Ripon, Askrigg, Loftus, Pocklington, Cudworth, and
Maltby, at each of which our Society has been represented.

Membership.—The membership now stands at 162. The
following eleven members have been elected during the
year:—Messrs. L. Burnett, W. H. Crisp, T. E. Dobbs,
H. C. Drake, A. M. Erskine, M.D. (Goole), F. Holling-
worth, G. L. Hunt, E. S. Kemp, M. Ling, H. Waumsley,
and W. H. Woodward.

By the hand of death we have lost two of our most
esteemed members, the late Thomas Blashill, F.R.I.B.A.,
author of the ‘‘ History of Sutton” and ‘‘ Evidences of East
Hull” (the latter appearing in the Society’s Transactions for
1903), and the late M. Campbell, a genuine friend to the
Club, and one who frequently attended our meetings.

Committee Meetings.—Since the last Annual Meeting
four meetings of the Committee have been held, on Feb.
8th, June 7th, Sept. 6th, and Sept. 2oth.

THE COMMITTEE’S REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE CLUB. 235

Finance.—The financial condition of the Society is satis-
factory.

Museum.—We are glad to place on record the fact that
the Municipal Museum becomes increasingly useful to the
members of the Club, who frequently consult its Natural
History collections. The various specimens of wild flowers
and fruits of the district supplied chiefly by members of the
Club (Mr. Bromby sent 250 and Miss Jackson another large
number) have always been kindly received and displayed
to the best advantage by the courteous Curator and his
assistant. Specially interesting they have found the entomo-
logical collections as far as they can be displayed. At the
same time, we would like to suggest that much larger rooms
be placed at the disposal of the Curator, and thus enable
him to make a yet better exhibition of his treasures, which
is far from adequately done at present.

NOTES ON EAST YORKSHIRE COLEOPTERA
IN 1905.

URING the past year common species have been,
as usual, fairly abundant, particularly certain species
of the genera Amara, Harpalus, and Plerostichus.

During evenings in June and July a small party made
excursions in search of aquatic life, which, however, were
more enjoyable than successful. Springhead was _ the
district usually chosen, one in which in former years many
good species have been turned up. For a time the aquatic
species obtained were exhibited alive in the Museum in
Albion Street. These were Hadlzplus fluviatilis, H. obliquus,
Laccophilus obscurus, Hydroporus palustris, H. erythroce-
phalus, Agabus bipustulatus, A. nebulosus, Llybius fuliginosus,
Colymbetes fuscus, Dytiscus marginalis, Acilius sulcatus, and
Helophorus brevipalpis.

At a recent meeting of the Club Mr. H. M. Foster
exhibited an example of the Wasp Beetle, Clytus arietis,
one of our English Longhorns, from Scorborough, near
Beverley. This is a new record for the Riding.

Four species of Longhorns, evidently imported with timber,
have been shown or given to me during the past year. One
of these is our regular annual visitor, Acanthocinus aedilis,
but the other three have not been identified, as they do not
appear on the British list. It would be interesting to have a
list of our insect and spider visitors. —T. STAINFORTH.

MR. JAMES WM. BOW
STONEMASON AND ENTOMOLOGIST.
PLATE XXIII.

By J. FRASER ROBINSON.

N the 25th day of May, 1905, a meeting of the Hull
Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club was held, which
proved of unusual interest ; for exactly twenty-five

years before, to the very date, the original society, The Hull
Field Naturalists’ Society, held its first meeting. (This
subsequently amalgamated with the Hull Scientific Club,
and our present title indicates the fact.) Furthermore, the
founder of the first-named organisation was present in the
person of Mr. James W. Boult. So the proceedings took a
somewhat reminiscent form, the original minute books being
produced, and extracts read therefrom; whilst Mr. Boult
was much felicited upon his silver wedding to the fair maid
Scientia Nature. In reply to the many expressions of con-
gratulation, our friend, who holds the record for regular
attendance during the quarter of a century of the Club’s
existence, became briefly autobiographical, and from the
notes then made, together with interviews accorded during a
friendship extending over the greater part of the past twenty
years, the following sketch has been prepared and wi!l not
fail, we believe, to be of some interest to our members.

Mr. J. W. Boult is a native of the East Riding of York-
shire, having first breathed its pure air on 13th March, 1847,
at the little old-world village of North Frodingham, where
his father, who is still living, was sometime tailor. We are
not informed that any portents or omens attached to his birth,
but it seems a happy circumstance that one who should in
later years give all his leisure, and even much of his resting
time to the study of the insects and other lowly animals, as
well as the wild plants of the county, should himself be native
thereof, and so ‘‘ to the manner born.” It is not always thus—

* The above notes were prepared and printed in pamphlet form and
distributed amongst Mr. Boult’s friends and fellow workers, in recogni-
tion of his many years’ devoted service to the club, It was thought
advisable, however, to have a permanent record for the benefit of future
members of the club, consequently they have been bound up in these
Transactions.—[ED. ].

236

Mr. J. W. BOULT.

PLATE XXIII.

MR. JAMES WM. BOULT. 237

the stranger new to a district, and of briefer sojourn in it,
being often the first to appreciate and describe its natural
resources. The reason for this is quite explicable. The
denizen from a distance naturally is not hampered by local
prejudice and tradition, or the long familiarity that breeds
contempt. But worthy of higher commendation is the man,
who, though resident in his native fields, cannot be charged
with either of these failings, and that is the case with the
subject of this sketch. Notwithstanding long residence and
work in the busy town, he never misses an opportunity of
*rambling, often more than once a week, into the adjacent
country, and no one has made the eastern portion of the
Riding more thoroughly his own in many different branches
of natural history, as the sequel is intended to show.

North Frodingham would scarcely ever know, perhaps
does not yet know, what an interesting little visitor came
amongst them that wild March month some fifty-eight years
ago, for when only a very few weeks old, the child was
carried in his mother’s arms to Newcastle, where Boult the
elder was to be employed for some months. Thence they
returned to Yorkshire, and alternately Driffield and Hull, for
the periods of James William’s childhood and boyhood, became
the places of abode.

At Driffield the child got the first rudiments of an educa-
cation which, much to his present regret, never advanced
very far. He remembers first attending a school kept by a
Mr. Morris in Eastgate, and then the National school, Cross-
hill. In these he learnt to read and write fairly well, but
has painful recollections to this day of struggling with the
elements of arithmetic. Possibly schools were then, as to
some extent they still too often are, rather dreary and unlov-
able places, and the study of nature or human nature did not
receive much attention. Consequently the fields and lanes,
the wolds, and the rushing trout streams that join to make
the river Hull, constituted a more attractive academy wherein
some of the boy’s earliest and best lessons were learnt. His
first glimpses of local wild life were obtained rambling with
a schoolmate who gathered snails with which to feed captive
blackbirds and thrushes.

In his ninth or tenth year the family came to Hull, where
he also made the acquaintance of the then existing schools
of the ante-school-board times. But the experience was little
better than that of Driffield. One gleam of brighter nature
shone in a seminary in so remarkable a place as Robinson
Row. Here the master was a bird-fancier and his school-

S

238 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

room was an aviary in which numerous canaries were reared
and tended, and attention to these rather than to his books
are Boult’s only memories. Of another school he tells us
there was less good result to be expected, as the master was
too frequently inebriated.

Of this period, however, he has one item of recollection to
which he never fails to refer gratefully. Ata little temperance
meeting place in Mytongate he was induced, simply by the
example of others, to sign the pledge of abstinence from
alcholic drinks, a circumstance to which he attributes his
general good health, and much of the enjoyment of life.
Although the motive for taking this step was so slight, yet,
like the honourable man we know him to be, he has kept the
pledge unbroken throughout the whole of his subsequent life.

When twelve years of age young Boult was again in
Driffield. His education now being reckoned ‘ finished,” he
commenced as errand boy in the busy market town. At this
occupation he was not eminently successful, for on one
occasion being sent on a short errand, the wiles of Dame
Nature inviting to wander with her, proved too strong, and
four hours, instead of half-an-hour, were occupied doing the
errand. Dismissal from his first post was the result. But
could one wonder at the escapade? Given the first warm
sunny days of the latter spring, the green marshy ground
near the trout streams, the starry flowers of the season—the
satiny stitchwort, ‘‘the pale primrose,” the purple violet—
and is it a wonder that the observant and impressionable lad
forgot himself and and his master’s errand ?

Returning to Hull in 1860, the family again settled down,
and Hull has been their residence ever since. And now
began apprenticeship to the vocation of stonemason, then,
as now, considered to require seven years of a youth's life.
In Boult’s case, he had spent little over half the time as
apprentice when he was taken on as improver at the new
Town Hall of Hull. When this was finished building he was
sent to Garton-on-the-Wolds to help in the erection of the
well-known and conspicuous monument to the late Sir Tatton
Sykes. To two firms of Hull builders, namely, Messrs.
Simpson & Malone and Messrs. Quibell & Pears, he gave
such long terms of service—fifteen years to the last named—-
as to indicate that he proved himself an able and trust-
worthy workman. Indeed, for skill, energy, and reliability,
he holds a place among the foremost servants of the
municipality of Hull, which he has served for the past
thirteen years. As indirect evidence of the above, it may be

MR. JAMES WM. BOULT 239

incidentally mentioned that, notwithstanding the unfortunate
general lack of employment one hears so much about in these
times, Boult has not lost many weeks during the whole of his
career.

But it will be necessary to retrace our steps somewhat.
At the age of twenty-four, Mr. Boult, although never off work,
suffered from ill-health. His doctor informed him that his
malady was consumption, and that he would not live more than
two months unless he left the stonemason’s shed and got occu-
pation in the openair. Happily this was possible, for a kindly
employer sent the young mason to the Springhead Water-
works, then in building. This change, together with evening
rambles, bird-nesting, and egg-collecting, which were now
commenced, brought the desired effect. The incipient
consumptive was cured, and is proud and thankful to be able
to say that he has had no serious illness from then till now.
Bearing on this, he informs us that, although a member of
one of the leading friendly societies for upwards of forty
years, only on one occasion, of ten days’ duration, has he
claimed and accepted the sick benefit to which his membership
entitled him, and that was owing to an injured limb. Our
friend is loud in his praise of the wise advice of his medical
man, who seems to have been in advance of his time, as, the
carrying of it into practice, coupled with the adopted strictly
abstemious habit of life, were undoubtedly the means of
securing a healthy body and the naturalist’s almost unfailing
accompaniment, a healthy and cheerful mental attitude.

Early in his field expeditions Boult came to look upon
harrying birds’ nests as very distasteful, and even cruel—a
side light this, and eminently characteristic of his kindly
nature. So another pursuit which seemed to cause less
compunction for the tyro was adopted. A sight of the
excellent collection of butterflies and moths made by the late
George Sweeney over thirty-five years ago, and a practical
initiation into the art of collecting and mounting insects at
the hands of the same naturalist, made Mr. Boult an ento-
mologist, and as such he has remained constant during all
these years. At first the work was not easy. His friend
Sweeney left the town shortly after their acquaintanceship
began. No books or entomological manuals were at hand.
No friendly spirit or local society seemed then to exist, and
thus he was thrown largely on his own resources. The
discouraging remarks of mild cynics who suggested that
“he had turned boy again, catching butterflies,” may have
irritated him a little, but had little ultimate effect upon the

240 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

young enthusiast. Besides the perfect insects, eggs and
larve of the lepidoptera were obtained, and ‘‘ breeding ”
commenced. Newman’s book (‘‘ Moths and Butterflies,” 25/-),
after some exercise of self-denial and thrift, was purchased,
and then began the fascinating pursuit which with increasing
strength has exercised our friend up to the present time.
The observation of the transformation of instcts into their
various phases became most attractive. Here are his own
words :—‘‘ The more I went into it, the more I wanted to
know. It became so interesting always to be learning some-
thing new, and to be getting health as well.”

One incident of this period the now expert entomologist
never fails to relate with enthusiasm. It was the taking of
his first batch of the caterpillars of one of the tortoise shell
butterflies (Vanessa urtice). Information had been obtained
that these were feeding in an old lane between Stoneferry and
Sutton, the lane where tradition has it the peacock butterfly
(Vanessa Io) was formerly tobe found. Getting his desiderata,
however, meant losing half-a-day’s work, and this was out of
the question. So, leaving his bed before three in the
morning, he hurried to the spot, found the larve, and,
depositing them upon their proper food plant, of which he
had a supply at home, was at work as usual by six o’clock !

Out of failures—and who, that devotes himself to any
pursuit, has not failures ?—Boult made capital and invested
in other branches of nature study. Insects falling short or
dying off in hundreds in the caterpillar stage, as at first they
frequently did, owing to lack of knowledge of their proper
food plants, sent the entomologist to the study of the native
wild plants, and incidentally again to the old thrush food—
land and freshwater molluscs. And thus, besides insects,
excellently preserved collections of plants and shells have
also been made, which have proved of great value to local
botanists and conchologists. So are the sciences inter-
related.

It will readily appear that the above could only be under-
taken by increase of the love of the field and rambling therein.
Unquestionably it would mean health, as he says, both to
body and mind. Constant touch with nature is marvellously
rejuvenescent of all the powers, including the desire to get
and give mutual aid in those subjects we have at heart.
Thus it came about that the first Hull Field Naturalists’
Society was thought of, J. W. Boult being one of the first to
suggest such an organisation. Accordingly, together with
Mr. Redyard, from Liverpool, sometime resident in Hull, a

MR. JAMES WM. BOULT. 241

little coterie was gathered together with the object of making
excursions into the fields, of meeting fortnightly to identify
specimens, exhibit ‘‘finds,” and of listening to papers
on appropriate subjects. This was in 1880. It will not,
however, be needful here to write the history of the Club, but
we are glad to put it on record that the same original ideas,
developed and improved to some extent, we trust, are still
the foundation underlying our interesting and fascinating
fabric.

Before the Hull Field Naturalists had been at work five
years, Mr. Boult had made a large collection of the lepidoptera
(moths and butterflies) of the district. Then arose unfortu-
nate circumstances which somewhat discouraged the ardent
entomologist, and led him to part with his collection,
gathering apparatus, and cabinet, with the determination to
give up his ‘‘hobby.’’ Three weeks of a sort of mental
agony over this untoward dénofiment plunged our friend
into a very ‘‘slough of despond.” But emergence from
this was made sooner than anyone anticipated ; for the sight
of the unique collection of European Noctue (night-flying
moths) made by N. F. Dobrée, Esq., of Beverley, and now
happily one of the greatest treasures of the Hull Municipal
Museum, together with that gentleman’s kindly advice and
gift of preserved larvz, to quote Boult’s own words, ‘‘ Set
me off again, and I went at it night and day to get another
collection together.”” ‘‘Breeding” operations were resumed.
Besides the usual ‘‘ pinning” and mounting of the perfect
insects, at which there are few finer hands, the preservation
and setting up of larve were added to his work ; and, surely
enough, after a few years a finer collection than the former one
was accumulated, and contained about 6000 specimens, beauti-
fully preserved and scientifically arranged (Mr. Boult has
never favoured insect ‘‘ picture” (?) making). Besides the
lepidoptera, it may be mentioned that other classes of the
insect fauna had not been neglected, for the second collection
above described had in addition a fairly large number of local
beetles (coleoptera).

As might be expected, the name of our local entomologist
became widely known, especially as note after note of his
personal observations and experiences appeared in the
various collectors’ journals. Exchange of insects with
brother entomologists in other parts of the British Isles, and
even on the Continent and in America, became a very
common occurrence, so much were the results and products
of his excellent work appreciated.

242 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Never weary of exhibiting his insect trophies to any one
ever so slightly interested in the subject, about twelve years
ago his collections came under the personal notice of Mr.
Miall, the distinguished biological professor of the Yorkshire
College, now Leeds University. The eye of the keen student
and teacher of Natural Science saw at a glance that the
preserved insects might prove invaluable as practical illustra-
tions in biological and other educational work ; so, after
considerable hesitation on the part of their owner, and some
bargaining on the part of both entomologist and professor,
the cabinet changed hands at a fair price, and is now doing
duty according to the original intention in the University
already referred to.

Thus a second time Boult found himself bereft of his
beloved insects, and there seemed nothing for it now but to
dispense with the remnants of his paraphernalia, which was
accordingly done. A few months of unwilling and uncom-
fortable idle leisure ensued. When rambling one Saturday
afternoon in October, 1893, near the Alexandra Dock, Hull,
Boult’s eyes fell upon some caterpillars feeding on the seed
capsules of the bladder campion (Sz/ene cucubalus, vel. S.
inflata). The larve were new to him, and the temptation to
gather some and see them through their metamorphoses, and
thus prove their identity, was irresistible. Accordingly a batch
was taken home and observations recommenced. The
naturalist was ‘‘ red-hot at it again,” and from that day till
now he has not ceased to collect, ‘‘breed,” observe, preserve,
and mount as before !

Further, it may be stated that Mr. Boult’s latest work-in
every way shows improvement and marked development upon
that of any former period, having been conducted with even
greater energy and enthusiasm. Thousands of examples of
that garden pest, the currant moth (Advaxas grossulariata).
have been reared and watched to the perfect insect stage for
the purpose of noting the variations in colour and marking ;
and the remarkable series in his present collection is the
result. Here it may be interpolated that the above does not
necessarily indicate anything of the exterminator about our
friend. Just the reverse is the case. He never kills an

‘insect that is not of use to his series, but on the contrary lets
more thousands fly away on airy wing than the writer dares
mention, not wishing to call down upon the entomologist’s
devoted head the anathemas of horticulturists.

The question of ‘‘ Melanism ’’—the tendency to become
black or darker in colour and marking—has had great atten-

MR. JAMES WM. BOULT. 243

tion at the hands of Boult, particularly in the case of
Amphydasis betularia. He informs us that this species, taken
near Hull thirty years ago, would be light coloured (the type)
to dark in the ratio of eleven to one. Now the case is exactly
reversed, the darker varieties being in the ascendant. This
modification is probably due to the growth and extension of
the city which has encroached upon the habitats of dezwlarza.
At all events, it has its bearing upon certain problems which
the evolutionist knows well to appreciate.

The foregoing suggests to the writer’s mind some of the
sorrows of the true naturalist, ever jealous of the extinction
of native species. Boult has his lament to make in this
respect, and has furnished us with a big list of species that
are now partially or entirely extinct in the Hull district. On
this point he has a whole stack of information which lack of
space prevents inclusion here.

As evidence of what the amateur and local worker may
do for science generally, it may be remarked that in several
instances where only one food-plant of insects was mentioned
in Newman’s book and other of the early manuals, Mr. Boult
has practically demonstrated that there are several plants
upon which certain species are now known to be in the habit
of feeding.

The unbounded energy and assiduity of purpose manifested
by our subject in the above outlined directions during the
past twelve years has resulted in the production of the third
and finest collection that he has yet made. It embraces almost
everything lepidopteral that is to be found locally, together
with an almost exhaustive representation of British moths
and butterflies. Not merely is the perfect insect (zmago)
included, but also the eggs, larve, chrysalides, &c. Any one
privileged to inspect the collection—and a slight wish to see
it is at once responded to—cannot but be struck with the
immense amount of work it must have entailed.

There is no secret, however, as to its accomplishment,
although holidays, as ordinarily understood, have not figured
much in the stonemason’s life—perhaps a fortnight in twenty-
five years. But evenings, Saturday afternoons, and Bank
Holidays (Sundays invariably excluded), have been his sole
times of operation, but as previously stated few of these have
been neglected.

After the hard day’s work with mallet and trowel and
much heavy lifting, relaxation has been sought, feeding or
preserving caterpillars, and setting or mounting the perfect
insects, work which, perhaps, too often has robbed the

244 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

stonemason of much needed sleep. In connection with the
preservation of larve, which is a rather tedious and un-
pleasant task, it is amusing to hear Boult tell the story of its
commencement in hisown case. A fellow entomologist had
apparatus for the purpose which cost some pounds ;
nevertheless, after a few attempts, the well equipped tyro
gave up the larve business and stuck henceforward to the
zmagine. Our friend, on the other hand, took up the work ;
his tools, including blowpipe and small portable oven, costing
altogether under a shilling ; and now he is an acknowledged
expert in this interesting department.

When not engaged indoors at work such as the above,
the entomologist takes advantage of nights when the weather
is favourable to secure night flying moths by the device
known as ‘‘sugaring.” A compound consisting of treacle
and rum is made in a portable vessel and taken to the haunts
of the insects, where it is painted on palings, tree trunks,
walls, and other objects. The smell of this stuff attracts
moths, and on settling to sip thereof, they are taken by the
light of asmall pocket lantern. The practice is certainly pro-
ductive of insect booty, but now and again brings down on the
entomologist’s devoted head the execration of absent minded
lovers who likewise get involuntarily caught in the sticky
mess. The somewhat prowling habit of the man with the
lantern and treacle pot have been known to arouse the
suspicions of the police until they became fully aware of his
harmless intentions, and ended by becoming, not infrequently,
assistant collectors. On the other hand orchard and garden
thieves, mistaking the entomologist for the police, have been
suddenly frustrated in their evil designs. Perhaps the most
amusing, if somewhat serious, episode in connection with
‘““sugaring’”’ and in direct contravention of Boult’s non-
alcoholic principles, was that in which certain naughty boys,
having learnt the nature of the sweet compound, followed the
operator at a distance and with their tongues licked the rum
and treacle off the palings! But ‘‘ All’s well that ends well,”
and this has generally been the case in our friend’s ramblings.
Nothing has happened more untoward than the extinction of
the light, and subsequent involuntary wading or ducking in
an unseen dyke (ditch) or pond.

In all his many daylight and nocturnal rambles, Boult has
not always been mindful of the notice, ‘‘ Trespassers will be
prosecuted,” although no one is more desirous of being law
abiding. Damage or spoliation of any sort he invariably
avoids, and so does not deem his trespass within the meaning

MR. JAMES WM. BOULT. 245

of any act, and only on one occasion, some years ago, when
using his insect net in a field near Springhead, he was accosted
by the tenant and ordered off the ground with much expletive
English and flourishing of a horse whip. In relating this
little incident our friend always chuckles when he comes to
the concluding sentence :—‘‘ But you know, the farmer was
drunk,” and little else could be expected.

Of inquisitiveness of the natives, as well as of their banter,
our collector frequently has had to run the gauntlet, generally
coming off best man. On once sweeping the long grass near
Sutton Drain he was accosted by an agriculturalist with :
‘*Are ye catchin’ fish?” ‘‘ Yes,” was the ready reply,
“flying fish.” ‘* A’ve heerd tell o’ flyin’ fish, but a’ did’nt
think there were any aboot these parts,” was the rustic
rejoinder. Youthful remarks are perhaps most frequent,
but generally evince a somewhat limited acquaintance
with natural history pursuit, which in their opinion
may be summed up in the word ‘‘striggling” (alternative
for ‘‘stickleback catching”). The most effective mode,
however, of settling all unnecessarily inquisitive people was
by answering their questions with the scientific name of
the insect caught, although this had its limits of endurance
on the part of those informed, who occasionally construed the
answer as insolence.

Had the subject of this sketch been favoured with a little
better literary training, and had not an unfortunate life-long
impediment of speech hampered vocal demonstration of his
pet subject, Mr. Boult’s name as writer and _ lecturer
undoubtedly would have been more conspicuous. As it is, he
has made valuable contributions to the Transactions of the
Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club. His ‘‘ List of the
Macro-Lepidopteria (Butterflies and Large Moths) collected
within eight miles of Hull,” which appeared in the Club’s
Transactions, Vol. I., No. II., 1899, is the fullest account
of the subject so far as the East Riding is concerned that has
yet been published.

Besides these, he has read several papers, accompanied
by practical illustrations and demonstrations at the Club’s
meetings.

We have already hinted that Mr. Boult is by no means to
be considered as a man of merely ‘‘one book.” Of local
mollusc shells (land, freshwater, and marine) he has a very
complete collection, as beautifully selected and preserved as
is the case with his insects. Together with the writer one
Saturday afternoon, some years ago, he was the co-

*

246 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

discoverer and first recorder for Yorkshire of that rare
and somewhat erratic shell, Limnea glutinosa (now
Amphipeplea glutinosa). His hortus siccus of East
Yorkshire wild plants, all well preserved and mounted,
numbers over 800 specimens. Even amongst the vertebrate
animals few are better informed. With the grass snake, so
common in Holderness, as well as the adder, on most sandy,
heathy commons, Boult is a perfect ‘‘ sapengro” (vide G.
Borrow’s ‘‘ Lavengro.”’)

Further, it must not be supposed that there is the slightest
element of idleness or disinclination for activity in the
entomologist stonemason. His fellow-workmen, as well as
observers unknown to himself, tell us a far different story.
It is needful to touch upon this aspect, for one has heard the
village worthy and naturalist sometimes dubbed with oppro-
brious epithets suggesting the idle character. An instance
of our friend’s activity and untiring energy may be given as
evidence. It is one of many visits that he has paid to Spurn,
which, for some things, is a favourite resort of naturalists.
A Saturday morning’s work at the ordinary avocation, and
often involving much walking ; train to Patrington, thence
on foot to Spurn—13 miles—‘‘sugaring” all night on the
sandy strip of land forming the peninsula, and ending in
the well-known Spurn Head, a walk back next morning to
Patrington or Withernsea, and then home by the first train,
is a favourite and typical piece of Boultian pastime, and not
at all a bad sample for one approaching three-score years of
age. Even during the present year (1905) one has frequently
felt that there need be no fear of the rambling party missing
a train if the nimble little entomologist is there to set the pace,
as he usually is, although stouter and more inert members
of the rambling contingent may feel somewhat punished in
‘‘wind and limb” in making the necessary effort to follow
their leader.

One would need the pen of a Samuel Smiles or William
Jolly in describing the Scottish Naturalists’ heroes—R. Dick,
T. Edwards or John Duncan—to do full justice to our East
Yorkshire Naturalist, J. W. Boult. But what fails in a
letterpress description may be made up by a glance at the
accompanying excellent and eminently characteristic portrait. .

May that kindly, cheerful, and observant eye still gaze
sympathetically on the green fields of East Yorkshire and
their plant and insect denizens many years hence, as it does
now, is the hopeful and earnest wish of James Wm. Boult’s
fellow members and natural history associates.

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CONTENTS

Or Votume III., Part IV., For 1906.

PAGE
Notes on a Collection of Roman Antiquities from South

Ferriby, in North Lincolnshire. Part I. T. Sheppard,

F.G.S. (Plates) . 247-264
Some Holderness Dialect Fighting Words. John

Nicholson . 265-278
Hymenoptera of the East Riding of Yorkshire. W.

Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. . 279-284
Bygone Hull Naturalists: II1].—William Spence. 1783-

1860, T.‘S.< (Plate) . 285-290
Notes on Diatoms in 1906. R. H. Philip . 291-292
East Riding Coleoptera in 1906. T. Stainforth . 293-294
The Relationship between Provincial Museums and Local

Scientific Societies (Presidential Address). T. Shep-

pard, F.G.S. - 295-300
East Yorkshire Botanical Notes in 1906. J. Fraser

Robinson » 300-301
The Committee’s Report on the Work of the Club during

1905-6 302-310
SHortT NoreEs :—

East Yorkshire Entomology in 1906. J. W. Boult . 278
East Yorkshire Conchology in 1906. T. E. Dobbs 278
Remains of Gyrodus from the Coral Rag of East Yorkshire.

H. C. Drake 290
Our Past-Presidents . 290 ©
East Yorkshire Fungi in 1906. A. R. Warnes 292
British Eggs of Pallas’ Sand Grouse. T.S. (Plate) 294

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J. HOLLINGworrTH.
President 1893-1898.

R. H. PHILIP.
President 1898-1900.

J. F. ROBINSON.
President 1886-1893, 1902-1904.

T. AUDAS. E. LAMPLOUGH.
President 1900-1902. President 1904-1906.

PLATE XXIV.

Sa ee
3 “

Mal A’ Nes AGrl Pb Guinig>

OF THE

bull Scientific

AND

Field Watuvralists’ Club.

EDITED BY

a SHEPPARD (Ge:

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF ROMAN ANTIQUI-

TIES FROM SOUTH FERRIBY, IN NORTH
LINCOLNSHIRE.

Part I.
By THOMAS SHEPPARD, F.G.S.
ETWEEN the Hall and the chalk pit at South Ferriby
there is a small piece of cliff, about a mile in length,

which is alternately assailed or neglected by the water
of the Humber, according to the trend of the currents

in the estuary. It will occasionally happen that for years the

tide never reaches the cliff foot ; consequently, the clay slips,

vegetation flourishes, and collecting is not a success. Then,

without any apparent reason, the waters will suddenly begin

to wash all the loose material away and expose a good clean

section. Of the nature of this, which varies from 2 or 3 to

12 or 15 feet in height, detailed particulars have been given
247 T

248 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

elsewhere.* In the present notes, however, I propose to
deal with some of the various antiquities of Roman date
which have from time to time been washed out of the cliff.
Unfortunately, at the present time objects are rarely met
with, and certainly, from my own experience, they do not
occur in anything like the profusion in which they did twenty
years ago. I am informed that in earlier times it was a much
better collecting ground still, and of this I have abundant
evidence. Unquestionably the person who loved more
than all others to gather the various objects as they were
washed out of the cliffs, was a somewhat eccentric collector,
Thomas Smith of South Ferriby, locally known as ‘‘ Coin
Tommy,’ who died recently. With a very few exceptions
the whole of his collection was secured for the museum at
Hull, being sold at Barton-on-Humber, and these specimens,
together with others collected by Mr. J. Hatliffe, Mr. T.
Havercroft, and myself, form the material upon which the
following notes are based. I have also had an opportunity of
seeing a small but interesting collection in the possession of
Mrs. Pechell, whose late husband, formerly residing at Bar-
ton, secured several interesting objects.

South Ferriby is within quite a short distance of Winter-
ingham, which was the point on the south bank of the
Humber at which the Roman soldiers, on their way from
Lincoln to York, along Ermine Street, embarked for Brough,
the landing-place on the Yorkshire side. In addition to the
various Roman remains found at Winteringham, there is
evidence that small parties of Romans occupied various.
suitable sites in the district. One of these was at Horkstow,
about a mile from South Ferriby, where there is a wonderful
mosaic pavement, upon which a chariot race is represented,
and which is figured in Fowler’s well known coloured plate.
This pavement is about all that is left of what was once a
magnificent villa, probably occupied by some Roman of note.

From Horkstow, over the hills behind South Ferriby,
along what is now known as Middlegate, was a Roman road
leading to a spring near the Humber side. This spring,
surrounded by trees, still exists, though it is now much nearer
the Humber shore than it was in Roman times. It is re-
ferred to in old documents, and still known amongst the
older Ferriby folk as St. Chad’s Well, or Cadwell ; hence the
name often applied to the natives of Ferriby,
The name alone of this spring is evidence of its antiquity,

* ““Notes on the Geology of South Ferriby, Lincs.,’’ by the present
writer ; Trans. of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union for 1905, pp. 53-72-

“* Caddles.’”

a ee i

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 249

and unquestionably in Roman times such a natural source of
water was a necessity to the occupiers of this little tract of
country. Around this well, then, was a small settlement, and
within a few hundred yards of it nearly all the objects pre-
sently to be described were found.* Near the Hall, on the
Humber bank, I have unearthed human skeletons at a depth
of about five feet, and a skeleton from the same place was
found by Mr. Havercroft which had a number of beads
around its neck. These would appear to indicate a
cemetery. Nearer the well ‘‘Coin Tommy,” on more than
one occasion, found cinerary urns of Roman date, in which
cremated human remains were still preserved; and one of
these, he thought, contained nothing but bones of fingers
and toes. I have also secured portions of cinerary urns,
some containing bones. Several objects were obtained many
years ago whilst digging a gravel pit to the east of the spring,
amongst them being a number of swords, a small lead coffin,
etc. ; but these appear to have been lost.

At the present time remains of two wells, lined with
squared stones, exist; one is now some distance from the
cliffs, and the other is at low water mark and cannot be
reached. From these facts it would appear that on this site
was not only a small settlement of Romans, but they must
have existed there for some length of time, judging from the
artificial wells, from the enormous quantity of pottery, &c.,
which has occurred, and from the fact that their dead were
both inhumed and cremated, and buried in the. vicinity.
Some fourteen or fifteen years ago an interesting section of
the cliff showed a fireplace still in position at a depth of four
or five feet. This was built of flat angular pieces of Oolite
(not the local chalk), and amongst them was the half of a
Roman millstone, or quern, of sandstone. The stones were

* The occurrence of the extraordinary collection of fibulz, rings,
beads, and coins near this spring (and especially the coins, which
number some thousands) is very suggestive of many of the objects
having been thrown into a well as votive offerings—as was the case
elsewhere in Roman times. In this way the unusual accumulation of
relics at Ferriby may be accounted for. A similar instance is on record
in the well-known well of the Goddess Coventina at Carrawburgh, near
Chesters, on the Roman wall. In this well were over 13,000 coins
(ranging from B.C. 31 to A.D. 383), altars, fragments of Samian ware,
bones of animals, earthenware vases, brooches, rings, beads, dice, and
other objects. See ‘‘ Description of Roman Remains discovered near to
Procolitia, a Station on the Wall of Hadrian,’’ by John Clayton,
“ Archzologia Aliana,” 1876, vol. viii., p. 1; also “‘An Account of the
Roman Antiquities preserved in the Museum at Chesters, Northumber-

land,” 1903, pp- 145-173.

250 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

well burned, and in the ashes at the bottom of the fireplace
was a flat disc of earthenware with four small holes partly
bored through it, which had evidently been used in games.

Perhaps the most satisfactory way in which to deal with
the objects found, would be to take them in some order.

FIBULA.

Under this head are the various fibulz or brooches,
of a great variety of patterns and types, some being of
altogether exceptional interest. Unquestionably the collec-
tion of fibula is the most interesting of the various objects
found.

Aucissa Fibule. There are two brooches and a fragment
of a third of altogether exceptional interest, as they bear
inscribed upon them the makers name, Avcissa, (Aucissa).
In general shape and ornamentation these brooches do not
differ greatly from the ordinary types of fibula. The arch is
half pear shaped. One end—the stalk, as it were, of the
pear, terminates in a knob, and is beaten out into a thin wing
or flange, bent round along the entire outer edge to form a
rolled up outwards into a small hollow cylinder, which is cut
through in the centre, and the pin inserted here, plays or
hinges upon a piece of bronze wire thrust lengthwise through
the cylinder. It is just above this cy linder that the name
catch for the pin. The other end is flattened transversely and
‘‘ Avcissa’”’ is placed. The ornamentation of these brooches
is very simple. Along the centre of the uppermost side of
each are three raised parallel lines, the centre one being
broken up into a series of raised points or dots, and parallel
to each edge is another raised line. On the flattened hinge
portion, lines at right angles to the preceding are drawn,
between two of which the name ‘‘Avcissa”’ is placed. In
each case, unfortunately, the pin is missing, although in one
of the brooches a portion still remains, showing a projecting
piece which prevents the pin from going too far inwards,
and at the same time makes a spring unnecessary.

An important paper dealing with the Aucissa fibulz
occurs in ‘*The Archeological Journal” for 1903. This is
from the pen of Mr. F. Haverfield, M.A., F.S.A., of Oxford.
From it we learn that :—‘‘ These brooches all, so far as is
recorded, belong to one and the same type of fibula. Itisa
simple type, devoid of elaborate devices or complicated orna-
ment, but it possesses definite features. Instead of the usual
spiral coil or spring to control the pin, it has (like some other
Roman types) a hinge working inside a tiny cylinder, which

eS

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 251

is so short as hardly to project sideways beyond the breadth
of the rest of the object. The name Aucissa is in each case
placed just above the cylinder. The pin is straight; the
sheath in which its points rests, when it is fastened for use,
is plain and small, and often terminates in a knob. The bow
is roughly semi-circular ; it is a flat narrowish band of metal,
widest near the hinge, and decorated only by lines and
beading which run along it. Enamelling seems in no case
to be used. This type of fibula is not confined to the name
Aucissa. It occurs occasionally with other names. It
occurs exceedingly often uninscribed, having been found
very commonly in many parts of the Roman Empire, north

Big. 2.

AUCISSA FIBULA FROM SOUTH FERRIBY. (Actual size.)

of the Mediterranean, and outside it; Almgren quotes an
example found as far away as the Government of Tomsk in
Siberia, and Tischler mentions instances from the Caucasus.
Then follows a list of the known examples of this brooch
and the places where they occur. Among them are localities
in Italy, Germany, France, Siberia, &c. With regard to
its name ‘‘ Avcissa,” Mr. Haverfield writes: ‘‘The name
‘Aucissa’ appears to be Gaulish, or at least Celtic. It has
been called Etruscan or Etrusco-Roman, but names ending
in ‘issa’ do not occur in Etruscan, while in Latin they first
appear in the Romance period, and then only as feminines.
On the contrary, they are common, as masculines, in Gaul
and in the Celtic lands of Central Europe. The first part of

252 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

the name is also inexplicable as Celtic, since names beginning
with ‘auc’ and ‘auci’ are not uncommon in Gaul, and the
whole name ‘ Aucissa’ seems to occur on a broken piece of
‘Samian’ found in Paris about a hundred years ago. More-
over, a Gaulish fibula maker is no novelty. The Gauls are
well known to have been skilful in the manufacture of small
metal objects like fibula, and we can point to traces of actual
work in fibulz, which constitute a good parallel to ‘ Aucissa.’
Mowat has recorded in the Bulletin Epigraphique about a
score of names inscribed on fibula found in Gaul. They are
obviously makers’ names, and while about half of them are
ordinary Roman names, about half of them are Gaulish names.
Accu, Atrectos, Boduos, Carillus, Durnacus, Iovincillus, Iulios
Avo, Litugenus, Nertomarus, and the like. The fibule which
bear these names, vary in character, but some belong to the
‘Aucissa’ type, as, for instance, the fibule of Durnacus.
Now these names are not only Gaulish, but most of them
occur only in Gaul; they do not belong to any Eastern Celtic
district in Central Europe. And it is to be added that the
whole practice of placing makers’ names, whether Gaulish
or Roman, on fibulz, seems especially Gaulish. That country
has yielded the largest number of recorded fibulz thus in-
scribed. In other provinces the inscribed fibule are gene-
rally of a different kind; they bear such inscriptions as
‘Constanti vivas’ or ‘utere felix,’ and they usually belong
to a far later date than that which we have assigned to the
‘Aucissa’ species. It is possible that we should go on to
trace some connection between the practice of stamping
‘Samian’ ware made in Gaul, and the practice, a much
rarer practice, of stamping fibule made in Gaul. But the
Gaulish potters copied an Etruscan fashion, and the Gaulish
fibula makers might have done the same, so that the argu-
ment is not much advanced by such a consideration. On the
whole, the balance of direct and indirect evidence, favours
the view that the fibula stamped with the name ‘ Aucissa,’
were made in Gaul, or at least copied from ‘ Aucissa’ fibule
made in Gaul. It does not follow that the uninscribed
fibule of the same type were Gaulish, or that the type had
a Gaulish origin. In deciding these questions, caution will
be desirable, and until further evidence be discovered, the
verdict may be reserved.”

It is particularly gratifying to find two brooches of this
character from South Ferriby. In addition to the examples
figured above, there is a fragment of rather more than half
of a fibula of undoubtedly the same type. This is much

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 253

corroded, but the name can partly be seen. With regard to
other ‘‘Avcissa” fibulz, it is interesting to note that only
two examples marked with the name in this way, have pre-
viously been recorded in this country. These are figured by
Mr. Haverfield, and were found at Charterhouse on Mendip,
near Cheddar, in Somerset.* They bear a striking re-
semblance to the Ferriby brooches figured above, one of
them having three upright marks before the name, similar to
one of the Ferriby examples. The collection from this
Somerset station is now in the Bristol Museum, and includes a
series of objects remarkably similar to the Ferriby collection. +

As will be seen from the illustrations (Figs. 1 and 2 on
p- 251), the letter ‘‘i’”’ on one of the brooches is rather small,
and seems to be crowded in between the ‘‘c” and ‘‘s.” The
other example has three upright marks before the word, the
“‘c” and ‘‘i” are almost joined together, and between the
last ‘‘s” and ‘‘a” there is a slight mark inserted.

Enamelled Brooches. Of these there are many varieties,
which can be roughly divided into two forms, namely, the
harp-shaped fibule and the flat disc brooches. Amongst the
former the most important specimen is unquestionably that
shown in fig. 3 and 3a, which was secured at the Barton sale
hy the Rev. W. Wyatt, of Broughton Rectory, Brigg. Itisa
massive object in bronze, harp shaped, and weighs slightly
over 24 0z. Its length is 23 inches, its width at the broadest
part 24 inches, and at the narrow end one third of an inch.
The acus, which unfortunately is missing, worked from the
top of the fibula by a very elaborate and strongly attached
bronze wire spring (known as a ‘‘rat-trap” spring), which
was held in position by a hook cut from the solid bronze
at the top. At the top of the pin there are three cup-shaped
hollows with holes in the centre which have evidently

* Since the above was written, Mr. Haverfield has made a further
contribution to the ‘‘ Archzeological Journal” (Vol. 62, No. 248, 1906,
pages 265-269), entitled ‘‘ Notes on Fibule.” In this the Ferriby speci-
mens are described and figured, and other examples are recorded.

t+ I have recently had an opportunity of examining the Mendip
collection which is now in the Bristol Museum of Antiquities. The
general resemblance to the series of objects from South Ferribly is most
striking. Not only are there two Aucissa fibulz in each instance, but
almost every type of brooch, ring, bead, pin, etc., etc., is represented in
each collection. Ina paper on ‘‘ Roman Mining on the Mendip Hills,”
by Mr. Waldron, read at the January meeting of the Cardiff Naturalists’
Society in 1875, and printed in the following year, are figured several
specimens from Charter House. Many of the figures in this paper would
Serve equally well in illustration of South Ferriby objects. :

254 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

originally held jewels or other ornaments, now lost. One of
these hollows is towards the top, and there is also one on
each side. The bronze around each of these depressions
is moulded into a conventional foliate design. Between the
orifice at the top, and the bottom of the pin, are eight lozenge-
shaped pieces of cobalt-blue glass or enamel, the greatest
axes of the lozenges being across the width of the pin. The
sixteen triangular interstices left between the lozenges and

Fig. ga.

ENAMELLED BROOCH FROM SOUTH FERRIBY. (Actual size.)

the sides of the fibula were filled in with sealing-wax-red
enamel, traces of which remain. The flange, which is very
massive and intact, is perforated by two circular holes (see
fig. 3a). This brooch is similar in type to the Ferriby
examples shown on Plate XXVI., figs. 2 and 8, and is
attributable to the first half of the second century A.D.

A precisely similar example to fig. 3 was found inthe Victoria

ee

Ss ee

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 255

Cave, Settle, Yorks., which was discovered in 1838. Various
descriptions of the discoveries then made, and which involved
several items similar to those found at Ferriby, have been
printed. In the account of the cave and its contents in
Professor Dawkins’ ‘‘Cave Hunting” (1874, pp. 81-125),
reference is made to this brooch :—‘‘ One harp-shaped brooch
is ornamented with diamonds of blue enamel, separated by
small triangles of red, and shows in its Roman design and
Celtic ornamentation the union between Celtic and Roman
art. A similar specimen from Brough Castle, Westmorland,
is preserved in the British Museum, and may have been
turned out of the same workshop.” From the coloured
figure of the Victoria Cave specimen which appears on the
frontispiece of Professor Dawkins’ book, there is evidently
a very great similarity in the specimen from Settle and
Ferriby.

Others are shown in Plate XXVLI., figs. 1-6, etc. Most of
these date from the first half of the second century. Of some
of the fibulze it is difficult to say whether enamel has really been
inserted in the incisions or not. The brooches are generally
of bronze, one or two are of iron, and a few are silvered,
if, indeed, they are not made entirely of that metal. The
enamelled harp fibulz are of two types, namely, those with
the acus or pin working loosely on a short hinge, and with a
flat foot or base near the point of the pin; this form is usually
provided with a loop or ring at the top of the brooch for
fastening to the garment. The other type, the T fibula, has a
very wide hinge or crosspiece, and generally has the opposite
end pointed, though occasionally a rounded foot appears as
in the other examples. Whilst the brooches are generally in
a fair state of preservation, and do not appear to be much
damaged, it occasionally happens that they are twisted and
bent in acurious manner. The pins are frequently preserved,
and though generally of bronze, are apparently occasionally
of iron; possibly in some cases where the pin is missing,
they were of iron also. Some of these brooches, as, for
example, the large one already referred to, contain deep
holes or grooves, which have evidently originally held
jewels. Unfortunately these are mostly missing. The
various devices adopted for giving a spring to the acus are
very instructive. In some cases the bronze wire has been
twisted round and brought under a catch on the top of the
brooch ; in others the spring is held in position underneath
the brooch. Some of the fibule, which are provided with
loops at the top by means of which they would be sewn on

256 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

to the dress, are more artistic in pattern, and are much more
elaborately ornamented (see Plate X XVI.)

In a coloured illustration of Roman fibula, which
appears in Hume’s ‘‘ Ancient Meols”’ (1863), Plate III., are
represented two examples, figs. 4 and 7, identical in type
with those from Ferriby shown on Plate XXVL., figs. 2 and
8. The specimen shown in figs. 1 and 1a of Plate XXVI. is
almost exactly similar to a fine Roman fibula from
Doncaster, figured and described in ‘‘ Hull Museum Publica-
tion No. 27,” p. 17. It is precisely similar to a specimen
figured in Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins’ ‘‘ Cave Hunting” (1874),
fig. 5 of frontispiece.

Flat Brooches. Of the flat brooches there are nine,
some of which still retain the enamel, and others would
undoubtedly originally be ornamented by enamel or by
jewels. Some of these are exceedingly small, and as
they contain the remains of the spring and the catch upon
which the acus was fastened, they are evidently com-
plete, and almost bear the appearance of having been
toy brooches used by children.

Perhaps the most interesting of these small examples,
is a very fine one, 12 inches in length, which is in the form
of afish. This is in excellent preservation, the pin and the
catch being still intact (see Plate XXV., figs. 3-3). It is
ornamented by blue enamel let into the bronze.

Two other examples of fish fibulz of precisely this type
have been previously found in England. They are figured
and described in the Relzguary for October, 1902.* To the
proprietors of the Rel/zguary we are indebted for the use of the
illustrations herewith of the two previously recorded speci-
mens. On comparing these with the Ferriby example it will
be seen that the three are so very much alike that there can
be little doubt that they are from the same Roman workshop,
if indeed they are not the work of the same artist. Figs. 4, 4a,
and 46 are different views of a specimen found in London ;
fig. 5 gives a representation of an example found in Wiltshire.

The following notes in reference to the previously dis-
covered fish-shaped fibulz are extracted from Mr. Reader’s
paper :—

‘‘ During the past winter [1g01] Mr. A. S. Kennard and
myself have been investigating the site of some pile struc-
tures that have occurred near the street known as London

* Vol. 8, No. 4, ‘* Notes on an Enamelled Fish-shaped Fibula,” by
F. W. Reader, pp. 274-276.

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 257

Wall right on the bottom of a stream. It was among these
piles at a depth of 18 ft. below the level of the present street,
and associated with other Roman objects, that the subject of

Dees 4820] ae ENTE NS mk ee : al

Fig. 4. Fig. 4a. Fig. 4b.

FRONT, SIDE, AND BACK VIEWS OF FISH-SHAPED FIBULA FOUND IN
THE BED OF THE WALL BROOK NEAR LONDON WALL.

Fig. 5.

FISH-SHAPED FIBULA FOUND IN
ROMANO-BRITISH VILLAGE,
ROTHERLY, WILTS.

this note was found by Mr. Kennard. It is made of bronze,
ornamented with black and white enamel. The upper sur-
face is quite. flat, except for a delicately-raised fillet of metal

258 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

marking the outline of the body and the division of the head,
but this is missing from the head itself, probably through
decay. Two bands of black enamel extend from the head to
the tail, enclosing a space in the centre of the body which is
picked out with chevrons of white enamel, apparently to
represerft scales. The eye, which is in relief, remains, but
the other details of the head have disappeared. The spring
is formed by the end of ,the pin being bent round in a double
spiral, which is hinged to a flange protruding from the under
side of the upper portion or bow, although in this type the
term ‘‘ bow” can scarcely be applied, this member having
become absolutely straight.

‘So far as [ am aware, only one other of like pattern
has yet been discovered in this country. This was in the
Romano-British village of Rotherly, excavated by the late
General Pitt-Rivers, and during the time that I was entrusted
with the supervision of the operations. For comparison,
the Rotherly specimen is here reproduced from General Pitt-
Rivers’ ‘ Excavations in Cranborne Chase’, Vol. II., Plate
XCVII., p. 118. In size and general shape the two are
identical. The enamel is dark blue, however, in the Rotherly
specimen, where in the London one it is black ; there seems
to be some slight difference also in the arrangement of the
spring. Both these specimens are reproduced full size.”

Another brooch, also complete, is in the form of the
sole of a sandal; this is also 12 inches in length (Plate
XXV., figs. 9-9a). It is provided with a small loop at
the heel, by means of which it would be secured to the
dress. It is precisely similar to one found at Warrington,
and figured in ‘‘ Warrington’s Roman Remains,” by Mr.
T. May (1904, page 79). In the Warrington specimen,
however, traces of enamel are preserved, whereas the hollow
inside the sole in the South Ferriby example is entirely empty.
Mr. May’s description of his specimen is as under: ‘‘An
early perfect bronze fibula, length 14 inches, shaped like the
sole of a sandal, filled with blue enamel, having four yellow
spots, and only the ring for attachment of the pin partly
corroded.” A further specimen (see Plate XXV., fig. 8) is
oval in form, with a sunk ring round the edge, probably
originally filled with enamel, and an oval hollow in the centre,
which may have been filled with enamel or by a jewel. This
brooch has been silvered, traces of which still remain. Three
brooches of a somewhat similar type are shown in Plate XXV.
The first (fig. 5 ) is a very fine example, almost perfect, and
has both a spring and a catch for the pin complete. It is

ee ————_—

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 259

14 inches in length, and in the form of a round shield. The
central boss or elevated portion has four oval receptacles
containing a beautiful blue enamel. Surrounding these are
eleven other enamel discs in blue, and round the edge of the
brooch are six smaller and two larger projections of bronze,
part of one of the latter being broken away. Of a somewhat
similar type, though only measuring 14 inch in greatest width,
is that shown in Plate XXV, fig. 6. It has originally had eight
projections, but two of these are now missing. There is a
central depression, and two sunk circles7 which have probably
been enamelled, though all trace is now gone. A somewhat
unusual form occurs in Plate XXV., fig. 4, the catch for the
acus being under the large projecting portion, in addition to
which there are seven other points, each of which appears
originally to have had a small knob at the apex. In the
centre of this brooch is a jewel, possibly a garnet, which has
been inserted in a hole drilled right through the brooch, and
shows on the under side. A ring running round the outside
appears to have been filled with blue enamel, and there are
traces of red in the centre. A pretty brooch in the form of a
small shield, and measuring seven-eighths of an inch across,
is shown in Plate XXV., figs. 7 & 7u. This does not appear to
have been ornamented ; it contains a catch and a hinge for the
acus complete. Two very small brooches, each of which is
enamelled, are shown in Plate XXV., figs. 1 & 2. The first of
these consists of three discs touching each other on the edges,
and having a triangular design in the centre. The other,
when complete, evidently had four similar discs, with a de-
sign consisting of four concave sides in the centre. The first
brooch is the most complete, and has traces of red enamel in
the centre of each disc, the triangular area in the middle
being also filled with enamel. The other brooch has red
enamel on each disc, the middle being occupied by blue.
Types of brooches similar to figs. 1-9 on Plate XXV. are
generally thought to be of the 2nd and 3rd centuries a.p.

Other brooches. Of evidently a somewhat early type of
brooch, are several examples in which both the fibula and the
acus are made out of one piece of bronze. On these (see
Plate XXVIL., figs. 9, 10, 11, & 12) the bronze has been
carefully wrought, twisted round in the centre to form the
spring, and flattened and bent over at the opposite end to
receive the point of the acus. On some of these the spring
is held in position by the catch on the back of the brooch,
which in one instance has been hammered flat over the

260 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

bronze wire. One of these brooches is of particular interest,
from the fact that it is to all intents and purposes precisely
of the pattern of the modern safety pin (see figs. 9 & ga).
This specimen, which is of the La Tene period, is still in
working order, the pin having quite a good spring with it,
and the catch for the reception of the point is complete.
There are a number of brooches of a somewhat unusual type
in the collection, some being plain, and others highly orna-
mented. Plate XXVIIL., figs 1, 2, & 3, show some of these;
they consist of a straight piece of bronze, hammered round
to form a massive straight hinge, with the pin and catch
beneath. An elaborate variety of this kind of brooch, which
has a lozenge-shaped piece of bronze surmounted by another
incised piece, is shown in fig. 2. Evidently Plate XXVIII.,
fig. 1, isa larger example of this type, the ornament being
missing; and we have an ornament which appears to have
beenaffixed to another example. In fig. 4 is a flat brooch
of iron, which appears to have been silvered, and has
originally had a jewel or other ornament in the centre of
the circular portion. What may bea part of a similar brooch
is shown in fig. 5. Figs. 5, 6, & 7 show other curious
forms of brooches, most of which are complete with the ex-
ception of the acus. Mr. F. Haverfield considers that Plate
XXXIII., Nos. 1, 2, 4, & 5, are of Gaulish origin, and of the
ist century a.D. Figs. 3, 6, & 7 are of late 1st century or
2nd century. In Plate XXV., fig. 13, only a very small portion
of which is missing, appears to show Celtic influence. The
acus underneath is still in position, and in working order.

Of particular interest are the two brooches shown in
Plate XXIX., figs. 1 & 2. The larger one is 2? inches in length.
Both examples are provided with a ‘‘rat-trap” spring, and
the flat piece of bronze forming the catch is perforated by
three almost rectangular holes. These two brooches, to-
gether with that shown in Plate XXXIX., fig. 3, which is of a
somewhat more advanced type, were found together with
some British silver coins,* the whole being enclosed in a hollow

* These silver coins, some of whlch have recently been described at a
meeting of the British Numismatic Society by Mr. Bernard Roth,
belonged to the Brigantes, a British tribe which inhabited Yorkshire,
Lancashire, Lincolnshire, and other northern counties. According to Sir
John Evans, ‘‘ being situated so far north, it is not until A.D. 50 or 51
that we find any mention of the Brigantes or their rulers in Roman
History ; but in the former year we learn that Ostorius quelled an
insurrection among them, and in the latter year we are told that
Caractacus, having sought refuge with Cartismantua, their queen, was
by her treacherously given up to the Romans.”

———————= Ss >} CU

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 261

in the clay, and had apparently been buried together. This
type of brooch is rare at Ferriby, though small portions of
other examples are in the collection.

Penannular brooches. A very primitive form, of which
there are several examples, is the penannular or buckle
brooch, Some of these are shown in Plate XXVII., figs. 1-8.
This is a very early type of brooch, and is also met with in
Saxon and later interments. Being simple in form, the
type lasted long. Occasionally specimens have been found
which bear evidence of having been forced open and almost
straightened (figs. 7 & 8). With the Ferriby specimens, the
rings are sometimes of plain bronze wire, the ends being
formed by small knobs, or curved over in small loops, the
loops being either plain or ornamented. One example is
made of square bronze wire; another is marked by numerous
smail lines converging towards the centre; whilst still another
example is ornamented by half of the bronze wire being
twisted. In many of the Ferriby examples the acus of
bronze is still preserved, and whilst in some cases it is no
longer than the diameter of the brooch, in others it projects
more than a quarter of an inch.

In Plate XXX., figs. 8 & 9, are two types of fibule which
are represented by one example only of each. With regard
to the former, a very similar example of a T or cross-shaped
fibula, from Chesters in Northumberland, is figured in ‘‘ An
Account of Roman Antiquities Preserved in the Museum at
Chesters,” 1903, fig. 1154; and in ‘‘ The Brooches of Many
Nations,” 1904, fig. 57. Fig. 8 is the late Roman Crossbow
brooch of the 4th century; No. 9 is of an early type,
probably of the 1st century A.D.

In Plate XXX., figs. 10-14, are shown one complete and
four halves vf brooches, with small cups, which originally
would probably contain jewels. In one example (fig. 13)
two of these jewels still remain. With the exception of the
acus, which is missing, fig. 10 is complete, and fig. 11 was
evidently a similar example, the latter would also probably
have four jewels when complete. Fig 13 is a portion of a
brooch of a somewhat similar type, and would probably
have four jewels; and fig. 12, when perfect, would be
oval, and contain either six or seven jewels. In the four
hollows remaining, the cementing material is still pre-
served, and between the bosses the bronze is ornamented
by a number of minute circular impressions, averaging
twelve between each cup. These brooches, however, are

262 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

later than Roman times, and probably belong to the 13th
or 14th century. ;

As evidence of the district having been occupied in later.
times, we have the remains of a number of brooches of un-’

questionably Saxon type. The most complete of thése is a
square-headed fibula of bronze, three inches in length, shown
in Plate XXX., fig. 1. In figs. 2-4 are shown representations
of the remains of three flat cross-headed bronze fibulz, one of
which (fig. 4) is almost complete ; and in figs. 5-6-7 are the
remains of the pointed ends of large Saxon cross fibula. On
each of these is a representation of a horse’s head, similar to
those which appear so frequently on fibulz found in Norway
and Sweden, and in Anglo-Saxon grave-mounds of North
and East England. This horse’s head is also shown on
some large Anglo-Saxon fibule from East Yorkshire recently
placed in the museum.* It is somewhat strange that the
only remains of this large type of Anglo-Saxon fibula found at
Ferriby should be these three similar pieces, each representing
the horse’s head.

I am much indebted to Mr. F. Haverfield, F.S.A., fae:

examining the specimens herein described, and for giving
valuable assistance as regards the dates, etc., of the fibula.

(Zo be continued. )

* See paper by the present writer in the ** Antiquary ” for September,
1906, pp- 333-338, and ‘* Hull Museum Publication,” No. 33, pp. 10-18.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
\ PLATE XXvV.

Figure’1. Enamelled flat Roman fibula, consisting of four discs joined ;
2nd or grd century.
», 2. Enamelled flat Roman fibula, consisting of three discs joined ;
2nd or 3rd century. ,
,, 3. Front view of fish-shaped fibula, enamelled; 2nd or grd century.
a. Side view of ditto.
4. Flat bronze fibula with jewel in centre ; 2nd or grd century.
5. Fibula highly ornamented with blue enamel; 2nd or 3rd
century.
,, 6. Flat bronze fibula ; 2nd or 3rd century.
7. Bronze disc fibula, in form of round shield.
8. Oval bronze fibula, silvered; possibly late Roman.
., 9. Bronze fibula in form of sole of sandal, probably originally
enamelled; 2nd or 3rd century. '
,, 9a. Side view of ditto.
., io. Front view of bronze fibula.

ne oe aes

PLaTeE XXV.

shee

Seat

wit

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 263

Figure 11

phe lites

re eT oy

ng.
pe lst
sy WE

” 3
» ga
oe 4
” 4a

» 7a
» 8

3° 9-
» 9a
» 10
yet
eA
Figure 1.

. Side view of 11a.

Front view of bronze fibula with arms.

Bulbous fibula with ring attached ; possibly early 2nd century.
Side view of ditto.

Nearly complete fibula of bronze ; 2nd or 3rd century.

Under view of ditto.

PLATE XXVI.

- Harp-shaped fibula of bronze, with acus, and ring for fastening

complete ; ornamented by boss on front.

. Side view of ditto.
- Harp-shaped fibula, ornamented on front with rectangular

holes, which probably originally contained enamel ; first
half of 2nd century.

- Side view of ditto.

. T fibula, silvered, with acus complete.

. Side view of ditto.

. T fibula, with three incisions on the top for jewels or enamel.
. Side view of ditto.

Top view of bronze harp-shaped fibula.

. T-shaped bronze fibula, with two incisions on the top for the

reception of jewels or enamel.

. Side view of ditto.
. Front view of plain bronze fibula.
. Side view of ditto.

Bronze harp-shaped fibula, with ten diamond-shaped incisions
on the front, similar in type to the specimen figured on
page 254; first, half of 2nd century.

Plain bronze fibula of similar type to fig. 7.

. Side view of ditto.

PLATE XXVII.

- Penannular brooch of bronze wire, with acus missing.

- a 3 », complete.

i », With coiled ends.

with twisted wire, and
acus missing.

= Sa as »» portion of acus missing.

Es se a +, With coiled ends.

pulled out of shape, acus
missing.

pulled out of shape, acus
complete.

Brooch with coiled wire spring, made from one piece of bronze

wire ; la Téne period.

99 ”

29 ” ” ”

- Side view of ditto.
. Fibula with rat-trap spring.
- Fibula made from bronze wire, early type, acus missing.

” Py ” 99 »» complete.

PLATE XXVIII.
Portion of large Gaulish fibula—part missing ; 1st century.

. Fibula of thin bronze, with elaborate lozenge-shaped orna-

ment, Gaulish ; 1st century

. Side view of ditto.

U

264

Figure 3.
3a.

4.
4a.

‘9

HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Fibula of thin bronze ; late 1st or 2nd century.
Side view of ditto.
Fibula of iron, silvered, Gaulish ; 1st century.
Side view of ditto.
Portion of brooch (?) of apparently similar type to 4.
Fibula of thin bronze ; late 1st century.
mi x He (larger specimen).

PLATE XXIX.

. Fibula of bronze, with rat-trap spring, early type, possibly

pre-Roman, found with British coins.

. Fibula of bronze, with rat-trap spring, early type, possibly

pre-Roman, found with British coins (smaller example).

. Bronze fibula, probably znd century, found with British coins.
. Bronze fibula, possibly 2nd century.

(smaller example).

E T-shaped ‘fibula, with cavities for enamel; ist half of 2nd

century.

. Side view of Aucissa fibula; early 1st century.
. Front ” 9 ” ” ”
POD rns ” ” ” ”

Side” ,, oe AS ~ * (larger example).

EON Gees ” ” ” > ”
B Top ” .” ‘> ”
. Portion of Aueigsa fibula:

Bronze harp-shaped fibula ; 2nd or grd century.

. T fibula; 1st half of 2nd century.

” 9 ”
” ” os

(large grooved example).

” ” ”

PLATE XXX.

. Square-headed fibula of bronze, Anglo-Saxon ; front view.

Upper half of cross-shaped fibula, Anglo-Saxon.
* », (smaller example).
Front view of nearly ‘perfect Anglo-Saxon fibula.

. Side view of ditto.

Lower portion of large Anglo-Saxon cross fibula, in form of
horse’s head.

. Lower portion of large Anglo-Saxon cross fibula, in form of

horse’s head (smaller specimen).

4. Lower portion of large Anglo-Saxon cross fibula, in form of

horse’s head (still smaller example).

. Roman crossbow fibula ; 4th century.
. Fibula of bronze ; probably 1st century.
. Squared buckle brooch, ornamented by jewels; 13th or 14th

century.

. Half of similar brooch of same period.
. Portion of oval brooch, ornamented by jewels, same period.
. Portion of circular brooch, ornamented by bosses and jewels,

same period.

. Portion of squared brooch, with jewels still intact, same

period.

PLaTE XXVI.

re,
i

PLATE XXVII

ER et ater ag aa
Pees :

PLate XXVIII.

PLATE XXX.

SOME HOLDERNESS DIALECT FIGHTING WORDS.
By Joun NICHOLSON.
(Read January 18th, 1905).

UR Holderness dialect is rich, not only in words of
individual richness, power, quality, and expressive-
ness, but it owns a vocabulary varied and extensive,

a veritable wealth of words. It is archaic and picturesque,
possessing peculiarities and graces, not a few, and it is a
perfect arsenal of fighting words.

I know not if East Yorkshire men are more quarrelsome
than their neighbours, or indeed than anyone else, but their
dialect abounds in words which express quarrelling and
fighting. Just as a weapon can be anything from a hatpin to
acrowbar, or from a ‘‘ dishcloot ” to a pair of heavy ‘‘ dikin’
beeats,” so a word may be a mild, harmless sort of thing, or
it may call up memories of childhood that are far more
painful than pleasant.

The following word-list arranged alphabetically does not
profess to be complete, but it contains enough to show the
wealth of dialect words at the command of Holderness
belligerents :—

Bam—To browbeat ; as, ‘‘ Ah couldn’t get nivver a wod in
neeah hoo, that lawyer chap dammed ma seeah.”’

Bash—To clash together. A good word is dash! There’s
some momentum about it. A story is told of a clergy-
man, who, going into the country to preach, was caught
in a heavy shower of rain, and was wet through to the
skin. As the bad weather continued, he was asked to
stay over night, and changed into the clothes of his host.
His hostess went upstairs to fetch the big family bible
for evening worship, and as she came out of her bed-
room, she saw in the dim light a man on the stairs
landing, whom she thought was her husband, so lifting
high the ponderous volume in her hands, she dashed him
on the head with it, exclaiming, ‘‘ Tak that, thoo great
soft-heead, for axin’ him to stop all neet!” It was the
parson, and he ‘‘saw sparks,” as well as obtaining a
peep behind the scenes. A good word is dash.

265

266 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Baste.—Here is a word which is a technical tailor’s term,
meaning ‘‘ to tack,” ‘‘ to fasten down by means of large
stitches ;” it is also a domestic culinary term, the pouring
of melted fat over a roasting joint of meat; so that to
‘‘ baste” anybody is to give them a ‘‘ roasting ;” but
there is an Icelandic word, ‘‘ beyste,” which means ‘‘ to
beat,’”’ hence when an East Yorkshire man threatens to
give a person a ‘‘ basting,” he may actually be using a
word brought over by the warlike Northmen who did so
much ‘‘ basting.”

Bat—A rap, a blow. Originally taken from the name of the
instrument used. ‘‘ That pawky lad ou’t to hev a dat
ower heead for his pawk.”” From the word Bat we get

Bats—A beating. This is cumulative punishment, an en-
larged plural of ‘‘ bat,’’ a veritable multum in parvo.
An irate mother may say to her wilful, wayward boy
‘*Thoo’ll get thi da¢s, mi lad, when thi fayther cums
yam ?” and that self-same lad at once feels what a fear-
some thing the future is.

Beltin’-—A flogging with a belt, and the flogged one ought
to be thankful if there be no buckle on the said belt.
There is another word perhaps etymologically akin to
‘* beltin’,” which also means a punishment inflicted—the
word ‘‘bell-tinker.” It is not an uncommon saying,
**Noo, Ah’ll gié tha be/l-tinker, if tha disn’t dhrop it!”
(cease, or give up doing).

Bencilling.—Here is another word of difficult origin, but its
meaning is well understood. A good Jbencillin’ is a
thing not easily forgotten, and has been the means of
salvation to not a few.

Bray.—The word ‘‘bray” means literally to crush, to
pulverise, and is nothing assenine. It recalls mortar and
pestle and the fool that was brayed so vainly within, the
operation only demonstrating how inseparably com-
mingled are a fool and his folly. A broom handle or a
besom shaft is an excellent instrument with which to
‘‘ bray” anybody. One of the characters in the York
Mystery Plays complains that ‘‘ yone boy with a brande
brayed me full well.”

Bunch.—Once when seeking to reach Riplingham Clump we
wished to cross a field in which a labourer was hoeing
turnips. We asked if we might cross the field. He
said, ‘‘ Yo can gan across clooas, nobbut deen’t bunch

SOME HOLDERNESS DIALECT FIGHTING WORDS. 267

tonnaps up.” We went ‘‘an bunched not nowt.” In
an assault case at the Driffield Police Court the magis-
trate said to the plaintiff, ‘‘ Well, my good woman, what
did she do?” ‘*Deeah? Why sha clooted mi heead,
rov’ me cap, lugged mi hair, dhragged ma doon, an’
bunched ma when Ah was down.” The magistrate
turned to the clerk, exclaiming piteously, ‘‘ What does
she say?”’ Up rose the tall, thin form of the clerk, and
slowly and seriously he answered: ‘‘She says the
defendant clooted her heead, rov’ her cap, lugged her
hair, dhragged her doon, and bunched her when she was
down,” and as he ended the court revelled in laughter.

Bung up—To close as with a bung. This term is limited in
its application, and is anatomical, being applied to the
eyes, applied by the fists of an opponent as a sedative,
in the hope of bringing the quarrel toanend. A keenly-
interested spectator of a street quarrel shouted out to his
favourite, ‘‘Go it Jim; dung his e’es up for him!
That'll sattle him.”’ Plug is a word of similar meaning.

Bussle—To drive away angrily. Often applied to tiresome
children, thus: “‘ Noo, away wi’ yo’, or Ah’ll dussle yo’
off i’ quick-sticks.”

“‘ Callitin ”-boot.—Now comes Billingsgate to the front. In
this preliminary overture to fisticuffs the tongue wags
supremely, and the domestic history of the wordy
combatants is made public property with a strength of
diction worthy a better cause. Blows may not succeed
words ; the quarrel may begin and end in a callitin-bout.

Catch it—Is a threat pure and simple, but perhaps all the
more dreadful, because of the mystery attached to it.
*Tis the unknown that is dreadful, and to tell a fearful
boy that he will ‘‘ catch it’ for something he has done,
or not done, is to add another terror to his upbraiding
conscience.

Cherrup.—A cherrup is a sharp, stinging blow given by the
hand on the ear, a sort of box on the ear. A long-
suffering father said to his boy, ‘‘ Ah’ll gi’e thaa cherrup
ower lug, an’ then thoo’ll mebbe think on what thoo’s
‘telled ti deeah.”’

Chin-chopper—lIs a blow on the jaw or the chin (the ‘‘ under-
cut” in the language of the prize-ring). The word
‘*chin-choppy ”’ is sometimes used, and reminds one of
the nursery rhyme, ‘‘Brow brinky, eye winky, nose
noppy, mouth moppy, chin-choppy.”’

268 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Chip. realy ‘*chip in” is to make a beginning, and to ‘‘ chip
oot” is to make an end, and a ‘ chip” is a baby quarrel,
a slight difference ; so is a ‘‘scrap.”” Example: ‘‘ Bayns
nobbut had a scrap; they didn’t hot yan anuther.” A
man telling proudly how well he and his wife got on
together, said, ‘‘ We’ve nivver had a chip sin we was
wed.” A tiff or tift is also a slight quarrel.

Clap—A stroke given with the flat hand, or some broad
instrument, making a noise. ‘‘Smack” is a word of
similar import : ‘‘ Clap his lugs ;” ‘‘ Smack his mooth.”

Clash—A violent knock against a hard substance, a vesound-
ing collision, generally between the head and some
immovable impediment, such as a yat stowp, or a deear
pooast, or a steean wall: ‘‘ Bob caught Jack by scruf 0”
neck, an’ clashed his heead an’ wall tigither.”’

Clip—To strike quickly and smartly. ‘‘ A clip ower lug.”

Cloot—To strike as with a ‘‘cloot,” a cloth. Only those
who have been beaten by handkerchiefs (noos cloots),
especially knotted handkerchiefs, can fully appreciate
the plenitude of its primary meaning. The secondary
meaning is to strike with the hand.

Crawk—A knock on the head; as, ‘‘He ga’e me sikan a
crawk wi hand-brush.”’

Crack—A stunning blow on the head; as, ‘‘Ah fetched him
a crack ower heead at meead him ‘ see sparks’.”

Cob—A kick with the knee, instead of the foot. We used to
call it a ‘* lasses’ bunch.”’

Cuff—Literally a blow with the cuff or forearm ; when the
fists are used the strife becomes ‘‘ fisé7-cuffs.”” A ‘‘cuff”’
is most frequently delivered on the head.

Dab.—A dab is not a fish, but flesh; a foreward movement
intercepted by the opponent’s eye. It is a rather feeble
stroke, as if ashamed of itself—just an earnest of what
it might be. But for all that, a ‘‘ dab” in the eye is an
‘* eye-opener,” even if it closes that eye for a time.

Daffener—a stunning blow, felling the opponent and -pro-
ducing insensibility; as, ‘‘Ratcatcher ga’ ratton a
daffener wiv a speead, an’ then he killed it.”

Dandher—Another violent blow, producing a different effect.
Its force produces trembling and collapse; as, ‘‘ Last
neet, when Sons o’ Brotherly Luv left lodge meeting,

ee —— Ee ee mr

SOME HOLDERNESS DIALECT FIGHTING WORDS. 269

tweea on em gat agate o’ fightin’. Yan on em landed
tuther a left-handed dandher, an’ doon he went.’ (Nice
Sons o’ “ Brotherly Luv ” they was !)

Dhrissing (Dressing)—A flogging, general, particular and
extensive, with whatever weapon or instrument comes
first to hand. A good dhrissing doon is a specific for
laziness and other forms of disinclination to work, and
Solomon doubtless had this operation in mind when he
uttered his familiar proverb, ‘‘ Spare the rod and spoil
the child.”

Dhrop—To knock down with the fist. We use another word
‘‘dhrop,” meaning to ‘‘ give up,” or ‘‘cease to do.”
Hence the two can be combined thus in a pun: ‘‘ Noo, if
they dizzn’t dhrop zt (give up) Ah’ll dhrop thoo.” The
old Norsemen, our fighting ancestors, had a word (Ice.,
drepe) meaning a blow, from which the word ‘‘ dhrop ”
probably comes. To drop in for it is an expectation, in
which you hope that the realisation will be very much
less worse than the anticipation. Another threat is
‘*¢ Ah’ll come fo’ yo’! and a certain scholar thought the
23rd psalm was awful because both rod and staff ‘*come
fo’”” me.

Dhrub is a general flogging, a ‘‘ dhrissing doon,” only more
so. To be ‘‘ weel dhrubbed ” is not soon to be forgotten,
and not talked of lightly.

Differ—A wordy quarrel, like a “ callitin-bout.” Said one
man to another, ‘‘Ah heeahd tell ’at thoo an’ thi
neebors had a dfferin’ bout, bud whativver meead yo’
differ ?”

Dig—To poke with a stick or finger, &c. ‘‘ He ga’ maa
dig i’ ribs, and it’s as sare as can be.”

Ding or Deng.—The Old Norse word dengja, to hammer,
gives force to this word, which Prof. Skeat describes as
a true English strong verb, though not found in A.S.
The word is used in the York Mystery Plays thus: ‘‘ Dyng

tham doune tylle all be dede.”” Our nursery rhyme
again helps us: ‘‘ Ding dong bell.”’ ‘‘ Deng” it, also
an interjection, or imprecation, a sort of incipient
swearing.

Drive.—When an opponent ‘‘ lets dhraave”’ at you, you may
hope he is not a disciple of Sandow, for in the blow thus
given is put all the strength of mind and muscle to the
very last particle. It may be said, ‘‘ He up wiv his
neeaf, an’ /e¢ dhraave at him full slap.”

270 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Dust is another Northman’s word. (Ice., dustra, to tilt, to
fight.) To ‘‘ kick up a dust” is to create a disturbance,
to ‘‘ live the strenuous life,”” and to bustle, hustle, and
be hustled ; and to have your jacket duszed is an opera-
tion, during which it is better to be out of the jacket
than in it, for something considerably harder and more
aggressive than a clothes brush is used.

Esh is so call from the esh (ash) sapling, being the instru-
ment used by the castigator. A well-dried young esh
plant is a refined instrument of torture ; it is supple, and
twines lovingly round arms, back, or legs. It is the
thing par excellence for administering the ‘‘ dusting ” of
the jacket above referred to.

Feeat-——To foot, to kick. The West Riding and Lancashire
equivalent of this is ‘‘ fawse,’’ a truly terrible punish-
ment when carried out by means of heavy iron-bound
clogs.

Fell—A knock-down blow. ‘‘If tha dizzen’t mind (take
care), Ah sa’ll be givin’ tha a fe// inoo”” (soon).

Fetch—To deliver a blow. You have doubtless noticed the
dialect use of the word ‘‘ fetch,” meaning to bring, not
to go for and bring. When we say a thing fetched £20,
we mean that was the amount realised; so when you
have been fetched a blow you realise something has
happened, and indeed you may have lost something
(equilibrium) while you gained perhaps two lovely black
eyes. Jilustration: ‘‘ Ah fetched him a crack ower heead,
an’ that sattled him.”

A Filip is a quick, stinging blow, while a Gob-fight (literally
a mouth-fight) is a wordy quarrel, another edition of
Billingsgate; but however, whenever, and by what
means did Gruellin’ become bellicose ?

Hammer—To flog severely. We all know, by experience or
knowledge, what a ‘‘hammerin’” is. Here no black-
smith’s ‘‘ stiddy”’ or cobbler’s ‘‘lapstun” receives the
resounding blows, but cringing, human flesh that bears
the pain and the mark of the ‘‘hammerin’” for many a
day.

Haze is another Viking word, indicating a beating or a
chastisement. The Holderness Glossary says ‘‘ haze”
to beat, as with a hazel stick.” This I doubt, for the
dialect pronunciation of ‘‘hazel” is ‘‘hezzle ” (hezzle
peears, hezzle e’es, hezzle nuts) ; and the same Glossary

SOME HOLDERNESS DIALECT FIGHTING WORDS. 271

gives ‘‘hezzle, to castigate with a hazel or other stick ;”
thus, ‘‘If Ah catch tha, mi lad, Ah’ll essle thi hide
fo’ tha.”

Hidin’—A hidin’ is a No. 8 flogging on the hide or back ; not
lightly admistered nor lightly forgotten, a thing of awe
and reverence. It inculcates remembrance, and the
memory of it accelerates present action. It is often
given with a vehemence not usually associated with the
administration of justice. Yes, a good hzdin’ is benefi-
cent in its result.

Hod is the common word for ‘‘ hold.” When tired, we like
a seat with good ‘‘ back-hod ;” to ‘‘tak hod ” is figura-
tive language for beginning or commencing any work ;
thus, ‘‘hod,” as a flogging or a punishment, is some-
thing that takes ‘‘hold”’ of you, and its embrace is
anything but pleasant. It is a dire threat to say ‘‘ Ah’ll
gi’e tha some hod afooar lang.”

Hum is a punishment inflicted by boys on an obstinate or
“stunt” player. They ‘‘lug”’ his hair, or strike him
with their caps, saying, ‘‘Hum, hum, hum,” and the
louder their victim cries the louder do they ‘‘ hum’ hum,
hum,” until their leader cries out ‘‘Off,” when all must at
once desist.

Jowl has some momentum about it, as ‘‘ bash” has. It
reminds one of the conundrum, ‘‘ When the irresistible
comes into contact with the immovable, what happens ?”
Far more pleasant things could be mentioned than the
** jowling of yo’r heead an’ wall tigither.’”’ The violent
introduction of these two induces ‘‘ heead-work,” and it
is little comfort to be told that they ‘‘deeah wark afooar
they come off.”

A Knap isa slight blow with knuckles or cane, an admonition
in deeds, not words (the embryo of a “ /eathering ”
administered py strap, belt, or cat of nine tails , the last,
emblematic of the nine lives which a cat is said to
possess—nine times cumulative, biting, and lacerating.

Lam is not the gentle lamb that Mary had. It is a word said
to spur on the castigator to more heroic performance.
There is nothing half-hearted about the injunction,
** Zam intiv him, an’ mak him think on!” It recalls a
police case in which it was said that a bystander had
urged two women combatants to further duelling by
saying, ‘‘ Goo it, Sal; Ah’ll hod thi bonnet.”

272 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

“ Leeacin’ yan’s jacket ” is another little performance that none
of us would go through voluntarily. The ‘‘lacing” is
painful and tedious, and if one cared to investigate the
origin of the phrase, we might find it a piece of pre-
historic humour, dating from the antiquity of the button-
less age, when men were saved from profane language
because they had no buttons to come off.

The original Licking was done by the tongue, but the
later ‘‘ licking ’’—figurative, sensational, painful—was,
and yet is, done by something that appeals to the
feelings even more strongly than the tongue, an appeal
the strength of which is proportionate to the strength of
the arm of the ‘‘ licker.” We still speak of things being
‘* licked into shape,” an expression suggestive of toil and
trouble.

Linch, Slinge, Swinge, Swipe, and Slipe are words of similar
import. In order to be carried into effect they require
some pliable, supple instrument, a whip for preference.
The word ‘‘ swipe” is indeed the old Norse word for
‘‘ whip,” and from it we obtain the word ‘‘ swipple,” the
shorter, swinging, whipping part of a flail, the part
which, if you use a flail carelessly, takes a malicious
delight in descending on your head instead of on the
sheaf it is intended to thresh.

The word Lug calls up memories of the torture of childhood’s
days, when we thought tidy hair a curse and tousled
locks a blessing. The pain undergone in the ‘‘ reeting ”
operation shewed what could be done to an enemy if only
a handful of his hair could be grasped and ‘‘ lugged.” It
could bring the doughtiest warrior to his knees suing for

mercy.

The word Lump, used as a compound with ‘‘heead” and
** skull,” forms expressive words—‘‘lump_heead,”’
‘‘lumpskull’’—and both beauty and expression are

enhanced if ‘‘ greeat ” be added thereto. To ‘‘ lump”
the head is to beat it with sufficient violence to cause a
lump; but curiously, if such lump be isolated and
detached, and not one of a chain or ridge, it is known as
ast cop.

A Mallet is called a ‘‘mell,” so ‘‘to mell” anybody is
to give them a ‘‘ hammering.” This is another of the
Northmen’s words so common in our dialect.

SOME HOLDERNESS DIALECT FIGHTING WORDS. 273

To Mob is a boy’s collective punishment meted out to any
delinquent, not niggardly, but of full measure, pressed
down and running over. On Royal Oak Day, the 29th of
May, any boy who lacked the loyal symbol, a sprig
of oak tree (not dog oak), would be ‘‘ mobbed,” Z.e,
pelted with ancient, oderiferous eggs, or struck by caps
or knotted handkerchiefs. Oh! a fine malak was
mobbing on Royal Oak Day.

A Mump is a back-hander on the mouth, and that selfsame
‘‘mump,” quickly delivered, disfigures the aforesaid
mouth considerably.

Mill. —This is either another form of ‘‘ mell,” or refers to the
action of a flour mill, where the object worked upon is
skinned and pulverised, and greatly improved thereby.
So by figure of speech, a person who receives a “ mill-
ing’ is put through the small sieve, and is benefitted, or
why was he ever milled ?

However came the word Nail to mean a beating or a
flogging ? But soit has! It also means ‘‘ to catch,”
to hold; and to tell anyone that he will ‘‘catch it” is a
threat of the direst import. It also means ‘‘ to clench an

argument,” ‘‘to overcome an adversary in a con-
troversy.’’ The Holderness Glossary gives the following
illustration :—‘‘ He said Ah sud nivver win if Ah bet o’

Sunda’, an’ Ah said, ‘ Sattenly yan on us must win,’ an’
that 2azled him.”

To Nevell is to beat violently with the neeaf, or fist ; while
Nobble and Nope are both used when the hand or some
instrument is brought into violent contact with the head.
In that serio-comic, domestic tragedy, Punch and Judy,
once universal, but now nearly obsolete, Punch kills Judy
by xobbling her—the more resounding the whacks the
more laughter they provoked in the juvenile audience.

Pick and Pooak are of like meaning, though ‘‘ pick” is
accomplished by hand and “ pooak” by some instru-
ment. There is more celerity in ‘‘ pick” than ‘‘ pooak.”
‘*Pooak ”’ is to push, but ‘‘ pick”’ is to push suddenly,
unexpectedly, like a torpedo attack; as, ‘‘ He pzckt ma
doon, just fo’ nowt at all, an’ then thowt better on’t, an’
pickt ma up ageean.”

A half-hearted antagonist, anxious to hide his want of

courage, makes much to do by sparring with the empty
air, knocking down imaginary foes, imbruing his feet in

274 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

their gore, and executing a war-dance on their mangled
remains. He is only pretending. In terms of scorn, he
is told, ‘‘ Thoo’s nobbut Quaverin’ about !”’

Surely ‘To rag” must be akin to the word ‘‘ rage.” The
operation of ‘‘ ragging ”’ certainly enrages.

A Rap is a quick blow with a hard instrument, a rattle is a
**cloot ower heead,” and a Rossellin’ is literally a roast-
ing, a real good, sound beating, which enables the victor
to bring the beaten one triumphantly along bound to the
chariot wheels.

A Rumpus is a disturbance of the peace, a quarrel, a kicking
up of the dust, a social upheaval (limited), an eruption of
pent-up feelings, a safety valve for slandering, back-
biting, and all uncharitableness, bringing about a much-
needed calm.

Scrag and Scaup take their names from the part of the human
anatomy thereby affected—the scrag of the neck and the
scaup of the head. An offender’s neck seems to fit
easily between the thumb and forefinger, by which he can
be hurried away willy-nilly.

A Set teeah is a melee, a faction fight more or less infectious,
necessitating the advent of the doctors and the police.
In it all is fair, and anything or everything can be used
as weapons, whether natural or artificial, ancient or
modern, projectile or prehensile, and is very exciting
while it lasts.

Skelp, Spank, and Slap are infantile punishments, when bare
arms and bare legs afford ample opportunity for the
performance of these operations.

To Skin is to flog severely, and is figurative only, though
the attempt to realise it is painful enough. I have said
it is only a figurative expression, yet the recent sale of a
piece of pirate’s skin, taken from a church door in Essex,
proves that at one time, and in one place at least, ‘‘ to
skin ’’ has not been an idle threat for sacrilege. In the
East Yorkshire story of Peg Fyfe an informant, who
sought to evade the consequences by Zelling the horses of
an intended robber raid, while men listened and planned
a counter-stroke, such informant was waylaid and
skinned alive. As illustration, we may say, ‘‘ Bon tha!
Ah’ll skzz tha wick, thoo young rackapelt.”

SOME HOLDERNESS DIALECT FIGHTING WORDS. 275.

To give anyone a Slatin’ has nothing whatever to do with
slates. It is a Northman’s word meaning to slap, to
dab, &c., and is cousin germane to a good Blowing-up.

A Slipe is a sharp, gliding blow with the open hand; as,
‘* Jack gat sike a s/zpe ower gob, his lips was all brussen.”

A Sloonge is a heavy, sweeping blow given sideways with the
open hand, in which the whole arm participates. A
‘*sloonge ower side o’ heead”’ is something to be going

on with.
To Slug is to beat with any instrument, including the hands.
When one boy says to another, ‘‘ Let’s slug Tom

Smithers ; he put saut uppa slitherin’-spot,” poor Tom
has a bad time in store for him. Slog is another word of
similar import, and the word is sometimes indulged in.

Snape is a peculiar word meaning to check, to restrain. The
Norseman used this word, meaning to disgrace, to hold
back. A forward child needs ‘‘snaping.” There is
something of ‘‘ Thou shalt not” about it.

The word Sooal brings up visions of the maternal slipper, the
sharp application of which made sitting-down, for a
time, a pain rather than a pleasure. A word nearly like
Sooal is Sowle, meaning to chastise, and is used by
Shakespeare in ‘‘Coriolanus”’ (Act iv., sc. 5): ‘‘He’ll go,”
he says, ‘‘and sow/e the porter of Rome gates by the
ears.”

A curious combatative word is Sneezer, which, of course, is
nasal in its application. As a rule, asneezer is a settler,
of the superlative degree, an ultimatum and coup de
grace rolled into one. It ‘‘taps one’s claret,” and is
gory in its nature and essence.

One might think that the word Suff is a contraction of the
word sufficient. Well, that is its meaning exactly, for
when you have received a knock hard enough to make
you draw your breath suddenly, as though from a spasm
of pain, you have had sufficcent for one day at least.
The word, however, is the dialect pronunciation for
sough, the sound made by wind, and is given because it
has that effect.

A Switch is a thin, pliant rod, the shoot of willow, or haw-
thorn, or dog-rose. Boys use them, stripped of their
leaves, to play at switch-egg. The application of these
switches to the stockinged legs of fellow-youngsters is
termed Switchin’, and is a highly-prized form of torture.

276 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

A Tannin’ is a good all-round flogging, impartially laid on
whatever part is most convenient. A /annin’ is no
respecter of parts, all being marks that comes in its way.
It is painful but salutary, especially if executed by a rod
that has been ‘‘ in pickle” for some time.

For living the strenuous life, commend me to a Tew, ‘‘a
teeafish tew.” In it is something of Hackensmidt,
but none of football. It is a struggle in excelsis,
whether physical or mental, whether muscles strain and
breath comes hard, or whether exhaustion follows brain
conflict. Oh! a grand sight is a ‘‘ teeafish tew!”’

In the word Thresh we have a common word diverted from
its original use in the barn and staggarth to the wider
outside world; so that you may be ¢hreshed anywhere
and any time.

To Throonce is to bustle about, to drive or beat off, and to
Thropple or Throttle is to seize your adversary by the
thropple or throat, a pocket edition of Jiu-Jitsui, the
Japanese system of doing much to your assailant and
receiving little or nothing yourself.

A Thump on the back may be meant as first aid in a case of
choking, but it may also be akin to an assassin’s blow,
and may nearly knock the breath out of you. Many
things could be mentioned that are more pleasant than a
thump on the back.

Pliancy is needed to deliver a Twenk with effect. A whip-
lash will answer the purpose well, but when two or three
boys are breaking through a hawthorn hedge, and one
fails to hold back the branches for the next following,
they fly back with vengeful force into the face, and ¢wenk
that face with glee—‘‘ if aught inanimate e’er glees.”

A counterpane or quilt is called ‘‘twilt” and Twiltin’
(quilting) ; one’s jacket is thus akin to ‘‘ dusting” and
‘‘leeacing ” that unfortunate article of clothing, to say
nothing of the wearer.

To Wale is no child’s play ; the aforesaid jacket affords but
little protection to a ‘ Walin’, for sufficient force must be
behind the stick used to merit the name and to raise
‘¢ Wales.’’ Wallopin’ is a near relative of Walin’.

‘Warm and Warming.—‘‘ Ah’ll warm thi jacket fo’ tha!”
Alas! poor jacket, thou art dusted, leeaced, twilted,
and warmed all for the sake of thy temporary inmate.
Methinks ’twould be better to go and be a scarecrow.”

i el

SOME HOLDERNESS DIALECT FIGHTING WORDS. 277

A Weltin’ is administered by a strap of leather, sewn by shoe-
makers on the boot upper. This strip of leather is
called a ‘‘ welt,’’ and the boot sole is sewn to it, It is
indeed a severe punishment to be flogged by a wet welt.
With malicious cruelty it wreathes round the writhing
limbs, and clings as only wet leather can. For some
things, many things, ‘‘ there’s nothing like leather.”

A Whack is another punishment that derives its name from
the noise it produces. It is what Paddy gave the drum,
but ’tis no less painful for all that.

To Whap is to flog or beat as a punishment ; to conquer an
antagonist in a fight; to surpass in competition. A
Whappin’ is a flogging, and Whaps is a strong plural :
‘** Thoo’ll get thi waps, mi lad, when thi fayther comes
whom!” Another form of this word is Whop and
Whoppin’.

A Whissle is a box on the ear, which perhaps derives its
name from the whistling, whew! it causes.

A ‘Wipe ower lugs” is not the gentle thing one might
expect from the expression. It needed a poet to tell us
that ‘‘ things are not what they seem ;”’ and the person
who receives a ‘‘ wipe ower lugs’”’ fails to perceive either
the poetry or the humour.

When a hedger is cutting and preparing thorns to make a
dead-fence, he needs thick ones for stakes, and long,
supple ones for binders, or yethers; so he will say of a
branch, ‘‘If it ween’t mak a steeak, it’ll mak a yether.”
To Yether anybody is to flog them with a yether, and it
is not a mean sort of flogging either.

The list may beconcluded by Yark, Yenk, Yuck, all chastise-
ments, not as brief as the names themselves.

A peculiarity of these fighting words is that many, if
not all of them, are in common use as adjectives, denoting
superlative greatness or extraordinary firmness. The word
retains the same meaning, but the figure is changed from
warlike strife to the strife of competition and comparison.

A hawker enters a shop, and <csks, ‘‘ De yo’ want ony

rabbits to-day?” ‘*No; I think not!” ‘‘ Yo’ think not?”
‘‘T think not!” ‘‘ Why, them rabbits is greeat, big, sooaling
rabbits, hauf as big as this coonther!” ‘Thus we say ‘‘a

clinking big egg ; a nailin stoory ; a slappin hoss; a sluggin
knife ; a spankin meear ; a switchin ton out ; a thumpin, big
lass ; a wallopin, big pig; a whackzn lie; a wappin crood.”

278 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Nouns also are made from these words, conveying
the idea of excellence or curiosity. Thus: Whacker,
thumper, cracker, nailer, nobbler, plugger, rattler, skelper,
slapper, slugger, spanker, &c.

In fact, the dialect is a living, vigorous language, and its
life is shewn by its active versatility. If a certain word does
not convey the meaning required there are many others ready
to hand.

EAST YORKSHIRE ENTOMOLOGY IN 1906.

HIS year is the worst on record in East Yorkshire for
sa insects. ‘‘Sugaring” is a total failure. Mr. Chap-
man has been to Spurn, Driffield, and other places
‘* sugaring,” and has only set one moth all the season. Mr.
Head of Scarborough reports that insects are very scarce
there, ‘‘sugaring”’ is a failure, and larve do not pay for the
time beating for them, they are so scarce. He has had
larve die by hundreds with the hot dry weather. He has
had scores of insects pair and produce ova, but none of them
were fertile, owing probably to the cold late spring and hot
dry summer. Some insects were two or three months late
in coming off.—J. W. Bou tt.

EAST YORKSHIRE CONCHOLOGY IN 1906.

HE summer having been a very dry one, the collecting
of specimens has been very much hindered. I obtained
specimens of Paludestrina jenkinst in the ditch inside

the guard bank at Saltend, Hedon, last April. On the same
occasion I obtained on Saltend Common, under some stones,
several dead specimens of Cochlicopa or Azeca tridens, which,
according to Mr. T. Petch’s ‘‘ Land and Fresh Water Mol-
lusca of the East Riding,’’* has not been recorded.—T.
Doss.

* “Trans. Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club,”’ 1904, page 151-

a . =), . a. a

HYMENOPTERA OF THE EAST RIDING OF
YORKSHIRE.

By W. Denison Roesuck, F.L.S.,
Ex-president of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.

Read July 25, 1906.

HEN engaged on the task of compiling a list of the
Hymenoptera for the forthcoming Victoria County
History of Yorkshire, I was struck by the extreme
paucity of records for two divisions of the county, viz.,
York N.W. and York S.E. I was not much surprised in
respect of the former division, with its sparse population and
want of scientific activity, but it was indeed surprising to
find so little known for the East Riding, with its host of
active and enterprising investigators. It therefore seemed
to me that a complete summary of all that is actually on
record for the Riding would be a useful and, I hope, accept-
able paper for the Transactions of the Hull Scientific Club—
my hope being that it might stimulate the Entomologists to
collect insects of that order—and those who are Lepidopterists
to carefully preserve the ichneumon flies they rear, and have
them properly identified. It would be a service not only to
the East Riding naturalists themselves, but to Mr. Claude
Morley, who is very ably studying and monographing the
British Ichneumonidae, if he should be liberally supplied with
specimens, care being always taken to give the full and
complete data as to locality, species on which parasitic,
date, etc., so as to ensure the best scientific results being
achieved. In like manner specimens of other groups might
be submitted to the specialists. The best thing would be,
however, for some of the young and active entomologists to
take up the study of Hymenoptera themselves.
I first give a complete bibliography of all the papers |
have seen, and then a systematic list of the species on
record.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1788. Mr. MARSHALL. _

Provincialisms of East Yorkshire [in Holderness ‘‘ Bummle
Bee ” = Bombus].
Marshall’s ‘‘ Rural Economy of Yorkshire,” 1788, Vol. IL.,

Jeb Se)
x

280 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

1870. J. C. BRENTANO.

To get rid of the House Ant |Diplorhoptrum domesticum =
Monomorium pharaonis].

1878. Wm. DENISON ROEBUCK.

Yorkshire Hymenoptera: Report on Present State of Know-
ledge, and First List of Species [Perineura nassata=
Tenthredopsis cordata, Athalia centifolie =A. spinarum,
Tenthredo cingulata = Strongylogaster cingulatus,
Selandria costalis=Sciopteryx costalis, and Cimbex
maculatus=C. connata].

Trans. Yorks. Nat. Union, Part I., publ. 1878, p. 27.

1879. WILLIAM DENISON ROEBUCK.

Yorkshire Hymenoptera in 1878 and Second List of Species
[Sirex juvencus=S. noctilio].

Trans. Yorks. Nat. Union, Part II. publ. 1879, p. 64.

1881. W. W. Fow ter.
Vespa norvegica in Yorkshire.
Ent. Mo. Mag., March, 1881, p. 237.

1881. W. W. Fow er.
Vespa norvegica at Stamford Bridge.
Ent., March 1881, p. 71.
1882. S. D. Batrstow, W. DENISON ROEBUCK, AND
Tuomas WILSsoNn.

Yorkshire Hymenoptera: Third List of Species, based upon
Observations made in 1879, 1880, and 1881 [ Tenthredopsis
nassata=T. cordata].

Trans. Yorks. Nat, Union, Part IV., publ. 1882, p. 94.

1884. W. D. R[ogsuck].

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Spurn Point [Pompilus
plumbeus].

Nat., Nov. 1884, p. 92.

1886. J. B. BRIDGMAN.

Further Additions to the Rev. T. A. Marshall’s Catalogue of
British Ichneumonidz [Sagaritis laticollis].

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 349.

HYMENOPTERA OF THE EAST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE.

1888. N. F. DoBREE.
Sirex juvencus |=S. noctilio] at Hull.
Nat., Feb. 1888, p. 51.
1891. W. HEweETT.
Sirex juvencus [=S. noctilio] near York.
Ent., Oct. 1891, p. 248.
1893. H. H. SLaTer.
Sirex gigasand. . . . in Holderness.
Zool., Feb. 1893, p. 76.
1896. B. B. HawortH-Bootu.
Sirex gigas near Hull.
iVat., Feb. 1896, p. 34.
1896. B. B. HAwortTH-Boortu.
Plague of Wasps near Hull in 1893 [species not stated].
Nat., Feb. 1896, p. 34.
1896. Henry B. WILSoN.
Sirex gigas [at Bridlington] and S. juvencus.
Nat., March 1896, p. go.
1897. G. C. BIGNELL.

281

Mesochorus tetricus, Holmg., [also Apanteles octonarius] bred

in England [at Skipwith].
Ent. Mo. Mag., Nov. 1897, p. 257-
1900. JAMES R. LOWTHER.
Hornet [Vespa crabro| at Beverley.
Nat., March 1900, p. 80.
1g00. J. R. LOWTHER.
Sirex gigas [and S. juvencus=S. noctilio] at Beverley.
Nat., Nov. 1900, p. 336.
1g01. F. Boyes.
‘Wasps [at Beverley ; species not stated].
Field, 17th Aug. 1901, p. 303.
1902. E. MAULE COLE.

Sirex gigas at Wetwang-on-the-Wolds.
Nat., Oct. 1902, p. 314.

g

282 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

1902. F. Boyes.
Sawfly (Sirex gigas) [at Beverley].
Field, 4th Oct. 1902, p. 606.
1903. T. STAINFORTH.
Camponotus herculaneus at Hull.
Nat., Dec. 1903, p. 456.
1903. F. Boyes.
Superstition about Bees [Apis mellifica in East Riding].
Field, 1st Aug. 1903, p. 232.
1903. ANON [signed ‘*D” ].
Superstition about Bees | Apis mellifica at Cherry Burton].
Field, 1st Aug. 1903, p. 232.
1906. CLAUDE Mor _ey.

Notes on the Hymenopterous Genus Bracon, Fab. |Bracon
mediator |.

Ent. Mo. Mag., May 1906, p. 109..
1906. W. Denison RoesBuck [not signed].

Yorkshire Naturalists at Flamborough | Pachynematus apicalis,
Dolerus picipes, and Andrena albicans].

Nat., July 1906, p, 246.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE EAST RIDING
HYMENOPTERA.

TENTHREDINIDA (SAWFLIES).

Tenthredopsis cordata (Fourc.). [I have seen an old MS.
record, of about 1835, of Perzneura nassata being ‘‘com-
mon” either at Hull or Askham, most probably the
former place.

Sciopteryx costalis (Fab.). The same old record marks
Selandria costalis as at ‘‘Sutton Road Spring.”

Dolerus picipes KI. Bempton Cliffs, June 1906, G. T. Porritt.

Strongylogaster cingulatus (Fab.). The old record of 1835
gives Tenthredo cingulatus for ‘‘ Hull.”

Athalia spinarum (Fab.). The same old record gives Athalia
centifoli@ as ‘*common at Hull.”

*

HYMENOPTERA OF THE EAST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE, 283

Pachynematus apicalis (Htg.). Bempton Cliffs, June 1906,
G. T. Porritt.

Cimbex connata (Schr.). Heslington near York, Robert
Cook.

SIRICIDA (WOOD-WASPS).

Sirex gigas (L.). Hullbank Hall, Sep. 1887, B. B. Haworth-
Booth. Holderness, July 1892, Rev. H. H. Slater.
Abundant in Hull and the East Riding in 1887, owing to
large cargoes of foreign timber being brought into the
port, H. B. Wilson, 1896. Beverley in 1894, 1899, and
1900, J. R. Lowther, 1900. Beverley, where it has been
resident thirty years, the larve feeding in an old pine-
wood near, F. Boyes, 1902. Hornsea, 1895, B. B.
Haworth-Booth. Wetwang-on-the-Wolds, three only
observed during a residence of 37 years, Rev. E. Maule
Cole, 1902.

Sirex noctilio Fab. Hull, buzzing about lilac trees in 1854 at
Geo. Norman’s place of business in the middle of the
town, G. Norman. Albert Dock, Hull, August 1897,
N. F. Dobrée. Hull, E. R. Waite, 1892. Beverley
town in 1897, J. R. Lowther. Heslington near York,
Sep. 1891, William Hewett.

All these records were made under the name of
S. juvencus, a species which is not yet authenticated for
the East Riding.

CYNIPIDA (GALL FLIES).
None on record for the East Riding.

OXYURA.
None on record for the East Riding.

CHALCIDID.
None on record for the East Riding.

ICHNEUMONIDA (ICHNEUMON FLIES).
Sagaritis laticollis Hlmg. Hull, P. Inchbald, 1884, bred from
larvee of Mania typica in the People’s Park.

Mesochorus tetricus Hlmg. Skipwith, hyper-parasitic on
Apanteles octonarius, parasitic on Notodonta dromedarius,
C. D. Ash, 1897.

284 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

BRACONIDZ.

Bracon mediator Nees. Skipwith, three 9 and one 7 bred
from a single cocoon of Sesza bembeciformis, June 1899,
and one or two more failed to emerge, C. D. Ash.

Apanteles octonarius (Ratz.). Skipwith, reared from Wosodonta
dromedarius, C. D. Ash, 1897.
CHRYSIDIDA (RUBY-TAILS).
None on record for the East Riding.

ACULEATA.

HETEROGYNA (ANTS).

Camponotus herculaneus (L.). Foreign importation, taken
alive on the Western Dock Reservation at Hull in Sep-
tember 1902, T. Stainforth.

Monomorium pharaonis (L.). The House Ant infests a house
at Hull, J. C. Brentano, 1870.

These two foreign importations are the only ants as
yet on record for the East Riding.
FOSSORES.
Pompilus plumbeus (Fab.). Abundant at Spurn Point at
Y.N.U. excursion, Sep. 1884, C. F. George. :
DIPLOPTERA (WASPS).

Vespa crabro L. The Hornet. One taken at Beverley, 22nd
Sept. 1goo, J. R. Lowther.

V. germanica Fab. Beverley, J. D. Butterell, 1882.
V. austriaca Pz. Beverley, J. D. Butterell, 1882.
V. norvegica Fab. Stamford Bridge, Rev. W. W. Fowler.

ANTHOPHILA (BEES).

Andrena albicans (Kby.). Bempton Cliffs, June 1906,
W. Pearson.

A. nigroenea (Kby.). Cottingham, G. C. Dennis, 1889.

Apis mellifica L. Domesticated at Beverley by F. Boyes
and others.

The whole list thus amounts to 23 species out of the
nearly 600 included in the complete Yorkshire list.

PLATE XXXI,

BYGONE HULL NATURALISTS.
I1J.—W1tiiam SPENCE.
1783-1860.

PLaTE XXXI.

OST Hull citizens have long been familiar with the enormous
buildings belonging to Messrs. Blundell, Spence & Co., at
the corner of Beverley Road and Spring Bank; buildings

which, though originally erected towards the outskirts of the town,
are now, by the growth of the city, becoming dangerously near its
centre. Few people, however, are aware of the fact that one of the
founders of the firm was William Spence, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., who
was so well known by his entomological work.

Spence was born at Bishop Burton, near Beverley, and lived for
many year in Drypool, Hull, and consequently holds a prominent
place amongst Hull’s ‘“‘ Bygone Naturalists.”

From ‘Blundell of Liverpool, Lincoln, and Kingston-upon-
Hull,” (1906), by Dr. G. B. Longstaff, we learn that Spence served
his apprenticeship with a firm of Russian Merchants and Ship
Owners in Hull. He married Elizabeth, sister of Henry Blundell,
with whom he shortly entered into partnership, a partnership that
lasted nearly fifty years. From 1806-1811, and probably later, he
lived at Drypool, but in 1820 he was living at 40 Dock Street.
For years he suffered from a severe headache, ‘‘and as a conse-
quence received the special permission of the Commandant to walk
on the ramparts of the Citadel, which afforded a quiet and secluded
promenade close to his house at Drypool.”

In Freeman’s “ Life of Kirby” (pages 317-318), we find the
following interesting note contributed by Spence himself: ‘‘ In the
spring of 1814 I had the great delight to receive a long-promised
visit from Mr. Kirby, but which, unfortunately, the delicate state
of Mrs. Kirby’s health obliged him to restrict to about ten days.
These were chiefly spent in seeing the lions of Hull and neighbour-
hood, and in visiting the many friends eager to pay their respects
to him. We did little in insect collecting, but I had the great
satisfaction of seeing him fish out with his own hands and secure a
specimen of the then rare Donacia (Macroplea) Zostera, from the pond
on the banks of the Humber, a quarter of a mile from my house,
where I first took it, and the source for a considerable period of the
first British specimens.” *

* The insect above referred to now appears in the British List as Hemonia
Zurtisi Zac. ‘
285

286 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

No doubt this meeting on the Humber Bank, in a district where
certainly the appearance of the land has considerably changed since
his day, and where Donacia Zostere would now be rare indeed, led
to that correspondence and friendship which ultimately resulted in
the publication, between the years 1815 and 1826, of Kirby and
Spence’s classical ‘‘ Introduction to Entomology: or Elements of
the Natural History of Insects.’’ This work is perhaps the most
popular, and certainly the most widely circulated, of all the early
entomological works. The first volume, which contains 538 pages
and 3 plates, was issued in 1815; the second volume, which con-
tained 530 pages and 2 plates, was issued in 1817; the third volume,
containing 740 pages and 15 plates, was issued in 1826; and the
fourth volume, containing 634 pages and to plates, together with
explanations of the plates, an anatomical index, orismological index,
index to the genera of insects, and an English index to the whole
work, in the same year. Undoubtedly the great charm of the plates
lies in the beautiful drawings showing the details of various parts
of the insects. Plate XXIV. is very interesting, as it contains
sketches of the various appliances used in Spence’s day in con-
nection with the catching and rearing of insects. The objects
figured are as follows:—‘‘The bag-net; the landing-net; Mr.
Paul’s net; the fly-net ; the forceps; the breeding-cage; apparatus
for effectually killing large moths, &c., (a) the upper piece of the
tube, (b) the lower, (c) the saucepan; a beetle transfixed by a pin;
a butterfly, ditto, with the wings set out by card braces,” &c.
The frontispiece to the fourth volume is a portrait of Spence, from
which the illustration herewith (Plate XXXI.) is made. My own
copy of this work was a presentation copy to the Holderness Agri-
cultural Society, and contains the signature from which the block
on the same plate is made. Kirby and Spence’s work is still
frequently consulted by entomologists, and the original edition has
been largely reprinted in England and abroad. By 1843 a sixth
edition had been issued. The delay in publishing this work was on
account of Spence’s ill health, which also necessitated his leaving
Hull for the South of England, about 1819.

As might be expected, Spence played a prominent part in the
intellectual welfare of the town. He was intimately associated with
the Literary and Philosophical Society of Hull, and took a great
interest in its collections, which are now absorbed in our municipal
museum. The cabinets of insects were originally arranged by him.
An admirable marble bust of Spence, by Marachetti, was presented
by his son to the Literary and Philosophical Society, and is now in
our museum. He was a prominent member of the Subscription
Library, at that time principally used and influenced by the scientific
and educated men of the town, and for some time was its treasurer.

BYGONE HULL NATURALISTS. 287

In 1805 Spence commenced his entomological researches, and was
at first chiefly interested in coleoptera. In connection with the
«Introduction to Entomology,’ Spence spent several months in
the summer of 1812 in London, making various researches, princi-
pally in the library of Sir Joseph Banks. He was the first editor
of the Hull Rockingham, a noted Whig newspaper, which started

MARBLE Bust OF W. SPENCE, BY MARACHETTI,
IN THE HuULL MUSEUM.

in 1808, and survived till 1843. In 1807 he wrote a pamphlet,
formerly well known, entitled ‘‘ The Radical Cause of the Present
Distress of the West Indian Planters pointed out, and the Inefh-
cacy of the Measures which have been hitherto Proposed for
Relieving them Demonstrated.” This work was followed by
«« Britain Independent of Commerce” (a work which established
his reputation as a political economist) and other similar produc-

288 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

tions. In 1809 he commenced writing scientific papers, and in
that year submitted a ‘‘ Monograph of the British Species of the
Genus Choleva”’ to the Linnzan Society. Some ‘ Observations
on the Disease of Turnips, termed in Holderness Fingers and
Toes,” were read to the Holderness Agricultural Society in 1811,
and printed at their request in the following year. This runs into
twenty pages. Later, he was President of this Holderness Society.
Other scientific papers of his are:—‘‘On an Insect which is
Occasionally very Injurious to Fruit Trees,’ ‘** Vulgar Errors
among Gardeners respecting Insects being Destroyed by Cold,”
‘‘ Observations relative to Dr. Carn’s Discovery of the Circulation
of the Blood in Insects,’ ‘Remarks on Planting Trees and
Shrubs in Masses of the Species,’ and numerous others, printed
in the Gardeners’ Magazine, the Magazine of Natural History, the
Transactions of the Horticultural Society, &c. In 1811 the Rockingham
contained an able article from his pen on the ‘“ Pleasures and
Advantages to be Derived from the Establishment of a Botanical
Garden in Hull.”

In 1883 was published an interesting work, ‘‘ Extracts from the
Minutes of the Holderness Agricultural Society, from the forma-
tion of the Society in 1795 up to the Year 1850.”" From this we
find that Spence joined the Society on December 23rd, 1811. In
1814 he was its President, and he frequently attended its meetings.
and contributed to its proceedings. At the meeting held at the
Sun Inn, Hedon, on Monday, the 30th of March, 1812, Mr. Spence
produced three hundred copies of his essay on the disease called
‘* Fingers and Toes in Turnips,’’ and it was resolved that a copy
of the essay be sent to each member of the Society and to each
agricultural society in the kingdom. Mr. Spence had read this at
a previous meeting.

To the “ Life of the Rev. William .Kirby, M.A., F.R.S., &c.,
Rector of Barham,” by John Freeman, M.A., Spence contributed
the following interesting notes :—

**Our acquaintance began in this way. Chancing, one evening in August,
1805, when walking on the Humber bank, to meet my friend George Rodwell,
Esq., then a resident at Hull, he told me he was about to visit Barham in a few
days, and said if I had any insects to send to Mr. Kirby he should be happy to
convey them. This offer I gladly accepted, and prepared a box, which was
taken by Mr. Rodwell, along with the following letter :—

“*DRYPOOL, HULL, 26th August, 1805.

**S1r,—Your friend, Mr. Rodwell, knowing me to be a smatterer in that
branch of natural history to the advancement of which, in Britain, you have so
largely contributed, told me the other day that he was about to visit your
neighbourhood, and said he would be glad to convey to you any duplicates of
insects I might have, that I judged might possibly be new to you. I embraced
his offer with pleasure, and I have accordingly sent a few insects which I have
reason to think scarce, or not described in ‘ Entomologia Britannica.” . . .

BYGONE HULL NATURALISTS. 289

‘*In June, 1806, I accepted Mr. Kirby's pressing invitation to visit him
on my way from London to Hull, and spent ten delightful days with him at
Barham. Five or six of these were devoted to a minute examination together
of his Coleoptera, species by species, and I need not say what a fund of know-
ledge I derived from this inspection, accompanied by his comments, nor what
a large accession my collection received from his very liberal contribution of his
duplicates. Three or four days were given to an entomological excursion in
his gig, to visit the shores of the Orwell, where I found many insects new to
Mey ssh

“* Agreeably to Mr. Kirby's invitation I transferred myself to Barham in the
summer of 1809, and for several weeks we were hard at work laying the foun-
dations of our book, which conceiving to be the Letters on External Anatomy
and Orismology, it was to these we first directed our attentiog, and before I
left Barham we had drawn out a general sketch of the whole, founded on the
examination of Mr. Kirby’s insects, and discussions, often very long, as to the
propriety of various terms.” .. .

“We had found the various investigations required, so much more numerous
and difficult than we had calculated on, that at the time of our separation in
consequence of other engagements, we had not done anything towards the
preliminary and popular portion, not having even definitely fixed what par-
ticular letters each should take ; and though we had drawn up a provisional
table of all the anatomical and orismological terms which the science seemed
to demand, there were many of these still requiring further discussion before
they could be finally adopted. To these discussions the thirty-seven letters we
exchanged during the years 1809 and 1810 were mainly devoted. . . . We spared
no labour either of mind or pen to attain accurate notions on the subject.”

‘* At length, in the spring of 1815, the first edition of 750 copies of Vol. I. of
our book appeared—just in time to allow me to take one with me to show to
our entomological friends on the Continent, where I made a four months’ tour
after the battle of Waterloo. A second edition was called for the next year,
and a third in 1817, when also was published Volume II., of which a second
edition was required in 1818, and a third in 1822.

“ A sad interruption of our joint labours took place in 1819, in consequence
of my ill health, caused by severe headaches, gradually increasing, until at
last they were excited by the slightest effort of attention in reading or writing.
After struggling against them a year or more, and trying various remedies
recommended by medical advisers, I was obliged to give in, and, adopting Dr.
Baillie’s prescription of being ‘‘ for several years an idle man,” to lock up my
books and cabinets ; to put in order and send to my co-adjutor, whose grief
and disappointment were equal to my own, my large pile of unfinished MSS.
for my share of the work ; and to transfer myself and family from Yorkshire to
the more genial climate of Exmouth, where we resided several years.

‘During this period, though I took no active share in the completion of our
book, I gave suggestions on various points in the letters which we regularly
exchanged ; and one summer Mr. Kirby, accompanied by Mrs. Kirby, made
the journey from Barham to Exmouth, expressly to spend a few days with us—
I need not say how greatly to my delight.

“*Tn 1826, our concluding volumes (Vols. III. and IV.) appeared ; and in
this same year, as I found travelling always suit my health, which was still far
from being re-established, I removed with my family to the Continent.”

In 1833 he had settled in London after visits to Italy and
Switzerland, and he assisted in the formation of the Entomological
Society of London, of which Kirby and himself were the only °

290 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

two British honorary members. He was President of the Entomo-
logical Society in 1847-8. He was elected a Fellow of the Linnzan
Society in 1806, and of the Royal Society in 1834 (of which he later
became a vice-president), and served on the Council of both
Societies. The Linnzan Society possesses a portrait by J. J.
Masquerier, from which an engraving was made by W. Ruddon.
There is also a portrait in the offices of Messrs. Blundell, Spence,
& Co,, Hull.

He died at his residence, 18, Lower Seymour Street, London,
on the 6th January, 1860, aged seventy-seven.

Further references to Spence occur in the ‘“ Dictionary of
National Biography”’ and in the Proc. of the Entomological
Society, new series, V., 92; Proc. Royal Society, XI., p. 30;
Freeman’s ‘“ Life of Kirby,’ Chap. XV.,; and Gent. Mag., 1860,
Lb3i;

‘Doe

REMAINS OF GYRODUS FROM THE CORAL RAG
OF EAST, YORKSHIRE.

HAVE recently obtained from the well-known quarry at

North Grimston, a palate with teeth of a’species of Gyrodus.

In this genus the palatine and vomerine bones are united by
fine longitudinal rows of teeth. The largest teeth are in the
middle row, and are almost, but not quite, circular, each having a
depression and a papilla in the middle. The teeth of the outer
row are slightly pentagonal, and are highest on the outside—the
inside being almost level with the palate. Each tooth is provided
with two circular sets of papille—one within the other.

H. C. Drake.

OUR PAST-PRESIDENTS.

HIS year we present our members with photographs (Plate
XXIV.) of the Past-Presidents of the Club:—Messrs. J. F.
Robinson, J. Hollingworth, R. H. Philip, T. Audas, and

E. Lamplough. These gentlemen have done much towards
ensuring the present successful position of the Club; they are all
still prominent members, and it is to be hoped may long be spared
to be so.

NOTES ON DIATOMS IN 1906.
By R. H. Puimip.

HE most interesting gatherings made during the present
year are the following :—From brackish ditch, Green

Lane, Newland, Mastoglota danset Thw., and var.
elliptica Ag. ; from ditch at Saltend Common, near Hedon,
Melosira nummuloides Ag., at one end nearly pure, and from
the other end Melostra jurgensii Ag., almost equally pure ;

fn)
Come ull

Co’ ZT

7
1. Mastogloia dansei var. elliptica Ag. 4. Fragilaria.brevistriata Grun.
2. Navicula fontinalis Grun. 5. Synedra famelica Kutz.
3- Navicula bacilliformis Grun. 6. Navicula protracta Grun.

7. Pinnularia brevicostata Cl.

from pond in Boynton Woods, near Bridlington (Y.N.U.

excursion), five different species of Stauronezs, S. anceps,

S. acuta, S. Legumen, S. Phenicenteron, S. Smithit; from

stream falling into Little Thornwick Bay, Campylodiscus

Hibernicus Ehr., and Surtrella spiralis Kutz.; also very
291

292 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

unexpectedly in same stream, Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehr., a
marine species, apparently having been thrown up by the
foam of the waves, and becoming domiciled in the stream,
which, though well above high water mark, may have re-
ceived sufficient salt water from drifting foam to keep the
diatom alive. In Weedley Springs, in April, I found Pennu-
laria gracillima Greg, recorded by Norman, from Saltersgate,
as rare, also Pinnularta brevicostata Cleve., a new record for
this district. The following are also new, Synedra famelica
Kutz., and Fragilaria brevistriata Grun., from Sod House
Lock, Market Weighton canal. (The latter was also found
at Askern, on the occasion of the Y.N.U. excursion in July) ;
from ditch near Patrington, Mavicula protracta Grun., and
from River head, Driffield, Mavicula baciliiformis Grun., and
Navicula fontinalis Grun.

EAST YORKSHIRE FUNGI IN 1906.

HE total number of distinct species found in this district
was thirty-eight, including one new Yorkshire record,
viz., Hypholoma leucotephrum. This fungus was found

on the grassy roadside at Holmpton, near Withernsea, during
the month of October, 1905.

The fungus TZvricholma personatum was exceedingly
common during the whole season (September to March).

During the month of September 1905, large quantities
of the Myxomycete, Spumaria alba, were found on the grass,
mainly on the cliff tops, and the sand-dunes of Sand-le-mere.

From April to August 1906, very few species have been
found. During April I obtained permission to visit Drewton
Dale, and made a thorough search which resulted in finding
a few specimens of Hirneola Auricula-/ud@ (the Jews ear)
only.

Deane the month of June, in Skidby pits I found three
species only, all of them being small and on dead twigs.

The month of July was even worse, and at Hull Bank
and Hornsea Mere, one species only was found in each place,
both of them common.

During the month of August I searched the Hull Bank
end of Wild Cat Lane, with very poor results, finding one
species of fungus and one myxo., viz. Stemonztis fusca.—
ARTHUR R. WARNES.

EAST RIDING COLEOPTERA IN 1906.
By T. STAINFORTH.

HE past year has been somewhat productive of good
results. At least six new records can be placed on our
lists, and the known localities for many previously

recorded species have also been increased. It is all the more
pleasing that this work has been done for the most part on
the society’s official excursions, many of which the recorder
has been able to attend.

From a coleopterist’s point of view, the most successful
excursion held was at Flamborough, under the auspices
of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. Inclusive of all the
commoner beetles, between 100 to 120 species were here
obtained, the more obscure of which have not yet been
identified. The most interesting species found were Dys-
chirius thoracicus, Rossi.; Amara fulva, Dej., Aleochara
nitida,* Grav.; Cafius xantholoma, Grav. (extremely common
in rotting seaweed) ; Zpurea estiva,* L.; Rhagonycha lim-
bata;* and Ceuthorrynchus assimilis;* and in addition to
these, a list sent by Mr. M. L. Thompson, supplies Tropz-
phorus tomentosus.

On the Figham Common excursion, on June gth, Mr.
H. C. Drake obtained from the Barmston drain a specimen
of Brychius elevatus, a species for the occurrence of which
we had previously been content with an unconfirmed though
trustworthy record. On the excursion to Driffield the
following week, the recorder obtained another specimen
from the river Hull, together with Platambus maculatus
(previously recorded for Sutton drain only) in abundance.
The banks of Sutton drain supplied a new record in Bem-
bidium flammulatum,* which occurred on the mud in some
numbers. On the Skipwith Common excursion, on Sep-
tember 1st, were obtained Bembzdium lunatum and Tachypus
jiavipes (on the banks of the Ouse), Notiophilus palustris,
and the larva of the Tiger Beetle, Czczndela campestris.
Numerous borings from which larve were obtained, proved
the occurrence of this beetle, which does not appear to have
been previously recorded for this locality, although its pre-
sence there has doubtless been known. Mr. W. Ward
informs me that his father used to obtain the Tiger Beetle
on the sandy tract at Snake Hall near North Cave.

* New records.
293

294 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Weedley Springs, near South Cave Station, yielded an inte-
resting species in Chrysomela marginalis, Duft., identified by
Mr. M. L. Thompson, hitherto unrecorded for the East Riding.

In this report it may not be out of place to mention that
a cabinet in the Hull museum is to be devoted to a type
collection of British coleoptera. This has been labelled
throughout with a complete list of the British species, of
which, as many as possible have been correctly identified
and inserted, but there are naturally many blanks, to fill up
which we hope to have the assistance of the entomological
members of our society. As far as possible the specimens
are localised, but in the case of certain rare species which
were found in an old museum collection, this, unfortunately,
has been impossible. Here is work in which entomological
friends could assist, by picking up specimens when on their
holidays in various parts of the country. Mr. J. Porter and
G. Mason have already assisted in this direction with speci-
mens from Market Rasen, including Saperda populnea,
Phytodecta viminalis, Adimonia Tanacelt, and Attelabus
curcultonoides.

BRITISH EGGS OF PALLAS’ SAND GROUSE.

HE erratic invasion or irruption of the Pallas Sand
Grouse (Syrrhaptes Paradoxus) in Europe has, at
various times, given rise to much comment amongst

ornithologists and the public generally.

It is regarded as a very singular and exceptional move-
ment, and although almost every county in Britain can
include this Eastern bird as a visitor, only one or two have
the distinction of claiming it as a breeding species; and
to Yorkshire alone falls the honour of producing the only
British eggs known to science. These consist of two clutches,
each a pair, the normal number, both taken on the high wolds
west of Beverley, one on June 15th and the other on July 5th,
1888. The specimens, here figured, were obtainad by the late
Mr. Johnson Swailes, and were at the time submitted to
Professor Newton, who mentions them in his ‘‘ Dictionary of
Birds,” p. 808.

These two instances, and the finding of a young bird in the
down by a gamekeeper in Morayshire, are the only instances
we have of the Pallas Sand Grouse breeding in Britain.

These unique specimens fortunately still remain in the East
Riding of Yorkshire, in the collection of Mr. T. Audas, who has
kindly allowed them to be figured herewith (Plate XX XII.)—
TS:

BRITISH EGGS OF PALLAS’ SAND GRowSE. (Actual Size.)

PLATE XXXII.

4
4
’

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROVINCIAL
MUSEUMS AND LOCAL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES.

By T. SHEPPARD, F.G.S.

(Being the Presidential Address, delivered at a Conversasione
held at the Museum, Hull, on October 17th, 1906).

HE fact that your President for this year is at the
same time Curator of our local Museum, makes the
opportunity particularly appropriate for considering

the relationship which exists between the museum and the
local scientific societies.

In visiting various institutions throughout the country, it
is found that in all towns the connection between the museum
and the scientific societies is not so close as obtains in our
own city. In some places the museum is maintained entirely
at the expense of the local societies. In these instances the
enthusiasm on the part of the various workers in the interests
of the museum is not commensurate with the income which
the societies possess, or with the amounts they are able to
place at the disposal of the museum. The charge for ad-
mission, which is generally made by these institutions, has
its serious drawbacks.

Semi-private museums of this character also suffer from
a further disadvantage. It is found, as the result of ex-
perience, that ladies and gentlemen are not so much inclined
to present specimens to a museum which is not absolutely
public property, as they are to an institution which has the
guarantee of existence for all time, such as is possessed by a
municipal museum. I have in mind at the moment two or
three admirable institutions in the North of England which
contain most valuable specimens, but which are not able to
display them as they should be displayed on account of
lack of funds; and they also occasionally miss valuable
collections merely from the fact that they have no guarantee
of permanency.

In other museums that might be mentioned one finds
that there exists a sort of superior feeling on the part of the
officials, who ignore the work, and court not the help, of the
local societies. In such cases there is no doubt that both the

295 Y

296 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

societies and the museums suffer, though probably the
museums are the greater losers.

Without wishing in any way to pose as a model to other
institutions, I think we can claim in Hull that the greatest
harmony exists between the local societies and the museum,
to the advantage of both. Perhaps it is not too much to say
that were it not for the fact that the local scientific societies
took an active interest in the public museum at a time when,
possibly for ulterior motives, it was suggested that the
collections in the Literary and Philosophical Society’s
possession should be handed over to the town, the Municipal
Museum at Hull in its present form might never have existed
at all. The club over which I have now the honour of pre-
siding, with the help of the Hull Geological Society, waited
upon the Technical Instruction Committee when the matter
was being considered, and unquestionably the claims then
put forward by the deputation from these two societies,
which attended at the Town Hall, carried some weight with
the Committee in their decision. From the time when the
museum became public property the most cordial relations
have existed between it and the local societies, and it is
to be hoped that these may continue. Whilst others have
materially assisted the museum in its work, it can be fairly
claimed that our own club has taken the lead in the help that
has been given. Through its relationship, members of this
club have considerably added to the value of our natural
history objects, particularly as regards the /oca/ specimens,
which we are endeavouring to make a strong feature in our
collections. Through the forethought of our late lamented
member, Charles Russell, we are able to display in our
natural history galleries an almost complete series of British
lepidoptera: a most valuable acquisition which was sorely
needed to replace the incomplete, faded, and generally
delapidated specimens previously existing. The collections
of Swiss and South African butterflies left to us by Mr.
Russell, as well as the exotic coleoptera, have also been most
useful. The arrangement and exhibition of the butterflies in
this museum was largely carried out by our member, Mr.
John Porter, and Mr. H. E. Johnson assisted here in a
similar way with the Coleoptera. Our friend and foundation
member, Mr. J. W. Boult (recently eulogised in our annual
volume of Transactions by the club’s biographer, Mr.
Robinson), has helped us, particularly as regards the Coleop-
tera. The East Riding type collection of these insects,
representing the identical specimens recorded in the various

PROVINCIAL MUSEUMS AND LOCAL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 207

lists printed in our Transactions, are kept together in the
natural history gallery, and are being added to by Messrs.
Stainforth and Drake. In this way the Transactions form a
sort of catalogue of the specimens in our gallery, and at the
same time the museum possesses the material for verifying
the records published in our annual reports.

Amongst the Mollusca, our member, Mr. T. Petch, who
is now occupying an important position in Ceylon, has
handed over to us his excellent series of land and fresh
water shells, mostly collected in the district, amongst which
special attention should be drawn to the semi-fossil mollusca
from the ancient meres of Holderness.

Our present very excellent show of birds’ eggs is largely
due to the specimens presented by our Past President, Mr.
T. Audas, and Vice-President, Mr. E. W. Wade. Largely
through the efforts of the former also we received the
valuable collection of eggs formed by the late Johnston
Swailes, of Beverley, consisting almost entirely of locally
gathered specimens. Our aquarium is kept replenished by
the efforts of another of our members, Mr. A. J. Moore.

The geological gallery has recently been considerably
increased in value by the addition of numerous specimens,
handed over by our recorder for palaeontology, Mr. H.C
Drake, to whom we are also indebted for the assistance he
has given and is giving in the matter of classification and
labelling of the specimens.

Others of our members have also added to the value of
the local geological gallery by presenting specimens of *
exceptional interest. ;

Amongst the antiquities the specimens we possess relating
to the interesting Anglo-Saxon period, which are very
complete for a local museum, are due to the efforts of Dr. J.
W. Wilson, of South Cave, a prominent member of our club,
and one to whom we are in many ways indebted.

The show of wild flowers which is such a feature in our
museum during the summer months owes its very existence
to Messrs. Brumby, Robinson, and Waterfall, and Miss
Jackson, and other members of our society.

From the preceding remarks I trust it has been shown
that the museum is greatly indebted to the members of the
Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club, collectively and
individually, and in return our museum endeavours to show
its gratitude in a practical way. I am hoping that the
museum’s indebtedness to the club may be still further
increased at no very distant date by receiving at the hands

298 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

of our past president, Mr. J. Fraser Robinson, his col-
lection of local plants, as enumerated in the ‘‘Flora of the
East Riding.”

To our colleagues, the members of the Hull Geological

Society, the museum is also considerably indebted. Through
the efforts of that society it obtained some little time ago a
very fine collection of geological specimens from Leicester-
shire which are of value in our general series. Through Mr.
J. W. Stather we had presented to us by Mr. C. G. Danford,
of Reighton, a unique series of belemnites (including some
hitherto undescribed specimens) and a general collection from
the Neocomian Clay, as well as a nearly complete skeleton of
Ichthyosaurus thyreospondylus, a new record for Yorkshire
from the Kimeridge clay of Speeton. Mr. Stather used his
influence in assisting the museum to secure the Lether
collection of Oolitic gasteropods, &c., which we are able to
show for the first time to-night. With this collection our
local geological series is nearing completion, and Mr. Stather
has kindly promised to further assist us by filling in the
gaps. In addition to the preceding we have received
assistance from the members of the Hull Geological Society
generally. Largely through its secretary the British Asso-
ciation is undertaking excavations in different parts of the
district; and from a deposit near Kirmington an excellent
series of fossil plant seeds was obtained, and after being
identified by Mr. Clement Reid, F.R.S., was handed over to
our collection. The same committee has more recently
-undertaken some excavations from which some valuable
mammalian specimens have been obtained. These are at
the present moment within the walls of this building, and it
is possible, at any rate, that they may remain here.

Another local society of some importance, namely, the
East Riding Antiquarian Society, has undertaken some
excavations in the district. _ When this society was founded
some years ago one of its objects was to form a permanent
East Riding Museum for the reception of its collection, and
for East Yorkshire antiquities generally. Since the formation
of the society, however, the Hull Municipal Museum has
come into existence, and from the fact that it is now a
permanent institution, and has also made a strong feature of
local antiquities, the East Riding Antiquarian Society passed
a resolution two years ago adopting the Hull Museum as a
home for its collections, and in this way we have the further
co-operation of an influential society. It was through the
influence of this society, and particularly its member, the

PROVINCIAL MUSEUMS AND LOCAL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 299

Rev. C. V. Collier, F.S.A., that we became the possessor of
the Roman pavement from Harpham, and the various
antiquities found on its site. These were presented by Mr.
W. H. St. Quintin, J.P.

A county society, the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, has
its headquarters now in Hull, and it has contributed indirectly
its share to the value of the municipal collections. It was at
the annual conversazione of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union
held in this museum four years ago that Mr. N. F. Dobrée,
F.E.S., of Beverley, a member of the Union as well as of
our society, intimated his intention of handing over his
unrivalled series of European Noctuae which is on exhibition
this evening. This collection has proved most useful to
entomologists, and is frequently consulted. Another member
of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, Mr. R. H. Barker, of
Scarborough, who noticed our lack of land and fresh water
mollusca, has added very considerably to our collection of
those objects, and where his own specimens did not enable
him to fill up our gaps, he has induced others to assist us.
Still another member, Rev. F. H. Woods, B.D., has recently
come to our assistance in endeavouring to make our collection
of marine shells more complete, and with his help and that
of the chief engineer of the s.s. Huxley, the fisheries investi-
gation steamer employed by the Marine Biological Association,
it is hoped that our section devoted to marine zoology may
be made more representative and worthy of this seaport.

In addition to the societies already enumerated, there are
others such as the East Riding Nature Study Association,
all of which are working directly or indirectly in the interests
of this museum.

Having regard to the number of valuable specimens
enumerated in these notes which have been added to our
permanent collection as a result of the association of this
museum with the various local societies ; also having regard
to the fact that numerous other specimens have been added
in recent years in other ways; and bearing in mind that the
museum was already full to overcrowding when first taken
over from the Literary and Philosophical Society by the
Corporation, it is only natural that we are somewhat em-
barrassed by the lack of exhibition space. However, I have
every hope that in the near future the accommodation available
for the proper display of specimens may be considerably
increased ; and when that occurs we shall have a much
better opportunity of exhibiting and classifying our specimens
than is now possible, though it will be conceded that the

300 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

present arrangement is somewhat an improvement upon that
existing say six yearsago. When this further accommodation
is added I am hoping that it will be possible to set a small
room apart with a table and a case of reference books, which
students can consult in identifying their specimens, &c.; and
in other ways I am hoping that our museum may be brought
into line with the more advanced museums in other parts of
the country.

From the preceding remarks I trust it has been shown
that in Hull at any rate it is found that by working together
both the local societies and the museum certainly benefit. I
am quite prepared to admit that the museum has by far the
best part of the bargain, but it is perhaps as well even to
make this clear, as one hears sometimes doubts expressed in
certain quarters as to the desirability from the ratepayers’
point of view of the museum and the local societies being so
intimate. I think my remarks have shown, though it was
surely not necessary to an audience such as this, that our
mutual good relationship results in the ratepayers benefitting
considerably, and what is perhaps even of more importance,
the educational value of the museum is exceedingly enhanced.

EAST YORKSHIRE BOTANICAL NOTES IN 1906.
By J. FRASER ROBINSON.

HE past year, so far as the meteorological conditions
are concerned, has been very favourable to botanical
pursuits, and again steady, if not very brilliant work

has been done. On all the Club’s excursions, the botanical
section has been represented, the localities visited being
chiefly old and former haunts. So it comes that little in
the way of ‘‘new to the flora” can be said of the discoveries.

One plant is almost a new record for the East Riding
of Yorkshire, and it is certainly the first record for Holder-
ness or the river Hull district. This is Cardamine amara,
first found by Mr. G. R. Cook, at the Figham Excursion in
May or June last, and reported to us by Mr. Waterfall.
This proves a welcome addition to our local plant list, for it
will probably help more than anything else to clear up the
identity of the unusual form of cardamine hybrid, found near
‘‘Gibraltar” farm some years ago. It seems most likely
that as both parents, viz. C. amara and C. pratensis are

EAST YORKSHIRE BOTANICAL NOTES IN 1906, 301

found near the River Hull, this strange plant is a hybrid
between them. For other plants, although very significant
and instructive, one can only claim new stations, and perhaps
the best of these is Astragalus danicus which was found at
the Driffield excursion on 16th June, growing on the canal
banks. Mr. R. H. Philip was the first to note the plant east
of the Wolds, viz. at Brandesburton (Coneygarth). Since
then one of your recorders discovered it on the roadside
gravelly hillocks between the Sykes Monument and the
village of Garton-on-the-Wolds.

Yet another locality for the Bee Orchis has been added to
our list by the secretary, Mr. T. Stainforth. This is not far
from the western-most extension of our Hull Docks and on
the Humber bank !

The Autumn Crocus was this year not only known at
South Dalton, but also by the River Ouse near Barlby,
where also grew great quantities of Pimpinella magna and
Campanula glomerata, together with a few spikes of C.
latifolia.

The plants at Skipwith were the usual ones—and deserve
mentioning, for the time may arrive and at no distant date,
when all will have vanished before the plough. Aypericum
elodes, Drosera rotundifolia, Rhamnus Catharticus (in red
and black berries), Salix argentea, Stellaria palustris, and
Gentiana Pneumonanthe. The sight of the last as it ex-
panded its deep blue Campanulate corollce in the brilliant sun-
shine of September 1906, and, dotted as it was in profusion
amongst the grass and heather, over acres of the Skipwith
Common, was a sight such as one gazes very seldom upon,
even in a life time, and which, once seen can never be
forgotten.

One of our corresponding members, Miss Piercy of Tib-
thorpe, on the Wolds, sent for our inspection, plants of
Pyrola minor, which she had found in a wood last July,
not far from. her residence. Previously this plant was
known in very few localities in the East Riding of Yorkshire.

Aira preecox, a tiny grass, was first seen on our coast
at Flamborough Head, at the excursion of the Y.N.U. on
Whitsuntide last.

The Sedge, Carex remota, not at all common in our vice
county, was found growing in two or three very big and
graceful tufts in Beverley Long Lane, in the beginning of

une.
Mr. Philip and the writer had a most wonderful vision
of floral profusion in Carey Chalk pit on 18th August 1906.

302 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

As late as 15th September, an interesting time was spent
on Sutton drain, studying the fruits of aquatic plants like
the yellow water-lily, bur-reed, and arrow head, etc., par-
ticularly as regards the dispersal of their seeds.

It is a pleasure to report that such a rarity as Lathyrus
palustris flowered well during the past season.

One plant is quite a new record for the East Riding,
namely, Cnzcus acaulis, the dwarf thistle, which was dis-
covered two years ago near Beverley, and first announced
to the Club by Mr. Cox, of Willerby, at a meeting held in
November.

THE COMMITTEE’S REPORT ON THE WORK OF
THE CLUB DURING 1905-6.

LTHOUGH the past year has not been marked by
any great increase in membership, it is nevertheless
pleasing to the Committee to be able to report that

the 1905-6 session shows no decrease in enthusiasm for
natural history, and can be written down in the Club’s annals
as a satisfactory one. A feature of the meetings, both out-
door and indoor, has been that feeling of fellowship which in
a society of our kind is so necessary a qualification for
success.

Transactions of the Club.—Transactions, Vol. III., Part 3
(for the year 1905), has been issued to the members since
our last Annual Meeting, and met with very favourable
reviews from the scientific and ordinary Press. Owing to
the general character of its contents, probably no part of
our annual publications has appealed to a greater circle of
readers than this one. Its contents, exclusively of local
interest, are as follows :—

‘* Natural Aspects of Hull and District,” by J.. Fraser Robinson.

‘* The Mycetozoa of the East Riding,” by T. Petch, B.A., B.Sc.

‘The Hull Museum and Education,” by T. Sheppard, F.G.S.

** Notes on Local Diatoms for 1904-5" (Plate), by R. H. Philip.

“In Memory of Thomas Blashill, F.Z.S., F.R.I.B.A.” (Plate), by
T. Sheppard, F.G.S.

**Notes on the Reclaimed Land of the Humber District,’ by T.
Petch, B.A., B.Sc.

The Committee’s Report on the Work of the Club during 1904-5.

‘““Mr. James W. Boult, Stonemason and Entomologist” (Plate),
by J. Fraser Robinson.

THE COMMITTEE’S REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE CLUB. 303,

And short notes :—

‘*East Riding Botanical Notes,” by J. Fraser Robinson and C.
Waterfall.

** Hull Naturalists "’ (Plate).

**Notes on East Riding Coleoptera in 1905,” by T. Stainforth.

The volume was illustrated by four plates.

The Club still possesses a small stock of its various
publications :—Wade’s ‘‘ Birds of Bempton Cliffs,’ Mills and
Philip’s ‘‘ Diatoms of the Hull District,” and Blashill’s
‘‘History of East Hull,” from which, together with the
Transactions, a steady income is derived.

Natural History papers written by our members, but
published apart from the Transactions, are :—

*‘A Foray for Fungi,” by R. H. Philip, which appeared in the
Yorkshire Weekly Post for Oct. 31st, 1905.

‘‘Natural History as a Hobby,” by Thomas Sheppard, F.G.S.,
in “‘ Institute Notes,” 1905.
‘** Notes on the Geology of South Ferriby,” by T. Sheppard, F.G.S.,
in the ‘*‘ Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union Transactions,” 1905.
List of Papers, Maps, &c., relating to the Erosion of the Holderness
Coast and to changes in the Humber Estuary, compiled by T.
Sheppard, F.G.S., which appeared in the ‘‘ Transactions of the
Hull Geological Society,” Vol. VI., part 1 (1906).

**Oor Natherilist Club,” by Mr. J. Nicholson, in the Yorkshire
Weekly Post for August 18th, 1906.

Lectures.—Since the last Annual Meeting three syllabuses
have been issued: One for the winter session, Oct. 4th,
1905, to March 28th, 1906; and two summer syllabuses of
lectures and excursions from April 4th to June 30th, 1906,
and July 7th to Sept. 29th, 1906, respectively. During the
year indoor meetings have been held as follows :—

Oct. 11—‘‘ Eclipses " (illustrated by an orrery), Mr. A. Somerscales.
», 25—‘‘Glaciers” (lantern), Dr. J. Hollingworth, M.R.C.S.
Nov. 8—‘‘ Methods of Preserving Plants and Flowers,” Rev. F. H.
Woods, B.D., of Bainton.
5, 22—‘‘Life History of Molluscs,” Mr. T. E. Dobbs.
Dec. 6—‘‘ Some Plant Diseases,” Mr. A. R. Warnes, M.S.C.I.
», 20—‘* The Fall of the Leaf,” Mr. H. Knight.
Jan. 10—‘‘ The Modern Microscope,” Mr. H. M. Foster.
» 24—‘* The Life of Hugh Miller,” Mr. E. Lamplough.
Feb. 7-—Conversational evening.
s, 21—‘* Ornithological Rambles in Holland” (lantern), Mr. E. W.
Wade.
Mch. 7—Conversational evening.
»» 21—‘* Modern Views of Evolution,” Dr. E. Turton, B.Sc.
April 4—‘‘The Romans in North Lincolnshire” (lantern), Mr. T.
Sheppard, F.G.S.
», 18—‘* Natural History of Scarborough” (Members).
May 2—‘ Flint Jack,” Mr. F. Lamplough.
s3 16—‘* Some Rare and Interesting Yorkshire Plants,” Mr. J. F.
Robinson.

304 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

May 30—‘‘ Brachiopods,” Mr. H. C. Drake.
June 13—“ Natural History of Flamborough ” (Members).
s, 27—‘*Some Insect Studies,” Mr. H. M. Foster.
July 11—‘* Plants Found on the North Bull, Ireland,” Mr. C.
Waterfall.
ie Hymenoptera of the East Riding,” Mr. W. D. Roebuck,
F.L.S. ”
| ‘* Oor Natherilist Club,” Mr. J. Nicholson, F.R.H.S.
Aug. 8—‘‘ Entomological Ramblings,” Mr. T. Stainforth.
»» 22—‘* Holiday Reports and Exhibition of Specimens ” (Members).
Sep. 5—‘‘ Nitrogen and Nature,’”’ Mr. H. E. Johnson.
3, 19—Annual Meeting.

” 25-=

Most of the lectures were illustrated by either lantern slides,
diagrams, or specimens.

During the winter months (October to March) the
alternate Wednesday nights were devoted to a series of
demonstrations or lecturettes on practical microscopy, cer-
tain members being responsible for the subject of each even-
ing. The following subjects were dealt with :—‘‘ Mounting
of Alge,” ‘Culture and Preparation of Bacteria,” ‘‘ Dry
Mounting of Fungi and Measurement,” ‘‘ Mounting of
Lichens, Liverworts, and Mosses,” ‘*‘ Dry Mounting Whole
of Vegetable Structure, Seeds, Pollen, &c.,” ‘‘ Preparing
Specimens of Internal Vegetable Structures (Bleaching and
Staining),” ‘‘ Mounting of Foraminifera, Polycystina, and
Sponges,” ‘‘ Dissection and Mounting of Insects and
Spiders,” ‘‘ Stained Sections and Injections of Vertebrate
Structures,” ‘‘ Micro-Zoology and Mineralogy : Sections of
Rocks and Fossils,’’ and ‘‘ Crystallization.”

The meeting on Oct. 14th was devoted to the Recorders’
Reports on the past year’s work, and on Feb. 14th to an
exhibition of Botanical Lantern Slides by Mr. J. F.
Robinson.

The average attendance at the indoor meetings has been
twenty-eight during the winter months and twenty-three
during the summer months.

Excursions.—During the summer months the following
excursions were held :—April 7th, Kelsey Hill; April 13th
(Friday), South Cave; April 16th (Monday), Scarborough
(with the Hull Geological Society); April 21st, Hedon and
Saltend Common; April 28th, Mill Dam, Cottingham ; May
5th, Bentley and Risby; May 12th, week-end excursion of
the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union to Ingleton; May rgth,
Barton and South Ferriby; May 26th, Sutton and Swine;
June 2nd to Whit-Monday, June 4th, excursion of the
Y.N.U. to Flamborough; June 6th, Figham Common,

ne el

ish Seow

Se

Ps 26,5 oe.

THE COMMITTEE'S REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE CLUB. 305

Beverley; June 16th, Driffield; June 23rd, Goole Moor ;
June 30th, East Halton (excursion of the Y.N.U. to Fewston
for Washburn Valley); July 7th, Beverley Parks ; July 14th,
Bainton, with the East Riding Nature Study Association ;
July 21st, Hornsea Mere; July 28th, Broomfleet ; Aug. 4th,
Leven; Aug. 6th (Monday, Bank Holiday). Scarborough ;
Aug. 11th, Kelsey Hill; Aug. 18th, Haltemprice Lane,
Willerby Lane, and Carey Pits (week-end excursion of the
Y.N.U. to Guisborough); Sept. rst, Skipwith Common ;
Sept. 8th, Withernsea for Sand-le-mere ; Sept. 15th, Sutton
Drain; Sept. 22nd, Marfleet; Sept. 22nd to 26th, Y.N.U.
Fungus Foray at Farnley Tyas, near Huddersfield; Sept.
29th, River Hull. ;

To Miss Bainton, of Beverley Parks; Mr. Dry, of Drif-
field; and to the Rev. F. H. Woods, of Bainton, the thanks
of the Society are due for their kind entertainment of our
members on the excursions to their respective districts.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union has held excursions at
Ingleton, Flamborough, Harrogate, Askern, Goathland (in
connection with the British Association), Guisborough, and
Farnley Tyas, near Huddersfield, at each of which our Society
has been represented. The Flamborough excursion was
perhaps the most successful of the Union’s excursions, and
upon this our Society may fairly congratulate itself. A full
account of this appeared in the ‘‘ Naturalist” for July and
August, 1906.

Photograph Albums. — The Club’s photograph albums
contain a valuable record of our excursions, etc. In addition
to photographs of local natural history objects are photo-
graphs of the various places visited on our excursions, as
well as groups of the members attending. Every praise is
due to our recorder of the Photographic Section, Mr. C. W.
Mason for the careful way in which the album is kept. Our
thanks are also due to those members who have supplied prints.
As years go on these albums will become increasingly valu-
able, as they contain records of cliff and quarry sections and
of some favourite natural history hunting grounds which are
continually changing.

British Association.—The Hon. Sec. (Mr. Sheppard)
represented the Club at the conference of delegates from the
corresponding societies, two meetings of which were held in
connection with the York meeting of the British Association.
Various matters were discussed, the principal items being
(2) the question of the meteorological stations distributed

306 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

throughout the country, when a complaint was made of the
scarcity of observing stations in the north-east and south-east
of Yorkshire. This discussion was introduced by Dr. H. R.
Mill. (6) The question of the formation of a Natural
History Photographic Survey for the collection and registra-
tion of photographs dealing with the various branches of
natural science. A small committee was appointed to con-
sider the matter, the Secretary of the Hull society being one
of the members.

Membership.—The membership now stands at 146. The
following members have been elected during the year :—
Messrs. R. J. Fretwell, G. W. Griffiths, of Hornsea, W.
Haskew, and W. Runton.

Committee Meetings.—During the year three Committee
Meetings have been held:—June 13th, June 26th, and
August 29th respectively.

Finance.—The finances of the Society are in a satisfactory
condition.

The following is a list of the identified exhibits at the
indoor meetings during the year, and apart trom those used
by the lecturers :-—

MOLLUSCA:
Terebratulina septentrionalis, dredged off Iceland.

Tapes pullastra, Scarborough.
Trochus cinerarius var. perforans, Scarborough.

Unio tumidus, Sutton Bridge,
», pictorum, » ”
Anadonta anatina, An 38
Spherium corneum, ce an
Bythinia tentaculata, ay a
Limnaea peregra, ” ”
Be auricularia, 5 aa
af stagnalis ,, and exceptionally large ex-

”
amples from Hornsea Mere.
Planorbis corneus, Sutton Drain.

LEPIDOPTERA :
Anthocaris cardamines (Orange Tip), living larvae and pupe and
preserved imagines.
Chortobius davus (Marsh Ringlet), Goole Moor.
Lycena saimacis (Castle Eden Argus), Castle Eden.
Acherontia atropos (Death's Head Hawk), living, crippled.
Macroglossa fuciformis (Narrow Bordered Bee Hawk), imago and
living larvze, Market Rasen.
Bombyx: quercus, var. callune (Northern Oak Eggar), preserved
larvze, Goole Moor.
3 rubt (Fox Moth), Goole Moor.
Odonestis potatoria (Drinker Moth), Goole Moor.

.« aah ear +h belo,

an ee ee

THE COMMITEEE’S REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE CLUB. 307

Chariclea umbra, dark variety, Hymers College grounds, Hull.
EP light variety, St. Annes, Lincs.
Trachea piniperda, larvze, Market Rasen.
Anarta myrtilli, Goole Moor.
Scodiona belgiaria, Goole Moor.
Oporabia autumnaria, dark variety, Spring Bank West, Hull.
Hybernia marginaria, series showing a tendency to melanism,
Hymers College grounds, Hull.
Ephestia kuhnielia, Flour Mills, Hull.
COLEOPTERA :
Cicindela campestris (larve), Filey Brig.
Notiophilus palustris, Scarborough.
Bembidium biguttatum, Croxby, Lincs.

An articulatum, 35 Ap
7s quadrigutta tum, ae 5
a0 varium,

lunatum, River Humber bank, Hull.
Ba dicher bipustulatus, 5
Spheridium bipustulatum, var. marginatum, : Scarborough.
Saperda carcharias, Norfolk.
o populnea, Market Rasen.

PSEUDOSCORPION :
Obistum muscorum, Scarborough.

PHANEROGAMIA :
Cardamine amara, Figham Common.
Hypericum elodes, Skipwith Common.
Malva moschata, white variety, Stainton Dale.
Rhamnus catharticus, near Barlby.
Astragalus danicus, Banks of River Hull near Driffield.
Drosera rotundifolia, Skipwith Common.
Pimpinella major, Banks of the Ouse, Barlby.
Filago germanica, Beverley Parks.
Petasites albus, Snuff Mill Lane, Cottingham.
Senecio erucifolius, Banks of the Ouse, Barlby.
Campanula glomerata ,, 38
Primula acaulis, retrograde form, with leaeiiee calyces.
Gentiana Pneumonanthe, Skipwith Common.
Pinguicula vulgaris, Flamborough.
Salicornia herbacea, in fruit, Saltend Common.
Ulmus surculosa, corky, var.. suberosa.
Colchicum autumnale, Banks of River Ouse near Goole.
Proliferous form of the Marigold (Hen and Chickens).

FUNGI:
Hypholoma leucotephrum, Holmpton, near Withernsea.

GEOLOGY (Fossils) :
Ammonites bucklandi, boulder-clay, Withernsea.
Fruit of Carpolithes conicus, Malton.
Marsupites testudinarius, Sewerby.
Belemnites abbreviatus, Corallian, North Grimston.

“ jaculum, Speeton clay, Speeton.
Pseudodiadema hemtsphericum. Corallian, North Grimston.
Hemicidaris intermedia, rH i 3
Terebratula insignis, iS, An 3

Pleurotomaria reticulata Bp AE Hp

308 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

HTolaster sp (?), Middle chalk, Barton.
Ammonites bratkenridgiz, Scarborough limestone.

Myacites calceiformis, Cornbrash, Scarborough.
Homomya crasstuscula, a se
Echinobrissus clunicularis, na $5

aH orbicularis, Be ee
Ammonites macrocephalus, ah 93

Phymatella reticulata, upper chalk, Burdale.

Verruculina milliaris, upper chalk, Sewerby.
convoluta.

Scytalia radiciformts.

Seliscothon planus.

Pachnincon scriptum.

(Minerals) :—
Lead ore, Darley Dale.
Blende, Castleton.
Bluejohn, _,,
Malachite
Limestone rock formations, Fulwell Quarries.

PHOTOGRAPHS. ETC.
Photograph of Egg Collectors at work at Bempton.
- », Nest of the Meadow Pipit.
AG eae te an Wheatear.
” ” ” ” Snipe.
= rout.
23 », The Beverley Parks Excursion Party.
», a patch of Valeriana sambucifolia, Beverley Parks.
Plan of a Neolithic Settlement on the South Wolds.
Number of drawings and water-colours of local views Ly the
Lowther family.

To increase the scope of usefulness of the Society, and
to bring the advantages derived from membership and
attendance at its meetings before the notice of those whose
sympathies lie with natural history and scientific research, it
was decided at the Committee Meeting held on Sept. 12th,
1906, to issue the following circular :—

HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.
(Meeting Place—Room No. 29, Young People’s Institute.).

DEAR SIR,

The Committee of the Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club
to yourself and to all members past and present, as well as to many
who take delight in the search, study, or beauty of Nature, send this
greeting.

It is now upwards of a quarter-of-a-century since the combined
Society above mentioned came into existence, and it is a pleasure to put
on record that its progress and success have been both marked and
continuous. The indoor meetings (fortnightly during one half, and
weekly during the other half of the year), with the years, have become
increasingly interesting, instructive, and useful. Weekly rambles during
the favourable season into the country around have been no less

asain

THE COMMITTEE’S REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE CLUB. 3°09

successful and profitable. In every way, physical and mental relaxa-
tion, health, pleasant instruction and, not least, fraternal camaraderie
have accrued in a remarkable degree.

Still it is felt that the spirit of advancement, characteristic of the

age, could have even larger growth and development in our own case ;
and it is on this account that the Committee would make its respectful
and urgent appeal to you, not for increased subscription but for your
continued attendance and interest in all the meetings.
'. The above already will have suggested reasons why this appeal is
made, but if others be required it may be pointed out that, notwith-
standing our much observation, recording, and demonstration in the
past, we have scarcely yet ascended the first step of the flight leading
up to the great Temple of Knowledge. To ascend the steps in our way
is as reasonable and profitable a mode of occupation for our leisure time
as any that others find, including athletics, literature, music, etc. . . .
Never an excursion is made into the field but new facts of plant, insect,
bird or human life history are observed, and yet a hundred-fold more
remains to be learned. We desire your fuller and heartier co-operation
to this end.

Microscopes—many of them excellent instruments—we have in plenty,
but have we as many microscopists ? Or have we got full value for the
money spent on the instruments? What a mine of treasure, then,
awaits our search on demonstration nights.

To whet your interest, if it require whetting, kindly peruse the
enclosed syllabus, and you will agree with us that it is worthy of your
special attention.

Then, too, and lastly, you will doubtless wish to rally round our
President-Elect—Mr. T. Sheppard, F.G.S., the able and distinguished
Curator of the Hull Municipal Museum, who is in every sense a growth,
one might say, an efflorescence of our Club. He came amongst us asa
boy, and has graduated through our most important offices, has most
ably conducted our publication enterprise which made us a corresponding
society of the British Association, and now he approaches the chair of
our beloved institution. Kindly do us the favour and honour of your
esteemed attendance regularly, and we remain and shall continue,

Yours most fraternally,
On behalf of the Committee,

EDWARD LAMPLOUGH, President.
J. Fraser Rosinson, Past President.

The Museum.—We have again to thank the Corporation
for the great use that the Museum has proved to members of
the Club, who are amongst its frequent visitors, and whose
voluntary efforts to supply exhibits in the shape of fresh wild
plants, fossils, &c., have been adequately recognised by the
Curator’s display and helpful labelling. The complete
enjoyment of the excellent institution in Albion Street is,
however, somewhat spoilt by defective ventilation, for a
stuffy odour in the main room is not exhausted as it ought to
be. We should also like to congratulate the Museums’
Committee on the additional Museum it has recently opened
to the public at Wilberforce House.

310 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB.

Officers. —The officers for the year have been the following :
President, E. Lamplough; Past-President, J. F. Robinson ;
Vice-Presidents, T. Audas, L.D.S., H. M. Foster, R. H.
Philip, E.W. Wade; Committee, J. Hollingworth, M.R.C.S.,
W. R. Bromby, J. L. Strafford, Lt.-Col. C. H. Milburn,
M.B., G. B. Walsh, B.Sc., W. J. Strachan; Libarian, J.
Porter; Curator, J. W. Boult; Treasurer, J. Ridley ; Hon.
Secretaries, T. Sheppard, F.G.S., and T. Stainforth
(address—The Museum, Hull) ; Editor, T. Sheppard, F.G.S.

Recorders.—Microscopy, J. Hollingworth, M.R.C.S
Vertebrata, (Mammalia and Aves) T. Audas, L.D.S.; (Pisces)
H. M. Foster; Invertebrata, (Mollusca) T. E. Dobbs ;
(Lepidoptera) J. W. Boult and A. C. Wilford ; (Coleoptera)
T. Stainforth. Botany, (Phanerogams and Ferns) J. F.
Robinson and C, Waterfall; (Diatoms) R. H. Philip ; (Mosses)
J. J. Marshall ; (Fungi) A. R. Warnes, M.S.C.I. ; Geology,
T. Sheppard, F.G.S.; Photography (and lanternist), C. W.
Mason.

ook. eer J)

INDEX

To Vouume IIL.,

Additions to List of Diatomacez
of the Hull District, 110, 217,

291
Addenda to the Flora of the East
Riding, 98 ,184, 218, 300
Amphipoda, 40
Anthozoa, 37
Antiquities from South Ferriby, 247
Aquatic Larve, List of, 180
Aucissa Fibulz, 250

Birds of Bempton Cliffs, 1

Blackburn, Rev. E. P., 1o1

Blashill, Thomas, 42

— — In Memory of, 219

— — Portrait of, plate xxi.

Botanical Notes, 218

— — East Yorkshire, 184

— — in 1906, 300

Boult, James W., 26, 102, 278

— — Stonemason and Entomolo-
gist, 236

— — Portrait, plate xxiii.

Brachyura, 39

British Association, 305

British Eggs of Pallas’ Sand Grouse,
294

Brooches, Enamelled, 253

— Flat, 256

— Penannular, 261

Bust of Spence, 287

Bygone Hull Naturalists, 285

Castle and North Blockhouse, View
of, 93

Cirrepedia, 40

Citadel, View of, plates viii., ix.

Cliff Climbing, plates ii., ili.

Celenterata, 37

Coleoptera, 235

— in 1906, 293

— Third List of, 103

Colours of Guillemot’s Eggs, 13

Committee’s Report on the Work
of the Club during 1903-4, 185;
1904-5, 232; 1905-6, 302

311

1903-1906.

Conchology in 1906, 278

Coral Rag, Remains from, 290
Crustacea, 39

Ctenophora, 37

Dialect Fighting Words of Holder-
ness, 265

Diatoms, Notes on, 110, 217, 291

Dispersal of Shells by Beetles, 101

Distribution of Mollusca, plates
Xii., xiii.

Distribution of Paludestrina jenk-
insi, 165

Dobbs, T., 278

Drake, H. C., 290

Dripole in the Parish of Sutton, 44

Drypool in Swine, 83

East Hull, Evidences relating to,

42

East Riding Botanical Notes, 218

— Coleoptera, 293

— Hymenoptera, 279

East Yorkshire Botanical Notes,
98, 184, 218

— Botanical Notes in 1906, 300

— Coleoptera, 235

— Conchology, 278

— Entomology, 278

— Fauna Notes, 188

— Fungi, 292

ae 38

Eggs of Guillemot, &c., 12

— of Pallas’ Sand Grouse, 294
Enamelled Brooches, 253
Entomology in 1906, 278
Evidences relating to East Hull, 42
Exhibits at Meetings, 306

Fauna, East Yorkshire, 188
— Marine, of the Humber District,

27
Feathered Thorn, 26
Fibulz, Roman, 250
Fighting Dialect of Holderness, 265
Flat Brooches, 256

312 INDEX.

Flora of the East Riding, 98
Foster, H. M., 180
Fungi, East Yorkshire, 292

Guillemot, 7

Guillemots newly Hatched, 15

Gyrodus Remains from the Coral
Rag, 290

Harpham, Roman Villa at, 173

Hateley Shoot, 9

Herring Gull, 17

Hill, G. H., Portrait, plate xxii.

Himera pennaria, 26

Hodgson, Edward, 13, 19

— John, 19

Holderness Coast, Marine Fauna
of, 27

— Dialect Fighting Words, 265

— House, 81

— Road, View of, 82

Hollar’s Plan of Hull, 89

Hull, East, Evidences Relating to,
42

— in the Manor of Sutton, 55

— Museum and Education, 209

— Naturalists, 231

Humber Saltmarsh Plants, 26

Hydrozoa, 37

Hymenoptera of the East Riding,

279

Iron Chest found in Hull, 49
Isopoda, 40

Johnson, H. E., 103

Land and Fresh Water Mollusca,
121

— Reclaimed in the Humber Dis-
trict, 221

List of Aquatic Larvz of Flies
occurring in the Hull District,
180

— Diatomacez, Additions to, 110

— East Riding Hymenoptera, 282

— East Yorkshire Coleoptera, 103

— Flamborough Birds, 6

— Micro-Lepidoptera, 102

Macrura, 39
Marine Fauna of the Humber Dis-
trict and the Holderness Coast,

27
— Zoology in the East Riding, 181
Micro-Lepidoptera, List of, 102

Mollusca, 40

Mollusca, Land and Fresh Water,
Published Records of, 121

Museum. The, 309

— and Education, 209

Museums and Local Scientific
Societies, 295

Mycetozoa of the East Riding, 196

Natural Aspects of Hull and Dis-
trict, 189

Naturalists, Bygone, 285

Nebria livida, 97

Nemertini, 38

Nicholson, John, 188, 265

Notes on a Collection of Roman
Antiquities from South Ferriby,
247

— Diatoms, 291

— East Yorkshire Coleoptera, 235

— Local Diatoms, 217

— Reclaimed Land of the Humber
District, 221

— the Progress of the Club during
1QOI-2, 114; 1902-3, 117; 1903-4,
185; 1904-5, 232; 1905-6, 302

Officers for 1906-7, 310
Old Harbour, View of, 96, plate x.
Our Past Presidents, 290, plate xxiv

Pallas’ Sand Grouse, British Eggs
of, 294, plate xxxii.

Paludestrina jenkinst, Distribution
of, 165

Past Presidents, 290, plate xxiv.

Penannular Brooches, 261

Petch, T., 26, 27, 41, 121, 181, 182,
196, 221, plate xix.

Philip, R. H., 110, 217, 291

Photograph Albums, 305

Plumatella repens in Holderness, 26

Polychaeta, 38

Pol;zoa, 38

Preliminary List of Micro-Lepi-
doptera, 102

Presidential Address, 1906, 295

Published Records of the Land and
Fresh Water Mollusca of the
East Riding, 121

Puffin, 6

— Newly Hatched, 17

Pycnogonida, 40

Razor-Bill, 7
— Newly Hatched, 16

+

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_

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aa he

INDEX.

Reclaimed Land of the Humber
District, 221
Relationship between Public
. Museums and Local Scien-
tific Societies, 295
Remains of Gyrodus from the
Coral Rag, 290
Report of the Club’s Work during
1901-2, 1143 1902-3, 1173
1903-4, 1855 1904-5, 2323
1905-6, 302
Robinson, J. Fraser, 98, 183, 185,
189, 218, 236, 300
Roebuck, W. D., 279
Roman Antiquities from
Ferriby, 247
— Villa at Harpham, 173

South

Salt Marsh, 229

Saltmarsh Plants, 26

Scyphomeduse, 37

Secretary’s Report, 1901-2, 114;
1902-3, I17

Shells, Dispersal of by Beetles, 101

Sheppard, Thos., 173, 209, 220,
247, 285, 294, 295

313

Some Holderness Dialect Fighting
Words, 265

Southcoates, 67

South Blockhouse, View of, 91

Spence, William, 285

Spinning Wheels, 63, 64

Spyvees’ House, Hull, 51

Stainforth, T., 97, 103, 235, 293

Stoneferry, 59

Sugar House Warehouse, 50

Surirella medulica, 112

Sutton Ings, 65

Swine, 83

Third List of East Yorkshire Cole-
optera, 103
Tunicata, 41

Vermes, 38

Wade, E. W., 1

Warnes, A. R., 292

Waterfall, C., 185, 218

West Carr Ings, 65

Williamson, W., Cliff Climbing,
plate iii.

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