&\ VN ' :\^ V I ^^\ ^ HARVARD UNIVERSITY. libraA^ MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. UK viL^.\^P^ CS o eg •2 a CO > e meeting : Dr. G. W. Hoxie, Lawrence ; W. F. Hoyt, Salina ; Elmer V. McCollum, Lawrence ; Dr. J. M. Mc- Wharf, Ottawa; Dr. H. M. Moses, Salina; W. H. Olin, Ames, Iowa; W. H. Rice, Richmond; Miss Lumina C. Riddle, Columbus, Ohio; Arthur Ringer, Effingham ; J. H. SchafPner, Columbus, Ohio. These persons were then elected members. On motion, the Academy adjourned, to meet at nine A. M., January 1, 1903. Thursday Morning, January 1, 1903. The Academy met in the museum room, and was called to order by President Willard. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and approved. Committee on program recommended a selection of titles from the different groups on the printed program. Moved and voted that a committee of three be appointed to deter- mine the place for next meeting. The president appointed Warren Knaus, Edward Bartow, and J. A. Yates. It was voted that the papers of members not in attendance be read at the option of the president, if there was time and suitable opportu- nity. The reading of papers was then continued : 3. Additions to the list of Kansas Coleoptera for 1901-'02, by War- ren Knaus. 4. On the alkyl sulphates, by F. W. Bushong. 5. Further notes on loco weed, by L. E. Sayre. 6. A study of dietaries in Lawrence, Kan., by E. H. S. Bailey. THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 17 7. The flora of Kansas, by B. B. Smyth and J. H. Schaffner. (An outline of the paj)er was given by B. B. Smyth.) 8. A provisional list of the Uredinese of Bourbon county, Kansas, by A. O. Garrett. ( In the absence of the author, this paper was read by title.) 9. Experiences with early man in America, by Chas. H. Sternberg. An auditing committee was appointed, consisting of Edw. Bartow and C. H. Sternberg. The Academy then adjourned, to meet at two p. m. Thursday Afternoon, January 1, 1903. The Academy met in the usual place, with President Willard in the chair. Prof. E. H. S. Bailey, as acting treasurer, reported a balance in the treasury of $117.43, without including the dues paid at the present meeting. The report was referred to the auditing committee. It was moved and voted that a sum not to exceed fifty dollars be allowed by the Academy for illustrations for the next volume of the Transactions. A report on the proper acceptance by the Academy of the Quintard conchological collection was made through Prof. D. E. Lantz. It was voted that a written report be filed for record. The report was as follows : The minutes of the proceedings of the meeting of the Academy held at To- peka December 29, 1900, show that an announcement was then made to the effect that the Quintard collection had come into the custody of the curators of the Academy, to be exhibited in the state museum, after which this committee was appointed. This announcement was made by the then acting curator, B. B. Smyth, who now explains that the collection is held by him under a receipt as follows: "Silver Lake, May 31, 1900. "This is a receipt for the Quintard conchological collection of shells, donated by the heirs of J. B. Quintard to the state of Kansas, to be arranged and dis- played and properly cared for in the museum at the state-house, in Topeka, on condition that it be added to or subtracted from on penalty of forfeiture and of be- ing reclaimed by the legal heirs of J. B. Quintard. (Signed) B. B. Smyth." Mr. Smyth also explains that he was in error in the sketch of Mr. Quintard in our last volume of Transactions, in saying that the heirs had given the collec- tion to the Academy. Your committee, therefore, state that the collection has not been tendered to the Academy, that it is not now in the custody of the Academy, and there is, therefore, nothing for this committee to accept. D. E. Lantz, Chairman. E. A. POPENOE. B. B. Smyth. The report was accepted and the committee discharged. It was moved and voted that a copy of the report be sent the Quin- tard heirs. 18 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, The committee on membership recommended the following per- sons for membership, and it was so voted : Miss Edith A. Mclntyre, Manhattan ; H. I. Woods, Topeka ; F. B. Isely, Wichita ; Pierce Lar- kin (not present), Norman, Okla. The committee further recommended, and the Academy elected, the following persons as life members, when they complied with the conditions of the constitution : F. O. Marvin, Lawrence ; L. E. Sayre, Lawrence ; Warren Knaus, McPherson. Prof. S. W. Williston, of the University of Chicago, was elected an honorary member of the Academy, The committee presented memorials on Dr. Geo. T, Fairchild, Col, N, S. Goss, and Davis A. Boyles. Moved and voted that the report be accepted, and the memorials be published. Committee on secretary's report, through Prof. L. E. Sayre, moved the report be adopted and the same be spread upon the minutes, and it was so voted. The committee on portion of secretary's report referring to legisla- tion reported as follows : 1. That in the opinion of the committee it is inadvisable at the present time to ask for any change in the relation of the Kansas Academy of Science to the state. 2. That if legal steps, such as a legislative act or action of the Executive Council of the state are found to be needed to place the Goss ornithological col- lections under the control of the Academy of Science, the executive committee of the Academy be instructed to take such steps at once. The report w^as adopted. The reading of papers was then resumed : 10. On the action of the acid reagents on the substituted ureas, by F. B. Dains, 11. Gold in Kansas, by J. T. Lovewell. 12. The eleven and one-half inch equatorial of the Washburn Col- lege observatory, by H. I. Woods. The committee on nominations recommended the following officers for the year : President, J. C. Cooper, Topeka. Vice-presidents, Edward Bartow, Lawrence ; J. A. Yates, Ottawa. Treasurer, Alva J. Smith, Emporia. Secretary, G. P. Grimsley, Topeka, It was voted that the president cast the vote of the Academy for these officers, and the vote was cast. The Academy then adjourned, to meet at eight p. m. THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 19 Thursday Evening, January 1, 1903. The meeting was called to order in the Academy rooms by Vice- president Edw. Bartow. President Willard then delivered his presidential address on the subject "The Limitations and Mission of Science." At the close of the address the reading of papers was continued : 13. Statistics relating to Kansas birds, by D. E. Lantz. 14. The extent and thickness of the Oklahoma gypsum, by C. N. Gould. 15. Determination of oaks by chemical analysis of the ash, by E. B. Knerr. 16. The Coleoptera of Kansas — the families Cicindelidse, Scydmse- nidse, and Pselaphidse, by Warren Knaus. 17. Examination of some Kansas petroleum, by Edw. Bartow and E. V. McCollum. (Read by Edw. Bartow.) The Academy, on motion, adjourned at ten p. m., to meet Friday morning at 8:30. Friday Morning, January 2, 1903, The Academy met in the museum room, with President Willard in the chair. The minutes of the preceding meetings were read and approved. It was voted that all papers for publication should be placed in the hands of the secretary by the middle of the next week, and those pa- pers not so placed be left over until the next volume. Committee on place of next meeting reported in favor of Manhat- tan or Salina as the place. Moved the report be received, and Manhattan be the place of meeting. An amendment to substitute Salina was lost, and the original motion was carried. Committee on resolutions had no report to present. W. A. Harshbarger, Topeka, and H. T. Martin, Lawrence (not present), were elected members of the Academy. This made twenty- four new members elected. In all, there were thirty-eight new and old members present at the meetings, and, in addition, a number of visitors. It was voted that J. R. Mead be made a committee of one to col- lect photographs of members of the Academy, for preservation at the office of the Academy. It was moved and voted that a committee be appointed to draft suitable resolutions to show a recognition of the kindness of the Executive Council of the state in assigning the Academy new quarters. Referred to L. L. Dyche and J. C. Cooper. 20 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. It was voted that a'limited amount of money be expended for com- pleting the files of serial publications in the library. The reading of papers was then resumed : 18. Further studies in the Dakota and Mentor beds, by A. W. Jones. 19. Coleoptera of the Sacramento mountains of New Mexico, by Warren Knaus. 20. Crystalline liquids, by Fred S. Porter. (Abstract read by Edw. Bartow.) 21. Physical tests applied to gypsum w^all plasters, by G. P. Grims- ley. 22. A new condenser for preparing distilled water in large quan- tities, by J. T. Willard. 23. Food habits of the common garden mole, by L. L. Dyche. Dr. F. H. Snow presented abstracts of his papers : 24. Some notes on the birds of Kansas. 25. The insects of Hamilton and Morton counties. 26. A collectii>g trip to central Arizona. The following papers were then read by title : 27. A new species of fish, by F. F. Crevecoeur. 28. Exotic Coccidse, by S. J. Hunter. 29. Artificial parthenogenesis induced by solutions concentrated by evaporation, by S. J. Hunter. 30. Analysis of some Oklahoma salt and gypsum waters, by R. S. Sherwin. 31. Ionic velocities in liquid ammonia solutions, by E. C. Frank- lin and H. P. Cady. 32. Hydrofluoric acid as an electrolytic solvent, by E. C. Franklin and H. P. Cady. 33. The liquid-air plant at the University of Kansas, by E. C. Franklin. 34. Further conductivity measurements of liquid ammonia solu- tions, by E. C. Franklin. 35. The log of the Winfield gas-well, by R. B. Dunlevy. 36. List of fossil plants collected in the vicinity of Onaga, by F. F. Crevecoeur. 37. Notes on the fossil mammoth from near Winfield, by R B. Dunlevy. 38. Notes on the geology of Antelope hills, by R. S. Sherwin. 39. A contribution to the medicinal plants of Kansas from an economic point of view, by L. E. Sayre. 40. A review of the weather during the crop season of 1902, by T. B. Jennings. THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 21 41. Springs of Woods county, Oklahoma, by Pierce Larkin. 42. Preliminary list of Diptera of Kansas, by F. H. Snow. 43. Notes on the geology of Wichita, Kan., by C. N. Gould. 44. The asphalt mines of the Indian Territory, by C N. Gould. The committee on resolution drafted for the Executive Council re- ported the following, which was adopted : Resolved, That the thanks of the Academy be extended to the Executive Council of the state for furnishing the Academy with the comfortable quarters we now enjoy. It will add very materially to the standing and usefulness of the Academy. It was moved and voted that the secretary be instructed and pro- vided with funds for preparing a directory of all science teachers and investigators in the state. The minutes of this meeting were read and approved. The Academy then adjourned sine die. G. P. Grimsley, Secretary. ADDEESSES DELIVERED AND PAPERS READ BEFORE THE KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. lOLA, 1901. TOPEKA, 1902. I. — Presidential Addresses. II. — Chemical and Physical Papers. III. — Geological Papers. IV. — Biological Papers. V. — Miscellaneous Papers. VI. — Necrology', VII. — Announcements, Library Accession List, and General Index. I. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESSES. "Science and the Nineteenth Century." By Prof. Epheaim Milleb, of the University of Kansas, Lawrence. '•The Mission and Limitations of Science." By Prof. J. T. Willard, of the Kansas Agricultural College, Manhattan. SCIENCE AND THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. By Epheaim Miller, of the University of Kansas, Lawrence. An address delivered at lola, December 31, 1901, before the thirty-fourth annual meeting of the Kansas Academy of Science. \ T the Battle of the Pyramids, July 21, 1798, the "Man of Destiny " ■^-^ said to his soldiers: "Forty centuries are looking down upon you." In this, the first year of the twentieth century, we need not look back so far to arouse us to action. One hundred years of strenu- ous life, full of splendid achievement, the nineteenth century is in- comparably the most illustrious of all the centennials of time. Its record, from start to finish, is marked by years of substantial growth and progress. It is a century of coal, iron, and steel, of steam and electricity — one in which the human mind has cut loose from the dead weights of the past, to be evermore free from tradition and super- stition. Along all avenues of human activity — literature, science, art, architecture, government, trade and commerce, engineering, medical and surgical science, law and theology — the steps of a giant are to be seen. Eighteen centuries did not accomplish, in the aggregate, what the imperial nineteenth has ; nay, even the forty centuries of Napoleon fall far short of it. "From the earliest historic times certainly, if not from the dawn of primitive humanity, down to the present day, the problem of the universe has been the most attractive and the most illusive subject of the attention of thinking men. All systems of philosophy, religion and science are alike in having the solution of this problem for their ultimate object." The problem is still unsolved. Man at a very early period began to investigate, and in the infant years of his existence "devised three distinct methods" that are, even in our day, persisting with equal tenacity. The first of these is the a priori method. It reasons from the subjective to the objective. It requires neither observation nor ex- periment on the external world. The second is known as the historico- critical method. It depends on tradition, history, direct human tes- timony, and verbal congruity. It limits observation and experiment to human affairs. The third is the method of science. It begins, in its elements, with observation and experiment. Its early applications were limited mostly to material things. In its subsequent expansion it has gained a footing in nearly every field of thought. The first has been used by dogmatists, especially the founders and advocates of all fixed creeds, from the atheistic and the pantheistic (27) 28 KANSAS ACADEMY OP SCIENCE. to the theistic and the humanistic; the second has been used by historians, publicists, jurists, and men of letters; and the third by scientists, astronomers, mathematicians, physicists, naturalists, and, more recently, by anthropologists. The great schools of philosophy and theology of Babylon and Chaldea, of China and India, of Egypt and Athens, could not solve the iDroblem of the universe ; man re- mained essentially barbarian. The story of the first sixteen centuries of the Christian era reveals decaying empires, vice in its most hideous forms, crime of the most appalling character, ignorance and brutality, Neros and Caligulas. Here and there a dim light might be seen. In 1257 Roger Bacon was sent to Paris, where he was closely confined for several years, because he had ventured to attack the old philosophy. In 1592 Bruno was burned for his denunciation of Aristotle, and his advocacy of truth, lead where it might. In 1633 Galileo was forced by the inquisition to abjure the Copernican theory. Ostracism, tor- ture, fire and death were the rewards that men of science received in those days. The common notion was that a laboratory was a place in which the truth-seeker was supposed to receive help and inspiration from the devil. Free thought was' heresy, and to investigate nature's mysteries was a diabolical crime. Discouraging as all this was to men of science, nothing could pre- vent the onward movement that had already been made. The fall of Constantinople in 1452 ; the discovery of the art of printing in 1456 ; the gift of a new world to mankind in 1492 ; the publication of the Copernican system of astronomy in 1543 ; the invention of the tele- scope by Galileo in 1609, with which he discovered the moons of Ju- piter and the rings of Saturn; the announcement of Kepler's three laws of planetary motion in 1609 and 1618 ; the immortal works of Sir Francis Bacon at the beginning of the seventeenth century, in which he did not hesitate to ridicule the philosophy of Aristotle, on the ground, first, that it yielded no fruit, second, that its only service was for useless disputation, and third, that the end it proposed was a mistaken one ; the discovery, in the seventeenth century, of the cal- culus, the most powerful instrument of calculation in the whole range of mathematics ; the announcement by Newton in 1685 of the uni- versal law of gravitation ; the discovery of oxygen by Priestley in 1774, and the creation of the science of modern chemistry by Lavoisier, were the principal steps taken, few and far between, in order to reach the majestic work of the nineteenth century. Poetry and art, literature and theology, politics and war, were the chief factors in the world's life. Books and libraries were to be found in the monasteries and in possession of royal families. They were not for men at large. Their PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESSES. 29 civilizing and refining influences failed to reach the masses. Look at Italy, under her reigning popes and princes, talented, learned, and scholastic, and in possession of the best literature and art of the ages ; look at France and Spain and Germany, too, with their Bourbons and Charles the Fifths ; look at England, under her Roses, Plantagenets, and Stuarts — how much advancement was made by those nations in a thousand years? Villari, an Italian historian, in his "Life and Times of Savonarola," gives a glowing picture of Lorenzo de Medici, ruler of the city of Florence from 1469 to 1492. He says, in his first volume, that Lorenzo "was the typical man of his age — all his quali- ties were confined to his intellect; his courteous manners were the result of mental refinement, not of kindness of heart ; his patronage of the learned was born of his passion for culture, and also because he found it a pleasant pastime, and one useful to his influence as a ruler. After hours of strenuous labor over some new law framed to crush any lingering remains of liberty, or after passing some new de- cree of confiscation or sentence of death, he would repair to the Platonic academy and take part in heated discussions on virtue and the immortality of the soul ; then go about the town to sing his ribald songs in the company of dissolute youths and indulge in the lowest debauchery. After this he would return home, receive great scholars at his table, and vie with them in reciting verses and discoursing on the poetic art. All literary men of any note in Florence gathered round Lorenzo. And both at the meetings held in his own house and those of the renowned Platonic academy, his genius shone amidst this chosen band, while his literary culture gained no little nourishment from their intercourse.'" Under him Florence " was a continuous scene of revelry and dissipation." "What was most visible at the time was the general passion for pleasure, the pride of pagan learning, the in- creasingly sensual turn, both of art and literature, under the fostering hand of the man who was master of all in Florence." What the historian has depicted in such glowing language as being true in Florence was more or less true of many other cities of Europe. All ranks of society, with glorious exceptions here and there, were in a frenzied condition, gone mad with revelry and rottenness. The cen- turies came and went, and still the pall of the ages hung over man, with but few signs of ever being lifted. Herodotus and Homer, Socrates and Plato, Praxiteles and Phidias, Virgil and Horace, and other mighty names in poetry and art, were read and admired and exalted to the heavens in the midst of revelry and debauchery. The end, however, was coming. Near the close of the eighteenth century two almost contemporary events occurred. Like a flash of lightning from a clear sky they startled thinking men. These were 30 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. the American revolution, and the French revolution of 1793. No more tradition, no more Aristotle, no more hair-splitting casuistry of the churchman. The imperial power of science and the laboratory was henceforth to change this old world. The sovereign century had come, and man the sovereign had also come. The horizon of human life, thought and activity has been widely extended since the world discovered a hundred years ago that "the great forces of nature are neither sacred nor profane, neither kind or cruel ; that they neither love nor hate, and that they are more unchangeable than the stars ; that shrines and temples, priests and priestesses, tripods and oracles, have been in vain, except so far as they reached the human heart and satisfied its natural craving for the worship of the Supreme Being. Instead of building a temple to the far-darting Apollo, or to Zeus, the thunderer, we now stretch over our cities a network for artificial lighting ; and all the winds that blow and all the waters that flow are made to furnish their tribute to our comfort and pleasure. We tap the sources of endless energy and transmit it through all the ramifica- tions of our social order, relieving mankind from heavy burdens and creating hundreds of occupations hitherto unknown." A change of front has taken place all along the line. This does not mean that the past is to be buried in oblivion by any means. All that has come to us out of the past that is permanently fine and essential to high think- ing and well doing, the epics of Homer, the philosophy of Plato, the splendid drama of Job and the Psalms of David must continually "live, imperishable monuments of the youth of the world." Let Aristotle go : let the hair-splitting casuistry of the schoolmen be forgotten ; let the hide-bound dogmas of the old theologians be cast to the moles and the bats ; our modern life stands for the best, and our intellectual activities give promise of still nobler things. "The defenders of the Johnsonian programs delight in the use of un- worthy epithets with which to characterize the tendency of modern education ; they plead for humanities as though anything human was foreign to our curriculum." What can be more human than human life as we see it and as we share it ? What problems can be more human than those which face nine out of ten of the people who reach the age of individual responsibility '? Francis A. Walker, late president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in his remarks at the dedication of the new science and engineering buildings at McGill University, Montreal, said : "The notion that scientific work was something essentially less fine and high and noble than the pursuit of rhetoric and philosophy, Latin and Greek, was deeply seated in the minds of the leading edu- cators of America a generation ago. We can hardly hope to see that PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESSES. 31 inveterate prepossession altogether disappear from the minds of men who have entertained it. Probably they will have to be buried with more or less of their prejudices still wrapped about them, but from the new generation scientific and technical studies will encounter no such obstruction, will suffer no such disparagement. Let us now con- sider for a few moments the story of the nineteenth century, and as the picture passes before our eyes accord to it the honor due to such splendid achievements. The one great, masterful event that came in with the nineteenth century was the invention of the steam-engine. This marvelous ma- chine, for the space of a hundred years, has been one of the master- pieces of scientific thought. It is the force that propels thousands of floating palaces over all the waters of the world ; that transports the commerce of continents from ocean to ocean ; that handles machinery so deftly that a hundred thousand separate and distinct parallel lines can be engraved upon an inch of highly polished steel ; that furnishes to the busy world one hundred thousand horse-power ; that runs count- less looms and mills, furnaces and factories. It annihilates time and space, and gives to the laboring man full employment. The benefits that have accrued to the race from the use of the steam-engine are be- yond computation. Closely connected with it is the man who stands by its throttle, the engineer. Go where we may, upon land and upon sea, and in the bowels of the earth, there you will find him — a man of science, an inventor, a whole-hearted gentleman. Look at his achievements ! See the transformation produced by the Suez canal in the shortening of the paths of commerce and of travel, and the comforts accruing therefrom. Imagine, if you please, the wonderful impetus that will certainly be given to all the interests of the great republic, by the construction of the Nicaragua canal. An American engineer will, ere long, do it. Consider, for a moment, those triumphs, of engineering skill, the great steel bridges, the cantilever bridges, the tunnels that perforate mountain barriers, and the ocean gray- hounds, surpassing all the wonders and splendors of ancient Carthage, Egypt, and Athens. Every enterprise of the engineer, whether the construction of a bridge, of a tunnel, of a ship, of a house of twenty- five stories with its steel frames, or of a Corliss engine, is an advance agent of prosperity, progress, and peace. Homer, Shakspere, or Milton, Balzac, George Eliot, or Thackeray, cannot inspire one with beautiful thoughts or purify the fountains of life more than can a Corliss engine at work with its ponderous machinery, and silently, mysteriously and with the least possible friction doing its work, and turning out prod- ucts of unsurpassed variety, beauty, texture, utility, and value. Here, surely, is a civilizer as potent as anything that ever came from poet's brain or novelist's dreams. 32 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. The science of chemistry is another of the great factors of human progress, a veritable child of the nineteenth century. Chemical anal- ysis stops at no obstacle, shrinks from no difficulties, examines what we eat and tells us what we shall drink, liquifies common air, pro- nounces upon the purity of drugs, unravels the mysteries of nature, and blesses mankind in all the functions of life. The medical practitioner has need of the chemist. The lawyer summons to his aid the chemist to unravel the difficulties of criminal jurisprudence ; chemists for the mines, for the sugar-mills, for the manufacture of colors ; chemists for everything. In the problem of life upon earth, chemistry has become the hand- maid of nearly all the other physical sciences. Physics, astronomy, biology, botany, and that most bitterly fought of all modern theories, evolution, are more or less indebted to chemistry for the firm founda- tion upon which they rest. What would now be thought of an instructor in science advising his students to shun the writings of Darwin as false and dangerous ? Yet not many years ago such was the case. The theory of evolution is an established fact. It teaches in no uncertain way, and beyond controversy, that the survival of the fittest is a law established by the Almighty that is as regular and immutable as that other law, that the attraction of two bodies varies directly as their masses and inversely as the squares of their distances. "The Origin of Species by Natu- ral Selection," announced by Darwin in 1863, proved, as well as any- thing can be proved, the variations in species, and at the same time pointed out their causes. By a single stroke, the old theories of special creations and cataclysmal changes in the crust of the earth were pushed aside to give way to a philosophy based upon true scientific lines. Closely associated with chemistry and evolution — and a child of the nineteenth century also — is the science of biology, another term that has been held up to ridicule and derision ; and yet it has been estab- lished beyond doubt by microscopical analysis that all organic life, whether animal or vegetable, is the result of cells, and that protoplasm is identical in plants and animals. At this point biology receives help from the chemical laboratory. Infinitely little things as well as infinitely large ones are examined with attention and profoundest thought; and it is all done, not in the interest of controversy, but that the truth may be reached. The microbe, the cell, the atom, the light from a distant star, the composition of the star itself, the num- ber of vibrations of light, of heat, of sound, and the very essence of things, are studied by the scientist of all lands. Countless millions of stars are added to the galaxy, the parallaxes of stars are measured, and the size and velocity of atoms of gas are estimated with a degree of certainty that is marvelous. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESSES. 33 "The middle ages covered Europe with cathedrals of unsurpassed beauty and grandeur, but made no new discoveries to lighten the toil or increase the comfort of the race." Only about ten i^ractical dis- coveries and inventions of the first magnitude were made from the dawn of history to the beginning of the nineteenth century. These were alphabetical writing, Arabic numerals, printing, the barometer and thermometer, the mariner's compass, the telescope, the steam-en- gine, which belongs more properly to the nineteenth century, gun- powder, the screw, and the wheel. To the nineteenth century eighteen such inventions and discoveries belong — railways, steamships, elec- tric telegraphs, the telephone, Lucifer matches, gas illumination, elec- tric lighting, photography, the phonograph, the Roentgen rays, spectrum analysis, anesthetics, antiseptic surgery, vaccination, the cotton-gin, the typewriter, the sewing-machine, and the self-binding reaper. To these may be added Pasteur's solution of the process of fermentation, the various methods employed in the liquefaction of gases by intense cold, the organization of great hospitals, public and private, conducted upon the most highly approved scientific and sanitary principles, great schools for the scientific study of poverty and crime, discoveries along geograjjliic and geologic lines, and the complete transformation from the old methods to the modern labora- tory method. Such is a part of the inheritance bequeathed to the twentieth century by the demise of the nineteenth. The laboratory is the great revealer. Out of it comes the truth. Under its relentless power error and superstition are crushed. History, literature, meta- physics, and art, poetry and theology, even science itself, must sub- mit to the keen scalpel of the laboratory. According to one writer, the "philologist must have the aid of the physiologist to unravel the problem of human speech ; the philosopher, also, in order to explain the workings of the human brain." "With pick and shovel the archaeologist has brought to light the ancient civilization of Egypt, and the implements of primitive man." "He has dug out the Ilium of Priam, and laid bare the Roman forum, and read from the clay tablets the language of the Assyrians." By him the history and life of the mound-builders and cliff-dwellers of North America are com- ing to the light. In literature, also, the century stands unrivaled. With perhaps the single exception of poetry, there is nothing in the past that can approach in beauty, purity, diction and style the prose, the philoso- phy, the romance and the history of the writers of the nineteenth century. Such singular preeminence is not to be found in any of the writings of previous centuries. What has caused such a marvelous —3 34 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. change ? The answer is easily given. The laboratory method, sup- plemented by scientific criticism. Eighteen centuries were devoted to the classics of Athens and Rome, the philosophy of Aristotle, and the controversies of the schoolmen, and yet how slow were the steps of progress, how comparatively fruit- less the results ! To be sure, the world would be a loser if the master- pieces of ancient literature and their benign influence upon the thought and life of succeeding ages were blotted out of existence. The great schools of this country are widening their curricula im- mensely, especially in the direction of the sciences. The number of students devoted to the pursuit of special and general scientific cul- ture shows most conclusively that "the exalted character of a man's work is to be measured by its usefulness to mankind."' Changing the language somewhat, an eminent scientist and scholar has said that '' the scientist is by nature an iconoclast. He has small respect for the traditions. He bows not down to the 'tyranny of the ancients.' His glories are in the future. He looks forward, not back. He does not hesitate to smile at the puerile fancies of people who created gods and demigods in order to account for phenomena which to-day submit to mathematical analysis, and which bear no comparison with the ex- ploits of modern science. The accomplished scientist generally re- ciprocates such prejudice, for he cannot understand how the worship of the ancients can be really serious; it seems to him three-fourths affectation." Technical, scientific and liberal branches in the past have been separated. Now they work side by side, each rendering the other valuable assistance. Science has revolutionized the old and effete systems, and opened wide the door of knowledge and of life. In the heavens, in the earth, air, and sea, above, below, around, everywhere, science has cast her keen, observing eyes ; intelligence has multiplied beyond all computation ; the comforts and conveniences of life have increased a thousandfold ; nature has been compelled to yield wealth, health, strength, and power, and a better and sweeter life from thousands of fountains that had never before been opened and whose existence had never been dreamed of. Science is the great truth-seeker, the great truth-finder. The rec- ord of the nineteenth century is closed, but some of its problems are still waiting for solution. Will the new century meet the problems and answer them ? Will not chemistry, biology, evolution, physics and astronomy bring to the light a marvelous array of new principles and facts not yet dreamed of? Already the answers are coming — are here. A Frenchman has built a machine by which he has shown be- yond doubt that aerial navigation has at last been accomplished. Not long will it be until the American will be able to enter his aerial ship PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESSES. SO' from his front door-step and cross to Europe in two or three days. An Italian has caused the telegraph companies of to-day to shake with fear at the bare suggestion of wireless telegraphy. How long will it be before we shall communicate with the people of our neighboring planet, Mars ? Who, in the light of the past few years, does not see in the elec- trical appliances of to-day the promise of immensely greater results ? Is it not possible that electricity may be the cause of light, heat, and ethereal vibrations, and of all chemical and physical forces ? May not the play of electricity extend from sun to planet, from star to star, changing nebulae into stars, and stars back again to nebulae ? But who can peer into the future ? Who reveal the secrets that science will bring to light in the next hundred years ? Out of the universal matrix will come knowledge resplendent with honor and glory. The Almighty has so ordained it, and in His own good time His omni-science will bring to view the hidden mysteries of nature. 36 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. THE MISSION AND LIMITATIONS OF SCIENCE. By J. T. WiLLAED, of the Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan. An address delivered at Topeka, January 1, 1903, before the thirty-fifth annual meeting of the Kansas Academy of Science. TT is not my purpose to attemi3t to trace the development and influ- -■- ence of science from its origin to the present time. This would, at best, be largely speculative. I wish, however, at the outset to de- fine the domain of science, so that our thoughts may be directed in the same channels. We all have some idea, it may be more or less vague, as to what is meant by the term "science," but its definition, I fancy, is not easy to any one. I question if any of the body of work- ers commonly called scientists would call mathematics a branch of science, as the term is now generally used, although in no branch of learning is there possible such absolute logic and systematic arrange- ment of the material under discussion, and the dictionary defines mathematics as the science that treats of quantity. Mathematics, however, deals with the abstract. It is the product of intellect work- ing upon itself. While it is applied and is of the most transcend- ent importance to the concrete operations of every-day life and the sciences, it does not essentially deal with the concrete, unless it be true that the axioms of mathematics, which constitute the unprov- able bases of assumption upon which its magnificent superstructure is reared by successive steps of pure logic, are themselves but state- ments of concrete experiences of man in his contact with nature, which have by their unvarying associations become so impressed upon the organization, that all agree that to deny them is an absurd- ity. Be that as it may, mathematics is essentially a matter of pure intellect, and does not come in the field of learning that is included within the term "science" as it is most frequently heard. Science deals with facts — that is, occurrences that are matters of ob- servation. It is concerned essentially with the concrete, and with pure reasoning directly applied to the concrete. History considered merely as a record of events or facts is not science. Neither is lit- erature, though it may be rich in facts. As I conceive it, science is the study of occurrences or phenomena of nature in their relation to each other. The study of the relations among facts constitutes the essence of science. When we speak of "the sciences" we must un- derstand that this is merely for convenience. The sciences are but sections, more or less distinct, of science, and in truth the more we learn of the sciences the less distinct they become, and the more and more they merge into the all-inclusive unit, science, which is knowl- PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESSES. 37 edge systematically arranged, so as to display what we are pleased to call the laws of nature, though more fittingly designated as the order of nature. Science is a continuous study of antecedents and conse- quences, causes and effects, interrogation and reply, action and reac- tion, the source and outcome of every change. It is the intellect applied to matter and energy. All through the ages man has been slowly acquiring the knowledge that makes the warp and weft of science. Much of this has been beaten into him by Dame Nature with her kindly but unchanging or- der. "The soul that sinneth it shall die," "Hear and your soul shall live," are truths that the eons have been teaching man. The seeming harshness of the first is but one side of the shield; and while the punishment that nature gives ignorance and foolishness is inexorable, it is really but another manifestation of the constant faithfulness which follows seed-time by harvest, and in so many ways gives fore- thought a richer reward. When man first recognized an item in the order of nature, science was born ; when he first utilized that knowl- edge to ameliorate his condition, civilization was born. The growth of both was extremely slow. Truth may be likened to a great sphere of crystal which must be picked to pieces. As long as it presents its smooth surface but little hold can be gained and progress made. One must with great labor and slowly go down deeply at some point, or excavate a trench from the sides of which rapid progress may be made. So with science, the more we learn the more we can learn ; but the beginnings of knowledge came with such painful slowness that there can be no doubt that thousands of years were required to make known what seem to us fortunate "heirs of all the ages" as very simple things. The acceleration in the rate of acquisition of knowledge of nature's order was slow, and it is safe to say that more was learned during the last century than during all time before. Modern civilization is the product of science. It is the direct re- sult of the partial discovery of the laws of nature that we have thus far attained. The future of civilization is inseparably bound up with the progress of science. As yet only the simpler relations of matter and force are at all thoroughly understood, and in the more complex rela- tions, involving life and the relations between living things, we have scarcely made a beginning. I shall not take your time to enumerate the stock illustrations of the progress of the nineteenth century ; the newspapers do that for us, and it may be safely assumed that they are familiar to all, though I believe that they are taken so much as a mat- ter of course that the younger ones of us do not realize how tremen- dous the change has been. I wish, however, to call your attention to one or two phases of this growth of civilization. , 38 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, First, this entire progress in the mastery of nature and in direct- ing her forces is a triumph of reason, of intellect. Intellect to many seems cold, devoid of feeling, knowing neither pleasure nor pain. To some, reason seems antagonistic to love and reverence. We all live and work for happiness, present and future. Whether we have ana- lyzed our motives or not, whether we understand ourselves or not, that is our object. The channels through which it reaches us are many and diverse — some are more open with one, others with an- other; but I wish to insist that, so far as those due to civilization are concerned, intellect must be given the credit. I do not for a moment underrate the place that physical pleasures fill in making life worth living. The desire to gratify them often serves as a stimulus to in- tellectual effort, and thus they may at times even accelerate material progress, but they are not as a rule directly productive of it. The delights of the senses, while so alluring as to become the sole aim of many, are in themselves non-productive. Reason must be the great producer, and more than that, she must ever stand as the inflexible guardian of her products. Without her stern protection, the tempta- tion to present pleasure would dissipate past accumulations and de- stroy future possibilities. By means of the intellect the pleasures of the average individual to-day exceed those of ancient kings. Means of transportation and communication alone have multiplied them many fold. The sublime beauties of mountain, plain and sea may be enjoyed by hundreds instead of one. Through modern machinery, the perfection and wonderful accomplishments of which are almost incredible, the ordinary home possesses equipment, beauty and com- fort exceeding that of Solomon's palace. I will not enter into further detail, but if you will think the matter out you will see that most of our pleasures, and especially the great abundance of them, are due to the dominance of reason — that is, the dominance of science. Appreciation of the value of science in every-day life is shown in the establishment of technical schools and their growing favor with the peo- ple. It is also shown by the establishment, under federal patronage, of an agricultural experiment station in each state, in which the re- sources of science are brought to a direct bearing upon the problems of plant and animal production, with their many ramifications into the realms of chemistry, physics, physiology, biology, geology, and engi- neering. The growth of nature study in the schools is another indi- cation of the appreciation of science, though doubtless this movement may at times degenerate to the level of a fad. Agitation has begun, and will continue to some tangible result, looking to the teaching of the simple scientific principles of agriculture in the common schools of the country. The art of cooking, now taught in so many schools PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESSES. 39 and destined to be introduced far more extensively, is not imparted merely as a series of rules, but witli the reasons for procedure explained upon chemical, physical and physiological principles. Schools of mechanical, electrical and mining engineering are monuments to the confidence of the people in training in science. Science has revolutionized education. I have not the time now) nor indeed the detailed information necessary, to prove this, but it is more or less a matter of common knowledge that not so long ago a classical education was the only one available, and law, medicine and theology the sole occupations of men of education. The intellectual training th^t the classical education gave and the culture that it im- parted are undoubtedly of great value, but with the swift pace of modern times, and the important part that science plays in so many walks of life, the demand has arisen and been met for an education to the useful. In this, time has frequently been shortened, and culture as such curtailed, perhaps to too great an extent, but the chief aim, that of teaching one to do something, has been met. I think, too, that a scientific education to the useful may be, and is in most cases, as rigid in discipline as a classical course, and perhaps even more efficient as a means of training to think. Mathematics is always included, and proper teaching of the sciences must of necessity train the reasoning faculty, as well as heighten the powers of observation. The graduate of a technical school is usually able to adapt himself at once to the stern realities of active life, while the classical graduate, outside the learned professions, may be as ignorant as a child upon much that makes up modern life and activities. The demand for scientific edu- cation is such that now no institution of any rank altogether neglects it, and many of the universities have schools of technology. Un- doubtedly a great mission of science is to serve mankind, by making the material comforts of life more abundant. I should, however, be doing science a grave injustice were I to leave you with the impression that she is merely the handmaid of the Ijhysical pleasures. The study of science for its own sake yields a pleasure of a loftier type. The joy of discovery, the satisfaction that accompanies mere knowledge, is one of the rewards of education. How often do we hear the carping comment, "What is it good for?" or, "What's the use of studying that?" or, "That's all theory; I want something practical." Now, these sentiments represent one aspect of the case, and an important one, but I wish to insist that it is not, and ought not to be, the only attitude. I have no sympathy for the man who has no use for knowledge that cannot be turned into dollars the next day. The satisfaction in life that accompanies an understand- ing of the processes going on about us should be very great. Probably 40 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. there are differences in tastes ; occasionally we see some one who seems to have no interest in knowledge of causes ; but nearly all chil- dren and young people, those who have not been made sordid by the buffetings of hardship, find a real and pure pleasure in knowledge. I believe that the pursuit of science from the love of truth, with no thought of material reward in cash or honors, is the source of most of the advantages of science that we enjoy. We hear much now of the wonders of electricity, and the place that it has made in our daily life is truly marvelous. I presume that if a hundred educated people, take them as they come, were to be asked who deserves the most credit for this, the majority of them would have to admit that they did not know, and most of the remainder would name Thomas A. Edison. The importance of the work of Edison is not to be questioned, and his name will be written large on the roll of those who have benefited their race by the practical application of science ; but back of his work, and far above it in merit, lie the fundamental discoveries of Joseph Henry, a professor of mathematics working at natural philosophy from love of it, and of Michael Faraday, a bookbinder fascinated by science, whose discovery that a magnet moved across a closed conductor generates an electric current therein is the foundation of the modern dynamo. Faraday was a typical man of science, who found his great- est pleasure in studying the workings of nature merely to know them. All honor to him and such as he. While those who have developed and applied fundamental discoveries are not to be despised, as some affect to believe, the greater honor belongs to those devotees of pure science who make the applications possible. I think I am not going too far in saying that the man who is always asking "What good will it do?" or "How much is there in it?" will never accomplish great things even in applying the discoveries of others. In view of the great accomplishments of science and the stuijen- dous bulk of facts amassed, the question may well be asked : "Is this process of discovery to continue at the same or an accelerated rate in the future, or are the chief generalizations of science now in our pos- session ? " I see no reason why this question might not have been asked at almost any time in the past. It is the tendency of each human society to ascribe to itself accession to the acme of eminence. It is true that facts are not as near the surface now as they were be- fore Faraday, but it is also true that the available weapons of science are correspondingly more potent, and I suspect that a man of genius — a Faraday, a Huxley, or a Darwin — can make discoveries to-day as easily as in 1830. He must acquaint himself with the essential accom- plishments of the past, to be sure ; and the longer time endures, with its annual additions to these accomplishments, the more preparation PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESSES. 41 the discoverer of the future will require, but at the same time the greater will be the facilities for imparting that knowledge. The fad for compelling every student of physics or chemistry to discover all of his facts for himself will not endure. He will be permitted to store his mind and memory with the accomplishments of the past, repeating and verifying these to the extent necessary to fix the most fundamental, and to discipline his powers of observation and deduc- tion, and to train him in manipulation. He will then make discov- eries of his own, if he has the natural endowment, without which no education and no opportunity is of any avail. One of the most distinguished physicists of the present day ex- pressed the view that the physics of the future would consist in working on known jDhenomena and determining constants to the fourth decimal place, or words to that effect. Since then the Roent- gen rays have been discovered by a worker in pure science, whose ex- periments would certainly have been ruled out by the utilitarians, but who has received unstinted praise because of the practical appli- cations that have been made of his discovery. Since then a more remarkable discovery has been made, of which few, comparatively, know as yet. I refer to the radio-activity of matter. I hold in my hand a mineral of very ordinary appearance, which none of you would look at twice unless your attention was especially drawn to it. Yet this humble substance, without any known source of stimulation, is constantly emitting radiations that will penetrate opaque substances and affect a photographic plate, and possess other properties that make them an unsolved riddle to the physicist. Within fifteen years a revolution has taken place in our views concerning the condition of substances in solution. A new view, supported by its power to co- ordinate diverse known phenomena and to suggest lines of research that in turn add new force to itself, has carried everything before it. It may not, probably will not, remain as it is, but it is a step in the upward progress. Within ten years, so every-day a thing as air has, by the searching methods of modern chemistry and physics, yielded no less than five new elements, that apparently exhibit the hitherto ^ unknown jjroperty of possessing no power to enter into chemical combination. No, it will be several years before there are no discov- eries remaining to be made in physical science. I believe, however, that the greatest progress of the future will not be in the fundamental general sciences, chemistry and physics, but in the special sciences all of which rest on them. The study of the phenomena that involve life, both vegetable and animal, is to lead to tangible results. The progress that is being made now in physiolog- ical chemistry, especially as related to disease and immunity, is sur- 42 KANSAS ACADEMY OP SCIENCE. prising to one who has not been in position to note its progress from week to week, and there can be no doubt that we are on the verge of great advances in that field. We may easily believe that medicine will become a science, instead of a series of experiments with drugs of which we know little upon organisms of which we know less. There are those who even dare to hope that death itself will be conquered by the fuller knowledge of cell processes that the future will reveal. Agriculture, with its twin lines of effort, plant production and animal production, involving, as they do, a more complicated play of natural forces than is displayed in any other industry, will become less un- certain as controllable factors become better understood. Domestic economy may become a science. I believe that the greatest field for the progress of the future is that which includes consciousness and mentality as factors in the phe- nomena. I yield to none in admiration for the courage and the genius of the scientists of the past, but it seems to me that there has been by most scientists a tendency to ignore certain classes of phenomena, or to regard them as fraudulent and not even worthy of exposure. While scientists have assailed the conservatism of the theology of the past, they are not themselves free from the conservative spirit that perme- ates humanity, and, indeed, is in many ways the safeguard of humanity. The tendency of the study of science is toward materialism, and is it not true that this tendency has attained too great force in the past, and led many of us to neglect or discredit phenomena that appeared to be outside the realm of chemistry and physics ? If I mistake not, it is within the memory of most of us that the attitude of science to- wards mesmerism, as it was then called, was one of incredulity and of pity for the deluded victims, mingled with a pharisaical self-satisfac- tion in the fact that we were not like them. But we have lived to see what was discredited as mesmerism become respectable as hypnotism, and a real remedial agent, the power of which may extend even to the production of complete anesthesia. We have lived to see a powerful organization built up, which has been characterized as neither Chris- tian nor scientific, while claiming to be both, the binding force of which lies in the subtle but intimate connection between body and mind. Some of us will live to see great advances in the study of the mind as related to the body. Even crude observation shows that there is some connection between mental states and physiological processes, and a bold and open acceptance of this as a field for legiti- mate investigation will probably yield rich returns. I may add that I do not believe that these returns will be obtained either by those who deny the existence of matter or those who believe in nothing else. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESSES. 43 The phenomena of spiritualism, so-called, present a field that should yield valuable results of some kind and ought to be a legiti- mate subject for investigation. Yet Alfred Russell Wallace, who was everywhere recognized as a great scientist, almost lost his reputa- tion by his study of the subject and subsequent adhesion to the faith of spiritualists. Sir William Crookes, great both as a physicist and chemist, investigated the phenomena, and has suffered more or less for it ever since. Is that right? Is it scientific ? Do not make the mistake of supposing that I am advocating the claims of Christian science or spiritualism. Far from it. I believe, however, that where a wide-spread belief prevails, there is something to be learned by scien- tific study ; there is a grain of truth, at least, if we will only thrash it out, and my contention is that it is the duty of scientists to hold toward these obscure phenomena the attitude of science instead of jjrejudice, and, while demanding as incontestable evidence here as else- where, to encourage rather than taboo investigation in these lines. The old question, "If a man die shall he live again?" is one which, bidden or unbidden, rises in every breast. Its answer we know no better than did Omar Khayyam, who wrote : "Myself, when young, did eagerly frequent Doctor and saint, and heard great argument About it and about : but evermore Came out by the same door where in I went. "Into this universe, and tuhy not knowing Nor ivhence, like water willy-nilly flowing : And out of it as wind along the waste, I know not whither, willy-nilly blowing. "Up from Earth's center through the seventh gate I rose and on the throne of Saturn sate, And many a knot unraveled on the road ; But not the master-knot of human fate. "There was the door to which I found no key; There was the veil through which I might not see : Some little talk awhile of me and thee There was — and then no more of thee and me. "Earth could not answer ; nor the Seae that mourn In flowing purple of their Lord forlorn ; Nor rolling Heaven with all his signs, revealed And hidden by the sleeve of night and morn." "To hope is one thing, to believe another; to know is quite an- other." It is the future task of science to contribute something to the unraveling of the "master-knot of human fate." The experimental study of the mind and consciousness will occupy the scientists of the future far more than it has those of the past. 44 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. The mystery of consciousness, so profound as to seem impenetrable, will certainly yield something to experimental investigation. The subject possesses an interest amounting to fascination, but it is en- tirely beyond my ability to discuss. The distinguished Professor Minot, in his presidential address before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, last summer, advanced the hypothesis that the universe consists of matter, energy, and consciousness. Is it too much to say that consciousness presents the most profound prob- lem of science ? Is it too much to believe that the future holds some Newton who will reveal the solution ? Human nature in its natural condition is positive, prejudiced and narrow. The study of science gives breadth ; the attitude of science is one of receptivity. He who has in part gained the clearer vision, who has penetrated some of the mists of verbiage, realizes that all knowledge is relative ; that absolute knowledge of even one thing is not within the power of the human intellect ; that not only the infi- nitely little and the infinitely large are beyond our deepest ken, but the every-day phenomena which so many think they know. In ulti- mate analysis, I think we can be sure of but one thing, "I think, therefore I am." This, only, is positive ; all else is relative. When we reach that point we are humbled ; we realize our insignificance in the universe, and we drop our attitude of positiveness and prejudice, and, on the broad platform of tolerance for every sincere view, we con- sider with cold, passionless intellect the various thoughts that come, or are presented, concerning the relations between phenomena. Not all students of science have reached this point ; many get into a groove which they wear so deep that they can see out in but one di- rection ; they work to prove a theory rather than to make a better one; but the tendency is stronger in science than anywhere else to- ward breadth and tolerance. By those who know little of its contro- versies, science is accused of endeavoring to fasten her theories on mankind regardless of facts. These little suspect the joj' that would fill a young scientist could he but assert, and plausibly maintain, some new hypothesis that would displace the old. This is the spring of life in science : the realization that all knowledge is relative, and that what we call truth is but the expression of views that at the time coordinate most phenomena. Next year, next day, may bring a new fact that will necessitate a new theory. This is no disgrace to sci- ence ; it proves her to be alive and growing ; it demonstrates her elas- ticity and perennial vitality. Let him who boasts of certainty and permanence beware lest he be found hugging a delusion born of preju- dice and ignorance. During the last half of the last century we heard much of the con- PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESSES. 45 flict between religion and science. There were those who maintained that no snch conflict existed, and others who believed that there was war to the death. The present generation cannot appreciate the state of affairs that existed, so violent was the opposition to the then new teachings of science. To believe in the doctrine of evolution was to brand yourself as an infidel without further ceremony. To believe that the earth required more than the time represented by six of our ordinary days for its formation was scarcely less reprehensible. The doctrines of the conservation of energy and of mass were also dan- gerous, though perhaps less so because their tendencies were less apparent. I remember the horror which an old gentleman expressed for that uplifting and inspiring passage in one of Tyndall's brilliant lec- tures in which he traces nearly everything earthly to the sun. In his view, Tyndall left no place for God. For years Henry Ward Beecher was the only preacher of note that had the breadth and courage to avow his acceptance of the tendencies and teachings of evolution. There were doughty fighters on both sides. There were prejudice and intolerance on both sides. There was lack of sympathy with sincere convictions on both sides. I do not care to make quantitative com- parisons at this time. As always, the younger generation is bearing the banner of progress, and in some form the views of science in re- spect to the age of the earth, the origin of species and the relations of matter and force are accepted with as little concern by this genera- tion as the ideas of the rotundity of the earth and its diurnal revolu- tion were accepted by the previous one. It is important to recognize, too, that, with this prevalence of the views of scientists, "pure relig- ion, and undefiled" has suffered not the slightest loss. In fact, by the trend of events, the methods of science have been introduced into the study of religions, with the result that it has taken on new life, and there is every reason to believe that the future will show developments that will ultimately lead to the reunion of all who sympathize with all that tends to the moral elevation of mankind. The nineteenth century will probably always rank as the century of science. Great as have been the material advantages resulting from the discoveries of that century, I believe that its greatest, its farth- est-reaching triumph was the emancipation of the intellect. Science, by her unfaltering courage and superb accomplishment, has become the dominant power of society. The progress of scientific thought is but one phase of the general progress of liberty. The mission of science is but begun ; her methods are being applied in all fields of mental activity, and progress in the study of economics, sociology, ethics and theology will be made by the application of the same prin- ciples that have advanced astronomy, physics, and chemistry, viz., an 46 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. unprejudiced mind, accurate observation, well-chosen experiment, and logical reasoning upon things as we find them, not as we imagine them or think they ought to be. When all approach these subjects in this way, we need have no fear concerning the efPects of the prog- ress. Thinkers of every type recognize that truth is a unit, of which each may dig out a bit, but none can have all, and that no fact can possibly be at variance with truth as a whole. Gerald Stanley Lee put volumes of sound theology in six words when he said "When a fact speaks, God speaks." The highest mission of science is so to amass facts, and to train minds by their study, that the so-called supernat- ural shall be brought within the realms of things known with the same degree of certainty that the things of chemistry and physics are known. Absolute knowledge beyond consciousness of our own ex- istence and sensations we cannot attain. Speed the day when he who gathers truth from whatever field will be welcomed with his sheaves, no matter how unfamiliar the grain ! II. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PAPERS. "A Study of Dietaries at Lawrence, Kan," By E. H. S. Bailey, of the University of Kansas, Lawrence. "Crystalline Liquids." By Feed B. Poetee, of the University of Kansas, Lawrence. "Some Kansas Petroleum." By Edwaed Baetow and Elmee V. McCollum, of the University of Kansas, Lawrence. "The Composition and Digestibility of Prairie Hay and of Buffalo- grass Hay." By J. T. WiLLAED and R. W. Clothiee, of the Kansas Agricultural College, Manhattan. "Distinguishing Red and White Oak Lumber by Chemical Analysis of their Ash." By E. B. Kneee, of Midland College, Atchison. "On the Alkyl Sulphates." By F. W. BusHONG, of Kansas City College, Kansas City, Kan. "Some Sandstone Waters of Great Purity." By E. H. S. Bailey, of the University of Kansas, Lawrence. A STUDY OF DIETARIES AT LAWRENCE, KANSAS. By E. H. S. Bailey, University of Kansas. Read before tlie Academy, at Topeka, January 1, 1903. OCIENTIFIC investigation of the present day is pointing more ^ strongly to the fact that without attention to the quality and quantity of the food consumed man can never be at his best morally, intellectually, or physically. Food is taken into the body to nourish it and enable it to perform properly its functions, but the appetite incites us to take food frequently which, both in kind and amount, is injurious. As wfe are discussing more especially food substances, and their value in sustaining the machine which we call the human body, it is proper to notice the economic conditions that govern our choice. Just as the recent coal strike has led to the discovery and develop- ment of new fuels to take the place of anthracite, so the scarcity of food, from its high price or, what amounts to the same thing, a de- crease in wages at any time, leads to the substitution of new food supplies and to the more economical use of those which we have. The food materials contain water, proteids like the albumen of meat and eggs, carbohydrates like those in starch and sugar, fat from both the vegetable and animal kingdoms, and mineral salts. If the animal is allowed to eat the vegetable food, and we eat the flesh of the animal, we get the proteids in a concentrated form. In the vegetable king- dom, the leguminous plants, such as beans and peas, furnish the lar- gest relative quantity of protein. ^ Looking over the broad field of food supply, we notice : First, foods are cheaper or dearer as they are in or out of season, but the season has been much extended by convenient and cheap transportation, and since canned fruits and vegetables have been introduced many vege- table foods are to be obtained throughout the year at reasonable prices. Second, there is very little relation between the cost of foods and their nutritive value. Beans are more nutritious than plum pudding, but they cost less. Third, a cheap food is not necessarily a poor food, or an expensive food a good food. Fourth, an expensive food can be spoiled for the i3alate and rendered unwholesome by poor cooking, and a cheap food can be made at least palatable and wholesome by skilful cooking. Without going into details, it should be noted that foods like the protein compounds are mostly used to form the material of the body —4 ( 49 ) 50 KANSAS ACADEMY OF*SCIENCE. and repair the waste, while foods such as the fats and the carbohy- drates are used to keep the body warm and furnish the muscular power to do work. In order to measure the value of a food, we adopt as a measure the calorie ; that is, the amount of heat required to raise one pound of water from 0° to 1° centigrade. By this standard, one pound of protein will furnish 1860 calories ; one pound of fat, 4220 calories ; and one pound of carbohydrates, 18(30 calories. In the adjustment of the proportion of these ingredients of the food, it is essential that we provide enough protein to build up and repair the tissues of the body, and enough fats and carbohydrates to keep the body warm and enable it to do its work. Professor Voit, of Munich, one of the best authorities on this sub- ject, has placed the standard for ordinary hard, muscular work as .25 pound protein, and carbohydrates and fats enough to yield, with the protein, 3050 calories of energy per day. Professor Atwater suggests .28 pound of protein per day and a total of 3500 calories of energy for a man engaged in strong muscular labor. Professional men and students in Eurojje do well on .23 pound of protein and enough carbohydrates and fats to make up 2700 calo- ries, but experience shows that in the United States the amounts actually used for this class are larger; in fact, about 3000 calories seem to be required. In making calculation of the nutritive values of the food, the quan- tity of fat is multiplied by 2\, as its fuel value is this much higher than the carbohydrates. To this product we add the carbohydrates and divide the sum by the protein. The nutritive ratio should be from 1 : 4.7 to 1 : 6.9. The examination of a large number of dietaries in use in this country shows that there is a tendency to use too much starch, sugar and fat in proportion to the protein. In Europe the quantity of fat is from 1 to 5 ounces per day ; in the United States it is from 4 to 16 ounces per day. Well-to-do professional men in Ger- many use from 3 to 4|- ounces of fat per day, while in the United States the same class of people use from 5 to 7| ounces per day. The carbohydrates amount to from 9 to 24 ounces as used in Europe, but the same class in the United States use from 24 to 60 ounces. The proportion of protein to carbohydrates in Europe is as 1 to 4.1 to 6, while in this country it is as 1 to 6.6-8.2. Something over two years ago, I requested one of my students, who was a steward of a student club of forty-six members, to make a dietary study of the food consumed during one month. In making this study, he followed the plan outlined by Professor Atwater in Bulle- tin No. 28 of the United States Department of Agriculture. The CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PAPERS. 51 average fuel value was found to be 3923 calories, with a nutritive ratio of proteids and carbohydrates of about 1 to 8. This showed the fuel value to be high ; that is, there was too much starch and sugar consumed for the class of work done. Three thousand calories, as has been previously stated, is considered sufficient for those who are not engaged in very active muscular work. It is a significant fact that in the Southern states there is a still greater tendency to use too much fat, starch, and sugar, and too little lean meat. According to the statement of the club steward in the above, Kansas seems to have the Southern tendency. Less pork and corn-meal ( substances rich in fats ) should be used, and more lean beef, oatmeal, peas and beans — substances rich in proteids. The cost of the food in this club was 19| cents per day per capita, or $1.36 per week. There were twice as many females in this club as males, but it was the observation of the steward that the amount of food eaten was not diminished by this fact, although authorities reckon that a woman eats four-fiths as much as a man. Much valuable food is thrown away, even when it is purchased at a high price. When we eat more than is good for us, we throw away food. Cases are mentioned in ordinary domestic life in which 7.6 per cent, of the food was thrown away with the kitchen waste, and as this waste was taken largely from the protein and fat, it was estimated that .1 of the protein and fat and .04 of the carbohydrates purchased were wasted. The fact is, then, we waste a greater proportion of the protein, which is the most expensive and the most needed form of nutriment. More recently, through the courtesy of a steward of one of the clubs in the University, I have been able to make another comparison of food, with estimate of cost. In this club there were twenty-two persons, and the records are given for sixty-five days. The following is the reported value of the different kinds of food : Articles. Protein. Fat. Carbo- hydrates. Calories (fuel value). Animal Foods: 45.31 10.56 3.32 6.80 .62 17.55 5.35 9.24 .35 36.03 5.06 1.58 14.00 28.44 1.40 250 875' 47 025. Veal 13 800 71 750' 121 110' 38 610 9 960 Eggs 6.93 .09 125.00 9.40 1.80 2.49 40.00 2.13 80.95 47 586 1 340 422 000 .22 4.68 1.74 33.00 1.69 1.07 40 100 16 320 Fisli 13 725 Milk 325 000 12 420 Butter 386! 805 52 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, Articles. Vegetable Foods: Wheat flour Graham flour Oatmeal Malta Vita Grape-nuts Rice Tapioca Starch Corn, canned Corn, roasting Potatoes, Irish Potatoes, sweet. ... Turnips Pumpkin Tomatoes Peas Cabbage Beans Crackers Cakes, cookies Sugar, granulated . Syrup Honey Bread Bread, brown Cranberries Grapes Bananas Oranges Pecans Apricots, canned.. . Plums Plums, canned Lemons Chocolate Baking-powders ... Celery Apples Peaches Peaches, canned... Melons Protein, 22.00 2.92 2.11 8.40 .29 1.34 .40 40.32 5.76 1.00 .28 .86 1.57 5.40 4.50 2.12 37.20 1.95 Totals . .56 .48 .07 .17 .41 .45 .22 .38 .16 .22 1.08 .50 .25 .50 Fat. 285.37 2.20 .49 3.92 .02 .65 .22 1.90 1.53 .05 .05 .22 .43 4.18 2.52 4.80 .39 .10 .67 .24 .14 1.46 1.08 .25 Carbo- hydrates. 159.80 17.91 9.55 38.19 3.17 2.59 4.50 9.12 3.04 343.68 99.84 6.32 .31 .96 2.37 4.12 14.34 33.58 20.72 253.00 28.56 3.24 210.80 11.46 1.78 8.06 8.58 1.02 4.44 10.56 9.50 3.88 .47 .90 1.12 .65 38.88 6.70 3.88 6.75 393.73 I 1,287.95 Calories (fuel value). 329.000 40.625 26.200 103.600 6.520 4.950 8.375 21.840 7.270 720.000 203.520 13.875 1.720 2.520 6.120 11.625 38.520 87.550 53.200 470.580 53.200 6.080 482.000 26.620 3.870 19.760 18.000 2.040 9.100 72.000 8.500 7.920 1.160 8.580 2.467 1.750 79.200 12.750 7.920 15.000 4,762.978 The cost of the food in this case was reported at 17 1 cents per day per capita. At another date, when the tests were made for a shorter period, though under conditions that assured greater accuracy, the cost was 18 1 cents per day per capita. The estimates were made on food as purchased, making the usual allowances for refuse, such as bone, skin, shell, etc., of the food, as these are bought and paid for at the rate of so much per pound or bushel or quart. These are no small items either, for some cuts of beef lose 20 per cent, from refuse and bone tliat cannot be used. Chickens, alive, lose 38 per cent. Fish lose from 40 to 50 per cent, in this way. The amount of water, also, is more than we should at first suppose, both in meats and in vegetables. Sirloin steak contains 38 per cent., blue fish 43 per cent., potatoes 78 per cent., turnips 89 per cent, and bread 32 per cent, of water. The most expensive items of this dietary are beef, which in the above estimate costs $39.78, put of a total of $242 ; and all the animal food, including meats, eggs, milk, cheese, and butter, costs $142, or CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PAPERS. 53 59 per cent. Of the carbonaceous foods, the largest items were sugar, syrup, and honey, all together, $13.80; and bread, white and brown, $11.(35. The calories per day per capita were 3437. The nutritive ratio, as shown by the amounts of proteins and fats together, and carbohydrates, estimated as previously noted, is 1 : 7.6. Here again it will be seen that the total number of calories in the food is not so much out of the way, though a little high, but the same condition prevails as in the other case; that is, the nutritive ratio is wide — too much fat and carbohydrates in proportion to the proteids. The table following gives some of the results observed both in this country and abroad in respect to fuel value of foods and nutvitvoe ratio. These are selected from many hundred that have been pub- lished, so as to show an average and some special facts. Here also is seen the tendency of our Southern people to eat too much fat and starch. The figures in parentheses give the number of families or clubs studied. COMPARISON OF DIETARIES. Negro farmers, Tennessee Cotton operators, Lowell, Mass... Mechanics, etc., New England (20) Average for professional men (9) . . Saxony, working people (13) Middle class, European (11) Laborers, Bavaria (5) Javanese ( World's Fair) Football team Average wage-earner, Connecticut United States army ration Students' club, Connecticut " " Missouri " " Tennessee " " average (15) " " Kansas Fuel value (Calories). Nutritive ratio. 1:- 3,270 11.8 4,6.50 7.6 5,27.5 7.3 3,315 6.8 2,275 7.0 3,150 5.3 3,295 4.9 1,490 4.5 6,070 6.6 3,605 6.7 3,850 6.8 3,140 6.7 3,560 8.0 3,520 8.3 3,700 7.4 3.437 7.6 54 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. CRYSTALLINE LIQUIDS * By Fred B. Porter, University of Kansas. Read before the Academy, at Topeka, January 2, 1903. CRYSTALLINE LIQUID is a term that has come into use to de- scribe a phase in which a few substances have properties of both liquids and crystals. At certain temperatures these substances ap- pear to the naked eye like ordinary liquids. They are free flowing, but have a cloudy or milky appearance. Under the polarizing micrp- scope, however, they show double refraction, a property of crystals. At a higher temperature they suddenly lose the cloudiness and the double refractive powers and attain the true liquid phase. The tem- perature at which the solid changes to the cloudy liquid is the melt- ing point, and the temperature at which the cloudiness disappears is called the transition point. The first substance which was observed to have these peculiar properties was Cholesterine benzoate (C36H43OOCC6II0), (Schenck, Zeits. Phys. Chem. 25, 337). In 1887 Reinitzer, a German chemist, observed that this substance melted at 145° to a cloudy liquid, and that at 178' the cloudy appearance suddenly disappeared. He did not, however, observe its double refraction. In 1890 three azoxyphenolethers, which had this cloudy modifica- tion of the liquid state, were made and studied by Gatterman (Be. 23, 1738). The composition, melting points and transition points of these substances are shown in the following table : Melting Transition Name. Formula. point. point. Paraazoxyanisol, OH3OC6H4-N N-e6H40CH3 114° 134.1 \0/ Paraazoxyphenetol, C2H,OC«H4-N N-C6H4OC2H5 134.5° 164.2^ Anisolazoxyphenetol, CH.jOCoH^-N N-C6H4OC2H, 86° 116° \o/ Gatterman also found that these substances, when exhibiting this cloudy appearance, have the property of double refraction. This he observed by means of a special ajjparatus for heating the substance under the polarizing microscope. Such an arrangement is necessary to observe the double refraction in the crystalline liquids thus far known, because none have been discovered that have the crystalline liquid phase at ordinary temperature. The properties of the azoxyphenolethers have been further studied * Abstract of a thesis presented to the faculty of the School of Engineering of the University of Kansas for the degree of bachelor of science in chemical engineering. The work was carried on in the laboratory of organic chemistry, under direction of Prof. Edward Bartow. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PAPERS. 55 by Lehman ( Zeits. Phys. Chem. 5, 427). He suspended drops of these substances in a medium of the same density, and found that the drops had two axes, as in solid crystals. The drops were rounded in form, but when two of these came in contact, instead of forming one drop with only two axes, four axes still remained. Pressing drops between glass plates did not destroy the axes, as might be expected. The study of other physical chemical properties of these crystalline liquids has been carried on by Schenck. ( Zeits. Phys. Chem. 25, 337). He determined their density at different temperatures, and found on platting the density curves that he obtained nearly straight lines, with the exception that at the transition point the density changes suddenly while the temperature remains constant, making a jog in the curve. The curves for all the crystalline liquids known are similar. The molecular weight of the substances in the two liquid phases was found to be the same ; that is, there is no change in the size of the molecules when the liquid passes through the transition point. We must have, then, two liquids which are chemically identical, but different in their physical properties, and, therefore, truly physical isomers. A curve showing the relation of the different phases of one of these substances could be drawn similar to the curve for sulphur. Sulphur has one vapor, one liquid and two solid phases, the monoclinic phase occupying a triangle (see Physical Chemistry, Walker), while a crystalline liquid has one vapor, two liquid, and one solid phase, the crystalline liquid phase occupying a triangle. Such peculiar properties seemed worth observing, so we decided to make one of these substances. With the materials at hand, the prepa- ration of ^-azoxyanisol promised the best results. The compound from which ^-nitrophenetol was made by Gatterman is now on the market, but as it could not be procured at once, it became necessary to make it. The ^;-nitrophenetoi can be made (1) by treating ^-phe- netol with fuming nitric acid (Hallock, Am. 1, 271), or (2) by boiling j9-nitrochlorbenzene with alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution (C. Willgerodt, Be. 15, 1002). The latter method was used. The j^-nitro- chlorbenzene was prepared from chlorbenzene, and the chlorbenzene from benzene itself. For the preparation of chlorbenzene, benzene was chlorinated in the presence of aluminum turnings. The resultant liquid colored by decomposition products, contained varying amounts of the chlorben- zenes, which were separated by fraqtional distillation. The relative amounts of the mono-chlorbenzenes depended upon the amount of chlorine led into the benzene, and on the temperature during chlorina- tion. The best results were obtained by warming the benzene until 56 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. it was evident that the reaction was beginning and then cooling it as soon as possible. In this way almost no black decomposition products and relatively more of the mono-chlorbenzene was obtained. In the fractional distillation, a part distils over below 90°. This was used in the next chlorination. The next fraction contains mono-chlorbenzene, b. p. 132". At higher temperature, small amounts of dichlorbenzene, b. p. 172^, and of 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrachlorbenzene were obtained ; and finally in one case, when the chlorination was carried too far, some higher distillations were obtained, even up to 300°; but no other pure compounds were separated. It was necessary to repeat the fractional distillation at least seven times to separate the compounds. Para-nitrochlorbenzene was next prepared (Riche A. 121, 357), by nitrating the chlorbenzene with fuming nitric acid at the tempera- ture of ice-water. Both the ortho and para compounds are formed. At first the para compound was obtained pure by repeated crystalliza- tions, but it was found later that an almost complete separation could be made by means of a Buchner funnel and the suction-pump. The ortho compound contains a considerable quantity of impurity, and is a liquid, and if pure it should melt at 32.5'^. The para compound be- ing solid, m. p. 83°, remains on the filter. Paranitro-phenetol was then obtained ( C. Willgerodt, Be. 15, 1002 ) by heating a mixture of 300 cc. alcohol, 150 cc. water, 10.5 g. potassium hydroxid, and 30 g. j^-nitrochlorbenzene for thirty-six hours in a flask with a return condenser. The product obtained, after diluting with water and filtering, was purified by distillation with steam. The unchanged ;?-nitrochlorbenzene distils over first, followed by the /»-nitrophenetol. A solid dichlorazoxybenzene, melt- ing at 155°, and /?-nitrophenol in solution remain in the flask. Paraazoxyanisol was next prepared. Six g. sodium, 60 g. methyl alcohol, and 16 g. j9-nitrophenetol ( Schenck, Zeits. Phys. Chem. 25, 346), were sealed in tubes and heated for five hours at 110°, in the bomb furnace. The product, treated with alcohol, left a solid, which, when crystallized from chloroform, melted at 114 , and passed its transition point at 134°. As no microscope with heating stage was available, the double refraction of the paraazoxyanisol could not be observed by us. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PAPERS. 57 SOME KANSAS PETROLEUM. By Edward Bartow and Elmer V. McCollum, University of Kansas. Read before the Academy, at Topeka, January 1, 1903. OUR attention was called to the fact that there must be consider- able variation in Kansas petroleum when some specimens dif- fering entirely in character were sent to the laboratory of organic chemistry for analysis. We therefore thought it advisable to collect specimens from various parts of the Kansas oil fields, and to make tests to prove our conclusion that there was a decided variation in the character of the oils from different parts of the field. This paper tells of our observations of the specific gravity, flash point and burning point of eight samples of oil collected in Allen and Neosho counties. To prevent loss of volatile oils, it is desirable that the samples be collected directly from the wells. Owing to the different stages in the development of the pumping arrangements of these wells, it was not always possible to collect the samples under like conditions. We have noted the conditions of collection below. We have not included the record of the depth of the wells in this paper, because the height above sea-level and the dip of the strata must also be taken into consideration in order to make an accurate comparison of the depths. Sample No. 1 was from a well about three miles north of Chanute. Sample No. 2 was from a well about one and one-half miles east of Chanute. Sample No. 3 was from a well three miles south of Humboldt. This sample was taken directly from the well by the writer. Sample No. 4 was from a well two miles north of La Harpe, and had been in barrels exposed to the air for several days before collec- tion was made. The well was new, and had been shot only about ten days. Sample No. 5 was from a well in the northern part of the city of Humboldt, and was taken from a tank into which it had been pumped. The Engler test showed water. Sample No. 6 was from a well four miles southwest of Humboldt, and was in part taken directly from the flowing well and part from a barrel. Sample No. 7 was from a well about a mile west of Humboldt, and was pumped directly from the well. Sample No. 8 was from the schoolhouse well in Humboldt. The well is primarily a gas well, but some oil collects and must be pumped 58 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. at intervals. The oil obtained had been pumped three or four hours before it was secured by the writer. The following table shows the relative properties of eight samples of oil from Allen and Neosho counties : No. Specific gravity. Baume. Flash point. Burning point. Fahren- heit. Centi- grade. Fahren- heit. Centi- grade. 1 0.866 0.872 0.940 0.906 0.912 0.880 0.874 0.875 32.5 31.3 19.3 25. 24. 30. 31. 31. -52'^ 112 289 167 160 52 52 77 11° 39 143 75 71 11 11 25 77° 129 360 208 241 124 79 124 25° 2 54 3 172 4 98 5 116 6 51 7 26 8 51 In the above table, we would call attention to the following differ- ences : The specific gravity varies from 0.866 ( Baume 32.5 ), in No. 1, to 0.940 ( Baume 19.3 ), in No. 3. No. 3 and No. 5 contain some water, which makes the specific gravity a trifle higher than the dry oil would be. The flash points vary from 11" C. (52" F.), in Nos. 1, 6, and 7, to 143=0. (289= F.) in No. 3. The burning points vary from 25" C. (77° F.), in No. 1, to 72" C. (360" F.), in No. 3. We have also made distillations of the above samples according to the method of Engler. We used 300 cc. of crude oil, and carried on the distillation in 500 cc. glass distilling flasks. We collected the dis- tillates in five-per-cent. fractions. The results of these determina- tions we will report in a later paper. Judging from this preliminary work, the results seem to warrant the continuation of the examination of oils from other parts of the Kansas field. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PAPERS. 69 THE COMPOSITION AND DIGESTIBILITY OF PRAIRIE HAY AND OF BUFFALO-GRASS HAY. By J. T. WiLLAED aud R. W. Clothiee, Kansas State Agricultural College. Read before the Academy, at lola, December 31, 1901. \ NUMBER of digestion experiments have been carried out in re- -^-^ cent years at the Kansas State Agricultural College Experiment Station, and it seemed that two of these might be of some interest to the Academy, namely, those on prairie hay and bufPalo-grass hay. It is well-known that our prairie hay of the eastern part of the state is not in high repute as a feed, and it is even more uniformly true that the short grass of the plains has always been in favor. Even when dead it has served to nourish animals well and bring them through the winter without other feed, when snow did not prevent access to it. Undoubtedly there are great difPerences among various samples of both the grasses in question and hays made from them, and the results here recorded are not submitted as definitive, but they certainly are suggestive. The prairie hay used was from the uplands of Riley county, and was regarded as of good quality. No botanical analysis was made of it, but it probably contained a good deal of the little bluestem. It was cut about August 1, 1898, and was prepared for sampling and feeding by running it through an ensilage cutter. After a preliminary feeding of six days to clear the digestive tract of other feed, the test proper began and continued for six days more. Twenty pounds per day were fed, of which about three-fourths were eaten. The animal used was a three-year-old Hereford steer. The buffalo-grass hay was cut with a lawn-mower in Logan county, during the latter part of July, 1899. It required about ten days' work to get 300 pounds of hay. This was shipped to the station in excel- lent condition. This hay required no further cutting to prepare it for uniform mixing and sampling. It was fed to a yearling steer, a grade Short-horn. Not being accustomed to this delicacy, our steer refused to eat it at first, and had to be brought to the ration by mixing it with alfalfa and gradually increasing the proportion of the buffalo-grass. In about six days he was on the pure buffalo-grass. He was given a preliminary feeding of five days, followed by five days of the period of exact observation. He was given eighteen pounds per day, and ate about three-fourths of it. The table following gives the more interesting details of the results. It will be seen that, in respect to the total dry matter, the two hays 60 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. are almost identical, but that we have an enormous difference in the amount of protein present and in the digestion coefficient of the pro- tein, Buffalo-grass, in fact, is found to be very much superior to any of the ordinary rough feeds and fodders. It is fully equal to Ken- tucky blue-grass and but little inferior to red clover. It should perhaps be stated that the digestion experiments and the analyses were performed in the usual manner, and that in the table, for convenience, certain data are expressed in more than one way. Thus, the pure proteids are a part of the crude protein and the carbo- hydrates are the sum of the fiber and the nitrogen-free extract. Compoeition, coefficients of digestibility and percentages of digestible constitu- ents in prairie hay and buffalo-grass hay. Water. Ash. Crude pro- tein. Pure pro- teids. Fiber. Nitrogen- free extract. Carbo- hydrates. Fat. Total dry matter. Composition of the air-dry substances. 9.07 8.16 7.88 12.10 3.62 11.31 3.62 10.00 29.77 24.10 47.44 42.33 77.21 66.43 2.24 2.00 90.93 Buflalo-grass hay. 91.84 Coefficients of digestibility, i. e., the percentage of each constituent that is digestible. Prairie hay Buffalo-grass hay 25.30 6.04 17.67 54.38 20.91 57.70 61.18 64.65 61.25 61.71 61.07 62.75 56.57 62.41 51.45 50.08 Percentages of digestible constituents in the air-dry substances. Prairie hay 1.97 0 70 0.61 6 20 0.74 5 88 17.76 15 77 29.14 26 24 46.90 42.01 1.97 1.28 51.45 50.08 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PAPERS. 61 DISTINGUISHING RED AND WHITE OAK LUMBER BY CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THEIR ASH. By E. B. Knere, Midland College, Atchison. Read before the Academy, at Topeka, January 1, 1903. \ FEW years ago the county surveyor of Atchison county appealed -^-^ to the author of the following notes for information as to methods of distinguishing between red and white oak lumber. It seems that among his duties was the inspection of the lumber pur- chased by the county for bridge purposes, and, as the contracts called for white oak, he wanted to be sure that white oak lumber was being furnished, and not red oak, which usually rates in the market at two dollars less per thousand feet than white oak. As is well known, the color of a freshly planed surface affords no reliable information as to the nature of the material, the white oak frequently being darker than the red. True, white oak is usually more closely grained than the red, but even this distinction may be deceptive in material from widely separated localities. Again, the white oak is usually heavier than the red, weighing forty-six pounds to the cubic foot, while the red weighs but forty-one pounds on the average. But, as may be readily seen, results as to weight will be gieatly modified by the amount of seasoning, time of cutting, method of storing, etc. It occurred to the writer that possibly a chemical analysis of the ashes of the several varieties might be of service in determining the kinds of lumber in question. Accordingly, a sample each of white, red, post and willow oaks was obtained from the Carlisle Lumber Company, of Atchison. The matei'ial was furnished direct from their mills in Arkansas, and represents results from one locality alone. The red and willow oaks are of the black oak tribe, the members of which require two years to perfect their fruit, while the white and post oaks belong to the annual-fruited division. The representatives of the black oaks gave a much higher percentage of ash than those of the white oaks, ranging over thirty-two-hundredths per cent, of the sea- soned wood for the former, and less than twenty-hundredths per cent, for the latter. This difference was found mainly in the quantity of lime and potash present, the red oaks showing about twenty per cent, more of lime and five per cent, more of potash in tlie ashes than did the white oaks. Bearing these considerations in mind, we should have here a sure method for distinguishing disputed samples of white and red oak. 62 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. ON THE ALKYL SULPHATES. By F. W. BusHONG, Kansas City University. Read before the Academy, at Topeka, January 1, 1903. TWO lowest members of the series of neutral alkyl sulpliates, dimethyl sulphate and diethyl sulphate, have long been known. In 1870 Chapman ^ obtained impure diisoamyl sulphate by passing sulpur dioxide into isoamyl nitrite. Stempnewsky^ states that alkyl sulphates are formed by the interaction of silver sulphate with alkyl haloids, but Nef ^ found that while this method yields normal dipropyl sulphate and diisoamyl sulphate it does not furni,sh diisopropyl sul- phate nor diisobutyl sulphate, and accounts for this by pointing out that these esters possess very low dissociation points. On this ac- count, he suggests that the only possible method which presents itself for their synthesis at low temperature is the interaction of sulphury 1 chloride or its esters with alcoholates. Following this suggestion, I have prej)ared ethyl isopropyl sulphate, ethyl isobutyl sulphate and ethel isoamyl sulphate from chlorsulphonic ethyl ester and sodium alcoholates, and diisopropyl, diisobutyl and diisoamyl sulphates from sulphuryl chloride ^d the sodium alcohol- ates. The reaction between sulphuryl chloride and sodium alcoholates is complicated and the yield of alkyl sulphate cut down by the dissocia- tion of the sulphuryl chloride into suli^hur dioxide and chlorine. I wish, on this account, to investigate this reaction further before stating ray results, and at present describe only my experiments with chlor- sulphonic ethyl ester, CHLORSULPHONIC ETHYL ESTER, ITS PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES. Soon after the constitution of sulphuric acid and its relation to chlorsulphonic acid and to sulphuryl chloride had been established, R. Williamson^ prepared chlorsulphonic ethyl ester "by direct com- bination of chloride of ethyl with anhydrous sulphuric acid. Its composition was determined by finding the weight of the product ob- tained by combining a known weight of SO3 with chloride of ethyl." Purgold"^ found that in this reaction at least two of the three possi- ble isomers are formed, and his work has, in part, been confirmed by Armstrong.'' He also proved that the ester thus obtained is identical with the chloranhydride of ethyl sulphuric acid, which he made by 1. Ber. d. chem. Qes. 8, 920 (1870). 3. Liebig's Annalen 318, 40 (1901). 2. Ber. d. chem. Qes. 11, 514 (1878). 4. Jr. Chem. Soc. 10, 100 (1857). 5. Leibig's Annalen 149, 124 (1869), Ber. d. chem. Ges. 6, 502 (1873). CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PAPERS. 63 the action of phosphorus pentachloride upon dry potassium ethyl sulphate, as well as with a body prepared by Wilm" by the action of fuming sulphuric acid upon chlorcarbonic ethyl ester, carbon dioxide being liberated. M. Midler^ obtained the same compound, together with isethionic acid, by passing ethylene into chlorsulphonic acid. It was also obtained by Sandmeyer*^ by the addition of ethyl hypochlorite to sulphur dioxide. On passing chlorine gas, free from air, into a solution of sodium bisulphite in ten per cent, aqueous alcohol, I have found that chlor- sulphonic ethyl ester is at first formed rapidly, but is. destroyed as soon as a considerable quantity of hydrochloric acid has been formed. Through Claesson's method ^ free ethyl sulphuric acid is now easily accessible, and from this Nef ^" has prepared chlorsulphonic ester by means of phosphorus pentachloride, but I have had difficulty in re- moving the last traces of phosphorus from the ester thus made. The chlorsulphonic ethyl ester used in the experiments hereafter described was made from sulphuryl chloride and alcohol by the fol- lowing modification of Behrend's method : ^^ Sulphuryl chloride (Kahlbaum's) was put into a distilling flask fitted with a doubly perforated stopper, through which were inserted the stem of a dropping funnel and a glass tube connected with a cal- cium chloride drying tube. The end of the glass tube was drawn out until almost capillary, and dipped below the surface of the sulphuryl chloride. The delivery stem of the distilling flask led to a wash-bot- tle containing water and provided with a safety tube. The wash- bottle was connected with an aspirator, and air was drawn through the liquid for the double purpose of keeping the liquid constantly stirred and of carrying away the extremely irritating fumes. The flask was immersed in a freezing mixture. Absolute alcohol ( a little in excess of one molecule ) was admitted drop by drop from the drop- ping funnel. When all the alcohol was admitted the freezing mixture was removed, but the air current /was maintained about half an hour longer, until the liquid acquired the temperature of the room and be- came perfectly colorless. After standing, two layers may be distin- guished; the lighter and smaller consists mainly of ethyl sulphuric acid, and the heavier of nearly pure chlorsulphonic ester. The lower layer, after washing with cold water, drying with calcium chloride, and distilling under reduced joressure, yields over sixty per cent, of the theoretical quantity of the pure ester. I. 0.3372 gram substance gave 0.5528 gram BaS04. 6. Jr. prak. Cbem. (2) 1, 244 (1870). 9. Jr. prak. Chem. (2) 19, 231 (1879). 7. Ber. d. chem. Ges. 6, 227 (1873). 10. Liebitr's Annalen 318, 40 ( 1901 ). 8. B.er. d. chem. Ges. 19, 860 (1886). 11. Jr. prak. Chem. (2) 15, 28 (1877). 64 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. II. 0.4108 gram substance required 28.20 cc. AgNOs solution, rep- resenting 0.0984 gram CI. III. 0.3450 gram substance required 23.53 cc. AgNOs solution, representing 0,0821 gram 01. Calculated for Found. CI-SO2-OC2H.5. I. II. III. S 22.18 22.51 01 24.52 .... 23.96 23.80 Ohlorsulphonic ethyl ester is a colorless, limpid liquid, possessing a sharp, pungent odor, irritating to the eyes and exciting tears. Its boiling-point under a pressure of 14 mm. is 52°, and under 20 ram. 58"^. The specific gravity is 1.3630 at 18^ It is soluble in ligroin, chloroform, and ether, but attacks ether when warmed. It is also soluble in fuming nitric acid, and is precipitated unchanged by the addition of water. Water affects it only slightly in the cold, even after standing with it for weeks ; but on heating, decomposition quickly sets in. Thus, 4.8 grams of the ester heated in a distilling flask containing 40 cc. water, gave 150 cc. of ethyl chloride, or 16 per cent, of the theoretical amount. The decomposition of the ester by alcohol has been shown by Claesson to yield ethyl chloride, hy- drogen chloride, ethyl sulphuric acid, ether, and a small amount of diethyl sulphate. ACTION OF CHLORSULPHONIC ETHYL ESTER UPON SODIUM ALCOHOLATES. 1. Upon Sodium Ethylate. Twenty-five grams (2 niols.) freshly prepared sodium ethylate, dried at 180° in a hydrogen stream under reduced pressure, were suspended in 100 grams purified gasoline ( b. p. 110°-125°). Twenty-five grams ohlorsulphonic ethyl ester were slowly added by means of a dropping funnel, the mixture being con- tinually agitated and kept cool in an ice-salt freezing mixture. After the ester had all been added, the temperature was allowed to rise to about 10°, and was kept there until the odor of the ester was no longer noticeable. The gasoline solution was then decanted, filtered, and subjected to distillation from a water-bath, and yielded ethyl ether, which after rectification weighed 2.85 grams. The residue of salts was washed with absolute ether and the washings were added to the gasoline from which the ether formed in the reaction had been re- moved as above described. On then removing the ether and gasoline by distillation at reduced pressure, 9.92 grams diethyl sulphate, dis- tilling between 96° at 18 mm. and 96° at 14 mm., were obtained — a yield of 32.2 per cent. After being washed with ether, the salts were dissolved in water and the solution was saturated with carbon dioxide, then evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. By digestion with absolute alcohol, 12.2 grams sodium ethyl sulphate were obtained CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PAPERS. 65 (47.6 per cent.) The residue, insoluble in alcohol, gave, on dissolv- ing in water — acidifying with hydrogen chloride, etc. — 2.05 grams of barium sulphate, which corresponds to 1.25 grams (5 per cent.) sodium sulphate. 2. Upon Sodium Isoamylate. Ethyl Isoamyl Sulphate, C2H5O- S02-OC,5Hii. Twenty-two grams ( 1| mols.) sodium isoamylate, dried at 220° in a stream of hydrogen under reduced pressure, were sus- pended in 100 cc. absolute ether, and cooled in a freezing mixture of ice and salt, and 19.5 grams chlorsulphonic ethyl ester added ; drop by drop. The temperature was allowed to rise slowly to about 15° and it was observed that the sodium isoamylate gradually dissolved, and that salt did not separate even after half an hour's standing at room tem- perature. On heating the mixture, however, under a reversed con- denser, much salt was deposited. The ethereal filtrate was first distilled at about 100 to 150 mm. pressure in order to remove the ex- cess of ether, the amyl alcohol, and amyl ethyl ether. The two last substances were formed in considerable amounts but were not quan- titatively separated. The residual oil was distilled at about 18 mm. pressure ; there was much charring with evolution of sulphur dioxide, but the distillate, after washing with dilute sodic hydrate and drying with calcium chloride, yielded 5 grams (37 per cent.) of jjure ethyl isoamyl sulphate (described below). The salt residue insoluble in ether was worked up in the same manner as the salts formed from sodium ethylate. already described. The absolute alcoholic extract weighed 7.4 grams and proved to be sodium isoamyl sulphate, although possibly sodium ethyl sulphate may have been present in small quan- tity. Considered as sodium isoamyl sulphate, the amount found was 29 per cent, of the theory. The remaining salt residue yielded 6.88 grams BaSOi, corresponding to 4.19 grams (21.8 percent.) of sodium sulphate. In a second experiment, 34 grams sodium isoamylate, 150 cc. ether and 30 grams chlorsulphonic ethyl ester were used. The ethereal so- lution was not heated under the reversed condenser, as in the jDre- ceding experiment, but on adding about 25 cc. of cold water a thick gelatinous mass of salts was precipitated, which dissolved on adding (125 cc.) more water. The ethereal solution was washed frequently with water, dried with calcium chloride, and subjected to fractional distillation under reduced pressure. The oil that remained after the removal of the amyl alcohol and amyl ethyl ether was, however, not directly distilled, but first again taken- up in ether, washed with dilute caustic alkali, dried with calcium chloride, and then distilled at re- duced pressure. Thus 20 grams (49 per cent.) of pure ethyl Lsoamyl sulphate were obtained. 66 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, 0.4636 gram substance gave 0.5646 gram BaS04 (Carius). Calculated for C2H50-S02-OaH„. Found, S 16.34 16.72 Ethyl isoamyl sulphate is a colorless oil, resembling diethyl sul- phate, but its odor is less agreeable, although somewhat like that of bananas. Its boiling-point was found to be 127-128" at 15 mm. ; specific oravity, 1.079 at 20"^ (Westphal): index of refraction for sodium light. 1.4118 (Abbe). It is insoluble in and is not affected by cold water, but dissolves readily in alcohol, ether, and ligroin. Heated above 140", rapid decomposition begins. 3. Upon Sodium Isobutylate. Ethyl Isobutyl Sulphate, C2H5O- SO-2-OC4H9. Proceeding exactly as in the experiment last described, 25 grams (1.5 mols.) sodium isobutylate, freshly prepared and dried at 180°-190° in a stream of hydrogen under reduced pressure, were sus- jjended in about 100 cc. absolute ether, and treated with 30 grams chlorsulphonic ethyl ester. On adding water to the clear ethereal solution obtained, a copious gelatinous precipitate was instantly formed. The products isolated were : Ethyl isobutyl sulphate, 18.7 grams, or 50 per cent. Sodium isobutyl sulphate, 9.6 grams, or 26 per cent. Sodium sulphate, 3.2 grams, or 11 per cent. The ethyl isobutyl sulphate obtained boils at 108° under a pressure of 13 mm. and possesses the si^ecific gravity 1.098 at 23"' ( Westphal). Its index of refraction for sodium light is 1.4068 (Abbe). It is a colorless oil, insoluble in water, having an odor similar to that of mandrake. In a sulphur determination (Carius), 0.6276 gram substance gave 0.8183 gram BaSOi. Calculated for C£Hr,0-S02-OC4H9. Found. S 17.60 17.90 4. Upon Sodium Isopropylate. ,Ethyl Isopkopyl Sulphate, C2H.',0-S02-OCbH7. On treating 27 grams (2 mols.) sodium isopro- pylate, suspended in about 100 cc. absolute ether, with 22.8 grams of chlorsulphonic ethyl ester, the following products were obtained : Ethyl isopropyl sulphate (crude oil), 16.2 grams, 62.2 per cent. Sodium isopropyl sulphate, 7.5 grams, 29.3 per cent. Sodium sulphate (not weighed). Ethyl isopropyl sulphate is less stable than the other alkyl sul- phates here described, and consequently there is much loss in distill- ing it even at reduced pressure. Its boiling point is 105"" at 18 mm. pressure: the .specific gravity, 1.143 at 21° (Westphal), and the index of refraction for sodium light, 1.4062 (Abbe). For the analysis a CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PAPERS. 67 distilled portion was taken up in ether, washed with dilute caustic soda, and dried with calcium chloride. The ether was then removed by heating to 60° in a vacuum. 0.4904 gram substance gave 0.6664 gram Ba804. Calculated for C2H.O-SO2-OC3H7. Found. S 18.95 18.65 The sodium isopropyl sulphate obtained closely resembles sodium isobutyl sulphate in appearance, soapy feel, and solubility in water and alcohol. A portion of it was hydrolyzed by means of hydro- chloric acid and the alcohol thus obtained boiled between 79.5° and 82°. This on oxidation gave acetone, as was proved by converting it into indigo by condensation with o-nitro benzald^hyde. I wish to gratefully acknowledge that the results I have to present were made possible by my appointment, three years ago, to a fellow- ship in the University of Chicago. My work was, however, seriously interfered with by sickness, and is not yet completed. 68 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. SOME SANDSTONE WATERS OF GREAT PURITY. By E. H. S. Bailey, of Kansas University. Read before the Academy, at Ida, December 31, 1901. MANY attempts have been made to classify mineral waters, but as their composition is so comjjlex, it is evident that any sys- tem that may be adopted will be somewhat defective. The simplest classification would be one that arranged in each group those waters having a predominance of similar constituents, or ions. The system which we have adopted is a modification of that proposed by some other chemists, and is as follows : I, The Chloride group. VI, The Sulphide group. II, The Sulphate group. VII, The Chalybeate group. III, The Chlor-sulphate group. VIII, The Special group. IV, The Carbonate group. IX, The Soft Water group. V, The Chlor-sulpho-carbonate group. It is my object to call attention to the last of these, the soft- water group. As such a large proportion of the rocks of Kansas are of calcareous origin, it is natural for us to infer that the waters are nearly all hard, frofn the presence of carbonates and sulj^hates of lime and magnesia. Fortunately, however, there are few areas where sandstone and other rocks prevail, and here we find excellent soft waters. Among those that have been examined in the laboratory of the University, the following are worthy of special note ; the amount of solid or mineral matter obtained in each case on evaporating a gallon of the water is expressed in grains : Delaware springs 8.27 Parker's 8.89 Linwood* 9.90 Chico spring 14 . 92 Kansas Clarus 20.83 Conway Springs 3.41 Brookville No. 2* 3.84 California 6.13 Cave spring 6 . 75 Brookville No. 1* 8.09 Sand springs* 8.15 * Carbon dioxide to form bicarbonates is not included. These springs either flow from sand or from beneath sand rocks. These rocks often contain considerable iron and a little of this is al- most always found in these waters. With the exception of the water found near Brookville, and that of the Conway Springs, the California spring contains less mineral matter than any that has been analyzed. The California spring is said to have derived its name from its CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PAPERS. 69 situation on one of the numerous trails leading across the state to the mountains and to California. It is situated on the southern slope of the broad valley of the Marais des Cygnes, about four miles northwest of Ottawa. The temperature of the water is 58"^ F., and the flow is 450 gallons per hour. There are no rare constituents in the water, as the following analysis shows : Grams per liter. IONS. Sodium (Na) 0068 Calcium (Ca) 0146 Magnesium (Mg) 0018 Iron (Fe) 0004 Chlorine (01) 0106 Sulphuric acid ion (SO4) 0074 Silicic acid ion (SiOs) 0238 RADICALS. Sodium oxide (Na20) 0092 Calcium oxide (CaO) 0205 Magnesium oxide (MgO) 0031 Iron oxide (FeO) 0005 Chlorine (CI) 0106 Sulphuric anhydride (SO3) 0062 Silicic anhydride (Si02) 0180 Carbonic anhydride (CO2! 0.327 Water (H2O) 0067 Oxygen equivalent 0024 Total 1051 Hypothetically combined as follows: Grams Grains per liter. per gallon. Sodium chloride (NaCl) 0174 1 .018 Calcium sulphate (CaS04) 0106 .618 Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(C03)2) 0466 2.721 Magnesium bicarbonate (MgH2(C0.3)2) 0113 .661 Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(C03)2) 0012 .071 Silica (Si02> 0180 1.049 Totals 1051 6.138 There is a demand for waters that are extremely pure in the treat- ment of certain diseases where an abundance of mineral matter is in- jurious. This water contains very much less solid matter than such waters as the Waukesha, Jackson Lithia, etc. — waters that are recom- mended more for their purity than for any special ingredients that they contain. There are waters found in the sandstone and granite regions of the East that are as pure as the California spring, and some actually contain less than two grains per gallon, but it is interesting to notice that we have in the middle West just as good waters, and that they are abundantly supplied in certain localities. III. GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. "The Spanish Peaks." By J. J. Jewett, Topeka. "Economic Geology of Iola and Vicinity." By G. p. Geimsley, Washburn College, Topeka. "Notes on the Geology op the Antelope Hills." By R. S. Srerwin, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla. "Notes on the Theories of Origin of Gypsum Deposits." By R. S. Sherwin, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla. "Experiences with Early Man in America." By Charles H. Sternberg, Lawrence. "The Permian Life of Texas." By Charles H. Sternberg, Lawrence. "Geology op Lyon County, Kansas." By Alva .J. Smith, Emporia. "Further Studies op the Mentor Beds." By Alfred W. Jones, Kansas Wesleyan University, Saliaa. "The Ottawa Gas-wells." By J. A. Yates, Ottawa University, Ottawa. "Physiographic Divisions of Kansas." By Geo. I. Adams, Washington, D. C. "List of Fossil Plants Collected in Vicinity of Oxaga, Kan." By F. F. Creveccede, Onaga. "Gold in Kansas." (Two papers.) By J. T. Lovewell, Topeka. ' THE SPANISH PEAKS. By J. J. Jewett, Topeka, Kan. "VV/'HERE glacier gleamed, a jeweled precipice, * ' With torrents pouring from its blue abyss, Before Niag'ra had begun to trench Its channel through Ontario's rocky bench, 1 stand, and view a river's whirling flood Fall seaward with its tinge of tribute mud. I marvel if, again, the ice will gleam A thousand feet above the turbid stream. A city rests upon the glacial grist,* With towers and spires the blessed clouds have kissed: Its smoke, and steam, and screeching sounds of power Proclaim its Kings of Toil rule every hour. I wait the dark, one-eyed, steam-spirit steed. That dares essay the black tornado's speed: I mount a carriage gorgeous with plush: A bell is rung: a thousand people rush This way and that: the city vista yields To farms well tilled and ample pasture fields. The westward train th' ascending prairie streaks. And far southwest reveals the Spanish Peaks, That tower above the earth-curve of the plain As shipmasts loom above the convex main. While yet the bulky body of the ship Lies hid below the dim horizon dip. In sooth they seem a ship in steady sail Across a swardy sea of swell and swale. Above the panorama, boundless stretched, Of moveless troughs and billows Time has etched With wind and water, froet and acid gas, And clothed in herbage decked with plumes of grass. *The situation is applicable to Topeka, Kan., or to Kansas City, Mo. The Spanish Peaks are situated on the south border line of Huerfano county, in southeastern Colorado. The west peak, on the authority of Hayden, is 13,620 feet high ; but Wheeler found it to be 100 feet higher. The latter altitude is that which is gener- ally accepted. The summit of the west peak is about 7000 feet above the low hills adja- cent, and about 8000 feet above the surface of the plain fifteen to twenty miles distant. The east peak has 1000 feet less altitude. The summits of the peaks are about three miles apart. Owing to the absence of surrounding mountains the peaks are more con- spicuous thau Pike's Peak, although the latter is more than 400 feet higher than the west peak. The Santa Fe and the Missouri Pacific roads afford westward tourists views at a distance of ninety miles and under. R. C. Hills ( Proc. Colo. Sci. Soc, 1890) says the peaks are "natural lightning-rods," and fulgurites abound upon them. He classes the peaks as laccolithic eruptions, and states that the west peak carries a large mass of metamorphosed sedimentary I'ock. Hayden and Endlich regarded the peaks as an enor- mous dike. Prof. I. C. Russell ( Volcanoes of North America) says they are the " roots " of vast, extinct volcanoes. All are agreed that they are the product of Tertiary times. The coal-beds of the region are of the Laramie formation. — j. j. j. (73) 74 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Above their base two thousand meters high — Gray silhouettes — they jut against the sky, Yet eighty miles away, as flies the crow. Are they not clouds on the horizon low — Not rocky masses from the Earth's hot breast. By forces measureless and ceaseless pressed ? I watch and wait, till o'er the rails of steel Leagues have been traversed by the iron wheel, And still the twins remain unchanged and grand, Like Egypt's pyramids amid her sand. I know they are not clouds — that cannot be ! Else, sun-warmed, they would change their forms or flee. A league of mountain ridge the twain unites (Like Chang and Eng), below their shoulder heights. Extending east and west; but Earth is curved. And far away this wall is unobserved : All round these yoked yet isolated mounts Is broad plateau, the traveler recounts. How come those trachyte cones to stand aloof From mountain range, to Time's sharp trencher proof ? Methinks I hear the voice of Science, now. Say: "List, attentive! I will tell you how: For I have been with Nature, and have sought. In her own diary how she has wrought. "There she has written births and epitaphs; Has printed pristine, cryptic lithographs; Engraved with fire, and frost, and sanded blast; And pages bossed with shell and metal-cast. Though she, at times, has torn her books apart, And crumpled up their leaves afresh to start. "These have I studied and interpreted. Nature still works and writes as I have read, And constantly, but so exceeding slow, That io a chapter ages come and go. Her latest tome, her very newest page, Repeats the story of a former age. " Her records show no date, no year of prime. To separate Eternity from Time; And yet, her labors, in succession done. Go back, in terms of time, to when begun. Perchance the index of her present acts Will point the centuries of ancient facts. "But this is what her records do aver. About the Peaks, of things that are and were: Beneath the surface of the bord'ring wold Are fallen forests, piled a thousand fold. And crushed by massive sheets of rock o'erlaid. And charred to blackness by the pressure made. GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 76 "Below the wide expanse of forests charred Are beds of rock, in layers soft or hard, Formed on the basement of a sea now gone. Of substance shorn from land no sea was on : For, always, has the sea its basement strown. With shearing of the land, and made it stone. "Miles thick the sea built up, lay over lay. With sand, and lime, and iron-rust, and clay : And forms of life from flooded plains and glens, And countless millions of her denizens She felted in the tissue of her spreads To mark the ages of successive beds. "So, then, the rocks beneath the plain were built From older rocks dissolved to grit and silt. As life from older life is ever sprung. As ancient forms must pass away for young. Even the Earth itself will pass from view, And, as it has been. Earth be formed anew. "The ancient sea- floor most unsteady was — It rose and fell, yet not without a cause : If one shall press upon a plastic ball. Elsewhere 't will bulge, if it shall yield at all : So, when some heaviest portion of Earth's crust Shall sink a little, rise the lightest must. "And so, at times, the sea-floor rose to air. For, when the bottom of some sea elsewhere, More burdened with the waste of continent, Sank somewhat lower, this one was upsent. Again, when overfreighted with debris, Down, also, went the bottom of this sea. " And some old land that Time had weather'd light Was slowly lifted to a greater height. It ever was, and will be time to come. Things sought, and will geek, equilibrium. And thus, alternate, up and down they swing — The land and sea — like scale-pans balancing. "It came to pass the sea itself was drained. And in its place a wide champaign remained. It came to pass the plain became a lake, With many a ferny, many a reedy brake : Titanic monsters wander'd round its brink. And five-toed horses daily came to drink. "The ages came and lapsed : It came to pass The lake was banished for a vast morass. Where matted vegetation turned to peat: Trees, sedges, mosses, piled a thousand feet. Were massed, till future tides above should roll, And weight of rock should press them into coal. 76 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. " It came to pass the sea again o'erflowed : The marsh went downward with its carbon load. Some mountain, gable- roofed, had raised its crest, And lesser weight beneath its cover pressed : Plutonic magma rose to fill the space, And let the sea resume its ancient place. "The Earth forever shrinks upon its core: 'T is shrinking now, as it has shrunk before : Its skin (to Earth a hairbreadth to an inch), In folds and wrinkles shows the mighty pinch: Its strength is weaken'd where 'tis often bent, Between the highland and the sea's descent; "And as it shrinks to less and lesser girth. Up bursts some inner matter of the Earth. Now, where the Spanish Peaks are was a coast, Along which line the crust was weakened most. When unfledged ages passed to ages flown. And Earth had very little cooler grown, "Its crust, more shrunken than it e'er had been, Exerted greater stress on things within. And forced up, as it were a drop of paste, From out the vastness of the mass encased : That viscous drop the Spanish Peaks became — To man a lofty, awe-inspiring frame. "The hot mass on its shoulders bore a cloak. From sea-constructed rock through which it broke. And, like a huge cephalopod, ic thrust Its tentacles through fissures in the crust. Which its own violence had opened wide, In radiating lines on every side. "It pushed its feet between the sheets of rock The sea had laid, as if its work to mock : It formed its skirt of rent and angled parts, And challenged clouds to hurl their lightning darts. The clouds were willed to wage a furious war; To them were wind and frost allied that for: "Ten hundred thousand years the battle raged. And still the allied forces are engaged. Earth sent up reinforcements to its own ; Dike after dike gave to it bulk and bone. Until 't was braced with ribs throughout its form. And raised its taunting heads above the storm. "And still the elements beat, day by day ; A thousand meters' height has worn away; Its cloak is but the remnant of a wrap. Its skirt has .. asted to a ragged scrap. Ten billion tons of snow and ice it's held; Tee billion tons of water has repelled. GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 77 "Ten million thunderbolts with jagged points Have penetrated through and through its joints. It yet defies its old, immortal foes, And tranquilly receives their puny blows. Yet will the potent princes of the air This two-crowned monarch into atoms tear : "The frost will flake, the ice will grind and grate, The lightning decompose and dissipate: The winds will etch it, solvent rains descend : Though rock, on rock foundation, it will end. It will be moved — yet not through human faith. But consciousless, persistent, certain, scathe — "And in the sea be cast, in time to be — That Time will be — Time is Eternity. Then will this prairie have been scraped and scored — ■ Perhaps below the ocean's level lowered: No continent forever will endure; No star or moving planet is secure. " The Universe, in every part, will change; Yet, not a whit from Nature will estrange ; Nor can there be what can annihilate The potencies and portions that create The forms that are (though forms that are shall flit), For force and matter are the Infinite." 78 KANSAS' ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF lOLA AND VICINITY. By Q. P. Grimslby, Washburn College, Topeka. Read before the Academy, at lola, December 31, 1901. "VrO city in Kansas can display a greater variety of mineral interests -'^^ than lola. It is then very fitting that the first annual meeting of the Kansas scientists in the new century should be held in this center of industrial activity. Here may be seen one of the most com- plete cement plants west of the Mississippi, the largest number of zinc-smelting retorts in the United States, yielding one-half the total production of spelter in this country, the largest natural-gas engines constructed, probably the only sulphuric-acid works in the world where natural gas is used in reduction, and some of the model brick plants of the state. Here a quiet village of 1500 has changed in six years to a city of 8000, with a monthly pay-roll of $100,000, the result of natural gas and the energy and hustle of competent and fore- sighted business men. Recently lola has constructed an eighty- thousand-dollar water-works and electric-light plant. An electric railroad is now in operation, with cars running from the Neosho river, through lola, to Gas City, Lanyonville, and La Harpe, representing an investment of $150,000. Outside of the mineral industries to be described, there are a num- ber of important manufacturing plants at lola, including the ice plant of the lola Ice and Cold Storage Company, with a daily capacity of fifty tons, an iron foundry, a planing-mill, a creamery with a ca- pacity of 1000 pounds a day, flour- and feed-mills, and a sawmill. These mills and factories alone would give lola high rank as a manu- facturing city, but they are overshadowed by the larger mineral indus- trial work. Natural Gas. — The motive power for these various lines of manu- facture is natural gas. Thirty years ago the lola gas-sand was first pierced by the drill, in the old well, known to this day as the Acres mineral well, a sure cure for the ills of man. Its real value, how- ever, was not recognized until the Ohio and Indiana gas was devel- oped, in 1886 ; then the lola Gas and Coal Companj^ was organized and several wells were drilled, with poor success. In 1889 Pryor and Paulin took charge of the work and drilled six additional wells, with about the same success ; but near the end of 1893 a great flow of gas was struck, yielding three million cubic feet per day. In 1896 the company was changed, and became the Allen County Gas Company, and later, consolidated with the Cooperative Company, GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 79 formed the lola Gas Company, which now supplies gas to the differ- ent parts of the city. In 1894 the Palmer Oil and Gas Company, of Fostoria, Ohio, en- tered the field and leased about 45,000 acres. Their first well was drilled in August, 1894, and in the next three years they drilled fifteen wells, of which nine were productive, with a daily capacity varying from two to twelve million cubic feet, or a total of about fifty-eight million cubic feet, equivalent to nearly 3000 tons of coal. The hold- ings of this company in March, 1899, were transferred to the Lanyon Zinc Company, the gas-field still remaining under the able superin- tendence of L. C. Beatty, who came to lola with the Palmer company. The company now has forty producing wells, yielding not far from 125 million cubic feet of gas per twenty-four hours, equal to 6200 tons of coal. The Tola gas-field covers an area twelve by six miles, with over seventy producing wells. The first wells were drilled to a depth of 500 feet, while the later ones were sunk from 815 to 920 feet. The reservoir in the field is a porous sand, found in the Cherokee shales of the Lower Coal Measures, 20 to 150 feet in thickness. The rock pressure of the gas as measured by a gauge is 815 pounds to the square inch, or equivalent to twenty-one atmospheres, and this is the motive power which sends the gas out of the well and through the pipes. The open-flow pressure is about thirty-five pounds, and repre- sents the volume. The lola gas and the gas of the other districts in Kansas is remarkably pure, containing no sulphur or phosphorus, and can be used for any manufacturing purpose. The gas is sup- plied to the citizens at a cost of one dollar a month for each stove, and ten cents each for the first two lights and five cents for every additional light. It would be difficult to give the exact amount of gas used in twenty-four hours from the lola field, but it certainly is not far from 12 million cubic feet, or equivalent to 600 tons of coal. Brick Manufacture. — Natural gas furnishes a cheap and con- venient fuel for burning brick, and lola is surrounded by good brick shales. At the present time there are two companies, with three yards. Plant No. 1 of the lola Brick Company is located one mile east of the center of town, and has a capacity of 40,000 brick daily. Their plant No. 2, just south of town, has a daily capacity of 60,000. Near the latter is the plant of the Star Brick Company, with a capacity of 25,000. In southeastern Kansas, there are ten brick plants using natural- gas fuel, and three in the coal belt. All of these are running night and day, and cannot keep up with orders. New plants are being con- structed, and in a short time Kansas will be well to the front rank as 80 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. a brick-producing state. The lola brick-yards are equipped with the best of modern machinery, and manufacture building brick, dry pressed brick, repress brick, in pleasing and durable shades of color. They are shipped to Kansas City, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and various cities of Kansas. Zinc Smelters. — For many years the zinc-smelting industry of the southern Mississippi valley centered in the Kansas coal district of Pittsburg and Girard. In 1896 a smelter was built at lola by the Robt. Lanyon's Sons' Company, of Pittsburg ; a thousand retorts were soon installed, and the experiment tried of using natural gas for fuel. The work was so successful that the smelters were removed to the gas belt, and new companies organized, so that the industry now centers at lola and Cherryvale. Kansas has now become the leading zinc smelter state of the Union, going from second rank to first. The process of treatment of the zinc ores is briefly as follows : Af- ter the sulphur is removed by roasting, the fine ore is placed in clay retorts, which are cylinders of fire-clay four feet long and eight inches in diameter, closed at one end. These fit in openings in the walls of the furnace, with the open ends flush with the walls, and are arranged in rows forming a block. When coal was used for fuel, 224 retorts were placed in a block, while with gas about GOO can be placed in one block. When charged with ore, a condenser, a conical fire-clay ves- sel, about twelve inches long and six inches in diameter at the larger and two inches at the smaller end, is so placed that the larger end just enters the open end of the retort. As the ore mixed with powdered coke is heated the zinc is driven off as heavy vapor, which forms in drops on the inside of the con- denser, from which the metal is tapped in long ladles about three times in twenty-four hours. The molten metal is emptied into a traveling kettle and poured into molds about 9x19x15 inches, making a fifty-pound plate, known as "spelter." The zinc-works make their own retorts and condensers, out of good fire-clay mixed with one-third its weight of fragments of old retorts pulverized. The materials are mixed in a pug-mill with water and then passed through a molding machine, and afterward dried in a heated room for some weeks. They are finally fired in a small furnace for twelve hours. The condensers are made in hand molds as needed. At the present time, at Gas City there are three smelters — Prime Western, with three blocks or 2000 retorts ; Cherokee-Lanyon, with three blocks ; A. B. Cockerill, with three blocks. At Lanyonville, the Lanyon Zinc Company has a smelter of five blocks and a zinc rolling-mill. At lola is the Nicholson smelter of five blocks, the Wm. Lanyon smelter with three blocks, the two smelt- GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 81 ers of the Lanyon Zinc Company of twelve blocks. This gives a total of about 20,000 retorts, giving a daily capacity of over 300 tons of spelter, requiring nearly 700 tons of ore. Sulphuric- ACID Works. — The new plant of the Standard Acid Company, now in active operation, is located jast east of town. The zinc ore is roasted in mechanical continuous roasters comi3osed of a seven-row muffle kiln, capable of roasting sufficient ore to run a three- block ( 1800 retorts ) smelter. The sulphur fumes pass into a flue where the dust is deposited, and the sulphur gas passes to a square condensing tower, forty-nine feet high, and the heat of the gas is used to concentrate the weaker acid, The gas is then carried through a three-inch pipe into six chambers connected tandem, 150 feet long, 20 feet high and wide, and in these condensation takes place. Into these chambers exhaust steam is admitted, and the gas passes into two absorbing towers lined with lead and filled with a checkerwork of chemically prepared bricks, where the nitrogen compounds are re- covered. These were added in the condensing tower in the form of nitric acid, to furnish oxygen. In the lead-lined chambers the steam and sulphurous gas unite and form sulphuric acid. From the condensing towers the acid passes through lead coolers, kept cool by flow of water, and it is then pumped into storage tanks and run into tank cars of 65,000 pounds' capacity. Twenty of these cars have been constructed for this work. The buildings cover twenty acres of ground. The main building is 526 feet long, 65 feet wide, with an L of 111 feet, and is 70 feet high. The plant will treat forty-five tons of ore a day, yielding fifty tons of acid. The acid will be used in the manufacture of fertilizers, re- fining of petroleum, alum, soda-ash, blue vitriol, etc. This is probably the only plant in the United States manufacturing sulphuric acid where natural gas is used as fuel.. It is the second plant established in Kansas, the other being located at Argentine. The sulphur vapors, so destructive to the vegetation around the smelters, are now to be made of economic importance, and, with the exhaust steam, furnish material which would otherwise go to waste. Potland Cement. — The only Portland cement mill in the state is located at lola, and it has now been in successful operation for two and a half years, turning out a quality of cement equal to the best foreign cement. Natural gas is the fuel used to drive the engine, to dry the material, and to burn the cement. The largest gas-engines in this section of the country are to be found at lola. There are six 300-horse-power Westinghouse gas-engines and five 150-horse-power. The aggregate horse-power now used is 2600. About 1000 tons of —6 82 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. limestone are used in twenty-four hours, giving a daily production of 3500 barrels of cement. Tests show a remarkable strength of product ; neat briquettes have a strength of 800 to 1000 pounds after twenty-eight days, or with three parts sand have a strength of from 400 to 500 jjounds, and ninety-five per cent, passes through a No. 100 sieve. This is brought about by careful manipulation and watching on the part of experts employed by the company. All mixtures are carefully examined, and tests are made at various stages of the manufacture, so as to secure a uniform product. The physical and chemical laboratories are thor- oughly equipped, and three chemists are employed. The mineral industries of Kansas must be seen to be appreciated, and, through the kindness of the citizens of lola, the Kansas Academy of Science, composed of members interested in the scientific jirogress of the state, has been able to see a great industrial center and to be- come acquainted with the progress here shown. The members ap- preciate this opportunity, and will watch the growth of lola in the future with new interest, and they will always carry a pleasant mem- ory of the thirty-fourth meeting, at lola. GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 83 NOTES ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE ANTELOPE HILLS. By R. S. Sheewin, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla. Read ( by title ) before tbe Academy, at Topeka, January 2, 1903. ^y^HE Antelope Hills form the most conspicuous landmark of west- -■- ern Day county, in Oklahoma. They are outlying remnants of an old plateau, probably of Tertiary age, situated on the south side of the South Canadian river, on the inside of a large bend. The dis- tance of the river from the hills varies from about two miles on the west to ten on the north and four or five on the northeast. In gen- eral outline, the drainage of the area around the hills and inside the bend of the river resembles an open fan. The following section was taken on the largest of the buttes : 4. Gentle covered slope at top 25 feet. .3. Gray sandstone 25 " 2. Sand or saccharoidal sandstone 30 " 1. Long covered slope to the river 460 " Total 540 feet. On top of the hills and near them were found many pebbles of flint, limestone, and several igneous rocks, including lava. The ce- menting material of the sandstone is calcium carbonate. The amount of it varies greatly, and it is sometimes found in concretion-like forms which contain comparatively little sand. These concretions weather out very unevenly, and give the edge of the sandstone the appearance of being covered with stalactites. Some of them are larger than a man's arm, while others are small. The soft saccharoidal sandstone below the cap-rock differs from it only in having less of the cement- ing material. The little that it does contain is irregularly distributed. Even in the sandy slopes and in the soil lower down, there are small concretions of carbonate of lime. A few scattered buffalo bones were found on and near the hills, and some fragments of larger fossil bones were found on the southwest slope of the largest butte. Locally the two hills farthest east are known as the Twin Hills, be- cause they are so nearly alike, and about three miles from the other four, which are called the Antelope Hills. None of them have any timber except a few crooked cedars around the edges. The area of the top of the largest butte is probably less than thirty acres, and the total area of the tops of the group would hardly exceed sixty acres. There is a small spring of good water at the base of the largest one, and a larger one about a quarter of a mile from the Twin hills. The cap-rock of the Antelope Hills is at about the same level as the 84 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. top of the sand-hills which cover a large part of northern Day county, and differs only in having the cementing material. The fact that the Antelope hills can be seen for a long distance depends more on the height of the broad, gently sloping base than on the height or size of the steeper portion at the top. South and southwest of the buttes there are lower hills, rising with gentle, rounded slopes, and covered with a sandy soil. The whole appearance of the surrounding country seems to indicate that there was a local hardening in a Tertiary sand plain by the deposition of calcium carbonate in it. Later the South Canadian river cut though this plateau, making a bend to the north around the hardened part. Erosion went on rapidly in the loose sand near the river, but was checked by the hardened layer. Finally, the hardened portion was cut into several parts and left only in the tops of a few buttes which it still protects. GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 85 NOTES ON THE THEORIES OF ORIGIN OF GYPSUM DEPOSITS. By R. S. Shekwin, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla. Read before the Academy, at Ida, December 30, 1901. SEVERAL different theories have been given to account for the origin of gypsum beds, but the one which is most generally ac- cepted for the formation of the gypsum of Kansas and Oklahoma is that of evaporation of water in an inland sea. When sea- water is evaporated gypsum is deposited, and if the evaporation is continued a heavier deposit of salt is obtained. The substance of the argument in favor of this theory is that the gypsum is of^en more or less closely associated with salt, and that the composition in many cases is similar to that of the material obtained by evaporation of sea-water. Some idea of the amount of water which must have been evapo- rated during later Permian times iu Kansas and Oklahoma, according to this theory, can be obtained by calculations based on the composi- tion of sea- water. It is improbable that sea- water ever contained a larger percentage of gypsum than it does at present ; so the estimates of the amounts of water are not likely to be too high. According to the most reliable analyses,^ sea- water contains 3.5 per cent, of mineral matter, of which 3.6 per cent, is calcium sulphate. Ordinary rock gypsum contains about 21 per cent, of water of crys- tallization, as expressed by the formula CaS04 + 2H20. Taking this into account, the amount of gypsum contained in sea-water is about 0.16 per cent. The specific gravity is given"-^ at from 2.28 to 2.31. Using the lower figures, the thickness of the layer of pure rock gyp- sura which could be deposited from a body of water one foot in depth is a little less than .0007 foot. It is stated that the process must have been continuous in Kansas while at least eight or nine feet of rock gyysum was being formed. Taking the lower estimate, the amount of water which must have been concentrated during the period of continuous deposits of gypsum was the equivalent of a sea or lake more than 11,000 feet deep, and covering the area over which the deposits were made. As it is unlikely that an inland sea with a depth of two miles was cut off' and evaporated sufficiently to deposit all of its gypsum, some hypothesis must be brought forward to show how this enormous amount of water could have been supplied. It is possible to conceive 1. Challenger Reports, Encycl. Britt., article "Sea."' 2. Univ. Geol. Surv, of Kan., vol. V, pp. 22, 80. 86 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. of a large basin, shallow except in the area where the deposit was formed, and to suppose that as the water was concentrated it retired into the deeper part, and that the salt already deposited was washed down with it. ' Or the water might have been supplied by flowing in over a bar at a rate about equal to that of evaporation. Some water must have been furnished by the streams which carried in the clay that is found in irregular layers in the gypsum, but, unless there was some source of gypsum aside from sea-water, these streams would add very little to the amount of gypsum, and they would increase the amount of water to be evaporated. In whatever manner we suppose the water to have been sujjplied. the real difficulty in the way of the evaporation theory is that of ac- counting for the concentration of such enormous amounts of water within a comparatively short time. The depth of two miles given above for the inland sea is for a layer of rock gypsum only eight feet thick ; and as the total thickness in many places is at least four or five times as much, besides an unknown amount taken away by erosion, the water evaporated during later Permian times cannot have been much less than the equivalent of a sea eight or ten miles deep over the area where the heavy deposits of gypsum are, or where they have been removed by erosion. In order to produce the necessary concentration, the surface of the gypsum sea must have been subjected to a dry climate ; but the pres- ence of mud and sand is evidence that the neighboring land was not so arid as the hypothesis seems to require. There is very little evi- dence that an inland sea of any great size existed in that place in Permian times. The hypothesis of an inland sea seems to have very little foundation except the hypothetical evaporation of water for the formation of gypsum and salt beds. There is no great unconformity such as must have resulted if the land to the west had been extensive enough to produce the necessary climatic conditions. "The Colorado plateau was a sea bottom continuously, or nearly so, from the begin- ning of the Carboniferous to the end of the Cretaceous.*'^ If an in- land sea of any great extent had existed in Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas during Permian times, and had been surrounded by a sufficient area of land to produce such evaporation, there would be a general absence of Permian rocks in the mountains west of the gypsum area. If we accept the evaporation theory, the existence of different lay- ers of gypsum alternating with other rocks requires us to suppose that the crust movements were extremely complex. We must sup- pose that inland seas were formed many times in succession in the 3. Le Conte, "Earth Crust Movements and their Causes," Smithsonian Report, 1896, p. 239. GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 87 same place and then drained at the right time to deposit most of their gypsum and little of their salt. It is true that the gypsum area con- tains some salt, which is so soluble that it is difficult to imagine any way other than evaporation in which it could have been laid down, but the salt beds do not require the supposition of such a series of concentrations on a vast scale. Sea- water contains seventeen times as much sodium chloride as calcium sulphate, and the thickness of the salt beds is almost insigniiicant in comparison with the gypsum. Taking all these things into consideration, it seems th.at a small part of the gypsum closely associated with the salt may have been deposited by evaporation, but there must have been some other source for the massive rock gypsum. A saturated solution of calcium sulphate and a saturated solution of sodium chloride do not give any precipitate when they are mixed ; so the gypsum could not have been precipitated by the salt in the ocean. Large amounts of limestone have been removed from the land east of the gypsum beds. This erosion was going on in Permian times, and the lime must have been redeposited somewhere. The most natural place to look for it would be on the western coast or marginal sea bottom of that time. It is possible that the whole of the Red Beds underlying the gypsum was formed at or near the advancing shore line. This would account for the ripple-marks and for the presence of so much sand, either alone or mixed with clay and other material. One of the properties of sulphides, especially of the alkalies and alkaline earths, is the readiness with which they take up oxygen and form sulphates. Springs containing soluble sulphides are not very common, but there is at least one in Indian Territory,^ and it is prob- able that there are others in some parts of the plains. There may have been more such springs in earlier times, or there may have been sulphur gases in contact with some strata. The Permian age is sup- posed to have been one of disturbance and crust movements, and therefore there may have been more sulphides and sulphur gases in the springs or in contact with the strata below the surface than there are now. If any sulphide existed, either in springs or in the soil which was being eroded, a part of it would have been oxidized to a sulphate and carried away by streams along with the limestone and other material. The limestone, whether in solution or not. would be changed to a sulphate and deposited as a sediment of gypsum at the seacoast. The gypsum would follow the general laws of sediments, and the amount would depend on the amount of sulphides or sulphates and 4. Sulphur Springs, Chickasaw Nation, I. T. 88 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. on the character of the strata being eroded. Hence there might be all gradations from gypsiferous shales to pure gypsum. At some time the limestone might not, have been changed to gypsum and beds of limestone, dolomite or calciferous sandstone would be formed, mixed or interstratified with clay. GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 89 EXPERIENCES WITH EARLY MAN IN AMERICA. By Charles H. Steenbeng, Lawrence, Kan. Read before the Academy, at Topeka, January 1, 1903. \ S there are constantly, at present, newspaper stories of early man, -^-^ based on the remarkable relics found in the river drift near Lan- sing, it has occurred to me that it might be of interest to lell of some of my experiences in a much older field, as well as a discovery I made that I have always considered of great scientific \^alue, in the Pleisto- cene of Washington. As I will be obliged to repeat what I have to say on "Pliocene Man" from a paper I wrote for Popular Science News, I will first speak of Pleistocene man in Washington. In the winter of 1877 I learned from an army surgeon that a great excitement had occurred in the Pine creek region of eastern Wash- ington by the discovery there, in what the natives call mud springs, of some well-preserved skeletons of the hairy mammoth. I started at once for that field, and learned that a man who had lost a cow had followed the usual custom of probing with a long pole the various springs on his range, in order to see whether she had gone into one, and thus avoid the necessity (if she had) of making a long tramp in search of her. The point of his pole seemed to enter a small hole, like the occiijital foramen of a large skull. He had some grappling- hooks made on the end of a strong iron rod, and with the assistance of his neighbors dislodged the skull, for so the object proved to be when brought to the surface. The huge proportions of the skull as- tonished the wliole country round. A showman chanced to be in reach, and, during the high tide of popular wonder, purchased it for the snug little sum of $1000, put it under canvas, and realized rich returns from his venture. The men in the vicinity concluded there was a greater fortune in draining their swamps and exhuming extinct elephants than in raising wheat, and so went to work as fossil-hunters. One man, I learned, mortgaged his farm to raise funds for draining a large swamp on his place, and got a fine collection of these extinct creatures. But the popular excitement had ebbed, and there was not a convenient showman around to invest in elephant bones ; so he was forced to place them on exhibition at a college in Forest Grove, Ore., receiving in return the free tuition of his son. Of course he lost his farm . I at once, after looking over the ground and selecting a site, with the assistance of two men, began the work of draining a spring a few yards from Pine creek. Here, as in all the swamps in the region, 90 . KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. was an open place, circular in form, filled with soft mud. The edges were composed of jieat moss. After penetrating this we passed through compact yellow clay, and twelve feet below was a bed of gravel, in which the bones were entombed. As the mouth of the spring was only two feet higher that the creek, we could only drain our spring to that depth. Every morning the water was up to this level, and we had to spend the greater part of the day in bailing out the mud and water ; the little excavating we could accomplish added to our labors the next day, as we had more water to bail out. We worked for weeks in this way, and at last were rewarded, not with bones of the mammoth, as we hoped, but a number of skulls of the American bison, or butfalo. As they represented larger animals than the buffalo of the plains with which I was familiar, I supposed them to be extinct forms. Prof. E. D. Cope, however, assured me they be- longed to the common living species. In one of these skulls I found an arrow-point of flint roughly worked. To my mind this was an im- portant discovery, as the elephant bones were in this same bed of gravel, and I saw on the discarded dumps of the farmer fossil-hunters not only discarded elephant bones, but those of this same buffalo as well. So my discovery proved that man, the bufl^alo and the hairy elephant were contemporary in Washington. At what time is a harder problem to solve, but I saw remarkable evidence that it was long ago this gravel-bed was laid down, for I found in Oregon, under about 2000 feet of lava, this or a similar deposit of gravel, with the bones of the same variety of buffalo I found on Pine creek, in Wash- ington. This discovery did not appeal very strongly to the imagina- tion of Professor Cope, and I have never known whether he published a record of it or not. Possibly the great age of the buffalo on our conti- nent was new to science ; the fact that man and the great northern elephant existed at the same time was well known years before. Es- pecially do the records of the icy barriers of the region towards the north pole bear incontestible evidence of this fact. Man was so familiar with this huge animal that he carved his likeness on its ivory. I think this discovery is worthy of note, as it extends the southern range of man himself into the United States. When in 1894 I dis- covered the large deposit of teeth and bones of the mammoth in Lane county, remembering my experience in Washington, I searched care- fully for human bones or implements associated with them, but with- out success. I would like to have been able to extend man's journeys from Washington into Kansas. Very likely the man whose skull was found at Lansing often saw droves of these great elephants. I will now pass on to "Pliocene man." An article under this GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 91 head appeared in the American Naturalist in 1877. The whole is enclosed in quotation marks, and was a copy of a letter I wrote to Prof. E. D. Cope from a locality I named Fossil lake, in the desert of eastern Oregon — a name it still retains. I was sent there by the pro- fessor in August of that year. My letter of instructions advised me to look for human implements mingled with the extinct animal re- mains I was sent in search of ; to write at once if I found any, their manner of occurrence, etc. As one part of the story of the Pliocene man was told in the article, and as I was really the author of it, though ray name does not appear, I have often felt it my duty to tell the end also, which, in this instance at least, proved to my mind that I was entirely mistaken in regard to man being contemporary with the Pliocene animals, birds and rejitiles that I found so abundant at Fossil lake. I was young, and anxious to be able to say that I was the first collector to find traces of man so far back in the world's history, associated with the extinct horse, llama, elephant, etc. But I was also conscientious, and wrote the professor of the discovery I made later, which I am about to relate. When I arrived one evening at the famous lake, after traveling across half the continent to find it, you can imagine I was too anxious to look for specimens to think of anything else ; and when my guide, Mr. Duncan, of Silver Lake, Ore., pointed out the shores of a small alkaline lake that we had reached, after a journey of twenty-eight miles through a trackless desert of sage-brush and sand-hills (from Button's ranch, on the California road), and said, "There is the bone- yard," I requested him and my assistant, George Loosely, of Fort Klamath, Ore., to pitch the camp and get supper, seizing my collect- ing bag I rushed to the grounds. I found the lake occupied an area of about three acres ; its margin was covered with loose sand, and be- low were the clay strata of the Equus Beds of the Pliocene. The lake had anciently covered a much larger area, and was gradu- ally drying up. To the northeast. I believe, were large piles of sand that were constantly being drifted away by the action of the prevail- ing winds. Scattered through the loose sand and on the clay bed were great numbers of teeth and bones of horses, llamas, etc., as well as bones of birds and reptiles, lying loose on the surface — a veri- table bone-yard indeed. I was down at once on the ground, ijicking up bones and teeth and putting them in piles. No two bones seemed to belong together. The skulls and arches had been crushed beneath the feet of animals, probably cattle and deer that had come to drink. What pleased me most was the fact that scattered among these re- mains were arrow- and spear-heads of polished obsidian. Not a bone 92 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. or tooth did I find in its original position, but loose, detached, and scattered, with the implements lying among them in the same way. I was too much excited to think of that fact then. As Mr. Duncan was to return to the post-office at Silver Lake the next day, starting at daylight, I gathered a cigar box full of the loose teeth, arrow- and spear-points, and packed them to go to the professor by mail. That night, by the light of a sage-brash fire, I wrote the letter he saw fit to publish as soon as he received it. I then honestly thought the implements and bones with which they were mingled were of the same age. A few weeks later, in search of a new fossil field, I started out among the sand-hills and sage-brush. Rather late in the day I was attracted by seeing the top of a dead spruce sticking out of a high sand-hill. My curiosity was excited, and I climbed to the top of the hill to examine it. It may have been covered with sand for probably a 100 years. I was, however, attracted by a pleasant little valley, scooped out by the wind, on the other side, and, going down to it, found I had stumbled upon the site of an old Indian village. Even the places where their lodges had stood were marked by piles of bleached deer and antelope and other bones of existing species. In front of where each lodge had stood was a large stone mortar and pestle of volcanic rock, probably used by the squaws for grinding acorns and other seeds for making bread. I soon found where an ancient arrows-maker had his shop. Scattered around were great piles of flakes of obsidian, as well as quantities of broken and perfect arrow- and spear-heads, beautifully polished and finished, as well as drills, knives, and the like. Not a sign of anything made of iron could I find. I pulled out from the base of a sand-hill a piece of the back part of a human skull. I also found a spring of cool water that had brought up enough fine sand to build a circular mound five feet above the level of the valley. Doubtless a sand-storm had forced the vil- lagers to flee for their lives, and they were unable to save the mortars. I could not tell how large the village was, as it evidently continued into the sand-hills beyond. As night was approaching, I gathered up all the lighter implements I could conveniently carry and started for camp. Darkness overtook me before I reached it and I came very near being lost. I gave my pony the rein, and when I concluded I was near camp I shouted to my only companion. At last I was delighted to hear George Loosely 's welcome answer; but even then I could not reach it on account of a deaf ear that prevents me from locating sound, and I was obliged to wait until he came to me and guided me back in safety. After this adventure I never again attempted to find the village. GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 93 The arrow and other points were the same as those found at Fossil lake, though not so much injured by the weather because longer cov- ered with sand. ... I concluded, therefore, that the bones of the extinct animals had been covered with sand, protected by sage-brush. It would naturally be a good place for game, on account of the water. The Indians would lose many arrows and spears. A powerful wind, like the one that covered the village, drifted the sand away from over the bones. Arrows, being heavy, would drop down until they became mingled with the bones, and may not have been over a hundred years old. This experience has taught me caution in accepting the first evi- dence of ancient man that comes along. Paleontologists wish to add to their reputation by discoveries in the remote past, and it is natural for them to take the first evidence that comes to hand, so they may have the credit if it proves of value. If they are, after all, mistaken they either stick to their first opinion with a determination that seems foolish to an outsider, or back out as gracefully as jDossible. Although I have spent many years collecting extinct animals, the arrow-head in the buffalo at Pine creek, Oregon-Washington, is the only evidence I ever found pointing to the great age of man in America. It has always seemed a little remarkable. I suijpose that man lived during the time when sand and clay were being deposited in inland lakes. As sand acts as a reservoir for water, grass and other vegetation cover the deposits, thus jDrotecting them from denudation, and the contained fossils are hidden from view. A chance discovery, like that at Lansing, is not likely to be often made ; so we may only accumulate the evidence wanted through a long series of years. So it is very important that when a discovery is made it should be sub- stantiated by the great authorities in this line, and be put on record in such a way it cannot be questioned in the years to come, as have, for instance, the Calaveras county man and similar di3coverie3. 94 KANSAS ACADEMY OP SCIENCE. THE PERMIAN LIFE OF TEXAS. By Charles H. Stebnbebg, Lawrence, Kan. Read before the Academy, at lola, December 31, 1901. I CONDUCTED an expedition into the valley of the Big Wichita, Baylor county, Texas, for the Paleontological Museum of Munich,. Bavaria. I began work on the 14th of June, 1901, and continued four months. I was employed by the famous Doctor von Zittel, the early teacher of the deceased Cope and many other noted American paleontologists. It was pleasant to receive these words of praise from such a noble source: "Your collections from Kansas and Texas in the Munich Museum will always be, as I wrote you, an everlasting memorial to the name of Charles Sternberg." I labored this season, assisted by my son George, under trying conditions, the heat often running the mercury up to 113° in the shade, and, when reflected from the brilliantly colored rocks, it was very severe on the eyes. The whole Wichita valley this year is almost a desert. The few cattle, scattered over thousands of acres, are poorer than I have seen them in midwinter during former years. There are no wells or springs in the Red Beds. Spasmodic showers are partly retained in natural or arti- ficial tanks. I had to haul my camp water from six to eighteen miles, as well as hay and grain for my team. By constant effort, under the difficulties that beset me, I was able to add twenty distinct forms to the Permian fauna of the Munich Museum and to science. They will be carefully studied and described. No work, I believe, has been done on these remote ancestors of living animals since Cope died, except in Munich, where, in 1899, Doctor Broili, Doctor von Zittel's assistant, wrote a valuable paper on Cope's great salamtrnder, Eryops megacephalus, as the result of his study of the material I collected for them in 1895. Last August, Doc- tor Broili came from Bavaria to visit my camp, and spent two weeks with me in the field, taking x^hotographs and notes of the formation. He was delighted with the results of my work, assuring me that the collection had far greater scientific value than the one I made their museum in 1895. I think quite a number of new species are i3re8ent, as well as many described by Professor Cope. One, his Diplocaulus inagnicornis, was , quite common in certain localities. I found in the roots of the grass, and along a slide, ten casts of skulls I thought worth saving, with fragments of many others scat- tered around. Every particle of bone had disappeared. I got several better specimens than the type. The vertebral column and limbs GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 95 were present in several specimens. I suppose this unique amphibian was an ancient frog. The skull is very much compressed vertically ; the mandibles are usually locked together with the maxillae ; at the chin the jaws are only about half an inch thick, while the horns are an inch and a half. I found several skulls that measured over a foot from the end of the premaxilla to the distal point of the horns. The whole skull appears as a comical imitation of the man in the moon when he is half full. The very beautiful sculpture on all the outer bones of the skull is remarkable. The vertebras have twin spines on each side of the centra. I think, when alive, this frog must have been six feet long. In another species I discovered, of the same genus, the skull was much narrower behind. It was beautifully cleaned by long erosion, and so perfectly preserved that it was not difficult to believe it was a recent specimen. As a rule, all the fossils of this region are covered with a thin sili- ceous matrix that is difficult to remove ; when exposed to the weather for a long time this is sometimes worn off. This region was the home of Cope's great salamander, Eryops megacephalus, which ought to mean flat-headed. When we compare our living American salaman- ders, that rarely exceed eight inches, with this grandfather of all the mud puppies, we are struck with the enormous proportions reached by Eryops during the Permian. I found an absolutely perfect skull this year that was about twenty inches long, including the bones that support the tongue. It is covered with a thin, red, siliceous matrix, which I hope can be removed. All the outer bones of the skull are beautifully sculptured. The bones that support the broad, flat quad- rate are projected well back of the base of the skull. The lower jaws extend still further back and are more loowerful than those of an ox. A single row of large and small teeth, conical in shape, occupy the jaws, while the palatines carry six sets of two powerful teeth each, placed closely together, three sets on each side of the roof of the mouth. The skull is vertically compressed, but, unlike Dlplocaulus, the eyes are placed well back in the face. The occipital condyles are shallow, saucer-like pits. The creature was about ten feet long. I found a nearly complete skeleton of this huge animal for Profes- sor Cope in 1896, under peculiar circumstances. It lay at right angles to a large cattle trail over which thousands of Texas cattle had made their weary pilgrimage to Kansas and the North, and the constant wear of countless feet had worn off the flint-like matrix and exposed the completely petrified bones, while on the ridges they were not exposed at all, except in cross-section caused by breaks in the rock. The ver- tebrae are of lowly type. The centrum is composed of three distinct bones, the central or plurocentrum, and the two lateral ones or hypo- 96 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. centra. The dorsal spine with its processes attached are in one piece. That same year (1896) I was so fortunate as to find a batrachian with a carapace — one of those discoveries of a lifetime that connects great orders. Professor Cope believed this to be the parent stem from which the family of turtles sprang at a later stage in the history of life. My son and myself discovered three bone-beds full of minute forms, several of which are, I believe, new in science. I look forward with great interest to their description by the Munich Museum. They range in size from less than a quarter of an inch to over an inch in length. I collected over twenty skulls, and many more or less per- fect. Quite a number had vertebrae attached. I collected thousands of bones from all parts of the the skeletons. In one case a complete skull one-fourth of an inch in length had connected with it nearly the complete column with ribs attached, coiled upon itself, and bedded with many bones of other species in a red, siliceous matrix. So per- fectly were they weathered out, that they lay in bas-relief as white as snow, and as perfect as if it died a month ago. A single row of minute teeth, like the points of cambric needles, filled the jaws. It seemed to me that this little fellow, not over six inches in length, must have made a snug bed in the mud and lay down to hibernate, but never wakened; millions of years later I found him ready to do his share, by adding one more fact to human knowledge — one more link to the endless chain of life that nature has produced so abundantly on this old world of ours. I dare not even guess at the family to which it belongs. The bones of the skull are perfectly preserved, quite smooth, and show the sutures distinctly ; there is no distortion. Some red rock attached below seems absolutely necessary to convince the mind it is not a thing of yesterday. Another, broad and flat, a little like Diplocaulus, with eyes well forward. It is an inch in length, with delicate tracery upon the bones, single rows of minute teeth in the jaws. Some were com- pressed laterally, the delicate little quadrates connecting the mandi- bles with the skull at an angle of forty-five degrees. In this form the orbits are placed well back in the face. Another extremely beautiful skull had the bones marked by small dentations and elevations ; was much compressed vertically ; there were small teeth in the front part of the mouth only. I should not neglect, in this connection, the enormous Dimetrodon of Cope, a reptile of large proi^ortions and huge dorsal spines. Some of these spines were over three feet long, with a pair of lateral spines at the base, which then alternate to the apex, smooth and conical in GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 97 shape, slightly recurved, with round, indented knobs at the ends. The first pair are about three inches long, and gradually decrease in size as they ascend. 1 call this animal "the ladder-spined reptile." I am told that Professor Cope believed these spines served as masts and yard-arms, from which were stretched membranous sails which enabled them to catch the breeze and tack along the surface of the ocean. Possibly, as the vertebrae are small and the spines extremely slender, these lateral processes gave stability, when securely bound by strong ligaments to the flesh on the column, preventing disloca- tion. I have found many fine specimens of this remarkable reptile. One found this year rejiresented parts of the upper jaws. A huge, massive bone projects beyond and below the huge tusks in the lower jaws, bent in a curve, presenting a unique appearance, for what pur- pose I can hardly guess, unless to give rest to the head while sleep- ing. But time would fail me to tell even in this cursory manner of all the strange life preserved for us of these ancient mariners who lived in the water or along the swampy shores of the Permian ocean. How those ancient frogs must have tortured the ear of night on a warm summer evening ! I must now turn a short time to the rock formations, of which there are two distinct ones in the valley of the Big Wichita, in Texas, which give characters to the surface of the country, as different from each other as if separated by hundreds of miles. I visited one locality on Pony creek where the Red Beds lie on top of the Gray Beds con- formably. Looking to the west, a vast panorama of crumbling and de- nuded bluffs, narrow valleys, beetling crags, desolate and forlorn, with the universal red color dominating everything, except here and there relieved by the green of stunted mesquites or patches of verdure, was spread out before me. To the east lay the narrow valley of Pony creek, with the same topography so familiar to the residents of east- ern Kansas — a ledge of gray sandstone, forming a narrow escarpment on either side, and following the trend of the hills around the ravines ; grass coming down in gentle swells to meet it, or running up from the bottom lands below. The greatest thickness of this sandstone, as I observed it, was near my camp in the creek bottom where I had pitched it, eight miles north of Seymour, the county-seat of Baylor county. This was at the head of a narrow gulch that had cut through it. I made a section and sent samples of the rock to Munich. As I ob- served it under peculiar circumstances, it solved another interesting problem — the water-supply of the Red Beds. I discovered why the water that falls where these beds are only exposed runs off soon after a shower, except when caught in natural or artificial tanks. No wells —7 98 KANSAS ACADEMY OP SCIENCE. or springs are ever found. In the Gray Beds, however, there are al- ways springs and streams of running water. In September, 1901, the heaviest rain since May fell in torrents for an hour and a half. Water lay everywhere on the surface of the ground, but soon disappeared. My son had discovered a locality rich in fossil invertebrates, consisting chiefly of casts of coiled and straight, nautilus-like shells, across the creek, and shortly after the downpour I went over there to my work, but had not been engaged long before George shouted to me that if I did not want to swim I had better cross. His advice I followed so hastily that I left my tools behind. In- stantly a raging, boiling flood of water covered the rocks in the bed of the creek over which I had just crossed dry shod, rapidly rose to eight feet, and threatened to submerge my camp. Looking for good ground on my side of the creek (the west), I found the gulch before referred to. There was first a level floor, formed by the first stratum of the Gray Beds, extending west 500 yards to a ledge of red sand- stone eight feet thick, the floor covered with the debris washed from the Red Beds. To my astonishment, although the surface was dry, a flood of water was rushing out from under the upper deposits, and tumbling in a minature waterfall over the gray ledge (nearly five feet thick ) into the ravine below. The upper sandstone layer is com- posed of very fine-grained sand that seems to have been ground into an impalpable powder by the beating of the waves. It is very com- pact and heavy, breaking on exposure into rectangular blocks so per- fect in shape that they can be used for building purposes without the use of the hammer and chisel. This stratum is eight inches thick, and is free from fossils. I believe it contains some lime. The sec- ond stratum breaks into large blocks of many tons weight, contains a few casts of invertebrate fossils, is coarser grained than No. 1, and about twenty inches thick. No. 3 is of the same general character as the other layers, twelve inches thick, and literally packed full of the casts of straight and coiled shells related to our living nautilus, and they are mingled in great confusion. I believe some of the coiled shells were a foot in diameter. This stratum is not as compact as the others, and seems to contain more lime. No. 4 is a very solid gray sandstone, eight inches thick, its upper surface crossed at vari- ous angles by elevated rounded ridges of harder material than the rest. From these observations, I conclude that the pervious nature of the Red Beds, which in the valley of the Big Wichita are about 300 feet thick, allows the water that falls upon them to rapidly percolate through until it reaches the impenetrable gray sandstone ; then it runs off at whatever angle the rock may be tilted. GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 99 GEOLOGY OF LYON COUNTY, KANSAS.* By Alva J. Smith, Emporia, Kan. Read before the Academy, at McPherson, December, 1899. n["^HE section begins with a stratum of coal from fourteen to eigh- ^ teen inches in thickness on the east line of Lyon county, two miles east and one mile south of Neosho Rapids, where the forma- tion has a dip of about twenty feet to the mile nearly west. Eleva- tion, 1000 feet. Above the coal is found from six inches to two feet of shale, then an eighteen-inch limestone, eighteen inches of shale, and another limestone of about equal thickness. The limestones referred to are also well exposed in the river at the Neosho Rapids bridge. Thence passing northwest over about forty feet of shale, we find a limestone thirty to forty feet thick. This stone is characterized by rough weathering, many cavities filled with calcite crystals, a conglomerate appearance, and clusters of FusuUna cylindrica. On account of its proximity to Neosho Rapids, it has been designated the Neosho lime- stone until it may be identified as a stone previously named elsewhere. A good exposure of this stone is found in Rock cut three-quarters of a mile west of Neosho Rapids, It is also well exposed in the ravines to the north and northeast, and is also found forty feet thick in a well at the foot of Chicago mound, five miles southwest of this locality. Above this stone is twenty-two feet of arenaceous shale approxi- mating sandstone in places, then a two-foot limestone containing concretionary nodules averaging two inches in diameter. These nodules are mostly constituted of oxide of iron, but some are found which carry a small quantity of zinc sulphide. This stone is well exposed in Chicago mound and the ravines north of Neosho Rapids, in Badger creek, north side section 11, township 19, range 12, and. Coal creek. Two feet beneath this stone is a stratum of coal six. inches thick, which I take to be a remnant of the Osage City coal. Between this and the Burlingame limestone is thirty feet of shale and sandstone. The Burlingame limestone is well exposed at Humphrey's ford, six miles southeast of Emporia, where it has a dip of eighteen feet to the mile, 70° west of north, and passes under the river about two miles farther up. Passing up the bluff seventy-five feet, at Humphrey's ford we find above the Burlingame limestone, nine feet of yellow and blue shale, * Map and sections illustrating this article will be found in volume XVII of the Academy's Transactions. 100 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. one foot of limestone, fourteen feet of shale, seven feet friable lime- stone, which is overlaid in places with a mass of excellently preserved specimens of Streptorhyrichus crenistria, 13| feet of blue and yellow shale, calcareous in places, three feet hard blue limestone, with a seam six inches from the top. This stone I have designated the Emporia blue. The six-inch top layer makes a good quality of flagstone, which is extensively used in Emporia. Above this is four feet of slaty shale and another hard blue limestone, agreeing paleontologically and litho- logically with the one below. These stones, with a dip of sixty-five feet in four miles, pass under the Cottonwood river at Soden's mill, one mile south of Emporia, and are found in wells forty feet below the surface in the city; also in the Neosho river, at Rinker's bridge, three miles northeast, and are exten- sively quarried in section 14, township 20, range 12, and sections 6, 9, 30, and 31, in township 19, range 12, and section 12, township 19, range 11, and near Olpe, Reading, and Salt creek. Above these stones is ten feet of shale, a twelve-inch limestone, eight feet more shale, and a five-inch coal stratum, which is exposed in the banks of Dry creek, three miles south of Emporia, and on Coal creek, a few miles farther south, where it is three inches thicker, and has been stripped for local consumption.- The forty feet of shale which overlays the coal is quite variable in character, being car- bonaceous in places; in others, sandy, calcareous, or argillaceous. A very productive horizon of fossil flora lies near the top of this bed. In the sandy portions good examples of drift bedding are often ex- posed. A five-foot -sandstone near the top is separated from the Em- poria system by five feet of buff shale. Overlying this, on the north side of the river, is the Emporia system of limestones, composed of five members from one to two feet in thickness, with intervening shale beds from four to ten feet thick. This system is best exposed in the ravines and hillsides sloping to the Neosho river just northwest of Emporia, where, in some places, they have a local dip to the north of fifty feet to the mile. South of the Cottonwood river the character of this system is ver> different, being mainly a mass of fragmentary limestone five to eight feet thick, with the crevices filled with clay. A good exposure of this condition is found in the southeast quarter of section 29, township 19, range 11. Above the Emporia system is twenty-seven feet of sandy shale and sandstone with Myalina subquadratan&ax the top; then an eighteen- inch siliceous limestone streaked with red, containing Pinna per- anuta: then another sandy shale bed. forty-seven feet thick, which is overlaid with ten inches of coal. GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 101 This coal is exposed eight miles southwest of Madison, in Green- wood county, and in Lyon county on the Verdigris river, section 34, township 21, range 10; on Shaw creek, Rock creek, and Moon creek, in the southwest part of the county; near Phenis mound in section 1, township 20, range 10; in Reservoir hill, near Emporia, near the center of section 30, township 18, range 11; on Stillman creek, seven miles north of Emporia, in section 4, township 18, range 12 ; in the northeast corner of section 30, and west side of 33, township 17, range 12 ; two miles east of Admire, on One Hundred and Forty-two creek ; and on Elm creek, in section 33, township 15, range 12. The thick- ness of this coal varies but little in the entire distance that I have traced it. It has been stripped for local trade in a number of places. It burns well, but contains an excessive amount of ash — amounting to over twenty per cent. The dumps where this coal is stripped always contain many Myalina suhquadi'ata. The shales near this coal yield small quantities of oil and gas in at least ten places in the county. Overlying the coal is ten feet of sandy shale, one foot limestone containing Myalina suhquadrata, eleven feet of sandy shale and sandstone containing ripple-marks, eighteen inches limestone, fif- teen feet shale, two feet limestone, fourteen feet shale, five feet calcareous shale, seven feet shale with cone-in-cone structure, ten inches limestone, ten feet shale with thin. coal seam, two feet lime- stone, and forty-five feet of shale containing red sandstone in places, which brings us to the Americus system, consisting of one foot lime- stone which weathers to dry-hjne formation, eight feet shale, twenty- one inches good building stone, containing many Fusulina of the robust type, six feet shale, and a six-inch flag limestone. The shale on either side of this stone contains an abundance of Fusulina. The twenty-one-inch stone of this system, known as theAmericuslimestone, is extensively quarried in the top of the hills south of Americus, and near Allen. The top of Phenis mound, ten miles southwest of Em- poria, altitude 1278 feet, is a few feet lower than the Americus stone, which may be seen in the hills to the southwest. Above this is from eight to twenty-six feet of black, blue and buif shale containing Retzia mormoni, Rhynconella sp.? and many crinoid plates and stems, two feet blue limestone containing Fusu- lina cylindrica and Productus semireticulatus, four feet calcareous shale, eighteen inches Fusulina limestone, four feet shale, one foot limestone containing Myalina subquadrata and Arclumcidaris spines, ten feet nine inches shale, to a friable Fusulina limestone eight feet thick, embracing a twelve-inch shale stratum. This stone is exposed in the bluff at Elmdale mills. Chase county, and is level with the bridge spanning the river at that place, thirty feet above the water. In the 102 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. bluff south of Saffordville it is sixty feet above the river. Good ex- posures are found at Allen and many other places in the county. It is one of the easiest formations to trace, on account of the soil being strewn with countless numbers of Fusulina cylindrica of the robust type for some distance below the outcroj)ping margin. The top four feet of this stone is heavy bedded and contains crinoid stems and Polyzoa, but fewer Fusulina. Above this stone is ten feet of buff shale, one foot of limestone, six feet of blue shale, six feet of buff shale, six feet of heavy bedded limestone with Archmocidaris spines, five feet of shale, eight inches of shelly limestone, thirteen feet seven inches blue and yellow shale, three feet of limestone, six feet four inches of buff shale, six inches of limestone, three feet eight inches of shale, four feet of thin bedded limestone, parts of it having a porce- lain appearance ( this appearance is characteristic and has been ob- served in many places in both counties), four feet two inches buff shale, eighteen inches limestone, six feet two inches blue and yellow shale, twelve feet limestone which weathers very rough, eighteen feet or more of shale, to the Cottonwood Falls stone. This line is the top of Prosser's Wabaunsee formation. The Cottonwood formation embraces the Cottonwood Falls stone, six feet six inches thick, and the twelve-foot fossiliferous shale bed above it. The Neosho formation overlying the Cottonwood is well exposed in Crusher hill, one and one-half miles west of Strong City, and has been so well described by Prosser and others that a de- tailed description need not be given here. No. 2 gives a reasonably accurate section of the hill, which is capped by a flinty limestone from twenty to forty feet thick, which corresponds with the lower flint beds of Hay's Fort Riley section. The dip carries this stone beneath the river valley at Cedar Point, where section No. 1 was obtained, at a bluff three miles northwest of the station. The top of section No. 1 is 1330 feet above sea-level. From the east line of Lyon county to Emporia the westward dip averages fourteen and a half feet to the mile ; from Emporia to Safford- ville, nearly twenty feet to the mile ; from Saffordville to Strong City, twelve feet to the mile. Strong City is nearly in the trough of a syncline where the Cottonwood Falls stone is level with the railroad- track. Passing west from Strong City, an extensive anticline amount- ing to over 120 feet is observed, the axis of which is near Elmdale, and apparently trends fifteen or twenty degrees west of north into Morris county and south toward the Flint Hills. Local dips amounting to two or three degrees are frequently found in this area. From a mile or two west of Elmdale to near Clements the usual westward dip is again maintained, while at and west of Clements the dip becomes ex- GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 103 cessive, amounting to fifty feet per mile, which brings the lower flint beds to the river valley at Cedar Point. At SaflPordville, the Americus stone is a few feet above the water in the river and the Cottonwood Falls stone is in the top of the hills be- yond the bluff. A better exposure of nearly the same strata is found at Elmdale mills, fifteen miles farther west, where section No. 3 was obtained. The Americus stone is under the river at this place. While considerable attention has been given to the paleontology of the district, my collection of fossils is too incomplete and too many are unidentified to warrant publication at this time, and such reference as I have made to fossils has been done only when they appeared to be especially characteristic of the formation and might aid in its identification. 104 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. FURTHER STUDIES IN THE MENTOR BEDS. By Alfeed W. Jones, Kansas Wesleyan University, Salina. Read before the Academy, at Topeka, January 1, 1903. ~1 /rY only apology for sticking- to this subject is that my geological -^-^ field-work has been limited to the counties of Saline, Lincoln, Ellsworth and McPherson during the past two years, and the fact that the Mentor Beds are not receiving much attention from other geologists. The Dakota and its associations in Kansas afford a most fascinat- ing field for investigation, and demand a thorough and careful study before many tangles can be unraveled. Although I am not prepared to attempt any plan of division, I am inclined to believe that a very careful study of the Dakota would separate it into different leaf -bearing beds of different groups of plants interspersed with thin, shell-bearing layers. The division line between Comanche and Dakota appears to be less distinctly marked as more light is thrown upon it. Three or four years ago I thought I was quite certain regarding some features of the Mentor ; to-day, after much more investigation, I know much less about it. However, I am still inclined to believe that the "Mentor" proper lies at the base of the Dakota ; that when thoroughly traced it will reveal to us the outlines of an ancient gulf, with several of the inlets marked by fossil beds containing only fresh- or brackish-water species. I have now located three of these localities — one four miles north of Salina, in the Claflin pasture ; one north of Brookville, on Mul- berry creek ; one about six miles northeast of Kanopolis, Ellsworth county, on the Smoky Hill river. The Marquette region, southwest of Marquette, reveals a puzzling condition — in the bottoms of ravines we find Permian shales; resting upon this the calcareous shales of the Kiowa ; then apparently typical Dakota sandstone bearing fossil leaves; and above this a heavy ledge of sandstone containing an abundance of Mentor fossils. Although I have not had the opportunity of exploring very far southwest, I am informed that shell-bearing rocks outcrop at many places in western McPherson and eastern Rice counties that I did not visit. Several more cases have been reported to me of shell-bearing strata having been found near the base of the Dakota in well-digging, and a few more surface exposures have been found in vSaline county. GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 105 The shell beds near the top of the Dakota, in Ellsworth county, containing Modiola pooli, contain a small univalve that has not been determined. With so much for the Mentor, T will add a note or two on the Dakota. Professor Mudge, in writing of the Dakota, in the First Biennial Report of the State Board of Agriculture, said ( after speaking of the irregular distribution of fossil-leaf beds): "The numerous indica- tions show that the trees must have grown on islands near the shore- line, and that the leaves were embedded in the marine sediment immediately after dropping. Worm borings are also found in the same strata with the leaves." Now, although this observation is probably in the main correct, I have been astonished again and again to find how widely distributed fossil vegetation is throughout the sandstones of the Dakota in this region. Several times I have been shown very good specimens of fossil leaves quarried or revealed in breaking rocks in localities that I had looked over and passed as utterly destitute of fossils; and I have learned by experience that diligent search will find traces of fossil vegetation almost anywhere in the Dakota, which seems to me to indicate that the ancient forests of the Dakota probably covered much more of the surface than I had at first supposed, but that conditions were much more favorable for preserving fossils in some localities than in others. Reports have come to me several times, from sources that I can scarcely doubt, of the finding of fine leaf impressions in the clay beds of the Dakota revealed in cellar- or well-digging, and I regret that as yet I have been unable to see any specimens of these. 106 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, THE OTTAWA GAS-WELLS. By J. A. Yates, Ottawa University, Ottawa, Kan. Read before the Academy, at lola, December 31, 1901. TN the year 1887 a company was organized in Ottawa for the pur- -^ pose of prospecting for gas, oil, or anything of value beneath the soil. I. N. Boycourt was elected president. Four wells were drilled, as shown on the map. In Nos. 1 and 3 gas was found in considerable quantity ; but having inexperienced workmen employed, and also being a prospect, the gas-sand was reached before the well was prop- erly cased, and it filled with salt water. From well No. 3 bubbles of gas have continued^ to escape to the present time. The amount of gas found was considered too small for piping, the prospect was con- sidered a failure, and the company decided to abandon the work. In the year 1898 a company was organized for the same purpose as the former company, with Mr. H. L. T. Skinner president, who, with his characteristic enery and ability, has kept the drill going almost ever since, and they are at present drilling the eleventh well. The log of well No. 2 is given and also the partial log of well No. 11. The elevation of our court-house above the sea-level is about 700 feet. The average depth of all the wells is about 720 feet below the eleva- '^, 9^1 « ^^ ^ \ t - .4> © 'III oiDWftts ; GAS WELLS ® 171 yOO *" „ ..bling perched glacial boulders, at Rock City, Ottawa county. Similar hills and groups of mounds occur in Lincoln, Ells- worth and Russell counties, being there also formed by Dakota sand- stones. The upland is traversed by a large number of streams flowing eastward in nearly jjarallel channels and having moderate valleys The divides between them have a general uniformity of broken slopes and gentle terraces. The rocks which constitute them outcrop prin- cipally along the streams as bluffs, and in places form the walls of canons. The area of the Benton formation is more regular in its topographic features than the Dakota, since it consists of interstrati- fied limestones and shales of a quite uniformly varied character. To- ward the western border of the upland the Fort Hays limestone and Niobrara chalk (which succeeds it) are the protecting element in what is known as the Blue Hills escarpment. The Blue hills proper arc generally considered as occurring in Russell county and extending to the north and south for some distance. The same general feature ex- tends along the entire line of outcrop of the formations, and the name is here extended to the escarpment produced by them. The softer 122 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. beds of Benton shales underlying the resistant limestones are known as the Blue Hill shales, from the same locality. It is the erosion of these beds which gives rise to the escarpment. Across central Kansas, from north to west of south, stretches a belt of country marked in ravines by rugged sandstone rocks and by long, rounded slopes on the prairie. This belt belongs geologically to the part of the Cretaceous system known as the "Dakota formation." To travelers on the Central Branch railroad, passing through Washington and Cloud counties, these sandstones are conspicu- ous objects. On the line of the Kansas Pacific, the same sandstones, underlain by colored shales, make the wild country from Bavaria by old Fort Harker to Ellsworth. . . . Further north, in Ellsworth county, are ravines with pre- cipitous sides, on some of which a lost race have carved hieroglyphics of war and travel: and there are huge single rocks, like giant pulpits, standing out and alone. In Russell county are the worn pinnacles and crags of Rock City, and in Ottawa county the quaintly rounded concretionary masses of another rock city. . . . (Hay, 8th Bien. Rep. Kan. St. Bd. of Agri., vol. XIII, pt. II, pp. 109, 110, 111.) A large portion of western Kansas is included in the High plains. Their eastern boundary is defined by the Blue Hills escarpment in the northern part of the state. South of the Arkansas river they merge with the undissected western margin of the Red Hills upland. The western limit of the High plains lies well toward the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado. Their north and south extent has not yet been defined with any degree of definiteness. They corre- spond with what has sometimes been called, for convenience, the Cen- tral plains, and form an irregular belt midway in the long eastward slope of the Great plains. They are characterized by a general dead- level surface when viewed in their broader aspect. Thei;* surface is a constructional plain, which has survived in large measure since the close of Tertiary times. The divides between the streams are flats or fragments of an extended surface which was formed by the spreading of a quite even mantle of Tertiary sediments over the older rocks, which are principally of Cretaceous age. The valleys, which are scored into the Tertiary and often expose the Cretaceous, are relatively but slight furrows compared with the broad extent of level land. Along the larger streams, however, are found occasional striking erosional forms, which are all the more conspicuous because of their occurrence in the High plains. Cretaceous formations, which are ex- posed where the rivers have cut through the Tertiary beds, give rise to canon walls along the small tributaries, and in the broad valleys remnants of them occur as bluffs and standing rocks. The Dakota is seen at Point of Rocks, on the Cimarron river, in Morton county, and the bluffs on Bear creek, in Stanton county. The Benton and Fort Hays limestones occur along the bluffs of the Arkansas river and its tributaries in Hamilton county. The Niobrara, however, gives rise GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 123 to by far the more i)iotiiresqiie features. It is exposed on White Woman creek, in Greeley county, at Wild Horse corral, and at many points along the Smoky Hill river. The Niobrara chalk has the peculiarity of weathering with vertical walls where it is of homo- geneous character, so that in many j)Iaces it has been eroded into picturesque landmarks. Castle rock, in the valley of the Hackberry, about ten miles from its mouth, is a lone pyramid composed of this rock, and separated by a considerable interval from the main blutf . Monument rocks, on the Smoky Hill river, are famous landmarks, and formerly a stage station of the overland route was located at them. Another picturesque group of rocks, which at a distance re- sembles the ruins of many castles, is situated west of Elkader, in the Smoky Hill valley. The Fort Pierre shales in Sherman county have been eroded into a number of hills, which are capped with Tertiary conglomerate. In traveling across the High plains one recognizes the fact that they constitute the typical portion of the Great plains. The following description is applicable to the High plains not only in Kansas but in their extent beyond the limits of the state : The High plains, of unconsolidated material, above grade, and exposed to a considerable precipitation, are held by their sod. . . . The great plateau surfaces of the High plains have to show no systems of drainage, because, pre- sumably, from the commencement of the present erosive stage, they have been eod-covered, as at present. In other words, the High plains have endured as alluvial plateaux since Tertiary times, or at least since the opening of the Pleis- tocene. While degradation is at a standstill upon the plateau surfaces, the topo- graphic belt which they constitute has, however, been appreciably narrowed within a corresponding climatic belt by marginal recession. The limiting bluflf, especially, that faces eastward, is carried backward by sapping on the part of small streams or feeble beginnings of streams, originating in springs and " seeps" at the bluff foot. . . . Agreeing generally in position with the topographic subdivision of the High plains is also a subdivision by climatic difference. In their westward rise of thousands of feet, the Great plains pass through climatic gradations from humid to arid. . -. . (Johnson, 21st An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., pt. IV, pp. 610, 629.) 124 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. LIST OF FOSSIL PLANTS COLLECTED IN THE VICINITY OF ONAGA, KAN. By F. F. CKEVECfECE, Onaga, Kan. Read ( by title ) before the Academy, at Topeka, January 2, 1903. A S a list of fossil plants without any information as to the horizon -^^^ from which they were collected would be of but little value, the following geological notes are submitted. Accepting the Cottonwood Falls limestone as the dividing line separating the Permian from the Carboniferous, we have in Mill Creek township, in which the town of Onaga is situated, only the outcrops of the highest horizons of the latter formation. The Vermillion river with its tributaries has cut a deep trench from north to south through near the middle of the township and removed all trace of the Cotton- wood Falls series of limestone from within the township, but the latter outcrops near by, in the next township west (Lone Tree), and a remnant remains on the hill in Lincoln township, about twenty rods east of the southeast corner of Mill Creek township. The Eskridge shale, the highest series of the Carboniferous, with its underlying Neva limestone, exist only as remnants in the north- east and southeast corners of the township. Below the Neva limestone, as measured in a section (fig. 1 ), along the south side of the southeast quarter of section 2, township 6, range 11, there exists a series of yellowish, ferruginous shales of a thickness of forty-five feet eight inches. This is 10 in figure 1, and is the hori- zon bearing the fossil plants so far collected. Next below this is a limestone (9 in our section), consisting of two layers each nine inches thick. The upper layer weathers into whitish angular fragments, which once seen are easily recognized, and forms a horizon easily traced and from which others may be identified. Be- low this limestone is a stratum of dark blue shale eleven and one- half feet thick. This shale ( No. 8 ) becomes much lighter colored by exposure. Next below this shale occurs a series of limestones ( No. 7 ) which, from an economical standpoint, we consider worthy of a designation, and from its occurring over most of the township and within the limits of the town of Onaga, where it has been extensively quarried for material of which some of the town's most substantial buildings have been built, we propose the name Onaga limestone. This, like the Neva limestone above, outcrops in bold bluffs, and consists of four layers. The first, or highest one, is a brown-colored stone five inches GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 125 Fm. 1. :^-^- U 10 thick, and has its upper surface much pitted from decomposition where it comes in contact with the overlying bluish clay shale. The next layer is also brown, of a thickness of eight inches, and is much harder than any of the other layers of the series. Where deeply covered, these two layers merge into one. The third layer is a bluish-gray stone, six inches thick, and has both surfaces covered with a soft, light-colored coating, the result of decomposition. The fourth and last layer is a light blue stone eight inches thick. Its under surface is studded with bumps or promi- nences one to two or more inches high. The stone is the purest in lime of any of the limestones of this locality, and, with the layer above it, has, in an early day, been burned for this product to a considerable extent. Below this series of limestones there is another stratum of dark blue shale (No. 4) thirty-three feet eight inches thick. Near the top, a foot or two be- low the overlying limestone, there is a thin seam of flinty limestone (No. 5), from two to four inches thick, which weathers into jDcrfectly rectangular blocks. Both surfaces are remarkably smooth, and it would make nice flagging stone if it only was more plentiful. Near the base of the shale-bed mentioned above there occurs a stratum of purplish clay, which helps to identify the limestone at the base of the shale-bed. This limestone (No. 3) consists pf a variable number of layers. As meas- ured in our section just above the bed of the creek, it consists of eight inches of stone, underlain by four inches of shale, separating it from the next two underlying layers of limestone, each ten inches in thickness. This series of limestones weathers into cubical blocks, which form good material for bridge abutments. Below this limestone (No. 3) are about twenty- three feet of dark shale, with a seam of coal at its base. This coal (No. 1) varies in thickness from No. 1 is a seam of coal about ten inches thick. No. 2 about twenty-tbree feet, No. 4, thirty-one feet three inches, No. 6, two feet, and No. 8, eleven feet six inches, are dark- blue shales. These shales are much lighter colored in some other places. No. 10 is a yellowish shale, plant-bearing. No. 12 is the Eskndge shales. No. 3 is.a stratum of Umestone twenty-eight inches. No. 5 is thin limestone, from tw9 to four inches. No. 7 is the Onkgl Hmestlne, twenty-six inches. No. 9 is limestone, eighteen inches. No. 11 is Neva limestone, from two to four feet. 126 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, four inches, as found in wells in Onaga, to ten or more inches on French and Mound creeks, in this township, and on Coal creek, in Grant township, to the east. In places the coal is overlain with a dark, tough stone about six or seven inches thick. The different limestone strata contain fossils in varying abundance. The Neva limestone usually has its surface covered with numerous Fusuliiia cyllndrica, half an inch to a quarter of an inch long. Lime- stones Nos. eS, 5 and 9 do not as a rule contain many fossils, but No. 7, the Onaga limestone, has many fossils, consisting of species of Lo- phophyllum, Productus, Enteletes. Pinna, Beticularia, Allorisma, Spirifer, and many crinoid stems. Fossils, with one exception, have not been found in any of the shales. In a well dug a mile south of where our section was measured, in shale-bed No. 10, and what we should judge to be near the base of the shales, there were found many specimens of a species of a Productus. It is in this bed of shales, as has already been mentioned, that our fossil plants occur. In several wells sunk about a dozen rods west of the quarter stone on the south side of section 2, township 6, and range 11, numerous plant remains have been unearthed at a depth of from seven to eighteen feet. A quarter of a mile north of the above-mentioned corner-stone, while digging a pond, quite a number of species were also collected, but in less numbers than at the first-named locality. The species collected at the wells consist of the following : 1. 3Iariopteris; probably 31. cordato-ovata Weiss, var. obtusa. 2. Odontopteris ; probably O. {Lescurfypteris) moori (Lx.) Dw. 3. Daubreea ; perhaps two species. 4. Neuropterls scheuchzeri Hoffm,; a variety not yet described. Besides these there are a number of others not yet identified. At the pond were collected the following species : 5. Annidaria stellata {S(ih.\ot][i.)Woodi; narrow form. 6. Asterophyllites equisetifortnis (Schloth.) Brongnard. 7. Neuropteris odonfoj^teroides F. & W.? 8. Neuro2}teris 2il'icata Sternberg; as applied by Lesquereux, 9. Neuropteris scheuchzeri Hoffm.; same as No. 4. 10. Neuropteris s^^.; apparently a new form, 11. Odontopteris brardli Brongn, 12. Pecopteris hemiteloides Brongn, 13. Pecop)teris newberriana F. & W, 14. Pecopteris oreopteridia? (Schloth.) Brongn. 15. Radicites eapillarens (L. & H.) Pat. Of the species collected at the pond, Nos. 5, 6, 11 and 15 were not recognized at the wells, though species, which may be forms of Nos, 5 and 8, were also found at the last localities. Also, the species of Dauhreeas which occur at the wells were not seen at the pond. It was ascertained that the outcrops of the different strata on the GEOLOGICAL PATERS. 127 east side of the creek occur at practically the same level as on the west side. Supposing them to be continuous over the territory stud- ied, where not removed by erosion, the Neva limestone should have been found at a depth of four and a half feet in the last well dug near the quarter section-corner. Instead, the underlying shales outcrop at the surface and plant remains were first met with at a depth of seven feet, or just beneath the level of the under surface of the Neva lime- stone series, should this have been continuous. The yellow shale con- tinues at this place to a depth of eighteen or nineteen feet, when it is replaced by the blue shale, which should not be encountered until a depth of about fifty feet. This shows that the shales underlying the Neva limestone were deposited to a greater thickness at this locality than elsewhere in this territory, thus forming conditions inimical to the deposition of the Neva limestone at this place. The different strata of shales are considerable arched, and tend to show that this immediate locality was above water while Neva limestone was de- posited, and that the latter was laid down in comparatively shallow water. w. Fig. 2. Numbers at right correspond with those in fig. 1. No. 13 is one of the plant-bearing localities. Figure 2 shows the uparching of the plant-bearing shales at 13, be- ing the well mentioned above. This figure represents a horizontal section as measured at the locality for figure 1, and extends for a little over a half-mile east and west across Mound creek. Another well was dug some years ago about thirty rods north of the well shown at 13, figure 2. The surface at this well lies twenty-four feet below the sur- face of the well at 13 and was dug to a depth of twenty-two feet. Instead of the yellowish, clayey shale, which should have been en- countered, there was at the surface eiglit feet of glacial till, with boulders, followed by eight feet of finely stratified sandy silt. Below this to the bottom of the well occurred cross-bedded sandstone, th^ higher horizons dipping to the west while those at the bottom of the well dip to the east. The blue shale was not reached in this well, but from another, dug lower down the slope, it was reached at a depth of about eighteen feet, or at its proper horizon. 128 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, N. Fig. 3. No. 9 represents the horizon at which limestone (No. 9, figs. 1 and 2) should appear. No. 9' represents the upper surface of the dark blue shales, which first make their appearance in the vicinity of limestone No. 9. No. 14 is a well twenty-two feet deep which did not reach the blue shale. No. 15 is the pond where fossil plants were found. Figure 3 represents a north-and-south section, measured for a quar- ter of a mile north of the well shown at 13 (Fig. 2.) At 9 is shown the horizon at which the blue shale should be first met with, while at 9^ is shown its upper surface as it actually exists. At 14 is shown the well which was dug through till and sandstone, in which the blue shale was not reached. At 15 is the pond in the bottom of which plant remains were found. It was at first thought that the Americus limestohe, as shown in Mr. Alva J. Smith's geological section across Lyon county, shown in the last volume of the Transactions of the Academy existed here, but a careful comparison of our section with Mr. Smith's of the strata immediately underlying the Cottonwood Falls limestone shows tjie two to be nearly identical, the differences consisting of greater thick- ness of the limestones in Lyon county, with the exception of our No. 9 (fig. 1), which is exactly the same thickness as the corresponding limestone in Lyon county, this being the second limestone below the Cottonwood Falls limestone in Mr. Smith's section, and the lesser de- velopment of the shales in that county. Mr. Smith's section does not show the seam of coal occurring at the bottom of our section, but the stone corresponding to the one just overlying our seam of coal is shown in an eight-inch seam in his section. Acknowledgments are due to Dr. David White, of the National Museum, for the determination of the plants in this list, and to Dr, Geo. I. Adams, of the United States Geological Survey, and Mr. Alva J. Smith, of Emporia, for assistance in locating the strata of our sec- tion. Shale Bank on the Smoky Hill River. GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 129 GOLD IN KANSAS SHALES. By J. T. LovEWELL, Topeka, Kan. Read before the Academy, at lola, December 31, 1901. ^¥"^HIS paper might be written very briefly, like the celebrated chap- -*- ter on "Snakes in Ireland," by saying : "Gentlemen, there is no gold in Kansas shales." Such a summary, though delightful for its pedagogical positiveness, appears to me lacking in the element of truth ; therefore unworthy of the consideration of this scientific body. In what follows, I will endeavor to state to what extent gold has been proven to exist in the shales along the Smoky Hill river in Trego and Ellis counties, and sketch briefly the extent and manner of investiga- tion pursued under my observation. We find in these shales abundant evidence that the region was once an ocean bed ; that the shales are sedimentary deposits, which, by upheavals, by the i3lowing of glaciers, by the washing of prehistoric rivers, have in process of time reached the condition in which we find them. The Smoky river, cutting its way through the shale-beds, reveals the stratification to some extent. Near the surface there is usually a hard, compact layer of fos-siliferous limestone, from a few inches to a foot in thickness. Below this, the shale is softer and darker in color and more or less filled with fossils of the Benton group. Sometimes it is in thin laminations, and there will be a layer of an inch or two in thickness of yellowish material, coming probably from oxidation of pyrites. Other hard layers of compact limestone occur at irregular intervals, and this formation extends to a depth of several hundred feet, perhaps. It has been stated to me by four or five creditable witnesses that gold has been panned from the sands of the Smoky by the early gold-seeking emigrants on their way to Colorado ; also, that gold has been found in several instances in sands from wells in this region. From the United States government report published in 1848, we learn that attention had been directed in this Smoky Hill district, and a map from this report, which I have the pleasure of showing you, designated the place where is now the Smoky Hill town site as a point from which tin was obtained. The report indicates a doubt as to whether the metal they obtained was tin or zinc. The late Cyrus K. Holliday, led by these reports and traditions, joined with a Mr. Stotz in outfitting a prospector named Ephraim Baker, who explored the region and obtained samples, which were —9 130 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. sent to Chicago and Denver for assay. One of the certificates, in my possession, from the Chicago and Aurora Smelting and Refining Com- pany, reports a value in gold of thirty-two dollars, and silver twenty- five cents, per ton. Baker's find was about seven years ago, and attracted considerable comment. More or less scientific investigations ensued, and from that date until now very different conclusions have been reached. Assayers from the Atlantic to the Pacific have tested these shales: Many of them have reported absolutely no trace of gold. This class agree in results. From the rest of the tests, which vary all the way from traces up to fine values of gold and silver, worth as much as fifty dol- lars per ton. These persons do not agree with each other to any marked extent, and often the same assayer will find very discordant returns from the same specimen. What shall we conclude from such testimony? In the first place, considering the sedimentary deposit where gold is found, there is a probability that it may contain anything that is found in sea- water. From several tests, I have found that the dry shale will lose about nine per cent, when heated for some time to 350 degrees centigrade. The volatile matters given off were water vapor (of crystallization) and petroleum-like substances. When heated to redness, I obtained vapors of zinc oxide. Without undertaking to determine how the gold got into the shale, whether by precipitation from the sea- water or by alluvial deposit, it is certainly in a very fine state of division. When the shale is pulver- ized to 100 mesh and carefully washed with water, a residue is found which, under the microscope, shows grains of silica and pyrite and some grains of gold. Some residue yields a quantity of gold on assay, which shows that plain washing with water will produce considerable concentration of values. In the washing process, it is likely that we lose some of the very finely divided gold. In my investigation of this shale, many modes of assay have been tried. The ore has been roasted with various kinds of fluxes before assay, and in a good many cases this preliminary treatment has been useful. In the spring of 1899, cooperating with Doctor Franklin, at Lawrence, we made over 100 assays of shale, which had been obtained from a number of different places. Many of our results were blanks, but a few showed small values in gold. In the following summer — that is, two years ago last summer — I went to the Smoky valley and took shale from many places up and down the river for several miles. I brought my specimens to Topeka and worked on them for a month, making over 100 assays. This gave small values, the last twenty av- eraging about one dollar to tlie ton. In these two series of assays, the GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 1 3 t number of blanks were greater than the number which showed values, but the shales were taken from all parts of the formations, and many of them doubtless contained no gold. Since then I have made many luindreds of assays, and I suppose the average values obtained are two dollars or three dollars a ton. One series of sixty-six assays made last summer gave an average of $2.58 per ton. In my laboratory, recently, by concentration methods, 144 assays gave an average of $13.52 per ton. This last series of assays was joint work of several persons, all of whom were solicitous to find the exact truth, and there was no intentional error ; but in work divided among several people, no one can be absolutely certain. Last July Mr. F. H. Blake, of New York, obtained samples of shale, and had twenty-five assays made from as many different specimens by Mr, Henry E. Wood, of Denver. Six of these showed no gold, ten showed traces, and nine gave values ranging from twenty cents to six- teen dollars a ton. In my laboratory last week, Mr. S. B. Edwards, a chemist of Colo- rado, made nineteen assays and obtained an average of $2.08 per ton. His highest value was $18.78, and the lowest forty-two cents per ton. His work was done on thirteen specimens collected from the shale banks by himself. I might multiply assay records of this kind, but I have given a fair sample of those which have come to my notice. The most puzzling part of the investigation is that from the same pulp, mixed as carefully as we know how to do it, very discordant values will appear. They have varied as much as fifty dollars per ton, I have but two hypotheses to account for this discordance. The- first is that the gold is not uniformly distributed, and that unwittingly, in taking our assay, we get a rich portion one time and a lean portion another. This may be true, but to one knowing the care taken in mixing the ore it does not seem likely, and is contrary to the experi- ence of those who sample ore for commercial purposes. The other hypothesis is that, owing to the unknown and peculiar conditions of the ore, very likely to its fine divisions, the values in one case are led away by heavy vapors, while in another instance the values are in some way retained. It may be suggested that fraud has been perpetrated in getting these results, and even if the assay is honest, others, less scrupulous, have had a share in the work. But the same experience has fallen to quite a number of assayers who are working with the greatest circum- spection on specimens taken by themselves from the shale-beds. There are other methods of analysis besides fire assays that I have tried on shales. My experiment with the chlorination process met with the following difficulty: The ore was roasted with sodium chlo- 132 KANSAS ACADEMY OP SCIENCE. ride. When transferred to the leaching vat, and solution of potassium permanganate and sulphuric acid added, the whole mass hardened as though it had been hydraulic lime, and we could not leach it. When a solution of cyanide of potassium with salt and hydrochloric acid is stirred up with the pulverized shale, the gold and silver will dissolve as cyanides. This is the method used by the Gage people, who claim to have obtained considerable quantities of gold from the shale. I have tried the process pretty thoroughly, and in repeated in- stances have I found a little gold, but nothing to compare with the results of Mr. Gage. By long digestion of an assay ton of shale in aqua regia, then di- luting and filtering, I obtained a solution which, saturated with hy- drogen sulphide, gave a dark precipitate which was incinerated with tlie filter paper, fluxed, and cupelled, yielding 0.19 mg. of gold, rep- resenting a value of $3.80 per ton. The shale used in this experiment was brought to me, and I had no definite knowledge of where, how or by whom it was obtained, though it had the appearance of ordinarj' shale. Several electrical processes have been applied to the extraction of metals from the shale, and the values obtained by these processes are higher than by any other. Besides this, they check each other better, and are interesting as another instance of where this wonderful agent, electricity, has become an handmaid to the arts. Of the electrical schemes proposed, I will mention two. The first is the patented process devised by Mr. Motz, of South Carolina, and used by him in the gold mines there. The crushed ore is made into a sort of thin paste with water and potassium cyanide, and in this condition allowed to flow between several pairs of electrodes, through which electrical currents of the desired strength are made to pass. The metals are deposited on the cathode plates of amalgamated copper. Mr. B. F. Johnson went to South Carolina to investigate this scheme, taking quantities of shale with him. He saw the mill work under Mr. Motz's direction, and three runs gave, in one case, more than seventeen dollars per ton. A brother of the inventor, who lives at Hays, has formed a company to put this process into opera- tion on the ground. The other electrical scheme of which I speak is devised by Dr. Ernest Fahrig, of the Commercial Museum of Philadelphia. Doctor Fahrig is well known as one of the leading metallurgists of the country, having the advantage of high scientific attainments and long experience. I count myself fortunate in being permitted at this time to read his report, made to the gentlemen who employed him to visit Kansas and examine the shale deposit. GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 183 From these considerations, I am convinced that vast quantities of the precious metal are to be found in the Kansas shales. The ques- tions remaining to be solved are : First, how can they be commer- cially extracted ? Second, what is the extent of the deposit and the uniformity of the distribution ? Third, if gold can be mined along the Smoky river, in Ellis and Trego counties, is it likely to be found in sedimentary deposits in other places ? In the earlier search for metals in this region, zinc was the one principally sought. No one who seeks intelligently fails to find zinc in the shales. I have tested many specimens which have fifteen per cent., and others which gave but a trace. All my tests show the pres- ence of zinc in some quantity, but the amount is variable. In October, 1899, M. J. Rattle, of Cleveland, Ohio, reported a value of 31.61 per cent, of zinc obtained from the shale, and, in the letter accompanying the report, expresses the greatest certainty, as well as surprise, at the result. Mr. B. F. Johnson and others, by roasting the shale and driving off and condensing the vapors, obtained a pound or more of fairly pure zinc oxide. I have of late given but little attention to the zinc constituents of the shale, but, if treated for gold or silver, zinc may become a valua- ble by-product. There is also no doubt that mineral paint of the best quality can be made from the tailings, after the metal values have been extracted by the electrolytic processes. As we stated at the outset, all elements found in sea- water might be expected as possible constituents of the shales. We know how some of the rarer elements have been discovered in residues from the salt manufactures, and in the shales we have the residues of the ages. As a purel)^ scientific problem, I know of none more interesting than to find out what the shales are made of. As we traverse these plains of western Kansas, where the shales are so impregnated with petroleum and bituminous products, the pos- sibility of underlying deposits of oil, gas and coal must occur to us. That can only be determined by boring deep holes, and this will be done before many years. It is possible that some of our geological theories will have to be revised if these things are true, but that need not harm us, and geology is far from being an exact science. It is well to maintain a proper conservatism and have due caution not to be imposed upon by fakirs and sharps ; but there are instances in history of carrying doubts and skepticism too far, and I appeal to the fairness of the members of the Kanssa Academy to say if this ques- tion of gold in Kansas shales does not demand most careful investi- gation. 134 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. GOLD IN KANSAS. By J. T. LovEWELL, Topeka, Kan. Read before the Academy, at Topeka, January 1, 1903. T AST year, at lola, I had the honor to read before this Academy -*-^ some thoughts and records of investigations on the subject "Gold in Kansas Shales." To-day I come before you with a more general proposition, "Gold in Kansas." In the discussion of last year's paper, it was urged that the Kansas Academy of Science could not atford to accept the conclusion that gold existed in the shale- beds along the Smoky river, but, as a concession, a committee was ap- pointed to pursue the investigation. This committee has failed to report, and the present paper will only give some of the facts that have come to my observation during the past year. Many fire and other assays of the shale have been made in my laboratory during this period, but nothing from them specially important can be added to the record already given. The shale from one locality at least, "Sec- tion 15," seldom fails to give values in gold. These are generally small, but we find some returns as high as ten dollars, and the av- erage is about $2.50 per ton. In last year's paper I was permitted to quote from Doctor Fahrig's report of his first series of experiments on Kansas shales. Encour- aged by that report, means were provided for repeating these experi- ments on a larger scale. A test mill was erected here in Topeka, and a committee sent to ship from the shale-beds to Topeka a car-load of shale. From this material, Doctor Fahrig made, last April, fourteen mill-runs of about 1000 pounds each, and in due time submitted the results in an exhibit which I am happy to be able to place before you. It shows the gold and silver actually obtained from each run, and gives their values and the value per ton of the shale as thus shown. The table printed at top of next page shows these facts so concisely that I cannot do better than to reproduce it. Doctor Fahrig has been engaged to resume this work on a much larger scale and with more publicity. Last year it was deemed best to keep the mill closely guarded from public inspection, and no one was allowed on the premises except Doctor Fahrig with two assistants, and a small committee to supervise the work. In the coming series of experiments, the work at the mill can be seen by any one who has a legitimate interest in it, and the shale tested will be from several localities, since it is not settled yet whether the values lie in streaks or are uniformly distributed. The experiments will go far to settle GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 135 Kansas shale from Trego county, Kansas. Assays of fourteen mill-runs, by Dr. Ernest Fahrig, August 12, 1902. No. Date. Class of Actual weight, Weight of Value of Weight of Value of Value per Actual value. Exhibits. lbs. gold. gold. silver. silver. ton. Gold. Silver. 1 April 11 From bin. .. 1,000 4 $1 16 112 $0 14 10 60 .$0 30 I A 2 '■ 14 ' ' ' ' ... 1,000 15.7 62.8 617 77 2 80 1 40 II B ■.i " 1.5 11 11 100 6 24 80 10 6 75 34 III C 4 " 16 ' ' ' ' . .. 1,000 25 1 00.4 320 39 2 80 1 40 IV D 5 " 17 II 11 1,000 19 76 552 69 2 90 1 45 V E tj " 18 " ' ' 400 17 68 288 36 5 20 1 04 VI F 7 " 19 II 11 1,000 18 72 464 58 2 60 1 30 VII Q « " 21 .1 11 1,000 14 56 432 54 2 20 1 10 VIII H 9 " 22 11 11 1,000 15.3 61.2 410 51.3 2 25 1 13 IX I 10 " 24 Committee, 1,000 23 92 424 53 2 90 1 45 X K 11 " 25 Special 1,300 7 36 336 42 1 20 78 XI L 12 " 26 • ' 1,200 12 48 288 36 1 40 84 XII M K " 29 Select from bin, 2,000 21 84 208 1 10 1 10 E N 14 May 2 From bin. .. 2.000 26 1 04 344 1 47 1 47 XIV O All the shale contains more or less zinc and asphaltum petroleum. the question of cost of extracT;ion, and this of course is the crucial point of the whole investigation. Doctor Fahrig's process is electrical and its principles are well known to metallurgists, though he has devised appliances which ex- hibit uncommon mechanical skill in handling the ore. For an electrolytic fluid Doctor Fahrig makes use of a substance discovered by himself, and named bauxogen. He has found this sub- stance possessed of very unusual and useful properties, aside from its utility as an electrolyte. The exact constitution and mode of manu- facture of bauxogen is his secret, and he is confident that if made on a large scale its cost will not be prohibitive. Since a compound such as this cannot be protected by patent, his only chance to profit by his discovery seems to be to keep the mode of making bauxogen to himself. Among the shale experimenters during the past year, I may men- tion Waldemar Lingren, sent out from the government chemical de- partment, at Washington. He visited the Smoky valley last June, and took back to Washington specimens of shale from several locali- ties. His report indicated that the shale was subjected, at Washington, to the usual fire tests, and with the usual results, viz.: Many blanks, some small values of gold, and a few that were encouraging. Lingren discovered no trace of zinc, and concludes that, while the shales may contain some gold, the amount does not justify the expectation that it will be found in paying quantities. A report from a government expert doubtless carries much weight, though I am not aware that Lingren employed any methods or used any skill that may not be re- produced by many less known chemists. Fire assays, at best, are but crude processes, and are liable to many errors. One common source of inaccuracy is the presence of sub- 136 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. stances which volatilize in heavy vapors that may carry oflP, mechan- ically, fine particles of metals whose recovery is sought. As an illustration of this, I have here an ore from a mine in Arizona which carries a large body like this specimen. It shows readily to the eye crystals of the sulphides of zinc and lead. The larger of these con- stituents is the blende, which prevents wholly the recovery of lead in a fire assay, although by the wet method ten per cent, or more of lead is found. Likewise, the fire assay of this ore fails to show more than one dollar per ton of gold. By pulverizing and washing, however, the galena may be largely separated from the blende, and now, by the fire assay, the residual galena will show eighty dollars per ton of gold, or about ten dollars of gold per ton on the whole mass of ore. Now, this shale contains some five to ten per cent, of hydrocarbons of the asphalt-petroleum order. It also always contains a quantity of zinc, which varies much in difPerent specimens. I attribute to these volatile constituents of the shale much of the discordance in our results, although the gold may also be very irregu- larly distributed. During the past year I have had occasion to test other specimens of Kansas minerals for gold and silver. My results tend to confirm the belief that gold is one of the most universally distributed of all the metals. I have examined shales from quite a number of localities and found a little gold in a good many instances, but not generally so much from other places as from that which is found along the Smoky river. I have found some gold in the sand from several places in western Kansas, and in pyritic rocks, wherever they occur, gold is likely to be a constituent. This "fool's gold" still leads many people to think they have discovered a gold mine. The assays from these rocks vary from blanks to as much as ^fty dollars per ton, but in none of these cases have I yet found evidence of such ore in quantity giv- ing it a commercial value. The rocks from the blufl^s up the river from the Rock Island depot have some gold, and in selected speci- mens from what may be called pockets in these rocks I have found good values. Many of the glacial rocks in this vicinity have been found to contain gold, and some have thought it possible that some time extensive gold deposits may be found along these old glacial moraines. One of the latest of gold deposits to which my attention has been called is situated two and one-half miles north of Wamego. This lo- cality is one of those which has lately been considered a promising place to explore for oil, gas, or coal. I was asked to inspect a shaft which has been sunk twenty-five feet deep within about fifty feet of Rock creek, a little stream along whose bed are the outcroppings of a Shale Bank near the Smoky Hill River. GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 137 peculiar mineral formation, which probably led to the sinking of the shaft. The shaft goes through a yellow, clayey loam for about ten feet, and then comes a dark colored, hard, finely laminated layer about twelve feet thick. This is interspersed with nodules and crystalliza- tions of marcasite, from the size of shot to a pound or two in weight. The whole layer seems to be largely of the same mineral, oxidized and broken down in its crystallization. This deposit has been submitted to assay by many metallurgists, and found to contain gold and silver. The amount is encouraging to the belief that, with a sufficient amount of the material, we have here, at least, a deposit, where smelting fur- naces will soon be producing Kansas gold in paying quantities. The realization of this possibility depends on the extent of the deposit, or how broad is this blanket of which the twelve feet in the shaft is a small section. Below the twelve-foot hard layer we come to a soft gray shale, filled with fossils of the coal formation. The marcasite nodules make from two to ten per cent, of the whole mass of the twelve-foot layer, and they carry more value than the rest in propor- tion to weight. Investigations are in progress — first, to determine as nearly as possible the proportions of nodules and stratified matter and their respective average values ; and second, what is the area of the twelve-foot stratum. The chief interest in this section at present is the quest for oil, gas, and coal, and borings will soon be made within forty rods of this shaft. There are many things to favor the idea that abundance of oil and gas will be found in northeastern Kansas. The water in bottom of the shaft shows traces of oil and a little farther north, in West- moreland considerable crude petroleum has been collected from the surface of water in pits of no great depth. At a mill-pond in Louis- ville, one-half mile from the shaft above mentioned, an inflammable gas rises through the water and large bubbles of it collect under the ice in winter. The boys cut holes in the ice and light the gas with a match. In the development of the mineral resources of our state much depends on abundance of fuel. With the discovery of such gas- wells as those of lola, their locality will become likewise the seat of cement works and smelting furnaces. There are great possibilities in the mineral deposits of the earth, and there is sufficient ter7'a incognita to satisfy the ambition of ex- plorers and the cupidity of seekers after wealth. There are risks in this search for mineral wealth. There will be many failures and few successes, but when the latter come the former are little considered. The search for Kansas gold ought not to be discouraged, for it exists in various deposits, and, even if never found plenty enough to pay for extraction, the search is sure to reveal some form of mineral wealth worth all its cost. IV. bioloctIcal papers. "Loco Weed." By L. E. Sayee, of the University of Kansas, Lawrence. "Notes on the Trees, Shrubs and Vines in the Southern Part of the Cherokee Nation." By C^ N. GOOLD, of tiie University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla. "A Provisional List of the Uredine.e of Bourbon County, Kansas." By A. O. Gaerett, Salt Lake City, Utah. "Statistics about Kansas Birds." By D. E. Lantz, Manhattan. "Notes on the Birds of Kansas." By Dr. F. H, Snow, of the University of Kansas, Lawrence. "A New Species of Fish." By F. F. Crevecojur, Onaga. "Notes on the Food Habits of California Sea-lions." By L. L. Dyche, of the University of Kansas, Lawrence. "Food Habits of the Common Garden Mole." By L. L. Dyche, of the University of Kansas, Lawrence. "List of Insects Collected in Hamilton and Morton Counties, Kansas." By De. F. H. Snow, of the University of Kansas. Lawrence. "Additions to the List of Kansas Coleoptera for 1901 and 1902." By W. Knaus, McPherson. "A Preliminary List of the Diptera of Kansas." By De. F. H. Snow, of the University of Kansas, Lawrence. "List of Insects Collected in Arizona." By De. F. H. Snow, of the University of Kansas, Lawrence. "Preliminary List of Medicinal and Economic Plants in Kansas." By B. B. Smyth, Topeka. LOCO WEED. By L. E. Sayee, University of Kansas, Lawrence. Read before the Academy, at Topeka, January I, 1903. 'T^HE subject of loco is a good deal like a tradition — it grows in. the -*- memory and in the imagination. There are plenty of facts to encourage, and, on the other hand, there are plenty of facts from equally good and authentic sources to discourage, the faith that we have placed in Astragalus rnollissimus as a poisonous plant. This plant, it is well known, is said to cause dementia, some believing that the secret lurking power of this innocent wild pea extends beyond the lower animal, even to the human family. Applying the theory of ^'similia," we have found those who claim that in some remote future time we may find in this plant a valuable remedy for the cure of insanity. Members of the Academy may remember some reports made a few years ago in which a chemical analysis of the weed was given. Concentrated preparations of the plant, representing the alka- loid, were made and administered both to the lower animals and to one memher of the human family. All live to offer themselves for further investigation ; they neither affirm nor approve the statement that loco is the "crazy weed." We would not have any one think for a minute that we discredit the ground for the opinion that, in some mysterious way, certain dis- orders occur among cattle in connection with what is commonly called "loco weed." But the problem is. What is this connection? What relation has Astragalus rnollissimus to the disease of such varied symptoms, sometimes called "locoism"? If we could assume that the loco, like clover and alfalfa — belonging, as it does, to the same family— should have similar properties as a nitrogenous food, then we might find a similarity between it and a distemper or disease not unlike the ordinary class of diseases brought about by a disturbance in the digestive tract, such as may be expected when an animal in a half-starved condition is permitted to overfeed on alfalfa or clover. This condition, if continued, could naturally lead to a disturbance of the nervous system, of which the brain is the center. Take, for ex- ample, a poorly fed horse or cow, such as is characterized by the range-fed cattle in winter. Let either be suddenly supplied with plants from the pea family, rich in legumin, and the natural result would be a disturbance in the digestive tract, which might assume all (141) 142 KANSAS ACADEMY OP SCIENCE. sorts of pathological symiDtoms, among these the "locoism" so poorly defined by various reporters. This theory of the inciting cause of loco disease has been suggested in a former paper, and the additional evidence which has come to us since seems to confirm this theory, even though statements suggest- ing other theories are not wanting. For example, from Guimon, Okla., Mr. Oscar Glandville, to whom, by the way, we are indebted for a splendid lot of the plant — root, stem, and leaves — we obtain the fol- lowing information, accompanying the consignment of the plant. He says : "If you will examine closely the plant sent, you will see, under the leaves of the unhealthy branches, small eggs. When a cow or a horse swallows these eggs by eating the leaves, the eggs hatch out, and the larvae, wriggling about, seem to affect the brain." This is the ranchman's hypothesis, and he proves it to you by showing the stomach of an animal dead from the loco habit. He also cites you the year when the loco is healthy — no eggs are to be found on the leaves, no boring in the roots. He says these are the years when cattle can eat it without injury. Loco weed will be found unhealthy in one pasture and very thrifty in another. The pastures where the unhealthy weed exists is the only place where the cattle can get locoed. The ranchmen claim that this insect kills the loco out completely every seven years by boring into the root. This year the loco has been more healthy than common ; consequently less cattle have been lost. Mr. John Fields, director of the experiment station at Stillwater, Okla., addressed a recent live-stock convention on "How best to prevent loco." He said: "One either believes that there is some- thing in this loco business, or he believes that there is nothing in it." He indicated that he had no fixed opinion himself. Quoting from his own word: "Our present activity along this line dates from a re- quest made by Senator Marum, of Woodward, who has been studying and watching the habits of the loco plant growing there. He ob- served an insect that seemed to be killing off the loco, and another insect that killed the first one, and it was his idea that, by furthering the propagation of the loco-destroying insect, it might be possible to eradicate loco at small cost. The idea, he said, is an entirely feasible one, and presents many attractive features. He suggested a possible relation between the loco-eating habit and abortion in cattle. This, he stated, deserves immediate attention." Mr. Fields referred to some loco experiments conducted by Doctor Lewis, veterinarian. The plant was fed to rabbits, with the expectation of "locoing" them. The leaves, the stems, the whole plant and an extract of the plant were fed to different lots of rabbits for a period of one to two months, without noticeable effect. Mr. Fields added BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 143 that these experiaients proved nothing, only that further work must be done on this line with cattle. Quoting from Doctor Lewis, Mr. Fields said: "We consider loco one of the worst enemies to stock on the plains. It affects cattle and horses about the same, and unquestionably it will produce abortion. Our mares and cows will not do us any good so long as its effects re- main in their systems. If they eat much of it and do not abort, their young are deformed in some way ; in fact, worthless." This phase of the physiological action of loco is a new one to us, and we think should be recorded. As to the question of larvas and insects for which the plant serves as host, one of these, found com- monly upon the flowers and other parts of the plant, is known as the pea weavil, Brunchus aureolus. It is mentioned in Insect Life, volume V, page 166. The other one is known as Walshia a?norpAilla. The grubs of these have been frequently received in Washington for examination ( Insect Life, vol. II, p. 50 ), the sender always being of the impression that the worms were the cause of the peculiar effect upon the live stock. But the report upon these insects is as follows : "The maggots are harmless larvfie of a little moth, Walshia aiyior- philla, which occur also in allied plants, boring into roots and stems." The old theory that an alkaloidal poison is secreted in the plant, causing the loco trouble, has not been found tenable. But, on search- ing for a poisonous alkaloid, it has been discovered that a very minute quantity can be extracted, and this, when administered in solution to kittens, would produce only temporary inconvenience of a local char- acter. Perhaps one of the most careful pieces of chemical work upon the plant, with a view of isolating the poisonous principle, was that of Doctor Power and Mr. Cambier, of the University of Wisconsin. In these experiments, one kilogram of the herb yielded 0.2 gm. of an alkaloid, equivalent to 0.006 per cent. This alkaloid was not found to be especially active, as when 0.2 of a gram was fed to a kitten, a frothing at the mouth and a profuse flow of saliva continued for half an hour, after which the animal finally recovered. These symptoms not uncommonly accompany the administration of many of the saponinoid principles of plants which are comparatively harmless. We are strongly of the opinion that the so-called locoism cannot be produced by any preformed alkaloidal principle existing in the plant. What alkaloidal substances may be formed by disturbed digestion in the presence of this nitrogenous food in the digestive tract has been only a matter of conjecture. We have evidence of cases where the loco disease was entirely stamped out by carefully caring for, wintering and feeding stock according to more modern methods. Mr. J. P. Cone, now living in 144 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Seneca, Kan., stated that in 1886 he, with another farmer, bought 250 head of cattle in the latter part of March ; in the spring they were anxious to put them out to grass. The cattle were poor and under- fed, and having a frail constitution — a characteristic of open-range cattle ; that is, cattle wholly dependent upon nature's supply for food. When these cattle were placed into pasture of grass interspersed with loco they died ofP rapidly, a large percentage being lost. Mr. Cone and his partner investigated the matter for themselves, and came to the conclusion that the cause was due to the suddenness of food change. The following winter Mr. Cone states : "We put up feed for the win- ter, and our herds came to grass with healthier constitutions, and we did not lose another from loco weed, although it was as abundant as it had been formerly." Prof. L. G. Carpenter, of Fort Collins, in- forms me that the loco plant has been collected and fed to horses for some length of time, but a detailed report of these experiments is not yet available. Other reports have come to us that if the animal is in prime condition no fear of the loco weed need be entertained. We do not wish to be understood as believing that the question of "locoism" has been settled by any theory we have advanced; on the contrary, as time and means permit, we shall continue the investiga- tion, ready to follow up any suggestions which those who have had opportunities of observation have to offer. Some have suggested that the mysterious lurking power of the loco plant might be found in an organic acid. Accordingly we have taken this up for investigation, and have succeeded in isolating the acid of the plant. We are not able to report fully on physiological experiments with this acid as yet, but, so far as we have gone, it seems to be without toxic properties. We have also had the suggestion that the harm coming from this plant is due to the inorganic constituents ; this clue has been followed up, but, like the others, has brought us no nearer to the solution of the problem. Mr. Havenhill, assistant professor of pharmacy, finds the inorganic constituents as follows : Acid in oven-dry herb, 19.9 per cent. ; of this, 5 per cent, is soluble in water. Ash in oven-dry root, 6.2 per cent.; of this, 33.5 per cent, is soluble in water. This shows the preponder- ance of the alkalies to be in the root. The analysis does not indicate a cause for any disorder or disease in connection with the plant. We are now experimenting with the powdered leaves and stem in connection with an artificially prepared gastric fluid. Possibly we may find developed in appreciable quantity prussic acid. Such a re- action seems possible in the light of the experiments of H. B. Sledd upon sorghum. (See Trans. Amer. Chem. Soc, vol. XXV, p. 55.) 1 ¥, 1u BIOLOaiCAL PAPERS. 145 NOTES ON TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES IN THE CHEROKEE NATION. By CHAELE3 N. Gould, of the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla. Read before the Academy, at lola, December 30, 1901. nn HE area described in this article comprises the southeastern part -*- of the Cherokee nation. In general, it is that part of the nation that lies between the Illinois river on the west, the Arkansas on the south, and the state of Arkansas on the east. Tahlequah, the capital of the nation, is in the northwestern part of the region, and Fort Smith, Ark., is near the southeastern corner. In other words, the region includes the Tahlequah quadrangle and the northern part of the Sal- lisaw quadrangle of the United States Geological Survey. The to- pography is in general quite broken. The western spurs of the Boston mountains extend into the northern part of the area. Some of the peaks are 800 or more feet above the level of the streams. The small creeks tributary to the Arkansas and Illinois have carved deep chan- nels through these mountains. Precipitous bluffs and narrow canons are common, while in general the valleys are narrow and tortuous. In the northern part of the region the rock on the lowlands is chiefly chert, while on the highest hills limestones and sandstones appear. To the south the chert runs out and sandstones and shales make up the greater part of the rock. With the unimportant exception of a few patches of prairie near the Arkansas river, the entire area is heavily timbered. Over a large part of the country a person may ride all day and scarcely be' out of the woods. In many parts of the region all the cleared land that one will encounter in the course of a day will consist of a few patches of a few acres each surrounding some Indian cabin. A dweller on the plains will not soon forget the view, as seen from a tree-top on the summit of one of the high hills. Away and away, as far as vision can reach, extends a rolling sea of green. Hills and hollows, ridges and valleys, gentle slopes and sharp declivities, all are mantled with a wealth of foliage. Here and there, along a valley or on a level hilltop, may be seen a dot of yellow or brown, indicating the presence of a clearing among the timber. But clearings are rare, and in general the forest extends unbroken for scores of miles. The oaks and hickories are by far the most abundant trees in the region. On the slopes and hilltops black-jacks and post-oaks are more Note.— After page 144 had been printed two errors were discovered in it. In tenth line from bottom, read Anh for "Acid," and in second line from bottom read H. B, Slade for "H. B. Sledd."— L. e. s. —10 146 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. abundant than any other species. In fact, throughout the region, perhaps three-fourtlis of the trees belong to these two species. Black oaks and red oaks, however, are quite abundant on the highlands. Chestnut oaks are not so common. Chinquapins and white oaks are occasionally found, and near the streams water oaks and willow oaks. There are also several species of hickory. The most common is probably the large shellbark and the common small hickory-nut. Shagbark hickory is found in the bottom lands along with the pecan and black walnut. Sweet gum flourishes near the streams and black gum. while seemingly confined to certain localities, grows equally well on high or low ground. The same statement may be made of iron- wood. There are three elms — white, slippery and winged elm. Dog- wood flourishes on the low ground along with the redbud and spice wood, although any of these trees may occasionally be found in moist or well-shaded places on the hills. The sycamore grows along the streams and the ash in thickets on the edge of the cleared land. Athwart the running streams the birch often hangs its graceful limbs. The two conifers in the region, pine and cedar, are usually found on rocky ledges or on high, rocky hills. Both hard and soft maples are often found on the rich bottom land along with the pawpaw and chinaberry. Locust and honey-locust are not uncommon. The crab-apple, several species of plum and the hawthorn and red haw grow in clumps in the dense part of the forest. The hackberry often attains considerable size on the bottoms. The several species of willow and the elder also prefer the moist soil. Wild cherry, bass- wood, and witch-hazel are occasionally met with. The persimmon and two species of sumac thrive in deserted flelds. Mulberry and box- elder, while not particularly common, are sometimes found on rich soil. Cottonwoods are occasionally found along the streams, and the button-bush peeps up from behind a creek bank. The buckeye is not rare in certain localities, and occasionally the service-berry is met with on sunny slopes. Amorpha fritticosa is sometimes found along creek banks. Among climbers may be mentioned the greenbrier, trumpetflower, poison ivy, and half a dozen species of wild grapes, all of which grow rank along the streams. Virginia creeper is often found on dead trees. Blackberry, raspberry and dewberry vines are found in old clearings, and coral- berries, huckleberries and blueberries in the timber. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 147 A PROVISIONAL LIST OF THE UREDINEJE OF BOURBON COUNTY, KANSAS. By a. O. Garrett, Salt Lake City, Utah. Read ( by title ) before the Academy, at Topeka, January 1, 1903. npHE following list of rusts includes all species observed by the -*- writer during seven years of residence in Bourbon county, all of which have been collected by him. I wish to thank Mr. Elam Bartholomew, of Rockport, Kan., and Prof. J. C. Arthur, of Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind., for the great assistance they have ren- dered in determination and citation, and for the many valuable sugges- tions received from them. 1. ^cidium grindelitB Grif. (Bui. Torr. Bot. Club, vol. 29, p. 299, May, 1902.) On leaves of Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal, May 29, 1902. New to the state. 2. ^cidium grossularite Schutn. On leaves of Ribea sp., July 9, 1902, 3. ^cidium jamesianum Peck. On leaves of Asclepiodora viridis (Walt.) A. Gr., May 29, August 6,. 1902. 4. ^cidium kellermani De Toni. On leaves, stems and pods of Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br., June 15, 1900. On leaves, stems and pods of Baptisia leucantha T, & G., June 21, 1902. 5. ^cidium peckii De Toni. (I of Puccinia peckii [DeT.] Kellerman.) On lower leaves of young plants of Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. (CEnothera biennis L.), May 24, 1902. On leaves of Hartmannia speciosa (Nutt.) Small (ffiaothera speciosa Nutt.), May 25, 1902. 6. ^cidium pentstemonis Schw. (I of Puccinia andropogoni Schw.) On leaves of Penstemon digitalis (Sweet) Nutt., May 30, 1902. 7. ^cidium solidaginis Schw. On leaves of Solidago missouriensis Nutt., June 15, 1901. 8. -^cidium verbenicolum E. & K. (I of Puccinia vilfte A. G. H.) On leaves of Verbena angustifolia Michx., June 15, 1901. On leaves of Verbena urticifolia L., June 15, 1901. 9. ^cidium xanthoxyli Peck. On blades and petioles of leaves of Xanthoxylum americanum Mill. 10. Coleosporium ipomoege Schw. On leaves of Ipomcea pandurata (L.) Meyer, August 11, 1902. This is the first record of the collection of this rust in the state. 11. Coleosporium solidaginis (Schw.) Thum. On leaves of Solidago sp., Aug. 8, 1902. 12. Coleosporium vernonife B. C. On leaves of Vernonia baldwinii Torr., Aug. 18, 1900; July 31, 1902. 148 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 13. Gymnoeporangium clavaria3forme Jacq. J.. 14. Gymnosporangium macropus Lk. III. On Juniperus virginiana L., Apr, 11, 1902. 15. Melampsora farirfosa (Pers.) Schroet. On leaves of Salix fluviatilis Nutt., Nov. 10, 1901; Aug., 1902. On leaves of Crataegus sp., Aug, 11, 1902. 16. Puccinia bartholomsei Diet. II. On leaves of Bouteloua curtipendula Michx. (B. racemosa Lag.) Aug, 6, 1902. 17. Puccinia caricis-asteris Arth., I. {^cidium asteruin Schw.) On leaves of Aster multiflorus Ait., May 29, 1902. See "Cultures of Uredinefe in 1900 and 1901," by J. C. Arthur, in Journal of Mycology, vol. 8, June, 1902. 18. Puccinia caricis-erigerontis Arth. I, III. On leaves and stems of Erigeron ramosus Walt., June 15, 1901. I. On leaves and stems of E. philadelphicus L., June 15, 1901. I. On leaves and stems of E. annuus (L.) Pers., I, May 26, 1902. On leaves and stems of Carex sp.. Ill, Nov. 10, 1901. Recent inoculation experiments made by Professor Arthur show that the fBcidial stage of this rust is JEcidium erigeronatum Schw. (Jour. Myc, 8:53.) 19. Puccinia convolvuli (Pers.) Cast. II. On leaves of Convolvulus sepium L., July 9, 1902. Quite destructive to its host. 20. Puccinia cyperi Arth. II. On leaves of Cyperus strigosus L., July 31, 1900. 21. Puccinia helianthi Schw. I, II, III. On leaves of Helianthus annuus L. , I {^-Eeidium compositarum helian- thi Burrill); and II, May 25, 1902. On leaves of H. orgyalis D. C, I, II, III, July 7, 1902; and III, August 6, 1902. On leaves of H. doronicoides Lam., II and III, October 26, 1901. 22. Puccinia heterospora B. & C. III. On leaves of Abutilon abutilon (L.) Rusby (A. avicennae Ga^rt.), July 31, 1900. 23. Puccinia hieracii (Schum.) Mart. II. On leaves of Taraxacum taraxacum (L.) Karst. {T. officinale Weber), June 27, 1902. 24. Puccinia nigrescens Peck. I, II, III. On leaves and stems of Salvia pitcheri Torr. (S. azurea grandiflora Benth.) I and II, May 28, 1902; III, August 6, 1902. The fecidial stage of this species has not been previously reported in America. ^cidia amphigenoug, few, in irregular clusters; peridia low; cecidiospores el- liptical, pale yellow, 28-24x16 mm. in diameter; wall thin, smooth. 25. Puccinia poarum Niessl. 11. (Paoeinia graminis Pers.) On leaves of Poa pratensis L., July 10, 1902, BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 149 26. Puccinia podophylli Schw. I, III. On leaves and stems of Podophyllum peltatum L., I and III, May 10, 1902; and III, May 27, 1902. While collecting the fficidia on May 10, some of the plants of Podophyllum were pulled up, and it was observed that quite a few of them were in- fested with the sori of the teleutospores of the rust. In each case the sorus was between the rhizome and the surface of the ground. Under- ground sori were again found on the 27th. 27. Puccinia polygoniamphibii Pers. II. On leaves of Polygonum convolvulus L., August 11, 1902. 28. Puccinia rubigo-vera (D. C.) Wint. II, III. On leaves of Hordeum jubatum L., May 29, 1902. II. On leaves of Triticum vulgare II, May 28, 1902 ; on culms and leaves, III, August, 1902. 29. Puccinia silphii Schw. III. On stem and leaves of Silphium integrifolium Michx., June 21, 1902. 30. Puccinia sorghi Schw. II. On leaves of Zea mays, July, 1902. 31. Puccinia vernoniaj Schw. II, III. On leaves of Vernonia baldwinii Torr. August 6, 1902. 32. Puccinia viote (Schum.) D. C. I, II, III. On leaves of Viola pubescens Ait., I, May 3, 1902; II, III, May 27, 1902. On leaves of Viola cucullata Ait., II, III, May 29, 1902. 33. Puccinia windsorite (Schw.) I (^cidium pteliae B. & C.) On leaves and rarely on fruits of Ptelia trifoliata L., June 15, 1901; June 21, 1902. This rust is found especially abundant on the leaves of the very young shrubs, and is usually present wherever its host i* 34. Puccinia* xanthii (Schw.) III. On leaves of Ambrosia triflda L., July 15, 1902. On leaves of Xanthium canadense Mill., July 31, 1902. 35. Pucciniastrum crotonis (Cke.) De Toni. I, II, III. On leaves of Croton monanthogynus Michx., I, Aug. 18, 1900; II, III, Oct. 26, 1900. On leaves of Croton capitatus Michx., I, Aug. 18, 1900; III, Oct. 26, 1900. 36. Uredo gaurina Peck. On leaves and stems of Gaura biennis L., Aug. 6, 1902. 37. Uredo nitens (Schw.) De Toni. On leaves of Rubus sp., May 3, 1902. 38. Uromyces astragali (Opiz.) Sacc. II. On leaves of Astragalus carolinianus L. (A. Canadensis L.), Aug. 13, 1902. Sori very inconspicuous. 39. Uromyces caladii (Schw.) Farl. I, II, III, On leaves of Arissema dracontium (L.) Schott, I {^eidium caladii Schw.), and II, May 5, 1902 ; and III, May 27, 1902. On leaves of Arissema triphyllum (L.) Torn, I, May 30, 1902; and III, May, 1901. 150 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 40. Uromyces euphorbifB C. & P. I, II, III. On young leaves of Euphorbia dentata Michx., I, May 25, 1902; II, May 25 (on same plant with the aecidia), and Aug. 11, 1902. On leaves of Euphorbia sp.. Ill, Aug. 11, 1902. See "Cultures of Uredi- neae in 1900 and 1901," by J. C. Arthur, in Journal of Mycology, vol. 8, June, 1902. 41. Uromyces graminicola Burrill. III. On blades and culms of Panicum virgatum L., Nov. 10, 1901. 42. Uromyces hedysari-paniculata (Schw.) Farl. II, III. On leaves of Meibomia sessilifolia (Torr.) Kuntze (Desmodium sessili- folium T. & O.), July 31, 1900. 43. Uromyces howei Peck. III. On leaves of Asclepiodora viridis (Walt.) A. Gray, Aug. 6, 1902. 44. Uromyces hyperici Schw. I. On leaves of Hypericum ellipticum Hook., June 15, 1901. 45. Uromyces spermacosis (Schw.) Curt. III. On leaves of Diodia teres Walt., Jan. 2, 1902. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 151 STATISTICS ABOUT KANSAS BIRDS. By D. E. Lantz, Manhattan. Read before the Academy, at Topeka, January 2, 1903. SINCE the publication of my "Historical List of the Birds of Kan- sas," in volume XVI of our Transactions, there have been three additions to the list, all reported by Dr. R. Matthews, of Wichita. These additions are the Roseate Spoonbill, Ajaja ajaja (Linn.); the Black Duck, Anas ohscura Gmel.; and the Old-squaw, Clangula hy emails (Linn.) Specimens of all these are in the possession of residents of Wichita. These additions bring the number of species and varieties now credited to Kansas up to 354, a number greater than that usually found in an inland state. Lists of the birds of many of the different states have been pub- lished. A comparison of these lists is of interest, since it shows a sur- prising variation in the number of birds credited to states that are similar as to location and physical conditions. Colorado and Wyo- ming lie side by side, are of nearly the same size, and have similari- ties of elevation. Yet the former is credited with 387 species and varieties of birds, while the latter has but 288. The difference is principally due to the large number of southern forms which extend into southern Colorado. The lists of both states were made with great care, and probably few forms were included for which there is not ample warrant in the existence of the skin or mounted bird. A similar comparison of the lists of Kansas and Nebraska should show a j)reponderance of numbers for Kansas, on account of the Texan forms which extend into this state. But the actual number on the Nebraska list is 415, while Kansas has but S54. Some explana- tion of this difference ought to be found. This i^robably lies in the principle upon which the list is made up. The Nebraska list is made up from the local and state lists of a considerable number of observers, and includes all that these observers reported. Baird's citations in the Pacific Railroad Reports, volume 9, of specimens from Nebraska, refer to a time when Nebraska territory extended much be- yond its present limits. Such citations as to Kansas would add a considerable number of forms to our list. But in every case of such citations I studied the itinerary of the expedition credited with the bird's capture, and if such capture occurred outside of Kan.sas it was rejected from our list. Then, too, there have been changes of nomen- clature and new varieties created in the list of North American birds. Early observers reported birds which later researches show were va- 152 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. rieties of the species. It does not seem right that both species and variety should be kept upon the lists when only the variety is found. The accompanying table of our Kansas birds shows the number of families represented, the total number of varieties belonging to each, those that are resident, summer resident, migratory, found regularly in winter, and those accidental to our fauna. An analysis of the table will show that 62 + 125, or 187, species breed in the state. Deducting the two obsolete species, we have 185 that almost certainly breed in Kansas. Only 119 of these are com- mon, and this is the number that would affect most largely the insect life of the state. Many of these birds are restricted in their range within the state, occurring only in the eastern or western or southern part, and therefore the number of species common in any one locality during the summer will be considerably less than 100. In winter — November, December, January, and February — there are 42 + 20, or 62, species common in the state, but probably less than half this number in any given locality. This is during the low- est ebb of insect life, and consequently the food of these species, ex- cept the woodpeckers, must be largely grains and grass seeds, with the addition of a few wild fruits that persist, such as hackberries, moonseed, and ampeloi3sis. The spring months — March, April, and May — bring a great abundance of insects, and the number of bird species becomes pro- portionally abundant. The common summer residents — seventy- seven strong — arrive, and the fifty- eight common migrants. These, added to the forty-two comnaon residents, make the number of species then common, 167. Of course these are not all present at once in time or place ; but the table will serve to show how much more abun- dant relatively are the birds during the spring. The fall migration of birds is not nearly so well marked as that of spring ; the birds do not linger with us so long. Once started for their winter haunts, they make long flights southward, traveling by day and night. Many species are not seen in our latitude in the fall, and their migration is unmarked, except, perhaps, by an occasional call in the night, carried from the upper air to the ear of the listening man or woman who has learned to recognize the bird voices, and can thus note the time of the flight. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 153 BIRDS OF KANSAS. 2.0 a>" CO Resi- dent. Summer resident. Migra- tory. Winter sojourner. Acci- dental. No. and name of family. 1 p F 0 B f 0 B 3 0 ? B i 1 B s- 1 B a 11 1. Podicipidee — Grebes 4 1 10 1 2 1 1 33 2 1 9 3 8 2 2 25 7 6 1 2 2 24 1 9 1 3 1 10 6 1 1 12 3 7 12 5,5 6 2 3 7 34 2 11 1 5 3 11 "i 1 1 1 2. TJrinatoridee — Loons 3. Laridae — Gulls and Terns 5 3 1 4. Anhingidse— Darters 1 5. Phalacrocoracida? — Cormorants 1 1 1 6. Pelecanidfe — Pelicans.. 7. Fregatidse — Man-o'-war birds 1 ■'i' 1 3 8. Anatidae — Ducks and geese 8 12 8 1 2 1 9. Ibidida? — Ibises 10. Ciconiidiie — Storks and wood ibises.... 11. Ardeidae — Herons, bitterns, etc 2 12. Gruidw — Cranes 2 13. Rallida? — Rails, etc 5 1 2 2 1 1 14. Pbalaropodidae — Phalaropes 15. Recurvirostridw — Avocets, etc 16. Scolopacidse — Snipes, sandpipers "3' "i' t 4 1 '5 4 '2 2 2 4 '3 2 2 11 1 9 3 1 17. Cbaradriidff — Plovers 18. TetraonidK" — Grouse, quail, etc 19. Pbasianida' — Pheasants, etc '6 1 1 1 21. Catbartidif — American vultures 1 2 3 1 23. Strigidae — Barn owls 24. BubonidcT? — Horned owls 2 26. Cuculidae —Cuckoos, etc i 2 27. Alcedinidtt" — Kingfishers 2 30. Cypselidfp— Swifts 31. Trochilidft' — Humming-birds 1 4 33. Aland ids' — Larks 34. Corvida? — Crows, jays, etc 1 i .... "i 3 24 2 4 1 1 10 — "n 1 7 36. Fringillidap — Finches and sparrows. .. 2 38. AmpelidK — Waxwings 39. Laniidff — Shrikes 1 6 8 "6 "9' 3' ■5' 2 i' 11 1 42. Motacillidw— Wagtails 43. Troglodytidae— Wrens 44. Certhiidae — Creepers 1 4 1 1 1 2 2 47. Turdida? — Thrushes, etc 2 1 2 1 1 1 Totals 353 42 20 77 48 58 44 20 17 10 14 4 8. Summer resident species, common in migration. 19. Obsolete. 21. One nearly obsolete. 25. Obsolete. 38. The resident species common in winter. 154 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF KANSAS, AND A REVISED CATALOGUE. By Feancis H. Snow, of the University of Kansas. Read before the Academy, at Topeka, January 2, 1903. WHEN the writer of this paper arrived at Lawrence, Kan., in the last week of August, 1866, about ten days before the opening of the State University, he took the earliest opportunity to call upon the chancellor of the University. He took it for granted that some preliminary arrangements would be necessary before the arrival of the important day which should usher into existence so important an institution as that with which he was to be connected as a member of its first faculty. The chancellor, the Rev. R. W. Oliver, rector of the Episcopal church of Lawrence, informed him that nothing could be done until the opening day, and advised him to "get a gun and go shooting." This advice was conscientiously followed, with the result that the writer soon became deeply interested in the birds of Kansas, and began to jorepare a catalogue. He had the entire field to himself, there being no other person in the state for several years who was known to him as having an interest in ornithology. He soon organ- ized among his students an enthusiastic class in zoology, and instituted an ornithological survey. It was a great delight to him to enumerate the birds of Douglas county, and to explore a field never before in- vestigated with reference to its avifauna. In April, 1872, he published the first edition of his Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas, in the Kansas Educational Journal. The list of birds in this catalogue included 239 species and varieties, of which thirty-two species were inserted on the authority of Dr. T. M. Brewer, of Boston, the eminent ornithologist.* Mr. J. A. Allen, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Cam- brige, Mass., reviewed this list in the American Naturalist for May, * The thirty-two species thus introduced upon Doctor Brewer's authority were the follow- ing: Sphyrapicus varius, Tyrannus verticalis, Contopus borealis, Empidonax flaviventris, Hylocichla fuscescens, Hylocichla swainsonii, Thryomanes bewickii, Regulus satrapa. Protonotaria citrea, Helminthophila celata, Helminthophila peregrina, Dendroica penn- sylvanica, Dendroica dominica albilora, Wilsonia pusilla, Pinicola canadensis, Carpo- dacus purpureus, Spinus pinus, Loxia americana, Loxia leucoptera, Poospiza bilineata, Melospiza lincolni, Calamospiza melauocorys, Cyanospiza aincena, Scolecophagus ferru- gineus, Corvas carnivorus, Charadrius dominicus, Phalaropus tricolor, Macrorhamphus scolopaceus, Tringa fuscicollis, Ereunetes pusillus, Symphemia semipalmata, and Cygnus buccinator. It is worthy of note that all these species reported by Doctor Brewer in 1872 as occurring in Kansas have been verified by subsequent captures, with the exception of the eight following: Empidonax flaviventris, Dendroica dominica albilora, Pinicola canaden- sis, Loxia americana, Loxia leucoptera, Poospiza bilineata, Thryomanes bewickii, and Hylocichla fuscescens. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 155 1872, his chief criticism being that certain species known to him as occurring in Kansas were not included, and that five species were erroneously indicated as breeding in Kansas. In the American Naturalist for August, 1872, Dr. T. M. Brewer expressed his obligations to the author of the list for not having in- cluded therein any " birds in regard to whose occurrence in the state he he had not positive evidence, and who had been able to resist the be- setting temptation to swell his catalogue by mere guesswork, or by giving a redundant list of birds that 'probably would be' or 'ought to be found' within the prescribed limits." In the same number of the American Naturalist I published a list of forty-five additional siDecies, of which number Mr. Allen contributed twenty-one species (all of which have been retained). Prof. S. F. Baird, the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, twenty-three species,* and Mr. E. A. Pope- noe, of Topeka (then a student of Washburn College), one species ( Coturni cuius henslowi ) . In the meantime, in the June, 1872, number of the Kansas Edu- cational Journal, I had published forty of the above-mentioned forty-five additions, and in Weston's Guide to the Kansas Pacific Railway, which appeared in July, 1872, a pamphlet of 204 pages, I had published an amended Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas, con- taining 277 species and varieties. No "separates" of this catalogue were obtained. This was in reality my second edition. In October, 1872, I issued a third edition, commonly known as the "second edition," and containing 282 species and varieties. In 1875 I contributed to the Kansas Academy of Science a third (in reality the fourth) edition, which was published in separate form, and was complete to January 1, 1876. It enumerated 302 species and varieties (295 species and 7 varieties), of which 137 were marked as breeding in Kansas. It omitted four species of the second edition, viz.: Contopus richardsonii, Empidonax pusillus, Passerculus alaudinus, and Sterna hirundo. The latter species was omitted from the fear of its having been confused with Sterna forsteri; Contopus richardsonii and Empidonax pusillus were omitted from fear of in- correct determination ; and Passerculus alaudinus was omitted, not from any doubt of its occurrence in Kansas, but because Doctor Coues, *The twenty-three species contributed by Professor Baird were as follows: Hypotrior- chis richardsonii, Ictinia mississippienis, Milvulus forficatus, Tardus pallasii, Helmin- thophila chrysoptera, Seiurus noveboracensis, Dendroica ceerulescens, Dendroica vireas, Piranga wstiva, Vireo noveboracensis, Vireo solitarius, Troglodytes hyemaiis, Sitta cana- densis, Plectrophanes pictus, Plectrophanes raelanomus, iEgialitis meloda, Squatarola helvetica, Actodramus bairdii, Limosa hudsonica, Numenius hudsonicus, Gallinula galeata, Bernicla hutchinsii, and Merganser serrator. All of these additions of Professor Baird have been confirmed by subsequent captures, except the six following: Helmiuthophila chrysoptera, Dendroica virens, ^gialitis meloda, Charadrius squatarola, Numenius hud- sonicus, and Merganser serrator. 156 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. in his Birds of the Northwest, made this form synonymous with Passercidus savanna. Three of these four species, however, were subsequently restored to the list by Colonel Goss. With the exception of a reprint of my third edition in Fourth Annual Report, Kansas State Board of Agriculture, 1875 (which ap- peared early in 1876), I published no additional complete list of the birds of Kansas, having left the formal continuance of this work to my friend, Col. N. S. Goss, so long as he lived. I, however, contrib- uted to the Observer of Nature, a publication of the Natural History Society of the University of Kansas, to the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, to the Auk, and to the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, the following ten species and one variety : Neocorys spraguei, Melanerpes torquatus, Nyctiardea violacea, Plegadis guarauna, Xerna sahinei, Passer domesticus, Icteria virens var. longicauda, Anhinga anhinga, ^chmophorus occidentalis, Plcicorvus Golumbianus, and Somateria v-nigra. Thus, all together, the author of this paper, during the last third of the nineteenth century, had catalogued 305 species and 9 varieties of Kansas birds, or a total of 311 numbers or entries. Up to the year 1878 no other citizen of Kansas had published any facts regarding the birds of Kansas. In that year Col. N. S. Goss be- gan his notes upon this subject in an article on the ''Breeding of the Duck Hawk in Trees," in the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. On July 25, 1879, he wrote me that he had in his collection 151 species of Kansas birds, of which he sent me a full list. In the same year he made his first addition to the list of Kansas birds — Bonaparte's Gull — as recorded in the publication just cited. He continued to increase our knowledge of the bird fauna of Kansas until he had added thirty-one species and races to the list.* The first edition of his Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas, published in 1883, contains 320 species and varieties. This catalogue omitted six species contained in my third edition, namely : Helminthophaga chrysoptera, Dendroica G(jerulescens, Gallinula galeata, ^gialitis melodus, Poospiza hilineata, Empidonax flaviventris. These omit- ted species had been included in my oyfw catalogues on the authority of Professor Baird and Doctor Brewer as having been actually taken in ♦The thirty-one species added to the Kansas Catalogue by Colonel Goss are the follow- ing: Larus californicue, Larus Philadelphia, Fregata aquita, Anas fulvigula maculosa, Querquedula cyanoptera, Tantalus loculator, Grus canadensis, Porzana noveboracensis, Porzana jamaicensis, Phalaropus lobatus, Tringa alpina pacifica, iEgialitis nivosa, Colinus virginianus texanus, Tympanuchus pallidicinctus, Buteo borealis kriderii. Bubo virginianus subarcticus, Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis, Pheenoptilus nuttalli nitidus, Contopus richard- sonii, Otocoris alpestris arenicola, Ammodramus sandwichensis alaudinus, Ammodramus caudacutns nelsoni, Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia, Cyanospiza ciris, Vireo atricapillus, Dendroica auduboni, Dendroica vigorsi, Wilsonia canadensis, Anthus spraguei, Hylocichla aliciae, and Merula migratoria propinqua. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 157 Kansas. Two of these six species have been verified by subsequent captures and the others may be similarly verified. Their retention in the list of Kansas birds at that time was authorized by the excellence of the authorities upon whose statement of actual captures they were originally introduced. In 1886 Colonel Goss published his Revised Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas, containing 335 species and races, of which 175 were characterized as breeding in Kansas. Thus, up to the year 1899, six catalogues of the birds of Kansas had been published — four by the author of this i^aper and two by Col. N. S. Goss. In June, 1899, there appeared in the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, volume XVI, a "Review of Kansas Ornithology," by Prof. D. E. Lantz, of Manhattan. This review comprises two sec- tions: First, "The Bibliography of Kansas Birds"; second, "An His- torical List of Kansas Birds." In regard to the first section of this review, I make the following remarks : 1. There is much uncertainty, and necessarily a good deal of "guess- work," in regard to the determination of species and the locality of their occurrence, in the case of most of the species named by Professor Lantz as having been recorded to occur in Kansas up to and including William Kelley's publication, in 1851, entitled "An Excursion to California over the Prairies and Rocky Mountains and the Great Sierra Nevada, with a stroll through the diggings and ranches of that country." During the entire period of nearly fifty years included in this sec- tion of the "bibliography," there was no state of Kansas or territory of Kansas as yet set aside from the national domain. And yet Pro- fessor Lantz states that Pike entered ''Kansas'" in 1806. He also states that "no ornithological records of his trip were made, except that his hunters brought in turkeys." On this meager basis. Pro- fessor Lantz, in what purports to be a scientific paper, awards to Maj. Z. M. Pike the credit of first publishing a record of Meleagris gallopavo in- Kansas. 2. In writing of my own Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas, first edition, 1872, Professor Lantz characterizes the Kansas Etlucational Journal, in which that catalogue appeared, as "a newspaper." It was not a newspaper, but a monthly educational journal. 3. He characterizes my catalogue as " a defective list of 239 species." A critical examination of this list reveals the fact that all but three of the 239 sjDecies are included in Prof essor Lantz's own "Historical List of Kansas Birds." The three not included are Centrocerc%is uropha- sianus, Poospisa hiiineata, and Enijndonaxflaviventris. The defect of including the Sage Cock also applies to Goss's list of 1883 ; the 158 KANSAS ACADEMY OP SCIENCE. other two species omitted from the list of Professor Lantz were intro- duced on the most excellent authority of Dr. T, M. Brewer. 4. I note the omission from the "Bibliography of Kansas Birds," ( 1 ) of a list of forty additions to the Catalogue of the Birds of Kan- sas in the June, 1872, number of the Kansas Educational Journal ; ( 2 ) "The Relation of Birds to Horticulture," an address delivered by the author of this paper at the tenth annual meeting of the Kansas State Horticultural Society, at Emporia, and published in volume XI of the transactions of that society, pages 65-75. 5. In reviewing the second edition of my Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas, October, 1872, Professor Lantz erroneously names Larus argentatus smiihsonianus as a first record, whereas that species was given in my first edition. He also states that of the 282 species and races on the list only 270 are valid. Eleven of the twelve species thus declared not valid ( I have not been able to find the twelfth ) are as follows : Colaptes hyhridus ( which occurs abundantly all over Kansas), Contopus richardsonii, Empidonax flaviventris, Helmin- thophaga chrysoptera, Eremophila cormita, Poospiza bilineata, Num.enius horealis, Porzana jamaicensis, Alias ohscura, Sterna wilsoni, Tringa alpina. It is pleasing to note that six of the spe- cies thus rejected as not "valid" have been restored in Professor Lantz's list, and have, therefore, in his judgment, become valid. Of the rejected species, Anas ohscura,, the Black Duck, is certainly valid, for I shot a specimen of it in 1871 and fully identified the species. Eremophila cornuta is valid, for it appears under a different name in Professor Lantz's list; and Ilelminthophaga chrysoptera, introduced upon Professor Baird's authority, ought to be valid, from the high standing of the authority elsewhere recognized by Professor Lantz. The inclusion of three not "valid" species, Numenius horealis, Por- zana jamaicensis, and Tringa alpina, was due to errors of Mr. J. A. Allen, rather than of myself, as Professor Lantz himself has stated. 6. In noticing my list of additions to the Catalogue of Kansas Birds, published in the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Sci- ence, volume VI, page 38, Professor Lantz omits the English Sparrow, of which I gave the first published record, and which is most certainly a very ubiquitous Kansas bird. 7. In commenting upon Col. N. S. Goss's Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas, first edition, 1883, Professor Lantz omits to mention his first record in that catalogue of Querquedula cyanoptera. In reference to the second section of Professor Lantz's Review of Kansas Ornithology, entitled "An Historical List of the Birds of Kansas," I make the following comments : BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 159 1. In regard to A^ias ohseura — the Black Duck — Professor Lantz; refuses to admit it to his list, stating that "evidence of its occurrence is entirely wanting and it should be dropped from our list." I con- sider this statement as an unwarranted imputation upon the ornitho- logical ability of the professor of natural history in the University of Kansas, who personally identified this species, as above stated. And yet Professor Lantz gives credit to Lieutenant Abert for "first rec- ord" of Sayortiis p/uelte, from his mention of a "gray bird" and his description of its nest, and allows other "first records" upon evi- dence equally unscientific. 2. Professor Lantz gives "Snow, 1872, on authority of Baird," first record for Branta canadensis hutchinsii, (No. 48.) He does not state that in my third edition, 1875, this bird was given on my own authority, a specimen having been taken April 3, 1873, at Lawrence, by Nelson J. Stephens, a student in my class in zoology. 3. In regard to Plegadis guarauna, (No. 52,) first record should have been given to me, as I reported it to the Kansas Academy of Science at the thirteenth annual meeting, at TojDeka, November 12, 1880, in a paper entitled "The Last New Kansas Bird." An account of the capture of this bird, which was skinned by me and has been for more than twenty years a mounted specimen in the museuni of the University of Kansas, was given in the Lawrence newspapers at the time. 4. How does Professor Lantz know that the Sandhill Crane, ( No. 65,) whose first record is by him credited to Gregg, 1844, was not the Little Brown Crane, Orus canadensis^ 5. Gallinula galeata, the Florida Gallinule, (No. 72,) is credited to me "on authority of Baird." If Prof essor Lantz had consulted me, he could have included this species upon my own authority, as I took a specimen on Hackberry creek, in Gove county, Kansas, June 14, 1878, (See Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci., vol. X., p. 80, for a published record of this fact.) 6. Himantopus mexicanus, (No. 77.) This species, reported as "seen," is not entitled to admission to a list based upon actual cap- tures. 7. Macrorhamphus scolopaceus, (No. 80,) is credited to me on authority of Brewer. It was given in my third edition, 1875, on my own authority, a specimen having been taken at Lawrence by my student, William Osburn, October 3, 1871, and another by student Bion H. Barnett, April 19, 1873. 8. Professor Lantz places an interrogation point after the citation of Tringa canutus, (No. 82,) as given in my catalogue of 1872. There can be no question about the authenticity of this record, as I 160 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. have in my collection of skins a specimen of this species taken by my student, Wm. E. Moore, at the Lawrence lake, April 17, 1871. 9. Tringa hairdii, (No. 85,) is credited to me in "1872, on authority of Baird.*' In my third edition, 1875, this species is given on my own authority. Two specimens were shot by myself at the Lawrence lake, October 26, 1872, one along the Wakarusa river, April 18, 1873, by student Frank Morgan, two along the Kansas river, April 11, 1874, by student B. H. Barnett, and another in the same locality by myself, April 17, 1874. These six specimens are in my collection of bird skins, Nos. 188, 189, 203, 328, 329, and 330. 10. Limosa hcemastica, (No. 91,) credited to me in 1872, on authority of Baird, was given in my third edition, 1875, on my own authority, two specimens, a male and a female, having been taken at the Lawrence lake, by student B. H. Barnett, April 19, 1873. They are in my collection of bird skins, Nos. 201 and 202. 11. How can Professor Lantz be at all certain that "an upland land snipe," mentioned by Wm. Kelley as having been seen during his "excursion to California, etc.," was Bartramia longicauda, (No. 96)? Such an instance of guesswork can have no scientific value. 12. JSfumenius horealis, (No. 101,) credited to Benson, 1874, for ^' first record," was recorded by me as taken at Lawrence by my stu- dent, Nelson J. Stephens, May 6, 1873. Its skin is No. 217 of my collection, with a complete series of measurements. I claim this as the first authentic record for this species. 13. Professor Lantz acknowledges that the "quail" mentioned by Say, 1823, may not have been Colinus virghiianus, (No. 109,) and it is extremely probable that the same is true of the quail referred to by Maximilian and Parkman. I claim the first authentic record for this species. 14. The same uncertainty exists concerning the identity of Say's Tympanuchus americanus, (No. 305,) which may have been either of the two following numbers of Professor Lantz's list. 15. Professor Lantz should have quoted my third edition, 1875, in which Ictinia tnississippiensis, (No. 121,) was given, not upon the authority of Baird, but upon my own authority, from material fur- nished by Prof. M. V. B. Knox, of Baker L^niversity, and Col. N. S. Goss. 16. It would have been an interesting fact for Professor Lantz to record in reference to Harlan's Hawk, Buteo borealh hay'lani, (No. 129,) that the male specimen of this species shot at Lawrence, in October, 1871, by my student. Nelson J. Stephens, is the most valuable ornithological specimen in the state, being the male type of the BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 161 species. ( See full description of this specimen in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway's A History of North American Birds — Land Birds, volume III, page 293.) It is No. 192 of my collection of bird skins. This fact, if known, to Professor Lantz, might have induced him to i^lace Law- rence before Manhattan, where it chronologically belongs, in naming the localities for the capture of this hawk. 17. Professor Lantz omits to use my statement regarding Ar^chi- Ijuteo ferruqineus, in the Ohserver of Nature for June 4, 1875, where Dr. Louis Watson is quoted as having captured two specimens of this species in the fall of 1874, and as having found it breeding in May, 1875. The specimens are Nos. 479 and 180 of my collection of skins. 18. Falco richardsonii, (No. 141,) is credited to "Snow, 1872, on the authority of Baird." This species was in my third edition, 1875, on my own authority. I have twelve specimens in my skin collec- tion, prepared by my own hands from fresh material received from Dr. Louis Watson, the captures having been made on nine different dates, from October 6 to November 9, 1875, and a thirteenth specimen, taken at Lawrence, October 27, 1875, by my student, Wm. H. Challis, No. 600 of my collection. I have in my note-book a full record of the measurements of these thirteen birds, taken before skinning. 19. I do not recognize Geococcyx calif ornicus, the Road-runner, as a Kansas bird, and I cannot comprehend how Professor Lantz can admit the inadequate evidence of its having been "seen" in south- west Kansas, and yet reject Anas ohscura upon my own statement of personal capture and identification. 20. Sphyrapicus varius, (No. 161,) is credited to "Snow, 1872, on authority of Baird." It is given in my third edition, 1875, on my own authority, from a capture made by E. A. Popenoe, of Topeka. 21. Tyrannus verticalis, (No. 178,) is credited to "Snow, in 1872, on authority of Brewer." It was given in my third edition, 1875, on my own authority, from three specimens received from Doctor Watson, of Ellis, which are Nos. 508, 509 and 511 of my collection of skins. 22. Contopus horealis, (No. 182.) credited to "Snow, 1872, on au- thority of Brewer," was given in my third edition, 1875, on my own authority, from fresh specimens received from Doctor Watson, of Ellis, May 22 and September 14, 1875. The skins are Nos. 502 and 542 of my skin collection. 23. Otocoris alpestris leucolema, ( No. 188,) was included in Colonel Goss's first catalogue, 1883, but was omitted from his revised cata- logue. It would have been impartial treatment of Colonel Goss and myself if Professor Lantz had remarked in this case, as in the case of —11 162 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Contopus Ticliardsonii, (No. 184): "This species was included in Goss's first edition, but evidently upon insufficient evidence, for it was omitted from the second edition." 24. Picicorvus cohmibianus, ( No. 196.) I claim the first authen- tic record for this species. Mr. L. L. Jewell, of Irving, Kan., in Au- gust, 1888, sent me for identification the wings and tail of a specimen taken in Marshall county by Mr. Charles Metz. I identified the spe- cies, and subsequently reported to Colonel Goss this interesting addi- tion to our avifauna. It seems that Mr. Jewell at a later date sent a portion of the skin of the same specimen to Colonel Goss, as recorded in his History of the Birds of Kansas, page 386. 25. Icterus hullocki, Bullock's Oriole, (No. 206.) In his remarks concerning this species. Professor Lantz readies the maximum of in- justice towards the author of the present paper. He incorrectly states that I included this species in my third edition on the author- ity of Dr. S. W. Williston, but did not so credit it. The fact is that I included it in all four of my editions, upon my own authority, from two specimens taken by my own students, working under my own direction. The first of these specimens was taken in the timber along the Wakarusa river, four miles south of Lawrence, by student Geo. F. Gaumer, May 16, 1871. It was a young male, and is No. 136 of my collection of skins. The second specimen was a female, taken in the same locality, five days later. May 21, 1871, by student Charles Ken- nedy, and is No. 137 of my skin collection. And yet Professor Lantz states that "the entire lack of authentic specimens taken in the state had made Colonel Goss and others reluctant to include this bird in catalogues." Why, then, did he graciously "permit Snow, 1872, to stand"? 26. Scolecophagus earolinus, ( No. 207,) is credited to "Snow, 1872, on authority of Doctor Brewer." In my third edition, 1875, it was inserted on my own authority, from a specimen taken by Dr. Louis Watson, at Ellis, October 29, 1875. The skin is No. 607 of my col- lection. 27. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, (No. 208,) is credited to "Snow, 1872, on authority of Doctor Brewer." It was in my third edition, 1875, on my own authority, from five specimens taken at Ellis by Doctor Watson, September 18, 23, and 25, 1875. Their skins are Nos. 545, 546, 547, 548 and 573 of my collection. 28. Carpodacus purpureus, (No. 212,) is credited to "Snow, 1872, on authority of Doctor Brewer." It was in my third edition, 1875, on my own authority, a male specimen having been taken in the timber along the Kansas river, April 17, 1874, by my student, Bion H. Bar- nett. It is No. 343 of my collection of Kansas bird skins. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 163 29. Ammodramus sandwichensls alaudinus, ( No. 227, ) should have been credited to "Snow, 1872," it having appeared in both my first and second editions. It was omitted from my third edition, 1875, as already stated, because Doctor Coues, in his Birds of the North- west, made this form synonymous with the preceding, (No. 226.) 30. Guiraca cc&rulea, ( No. 256, ) should have been credited to " Snow, 1875," on his own authority. The five unskinned specimens were sent to me for determination by Doctor Watson, and their skins are Nos. 492, 498, 512, 513 and 514 of my collection. They were taken at Ellis on May 17, 22, and 26, ^nd August 3, 1875. 31. Why does Prof essor • Lantz includes in his list Cynospiza amoena, (No. 258,) and omit Poospiza hilmeoAa, both species having been included in "Snow, 1872, on the authority of Doctor Brewer"? 32. Piranga rubra, (No. 264,) is credited to "Snow, 1872, on au- thority of Baird." It is in my third edition, 1875, on my own authority, a specimen having been taken along the Wakarusa river, near Law- rence, by my student, Geo. F. Gaumer, May 16, 1871, (No. 139 of my skin collection, ) and another specimen taken at Lawrence, in the grove on the east flank of Mount Oread, by the hired man of Mr. H. W. Baker, (No. 474 of my collection of skins.) 33. Hirundo erythrogaster, ( No. 267, ) is credited to "Snow, 1872, on authority of Brewer." It was in my third edition, 1875, on my own authority, from a specimen sent me from Ellis, May 26, 1875, by Dr. Louis Watson, ( No. 509 of my skin collection. ) 34. Professor Lantz says of Lanius ludovicianus, ( No. 274, ) that the only record for Kansas is "Snow, 1872, who says: 'Several typ- ical specimens of this southern form have been taken.'" What I did say in my 1872 editions was that "three specimens were taken in January and February, 1871." I have the following specimens of this species in my collection of bird skins: No. 11, taken in the Wa- karusa timber, February 1, 1871, by my student, Jno. M. Walker; No. 12, taken at Lawrence, March 18, 1871, by student N. J. Stephens ; No. 64, taken in Kanwaka, near Lawrence, March 16, 1871, by stu- dent Walter Pearson ; Nos. 282 and 283, taken along the Wakarusa, by student K. D. Protzman, March 7 and 18, 1874 ; and No. 448, taken by student Geo. F. Gaumer in the same locality, April 1, 1875. 35. Helminthophila celata, (No. 288,) is erroneously given as "Snow, 1872, on authority of Brewer." The record of the occurrence of this species in Kansas was on my own authority, from a specimen taken in Wakarusa township by my student. Nelson J. Stephens, April 30, 1872. It was the breeding record which was given on the authority of Doctor Brewer. 164 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 36. Dendroica pennsylva7iica, (No. 297,) is credited to "Snow, 1872, on authority of Brewer." It was in my third edition, 1875, on my own authority, from a specimen taken along the Wakarusa river, April 30, 1873, by student Geo. F. Gaumer. It is No. 209 of my col- lection of Kansas bird skins. 37. Wilsonia pusilla, (No. 314,) is credited to "Snow, 1872, on authority of Brewer." It was in my third edition, 1875, on my own authority, from a specimen taken in Wakarusa township, near Law- rence, May 17, 1873, by student N. J. Stephens, which is No. 245 of my skin collection, and another specimen taken by Dr. Louis Wat- son, at Ellis, September 30, 1875, which is No. 567 of my collection. 38. Anthus spraguei, (No. 318,) credited to Goss for first record, should have been credited to me, as I published it in Transactions Kansas Academy Science, volume VI, page 38, as an addition to my catalogue, a specimen taken at Ellis in November, 1877, having been sent me by Doctor Watson. 39. Parus atricapillus, (No. 334,) entered without historical credit, should have been assigned to "Snow, 1872." 40. Regulus satrapa, (No. 336,) credited to "Snow, 1892," should have been "Snow, 1872." In conclusion, I present the following TWENTIETH CENTURY EDITION OF MY CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS OF KANSAS. In this, my fifth edition, I have omitted all species whose occurrence in Kan- sas cannot be verified by actual captures since the opening of the University of Kansas, in September, 1866. * I. — Family Podicipid.e. Grebes. 1. ^chmophorus occidentalis Lawr. Western Grebe. Accidental. 2. Colymbus auritus Linn. Horned Grebe. Migratory; rare. 3. Colymbus nigricoUis californicue Heerm. American Eared Grebe. Migra- tory. 4. Podilymbus podiceps Linn. Pied-billed Grebe. A rare summer resident; an abundant migrant. ♦Fourteen species have thus been omitted, these species having been inserted in my first and second editions, 1872, on the authority of Dr. T. M. Brewer and Prof. Spencer F. Baird, communicated to me in personal letters. Although no manuscript authority could be more decisive than was thus secured for the insertion of these species, inasmuch as thirty years have now elapsed during which no specimens of them have been taken in Kansas, I prefer to exclude them from this Revised Catalogue. The omitted species are the following: Mer- ganser serrator (the Red-breasted Merganser), Numonius hudsonicus (the Hudsonian Cur- lew), Charadrius squatarola (the Black-bellied Plover), iEgialitis meloda circumcincta (the Belted Piping Plover), Empidonax flaviventris (the Yellow-bellied Flycatcher), Pinicola canadensis (the Pine Grosbeak), Poospiza bilineata (the Black-throated Finch), Loxia curvirostra minor (the American Crossbill), Loxia leucoptera (the White-winged Crossbill), Helminthophila chrysoptera (the Golden-winged Warbler), Dendroica dominica albilora (the Sycamore Warbler), Dendroica virens, (the Black-throated Green Warbler), Thryo- manes bewickii (Bewick's Wren), and Hylocichla fuscescens (Wilson's Thrush). BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 165 II. — Family Urinatorid.e. Loons. 5. Urinator imber Gunn. Loon. Migratory; rare. III. — Family Larid.t:. Gulls and Terns. 6. Larus argentatus smithsonianus Coues. Migratory ; rare. 7. Larus californicus Lawr. California Gull. Accidental. 8. Larus delawarensis Ord. Ring-billed Gull. Migratory; frequent. 9. Larus franklinii Sw. & Rich. Franklin's Gull. Migratory. 10. Larus Philadelphia Ord. Bonaparte's Gull. Migratory ; rare. 11. Xema sabinii Sab. Sabine's Gull. Accidental. 12. Sterna forsteri Nutt. Forster's Tern. Migratory; common. 13. Sterna hirundo Linn. Common Tern. Migratory; rare. 14. Sterna antillarum Less. Least Tern. Summer resident; rare. 15. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis Gmel. Black Tern. A rare summer resident; common in migration. IV. — Family Anhingid.e. Darters. 16. Anhinga anhinga Linn. Anhinga; Snake-bird. Accidental. V. — Family Phalacrocoracid.e. Cormorants, 17. Phalacrocorax dilophus Sw. & Rich. Double-crested Cormorant. Migra- tory; rather common. 18. Phalacrocorax mexicanus Brandt. Mexican Cormorant. Accidental. VI. — Family Pelecanid.e. Pelicans. 19. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus Gmel. American White Pelican. Migratory ; common. VII.— Family Fregatid.e. Man-o'-war Birds. 20. Fregata aquila Linn. Man-o'war Bird. Accidental. VIII. — Family Anatid.e. Ducks, Geese, and Swans. 21. Merganser americanus Cass. American Merganser. Winter sojourner; not uncommon. 22. Lophodytes cucullatus Linn. Hooded Merganser. A rare resident ; a com- mon migrant. 23. Anas boschas Linn. Mallard. A rare resident; abundant in migration. 24. Anas obscura Gmel. Black Duck. Migratory ; very rare. 25. Anas fulvigula maculosa Senn. Mottled Duck. Migratory; rare. 26. Chaulelasmus streperus Linn. Gadwall. A rare summer resident; a com- mon migrant. 27. Mareca americana Gmel. Baldpate, A rare summer resident; a common migrant. 28. Nettion carolineneis Gmel. Green-winged Teal. An abundant migrant; an occasional winter sojourner. 29. Querquedula discors Linn. Blue-winged Teal. An occasional summer resi- dent; abundant in migration. 30. Querquedula cyanoptera Vieill. Cinnamon Teal. Migratory; rare. 31. Spatula clypeata Linn. Shoveler. A rare summer resident; a common migrant. 32. Dafila acuta Linn. Pintail. Migratory ; common. 33. Aix sponsa Linn. Wood Duck. Summer resident ; not uncommon. 166 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 34. Aythya americana Eyt. Redhead. Migratory ; common. 35. Aythya vallisneria Wils. Canvas-back. Migratory; usually common. 36. Aythya marila Linn. American Scaup Duck. Migratory; rare. 37. Aythya affinis Eyt. Lesser Scaup Duck. Migratory; not common. 38. Aythya collaris Donov. Ring-necked Duck. Migratory; common. 39. Clangula hyemalis Linn. Old Squaw. Migratory ; very rare. This species is new to our fauna. Its capture was communicated to me by my friend, Dr. R. Matthews, of Wichita. The specimen is in his collection. It was captured by Dr. J. W. Shultz, in November, 1901, on Patterson lake, in the south end of Harvey county. Mr. Gerald Volk, of Wichita, has an- other specimen taken March 1, 1902, at Gantz's mill, in Pratt county. Both these birds were alone when shot. Both "came in with a whiz and struck the water with such force as to attract attention." 40. Clangula americana Bonap. American Golden-eye. Migratory ; rare. 41. Charitonetta albeola Linn. Buffle-head. Migratory; common. 42. Oidemia perspicillata Linn. Surf Scoter. Accidental. Added to the list in 1888 by A. L. Bennett. 43. Somateria v-nigra Gray. Pacific Eider. Accidental. 44. Erismatura rubida Wils. Ruddy Duck. A rare summer resident; a com- mon migrant. 45. Chen hyperborea Pall. Lesser Snow Goose. Migratory ; common. 46. Chen CEerulescens Linn. Blue Goose. Migratory; rare. 47. Anser albifrons gambeli Hartl. American White-fronted Goose. Migra- tory; common. 48. Branta canadensis Linn. Canada Goose. Migratory; common. 49. Branta canadensis hutchinsii Sw. & Rich. Hutchins's Goose. Migratory; common. 50. Branta bernicla Linn. Brant. Migratory; very rare. 51. Olor columbianus Ord. Whistling Swan. Migratory; rare. 52. Olor buccinator Rich. Trumpeter Swan. Migratory ; not uncommon. IX. — Family PLATALEiDiE. Spoonbills. 53. Ajaja ajaja Linn. Roseate Spoonbill. Accidental. This species is new to the Kansas Catalogue. It was communicated to me by Dr. R. Matthews, of Wichita, who wrote me, September 26, 1899, that a male specimen was captured March 20, 1899, on Four-mile creek, near Doug- lass, in Butler county. It became the property of Mr. Gerald Volk, of Wichita. X. — Family Ibidid.e. Ibises. 51. Plegadis guarauna Linn. White-faced Glossy Ibis. Migratory. XI. — Family Ciconiid.e. Wood Ibises. 55. Tantalus loculator Linn. Wood Ibis. Accidental. XII. — Family Ardeid.e. Herons, Bitterns, etc. 56. Botaurus lentiginosus Montag. American Bittern. Summer resident; common. 57. Ardetta exilis Gmel. Least Bittern. Summer resident; not common. 58. Ardea herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron. Summer resident; common. 59. Ardea egretta Gmel. American Egret. Summer visitant; not uncommon. 60. Ardea candidissima Gmel. Snowy Heron. Summer visitant ; occasional. 61. Ardea ctBrulea Linn. Little Blue Heron. Summer visitant; rare. BIOLOGICAL PAPEES. 167 62. Ardea virescens Linn. Green Heron. Summer resident ; common. 63. Nycticorax nycticorax najvius Bodd. Black-crowned Night Heron. A rare summer resident. 64. Nycticorax violaceus Linn. Yellow-crowned Night Heron. A rare summer resident. XIII. — Family Gruid.e. Cranes. 65. Grus americana Linn. Whooping Crane. Migratory; rare. 66. Grus canadensis Linn. Little Brown Crane. Migratory; common. 67. Grus mexicana Miill. Sandhill Crane. Migratory; common. XIV. — Family Rallid.e. Rails, Gallinules, and Coot?. 68. Rallus elegans Aud. King Rail. Summer resident; common. 69. Rallus virginianus Linn. Virginia Rail. A rare summer resident; a com- mon migrant. 70. Porzana Carolina Linn. Sora. Summer resident; rare. 71. Porzana noveboracensis Gmel. Yellow Rail. Summer resident ; rare. 72. Porzana jamaicensis Gmel. Black Rail. Summer resident ; rare. 73. lonornis martinica Linn. Purple Gallinule. Accidental. Added to the list in 1893 by D. E. Lantz. 74. Gallinula galeata Licht. Florida Gallinule. A very rare summer resident 75. Fulica americana Gmel, American Coot. Summer resident; abundant. XV. — Family Phalaropodid.e. Phalaropes. 76. Phalaropus lobatus Linn. Northern Phalarope. Migratory; rare. 77. Phalaropus tricolor Vieill. Wilson's Phalarope. Migratory; rare. XVI. — Family Recurvirostrid.e, Avocets and Stilts. 78. Recurvirostra americana Gmel. American Avocet. A rare summer resi- dent ; a common migrant. XVII. — Family Scolopacid.e. Snipes, Sandpipers, and Curlews. 79. Philohela minor Gmel. American Woodcock. Summer resident; rare. 80. Gallinago delicata Ord. Wilson's Snipe. Migratory ; common. 81. Macrorhamphus scolopaceus Say. Long-billed Dowitcher. Migratory; common. 82. Micropalama himantopus Bonap. Stilt Sandpiper. Migratory; rare. 83. Tringa canutus Linn. Knot. Migratory; rare. 84. Tringa maculata Vieill. Pectoral Sandpiper. Migratory; common. 85. Tringa fuscicollis Vieill. White-rumped Sandpiper. Migratory; common. 86. Tringa bairdii Coues. Baird's Sandpiper. Migratory; common. 87. Tringa minutilla Vieill. Least Sandpiper. Migratory; abundant. 88. Tringa alpina pacifica Coues. Red backed Sandpiper. Migratory; rare. 89. Ereunetes pusillus Linn. Semipalmated Sandpiper. Migratory; rare. 90. Calidris arenaria Linn. Sanderling. Accidental. 91. Limosa fedoa Linn. Marble Godwit. Migratory; occasional. 92. Limosa htemastica Linn. Hudsonian Godwit. Migratory ; rare. 93. Totanus melanoleucus Gmel. Greater Yellow-legs. Migratory ; common. 94. Totanus flavipes Gmel. Yellow-legs. Migratory ; abundant. 95. Helodromus solitarius Wils. Solitary Sandpiper. Migratory ; common. 96. Symphemia semipalmata inornata Brewst. Western Willet. Migratory; rare. 168 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 97. Bartramia longicauda Bechet. Bartramian Sandpiper. A common summer resident. 98. Tryngites subruficoUis Vieill. Buff-breasted Sandpiper. Migratory; rare. 99. Actitis macularia Linn. Spotted Sandpiper. A rare summer resident; an abundant migrant. 100. Numenius longirostris Wils. Long-billed Curlew. A rare summer resi- dent; a common migrant. 101. Numenius borealis Forst. Eskimo Curlew. Migratory ; abundant. XVIII. — Family Charadriid.e. Plovers. 102. Charadrius dominicus Miill. American Golden Plover. Migratory; common. 103. ^gialitis vocifera Linn. Kill-deer. An abundant summer resident. 104. ^gialitis semipalmata Bonap. Setnipalmated Plover. Migratory; not common. 105. ^gialitis nivosa Cass. Snowy Plover. A rare summer resident in south- western Kansas. 106. ^gialitis montana Towns. Mountain Plover. A common summer resi- dent. 107. Arenaria interpres Linn. Turnstone. Accidental. A single specimen, taken by Mr. F. E. Forbes, of Topeka, on the Kansas river, August 16, 1898, was sent to me for determination. New to the Kansas bird fauna. XIX. — Tetraonid,^. Grouse, Partridges, Quail. 108. Colinus virginianus Linn. Bob-white. An abundant resident. 109. Colinus virginianus texanus Lawr. Texas Bob-white. A very rare resi- dent in southwestern Kansas: formerly not uncommon. 110. Bonasa umbellus Linn. Ruffed Grouse. A very rare resident in eastern Kansas. 111. Tympanuchus americanus Reich. Prairie Hen. Formerly an abundant resident; still common in some parts of central Kansas. 112. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus Ridgw. Lesser Prairie Hen. A rare resident in southwestern Kansas. 113. Peditecetes phasianellus campestris Ridgw. Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse. A common resident in western Kansas. XX. — Family Phasianid.??;. Pheasants. 114. Meleagris gallopavo Linn. Wild Turkey. Once an abundant resident now extremely rare, if not already extinct, in southwestern Kansas. XXI.— Family Columbid.e. Pigeons. 115. Ectopistea migratorius Linn. Passenger Pigeon. A very rare summer resident; once abundant. 116. Zenaidura macroura Linn. Mourning Dove. An abundant summer resi- dent. XXII. — Family Cathartid.t-.. American Vultures. 117. Cathartes aura Linn. Turkey Vulture. An abundant summer resident. 118. Catharista urubu Vieill. Black Vulture. A very rare summer resident. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 169 XXIII. — Family Falconid-'e. Falcons, Hawks, Eagles, Kites. 119. Elanoides forficatus Linn. Swallow-tailed Kite. An irregular summer resident. 120. Ictinia mississippiensis Wile. Mississippi Kite. A rare summer resident. 121. Circus hudsonius Linn. Marsh Hawk. Resident; common. 122. Accipiter velox Wils. Sharp shinned Hawk. A rare winter sojourner; common in migration. 123. Accipiter cooperi Bonap. Cooper's Hawk. Resident; common. 121. Accipiter atricapillus Wils. American Goshawk. A rare winter visitant. 125. Buteo borealis Gmel. Red-tailed Hawk. Resident; common. 126. Buteo borealis kriderii Hoopes. Krider's Hawk. A rare visitant. 127. Buteo borealis calurus Cass. Western Red-tail. A not uncommon winter sojourner. 128. Buteo borealis harlani Aud. Harlan's Hawk. A rare winter visitant. 129. Buteo lineatus Gmel. Red-shouldered Hawk. Resident; common. 1.30. Buteo swainsoni Bonap. Swainson's Hawk. Resident; rare in eastern Kansas, common elsewhere. 131. Buteo latissimus Wils. Broad-winged Hawk. A rare summer visitant. 132. Archibuteo lagopus sanctijohannis Gmel. American Rough-legged Hawk. A common winter sojourner. 133. Archibuteo ferrugineus Licht. Ferruginous Rough-leg. Resident; rare in eastern Kansas, common elsewhere. 134. Aquila chrysac'tus Linn. Golden Eagle. A rare resident; rather common in winter. 1.35. Haliaetus leucocephalus Linn. Bald Eagle. A rare resident; rather com- mon in winter. 136. Falco rusticolus Linn. Gray Gyrfalcon, Accidental. Added to the list in 1881 by Dr. C. P. Blachly. 137. Falco mexicanus Schl. Prairie Falcon. A rare resident. 138. Falco peregrinus anatum Bonap. Duck Hawk. Resident; not uncommon. 139. Falco columbarius Linn. Pigeon Hawk. Migratory; rare. 140. Falco richardsonii Rldgw. Richardson's Merlin. Migratory; rare in east- ern Kansas, common in western Kansas. 141. Falco sparverius Linn. American Sparrow Hawk. Resident; abundant. 142. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis Gmel. American Osprey. A rare summer resident. ' XXIV.— Family Strigid.e. Barn Owls. 143. Strix pratincola Bonap. American Barn Owl. Resident; common. XXV. — Family Bubonid.e. Horned Owls, etc. 144. Asio wilsonianus Less. American Long-eared Owl. Resident; common. 145. Asio accipitrinue Pall. Short-eared Owl. Resident; common. 146. Syrnium nebulosum Forst. Barred Owl. Resident ; common. 147. Nyctale acadica Gmel. Saw-whet Owl. Winter sojourner ; not common. 148. Megascops asio Linn. Screech Owl. Resident ; abundant. 149. Bubo virginianus Gmel. Great Horned Owl. Resident; common. 150. Bubo virginianus subarcticus Hoy. Western Horned Owl. Accidental. 151. Nyctea nyctea Linn. Snowy Owl. Winter sojourner ; rare. 152. Speotyto cunicularia hypogiwa Bonap. Burrowing Owl. Resident; abun- dant in central and western Kansas. 170 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. XXVI. — Family Psittacid.=e. Paroquets. 153. Conurus carolinensis Linn. Carolina Paroquet. Formerly a common resi- dent, but now extinct. XXVII. — Family Cuculid.e. Cuckoos. 154. Coccyzus americanus Linn. Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Summer resident; common. 155. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus Wils. Black-billed Cuckoo. A rare summer resident. XXVIII. — Family Alcedinid.e. Kingfishers. 156. Ceryle alcyon Linn. Belted Kingfisher. Summer resident; common. XXIX. — Family Picid.e. Woodpeckers. 157. Dryobates villosus Linn. Hairy Woodpecker. Resident; common. 1.58. Dryobates pubescens Linn. Downy Woodpecker. Resident; common. 159. Sphyrapicus varius Linn. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Migratory; rare. 160. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis Baird. Red-naped Sapsucker. Migratory; rare. 161. Ceophloeus pileatus abieticola Bangs. Pileated Woodpecker. A very rare resident. 162. Melanerpes erythrocephalus Linn. Red-headed Woodpecker. A common summer resident. 163. Melanerpes torquatus Wils. Lewis's Woodpecker. A very rare visitant in western Kansas. 161. Melanerpes carolinus Linn. Red-bellied Woodpecker. Resident; common. 165. Colaptes auratus luteus Bangs. Flicker. Resident; common. 166. Colaptes caferGmel. Red-shafted Flicker. Resident; rare in eastern Kan- sas, not uncommon in western Kansas. XXX. — Family Caprimulgid.e. Goatsuckers, Night-hawks. 167. Antrostomus carolinensis Linn. Chuck-will's-widow. Accidental ; a speci- men of this bird was captured on the Arkansas river, south of Wichita, June 12, 1898, by Dr. R. Matthews, of Wichita, who submitted it to me for determination. 168. Antrostomus vociferus Wils. Whippoorwill. Summer resident; rare. 169. Phalajnoptilus nuttalli Aud. Poor-will. A common summer resident. 170. Phaltenoptilus nuttalli nitidus Brewst. Frosted Poor-will. A common summer resident. 171. Chordeiles virginianus Gmel. Night-hawk. A common summer resident in eastern Kansas. 172. Chordeiles virginianus henryi Cass. Western Night-hawk. A common summer resident in western Kansas. XXXI. — Family Cypselid.t;. Swifts. 173. Chaetura pelagica Linn. Chimney Swift. An abundant summer resident, XXXII. —Family Trochilid.e. Humming-birds, 174. Trochilus colubris Linn. Ruby-throated Humming-bird. A common sum- mer resident. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 171 XXXIII. — TyrannidyE. Tyrant Flycatchers. 175. Milvulus forficatus Gmel. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. Summer resident; not uncommon in southern Kansas. A specimen taken at Colby in Au- gust, 1897, was sent me by W. V. Smith. 176. Tyrannus tyrannue Linn. Kingbird. Summer resident; abundant. 177. Tyrannus verticalis Say. Arkansas Kingbird. A common summer resident in western Kansas. 178. Myiarchus crinitus Linn. Crested Flycatcher. An abundant summer resident in eastern Kansas. 179. Sayornis phoebe Lath. Phcebe. A common summer resident in eastern Kansas. 180. Sayornis saya Bonap. Say's Phcebe. A common summer resident in west- ern Kansas. 181. Contopusborealis Swains. Olive-sided Flycatcher. A rare summer resident. 182. Contopus virens Linn. Wood Pewee Summer resident ; common. 183. Contopus richardsonii Swains. Western Wood Pewee. A rare summer resident in western Kansas. 181. Empidonax acadicus Gmel. Acadian Flycatcher. Not an uncommon sum- mer resident in eastern Kansas. 185. Empidonax pusillus traillii Aud. Traill's Flycatcher. A rare summer resi- dent; common in migration. 186. Empidonax minimus Baird. Least Flycatcher. Migratory ; common. XXXIV. — Family Aladdid^. Larks. 187. Otocoris alpestris leucolsema Coues. Pallid Horned Lark. A winter so- journer; sometimes common. Added to the list in 1890 by J. D wight, jr. 183. Otocoris alpestris praticola Hensh. Prairie Horned Lark. A common resident in eastern Kansas. 189. Otocoris alpestris arenicola Hensh. Desert Horned Lark. A common resi- dent in central and western Kansas. XXXV. — Family Corvid.e, Magpies, Crow, Jays, etc. 190. Pica pica hudsonica Sab. American Magpie. Winter visitant; rare. 191. Cyanocitta crista ta Linn. Blue Jay. Resident; abundant. 192. Corvus corax sinuatus Wagl. American Raven. Formerly resident; now a rare visitant. 193. Corvus cryptoleucus Couch. White-necked Raven. A rare resident in western Kansas. 194. Corvus americanus Aud. American Crow. An abundant resident. 195. Picicorvus columbianus Wils. Clark's Nutcracker. Accidental. 196. Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus Wied. Pifion Jay. Accidental. XXXVI. — Family Icterid.e, Blackbirds, Orioles, etc. 197. Dolichonyxoryzivorus Linn. Bobolink. A rare summer resident ; common in migration. 198. Molothrus ater Bodd. Cowbird. An abundant summer resident. 199. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalua Bonap. Yellow-headed Blackbird. A not common summer resident; abundant in migration. 200. Agelaius phoeniceus Linn. Red-winged Blackbird. Summer resident; oc- casional in winter. 201. Sturnella magna Linn. Meadow-lark. An abundant resident in eastern Kansas. 172 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 202. Sturnella magna neglecta Aud. Western Meadow-lark. An abundant resi- dent in central and western Kansas. 203. Icterus spurius Linn. Orchard Oriole. An abundant summer resident. 204. Icterus galbula Linn. Baltimore Oriole. A summer resident. 205. Icterus bullocki Swains. Bullock's Oriole. A very rare summer resident. 20G. Scolecophagus carolinus Miill. Rusty Blackbird. Winter sojourner; not common. 207. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus Wagl. Brewer's Blackbird. An occasional resident in western Kansas; common in migration. 208. Quiscalue quiscula a?neus Ridgw. Bronze Grackle. An occasional resident; abundant in summer. XXXVII. — Family Fringillid.e. Finches, Sparrows, etc. 209. Coccothraustes vespertinus montanus Ridgw. Western Evening Grosbeak. Migratory ; rare. 210. Carpodacus pupureus Gtnal. Purple Finch. Winter sojourner ; rare. 211. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis Say. House Finch. Accidental. Added to the list in 1894 by V. L. Kellogg and H. W. Menke, 212. Loxia curvirostra bendirei Ridgw. Bendire's Crossbill. A very rare winter visitant. (Entered in previous catalogues as the Mexican Crossbill. See Ridgway's The Birds of North and Middle America, part I, pages 50-53.) Added to the list in 1886 by L. L. Dyche. 213. Acanthis linaria Linn. Red-poll. Winter visitant; rare. 214. Astragalinus tristis Linn. American Goldfinch. Resident; abundant. 215. Spinus pinus Wils. Pine Siskin. Winter resident; sometimes common. 216. Passerina nivalis Linn. Snowflake. Winter visitant; rare. 217. Calcarius lapponicus Linn. Lapland Longepur. Winter sojourner; abun- dant. 218. Calcarius pictus Swains. Smith's Longspur. Winter sojourner; common. 219. Calcarius ornatus Towns. Chestnut-colored Longspur. Resident; common. 220. Rhyncophanes maccownii Lawr. McCown's Longspur. A common winter sojourner in western Kansas. 221. Pooecetes gramineus Gmel. Vesper Sparrow. A rare summer resident; common in migration. 222. Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna Wile. Savanna Sparrow. Migra- tory ; abundant. 223. Ammodramus sandwichensis alaudinus Bonap. Western Savanna Sparrow. Migratory; not uncommon. 224. Ammodramus savannarum passerinus Wils. Grasshopper Sparrow. Sum- mer resident; abundant. 225. Ammodramus henslowii Aud. Henslow's Sparrow. Summer resident; rare. 226. Ammodramus leconteii Aud. Leconte's Sparrow. Migratory ; common. 227. Ammodramus caudacutus nelsoni Allen. Nelson's Sparrow. Summer resi- dent; rare. 228. Chondestes grammacus Say. Lark Sparrow. Summer resident; abundant. 229. Zonotrichia querulaNutt. Harris's Sparrow. Winter sojourner ; abundant. 230. Zonotrichia leucophrys Forst. White-crowned Sparrow. Migratory; com- mon. 231. Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia Ridgw. Intermediate Sparrow. Migra- tory; common. 2.32. Zonotrichia albicollis Gmel. White-throated Sparrow. Migratory ; common. 233. Spizella monticola Gmel. Tree Sparrow. Winter resident; abundant. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 173 231. Spizella monticola ochracea Brewst. Western Tree Sparrow. Not an un- common winter sojourner in western Kansas. 235. Spizella socialis Wils. Chipping Sparrow. Summer resident; common in eastern Kansas. 236. Spizella pallida Swains. Clay-colored Sparrow. Migratory; common. 237. Spizella pusilla Wils. Field Sparrow. Summer resident; common in east- ern Kansas. 238. Junco aikeni Ridgw. White- winged Junco. A rare winter visitant in west- ern Kansas. 239. Junco hyemalis Linn. Slate-colored Junco. Winter sojourner; abundant. 240. Junco hyemalis oregonus Towns. Oregon Junco. A common winter so- journer. 241. Peuca?a cassini Woodh. Cassin's Sparrow. A common summer resident in western Kansas. 242. Melospiza fasciata Gmel. Song Sparrow. A not uncommon winter so- journer; common in migration. 243. Melospiza lincolni Aud. Lincoln's Sparrow. Migratory; common. 244. Melospiza georgiana Lath. Swamp Sparrow. A rare winter sojourner in eastern Kansas; common in migration. 245. Passerella iliaca Merr. Fox Sparrow. Winter sojourner; abundant in east- ern, rare in western Kansas. 246. Passerella iliaca schistacea Baird. Slate-colored Sparrow. A rare winter visitant. 247. Pipilo erythrophthalmus Linn. Towhee. Resident; common in eastern Kansas. 248. Pipilo maculatus arcticus Swains. Arctic Towhee. Winter sojourner; rare in eastern, common in central and western Kansas. 249. Cardinalis cardinalis Linn. Cardinal. Resident; common. 250. Habia ludoviciana Linn. Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Summer resident; common. 251. Habia melanocephala Swains. Black-headed Grosbeak. Summer resident; common in western half of the state. 252. Guiraca casrulea Linn. Blue Grosbeak. A common summer resident in central and western Kansas, 253. Cyanoepiza cyanea Linn. Indigo Bunting. A common summer resident in eastern Kansas. 254. Cyanospiza amtxma Say. Lazuli Bunting. A rare summer resident in west- ern Kansas. 255. Cyanospiza ciris Linn. Painted Bunting. A common summer resident in southwestern Kansas. 256. Spiza americana Gmel. Dickcissel. Summer resident; abundant in eastern and central Kansas. 257. Calamospiza melanocorys Stein. Lark Bunting. A common summer resi- dent in western Kansas. 258. Passer domesticus Linn. English Sparrow. Resident; abundant. 259. Piranga ludoviciana Wils. Louisiana Tanager. Accidental in western Kansas. 260. Piranga erythromelasVieill. Scarlet Tanager. A common summer resident. 261. Piranga rubra Linn. Summer Tanager. Summer resident; common in eastern Kansas. 174 KANSAS ACADEMY OP SCIENCE. XXXVIII.— Family Hirundinidae. Swallows. 262. Progne subis Linn. Purple Martin. Summer resident; common, 263. Petrochelidon lunifrons Say. Cliff Swallow. Summer resident; common. 264. Hirundo erythrogaster Bodd. Barn Swallow. Summer resident; common. 265. Tachycineta bicolor Vieill. Tree Swallow. A rare summer resident; com- mon in migration. 266. Clivicola riparia Linn. Bank Swallow. Summer resident; common. 267. Stelgidopteryx serripennis Aud. Rough-winged Swallow. A common sum- mer resident. XXXIX. — Family Ampelid.e. Waxwings. 268. Ampelis garrulus Linn. Bohemian Waxwing. Winter visitant; rare, 269. Ampelis cedrorum Vieill. Cedar Waxwing. Resident; varying from rare to abundant in different years. XL. — Family Lantid^e. Shrikes. 270. Lanius borealis Vieill. Northern Shrike. A common winter sojourner. 271. Lanius ludovicianus Linn. Loggerhead Shrike. A rare winter visitant. 272. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides Swains. White-rumped Shrike. Sum- mer resident; common. XLI. — Family VireoiNid.e. Vireos. 273. Vireo olivaceus Linn. Red-eyed Vireo. Summer resident ; common. 274. Vireo gilvus Vieill. Warbling Vireo. Summer resident; common. 275. Vireo flavifrons Vieill. Yellow-throated Vireo. Summer resident; less common . 276. Vireo solitarius Wils. Blue headed Vireo. Migratory ; rare. 277. Vireo atricapillus Woodh. Black-capped Vireo. A common summer resi- dent in southwest Kansas. 278. Vireo noveboracensis Gmel. White-eyed Vireo. A common summer resi- dent. 279. Vireo bellii Aud, Bell's Vireo, Summer resident ; common. XLII. — Family Mniotilttd.e. Wood-warblers. 280. Mniotilta varia Linn. Black and White Warbler. Summer resident; not uncommon. 281. Protonotaria citrea Bodd. Prothonotary Warbler. A common summer resi- dent in eastern Kansas. 282. Helmitherus vermivorus Gmel. Worm-eating Warbler. Migratory ; rare. 283. Helminthophila pinus Linn. Blue- winged Warbler. A rare summer resi- dent in eastern Kansas; common in migration. 284. Helminthophila ruficapilla Wils. Nashville Warbler. Migratory; rare. 285. Helminthophila celata Say. Orange-crowned Warbler, Migratory; com- mon, 286. Helminthophila peregrina Wils. Tennessee Warbler. Migratory ; rare, 287. Compsothlypis americana Linn. Parula Warbler. A rare summer resi- dent: common in migration. 288. Dendroica estiva Gmel. Yellow Warbler, Summer resident; abundant. 289. Dendroica cajrulescens Gmel. Black-throated Blue Warbler. Migratory; rare. 290. Dendroica coronata Linn. Myrtle Warbler.' A rare winter sojourner; com- mon in migration. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 175 291. Dendroica auduboni Towns. Audubon's Warbler. Migratory in western Kansas; common. 292. Dendroica maculosa Gmel. Magnolia Warbler. Migratory ; rare. 293. Dendroica ca^rulea Wils. Cerulean Warbler. A rare summer resident; common in migration. 29i. Dendroica pennsylvanica Linn. Chestnut-sided Warbler. Migratory ; rare. 295. Dendroica striata Forst. Black-poll Warbler. Migratory; common. 296. Dendroica blackburni:e Gmel. Blackburnian Warbler. Migratory ; rare, 297. Dendroica vigorsii Aud. Pine Warbler. A rare migrant in]eastern Kansas. 298. Dendroica palmarum Gmel. Palm Warbler. A rare migrant in eastern Kansas. 299. Dendroica discolor Vieill. Prairie Warbler. A rare summer resident in eastern Kansas. 300. Seiurus aurocapillis Linn. Oven-bird. A common summer resident in eastern Kansas. 30L Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Grinn. Grinnell's Water-thrush. Migra- tory; rare. 302. Seiurus motacilla Vieill. Louisiana Water-thrush. Summer resident. 303. Geothlypis formosa Wils. Kentucky Warbler. Summer resident in east- ern Kansas; common. 304. Geothlypis Philadelphia Wils. Mourning Warbler. Migratory; rare. 305. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewst. Western Yellow-throat. Summer resident; common. 306. Icteria virens Linn. Yellow- breasted Chat. A common summer resident in eastern Kansas. 307. Icteria virens longicauda Lawr. Long-tailed Chat. A not uncommon sum- mer resident in western Kansas. 308. Wilsonia mitrata Gmel. Hooded Warbler. A rare summer resident in eastern Kansas. 309. Wilsonia pusilla Wils. Wilson's Warbler. Migratory ; common. 310. Wilsonia canadensis Linn. Canadian Warbler. Migratory in eastern Kan- sas; rare. 311. Setophaga ruticilla Linn. American Redstart. Summer resident in east- ern Kansas; common. XLIII. — Family Motacillid.e. Wagtails. 312. Anthus pennsylvanicus Lath. American Pipit. Migratory; common. 313. Anthus spragueii Aud. Sprague's Pipit. Migratory ; rare in eastern, com- mon in western Kansas. XLIV. — Family Troolodytid.^. Mocking-birds, Thrashers, Wrens. 314. Mimus polyglottis Linn. Mocking-bird. Summer resident; common. 315. Galeoscoptes carolinensis Linn. Catbird. Summer resident; common. 316. Harporhynchus rufus Linn. Brown Thrasher. An abundant summer resi- dent. 317. Salpinctus obsoletus Say. Rock Wren. Summer resident in central and western Kansas; common. 318. Thryothorus ludovicianus Lath. Carolina Wren. Resident; common. 319. Thryomanes bewickii leucogaster Salv. & God. Baird's Wren. A not un- common resident in southwest Kansas. 320. Troglodytes aedon aztecus Baird. Western House Wren, or Parkman's Wren. Summer resident ; common. 176 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 321. Anorthura hyemalis Vieill. Winter Wren. Winter sojourner; rare. 322. Cistothorus steilaris Licht. Short billed Marsh Wren. Migratory; rare. 323. Cistothorus palustris Wils. Long-billed Marsh Wren. A rare summer resident. XLV. — Family Certhiid^. Creepers. 32i. Corthia familiaris fusca Barton. Brown Creeper. A common winter so- journer. XLVI. — Family Parid.^. Nuthatches, Titmice, Chickadees. 325. Sitta carolinensis Lath. White-breasted Nuthatch. Resident; common. 326. Sitta canadensis Linn. Red-breasted Nuthatch. Migratory; rare. 327. Parus bicolor Linn. Tufted Titmouse. Resident; abundant. 328. Parus atricapillus Linn. Chickadee. Resident; common. 329. Parus atricapillus septentrionalis Harris. Long-tailed Chickadee. A com- mon resident. XLVII. — Family Sylviid.e. Kinglets and Gnatcatchers. 330. Regulus satrapa Licht. Golden-crowned Kinglet. A rare winter sojourner; common in migration. 33L Regulus calendula Linn. Ruby-crowned Kinglet. An occasional winter sojourner; common in migration. 332. Polioptila cterulea Linn. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. A rare summer resident; common in migration. XLVIII. — Family Turdid.b. Thrushes, Robins, Bluebirds. 333. Myiadestes townsendii Aud. Townsend's Solitaire. An occasional fall and winter visitant. 334. Hylocichla mustelina Gmel. Wood Thrush. A common summer resident. 335. Hylocichla alicia; Baird. Gray-cheeked Thrush. Migratory; rare. 336. Hylocichla ustulata swainsonii Cab. Olive-backed Thrush. Migratory; common, 337. Hylocichla unalaskfe pallasii Cab. Hermit Thrush. Migratory; rare. 338. Merula migratoria Linn. American Robin. Resident; abundant. 339. Merula migratoria propinqua Ridgw. Western Robin. A rare visitant in western Kansas. 3iO. Hesperocichla najvia Gmel. Varied Thrush. Accidental. Added to the list in 1894 by V. L. Kellogg and H. W. Menke. 341. Sialia sialis Linn. Bluebird. A common resident in eastern and central Kansas; rare in western Kansas. 342. Sialia arctica Swains. Mountain Bluebird. A common winter sojourner in western Kansas; rare in eastern Kansas. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 177 A NEW SPECIES OF FISH. By F. F. Ceeveccedk, Onaga, Kan. Read (by title) before the Academy, at Topeka, January 2, 1903, "VTTHEN the writer first came to Kansas, over thirty years ago, it ' * was one of the principal pastimes of his boyish days to i^lay in the streams in the spring of the year, when they ran nice and clear, and catch and release the small fishes that gathered on the riffles, pre- sumably to spawn. Among these was a pretty little fellow colored with red and blue, and of quite small size compared with the other species frequenting the riffles with him. After a few years, when the country got more thickly settled and more land was brought under cultivation, and the streams after every rain of any consequence ran thick with the soil washed from the fields, and the deeper holes be- came filled with the heavier dirt, the fish was seen no more. Last spring, while collecting small fishes on the riffles on French creek — which flows from Nemaha county into the Vermillion near Onaga — with which to stock a recently finished pond on the writer's place, there was noticed a little fish darting among the stones that had a somewhat familiar look. A specimen was soon caught, and proved to be the fish, or one resembling it, which had so attracted our notice years ago. ( It is well to notice here that, on account of the ab- sence of any heavy rains early last spring, the creek in question was running perfectly clear, so anything swimming about in the shallower parts was easily seen.) As it was quite early yet, it being early in April, the fish did not have the bright colors, which it assumes later in the season, up to about the middle of May. Later on, when they had assumed their bright colors, a number were caught, and an effort was made to identify the species, with the help of David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann's admirable monograph on the fishes of North America, forming Bulletin No. 47 of the United States National Museum, but it was found that it did not agree with any species de- scribed there, and the conclusion was reached that ours was a new species, and so it was decided to describe it. Etheostoma arcus-celestis, n. sp. Total length less than two inches ; usually one and three-fourths to one and seven-eighths inches. Body one and five-eighths inches. Head three and three-fifths in body ; depth four and one-third in body ; eye four and one-half in head. Dorsal fins IX to X, mostly IX-11 ; anal, II-7. In the first dorsal, the third, fourth and fifth spines are the longest ; in the second dorsal, the middle rays are -12 178 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. longer than the rest ; in the anal, the first spine and the fifth and sixth rays are the longest. The height of first dorsal is contained eight and one-half times in body, while the length is contained three and one-half times; length of anal is contained three-fifths in sec- ond dorsal ; origin of anal a little, back of origin of second dorsal ; pectorals seven-eighths in head. Scales in lateral line 18 plus pores 32 = 50; 7 rows of scales above lateral line and 10 below =17. Head and breast naked. Body subcompressed ; mouth terminal ; lower jaw included. Coloring : Back grayish, tessellated more or less ; there is a dark band front of first dorsal, and another between both dorsals extending about one-fourth down the sides; faint blue patch below eye; lower edge of gills orange ; sides of body marked with nine blue bands extending obliquely downwards and backwards, separated by bands of orange ; in one specimen examined there were eleven such blue bands, while one or two had only eight ; belly of a lighter blue than bands of side. First dorsal fin edged with band of dark blue, followed by a narrow band of whitish, while the basal two- thirds of fin is of bright orange, with a row of light-colored inter- radial spots ; outer three-fourths of second dorsal lighter orange than that of first dorsal; next follows a band of light blue, while the base of fin is of a darker orange than that of the outer edge ; ventrals blue, with the rays blackish ; anal dark blue ; pectorals and caudal trans- lucent without any coloring. Dorsals usually separated ; caudal rounded, truncate. Female smaller than male ; about one and one-half inches in total length. Color darker than male, without the blue bands of its con- sort, or having them but faintly marked. This species is distinguished from E. cim'uleum Storer, to which it seems to be most nearly related, by its smaller size, less number of bands on sides, absence of color in caudal fin, anal fin dark blue in- stead of orange, with deep blue in front and behind, and without the blue at base and edge of second dorsal. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 179 NOTES ON THE FOOD HABITS OF CALIFORNIA SEA-LIONS. (Zalophus call for nianus LesBon.) By L. L. Dyche, University of Kansas, Lawrence. Read before the Academy, at Topeka, December 31, 1902. 'T^HE following observations on the food habits of sea-lions were ^ made during the months of June, July, August, and Septem- ber, 1899. The region visited was that of Monterey bay, Califor- nia, and the coast south of the bay for a distance of about twenty-five miles. Point Pinos marks the southern point of entrance between Monterey bay and the Pacific ocean. Within a radius of two or three miles of this point most of the salmon fishing is done by the Monte- rey fishermen. No. 1. June 25. Found old sea-lion cow dead on beach near Point Pinos. Examined the stomach and found that it was full of the flesh of small squids. Peaks, arms and the so-called pens of the squids were common in the half-digested and half-decayed mass. No. 2. June 27. Found a dead sea-lion cow (bullet hole in her head ) about one-half mile south of Point Pinos. Stomach full of squids, many of them in good state of preservation. No. 3. June 27. This animal was found within a few rods of No. 2. It was a two- or three-year-old bull. It had been dead for some time, as the hair was slipping. Stomach was full of the chewed-up arms of an octopus or devil-fish. No. 4. June 30. About two miles south of Point Pinos found car- cass of old bull sea-lion which had been washed upon the shore in a mass of seaweeds. That part of the muzzle containing the whiskers had been cut away. The penis bone had also been cut out. I was told by fishermen that Chinamen valued these articles, and that they would pay about five dollars for the whisker bristles of an old bull and the same price for the penis bone. This animal had been dead some time. There was a bullet-hole in its skull. Dissection showed that its stomach was gorged with the flesh of a "giant squid," as the large squids (weighing from twenty to forty pounds) of that coast are called. There were pieces of flesh taken from the stomach as large as my hand. No. 5. July 7. Found sea-lion cow at Point Pinos. Had been washed ashore during the night. The only material found in the stomach was a few parts of squid beaks and a bunch half as large as one's fist, of the pens from the backs of squids. No. 6. July 9. Found a sea-lion cow dead on the beach near "seal 180 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. rocks," about three miles south of Point Pinos. Stomach was well filled with the chewed-up parts of a giant squid. Nos. 7 and 8. July 16. Found two sea-lion cows about a mile south of Point Pinos. Both had been feeding on giant squids, The stom- ach of one contained about two quarts, that of the other about a gal- lon, of the chewed-up flesh and arms of giant squids. The above animals were all found within three miles of Point Pinos. They had been killed, as I was informed by the fishermen, because they were killing and feeding upon the fish, mostly salmon, that were, at this time of the year, coming into the bay. When the weather was favorable, it was not an uncommon thing to see from twenty-five to seventy-five salmon fishermen in small sailboats trolling for salmon. These animals were killed at the place during the time of the year when the salmon was being taken by fishermen. Yet there was not a fish scale or bone detected in the stomach of any one of them. On the 20th of July I established a camp about twelves miles south of Monterey bay, between Point Carmel and the lighthouse. About a mile from shore there were two rocky islands. From 100 to 300 sea- lions could be seen on these rocks almost any day. I learned after- wards that they were all cows and calves — not a bull was seen there during my stay of about a month. Between July 20 and August 16 I killed twelve sea-lions. They were yearlings, two-year-olds, and old cows. The skins and skulls of these animals were saved for museum specimens. Their stomachs were examined and the contents carefully noted. ' Seven out of the twelve had their stomachs well filled with the flesh of the giant squids. One had gorged itself with an octopus. The other four had empty stomachs, except some remains of the pens and beaks of squids, the quantity varying from a half pint to perhaps a quart. During this time three animals — all cows — were found dead on the shore. Dissection showed that all had been eating squids. I found the carcass of an old bull which had been killed, so a ranch- man informed me, early, at least not later than the middle of June. This went to show that the bulls were in that locality at that time. The whiskers and penis bone had been taken. I took the skull and examined the decaying stomach, which was full of giant squid meat. I examined but one more animal, and that was an old cow. She was thrown up on the beach near the seal rocks, about three miles south of Point Pinos. This animal had just been killed, as the skin was in such good condition that it was saved for a specimen. The stomach was gorged with the flesh from an octopus. The salmon fishermen who were i^resent when the stomachs of the sea-lions were opened up were very much surprised when they saw BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 181 that the animals had been feeding upon squids. Some of them said it was because salmon had become scarce and that the sea-lions were compelled to eat squids. These same fishermen told me that from ten to twenty-five years ago there were a great many salmon, but that now the salmon were very scarce and hard to catch. They said that the sea-lions had either destroyed them or "run them out of the coun- try." When asked if there were not many more sea-lions ten to twenty- five years ago than at present, they admitted that there were. One old fisherman said that twenty-five years ago there were "sea-lions everywhere on all the rocks." I was informed by the ranchmen and by fishermen that there were no fish within two or three miles of the sea-lion rocks near my camp ; the lions had either caught or driven them away. However, I succeeded in catching a dozen rock-cod between shore and the seal rocks. Afterwards, my boatman, George Carr, an old salmon fisher- man, caught plenty of rock-cod weighing from one to eight pounds each within sixty feet of the fiat rock where from 100 to 300 sea- lions landed every day. He was very much surprised that he could catch so many fish in such a place. Around these rocks, where the sea-lions had lived for ages, proved to be the best fishing-grounds we could find in that locality. The fish could not have been annoyed very much by the sea-lions or they would not have remained there. My boatman landed me a number of times on the rocky islands. In places the rocks were covered over and partially concealed by the droppings from the animals. In some depressions the manure was a foot deep. I looked for fish bones and scales, but not a single one w^s discovered. Parts of the pens from the backs of squids were very common in the excrement. The salmon fishermen told me that they sometimes caught salmon that had pieces bit out of them by sea-lions. They showed me one such specimen. The cut was a smooth one, such as might have been made by a shark, but not a rugged tear, such as the large teeth of the sea-lion would make. Whenever the sea-lions came into the bay during the salmon-fish- ing season the fishermen would say that they were after the salmon. They saw them diving in the waters where the salmon were, but there was no evidence that I could see or that they could produce that would show that the lions were after the salmon. The squids were in the bay at this season of the year. It is more than likely that the lions were after the squids. The animals that I found dead had all been shot, as a rule in the head. There is just one point that I am not sure of, and that is in 182 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. regard to the identification of the material in some of the animals that had been dead for some time. It was hard to tell in some in- stances whether the contents of the stomach was squid or octopus, or squid and octopus combined. The above observations were all made in one locality and during the summer season. It would take a series of observations extending through the entire year and from different localities to give the most satisfactory results. The stomachs of but two male animals were ex- amined. The idea occurred to me that if the animals lived in a locality where there were no squids or devil-fish they might live on a fish diet. However, the observations I made go to show, I think, that where fish and squids are both in the waters the sea-lions prefer the squids. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 183 FOOD HABITS OF THE COMMON GARDEN MOLE. {SeaJops aquatlcus Diachrintis Rafinesque.) By L. L. Dychb, University of Kansas, Lawrence. Read before the Academy, at Topeka, January 2, 1903. /COMMENCING with January, 1894, I have examined the stomachs ^^ of sixty-seven common garden moles of the above species. No specimens were taken during the months of December and February. The other months are represented by from two to a dozen speci- mens each. The moles were taken for the most part either on the University campus, which is rather high ground, or in the yard around my house, on rather low ground. No effort was made to take any par- ticular number at any particular time or season. July, August and September have but two representatives each, while October and No- vember are represented by about a dozen specimens each. Most of the animals were caught by using the mole traps which are sold in the markets — the kinds that work by the use of a coiled spring, which, when set off, drives a number of sharp spikes down into the ground and through the mole. Out of the sixty-seven specimens taken, seventeen of the stomachs contained nothing, or only a trace of food. Fifty stomachs contained more or less food, many of them being well filled. To determine the nature and quantity of the food in the stomachs it was necessary to place the contents in a dish of water. After gentle washing the mass was placed on paper or a thin cloth seive, and the water allowed to filter away or be absorbed. The food matter was then examined with a hand or a low-power compound microscope. The different kinds of materials were pushed together and examined to determine the kind and relative quantity of food. One difficulty an observer has to contend with is the fact that the mole frequently chews its food very fine. Earthworms are easily made out, owing to the skins, which are tough. They hold together well and are easily recognized. While the skins of the grubs and the various kinds of larvae are rather tough, and, as a rule, show the general shape of the animals, the head-parts, on the other hand, are comparatively hard, and the fine teeth of the mole crush them so much that they are hard to recognize. No attempt has been made to distinguish species, though the grubs of the June beetles {LacJmo sterna) were frequently recognized. Coleopterous beetles could be made out quite satisfactorily, provided one had the time and patience to work the material over. Almost all of the beetles 184 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. devoured were of the black or blackish-brown ground varieties, such, for instance, as Harpalus -pennsylvanicus. By referring to a chart which I have prepared, this j)aper becomes much more intelligible. It gives the dates of capture of the speci- mens, the kind and per cent., in quantity, as nearly as it could be estimated, of the various foods found in each stomach. Earthworms constitute the most common article of food. Thirty- eight out of the fifty specimens had eaten earthworms, and "six had eaten nothing else. Earthworms constitute 42.20 per cent, of the entire food. Twenty- seven of the animals had eaten ground-beetles, which make up 22.7 per cent, of the entire food supply. Thirty-four stomachs contained grubs and larvse of various kinds, which constituted 22.8 per cent, of the stomach contents. Four stomachs contained from 5 to 20 per cent, each of insect eggs, apparently those of grasshoppers. One stomach contained twenty and another thirty ants, making in each case about 20 per cent, of the food. Three stomachs contained myriopods ( Geophilus ) . One mole had eaten seven specimens and another eleven, making 100 per cent, of the food in both cases, as there was no trace of anything else. Vegetable food was represented by 3.7 per cent. Four of the ani- mals had eaten kernels of corn, which made up from 10 to 65 per cent, of the food. These animals were taken in January and October. The animals were caught near fields where kernels of corn had perhaps been trampled into the earth and had become softened. Otherwise I do not see how the fine teeth of the mole could have chewed up the kernels. Two of these specimens, one taken January 18, 1894, and one October 6, 1894, had the stomachs well filled with corn. There was little doubt about the identification of the material, as the profes- sors in the department of botany at the University assisted in its de- termination. Seeds of grass, hemp and some long seeds that resembled small rye grains represented 20 per cent, of the food of a specimen taken Jan- uary 8, 1894. Four stomachs harbored from three to seven white parasitic worms about three-quarters of an inch long. One animal, taken November 9, 1894, had an enlarged and diseased stomach. There were a number of warty-like blisters on the inside of the stomach as large as wheat grains. When opened, they con- tained a black substance that resembled the earth mud frequently found in the stomachs of the animals that had been feeding upon earth- worms. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 185 FOOD HABITS OF THE COMMON GARDEN MOLE. Per cent, of different kinds of food found in stomachs. Kinds of food rarely fou Date of capture. a ' » c . a : ^ 0 0 ■ Z '. a' nd. January 17,1894 15 10 '■■■25" 65 90 40 65 25 25 40 30 ""36" 25 35 65 15 10 45 ■■■"40' 15 35 10 20 5 65 20 25 25 Insect eggs ( grasshoppers ) . . 15 18,1894 18,1894 Corn, 65 Seeds, 20 Corn, 30 19,1894 March 13,1894 Insect eggs 18,1894 22,1894 10 b 31.1894 5 April 7, 1894 7, 1894 24. 1894 15 50 65 Brown chrysalis Myriopods ( Oeophilus ) 10 2.5.1894 May 3, 1901 100 d 6,1901 40 60 11, 1901 100 17. 1901 30 100 80 70 50 70 40 30 June 5, 1902 7, 19U2 ""20" "ioo" 60 "■■■26" 20 30 30 30 11,1902 14,1902 27.1902 July 7, 1901 12. 1901 40 80 30 100 100 80 August 4,1901 20 50 21, 1901 September 20, 1902 27, 1902. ... October 3. 1902 20 90 4, 1894 Corn, 10 ?,. 1894 100 ■■"26" 6,1894 7.1894 20 25 20 55 100 10 20 30 Corn, 60 8, 1894 / 10. 1894 90 80 60 100 100 40 90 40 30 20 '■"io"" Insect eggs Ants (20 in number) Brown chrysalis chewed up. Ants ( about 30 in number) .. 10,1894 21,1902 29,1902 29,1902 29,1894 30. 1902 20 ■■■■50' 60 30 40 10 60 20 10 50 70 November .5. 1894 1 5.1894 6, 1894 7, 1894 10 20 9, 1894 30 (/ 12, 1894 24, 1894 24, 1894 24, 1894 ... 15 80 25 85 20 75 100 80 h 29, 1894.... 20 tals To 2,160 1,135 1,140 185 380 a. Hemp, grass, and other kinds of seeds. b. Seven round? white parasitic worms about three-fourths of an inch long. c. Three parasitic worms, each about three-fourths of an inch long, found in stomach. d. Eleven specimens found in this mole's stomach ; many whole specimens, but badly chewed. e. Five white parasitic worms. /. Nine Laeh/ioxli'rna or June beetle grubs. Entire skins present, with hard head-parts pretty well chewed up. (h Stomach enlarged; covered on inside with black, warty growths. )). Three white parasitic worms about three-fourths of an inch long. Total amounts of 50 specimens examined that contained food: Average of earthworms, 43.20 per cent. Average of beetles, 22.7 per cent. Average of grubs and larvse, 22.8 per cent. Average of vegetable matter, 3.7 per cent. Average of kinds of food rarely found, 7.6 per cent. Seventeen stomachs contained nothing or only a small trace of food. 186 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Another chart made from the examination of the stomachs of fifty other animals would undoubtedly be quite different from this one. However, this chart will give an idea based on the actual study of fifty stomachs, and will be a beginning for some one who may, in the future, give more time to the subject, and work it up more in detail. I think that it is safe to say that, when the ground is moist and the earthworms are active, the animals feed freely upon them. When the ground is dry, and early in the spring or late in the fall, when the earthworms are not so active, grubs and beetles are eaten more freely and constitute a greater proportion of the food than they otherwise would. It is evident that the damage done to lawns, gardens and fields by moles is due chiefly not to the food the animals eat, but rather to their manner of securing it. Moles make many burrows or runways two or three inches under the ground by digging and then lifting up the soil with their shoulders. In making these runways, the little ani- mals root up and destroy many plants, and especially the grass that usually grows on the runways in lawns and pastures. Mice frequently follow along in the runways made by the moles, and do considerable damage to bulbs, roots, and grains. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 187 ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF KANSAS COLEOPTERA FOR THE YEARS 1901 AND 1902. By W. Knaus, McPherson, Kan. Read before the Academy, at Topeka, January 1, 1903. '^^HE following list includes 111 species or varieties of coleoptera -*- new to the Kansas list. Fifty-two of these were collected the season of 1901 at or near Onaga, seven or eight species ai Topeka, and one at Galena, by F. F. Crevecoeur ; three in Douglas county and sixteen in Hamilton and Morton counties, by F. H. Snow, of the State University, Lawrence ; two in Pratt and Barber counties, by S. G. Mead and Claude J. Shirk, of McPherson ; two at Kansas City, Kan., by G. P. Mackenzie ; one at Coolidge and two at Topeka, by Eugene Smyth ; one at Oakley, by D. E. Lantz, and one at Tonganoxie, by T. B. Ashton. Determinations and verifications were made principally by H. C. Fall, of Pasadena, Cal, and P. J. Schmitt, of Beatty, Pa. To these two gentlemen thanks are due. In the list of 1899 and 1900 a few errors occurred, as follows : Treckus riibens is chalyleus. Oodes texcmas is cupreus. Rhynchites glastinus is cyanelhis. Corticaria serrata is americanum. Agrilus ahjectus is probably an undescribed species. Epitrax lohata is fuscula. Bruchus pauperculus is siminulum, and Trachyphoeus as- peratus is an undescribed species. 15 Cicindela celeripes Lee. Morgan City, Clay county, 1875. Popenoe. Nu- merous specimenB at Manhattan and Fort Riley, taken in 1902. Three specimens taken at Onaga in 1901. 15rt Cicindela cursitans Lee. Two specimens, University collection, from Douglas county. Incorrectly reported in first list, volume V, Trans- actions Kansas Academy of Science. 20 Cicindela nigrocierulea Lee. Two specimens taken September 2, at Coolidge, by Eugene Smyth. 25/ Cicindela limbalis Klug. Two specimens taken by Roy Rouch near To- peka. 25/i Cicindela am(«na Lee. A form oi splendida taken at Lawrence, Topeka, Manhattan, Salina, McPherson, and, in fact, wherever S2)lendida is found. Cicindela transversa Leng. A race of splendida occurring wherever that species is taken. Cicindela denvereneis Casey. Specimens taken in October at Oakley by D. E. Lantz, and early in May, at Meade, Kan., and in Hamilton county in June, by F. H. Snow. Cicindela var. unijuncta Casey. Occurs over the state associated with re- fanda. 188 KANSAS ACADEMY OP SCIENCE. 25/* Cicindela var. ponderosa Thorns. Occurs at Kansas City, Kan., Topeka, Manhattan, Medora, and Dodge City. . Cicindela knausii Leng. Salt marshes of Kansas, June and July. Hamil- ton county, F. H. Snow. 134 Calosoma lugubre Lee. Common at electric lights over central Kansas. Hamilton county, F. H. Snow. Bembidium confusus Haywd. Topeka and McPherson, August. Bembidium grandiceps Haywd. Berryton, September 1, Princeton, Sep- tember 5. Crevecoeur. 713 Dicfelus leavipennis Lee. Hamilton county, June. F. H. Snow. 732 Badister pulchellus Lee. Hamilton county, June. F. H. Snow. 900 Lebia pectita Horn. Onaga, July 3. 931 Plochionus tumidus Hald. Onaga, May 10. 960 Hellumorpha texana Lee. Englewood and Hamilton county, June. 965 Brachynus minutus Harr. One specimen, Englewood, June 25. 967 Brachynus medius Lee. One specimen, electric light, McPherson, Octo- ber 10. 1048 Oodes 14-striatus Chd. One specimen, southeast Kansas. 1308 Hydroporus divericornis Sharp. Two specimens, electric light, Mc- Pherson. 1595 Tropisternus striolatus Lee. Topeka, September 2. 1610 Berosus immaculatus Zimm. One specimen. Rago, June 25. 1672 Cercyon malanocephalum Linn. Onaga. 1678 Cercyon pygmfBum 111. Onaga, July 5. Connophron, n. sp. One specimen. McPherson, May. Connophron nigripenne Casey. Onaga. Connophron innocuum Casey. Salina and Onaga. 1827 Connophron fossiges Lee. Topeka. One specimen. Popenoe. 1870 Tmesiphorus carinatus Say. Topeka. One specimen. Popenoe. 1888 Decarthron stigmosum Brend. Topeka. One specimen. Popenoe. 1915 Bryaxis conjuncta Lee. Topeka. One specimen. Popenoe. Bryaxis species dubious. Topeka. One specimen. Popenoe. 1899 Batrisus frontalis Lee. Tonganoxie. Four specimens. T. B. Ashton. 1850 Eumicrus motschulskii Lee. One specimen. Douglas county. 1865 Chennium monilicornis Brend. One specimen. McPherson, May. 1873 Pilopius zimmermanii Lee. Two specimens. McPherson, May. 9367 Cylindrarctus crinifer Casey. One specimen. State University collection, Douglas county. Batrisus striatus Casey. Onaga. Reichenbachia ursina Casey. Manhattan. Reichenbachia subsimilis Casey. Onaga. Aleocharinii. Three unnamed species. Onaga, May, July, and Septem- ber. 2243 Actobius sobrinus Er. Onaga, May 21. 2472 Eusthetus brevipennis Casey. Onaga, December 10. 9660 Leptorus texana Casey. Onaga, May 21. 9661 Leptorus bicolor Casey, Onaga, May 22. 2585 Pinophilus latipes Grav. McPherson, electric light, July. 9752 Oxytelus pennsylvanicus Er. Onaga, at light, July 26. 2899 Siagonum americanum Melsh. Onaga, July 6. 3013 Sacium biguttatum Lee. Onaga, November 13. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 189 3047 Hippodamia spuria Lee. McPherson, electric light. Hippodamia complex Casey. One specimen. McPherson. Scymnus, n. sp. Onaga, June 2. 3178 Rhanis unicolor Zeigl. Onaga. 3427 Dermestes cadaverinus Fab. Kansas City, July. 3468 Hister arcuatus Say. Hamilton county, F. H. Snow. Brachypterua, n. sp. Onaga. 3806 Corticaria elongata Horn. Onaga. 3901 Limnichus punctatus Lee. Onaga, July 25. Stenelmis, n. sp. Onaga, August. 4164 Cryptohypnus testivus Horn. Onaga, July 2. Chrysobothris, n. sp. One specimen. Belvidere, June 24. 4821 Pyrophyga minuta Lee. Two specimens. Belvidere, June 24. Polemius repandus Cos. Onaga, June 12. 4905 Podabrus simplex Coup. Kansas City, May 26. 4996 Collops eximius Er. Hamilton county. F. H. Snow, 5040 Anthocomue ventralis Horn. Morton county, June. F. H. Snow. Clerus atriventris. Morton county, June. 5196 Hydnosera scabra Lee. Morton county, June. F. H. Snow. Ptinidae, n. gen., n. sp. Onaga, July 3. Hemiptychus, n. sp. Onaga, August 15. Aphodius, n. sp. Englewood, June 15. 10208 Aphodius tenuietriatus Horn. Englewood, June 25; Hamilton county, June. F. H. Snow. 5589 Bradycinetus serratus Lee. One specimen. Englewood, June 24. 5954 Mallodon melanopus Linn. One specimen collection. Chautauqua county. Eugene Smyth. Cyllene lutosus Lee. Onaga, Kan.; also in the University collection. 6310 Leptura cruentata Hald. Onaga. 6355 Leptura ruficollis Say. Onaga. Saperda var. eonnexa Joutel. Topeka. One specimen. June. 65136 Tetraopes basalis Lee. Hamilton county. F. H. Snow. Saxinis, n. sp. Englewood, June 25. One specimen. 6661 Paehybrachie dubiosus Lee. Onaga. 10378 Phyllobrotiea limbata Fab. Onaga, June 26-29. 10458 Phyllotreta pueilla Horn. Morton county, June. F. H. Snow. Cha?tocnema, n. sp. Onaga, June 2. 7141 Bruchus pectoralis Horn. Onaga, July 16. 7142 Bruchus uniformis Lee. Morton county. 7201 Epitragus acutus Lee. Pratt and Barber counties, August and September. 7687 Orchesia castanea Mels. Benedict and Onaga. 7776 Tomoxia hilaris Say. Onaga, July 7. 7859 Mordellistema texana Smith. Morton county. 7922 Notoxus calcaratus Horn. One specimen. Morton county. F. H. Snow. Anthicus lutulentus Casey. Onaga, June. Lappus cursor Casey. Onaga, July 3. 7901 Xylophilus ater Lee. Onaga, June and July. 8118 Pyrota bilineata Horn. Pratt county, August 27. Auletes subfasciatus Casey. Onaga, May 10. 8440 Listronotus sordidus Gyll. Onaga. 190 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 8481 Hilipis squamosus Lee. Galena. One specimen. Fall says: "I am sur- prised at this thing being found in Kansas. It is a beautiful thing, and rare. My single specimen is from Kentucky." "Georgia, Florida, un- der pine bark." (Lee.) Pleetromodes armatus Casey. Onaga, June 18. 10866 Cleonus grandirostris Casey. Morton county. F. H. Snow. 8572 Endalus aeratus Lee. Hamilton and Morton counties (F. H. Snow), and Englewood, June 25. 8668 Anthonomus deeipiens Lee, One specimen. Onaga, May 9. 8915 Oomorphidius erasus Lee. Onaga, June 2. A rare species. 8937 Limnobaris reetirostris Lee. Onaga, June 18. 11166 Centrinus denticornis Casey. Morton and Hamilton counties. F. H. Snow. Centrinus, n. sp. Onaga, July 3. 8988 Sphenophorus robustus Horn. One specimen. Medora, May. 9153 Scolytus regulosus Ratz. Onaga, October 28; Topeka, McPherson, Man- hattan. 9221 Brachytarsus griseus Lee. Englewood, June 26. One specimen. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 191 PRELIMINARY LIST OF MEDICINAL AND ECONOMIC KANSAS PLANTS, WITH THEIR REPUTED THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES. By B. B. Smyth, Topeka. Read ( by title) before the Academy, at lola, December 31, 1901. npHIS list is the outgrowth of the studies made by the writer while -*- serving as "professor of medical botany" in the department of pharmacy of the Kansas Medical College, from 1891 to 1896, when the department was abolished. The preparation of the list, however, was not abandoned at the time, but has been kept up till the present time. Medical botany is a relic of the past. It served a good purpose during the infancy of the science of medicine, and is one of the foundation stones upon which that grand science is built. It was a favorite study of our grandmothers, and even our mothers laid much stress upon the knowledge gained by experimentation with herbs, roots, etc. It must always remain as the most important science among semicivilized and crude peoples, who have not the knowledge of the modern doctor. Even among our own people, whenever remote from the influence of the modern man of medicine, necessity requires that people must and should know something of the ordinary and efficacious remedies that surround them every day. The action of the alkaloids and extracts that form the stock in trade of the present-day physician must necessarily differ from the action of the plants from which they are derived because applied to the patient in a different form and manner ; therefore, the known properties of these alkaloids and extracts are not applied to the -plants from which these extracts are taken. The properties listed here are those held for those plants by common repute, and are obtained from all the formularies, dispensaries and pharmacopoeias within reach, without vouching for the accuracy of any. The medicinal and therapeutic properties of the plants of Kansas must of necessity differ materially from those of the plants of Europe, grown in an entirely different climate. In addition to this, the num- ber of practitioners who have made a specialty of studying the medici- nal virtues of the plants of this state are very few. Prominent among these are Dr. J. H. Oyster, of Paola, Dr. W. S. Newlon, of Oswego, and Dr. L. E. Sayre, of the State University of Kansas. These gen- tlemen have, from time to time, published lists of the medicinal plants of the state, which lists have been freely consulted by the pres- 192 KANSAS ACADEMY OP SCIENCE. ent writer, who has compared the plants and their properties in these lists with those of the most eminent authorities on these subjects in the East, and availed himself freely of their use. There are still other medicinal plants in the state that are not con- tained in this list ; and it is hoped that further investigations may be made by our physicians, who may thereby discover something from which additional valuable alkaloids, extracts, oils, tinctures, etc., may be made. New discoveries are being made continually. For instance, a few years ago the therapeutic value of echinacea, a plant common, if not abundant, in this state, was unknown. Now it is one of the most im- portant drugs of the materia medica, and commands a high price. The price must rise as the demand increases, inasmuch as no efforts so far have been made for cultivating the plant. A few cuts of some of the more important Western plants are in- serted, to aid in identification. These are largely copied from Britton and Brown's Illustrated Flora of North America. A few are original. It is hoped this crude list may yet prove of value. 1. Abronia fragrane. Sandflower. (See figure.) Weetern Kansas. Aperient. 2. Abutilon avicennie. Velvet-leaf. Eastern Kansas. Abounds in mucilage, which it readily imparts to water. Antipyretic, demulcent, sedative. 3. Acalypha gracilens, A. virginica. Slender, three-seeded mercury. Eastern Kansas. Cathartic, sedative. 4. Acer dasycarpum, white maple; A. rubrum, red maple. Eastern Kansas. Astringent, colorant — the bark. 5. Acer saccharum. Sugar-maple. Extreme eastern Kansas. Nutritive. 6. Acerates longifolia, A. viridiflora. Milkweed. All over Kansas. Anthel- mintic, diuretic. 7. Achillea millefolium. Yarrow. All over Kansas. Aromatic, astringent, diuretic, tonic. 8. Acorus calamus. Sweet flag. Northeast Kansas. Alterative, anthelmin- tic, cathartic, diuretic, emetic. Actinomeris — See Verbesina. 9. Adiantum pedatum. Maidenhair fern. Eastern Kansas. Expectorant, pectoral, refrigerant, tonic. 10. Adlumia cirrhosa. Allegheny vine. Eastern Kansas. 11. ^sculus glabra, M. parviflora. Buckeye. Eastern Kansas. Astringent, narcotic, tonic. Dangerous. 12. Agrimonia hirsuta, A. mollis, A. parviflora. Agrimony. Eastern Kansas. Alterative, astringent, tonic. 13. Ailanthus glandulosa. Tree of heaven. Introduced. Antipyretic. li. Alisma plantago. Water plantain. All over Kansas. Antilithic, antispas- modic, narcotic, sedative. 15. Allium canadensis, A. cepa, A. reticulatum, etc. Onion. All over Kan- sas. Antherpetic, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, aperient, nutritive. IG. Amaranthus albus, white pigweed; A. spinosus, spiny pigweed. Eastern Kansas. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 193 / :..-:^ Fig. 1. Abronia fragrans. f;> W ^ Fig. 2. Amorpha cauescens. 17. Ambrosia artemisisefolia, ragweed; A. trifida, horseweed. Eastern Kan- sas. Anthelmintic. « 18. Amelanchier canadensis. Juneberry. Northeast Kansas. 19. Amorpha canescens, shoestring (see figure); A. fruticosa, leadplant. All over Kansas. Strongly astringent. 20. Ampelopsis quinquefolia. Virginia creeper. Eastern and middle Kansas. Alterative, astringent, expectorant, tonic. 21. Amphiachyris dracunculoides. Eastern Kansas. Astringent, stimulant, tonic. 22. AmygdaluB persica. Peach. Cultivated. Sedative, vulnerary — the leaves. Nutritive — the fruit. 23. Andropogon saccharatus. Silky bluestem. Southern Kansas. 24. Anemone caroliniana (see figure), A. Pennsylvanica. Anemone. Eastern and middle Kansas. Emmenagogue, pectoral, sedative. 25. Anthemis cotula. Mayweed. Introduced. Antipyretic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, emetic, sedative, tonic. 26. Apium graveolens. Celery. Cultivated. Antilithic, antispasmodic, car- minative, esculent, hypnotic, stimulant. The blanched leaves and seed have these properties in different degrees. 27. Apocynum androsjemifolium, dogbane : A. cannabinum, Indian hemp. Al- terative, anthydropic, cathartic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expecto- rant, tonic. 28. Arabis canadensis. Sicklepod. Eastern Kansas. 29. Arctium lappa. Burdock. Introduced. Alterative, aperient, diaphoretic, diuretic. 30. Argemone alba. Prickly poppy. Western Kansas. Anthydropic, cathar- tic, diaphoretic, diuretic. 31. Aristema dracontium, dragon-root; A. triphyllum, Indian turnip. East- ern Kansas. Anthydropic, diaphoretic, expectorant, rubefacient, vesi- cant. —13 194 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Fig. 3. Anemone caroliniana. Fig. 4. Artemisia fllifolia. 32. Aristolochia sipho, Dutchman's pipe; A. tomentosa, birth wort. East- ern Kansas. Aromatic, antipyretic, emmenagogue. 33. Artemisia abrotanum, southernwood; A. absinthium, wormwood; A. dracunculoides, wild tarragon; A. fllifolia, wild sage (see figure); A. frigida, mountain sage; A. ludoviciana, Garfield tea; A. vulgaris, mugwort. Anthelmintic, antipyretic, narcotic, stimulant, tonic. - 34. Asclepias cornuti, eilkweed; A. incarnata, swamp milkweed; A. verticil- lata, dwarf milkweed. All over Kansas. Anthelmintic, cathartic, dia- phoretic, diuretic, expectorant. 35. Asclepias tubercsa. Butterfly weed, pleurisy root, rheumatism root. Com- mon in Kansas. Astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant. 36. Asimina triloba. Pawpaw. Eastern Kansas. Diuretic, emetic — the seeds. Esculent — the fruit. 37. Asparagus officinalis. Asparagus. Cultivated. Aperient, pectoral, nutri- tive. 38. Aster puniceus. Starflower, Eastern Kansas. 39. Astragalus crassicarpus. Prairie pea. All over K^ansas. Pectoral — the fruit. 40. Astragalus mollissimus. Woolly loco (see figure). Said to affect the nerves of cattle and horses. 41. Baccharis salicina. Groundsel bush. Western Kansas. Is said to repel fleas and bugs. 42. Baptisia australis, B. leucantha, B. leucophea. Wild indigo. General in Kansas. Alterative, antipyretic, antiseptic, astringent, cathartic, emetic, tonic. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 195 Fig. 5. Astragalus moUissimus. Fig. 6. Batrachium trichophyllum. 425. Batrachium trichophyllum. Water crowfoot (see figure). Western Kan- sas. 43. Benzoin odoriferum. Spice bush, fever bush. Extreme southeastern Kan- sas. Aromatic, stimulant, tonic. 44. Bidens bipinnata, B. connata, B. frondosa. General. Spanish needles, pitchforks. Emmenagogue, expectorant, tonic. 45. Botrychium virginicum. Rattlesnake fern. Eastern Kansas. Demulcent, tonic. 46. Brassica alba, white mustard: B. nigra, black mustard; B. oleracea, cab- bage, cultivated and wild. Common. Esculent, laxative, tonic, 47. Brunella vulgaris. Self-heal. Common. Vulnerary. 48. Bumelia lanuginosa, B. lycioides. Southern buckthorn. Southeastern Kan- sas. Aperient. 49. Cacalia atriplicifolia, C. tuberosa. Indian plantain. General. Alterative — the root. 50. Cannabis sativa. Hemp. Introduced, Antispasmodic, narcotic, sedative, 51. Capsella bursapastoris. Shepherd's purse. Introduced. Common, Diu- retic, stimulant, tonic. 52. Cassia chama?crista. Sensitive pea. All over Kansas. Laxative, tonic, 53. Cassia marylandica. American senna. Eastern Kansas. Cathartic, 54. Catalpa bignonioides. Catalpa. Introduced. 55. Ceanothus americanus, Jersey tea; C. ovalis, red-root. General, Anti- spasmodic, antistrumatic, astringent, pectoral, sedative, tonic. 56. Celastrus scandens. Bittersweet. General. Alexipharmic, antherpetic, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, emetic, emollient, tonic. 57. £)ephalanthus occidentalis. Button-bush, Eastern Kansas. Alterative, laxative, tonic. 58. Cerasus serotina, wild cherry; C. virginiana, choke-cherry. Eastern and middle Kansas. Expectorant, sedative, stimulant, tonic. 59. Cercis canadensis. Redbud. Eastern and southeastern Kansas. Altera- tive, astringent, 60. Chelone glabra. Snake-head, balmony. Eastern Kansas, Anthelmintic, antherpetic, laxative, tonic. 196 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Fig, 7. Echinocereus viridiflorus. Fig. 8. Eagelmannia pinnatifida. 61. Chenopodium ambrosioides, Mexican tea; C. anthelminticum, wormseed; C. botrys, Jerusalem oak. Eastern Kansas and general. Anthelmintic, antispasmodic, stimulant. 62. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. Oxeye daisy. Introduced. Alterative, tonic. 6.3. Cicuta maculata. Water hemlock. General. Alterative, antispasmodic, aperient, narcotic, sedative. 64. CitruUus vulgaris. Watermelon. Cultivated. Anthelmintic, demulcent, diuretic, nutritive. 65. Claviceps purpurea. Ergot of rye. On rye. Cult. Parturient. 66. Clematis viorna, leather-flower; C. virginiana, virgin's bower. Eastern and middle Kansas. Anticarcinic, diaphoretic, diuretic. 67. Cleome serrulata. Rocky mountain bee-flower. Western Kansas. Anthel- mintic, antipyretic, tonic. 68. Cleomella angustifolia. Trail mustard. Western Kansas. Anthelmintic, tonic. 69. Cochlearia armoracia. Horseradish. Introduced. Antherpetic, antipy- retic, diuretic, nutritive, rubefacient, stimulant — the root. 70. Conobea multifida. Conobea. Eastern Kansas. Alterative and tonic. (Doctor Oyster.) 71. Coreopsis tinctoria. Stickseed. Middle and western Kansas. Expec- torant, tonic. 72. Cornus circinata, dogwood; C. sericea, kinnikinnik; C. stolonifera, red osier. Eastern Kansas. Astringent, tonic. 73. Corydalis aurea. Golden corydalis. General. Alterative, tonic. 74. Corylus americana. Hazel. Eastern Kansas. Astringent, nutritive. 75. Croton capitatus, C. monanthogynus, C. texensis. Crotons. General. Aperient, cathartic, diaphoretic, stimulant, vesicant. 76. Cucumie raelo, muskmelon; C. sativa, cucumber. Cult. Astringent, diuretic, esculent, nutritive. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 197 Fig. 9. Gaillardia pulchella. Fig. 10. Grindelia ciliata. 77. Cucurbita pepo, pumpkin. Cult. Diuretic — the seeds. Nutritive — the fruit. 78. Cucurbita fcetidiseima. Wild gourd. Western and middle Kansas. Anthel- mintic, astringent, cathartic. 79. Cucurbita lagenaria. Goui-d. Cult. Astringent, cathartic. 80. Cydonia vulgaris. Quince. Cult. Nutritive. 81. CynogloBsum officinalis, hound's tongue; C. morrisoni, beggar-ticks. East- ern Kansas. Astringent, demulcent, emollient. 82. Cypripediumparviflorum. Lady's slipper. Eastern Kansas. Antispasmodic, nervine, parturient. 83. Dalea aurea, D. jamesii, D. laxiflora. Western Kansas. Terebinthinate. Properties not yet learned. 84. Dalea lanata. Woolly dalea. Western Kansas. Cathartic, diuretic, stimu- lant. 85. Datura stramonium. Jimson. Eastern Kansas. Antispasmodic, demulcent, powerfully narcotic, sedative, emollient. 86. Delphinium carolinianum, D. tricorne. Larkspur. Eastern and middle Kansas. Anthelmintic, cathartic, diuretic, emmenagogue, emetic. 87. Dioscorea villosa. Wild yam. Eastern Kansas. Antispasmodic, demulcent, diaphoretic, emollient, expectorant, sedative. 88. Diospyros virginiana. Persimmon. Eastern Kansas. Antiseptic, astringent, colorant, tonic — the bark. Esculent — the fruit. 89. Ditaxis humilis, D. mercurialinus. Three-seeded mercury. Eastern Kan- sas. Cathartic, sedative. 90. Dodecatheon meadia. American cowslip. Eastern Kansas. 91. Draba caroliniana. Whitlow grass. General. 92. Dysodia papposa. Dog-fennel. General. Apparently introduced. 9.3. Echinacea angustifolia, nigger-head ; E. purpurea, black Samson. Eastern and middle Kansas. Alterative. 94. Elephantopus carolinianus. Elephant's foot. Southeastern Kansas. Dia- phoretic, emetic, expectorant. 95. Equisetum hyemale. Scouring rush. Common. Diuretic. 96. Erechtites hieracifolius. Fireweed. Introduced. Alterative, astringent, emetic, tonic. 198 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Fig. 11. Heliotropium convolvulaceum. Fig. 12. Hoffmanseggia jamesii. 98. 99. 97. Erigeroncanadense, E.philadelphicum.E.strigosum. Fleabanes. Eastern and middle Kansas. Astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, stimulant, tonic. Eryngium aquaticum. Rattlesnake's master. Eastern Kansas. Alexiphar- mic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant. Erythronium albidum. White adder-tongue. Eastern Kansas. Alterative, antiscorbutic — the leaves and corm. 100. Euonymus americanus, E. atropurpureus. Burning-bush, wahoo. Eastern Kansas. Alterative, antiperiodic, aperient, diuretic, tonic. 101. Eupatorium ageratoides, white snakeroot; E. perfoliatum, white boneset; E. purpureum, Joe Pye weed, queen of the meadow. Eastern Kansas. Antipyretic, aperient, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, stimu- lant, tonic. 102. Euphorbia corollata, flowering spurge; E. marginata, snow-on-the-moun- tain. Eastern and middle Kansas. Anthydropic, astringent, diapho- retic, emetic, tonic, vesicant. 103. Euphorbia humistrata, milk pureley; E. hypericifolia, spurge; E. maculata, spotted spurge: E. serpens, milk pursley. Eastern Kansas. Astringent, diaphoretic, stimulant, tonic. 101. Fragaria vesca, F. virginiana. Strawberry. Eastern Kansas. Astringent, diuretic, esculent. 105. Fraxinus americana, white ash; F. viridis, green ash. Common. Altera- tive, diuretic, tonic. 106. Galium aparine, G. triflorum. Cleavers. Eastern Kansas. Antiscorbutic, aperient, diuretic, refrigerant. 107. Gaura biennis, G. filipes, G. sinuata, G. villoea. Gaura. Mostly western Kansas. Astringent, emollient, vulnerary. 108. Gentiana andrewsii, closed gentian; G. puberula, downy gentian. Eastern to central Kansas. Tonic. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 199 Fig. 13. Lacinaria pycnostachya. Fig. 17. Lippia cuneifolia. 109. Geranium carolinianum, G. maculatum. Geranium. Eastern Kansas. As- tringent. 110. Geumcanadense, white avens; G. virginianum, rough avens. Eastern Kan- sas. Astringent, tonic. 111. Glycyrrhiza lepidota. Wild liquorice, bur pea. Common. Emollient, pec- toral — the root. 112. Gnaphalium obtusifolium. Sweet life-everlasting. Central Kansas. As- tringent. 113. Gossypium herbaceum. Cotton. Cultivated in southeastern Kansas. 114. Grindelia ciliata (see figure), G. squarrosa. Gum plant. General. Anti- spasmodic, sedative. 115. Gymnocladus canadensis. Coffee-bean. Eastern and middle Kansas. 116. Iledeoma hispida. American pennyroyal. Eastern and middle Kansas. Aromatic, diaphoretic, stimulant. 117. Helenium autumnale. Sneezewort. Eastern Kansas. Antipyretic, errhine. 118. Heliotropiumconvolvulaceum. Sandhill heliotrope. Southwestern Kansas. 119. Helianthemum canadense, H. majus. Rock rose. Southeast Kansas. Al- terative, antiscorbutic, astringent, tonic. 120. Helianthus annuus, sunflower, all over Kansas; H. decapetalus, sunflower, eastern Kansas; H. orgyalis, rock sunflower, eastern Kansas; H. petio- laris, sandhill sunflower, middle and western Kansas. Antipyretic, diu- retic, expectorant, pectoral. 1206. Helianthus tuberosus. Artichoke. General. Esculent. 121. Heuchera hispida, alum-root. Eastern Kansas. Antiseptic, astringent, styptic. 122. Hicoria alba, mockernut; H. glabra, pignut; H. minima, bitternut; H. ovata, shagbark hickory; H. sulcata, big ehellbark. All eastern Kan- sas. Antipyretic, aromatic, astringent, pectoral — the bark. Esculent — the fruit. 200 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Fig. 14. Lacinaria spicata. Fig. 15. Lepachys tagetes. 123. Hieracium longipilum. Hawkweed. Eastern Kansas. Alterative, tonic. 124. Hoffmanseggia jamesii (see figure). Western Kansas. 125. Hordeum distichum. Barley. Cult. Esculent. 126. Humulus lupulus. Hop. Eastern Kansas. Anthelmintic, antilithic, anti- phrodisiac, antipyretic, diuretic, hypnotic, tonic. Food for birds — the seed. 127. Hydrastis canadensis. Golden seal. Northeastern Kansas. Antipyretic, aperient, cholagogue, tonic. 128. Hypericum maculatum. St.-John's-wort. Astringent, diuretic, sedative, stimulant. 129. Ilex decidua. Northern holly. Southern Kansas. Diuretic, tonic. 130. Impatiens fulva, I. pallida. Touch-me-not, balsam-weed. Eastern Kansas. Emollient, vulnerary. 131. Indigofera leptocephala. Western Kansas. 132. Ipomcea leptophylla, I. pandurata. Man-of-the-earth. Western Kansas. Cathartic, diuretic. 1.33. Juglans cinerea. Butternut. Northeast Kansas. Laxative, vesicant, col- orant, esculent. 134. Juglans nigra. Black walnut. All over Kansas. Astringent, vulnerary, colorant — the bark and hulls of the fruit. Esculent — the fruit. 135. Juniperus virginiana. Redcedar. Eastern Kansas. Diaphoretic — the ber- ries. Kuhnistera (see Petalostemon). 136. Lacinaria pycnostachya, rattlesnake-root (see figure): L. scariosa, gay feather; L. spicata, button-snakeroot (see figure): L. squarrosa, blaz- ing star. General. Alexipharmic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, hypnotic, sedative, stimulant. 137. Lactuca canadensis. Wild lettuce. General. Hypnotic, sedative, esculent. Lappa (see Arctium). 138. Leonurus cardiaca. Motherwort. Eastern Kansas. Antispasmodic, dia- phoretic, emmenagogue, laxative, nervine, parturient, tonic. 139. Lepachys tagetes (see figure). Western Kansas. 140. Lepidium virginicum. Tongue-grass. Eastern Kansas. Carminative, escu- lent. 141. Leptandra virginica. Culver's physic. Eastern Kansas. Alterative, ca- thartic, cholagogue, tonic. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 201 Fig. 16. Leucelene ericoides. Fig. 18. Lithospermum angustifolium. 142. Lespedeza capitata. Bush clover. General. Diuretic, emetic. Leucanthemutn vulgare (see Chrysanthemum). Liatris (see Lacinaria). 143. Linaria vulgaris. Butter-and-eggs, toad flax. Introduced. Antherpetic, anthydropic, antinephritic. 144. Linum rigidum, prairie flax; L. sulcatum, yellow flax; L. usitatissimum, flax. General. Demulcent, emollient, tonic. 145. Lithospermum angustifolium (see figure); L. caneecens. Stone-seed. Eastern Kansas or general. 146. Lobelia cardinalis, cardinal flower; L. inflata, puke-weed; L. syphilitica, great lobelia. General, though not common. Anthelmintic, antispas- modic, antisyphilitic, cathartic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expecto- rant, narcotic. 147. Lycium barbarum. Matrimony vine. Introduced. 148. Lycoperdon giganteum. Puff-ball. General. Styptic. 149. Lycopersicum esculentum. Tomato. Cult. Antiscorbutic, vulnerary. 150. Lycopus sinuatus, water hoarhound; L. virginicus, bugle-weed. Eastern Kansas. Antipyretic, astringent, colorant, narcotic, sedative, tonic. 151. Lysimachia quadrifolia. Eastern Kansas. 152. Lythrum alatum. Loosestrife. General. 15.3. Malus coronaria, crab-apple; M. sylvestris, apple. Cult, or eastern Kansas. Antipyretic, nutritive. 154. Malva rotundifolia. Low mallow. Introduc^. Astringent, demulcent, emollient. 155. Marrubium vulgare. Hoarhound. Introduced. Expectorant, laxative, tonic. 156. Maruta cotula (see Anthemis cotula). 157. Melilotus alba, sweet clover; M. officinalis, yellow sweet clover. Intro- duced. Antispasmodic, laxative, sedative, stimulant. Produces head- ache in horses and cattle. 158. Menispermum canadense. Moonseed. Eastern Kansas. Alterative, diu- retic, laxative, tonic- — the root. 159. Mentha canadensis, field mint; M. piperita, peppermint; M. viridie, spearmint. Eastern Kansas. Antipyretic, antispasmodic, carminative^ stimulant. 160. Mertensia virginica. Smooth lungwort. Eastern Kansas. Pectoral. 202 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. ^■P^^- Fig. 19. Pentstemou cobaea. Fig. 20. Phlox bryoides. 161. Micrampelis lobata. Wild cucumber. Eastern Kansas. Vesicant. 162. Molucella Isevis. Molucca balm. Cultivated. Antipyretic. 163. Momordica balsamina. Balsam apple. Cultivated. Vulnerary. 164. Monarda citriodora, lemon mint; western Kansas. M. fistulosa, wild ber- gamot; eastern Kansas. M. punctata, horsemint; western Kansas. Aromatic, carminative, diaphoretic, stimulant, tonic. 165. Monotropa uniflora. Indian pipe. Eastern Kansas. Antispasmodic, nerv- ine, sedative, tonic. 166. Morus rubra. Mulberry. Eastern Kansas. Astringent. 167. Nabalus asper. Rattlesnake weed. Eastern Kansas. Alexipharmic. 168. Nelumbo lutea. Yonkopin, pond lily. Eastern Kansas. 169. Nepeta cataria. Catnip. Introduced. Carminative, diaphoretic, stimu- lant, tonic. 170. Nicotiana tabacum. Tobacco. Cultivated. Diuretic, emetic, narcotic, sedative. 171. Nuphar advena. Yellow pond lily. Eastern Kansas. Astringent, demul- cent, sedative. 172. CEnothera biennis, (E. fremonti, OH. missouriensis. Evening primrose. General. Alterative, astringent, demulcent — the root. 173. Onosmodium carolinianum, O. molle, O. virginianum. Wild comfrey. Gen- eral. Demulcent, diuretic, emollient. 174. Osmorrhiza brevistyla,*0. longistyla. Sweet cicely. Carminative, expecto- rant, stimulant. 175. Ostrya virginica. Ironwood. Eastern Kansas. Alterative, antiperiodic, tonic. 176. Oxalis stricta, O. violacea. Wood sorrel. Eastern Kansas. Anticarcinic. 177. Oxytropis lamberti. Loco. Western Kansas. Is said to affect the nerves of horses and cattle. 178. Paronychia jamesii. Nailwort. Western Kansas. Reputed for whitlow. 179. Parthenium integrifolium. Prairie feverfew. Eastern Kansas. Antipy- retic, diuretic, tonic, insectifuge. 180. Passiflora incarnata. Passion-flower. Eastern Kansas. Hypnotic. 181. Penthorum sedoides. Virginia stone-crop. Eastern Kansas. Astringent, demulcent, pectoral. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 203 Fig. 21. Polanisia graveolens. Fig. 22. Townsendia grandiflora. 182. Pentstemon cobtea. Pentstemon (see figure). General. Alterative, ca- thartic, emetic. 183. Pteonia officinalis. Peony. Cult. Emmenagogue. Persica (see Amygdalus persica). 184. Petalostemon candidus, P. multifiorus, P. villosus, P. violaceus. Prairie clovers. General. Cathartic, stimulant. Not well known. 185. Petroselinum sativum. Parsley. Cult. Anthydropic, antinephritic, car- minative, diuretic, laxative. 186. Peucedanum fceniculaceum. Fennel-leaf parsnip. Eastern Kansas. Car- minative, stimulant. 187. Phalaris canariensis. Canary grass. Cult. Food for birds — the seed. 188. Phoradendron fiavescens. Mistletoe. Southeastern Kansas. Antispas- modic, laxative, parturient. 189. Physalis lanceolata, P. philadelphica, P. pubescens, P. virginiana. Ground cherry. Diuretic. 190. Phytolacca decandra. Pokeberry. Eastern Kansas. Alterative, anther- petic, emetic, hypnotic, laxative, sedative, vulnerary — the root. Colorant ^the ripe berries. 191. Pilea pumila. Richweed. Eastern Kansas. Antipyretic, vulnerary — the bruised leaves. 192. Plantago major, dooryard plantain ; P. lanceolata, tall plantain. Intro- duced. Alexipharmic, alterative, antiseptic, diuretic, vulnerary. 193. Platanus occidentalis. Sycamore. Eastern Kansas. Carminative — the buds. 194. Podophyllum peltatum, May-apple, Alterative, cathartic, cholagogue — the root. Nutritive, cathartic — the fruit. 195. Polanisia graveolens (see figure), P. uniglandulosa. Gravel weed. West- ern Kansas. Anthelmintic, cathartic, tonic. 196. Polygala alba, P. incarnata, P. polygama, P. senega. Seneca enakeroot. General, except P. senega, which is also reported, though rarely seen. Alexipharmic, alterative, cathartic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant. These properties belong mostly to P. senega ; the other species, though more common here, are less known. 204 KANSAS ACADEMY OP SCIENCE. 197. Polygonatum biflorum, P. giganteum. Solomon's seal. Eastern Kansas. Astringent, demulcent, tonic, vulnerary. 198. Polygonum amphibium, water tannin-plant; P. hartwrighti, tannin-plant ; P. hydropiper, water-pepper; P. persicaria, lady's thumb; P. puncatum, smartweed. Some of these species are common everywhere in the state. Antiseptic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, stimulant, vesicant. 199. Polymnia uvedalia. Leaf cup. Southeastern Kansas. Aperient, sedative. 200. Polypodium vulgare. Rock polypod. Eastern Kansas. Expectorant, pec- toral. 201. Polytfenia nuttallii. Wild parsnip. General. Carminative, stimulant. Poisonous to cows. 202. Populus monilifera. Cottonwood. General. Antipyretic, tonic. 203. Portulaca oieracea. Purslane. Common, apparently native. Diuretic, re- frigerant. 20i. Potentilla canadensis. Cinquefoil. Eastern Kansas. Astringent, tonic. Prinos (see Ilex). 205. Prunus americana, plum; P. angustifolia, sandhill plum; P. chicasa, Chickasaw plum. General. Astringent, sedative, tonic — the bark. Nutritive — the fruit. Prunus persica (see Amygdalus). Prunus serotina, P. virginiana (see Cerasus). 206. Psoralea argophylla, silvery leather- root; P. floribunda, P. tenuiflora, leather-root. General. Cathartic, nervine. 207. Psoralea esculanta, P. hypoga?a. Indian breadroot. General. Esculent. 208. Psoralea pedunculata. Samson's snakeroot. Central Kansas. 209. Ptelea trifoliata. Hop tree, shrub trefoil. Eastern Kansas, Tonic. 210. Pycnanthemum lanceolatum, basil; P. linifolium, P. pilosum, mountain mint. Eastern Kansas. Diaphoretic, emmenagogue, stimulant, tonic. 211. Pyrus communis. Pear. Cultivated. Antipyretic, tonic — the bark. Escu- lent, nutritive — the fruit. Pyrus malus (see Malus). 212. Quercus alba, white oak; Q. aquatica, water oak; Q. coccinea, scarlet oak: Q. macrocarpa, bur oak; Q. palustris, swamp oak; Q. prinoides, chest- nut oak; Q. stellata, post oak; Q. tinctoria, yellow oak. Eastern Kan- sas. Astringent, tonic, colorant — the inner bark. 21.3. Ranunculus acris, blister cup; R. aquatilis, water crowfoot; R. repens, creeping crowfoot; R. sceleratus, ditch crowfoot. Eastern Kansas. Carminative, rubefacient, vesicant. 214. Rhamnus lanceolata. Buckthorn. Eastern Kansas. Violent cathartic. 215. Rheum rhaponticum. Rhubarb. Cultivated. Astringent, cathartic, es- culent, tonic. 216. Rhus glabra, sumach; R. radicans, climbing ivy; R. trilobata, scented sumach. Eastern Kansas. Antiseptic, astringent, diuretic, refrigerant, tonic, vesicant. 217. Rhus toxicodendron. Poison oak. Southeastern Kansas. Diaphoretic, diuretic, hypnotic, rubefacient, stimulant, tetanic, vesicant. 218. Ricinus communis. Castor-bean. Cultivated. Cathartic. 219. Robinia pseudacacia. Black locust. Introduced. 220. Rosalucida; R. setigera. Rose. Eastern Kansas. 221. Rubus canadensis, blackberry ; R. strigosus, raspberry; R. trivialis, dew- berry; R, villosus, blackberry. Eastern Kansas and cultivated. Astrin- gent, tonic, esculent. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 205 222. Rudbeckia laciniata. Thimble weed. Eastern Kansas. Antinephritic, antilithic. 223. Rumex acetosella, field sorrel; R. criepus, curly dock, yellow dock: R. sali- cifolius, pale dock. Eastern Kansas, or introduced. Alterative, astrin- gent, aperient, tonic — the root. 224. Salix fragilis, brittle willow; S. nigra, black willow. Eastern Kansas. An- tipyretic, antiseptic, astringent, tonic — the bark. 225. Salvia azurea, blue sage; S. officinalis, sage ; S. pitcheri, tall blue sage. General or cultivated. Aromatic, astringent, diaphoretic, stimulant, tonic — the leaves and flowers. 226. Sambucus canadensis. Elder. Eastern Kansas. Alterative, aperient, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, hypnotic, pectoral, sedative, stimulant. 227. Sanguinaria canadensis. Bloodroot. Eastern Kansas. Alterative, dia- phoretic, emetic, narcotic, sedative, stimulant, tonic. 228. Sanicula marylandica. All-heal. Eastern Kansas. Alexipharmic, anti- pyretic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, nervine, tonic. 229. Sapindus marginatus. Soapberry. Southern Kansas. Alterative, tonic — the bark and berries. 230. Saponaria officinalis. Soapwort, bouncing bet. Cultivated. Alterative, diuretic, tonic. 231. Sassafras officinale. Sassafras. Southeastern Kansas. Alterative, antisep- tic, diaphoretic, stimulant, aromatic. 232. Scrofularia nodosa. Figwort. Eastern Kansas. Alterative, vulnerary. 233. Scutellaria lateriflora, S. parvula. Skullcap. Eastern Kansas. Anti- spasmodic, nervine, tonic. 234. Secale cereale. Rye. Cultivated. Esculent. • 235. Sedum pulchellum. Stonecrop. Antiseptic, astringent. 236. Senecio aureus. Squaw-weed, life-root. Middle and western Kansas. Alterative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, parturient, pectoral, tonic. 237. Seymeria macrophylla. Mullein foxglove. Eastern Kansas. Alterative, tonic. 238. Sicyos angulatus. Bur cucumber. Eastern Kansas. Astringent, cathartic, vesicant. 239. Sida spinosa. Prickly sida. Eastern Kansas. Anthelmintic, emollient. 240. Silphium laciniatum, compass plant; S. perforatum, cup plant; S. terebin- thinaceum, rosinweed. Antipyretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, tonic. 241. Sinapis alba, S. nigra. Mustard. Introduced. Vesicant. 242. Sisymbrium officinale. Hedge mustard. Introduced. Diuretic, expecto- rant. 243. Smilax glauca, smooth greenbrier; S. rotundifolia, greenbrier; S. pseudo- china, wild cinnamon vine. Eastern Kansas. Alterative, aperient, emetic. 244. Solanum carolinense, horse nettle; S. nigrum, nightshade. Eastern Kan- sas or introduced. Alexipharmic, anticarcinic, antiscorbutic, vulnerary. 245. Solanum tuberosum. Potato. Cult. Esculent, nutritive — the tubers. 246. Solidago canadensis, S. gigantea, S. rigida, S. serotina, S. tenuifolia. Gold- enrod. General. Carminative, diaphoretic, stimulant. 247. Sorghum saccharum. African sugar-cane. Cult. Demulcent, nutritive. 248. Spiraea tomentosa. Hardback, meadow sweet. Eastern Kansas. Astrin- gent, tonic. 249. Staphylea trifolia. Bladdernut. Eastern Kansas. Emetic, stimulant. 206 KANSAS ACADEMY OP SCIENCE. Fig. 23. Zinnia grandiflora. 250. Stenosiphon virgatus. Western Kansas. Properties the same as in Gaura. Stramonium (see Datura). 251. Stylosanthes elatior. Pencil flower. Southeastern Kansas. Sedative, tonic. 252. Symphoricarpus vulgaris. Coral-berry, buck-bush. General. Astringent. 253. Tanacetum vulgare. Tansy. Introduced. Anthelmintic, aromatic, astrin- gent, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, tonic, vulnerary. 254. Taraxacum officinale. Dandelion. Introduced. Alterative, aperient, chola- gogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, nutritive, tonic. 255. Tephrosia^irginica. Goat's rue. Eastern Kansas. Cathartic. 256. Teucrium canadense. Wood sage. General. Stimulant. 257. Thaspium aureum. Meadow parsnip. Eastern Kansas. Astringent, car- minative, stimulant, narcotic. 258. Thuja occidentalis. Arbor vitas. Cult. Anthelmintic, diuretic, emmena- gogue, stimulant. 259. Tilia americana. Basswood. Eastern Kansas. Demulcent, diaphoretic, emollient, stimulant, vulnerary — the bark and buds. 260. Trifolium arvense, stone clover; T. pratense, red clover; T. reflexum, buf- falo clover; T. repens, white clover. Eastern Kansas or introduced. Alterative, anticarcinic, antispasmodic, aperient, emollient, nervine, sedative. 261. Trillium erectum. Birthroot, Eastern Kansas. Antiseptic, astringent, emetic, parturient, tonic. 262. Triosteum perfoliatum. Feverwort. Eastern Kansas. Alterative, antipy- retic, cathartic, emetic. 263. Triticum vulgare. Wheat. Cult. Esculent. 264. Typha latifolia. Cat-tail. Eastern Kansas. Astringent, emollient. 265. Ulmus fulva. Slippery elm. General. Demulcent, emollient, nutritive. 266. Urtica dioica, U. urens. Nettle. Eastern Kansas. Astringent, diuretic, styptic, tonic. 267. Ustilago maidis. Corn smut. General. Emmenagogue, parturient. 268. Verbascum thapsus. Mullein. Introduced. Antispasmodic, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, hypnotic, pectoral, sedative. 269. Verbena angustifolia, narrow-leaved verbena; V. aubletia, low verbena; V. haetata, verbena; V. urticasfolia, white verbena. General. Dia- phoretic, emetic, expectorant, tonic. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 207 270. Verbesina encelioides. V. hellanthoides. Crownbeard. Eastern Kansas. Antinephritic, diuretic. 271. Vernonia fasciculata, V. noveboracensis. Ironweed. Eastern Kansas. Al- terative, tonic. Veronica virginica (see Leptandra). 272. Viburnum prunifolium. Black haw. Eastern Kansas. Antipyretic, anti- septic, astringent. 273. Viola pedata. Birdfoot violet. Eastern Kansas. Alterative, antherpetic, emollient, vulnerary. 274. Vitis cordifolia, grape; V. estivalis, summer grape; V. riparia, river grape; V. vulpina, fox grape. General. Esculent, nutritive, tonic. 275. Xanthium strumarium. Cockle-bur. Eastern Kansas, or introduced, Alexipharmic, diuretic, styptic. 276. Xanthoxylum americanum. Prickly ash. Eastern Kansas. Alterative, antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, rubefacient, stimu- lant, tonic — the berries and bark. 277. Yucca angustifolia. Soaproot. Western Kansas. Cleanliness is the first step to health. 278. Zea mays. Indian corn. Cultivated. Esculent. 279. Zizia aurea. Golden parsnip. Eastern Kansas. Carminative, stimulant, narcotic. 280. Zygadenus elegans, Z. nuttallii. Wild hyacinth. Eastern Kansas. Ca- thartic, emetic, narcotic. ADDITIONAL. 281. Agropyron repens. Couch grass. Common. 282. Asarum canadense. Wild ginger. Eastern Kansas. 283. Asclepiodora decumbens. Decumbent milkweed. Common. 284. Batrachium trichophyllum. Water crowfoot (see figure). Western Kansas. 285. Chionanthus virginica. Fringe tree. Cherokee county. 286. Cichorium intybus. Chicory. Northeastern Kansas; introduced. 287. Comandra umbellata. Comandra. Common. 288. Daucus carota. Wild carrot. Queen Anne's lace. Eastern Kansas; intro- duced. 289. Dioscorea villosa. Wild yam-root. Bourbon county. 290. Echinocereus viridiflorus. Green-flowered cactus (see figure). Southwest- ern Kansas. 291. Engelmannia pinnatifida (see figure). Western Kansas. 292. Gaillardia pulchella (see figure). Western Kansas. 293. Gleditschia triacanthos. Honey-locust. Eastern Kansas, and introduced west. 294. Heracleum lanatum. Cow-parsnip. Southeastern Kansas. 295. Inula helenium. Elecampane. Eastern Kansas; introduced. 296. Iris versicolor. Large blue flag. Eastern Kansas. 297. Krameria secundiflora. Krameria. Southeastern Kansas. 298. Leucelene ericoides (see figure). Western Kansas. 299. Lippia cuneifolia (see figure). Eastern and middle Kansas. 300. Mentha spicata. Peppermint. Eastern Kansas; introduced. 301. Pastinaca sativa. Wild parsnip. Eastern Kansas. 302. Phlox bryoides. Moss phlox (see figure). Western Kansas. 303. Pulsatilla hirsutissima. Pasque-flower. Southeastern Kansas. 304. Sabbatia campestris. Prairie sabbatia. Southern Kansas. 208 KANSAS ACADEMY OP SCIENCE. 305. Sophora sericea. Silky sophora. Western Kansas. One of the many "loco" weeds. 306. Townsendia grandiflora (see figure). Western Kansas. 307. Zinnia grandiflora. Great-flowered Zinnia (see figure). Southwestern Kan- sas. INDEX TO THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES. Alexipharmic: 98, 136, 167, 192, 196, 228, 244, 275. Alterative : 8, 12, 20, 27, 29, 42, 49, 56, 57, 59, 62, 63, 70, 93, 96, 100, 105, 119, 123, 141, 158, 172, 175, 182, 190, i92, 194, 196, 223, 226, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232, 236, 237, 243, 254, 260, 262, 271, 273, 276. Anthelmintic: 6, 8, 17, 33, 34, 60, 61, 64, 67, 68, 78, 86, 126, 195, 239, 258. Antherpetic: 15,56,60,69,143,190,273. Anthydropic : 27, 30, 31, 102, 143, 185. Anticarcinic: 66, 176, 244, 260. Antilithic: 14, 26, 126, 222. Antinephritic: 143, 185, 222, 270. Antiperiodic: 100,175. Antipyretic: 2, 13, 25, 32, 33, 42, 67, 69, 101, 117, 122, 126, 127, 150, 153, 159, 162, 179, 191, 202, 211, 228, 240, 262, 272. Antiscorbutic: 15,56,100,119,149,244. Antiseptic : 15, 42, 56, 88, 121, 192, 198, 216, 231, 235, 261, 272. Antispasmodic: 25, 26, 50, 55, 61, 63, 82, 85, 87, 114, 138, 157, 159, 165, 188, 228, 233, 260, 268, 276. Aperient: 1, 29, 37, 48, 75, 100, 101, 106, 127, 199, 223, 226, 243, 254, 260. Astringent: 4, 7, 11, 12, 19, 20, 21, 35, 42, 55, 59, 72, 74, 76, 78, 79, 81, 88, 96, 97, 102, 103, 104, 107, 109, 110, 112, 119, 121, 122, 128, 134, 136, 150, 154, 166, 171, 172, 181, 197, 204, 205, 212, 215, 216, 221, 223, 225, 235, 238, 248, 250, 252, 253, 257, 261, 264, 266, 272. Carminative: 26, 136, 140, 159, 164, 169, 174, 185, 186, 193, 201, 213, 246, 257, 276, 279. Cathartic: 3, 8, 27, 30, 34, 53, 75, 78, 84, 86, 89, 132, 141, 182, 184, 194, 195, 196, 206, 214, 215, 218, 238, 255, 262, 280. Cholagogue : 127, 141, 194, 254. Colorant: 4, 88, 150, 190, 212. Demulcent: 2, 45, 64, 81, 85, 87, 144, 154, 171, 172, 173, 181, 197, 247, 259, 265, 268. Diaphoretic: 25, 27, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 66, 75, 87, 97, 98, 101, 102, 103, 116, 135, 136, 138, 164, 169, 196, 198, 210, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228, 231, 236, 246, 253, 254, 259, 268. Diuretic: 6, 7, 8, 27, 29, 30, 34, 35, 36, 51, 64, 66, 69, 76, 77, 84, 86, 95, 97, 98, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106, 126, 128, 129, 132, 136, 142, 158, 170, 172, 179, 185, 189, 192, 196, 198, 203, 216, 217, 226, 230, 236, 240, 242, 254, 258, 266, 268, 270, 275. Emetic : 8, 25, 27, 36, 42, 56, 86, 96, 101, 102, 142, 170, 182, 190, 196, 226, 227, 240, 243, 249, 261, 262, 268, 280. Emmenagogue: 24, 32, 44, 86, 138, 183, 196, 198, 210, 236, 253, 254, 258, 267. Emollient: 56, 81, 85, 87, 107, 111, 130, 144, 154, 173, 239, 250, 259, 260, 264, 265, 268, 273. Esculent: 26, 36, 46, 76, 88, 104, 1206, 122, 125, 134, 137, 207, 211, 215, 221, 234, 245, 263, 274, 278. Expectorant: 8, 9, 20, 27, 31, 34, 35, 44, 58, 71, 87, 98, 101, 155, 174, 196, 200, 240, 242, 268. Hypnotic: 126, 136, 137, 180, 190, 217, 226, 268. Insectifuge: 25, 41, 92, 179. BIOLOGICAL PAPERS, ,209 Laxative: 46, 52, 57, 60, 133, 138, 155, 157, 158, 185, 188, 190. Narcotic: 11, 14, 33, 50, 63, 85, 150, 169, 170, 227, 257, 279, 280. Nervine : 40, 82, 138, 177, 206, 228, 233, 260. Nutritive: 5, 15, 22, 37, 64, 69, 74, 76, 77, 80, 122, 125, 126, 133, 153, 205, 234, 245, 247, 254, 263, 265, 274, 278. Parturient: 65, 82, 138, 188, 236, 261, 267. Pectoral : 24, 37, 39, 55, 111, 122, 160, 181, 200, 226, 236, 268. Refrigerant: 9, 106, 203, 216. Rubefacient: 31,69,213,217,276. Sedative: 2, 3, 22, 24, 25, 50, 55, 58, 63, 85, 87, 89, 114, 128, 136, 1.37, 150, 157, 171, 190, 199, 205, 226, 227, 251, 260, 268. Styptic: 121, 148,266,275. Tetanic: 217. Tonic: 7, 9, 11, 12, 20, 21, 25, 27, 33, 42, 43, 44, 45. 46, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 88, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 108, 110, 119, 123, 126, 127, 129, 138, 141, 144, 150, 155, 158, 164, 165, 169, 175, 179, 195, 197, 202, 204, 205, 209, 210, 211, 212, 215, 216, 221, 223, 224, 225, 227, 229, 230, 233, 236, 237, 240, 248, 251, 253, 254, 261, 266, 269, 271, 274, 276. Vesicant: 31, 102, 161, 198, 213, 216, 217, 238, 241, 259. Vulnerary : 22, 48, 107, 130, 134, 149, 163, 190, 191, 192, 197, 232, 244, 250, 253, 273. -14 y. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. "The Drying- up of Pools and Streams in Central Kansas." By S. G. Mead, McPherson. "Origin of Names of Kansas Streams." By J. R. Mead, Wichita. "Loss OF Teeth as a Disqualification for Military Service." By Edwaed Bdmgaednee, Lawrence. "On Certain Methods of the Geometry of Position." By Aenold Emch, Boulder, Colo. "The Eleven-and-one-half-inch Equatorial Telescope at Washburn College Observatory." By H. L. Woods, Washburn College, Topeka. "Review of the Crop Season of 1902." By T. B. Jennings, Topeka. THE DRYING-UP OF POOLS AND STREAMS IN CENTRAL KANSAS. By S. G. Mead, McPherson, Kan. Read before the Academy, at lola, December 31, 1901. ~DEFORE the prairies of central Kansas were cultivated, they were -^-^ covered by a scanty coat of native grasses, while the soil, hardened by the tramping of myriads of buffalo for uncounted centuries, was almost water-proof. The low places, the draws and creeks, the outlets of pools and lakes, were generally choked with a heavy growth of coarse vegetation. To saturate the hard-packed soil required bnt lit- tle water, of which the light covering of vegetation absorbed but slowly only a small portion. Much of the rainfall remained upon the sur- face, finding its way between the clumps of prairie-grass to the hollows and low places. From these it trickled slowly through the thick vege- tation until it formed small creeks and streams, and so finally reached the rivers. Sometimes an exceptionally heavy rain would cause a flood for a short time, but this did not materially change the situation. The advent of cultivation has practically changed the whole course of nature. The soil, pulverized by the plow and harrow, readily ab- sorbs many times as much water as the unbroken sod, and the heavy crops — corn, wheat, etc. — draw from the ground a great excess over the amount of water needed by the native grasses. Many of the shal- lower pools disappeared at once, while others were much reduced in area. The farmers plowed up more and more of these small basins every year, thus increasing the water-absorbing area and diminishing the amount of water which reached the pools and creeks. With the construction of public highways came an enormously in- creased absorption of water. While the roads themselves occupy less than three per cent, of the surface, there is quite an area which drains into them ; but, except in cases of immense downpours or of long- continued rains, none of this water ever reaches the streams. In dry weather the ground in central Kansas cracks to the depth of several feet, and these cracks are quite large. I have seen them nearly three inches across and so numerous that it was not easy to find a square foot of surface without one. These cracks appear in great numbers in the side ditches of the roads. How far they extend under the soil on each side can only be estimated. In all probability they connect with those in the fields, and thus may be said to extend indefinitely. The amount of water (213) '214 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. required to fill these and to saturate the adjacent soil is enormous. Some idea of the flow can be gained from the fact that in many places the water running down forms small whirlpools which wash out holes several inches in diameter and sometimes a foot deep. I have seen them so numerous in side ditches that there would be six or eight to every rod on each side of the road. During exceptional rains, when there is a flow of water, the wash from the plowed ground settles in the low places, fills up the old beds of streams, and thus still further carries on the work. To show how great a change has taken place in few years a number of instances may be cited. Some miles northeast of McPherson there is a bridge. The opening beneath it was six feet wide and six feet deep. It barely sufficed to carry off the flood- water when built. To-day the opening under the bridge is entirely filled up ; the little flood- water which comes down the slope where the creek formerly ran flows across the road ; there is never enough to make trouble. There are several places where there were swimming-holes "over your head" which now bear good crops of wheat every year. Good fishing-holes have entirely disappeared. The Santa Fe railroad, just west of McPher- son, goes nearly a mile out of its course to avoid the basin. If the constructors had known what they know now they would have built it directly through. How long this process will go on it is impossi- ble to say ; at present it works very slowly, and has apparently nearly spent its force ; in fact, there is very little left for it to do. But what becomes of the water which formerly ran off ? Much is absorbed at once by the soil, from which the roots of the growing crops take it very rapidly, so that, unless the rain is very heavy or long continued, there is none to flow off. And when there is a flow, that which reaches the side ditches of the roads sinks down and be- "Comes a part of the ground-water which, in long dry spells, gradually jises to the surface and helps to save the farmers' crops. The drying- up of pools and streams is a natural consequence of the processes of civilization. It is not an evil, but a positive benefit. The water no longer runs off to the great rivers, but is retained in the soil, and sooner or later accomplishes its mission of increasing the general yield of the soil. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 215 ORIGIN OF NAMES OF KANSAS STREAMS. By J. R. Mead, Wichita, Kaa. Read before the Academy, at lola, December 31, 1901. T^^HE origin of the names borne by some of our Kansas streams is -*- well known ; others are unknown or uncertain. Of a few of them I have personal knowledge. The "Kaw" or "Kansas" derived its name from the tribe of Indians found living along its banks. The "Saline" from the character of its water. The "Smoky Hill" from the prominent isolated buttes within the great bend, landmarks widely known, to be seen from a great distance through an atmosphere frequently hazy from smoke. The above names were given by plainsmen and explorers prior to the settlement of Kansas, and were probably known by the same names by the Indians, using words expressing the same meaning. How the "Solomon" obtained its peculiar name is unknown to the writer. We have no account of King Solomon visiting Kansas. In 1859 the writer, desiring to explore the Saline river, at that time almost unknown, sought information from Col. Wm. A. Phillips, who had recently staked out the town of Salina. He referred me to his brother-in-law, a young man named Spillman, who had been up the river forty miles to a large tributary from the north, miry and difficult to cross on account of salt marshes near its mouth. We arrived at this stream late at night and in the dark drove into a miry bog. I remarked we had found "Spillman's creek" all right, and that name it bears to this day. Fifteen miles west we found another heavily timbered stream, which we called " Wolf creek," from the great number of wolves we killed there. Other hunters, following us later, adopted the names we had given these streams. The next winter I was hunting far up the Smoky Hill, but found nothing, the country being burnt over, a silent, desolate waste. Cross- ing north to the Saline we found the same desert conditions, but from a high bluit' looking north I could see in the distance timber in a gulch coming out of the divide, and the tops of the adjoining hills ap- peared black. We drove in that direction, arriving just at sunset, and found the hills covered with buffalo, elk and deer in the ravines, gangs of wolves trotting around, and droves of turkeys in the groves of oak, elm and cedar along the stream, which was dammed by beaver at short intervals, so that no water escaped to the plain. All together, it was the most beautiful spot I had ever seen. There was no indica- 216 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. tion that white men had ever visited the place. I told my men we had found "paradise" at last. The stream and valley became known as "Mead's Paradise" — ^a hunters' paradise it was. In one day we se- cured eighty-two wolves and as many buffalo, elk and deer as we wished. In 1860 Gen. Hugh McKee, of Leavenworth, surveyed the Saline river country and adopted, in his report, the names I had given to these streams. Near the site of our camp the town of Paradise now stands. The "Ninnescah " river is an Osage (Dakota) name, meaning "good I spring-water," from the great number of springs coming out of the Tertiary gravels of its upper course. "Neosho" is also an Osage name, meaning "ne," water, and "osho," clear — Neosho, water clear. In the Indian languages the ad- jective comes after the noun. "Smoot's creek," in Kingman county, was named after Col. S. S, Smoot, of Washington, D. C, who surveyed that county in 1865. "Chisholm creek," which runs through the east side of Wichita, was named after Jesse Chisholm, a noted Cherokee trader, who built the first cabin on the creek, and occupied it with his family from 1864 to 1867. "Hell creek," a branch of the Saline, was appropriately named from some experiences of myself and other hunters in buffalo days. "Medicine Lodge" is of Indian origin. The first explorers found on that stream a great house built of posts, poles, and brush, where from time out of mind the Cheyenne Indians annually assembled to worship the Great Spirit and initiate their young men in their secret rites and ceremonies, thus preserving ancient traditions and customs. White men called this "making medicine"; hence the name, "Medi- cine Lodge." "Skeleton creek" was a name we gave to a stream in Oklahoma in 1867. When the Wichita Indians, moving south, died of cholera in great numbers, on the head of that stream close to the present town of Enid, I saw their skeletons lying unburied on the ground a month or two after their death. Prior to that time the stream had no name. "Round Pond creek," in Oklahoma, was named by us in 1864, from a circular body of water surrounding a beautiful island, which had been in former years a bend of the stream. In time the narrow neck of land was worn through, leaving a lake surrounding an island. In time the Rock Island railroad, following our trail south, crossed Pond creek near this lake, and the towns of Round Pond and Pond Creek were founded. One of these towns survives. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 217 LOSS OF TEETH AS A DISQUALIFICATION FOR MILITARY SERVICE. By Edward Bdmgaedner, Lawrence, Kan. Read before the Academy, at Topeka, December 31, 1902. ''jPHE relation of tlie teeth to the general economy is nowhere better ^ shown than in the army recruiting ofhce. In the selection of men for military service, a fixed standard is necessary, in order to prevent the enlistment of men who would not make effective soldiers. Tripler's Manual, the recognized authority in the examination of re- cruits, gives "teeth white and in good condition" as a characteristic of an able-bodied man. In the time of the war of the rebellion, the examining surgeon was directed to ascertain "whether he has a suf- ficient number of teeth in good condition to masticate his food prop- erly, and to tear his cartridge quickly and with ease. The cartridge is torn with the incisor, canine or bicuspid teeth." Section 20 of paragraph 85, "Revised Regulations," was more explicit, stating that men should be rejected who had suffered "total loss of all the front teeth, the eye-teeth, and first molars, even if only of one jaw." This was a very low standard, as the total lossoi a smaller number of teeth than here indicated interferes with proper mastication. Still, the re- ports show that nearly three per cent, of the men examined from 18B1 to 1865 failed to measure up to this standard. The following figures are taken from a report issued from the provost marshal gen- eral's bureau in 1875 : Nativity. No. examined. No. rejected. Percentagre. United States, white 315,620 10,043 3.18-20 United States, colored 25,828 222 .8595 United States, Indians J21 0 Total, United States 341,569 10,265 3.U052 Foreign born 159.599 2.701 • 1.6923 Totals 501,068 12,966 2.5877 Through the courtesy of George M. Sternberg, late surgeon general of the army, I am able to present corresponding data covering the period of our recent war with Spain for comparison with the table given above. The directions to the examining officers are now as follows : "The condition of the teeth is to be considered solely with reference to the proper mastication of food. If there are not enough in the mouth for this pur- jjose, food is swallowed without the necessary preparation, and indigestion, with imperfect nutrition, and its consequent evils, are the result. If several of the teeth are decayed, especially about the crown, it ie probable that before the ex- 218 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. piration of an enlistment they will be so far destroyed as to render mastication im- perfect: hence, men who have lost the front teeth from decay and have many unsound back teeth should be rejected. The loss of the front teeth through accident is not cause for rejection, provided a sufficient number of the back teeth are sound. Unless an applicant has at least four sound double teeth, one above and one below on each side of the mouth, and so opposed as to serve the purpose of mastication, he should be rejected. Exception may be made by the adjutant general in the case of a soldier who desires to reenlist, if a report is made show- ing his age, physical condition as to nutrition, and the number and location of the sound teeth. If the front teeth remain and the double teeth are gone, rejec- tion is demanded. Artificial substitutes cannot be considered as equivalent in value to the natural teeth, or as removing the disability on this account for military service." In the years 1898, 1899 and 1900 there were 181,477 candidates for enlistment examined, and, in accordance with the instructions, 2826, or about one and one-third per cent., w^ere rejected, as follows : No. examined. No. rejected. Percentage. White 168,655 2,.326 1.-380 Colored 12.822 90 .702 Totals 181,477 2,416 1.331 At first, it would seem that the percentage of rejection was much smaller during the Spanish war than during the war of the rebellion. But the element of age has not yet been considered. The men who were examined for enlistment in the Spanish war were, as a rule, young, strong, energetic men, who desired and expected to be accepted for service. A large ratio of the men who were examined late in the rebellion were past the age that was taken as a maximum during the Spanish war. The relation of age to the percentage of rejection is indicated in this table, which gives the result of the examination of more than a third of a million men in the latter part of the rebellion : Age. No. examined. No. rejected. Percentage. Under 20 58,952 68 .1153 20 to 25 78,639 647 .8227 25 to 30 56,711 1,114 1.9643 30 to 35 45,777 1,783 3.8950 35 to 40 50,456 2,887 5.7218 40 and over 43,786 3,801 8.6809 Totals ' 334,321 10,300 3.0809 Earlier in the war the ratio of rejection was lower. Of 806,610 men examined in the first years of the war, 12,904, or 1.599 per cent., were rejected; but 501,002 of these were drafted men, of whom 9646, or 1.925 per cent., were exempted. The ratio of colored men rejected during the rebellion was about one-fourth that of white ; now it is more than one-half — this notwith- standing the fact that the colored recruit of to-day is younger in proportion. To quote again from Tripler's Manual: "It has been MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS, 219 observed that for acceptable colored recruits the age of twenty-five or twenty-six is practically the maximum, because after that they are liable to be physically stiffened and mentally dulled."' ( The limit of thirty- five. is the extreme for recruits under ordinary circumstances.) The negro does not seem to have been improved physically by free- dom. To sum up in a single sentence, I would say that the man of to- day does not have better teeth than the man of forty years ago ; and the negro of to-day does not have as good teeth as his grandfather had in slavery. 2:^0 KANSAS ACADEMY OP SCIENCE, ON CERTAIN METHODS OF THE GEOMETRY OF POSITION.* By Arnold Emch, Boulder, Colo. Read before the Academy, by title, at lola, December 31, 1901. I. INTRODUCTION. 'T^HE present tendency of scientific specialization is generally justi- ■^ tied ; it is in the interest of pure science. This is especially true of the devolopment of mathematical branches, where everything for- eign to the fundamental axioms is carefully discarded. A science in which this spirit is applied intentionally and systematically becomes a branch of philosophy; for instance, Grassmann's Linende Ans- dehnmgslehre, Lobatschesky's Geometry, v. Standt's Geometrie der Lage, Weierstrasse's Theory of Functions, etc. As such they are of the greatest importance for the rigorous development of mathemat- ical thought, and their value cannot be overestimated. It is a ques- tion, however, whether so-called pure methods are always what they pretend to be, and whether they are always to be recommended for pedagogical purposes. To take an example : Is it well to consider certain configurations in space in order to simplify the demonstration of propositions in plane geometry; or is it necessary, in order to be consistent, to apply only previously known propositions of plane geometry ? There is no doubt in my mind that the first can be done in a suc- cessful and consistent manner. In this paper I shall attempt to show the value of such methods for the teaching of the geometry of posi- tion. At this point I desire to say that descrij)tive geometry, as well as projective geometry, or the geometry of position, ought to be made regular courses in the mathematical departments of real universities. A knowledge of elementary descriptive geometry gives the student an invaluable power for the mastery of the more diflScult problems of projective geometry and of higher geometry ingeneral.f In what fol- lows I shall assume the knowledge of ordinary descriptive geometry. II. ADVANCED PLANE GEOMETRY. There are a great number of propositions in plane geometry which appear in their natural light when considered as projections of figures in space. As such they are independent of metrical relations and it is unnatural to prove them by equations. As an example, I may men- tion the homology of triangles. *A paper read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at Denver, Colo., August, 1901. t Regular courses in descriptive and projective geometry are now offered at nearly all uni- versities of continental Europe. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 221 Two triangles, ABC and A'B'C, are homologous, 1. When the rays AA', BB', CC, joining corresponding points, are concurrent ; or, also, 2. When the points of intersection of corresponding sides A B and A'B', BC and B'C, CA and C'A' are collinear. Each of these two definitions as a hypothesis necessitates the other as a thesis. Casey, in his Sequel to Euclid, which is very rich in beautiful ex- amples and propositions, but without an organism, reduces advanced geometry to an incoherent mass of metrical facts. To prove the propositions concerning homologous triangles, he introduces ratios of areas of triangles, and applies the theorem of Menelaos concerning transversals.* The same method is followed in most treatises on plane geometry. The immortal elements of Euclid, which in them- selves are of rare beauty and rigor, lead very soon to sterility when applied to projective properties of figures. Fig. 1 Homologous triangles appear in the simplest manner as plane sec- tions of triangular pyramids. Let V be the vertex of such a pyramid and ABC and A'B'C the intersections of its edges, with two oblique planes, P and P', respectively. Let S be the line of intersection of P and P'. A glance at the figure (fig. 1) shows that AB and A'B', BC and B'C, CA and CA' meet in points of S. * Loc, cit., book sixth. 222 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Now, two triangles, ABC and A'B'C, in which AA', BB', CC produced are concurrent may always be considered as the projection of a triangular pyramid cut by two oblique planes in ABC and A'B'C. Thus the foregoing proposition is established. In a similar manner the converse proposition may be proved. As a second example, let us take the proposition concerning three circles in a plane : The external centers of similitude of three circles of a pl&ne are collinear. Any two internal centers of similitude are always collinear with one of the external centers. Fig. 2. To prove this, let us consider three spheres whose projections are the three given circles in the plane. Any two of these spheres admit of an internal and external common tangent cone. Thus, designating the centers of the spheres by Ci, C2, C3, we obtain three external and three internal tangent cones whose respective vertices E]2, Eaa, E31, and I12, I23, I31, are coplanar, the plane P passing through Ci, C2, C3. The three spheres and the six cones have the same common tangent planes and these are 2 by 2 symmetrical with respect to P. Any two symmetrical planes ( there are eight common tangent planes ) are common tangent planes to the three spheres- and to three of the tangent cones. The three vertices of these cones are therefore necessarily collinear. We have therefore the result that the six vertices of the common tangent cones are coplanar and are 3 by 3 situated in straight lines; /. e., they form a complete quadrilateral. The collinear groups are, fig. 2 : E12 E12 E23 E31 B23 I23 I31 1 12 E31 1 31 1 12 I23 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 223 Fig. 3. Any orthographic or central projection of this configuration leads immediately to the original proposition. We may conversely use re- lations in a plane to establish propositions in space. Take, for instance, four circles in a plane and construct their external centers of similitude (fig. 3). It is found that they form a complete quadri- lateral, whose six points are 3 by 3 coUinear. The four circles may be considered as projections of spheres in space. Here the collin- earity of the vertices of corresponding common tangent cones still exists, and we have therefore the theorem : The six external centers of similitude of any four spheres in space are coplanar. Similar propositions hold for the internal centers. III. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION. In most text-books on descriptive geometry no attention is paid to certain geometrical principles which, as it Avill appear, form the base for nearly all projective constructions. It is also remarkable how easy these principles and relative propositions may be derived from exact intuition in space. From this point of view the necessity of including certain geometrical propositions in a course on descrip- tive geometry is imperative. I shall illustrate the points in question by the treatment of affinity of figures* (homology with an infinite center). ♦Fiedler: Geometrie der Lage, voL 1, pp. 1-115. 224 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Fig. 4. The horizontal and vertical projections of any point in the bisecting 13lane of the second and fonrth angle coincide. From this it follows that the projections of the piercing point of any line with the bisect- ing plane, which shall be designated by U, coincide, and are conse- quently obtained as the point of intersection of the two projections of the straight line. Let 1' and 1" be the projections of a line 1 and Di their point of intersection. In a similar manner, we designate by Ai, Bi, Ci, . . . . ; ai, bi, ci, . . . . the coinciding projections of points A, B, 0, and lines a, b, c, in U. As two points determine a straight line and as the projections of a point in U coincide, it follows that the projections of any line in U coincide also. Any plane P with the traces ti and t2 intersects U in a line u, whose projections coincide in ui. Evidently the traces ti, ta and the lines u and ui meet in the same point T of the ground line. The line u is therefore determined if another point is known. To find such a point, assume any straight line 1 in the plane P, figure 4, and construct its intersection L witli U. The straight line connecting T with L, or in the projections T with Li, is the required line. Every line in the plane P intersects the line u ; hence its projections meet in a point of the line ui. From this it is seen that the projections of points, lines and figures in a plane P are related by the two laws : 1. Corresponding projections of lines meet in points of a fixed straight line (axis of affinity). 2. Corresponding projections of points are situated in parallel lines. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 225 These are precisely the laws dominating the affinity of figures in a plane, which itself is a special case of homology (when the center is infinitely distant ), The propositions which we have established in connection with homologous triangles may be specialized for triangles related by affinity and their proof does not present the slightest diffi- culty. In fact, affinity results from homology by considering a triangular prism instead of a triangular pyramid, and it is clear that our previous reasoning applies also to this case. I shall now mention two metrical specializationsof affinity. Assume two triangles ABC and A'B'C related by affinity and assume that the parallel lines AA', BB', CO' be perpendicular to the axis of affinity, then the ratios between the distances of corresponding points from the axis of affinity are equal and the proposition holds : The areas of the two triangles are to each other as the distances of corresponding points from the axis of affinity. If this ratio is unity then their areas are equal and the triangles are in axial symmetry. If AA', BB'. CC are parallel to the axis of affinity then the areas of ABC and A'B'C are equal. This is a case which is never considered in plane geometry. I might extend this subject still further, but I hope the pre- vious treatment will be sufficient to show in what a simjjle and effect- ive manner, and without losing much time, important geometrical IDropositions may be obtained from the study of elementary de- script ve geometry. It is hardly necessary to point out that these propositions are conversely the most efficient and rapid means to make projections of plane figures. Suppose, for instance, that the horizontal projection of a plane fig- ure A, B, C, ..., the vertical projection C" of C and the line of inter- section u of the plane of ABC... wuth U be given. The vertical projection A"B"C"... may be constructed by the previous principles alone. Thus, to find B", connect B'C and prolong to the intersec- tion with ui; join the latter point to C", and from B' draw a perpen- dicular to the ground line. Where this perpendicular intersects the last line, is the required vertical projection B" of B. By this method three lines are sufficient to find a required point, while the ordinary method by means of the traces of the plane requires four or five ( two parallels and two perpendiculars in one case, and two connecting lines and three perpendiculars in the other). The same principle may be applied to find the true shape of a plane figure from its projec- tions ; three lines give a point of the rabatted figure. This method is, therefore, also in the line of Lemoin's Geom^trographie,* where fig- *M. E. Lamoia : Priacip3S de la Geometrographie, Archiv der Mathematik und Physik, Yol. 1, 1901, p. 99. —15 226 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. ures are constructed and investigated with reference to the greatest attainable simplicity. I can say from experience that there is hardly a subject in descriptive and advanced plane geometry in which the student takes more real interest than in this method of presenting the construction of plane figures in descriptive geometry, and of intro- ducing propositions of projective geometry. It seems to me the most natural way to higher geometry. IV. COLLINEATION. As in the previous chapter, I shall start from elementary construc- tions in descriptive geometry and through the study of perspective gradually arrive at the most general expression of collineation. A central projection, or a perspective, is determined by the plane of projection (pictorial plane) and the center (eye). Assuming the plane of the paper as the plane of projection and any point in space as the center, it is possible to construct the perspective of any figure in space in this plane. The center can be most easily located by a circle in the plane of projection. The radius of this circle is the distance of the center from the plane and "the center of the circle is the ortho- graphic projection of the center of projection upon the plane of projec- tion. This circle has been introduced into geometry by Professor Fiedler, of Zurich, and he calls it distance circle (distanzkreis).* Fig. 5. Let II' be the plane of projection and II an arbitrary plane, whose projection upon II' shall be made from a center C. Let S be the line of intersection of II' and II, fig. 5. To obtain the projection of any point P' of any point P in II, connect P with the center C ; then the point of intersection of this connecting line (indefinitely produced) ♦Darstellende Geometrie, vol. I, 1883. It must be mentioned that Courinery already uses a "cercle a distance" in his Geometrie Perspective, Paris, 1828, MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 227 with II' is the required point P'. In a similar manner the projection r of a line 1 in II is obtained as the line of intersection of the plane passing through C and 1 with II'. From this construction the follow- ing fundamental laws are immediately clear, and are in fact a mere restatement of the laws of homologous triangles previously considered. To every point of II corresponds one and only one point of II', and conversely, and both points are on the same ray through C. To every straight line of II corresponds a straight line of II', and conversely ; and both lines meet at the same point of s ( holds for any line). To the infinite line q of II corresponds a line q' of II', which is parallel to s. Conversely, to the infinite line r' of II' corresponds a line r parallel to s. The plane II is usually determined by its trace s in II' and either of the lines r and q'. If a straight line 1 in II is given, intersecting the trace s in S', the corresponding line 1' is obtained by drawing a line through C parallel to 1 and marking its point of intersection Q' with q'. It is evident that Q' is the projection of the infinitive point of 1, and the projection of 1 consequently passes through S' and Q'. Another way is to produce 1 till it intersects r in R and to join C with R. The line through S parallel to CR is the required projection 1' of 1. From the figure, it is seen that CRSQ' is a parallelogram and that PS : PR = P'S : CR. The planes through C parallel to II and II' form a space of a paral- lelepipedon. Keeping II' fixed it is possible by rotations about s and 228 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENGK. q' as axes to rabatte the planes through C, and II into II' without changing the figures situated in these planes. After the motion there is still OR = and || Q'S and SP' = SP', so that the distances PR and PS remain also unchanged. From this it follows that after the mo- tion P' and the rabatted position of P lie on a ray through the re- volved position of C. The laws expressing the relations between the revolved and projected figure are therefore the same as those between the figure in sjjace ( II ) and its projection II'. After the rabatte- ment, fig. 5 assumes the form of fig. 6. Here 1 and 1' are the two cor- responding lines which with s and SC form a pencil of four rays through S. As OP and CQ intersect this pencil there is (CLP'P) = (CMQ'Q). CO' CO The value of ( CMQ'Q ) is ^^, = ^^ = k, ray ; i. e., entirely independ- ent of the position of 1, 1', and CP. Thus, drawing any ray through 0 and intersecting s in S', any two points P and P' on this ray of the central projection form a constant ratio with C and S'. For all pos- sible pairs P and P' of corresponding points (CSPP') = constant. The different cases of central projection may be classified according to the position of the center of projection and the value of the con- stant k.* Laying any Carterian system of coordinates through 0, and desig- nating the coordinates of any pair of corresponding points P and P' by X, y, and x', y', respectively, it is an easy matter to derive from the figure the general form of the relation existing between these coordi- nates : , ax '"1 ^ ~dx + ey + f' I y (1) y ~dx + ey + f' I where - is the constant k of the projection. Formulas (1) represent the transformation of a point P into P', called perspective. The equation of the line r is dx + ey + f ^ o, and its correspond- ing line r' is infinitely distant. To the line q (x = go, y = oo) corre- sponds the line q' with the equation dx'+ ey' — a = o. The axis s is obtained by putting x':=x, y'=y, and its equation is dx + ey + f — a = o. Comparing the equations of the lines r, s, q', and their dis- tances from C, it is found that f — a _ f a 1 ' (F+e"' v' d-+e'' i/ d'+e* ' * Fiedler, loc. cit., p. 95. MISCELLANEOUS PAPEKS. 229 as it also appears from the figure. The deduction of formulas (1) from an actual perspective construction has the great advantage that all results gained from the analytical discussion may easily be inter- preted constructively and geometrically. It is noticed that a per- spective transformation depends upon three essential constants, i. e., if its center is fixed. This is equivalent to saying that the axis of perspective can be chosen in a doubly infinite number of ways, and the constant k in a singly infinite number. If to the perspective transformation P, as given by (1), we apply a dilation D, defined by x"=dx', y"=y', (2) and which may be considered as a special case of perspective where the center is infinite in a direction perpendicular to s. From this it is seen that the combination of a perspective and dilation ( PD ) may be expressed by x"~ ^''' "1 dx' + ey'-j- f ,,.__ by 1 y 1 •^ dx'+ey' + f J (3) Applying to this transformation consecutively a transformation by equal areas (A), defined by x"'=x" + ky" ) y"'=y" ) and which may also be considered as a special case of perspective, in which C is infinitely distant in a plane perpendicular to the bisecting plane of II and II' ; then a transformation (T), defined by (4) xW = x'" 4- V [ , (5) and finally a rotation ( R x<5)=nxW — my(4) y(5)=nxW+my(*) ^ ' ^ ' (m2 + n'-* = l), we arrive at a transformation of the form ax + by + c ~] y 0) X — dx -t- ey + f > _ gx + by -f 3 , y dx + ey + f ■ J This transformation is characterized by eight independent con- stants, and is called, as is well known, a projective transformation, or coUineation. It may be considered as the result of the combined transformations (PDATR), (8) which are determined by 3, 1, 1, 2, 1 parameters, respectively. It is 230 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. also well known that the latter are subgroups of the general project- ive group. From the constructive study of collineation we have thus arrived at the conception of the continuous projective groups of trans- formation. The method which we have followed makes it again pos- sible to follow the train of reasoning in the discussion of groups by illustrative constructions. It may, of course, be extended to space. V. CONCLUSION. A well-arranged parallelism of descriptive, synthetic and analytic methods in organic connection, a method chiefly cultivated by Fied- ler, seems to be most valuable for a rapid introduction into the fields of higher geometry. The introduction of critical discussion concern- ing the foundations of geometry into elementary treatises has a tendency to confuse the student. The establishment of the funda- mental principles of projective geometry independent of metrical relations or of the eleventh axiom of Euclid may follow an introduc- tion as outlined in this paper, v. Standt's construction, Fiedler's projective coordinates, Caley's and Klein's absolute geometry, or non- Euclidian geometry, must form indispensable parts of such an ad- vanced study. In the method followed by us, and which is partly, also, that of Poncelet, Steiner, and Charlps, the projective properties of the circle are easily established and transferred to conies by per- spective. It is, however, necessary to show that all curves of the second order defined as products of projective ranges and pencils, or analytically by equations of the second degree, are conies. There is no difficulty in doing this. Descriptive analytic methods are also of invaluable service for the ■study of congruences and complexes of rays and for higher geometry in general. In this respect I may mention the treatment of linear complexes, the congruence of bisecants of a twisted cubic, of the ■"Null system," by descriptive methods, and their elegant representa- tion by certain partial differential equations.* There is one branch of mathematics which is rarely mentioned in connection with projective geometry, namely, kinematics. In the hands of Penucellier, Kempe, Sylvester, Hart, and, in recent times, especially by Professor Koenigs, of Paris, kinematics has rendered valuable services to modern geometry. Starting from the beautiful theorem j that every plane and twisted algebraic curve and every alge- braic surface may be described by a linkage, Koenigs invented a plani- graph, and quite recently, also, a link-motion perspectivograph, real- izing collineation. A short treatment of these interesting linkages would form a valuable addition to any text- book on projective geometry. * See my paper " On the Congruences of Rays (3,1) and (1,3)," Annals of Mathematics; also, S, Lie: Geometrie der Beruhrungs-transformationen, vol. I, p. 326. t Koenigs: Lecons de Cinematique, Paris, 1897, pp, 271, 297, 305. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 23i THE ELEVEN-AND-ONE-HALF-INCH EQUATORIAL TELESCOPE, WASHBURN COLLEGE OBSERVATORY. By H, L. Woods, Washburn College, Topeka. Read before the Academy, at Topeka, January 1, 1903. 'T^HE telescope lately erected in the new observatory of Washburn ■^ College is of very moderate size when compared with the many large instruments. However, it is hoped that a short description of it may be not entirely without interest. The objective has a clear aperture of 11| inches and a focal length of 165 inches. The form of the lens is of the Herschel pattern, with no air space except that due to variation in the curvature of the surfaces. The glass was fur- nished by Mantois, of Paris, who also furnished the glass for the Lick and the Yerkes objectives. The lens was ground by Brashear, of Allegheny, Pa. There are five eyepieces, of the following powers : 120, 165, 220, 330, and 715. A helioscopic eyepiece is provided, and a wide-angle comet eyepiece of 150 power. The finder has an aper- ture of three inches and a power of twenty. The column to the top of the declination head is ten feet in height. It is made in three sections, including the declination head. On the inside of the base, near the bottom, are cast lugs to support a floor of wood and concrete, which effectually prevents air currents from pass- ing through the column. This has been found to be a protection to the clock in frosty weather, where, as is the case with this instrument, there is an open air space below the base. The second section con- tains the driving clock, and carries on its north side the R. A. dial and reading microscopes for the fine hour circle. The two sections of the column proper and the declination head are rigidly bolted to- gether. Their aggregate weight is 2350 pounds. The thrust at the lower end of the polar axis is taken by ball bear- ings in phosphor-bronze casings. The upper end of the axis is carried by a phosphor-bronze bearing. The friction at this point is relieved by anti-friction rollers. The polar axis terminates in a head to which is attached by heavy screws the declination sleeve. Through this sleeve runs the declination axis, which in turn contains the rods for operating from the eye end of the telescope tube the clamp and slow motion on the polar axis. The tube is of steel sheets closely riveted. The main draw-tube for focusing is operated by rack and pinion and carries a smaller draw- tube, Both tubes are provided with scales for locating proper posi- 232 KA.NSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. tions for different uses of the instrument. Two weights sliding on rods which are attached by brackets to the eye end of the tube coun- terpoise the objective. The entire tube is counterpoised by five cyl- indrical weights which are threaded onto the opposite end of the declination axis. This system of counterpoises admits of very prompt and accurate balancing of the tube, called for by the addition or re- moval of accessories such as micrometer, spectroscope, or photo- graphic attachments. The system of circles for setting and for determining positions is very complete and convenient. The coarse hour circle near the lower end of the polar axis is divided to five minutes of time. Its gradua- tions are easily visible from the floor. Setting in right ascension is, however, much more advantageously effected by a dial set into the north side of the column. The graduations on this dial read by a vernier to single minutes of time. The hand wheel for shifting the telescope rapidly in right ascension is situated just below the dial. The coarse declination circle is graduated to degrees and easily read from the floor or observing chair. The fine hour circle reads to five seconds of time, and is read by means of prisms through microscopes which project from the north side of the pier just above the R. A. dial. This arrangement permits the observer to read the fine hour circle and the setting dial and to operate the rapid motion without changing his position. The fine circle in declination reads by ver- niers to thirty seconds of arc and is read by microscopes at the eye end of the telescope. All the circles and the R. A. dial are lighted by small incandescent lamps. The current is distributed and controlled in the following manner : The mains are brought up through the column to a switch just below the R. A. dial. This switch lights, as desired, the R. A- dial, the hour circle, or the coarse declination circle. The current for the hour and declination circles and the micrometer is carried through contact rings on the polar and declination axes. A switch at the eye end lights the fine declination circle or the micrometer. The lights are all carefully shaded, and may be left turned on, if desired, without interfering with observations. The driving clock runs very smoothly and quietly. It is provided with a maintaining device which permits winding without disturbing the motion of the telescope. All the bearings of the clock, the con- necting gears and the axes are exceedingly well fitted. This is at- tested by the fact that when the instrument was being set up, and before it was perfectly balanced and adjusted, the driving clock, with but seventy pounds of weights — one-half the full amount provided — maintained the motion of the telescope at nearly its required speed at The New Equatorial Telescope in the Washburn College Observatory. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 233 the very first trial. The weight of the movable parts of the telescope is about 1000 pounds. The column and the tube are enameled in a dark green. Compara- tively little brass is used in the construction. What is exposed is finely lacquered. In design, construction and finish the entire instru- ment is a fine specimen of mechanical skill. It received the grand prize at Paris in 1900, and the highest award at the Pan-American. A few words concerning the support and housing of the instrument may be of interest. The base rests on two fifteen-inch I beams run- ning north and south. Underneath these are two others of the same size running east and west. The observing floor, which is fixed, is eleven inches above the top of the upper beams. The dome room is 21 feet 6| inches in diameter. It is covered by a 26-foot copper-sheathed dome. The observing slit is 40 inches wide in the clear and is closed by a single shutter. The height from the observing floor to the center of the dome is 26 feet 9 inches. The dome weighs about fifteen tons, and is carried on a steel track by twelve conical rollers with roller bearings. It is rotated by an endless wire cable passing over a sheave which is operated by a hand rope and pulley. A light pull with one hand is all that is required to shift the position of the dome. Both telescope and dome were built by the Warner & Swasey Com- pany, Cleveland, Ohio. The erection was under the charge of their representative, Mr. E. P. Burrell, whose skill and care in the work deserve special mention. 234 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. REVIEW OF THE CROP SEASON OF 1902. By T. B. Jennings, Topeka. Read (by title ) before the Academy, at Topeka, January 2, 1903. JANUARY. ^T^HE mean temperature was 1.3 degrees above normal and the pre- -■- cipitation averaged 0.09 above the normal. The first three weeks of the month were unusually warm and dry, followed by colder weather, and much snow the last ten days. Much plowing was accomplished in the southern counties. Wheat, not pastured too closely, continued in good condition, and during the cold weather was covered with snow two to six inches deep. FEBRUARY. Was cold and dry, the mean temperature being 3.2 degrees below normal and the precipitation 0.27 of an inch below. During the coldest part of the month the wheat in the eastern and many of the central counties was fairly well covered with snow. At the close of the month the wheat was generally in good condition, though in some of the central counties it had been somewhat damaged by the cold. Plowing was resumed in the southern and some of the central counties during the last week, and oat sowing began in Montgomery county and barley sowing in Clark. MARCH. W^heat improved rapidly in the last ten days of the month, and, with few exceptions, was in fair condition in the central counties, and fine condition in the eastern, being in the best condition where the snow had remained the longest in the winter. Oat sowing was well along in the northern counties; completed in the southern, where they were coming up. Corn planting had begun in the south.' Early potatoes were mostly planted. Flax sowing had begun south. Tame grasses were growing well in the south and starting in the north, with prairie grass starting in the south and alfalfa greening. Peach and apricot trees were beginning to bloom in the south ; but the peach buds had been winter-killed in the north and mostly killed in the central counties. APRIL. The weather was not favorable for crop growth, but fine for field- work, except on the 20th, 21st, 22d, and 25th, when high winds were general. Wheat continued in good condition in the central and southern counties of the eastern division, where the principal rains J MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 235 occurred during the month, but in the northern and central counties of the state it was more or less injured by the dry weather and high winds. Corn planting was pushed during the month, and by the end of the month the early planting was generally up in the central and southern counties, and was being cultivated in the south. Oats were generally up the first part of the month, but the prevailing weather was not conducive to rapid growth. Flax sowing was nearly com- pleted by the middle of the month and the flax was coming up. Grass started slowly. Peaches bloomed well in the southern and most of the central counties, but many had been winter-killed in che north- ern. Apples, cherries and plums were blossoming by the close of the month. MAY. A good month for the growth of crops. Wheat began heading in the southern and central counties, and corn cultivation became gen- eral in the same district the first week. Oats, grass and alfalfa im- proved rapidly. Early strawberries were marketed in the south. Canker-worms were damaging some orchards. Warm weather and favorable rains continued through the second week ; wheat had headed in the central counties and was blooming in some of the southern ; corn was clean, a good stand, and growing rapidly ; grass grew finely ; oats were doing well ; potatoes were in bloom south and beginning to bloom in the central counties; alfalfa was being cut in the south and was ready to cut in many of the central counties. Fine growing weather continued through the third week; wheat still im- proving, but it was heading short in Atchison ; it was in bloom in many of the central counties and filling well in the southern; corn a good stand and growing rapidly, but ground too wet for cultivation ; alfalfa cutting progressed under difficulties, and in some localities the hay was ruined by wet weather ; strawberries ripened in the central counties ; grass was in fine condition. The fourth week was cool and wet ; although ioo cool for corn it was suitable for small grains and grass ; wheat ripened in southern and a few central counties ; corn showed need of sunshine; alfalfa cutting progressed in a few coun- ties, but farmers generally waited for more suitable weather ; some clover was cut in Woodson. .JUNE. A fine month for growing crops. The first week of the month was warm, with light showers in the western and eastern divisions and some heavy rains in the central counties of the middle division, and much needed work was accomplished in the fields. Corn grew rapidly and began tasseling in the southern counties. Wheat harvest pro- gressed in the southern counties wherever the ground was dry enough, 236 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. and began in the central. Oats were greatly improved this week and began to give promise of a good crop. Flax much improved. Apples improved generally, though in a few counties they fell badly. The first crop of alfalfa was generally cut, but considerable difficulty was experienced in curing and saving it. Haying began in some of the eastern counties. While the second week was warm, it was also a wet week over a large part of the state, and not only interfered with wheat harvest but also washed out much corn. Corn continued its fine growth. Oats improved very much ; the crop began heading in the central counties and ripening in the southern. Grass growing finely. Early potatoes were fine and were being marketed in many counties. Late cherries ripened in a few southern counties. The third week was cool and wet, the temperature averaging nine degrees below nor- mal ; the wet weather retarded the wheat harvest. The oat harvest began in the south wherever possible to work. Corn grew very rap- idly ; it continued tasseling in the southern and some central counties, and began to silk in some southern counties. The second crop of alfalfa was fine, and in several eastern counties was ready to cut. Flax bloomed. Apples continued dropping in a few counties, and did well in others ; early apples were marketed in the south. Prairie-grass continued to improve, giving promise of a fine hay crop. The fourth week was very cool for the season, the temperature ranging from ten de- grees below normal, in the eastern, to six degrees below in the western counties. Little or no rain fell, except in a strip of counties extend- ing from Finney and Reno to Republic, Marshall, and Brown. Wheat harvest progressed rapidly, and by the close of the week most of the wheat was in shock, and some stacking and thrashing had been done. Oats ripened rapidly, and harvest progressed in the southern and cen- tral counties — a fine crop. Corn was laid by in several counties; tasseling became more general ; the crop gave fine promise. Flax ripening. The second crop of alfalfa was cut in many counties. Prairie-grass continued in fine condition, and new hay appeared on the market in several counties. JULY. Fine growing weather prevailed over the state the greater part of the month. The temperatures were seasonable the first week, with good rain over the entire state. Wheat harvest was finished over a large portion of the state, and thrashing and stacking began. Corn grew rapidly and was in fine condition ; much of it tasseled and silked as far north as the Kaw, with roasting ears in the extreme south. Oat harvest progressed in many counties, and was nearly completed in the south. Flax looked fine. Apples gave good promise, the early apples being ripe and very good. Tame-hay cutting progressed this week. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS, 237 The second crop of alfalfa was cut in a few counties. Potatoes were fine, with promise of an unusually lar^e crop. During the second week good rains fell over the larger part of the state, with the temperature slightly below normal. Wheat harvest was finished this week ; much sprouting in stack began, due to the rainy, damp weather. Thrashing progressed where dry enough, with poor to good yields. Oats were generally in the shock, except in the northern counties, where they were too dry to cut. Corn continued in fine condition and growing rapidly, and yielding roasting ears in the central counties. Cutting of the second crop of alfalfa progressed slowly on account of the wet weather. Potatoes were injured some by the heavy rains and high water in the northern counties. Tame haying continued in many counties, and plowing for fall wheat began in a few. The third week was much drier and quite warm, favorable for out- door work, much of which was accomplished. Corn continued in fine condition in the eastern and middle divisions, but was somewhat dam- aged by the heat in the central and northern counties of the western the early part of the week ; greatly benefited, however, by the cool weather the latter part. Thrashing from the shock and stacking of wheat and oats progressed rapidly, the oats giving very good yields. Apples were quite promising in many counties. The second crop of alfalfa was cut in many counties. Potatoes continued to give large yields in some of the eastern counties. Grass was an unusually heavy crop. Flax cutting began in a few counties. • The fourth week was warm, though the temperatures were slightly below normal, with a better distribution of rain. The corn, with a few northwestern exceptions, was in unusually good condition this week, much of the early corn in the central and southern counties be- ing hard enough to feed. Flax cutting became more general. Tame hay was mostly secured this week, and prairie haying became more general ; a fine crop. The third crop of alfalfa grew rapidly, under favorable conditions. Apples continued giving good promise in many counties, though dropping in a few. Forage crops were in fine con- dition. Plowing for fall sowing progressed in a few couniies. AUGUST. Very warm weather the early part of the first week, followed by heavy showers in the northwestern, central and southern counties, lighter elsewhere, and cooler ; the high temperature first of the week was unfavorable to the corn, ripening it too rapidly, but the cooler weather following not only improved the corn, but all other crops, too. ' Early corn was hard enough to feed in the central counties and was marketed in a few southern. Thrashing continued, with good 238 KANSAS ACADEMY OP SCIENCE. yields of oats and poor to good yields of wheat and flax. The third crop of alfalfa was cut in some counties and was growing well in others ; a good crop. Plowing for fall seeding progressed in some counties, but was stopped in some by too much rain and in some others by hard ground. The second week began cool, but soon changed to hot ; good rains fell in the eastern half of the state, with fair rains in many counties of the western half. The early corn was practically matured this week, and cutting began in several of the central and southern counties ; late corn was damaged some by the dry, hot weather of the central and western counties. Prairie haying progressed rapidly, and a fine crop was being put up. Thrashing continued and new wheat was freely marketed. Apples a fine crop in some counties, poor in others ; forage crops were in good condition. A fine crop of millet hay was put up in the central northern counties. The first part of the third week was quite warm, cool the latter part. Fine rains fell over the entire state, except the extreme south- western counties and the north portion of the central northern coun- ties, greatly imj^roving the late corn, but injuring wheat, oats and flax in the shock, and stopping thrashing and plowing. Pastures, alfalfa, range grass, forage crops and apples were greatly improved by the rains and cooler weather. The fourth week was much cooler than the third, with heavy rains over the northern and eastern counties, good rains through the central and lighter showers in the southern counties. Corn, with few excep- tions, was doing well, the cool, wet weather being decidedly beneficial to the late corn, which was green and growing ; cutting early corn continued ; new corn was being fed in some counties. Apples were improved. The wet weather caused much wheat in stack to sprout, and retarded haying, both alfalfa and prairie ; it improved forage crops and pastures, but ruined many potatoes in the ground. SEPTEMBER. The month was cool ; the first week was very wet in the eastern division'; with little or no rain in the middle and western divisions ; the second and third weeks were dry, except in the extreme south- eastern counties ; the last week was very wet, except in the extreme southwestern counties. Wheat and rye sowing began the first week and had become general by the third week. Corn cutting continued in the central and northern counties, and husking in the central and southern. Prairie haying was pushed in all parts, and a large crop was put up. Plowing progressed. Much alfalfa seed was sown, but all field-work was stopped by the heavy rains of the fourth Week. Early-sown wheat and rye began coming up the second week, and by MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 239 the end of the month a good stand was had over a large part of the state. Apples were fine and the crop large ; picking began the last of the month. Potato digging began the latter part of the month. Some damage was done to corn in the shock by the heavy rains the last week, which also damaged some potatoes in the ground. OCTOBER. In the eastern division, the weather was quite favorable for farm work after the first week; owing to previous wet- weather delays in sowing, much wheat was sown after the 10th ; early-sown wheat was up, growing well, and presented a good stand. Corn husking was being pushed ; the crop was good in quality and quantity. The Pottawatomie sweet potatoes have all been secured. Fall seeding of alfalfa and English blue-grass was successful in the north. In the middle divi- sion, wheat was growing fairly well ; at the close of the month, wheat sowing was progressing in several counties, and finished in some, but was stopped by the dry ground in some of the southern counties. Corn husking was progressing, though in Phillips corn was rather gr6en yet. The second growth of hay was in the head in Sumner, and some was being cut for hay. In the western division, growing wheat was in fine condition, but much remained to be sown, the ground having been too wet the first part of the month. Weather quite favorable. RAINFALL FOR CROP SEASON OF 1902. SCALE IN INCHES. ^ Less than 15. 15 to 20. z: 20 to 30. Over 30. Over 40. COL. N. S. GOSS. DR. GEO. T. FAIRCHILD. VI. NECROLOGY. Col. N. S. Goss, Dr. Geo. T. Faibchild, Davis A. Boyles. -16 COL. N. S. GOSS. lyATHANIEL STICKNEY GOSS was born in Lancaster, N. H., -^^ June 8, 1826. At an early age he moved with his father to Pewaukee, Wis. Here he received a common-school education, sup- plemented by a few short terms in a local academy. In 1857 he came to Kansas and became one of the first settlers at Neosho Falls. In 1860 he was elected major in the Sixteenth Kansas Cavalry, and in 1863 he was made lieutenant-colonel. He was employed for a time as a scout for United States troops. He served as register of the United States land-ofiice at Humboldt, and was for a time land at- torney for the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railway, and also for the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. He was president of the Neosho Valley railroad during its construction. Colonel Goss was, from his youth, a lover of birds. He always de- voted such leisure as he could find to their study, and, when he re- tired from active business, devoted the greater part of his time to collecting and preparing the magnificent ornithological exhibit which he afterward presented to the state of Kansas. It is one of the finest collections of North American birds in existence, and in pursuit of the specimens which it contains Colonel Goss visited many sections of the United States, British America, Mexico, and Central America. Colonel Goss was an active member of the Kansas Academy of Sci- ence and a frequent contributor to its transactions. His papers related mostly to the ornithology of Kansas. He also was a frequent con- tributor to The Auk, the organ of the American Ornithologists' Union, of which he was one of the founders and a life member. He prepared two catalogues of the birds of Kansas, which were published by the state. His chief work was the large octavo "History of the Birds of Kansas," published but a few days before his sudden death, which oc- curred at Neosho Falls, March 10, 1891. Colonel Goss had a host of personal friends and no enemies, but there were few whom he admitted to the circle that might claim inti- macy with him. It was only these few who could properly appreciate the sterling worth and sincerity of the man. To others he was friendly and courteous, but he gave them no insight into his inner life. He was a man of rare powers of observation, and his judgment of men was not often at fault. In his death the state lost a most valuable citizen, and the cause of science a firm friend. (243) 244 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. DR. GEO. T. FAIRCHILD. GEORGE THOMPSON FAIRCHILD was born in Brownhelm, Lorain county, Ohio, October 6, 1838. He was the youngest of eight children ; was educated at Oberlin College, graduating from the classical course in 1862, and from the theological depart- ment in 1865. He was ordained to the ministry of the Congrega- tional church, but was never a pastor. In 1865 he was elected an instructor in the Michigan State Agricultural College, and in the fol- lowing year was appointed as professor of English literature. After nearly fourteen years in this position, he resigned it to accept the presidency of the Kansas State Agricultural College, to which place he was elected in 1879. He brought to his work in Kansas a ripe scholarship and such a clear appreciation of the true scope of agri- cultural education that he became the ideal president for such an in- stitution. He was a man of great energy, of sound judgment in business affairs, and of experience in educational work. He had that love and respect for scientific truth that enabled him properly to ap- preciate the great importance of science as the foundation of all suc- cessful agriculture. While he never dictated methods to his associates in the faculty of the college, but left them unhampered, he stimulated each to do his best within his sphere, and held him to strict account as to results. His retirement from the presidency of the college in 1897, the re- sult of political change in the state, was a great misfortune to Kansas. But his eighteen years of faithful service, poorly paid for, as such services usually are, were of great benefit in molding character and in impressing high ideals of life and service, which will have lasting effect in the state. After a year of retirement from teaching, during which Doctor Fairchild wrote "Rural Wealth and Welfare," published by McMillan & Co. in their Rural Science series, he was called to the vice-presidency and chair of English literature in Berea College, Kentucky, a position which he held until his death. This event oc- curred, after a protracted illness and a severe surgical operation, in a hospital at Columbus, Ohio, March 16, 1901. Doctor Fairchild had been for some time an annual member of the Kansas Academy of Science, and had taken a deep interest in its work. While not himself absorbed in any scientific pursuit, he en- couraged scientific investigation in every way possible, and recognized its importance to the work in which he was engaged ; and it was fitting that after his removal from the state the Academy should recognize NECROLOGY. 245 his friendly spirit toward his work by electing him to honorary mem- bership. This was done at the holiday meeting of two years ago ; but disease had already laid its hand upon him and he was too weak to acknowledge the receipt of the secretary's notice of his election. By his death the cause of science and the cause of education both sus- tained a great loss. His was a personality and character whose good influence was impressed upon thousands of young lives in Michigan, in Kansas, and in the whole country, and his early death was a cause for sincere regret. DAVIS A. BOYLES. DAVIS A. BOYLES was born in Saline county, Kansas, August 17, 1872, and died at Salina, July 9, 1902. Most of his life was spent in Salina and near that place. He was an enthusiastic naturalist, and was a scholarly gentleman. He was a teacher in the schools of Salina, and had at times acted as assistant to Prof. A. W. Jones, at the Salina Wesley an University. He was married in May of 1902, and besides his young wife, he leaves a mother, father, and a brother. He was elected an active member of the Kansas Academy of Science at the McPherson meeting, December 29, 1899. VII. APPENDIX. Accessions to the Academy Library, 1901 and 1902. General Index to the Academy Transactions, 1872 to 1900. Index to Volume XVIII (1903). Advertisement of Volumes Issued by the Academy. Announcements by the Secretary. Additions to List of Members. APPENDIX. ACCESSIONS TO THE LIBRARY. JANUARY 1, 1901, TO DECEMBER 31, 1902. In moving the Academy library into new and permanent quarters, the accession list for 1901 ■was lost, and the present list is made as nearly complete as possible. CALIFORNIA. Berkeley. University of California : Bulletins of the Department of Geology, vol. II, Nos. 8 to 12 (1901) ; vol. Ill, Nos. 1 to 6, 1902. Los Angeles. The West American Scientist : Vol. 13, No. 4, 1902. San Francisco. California Academy of Sciences : Proceedings, third series, 1901-'02. Botany, vol. II, Nos. 1 to 11. Zoology, vol. II, Nos. 7 to 11 ; vol. Ill, Nos. 1 to 4. Stanford University. Contributions to Biology from the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory : Articles XXIII-XXVIII, 1901-'02. COLORADO. Boulder. University of Colorado: Studies, vol. I, No. 1, 1902. Colorado Springs. Colorado College : Studies, vol. IX. Denver. Colorado Scientific Society : Proceedings, vol. VI, 1897-1900; vol. VII, pp. 1 to 40. DISTRICT OF, COLUMBIA. Washington. Biological Society of Washington : Proceedings, vol. 14 ; vol. 15, pp. 1 to 250, 1902. Charles W. Smiley, publisher: The American Monthly Microscopical Journal, vol. 22, 1901 ; vol. 23, seven numbers, 1902. United States Department of Agriculture : Annual Report of Secretary for 1901-'02. Year Book, 1901. Index to Year Books, 1894-1900. Bulletins, Circulars and Reports for 1901-'02, from the following divisions : Agros- tology, Animal Industry, Biological Survey, Botany, Chemistry, Entomology, Experiment Stations, Foreign Markets, Forestry, Plant Industry, Publications, Soils, Weather Bureau, Irrigation Experiments. United States Department of the Interior : United States Geological Survey. Nineteenth Annual Report, seven parts, 1897-'98. Twentieth Annual Report, seven parts, 1898-'99. Twenty-first Annual Report, seven parts, 1899-1900. (249) 250 KANSAS ACADEMY OP SCIENCE. Washington. United States Department of the Interior: Monographs, vol. XXXIX, 263 pp. ; XL, 148 pp. ; XLI, 802 pp. Balletins 163-194, 1901-'02. Two special papers on Alaska. Smithsonian Institution : Annual Reports, 1900-'01. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. XLI. Contributions to Knowledge. Experiments with Ionized Air, 1901. Bureau of Ethnology : Annual Report, vol. 19, in two parts, 1159 pp., 1897-98. United States Navy Department: Report of Superintendent of Naval Observatory, 1901. United States Coast and Geodetic Survey : Annual Report, 1900. ILLINOIS. Chicago. Armour Institute of Technology : Year Books, 1901-'02, 1902-'03. Chicago Academy of Sciences : BuUetin, vol, II, No. 4, 1902. Field Columbian Museum: Anthropological series, vol. 3, Nos. 1, 2, 3. Botanical series, vol. 1, No. 7, and index. Geological series, vol. 1, No. 11. Zoological series, vol. 3, Nos. 6, 7. Library Bureau : Public Libraries ( monthly ), vol. 6, vol. 7, 1902. University of Chicago : Department of Geology, Journal of Geology, vols. 9, 10, 1901 02. Rock Island. Augustaua Library Publications, 1900, No. 3, 1902. Urbana. Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History : Bulletin, vol. VI, part 1. Indianapolis. Indiana Academy of Science : Proceedings, 1901. INDIANA. IOWA. Davbnpoet. Davenport Academy of Sciences : Proceedings, 1901. Des Moines. Iowa Geological Survey : Vol. XII. KANSAS. Laweence. University of Kansas: The Kansas University Quarterly, vol. X, four numbers, 1901. University Geological Survey : Vol. VII, Mineral Waters. Mineral Resources for 1899, 190O-'01. Manhattan. Agricultural College : Bulletins, Nos. 99-114. Annual Reports, 13, 14, 15. The Industrialist, vols. 27, 28, 1901-'02. Topeka. Reports of the various state departments for 1901. ACCESSIONS TO LIBRARY. 251 MAINE. Augusta. State Board of Agriculture : Reports, vol. !>, No. 1, 1902. Portland. Portland Society of Natural History: Proceedings, vol. II, parts 3, 4, 5. MARYLAND. Baltimoee. Johns Hopkins University : Circulars, Nos. 149-160, 1901-'02. Maryland Geological Survey : Vols. Ill, IV. MASSACHUSETTS. Boston. American Academy of Arts and Sciences : Proceedings, vol. 37 ( 19Gl-'02 ) ; vol. 38, Nos. 1 to 9 ( 1902). Boston Society of Natural History : Proceedings, vol. XXX, Nos. 1 to 7. Massachusetts Horticultural Society : Transactions for 1900, for 1901, two parts. Cambridge. Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College : Annual Reports, 1900-'01, 1901-'02. Bulletins, vol. 37, No. 23; vol. 39, Nos. 1, 2, 3; vol. 40, Nos. 1, 2; vol. 41, No. 1. Tdfts College. Tufts College Studies, No. 7. Lansing. Michigan Geological Survey : Annual Report, 1901. MICHIGAN. MINNESOTA, Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletins, Nos. 69 to 72. Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences: Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 3. MISSOURI. Columbia. University of Missouri : Studies, vol. I, Nos. 2, 3, 4, ; vol. Ill, No. 10. *" St. Louis. Academy of Sciences of St. Loais ; Transactions, vol. 12, Nos. 1 to 9. Missouri Botanical Garden : Annual Reports, vol. 12, 165 pp., 47 plates ; vol. 13, 133 pp., 99 plates, 1902. MONTANA. Missoula. University of Montana : Bulletin No. 3, Summer Birds of Flathead Lake. NEBRASKA. Lincoln. University of Nebraska : Graduate Bulletins, series 6, No. 3 ; series 7, No. 3. 252 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. * NEW JERSEY. Teenton. State Geological Survey: Report for 1901. NEW YORK. Bdffalo. Grosvenor Library: Catalogue of Books on Latin America, 1901. Catalogue of Poetry in English Language, 1902. BrookltiN. Museum of Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences: Vol. 1, No. 1, 1901. Hamilton. Colgate University, Department of Geology : Circular for 1901-'02. New Brighton. Natural Science Association of Staten Island: Proceedings, vol. 8, Nos. 1 to 17. New York. New York Academy of Sciences: • Annals, vol. 14, parts 1, 2. Memoirs, quarto, vol. II, parts 1, 2, 3. New York Botanical Garden: BuUetin, vol. 2. Nos. 6, 7, 15 ; vol. 3, No. 32. Journal, vol. II, No. 15 (1901) ; vol. Ill, No. 32 (1902). Hyde Exploring Expedition : The Papoose, December, 1902. The Electrical Review : Vols. 37-41, 1901-'02. ROCHESTEB. Rochester Academy of Sciences: Proceedings, vol. Ill, parts 1, 2, 3, 4 ; vol. IV, pp. 1 to 64, 1901. OHIO. Cincinnati. C.G.Lloyd: Mycological Notes, 5, 6, 7, 8 (1901). Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio: Annual Report for 1901, Lloyd Library : Bulletins, Reproductive series. No. 2; Pharmacy series, No. 1 ; Mycological series, No. 1. Cincinnati Museum Association: Annual Reports, 21, 1901. Cleveland. Western Reserve Historical Society: Vol. IV, Tracts 89, 90, 1901. Columbus. Ohio Academy of Science : Annual Reports, 9, 10, 1901-'02. Special papers. No. 4, The Fishes of Ohio, 1901. Ohio Archffiological and Historical Society : Quarterly, vol. 11, Nos. 1, 2. Annual Report for 1901. Ohio State University Naturalist: Vols. I, II, 1901-02. Ohio State University, Department of Zoology and Entomology : Bulletins, Nos. 6, 7, 8, 1901-'02. Journal of Mycology: Vol. 8, Nos. 61-64, 1902. Geanville. Denison University : Bulletin of the Scientific Laboratories, vol. 12, Nos. 1 to 4; Memoirs, vol. I, No. 1. ACCESSIONS TO LIBRARY. 253 WOOSTEE. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station: Balietins. Nos. 123 to 133. 1901-'02. PENNSYLVANIA. Philadelphia. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: Proceedings for the years 1899, 1901, 1902; vol. 51, parts 1, 2, 1902. American Philosophical Society : Proceedings, vol. 40, Nos. 165-167, 1901-'02; vol. 41, Nos. 168-170. Transactions, vol. XX, parts 1,2, 3, 1899-1902. Henry Kraemer, author: On Continuity of Protoplasm. The Structure of the Starch Grain. Numismatic and Antiquarian Society : Proceedings for years 1899-1901. University of Pennsylvania : Free Museum of Science and Art, Bulletins, vol. 3, four parts, 1901. PiTTSBDEG. Carnegie Institute : The Fifth Annual Celebration of Founder's Day. Carnegie Museum : Publications, Nos. 6, 7. WiLKESBAEEE. Wyoming Historical and Geological Society : Proceedings and CoUections, vol. V, 1900 ; vol. VI, 1901 ; vol. VII, 1902. Newpoet. Natural History Society : Proceedings, 1891-'99. RHODE ISLAND. SOUTH DAKOTA. Deadwood. George Walter Hale, author: Earthquakes, their Origin and Phenomena. TENNESSEE. Knoxville. University of Tennessee : Record, vol. 4, six numbers ; vol. 5, five numbers, 1902. TEXAS. AD8TIN. Texas Academy of Science : Transactions, vol. 4, parts I, II, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 1902. University of Texas Mineral Survey: Bulletins 3, 4, 1902. BUELINGTON. State Agricultural College : Bulletins 85-92, 1901-'02. VERMONT. WASHINGTON. Olympia. State Geological Survey : Vol. 1, 1901. Spokane. L. K. Armstrong, publisher : Mining, a monthly magazine, vols. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1900-'02. 254 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. WISCONSIN. Madison. Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters: Transactions, vol. 13, part 1, 1900. Geological and Natural History Survey: Bulletins, Economic series, No. 4, The Clays and Clay Industries of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee : Annual Reports, 19, 20. Wisconsin Natural History Society : Bulletin, vol. II, Nos. 1, 2, 3. CANADA. Halifax, N. S. Nova Scotia Institute of Natural Science: Proceedings and Transactions, vol. X, parts 3, 1900-'01. Report of Department of Mines, 1898-1900. Hamilton. Hamilton Association : Journal and Proceedings, vols. 16, 17, 18, 1900-'02. Montreal, Quebec. Natural History Society of Montreal: Canadian Record of Science, vol. VIII, parts 6, 7, 8, 1902. Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, vol. 4, No. 1, 1902, Ottawa, Ontaeio. Department of Agriculture: Statistical Year Book, 1901. Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada : General Index to Reports of Progress, 1863-84. Catalogue of the Marine Invertebrata of Eastern Canada, 1901. Ottawa Field Naturalists' Club: Ottawa Naturalist, vols. 15, 16, 190|-'02. Quebec, Quebec. V. A. Huard, publisher: Le Naturaliste Canadien, vols. 28, 29, 1901-'02. Toeonto, Ontaeio. Canadian Institute : Transactions, vol. VII, part 1, 1901. Caswell Company, publishers: Catalogue of Canadian Publications, 1902. MEXICO. Mexico City. Instituto Geologico de Mexico: Boletin, 15, 1901. Observatorio Meteorologico Magnetico Central: Boletins, 1900, January to October, 1901. Observations during the Eclipse of May 28, 1900, Text and Atlas. Sociedad Cientifica "Antonio Alzate" : Memorias y Revista, tomosXV, Nos.6tol2, 1901 ; XVI, six Nos.; XVII, three Nos., 1902. Sociedad de Agricultura, Mineria e Industrias : Boletin, ano XI, XII. Data referring to Mexican Mining, 1901, prepared for Paris Exposition, by Carlos Sellerier. WEST INDIES. Kingston, Jamaica. Botanical Gardens : Bulletins, vols. 8, 9, 1901-'02. Board of Agriculture : First Report, 1901. Report of Public Gardens, 1900, 1901. ACCESSIONS TO LIBRARY. 255 SOUTH AMERICA. ARGENTINA. BcENOs Aires. Museo Nacional: Anales, t. VII, 1902; ComuHicaciones, vol. 1, Nos. 1 to 10, 1901. Sociedad Cientifica Argentina : Anales, t. 51, 52, 53, 54, three parts ( 1902 ) ; Index to vols. 1 to 40. La Plata. Dr. Florentino Amegbino: Special papers. Museo de la Plata : Revista, t. X, 1902. BRAZIL. Paea. Museo Paraense de Historia Natural : Boletin, vol. Ill, part 2, 1901. Rio de Janeiro. Sociedad do Qeographia : Revista, t. XIV, 1901. Santiago. Societe Scientifique du Chili : Actes, tome XI, 1901-'02. CHILE. SOUTH AFRICA. The First Report of Geological Survey of Natal and Znluland, 1901. AUSTRALIA. Brisbane, Queensland. Royal Society of Queensland : Proceedings, vols. XVI, XVII, 1901. Melbourne, Victoria. Geological Survey of Victoria : Geological Reports, 1900. Sydney, New South Wales. Department of Mines and Agriculture : Annual Reports, 1901. Mineral Resources, 1901. Records of the Geological Survey, vols. II to VII. EUROPE. AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Brunn, Moravia. Naturforschende Verein: Verhandlungen, bands XXXVIII, XXXIX, 1899-1900. Bericht der Meteorologischeu Commission, XVIII, 1898; XIX, 1899. Budapest, Hungary. Magyarhoni Foldtani Tarsulat ( Hungarian Geological Society ) : Foldtani Kozlony, XXXI, XXXII, 1901-'O2, Royal Hungarian Society of Natural Sciences: Erdmagnetische Messungen in den Landen der Ungarischen Krone, years 1892-'94. Geaz, Styria. Franz H. Ascher, editor: Montan-Zeitung, semimonthly, 1901-'02. Peag, Bohemia. K. bohmische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaf ten : Sitzungsberichte, 1901 ; Jahresbericht, 1901. 256 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. WiEN, ACSTEIA. K. Akademie der Wissenschaften : Vols. 15 to 17, 1901-'02. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein: SitzuEgsberichte, 1901-'02. BELGIUM. Bedxelles. Societe Beige de Geologie, de Paleontologie, at de Hydrologie : Bulletins, tomes XV, XVI, 190I-'02. Societe Royale Linneenne de Bruxelles: Bulletin, monthly, 190l-'02. Liege. Societe Geologique de Belgique : Bulletin, tome XXVII, 1900. FRANCE. Bordeaux. Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux : Proces Verbaux, vols. LV, LVI, 1901-'02. Caen. Academie Nationale des Sciences, Arts, et Belles Lettres: Memoires, 190a-'01. Societe Linneenne de Normandie : Bulletin, series 5, vols. Ill, IV, 1900-'01. Cherbourg. Societe Nationale des Sciences Naturelles : Memoires, t. XXXII, 1901-'02. Havre. Societe Havraise d'Etudes Diversees: Recueil, 1900, parts 3, 4; 1901, parts 1, 2, 3; L'Abeille Havraise, 1901. Marseilles. Societe de Horticulture et de Botanique : Revue Horticole, an. 1901-'02. MONTPELIER. Academie des Sciences: Memoires, tome III, No. 1, 1901. Paris. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle: Bulletins, 1901-'02, parts 1, 2, 3. Societe d'Ethnographie : Bulletins, Nos. 128 to 130, 1901. J. B. Bailliere & Fils : Bulletin Mensual ; Le Mois Medico-chirurgical ; Librarie, 1901-'02. Niederlein Gustavo ( Philadelphia, U. S. A.), author: Resources Vegetales des Colonies Francaises. Toulouse. Academie des Sciences, Inscriptions, et Belles Lettres: Memoires, 10th series, vol. I, 1901. Societe de Geographic de Toulouse : Bulletin, 1900, Nos. 5, 6; vol. XX, six numbers, 1901. Congress de Geographie de Nancy: Unification des Mesures Angulaires, from the author, J. de Ray-Pailhade. Luxembourg. Institut Grand Ducal de Luxembourg: Sec. des Sci. Nat. et Mathematiques, vol. 35. ACCESSIONS TO LIBRARY. 257 GERMANY. Berlin, Pedssia. Berliner Entomologischer Verein : Zeitschrift, XLVI, parts 2, 3, 4, 1901. Bonn, Prussia. Naturhistorischer Verein tier Preussischen Rbeinlande und Westfalens : Verhandlunges, Jahrgang, 58, 1901. Niederrbeinischer Gesellschaft fur Natur und Heilkunde zu Bonn: Sitzungsberichte, 1901. Bremen, Germany. Naturwissenscbaftlicbe Verein: Abbandlungen, band XVII, beft 1, 1901. Dresden, Saxony. Naturwissenscbaftlicbe Gesellscbaft " Isis" : Sitzungsbericbte und Abbandlungen, Jabrgang 1901 to Juno, 1902. Feankfdrt-am-Odee. Naturwissenscbaftlicbe Verein des Regierungs-Bezirks Frankfurt: Helios, band XIX, 1901; XX, 1902. GiESSEN, Hesse. Oberbessiscbe Gesellscbaft fur Natur und Heilkunde: Bericbte, 33, 1899-1902. Gorlitz, Saxony. Naturforscbende Gesellscbaft: Abbandlungen XXIII, 1901. Halle-an-dbe-8aale. Gescbicbte der Bibliotbek und Naturaliensammlung, von Dr. Oscar Gurlicb : Bibliotbekar (1891 J, received 1901. Kaiserlicbe Leopoldiuiscb-Caroliniscbe Deutsche Akademie der Naturf orscber : Loopoldina XXXVI, 1900: Repertorium, 1 to 53 volumes; Gescbicbte, 1852-'87. Naturwissenscbaftlicbe Verein fur Sacbsen und Tburingen : Zeitscbrift fur Naturwissenscbaften, banden 73, parts 3, 4, 1900 ; 74, parts 1, 2, 3, 4; 1901. Hamburg, Germany. Naturwissenscbaftlicbe Verein in Hamburg: Abbandlungen, IX ; Verhaadlungen, band XVI, 1901. Kiel, Prussia. Naturwissenscbaftlicbe Verein fur Scbleswig-Holstein: Scbriften, band XII, 1901. Leipzig, Saxony. Koniglicb-Sacbsicbe Gesellscbaft der Wissenscbaften : Bericbte, 53, 1901, 54, parts 1, 2, 1902. / Magdeburg, Saxony. Naturwissenscbaftlicbe Verein: Jabresbericbt und Abbandlungen, 1900-'02. MuNSTER, Prussia. Westfaliscbe Provinzial-Verein fur Wissenscbaft und Kunst: Jabresbericbt, XXVIII, 1900. Offenbach, Baden. Verein fur Naturkunde : Bericbt, 37-42, 1901. OsNABRUCH, Prussia. N'aturwissenscbaftlicber Verein : Jabresbericbt fur 1899, 1900. Regensbueg, Bavaria. Naturwissenscbaftlicbe Verein zu Regensburg: Bericbte, VIII, 1901. Weisbaden, Prussia. Nassauiscber Verein fur Naturkunde: Jahrbucber, 54, 1901. -17 258 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. GREAT BRITAIN. Belfast, Ireland. Natural History and Philosophical Society: Reports and Proceedings, sessions 1901-'02. Dublin, Ireland. Royal Dublin Society : Scientific Transactions, vol. VII, 188, 1901. Glasgow, Scotland. Philosophical Society : Proceedings, vols. 32, 1900-'01 ; 33, 1901-'02. LiVBEPOOL. Liverpool Geological Society : Proceedings, vol. IX, part 1, 1901. London. Geological Society of London : Abstracts, 1900-'02. Manchester. Literary and Philosophical Society : Memoirs and Proceedings, XLV, XLVI, 190G-'02. Penzance. Royal Geological Society of Cornwall : Transactions, vol. VII, 1902. HOLLAND. Heldee. Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging: Tijdschrift, deel VII, parts 1 to 4 ; Catalogus der Bibliotheek, February, 1901, Decem- ber, 1902. LlEDEN. Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging: Vol. VII, four parts, 1901-'02. ITALY. Catania. Accademia Gioenia de Scienze Natural!: Bolletino delle Sedute, fasc, LXX-LXXIII, 1901 (April, 1902). Genova (Genoa). Societa Ligure di Storia Patria : Atti, XXIX-XXXIII, 1898-1901. MiLANO. Societa Italiana di Scienze Natural!: ^ Atti, vol. XLI, parts 1, 2, 3, 1902. Padova ( Padua). R. Accademia di Scienze, Lettere, et Art! ; Att! e Memorie, XVII, 1900-'01. Indice Generale, vols. 12-15, 1901. Palermo. R. Accademia di Scienze: Contribuzioni alia Biologia Vegetale, vol. Ill, part 1, 1902. Pisa. Societa Toscana di Scienze Natural!: Process! Verbal!, vol. XIII, three numbers. Roma. Accademia Pontiflcia di Nuovi Lincei : Atti, LIV, 1901, LV, to June. 1902. Siena. Rivista Italiana di Scienze Natural! : BulletiDo, ann! XXI, XXII, 1901, 1902. Rivista, ann! XXI, XXII, six numbers, 1901-'02. Torino. Accademia Reale delle Scienze : Atti, XXXVI, 1900-'01 ; XXXVII, 1901-'02. ACCESSIONS TO LIBRARY. 259 NORWAY. Christiana. Videnskabs Selskabet i Christiana : Forhandlinger for 1900, 1901. Stavangee. Stavanger Museum : Arsberetning, 1900, 1901. Teondhjem. Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab ( Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences ) : Skrifter, 1900. RUSSIA. Helsingfoes, Finland. Finska Vetenskaps Societeten (Scientific Society of Finland ) : Ofversigt, XLIII, 1900-'01. Geological Commission — Bulletin de la Commission Geologique de Finlande: Nos. 12, 13, 1902, Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica : Acta, vols. XVIII, XIX, XX, No. 1, 1899-1902. Kasan. Societe Physico-mathematique de Kasan: Bulletin, tome X, Nos. 2, 3, 4, 1900. New Alexandria. N. Krishtafovich : ' Annuaire Geologique et Mineralogique de la Russie, vol. Ill, part 10, 1900; vol. IV; vol. V, parts 1, 2, 3, 1901. St. Peteesbueg. La Comite Geologique a I'lnstitut des Mines: Bulletins XIX, parts 7 to 10, 1900; vol. XX, six parts, 1901; Memoirs, voL XVIII, Nos. 1, 2, 1901. Imperial Mineralogical Society : Contributions to Russian Geology ; Transactions, vol. XXXIX, 1901. SPAIN. Baecelona. Academia de Ciencias y Artes: Boletin, vol. II, parts 1 to 4, 1901. Memoirs, vol. Ill, Nos. 1 to 25, 1901 ; vol. IV, Nos. 1 to 27, 1902. Nomina del Personal Academico, 1900-'01, 1901-'02. SWEDEN. Stockholm. Entomologiska Foreningen i Stockholm : Entomologisk Tidskrift, for 1901. K. Svenskaps Akademien ( Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) : Bihang, vol. XXVI, 1901. Upsala. Kongliga Upsala Universetet: Arsskrift, 1901. SWITZERLAND. Basel. Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Basel: Verhandlungen, banden XIII, 1901-'02; XIV, 1901. Namenverzeichnis und Sachregister der Bands, six bis twelve, 1875-1900 (1901). Been. Naturforschende Gesellschaft: Mittheilungen, Nos. 1478-1499, 1901; Nos. 1500-1518, 1902. Geneva. Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle: Compte Rendu, vol. XVIII, 1901. Nedchatel. Societe des Sciences Naturelles : Bulletin, tome XXVII, 1898-'99. Societe "Neuchateloise de Geographie: Bulletin, tome XIV, 1902. Saint Gall. Saint Gallische Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft: Bericht, 1899-1900. 260 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, GENERAL INDEX TO THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY, Vols. I-XVII, 1872-1900. Compiled by G. P. GRIMSLEY, Seceetaey. The following index includes subjects, authors, and publications ; covers 2500 pages, in 17 volumes, and contains a list of 534 articles and 140 contributors. SUBJECTS. (Figures in parentheses refer to pages in reprint of vols. I-III.) Aborigines, traces of, in Riley county. G. H. Failyer VII, 132 Absorption, selective, of heat by leaves. A.G.Mayer XIII, 48 Academy of Science, history and grov?th. D. E. Lantz XVI, 24 Acetic acid, diluted, as 8 nlvent for extractive substances. L. E. Sayre XIV, 44 i ^cidium, new. of peculiar habit. M. A. Carleton XIV, 44 Ageof Kansas (illustrated). B.B.Smyth IX, 129 Agricultural products, analysis of. J. T. Willard XII, 21 Albuminoids, a study of. L. E. Sayre XII, 16 Alcohols, different, relative sweetness of. E, E. Slosson XII , 104 Alkyl hypobromites. F. W. Bushong XV, 81 Alum, feather, from Colorado. E. H. S. Bailey XII, 101 Amblychila cylindriformis. F. H. Snow VI, 29 Americus limestone ( illustrated ). A.J.Smith XVII, 189 Amethyst mountain, christening of. Joseph Savage IX, 105 Ampelopsis quinquefolia, variety of. E. B. Knerr XIII, 69 Anemometers, comparison of records of two at University of Kansas. F. H. Snow, XI, 107 Animal ethics. A.H.Thompson XI, 52 Antennfe, observations on their use in Polyphilla variolosa. F. H. Snow Ill, 27 (128) Antrostomus carolinensis. R.Matthews XVI, 277 Ants, red, note on a habit of. Robert Hay X, 27 Apparatus, new, for continuous extraction of solids by a volatile solvent ( illus- trated). J. T. Willard and G. H. Failyer X, 20 Archfpology of Catalina island. J. R. Mead XVII, 215 Archaeological notes (illustrated). G.S.Chase. IX, 30 Arkansas, geology of the Arkansas. B. F. Mudge 1,408 (50) Arkansas river, a dying river. J. R. Mead XIV, 111 Artesian well. Fort Scott, the water of. E. H. S. Bailey IX, 96 Artesian wells, Kansas, and the causes of their flow. Robert Hay XII, 24 Artesian wells, Muscotah. E. B. Knerr • ■ XVII , 53 Artist, what is good for an artist and what is an artist good for? Lizzie J. Williams I. 411 (54) Atchison diamond-drill prospect hole (illustrated). A. E. Langworthy XVII, 45 Atchison rock exposures (illustrated). J. M. Price, jr XIV, 218 Barite and associated minerals in concretionary rocks of eastern Kansas. E. , H. S. Bailey and E. E. Slosson XII, 45 Barite nodules in wood. E. B. Knerr XV, 80 Barite, pink, from Atchison limestone. E. B. Knerr XIII, 76 Beetle, the cottonwood-leaf beetle. W. Osburn IV, 24 GENERAL INDEX. 261 Beetles, habits of Amblycliila cylindriforniis ( illustrated ). H. A. Brous V, 11 Beetles (see, also, Coleoptera). Belvidere, Kan., and vicinity, its natural-history possibilities. C. N. Gould XVI, 283 Bending moments, maximum, for moving loads in a draw-beam. E. C. Murphy . . XIII, 116 Bibliography of Kansas geology ( 1894 ). Robert Hay XIV, 261 Binding-twine and its manufacture. L. E. Sayre XII, 19 Birds, the anhiuga. N. S. Goss XI, 58 Birds, Kansas, catalogue of birds of Kansas. F. H. Snow I, 375 (21) additions in 1874. F. H. Snow Ill, 30 (133) ' . additions in 1878. F. H. Snow VI, 38 new to tlie fauna of Kansas and birds rare in the state. N. S. Goss IX, 26 — additions in 1885. N. S. Goss X, 28 additions in 1886. N. S. Goss X, 77 additions in 1888. N. S. Goss XI, 60 three new Kansas birds. F. H. Snow XI, 62 additions in 1889. N. S. Goss XII, 24 revised catalogue (correction ). N. S. Goss XII, 60 additions in 1896. V. L. Kellogg XV, 15 Ictiuia mississippiensis and ^Egialitis nivosa nesting in south-central Kansas. N, S. Goss XI, 11 Dickinson county, list of birds seen, 1898 to 1900. D. E. Lantz XVII, 116 annotated list of birds found near Manhattan. D. E. Lantz XIV, 115 list of, collected by Col. N. S. Goss in Mexico and Central America. D. E. Lantz XVI, 218 of southern Kansas, some notes on. J. R, Mead XVI, 216 two rare forms in Kansas. A. M. Collette XIII, 29 summer, of Estes Park, Colorado. V. L. Kellogg XII, 86 Bird-track, fossil, in Dakota sandstone ( illustrated ). F. H. Snow X, 3 Bison, note on the fossil jaw of bison from Pliocene of Norton county. Eobt. Hay, IX, 98 Bison latifrons in Kansas. B. F. Mudge V, 9 Bitterness, relative, of different bitter substances (illustrated). E. H. S. Bailey and E. C. Franklin X, 23 Black and white (illustrated). E.L.Nichols X, 37 Blooming, long continued, of Malvastrum coccineum. Minnie Reed XIV, 132 Bluffs, the river bluffs. Johns D. Parker V, 71 Botany (see, also. Plants). report on botany of Kansas for 1873. J. H. Carruth II, 9 (74) report for 1874. J. H. Carruth Ill, 23(122) Botanical addenda for 1878. J. H. Carruth VI, 40 for 1879 and 1880. J. H. Carruth VII, 123 for 1881 and 1882. J. H. Carruth VIII, 32 for 1883 and 1884. J. H. Carruth IX, 142 notes for 1889. J. H. Carruth XII, 43 from the Southwest and floral clock. B.B.Smyth VII, 50 Boulder belt, terminal, in Shawnee county (illustrated). B. B. Smyth XIV, 220 Brachiospongia (illustrated). H. C. Hovey HI, 10(111) Bromides and iodides in the water of Independence artesian well. E. H. S. Bailey, X, 22 Burning fluids, testing of. H.E.Sadler IX, 39 Burrowing, destructive, in shale. O.C.Charlton XII, 75 Calamites. M. V. B. Knox IV, 17 Carboniferous, last submersion and emergence of southeastern Kansas. E. P. West IX, 106 Carruth, J. H., memorial of. E. H. S. Bailey and B. B. Smyth XV, 135 Cassique, yellow-tailed, notes on. N. S. Goss XI, 12 Cements, ijote on second setting of. B. J. Dalton and F. O. Marvin XII, 10 tests on cement manufactured in Kansas. E. C. Murphy XII, 12 Cephalopods, fossil, some new species (illustrated). Robert Hay XIII, 37 Chalk, Kansas. G.E.Patrick IV, 13 structure of. S. W. Williston XII, 100 Chalybeate water, analysis of the deposit from. E. C. Case XIV, 36 Chemical notes, miscellaneous. E. H. 8. Bailey X, 62 Chemistry, organic and physiological. E. H. S. Bailey IX, 87 Chinch-bugs, experiments for the artificial dissemination of a contagious dis- ease among chinch-bugs, 1889. F. H. Snow XII. 34 262 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Chinch-bug experiments, second paper, 1890. F. H. Snow XII Chrysophanus, description of a new species. W. H. Edwards VII Cicindelidae, notes on the habits of some of the rarer forms. S. W. Williston VI Clays, analysis of. W. H. Saunders Ill Climate and brains. M. V. B. Knox V Climate of Kansas. F. H. Snow I Coal in Atchison county. E. B. Knerr XIV Coal-flelds of Cherokee county ( illustrated). Erasmus Ha worth VIII Coal and illuminating gas, experiments on the relative heating power (illus- trated). E. H. S. Bailey XVII Coals of Kansas. W. H. Saunders I composition of. E. H. S. Bailey XI evaporative power of. L. I. Blake XI Coal Measures of Kansas and Nebraska, correlation of. J. W. Beede XVI of Lyon county. D. S. Kelly X Coal-oil legislation. H. E. Sadler IX Coleoptera, Colorado, list of forms collected, 1876. F. H. Snow V listof forms collected, 1878. F. H. Snow VI Kansas, list of. E. A. Popenoe V additions to catalogue. E. A. Popenoe VI additions to list in 1881, 1882. F. H. Snow VIII additions to list in 1883, 1881. Warren Knaus IX additions to list in 1885, 1886. Warren Knaus X ■ additions to list in 1895. Warren Knaus XV additions to list in 1899. 1900. Warren Knaus XVII collecting notes on. Warren Knaus XVI Douglas county, additions to list in 1879, 1880. F. H. Snow VII New Mexico, list of forms collected in Santa Fe canon. F. H. Snow VII collected in 1881, 1882. F. H. Snow VIII list of, and of Lepidoptera, collected in 1883, 1884. F. H. Snow IX some salt-marsh forms. Warren Knaus IX North American, description of some new species. J. L. Le Conte and G. H. Horn VII Color-blindness among Indians. L. I. Blake and W. S. Franklin XI and railway accidents. John Fee VII statistics on, among students at State Agricultural College. C. M. Breese, XI statistics on, in the University of Kansas. E. L. Nichols IX Comet "B," 1882, observations of. H. S. S. Smith VIII Comet tails, speculations in regard to. F. W. Bard well II Concretions. E. B. Knerr XVI Cone in cone (an impure calcite ). H. J. Harnly XV Conies, imaginary focal properties of. H. B. Newson XII the inverseiof conies and eonicoids from the center (illustrated). M. E. Rice, XIV Conorhinus sanguisugus (Texas bedbug ), habits and life-history ( illustrated ) Bertha S. Kimball XIV fConstitution and by-laws of Academy IX, 3; XVI, 11; XVII •Copepoda, a contribution to history of the fresh-water forms ( illustrated ). F. W. Cragin VIII •Cormorant, double-crested. N. S. Goss XI ■Corn-cobs, economic value of. E. H. S. Bailey XI ■Corn- root worm, notes on. S. J. Hunter XIII Correspondents of Academy, 1894 XIV Cosmos, a theory of. E. B. Knerr XVII Crayfishes. Kansas, annotated catalogue. J. A. Harris XVII Cretaceous forests and their migrations. B. F. Mudge VI Cretaceous rocks, Kansas, eastern extension and formation of certain sand-hills. Robert Hay XIV Culinary utensils, composition of. E. H. 8. Bailey IX Curators Academy, report of, 1894 XIV Cuscuta glomerata, the union with its host (illustrated). W. C. Stevens XII Dakota Cretaceou.s of Kansas and Nebraska. C. N. Gould XVII Dakota, in the. Robert Hay •*•■■ IX Dakota sandstone in Washington county. H, W. Charles XVII Diatoms, methods of collecting, cleaning, and mounting. Gertrude Crotty XII 119 69 32 7 (99) 5 397 (40) 216 7 35 387 (.30) 46 42 70 45 36 15 75 21 77 58 57 86 18 109 197 78 70 35 65 64 74 105 30 106 95 28 14 (79) 44 22 84 14 128 14 59 49 131 280 20 115 46 227 29 278 163 122 lOd 194 81 GENERAL INDEX, 263 Diatomacese, Kansas. G.H.Curtis XVII, 67 of Reno county ( illustrated). G.H.Curtis XVII, 70 Diilerentials of tho second and higher orders. E.Miller XII, 65 Dinosaurs, American Jurassic. S. W. Williston VI, 42 Diptera, tables of the families. S. W. Williston X , 122 Divining-rod observations. E. A. Kilian XI, 114 Duck, black, in Kansas. R.Matthews XVII, 114 Ebullition, a class-room experiment on. E.L.Nichols IX, 27 Ecology, brief outline of. A.S.Hitchcock XVII, 28 Effingham ridge, preliminary report on its geology. J.W.Wilson XV, 113 Electric-light wires' insulation resistance. L. I. Blake and H. Radcliffe XII, 44 Elevations in Kansas, Atlantic i'.s-. Pacific. H.V.Hinckley X, fi'i Elm-tree girdler (illustrated). P. J. Parrott ...; XVI, 200 Energy, all energy is kinetic. E. B. Knerr XIII, 30 Equus beds, McPherson (illustrated). J. W. Beede XV, 104 Erysiphea> of Riley county ( illustrated ). Lora L. Waters XIV, 200 Erythroniums, propagation of. E. B. Knerr XV, 73 Erythronium mesochoreum (n. sp.) E. B. Knerr XIII, 20 Evolution, influence of food selection upon the evolution of animal life. A. H. Thompson V, 65 in leaves (illustrated). Mrs. W. A. Kellerman XII, 168 Extractive yield of various important vegetable medicinal substances. L. E. Sayre XIII. 120 Eye, human, the changes which occur in middle life. W. D. Bidwell XI, 101 Face, human, origin and evolution of. A. H. Thompson XIII, 6 Facial expression, descent of. A.H.Thompson XIII, 122 its psychology, A.H.Thompson XII, 67 Felis concolor. J. R. Mead XVI, 278 Ferns of Wyandotte county. Minnie Reed XIV , 150 Figurate series (illustrated). B.B.Smyth XIV, 29 Fire-screen improvement. T. H. Dinsmore XII, 81 Fish, food of, in central Kansas. G.H.Curtis XVII, 75 Fishes, partial list of, in Marais des Cygnes at Ottawa. Wm. Wheeler VI, 33 preliminary list of Kansas forms. I.D.Graham IX, 69 rare forms of, in Kansas. B. F. Mudge Ill, 22 Flint Hills of Kansas. J. R. Mead XVII, 207 Flora, characteristic sand-hill flora. M. A. Carleton XII, 32 • composite, Kansas, relations of. A.S.Hitchcock XIII, 89 Kansas, personal observations upon. Mrs. A. L. Slossoa XI, 19 preliminary notice of flora of Montgomery county. E. N. Plank VIII, 133 provisional list of flowering plants of McPhersou county. H. J. Harnly XV, 75 gramineal, of Kansas ( illustrated ). F. L. Scribner IX, 115 Kansas, additions to. B. B. Smyth XII , 105 additionsto. B.B.Smyth XIII, 96 additions to, 1897. B.B.Smyth XV, 60 additionsto. B.B.Smyth XVI, 158 Floral horologe for Kansas (illustrated). B.B.Smyth XVI, 106 Flowering plants and ferns, list of, in Franklin county. W. E. Castle XIII , 80 Forests, evidence of ancient forests in central Kansas. H. C. Tower V, 70 Forest-trees, Kansas, identified by leaves and fruit. W. A. Kellerman and Mrs. W.A. Kellerman X, 99 Fossil footprints in Kansas, recent discoveries. B. F. Mudge II, 7 (71) — - note on a remarkable fossil. Robert Hay X , 128 — preliminary list of fossils found in Riley county. S.C.Mason VIII, 12 wood. RobertHay VIII, 20 Fungi, partial list of Kansas parasitic fungi, together with their host-plants. W.A. Kellerman IX, 79 ■ second list. W. A. Kellerman and M. A. Cat leton X, 88 some of larger forms found in Blue river valley. Mrs. E. C. Jewell VII, 131 Fusulina cylindrica, shell structure (illustrated). A.J.Smith XVI, 64 i5b4 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Gastric juice, solubility of chrome yellow in. L. E. Sayre XT, 2:5 Geology, annual report of Academy committee for 1876. B. F. Mudge V, 4 of Kansas. Eobert Hay X[, 3i report. Robert Hay X, 21 Geological survey of Kansas. B. F. Mudge HI, >< (101) of the state, a necessity. R.J.Brown IX, 49 state, and its relation to work of the national survey. A. H. Thompson.. . . X , 9 work in Kansas, historical sketch. Robert Hay and A. H. Thompson X, 45 Germination of Indian corn after immersion in hot water. W. A. Kellerman XII, 134 Giants' Causeway and Fingal's Cave. C.D.Merrill VI, 6 Glaciated area of northeastern Kansas, some characteristics of. Robert Hay... XIII, 104 Glacial lakes, closing of. B.B.Smyth XV, 2< Glass mountains of western Oklahoma, geology of. Mark White XVII, 199 Gold in Montana. J. R. Mead XII, 5 Gophers, three species near Lawrence. L. L. Dyclie XTI, 29 Grasses, Kansas, an artificial key to. W. A. Kellerman XI, 87 (illustrated). A.S.Hitchcock XIV, 13.5 additions in 1897. A.S.Hitchcock XV, .59 Great Spirit spring (Waconda). G.E.Patrick VII, 22 Grebe, pied-billed, nesting of. A. M. Collette XIII, 49 Grebes, American, breeding habits of. N.S.Goss IX, 31 Guillemots, observations of nesting habits at Bird Rock. N.S.Goss.. VIII, .59 Gypsum cement plaster, chemical composition. E. H. S. Bailey XVI, 38 in Kansas. G. P. Grimsley XV, 122 Hackberry branch knot, distribution and ravages of ( illustrated). W. A. Kel- lerman XII, 101 Harmonic forms ( illustrated). B.B.Smyth XIV, 46 series, harmonies of the chemical elements. B.B.Smyth XIV, 100 Hay, Robert, memorial of. A.H.Thompson XV, 131 Hemiptera, fauna of Kansas. E. A. Popenoe IX, 62 Herpetology of Kansas, .second contribution. F. W. Cragin IX, 1^6 History and organization of Academy. Johns D. Parker 1,341 (3) of Academy. A. H. Thompson IX, 4 Horse flies of New Mexico and Arizona. C. H. T. Townsend XIII, 133 Hot winds, a preliminary study. T.B.Jennings XII, 10 Hydrometer, a new form ( illustrated ). G. H. Failyer XI, 104 Hygrometer, electrical. L. 1. Blake XII, 67 Hymenoptera, first list of a number of families in New Mexico. T. D. A. Cockerell, XVI, 212 Kansas, list of. J. C. Bridwell XVI, 203 preliminary list. F. H. Snow VII, 97 Hyperchiria zephyria, preparatory stages. F. H. Snow IX, 61 Ibis, white-faced glossy, second occurrence in Kansas. N.S.Goss XII, 61 Igneous rocks of Kansas. Robert Hay VIII, 14 Insects, fossil, in Comanche Cretaceous of Kansas. C. N. Gould XVI, 284 injurious. S. J. Hunter XV, .50 notes (illustrated). V. L. Kellogg XIII, 112 notes on the elementary comparative external anatomy of insects. V. L. Kellogg XIII, 111 of Wallace county. F. H. Snow VI, 61 Internal heat of the earth. B. F. Mudge VI, 49 Iodoform. S. R. Boyce XII, 58 Ida, Kan., mineral well. W. K. Kedzie VI, 58 gaswell. G.E.Patrick V, 13 Iron, on the destruction of the passivity of iron in nitric acid by magnetiza- tion ( illustrated). E. L. Nichols and W. S. Franklin X, 13 Irrigation in Kansas. F.G.Adams VII, 80 Lake Doniphan, its formation in the spring and summer of 1891. E. B. Knerr... XIII, 47 Lantern, astronomical. E. B. Knerr XIII, 58 Larvee, observations on the habits of certain forms. G. F. Gaumer IV, 22 Leather mountain, from Red Rock canon, Colorado. E. B. Knerr XIII, 70 Leavenworth prospect well, geology of. E.Jameson XI, 37 GENERAL INDEX. 265 Leaves, fossil, on the discovery and significance of stipules in certain dicotyl- edonous loaves of tlie Dakota rocks ( illustrated ). F. H. Snow XI, 33 Lepidopetera, list of, collected in Colorado, 1876. F. H. Snow VI, 70 list of, collected near Idaho Springs, Colo., 1879. F. H. Snow VII, 61 • catalogue of, in eastern Kansas, 1875. F. H. Snow IV, 29 Kansas, additions to the list. F. H. Snow VII, 102 collected, 1883-'84. F. H. Snow IX, 65 and Coleoptera collected in New Mexico, lS81-'82. F. H. Snow VIII, 35 Library, Academy, additions to, 1880 VII, 6 catalogue to 1887. F. W. Cragin X, 145 report of librarian, 1887 to 1889. B.B.Smyth XI, 120 report to October, 1890. B. B. Smyth XII, 178 report to November, 1892. B.B.Smyth XIII, 137 report, 1894. B.B.Smyth XIV, 279 report, 1897. B. B. Smyth XV, 137 report, 1898. B.B.Smyth XVI, 285 report to 1901. B. B. Smyth XVII. 219 Lightning freaks in 1883. Joseph Savage IX, 41 Lignite, Dakota, horizon of. Robert Hay XI, 5 Limestone and coal, chemical analyses. W.H.Saunders 1,392 (35) Mississippian, from Atchison prospect well, analysis of. F. B. Porter XVII, 52 Limonite, octahedral. Erasmus Ha worth IX, 25 Liquids, superheated, and supersaturation of vapors, experiments upon (illus- trated). E.L.Nichols IX, 91 Loco-weed ( illustrated). L. E. Sayre X, 65 Locust flights east of the Mississippi, C. V. Riley V , 62 Rocky Mountain. F. H. Snow I V , 26 Loxia curvirostra, notes on. D. E. Lantz XIV, 121 Magnetic declination in Kansas, October, 1880. H. S. S. Smith VII, 48 Mallophaga, notes on (illustrated). V, L. Kellogg XII, 46 Mammalia, Kansas. M. V. B. Knox IV, 18; V, 64 of western Kansas. A.B.Baker., XI, 56 Mammoth remains in Franklin county. O.C.Charlton XII, 74 Man, notes on antiquity of. A.H.Thompson VI, 12 ^ Marion and Wellington formations, southern extension of. C.N.Gould XVII, 179 Mars, where did Mars get its moons ( illustrated )? E. Miller XV, 46 Mastodon remains in Douglas county. J. Savage VI, 10 Meleagris ocellata, notes on. G. F. Gaumer VIII, 60 Membership, Academy list, 1889, 1901 XVI, 13; XVII, 16 Mentor beds. A.W.Jones XV, 111 new developments in. A.W.Jones XVI, 65 Metamorphic deposit in Woodson county. B. F. Mudge.. VII, 12 Metamorphism, the study of natural palimpsests. G. P. Grimsley XV, 127 Meteorite, Brenham, additional note ( illustrated ). Robert Hay XIII, 75 Meteorites, some, from Kansas. F. H. Snow XII, 105 Waconda specimen, G.H.Patrick V, 12 Meteorology (see, also. Climate). Meteorological summary for 1872. F. H. Snow I, 196 (61) forl873. F. H. Snow II, 19 (86) for 1874, F. H. Snow IH, 28 (130) for 1875. F. H. Snow IV, 60 forl876. F. H. Snow V. 59 forl877. F.H.Snow VI, 89 for 1878, 1880. F.H.Snow Vll. 89 forl881. F.H.Snow VIII, 23 forl882. F.H.Snow VIII, 81 for 1883. F.H.Snow IX, 43 for 1884. F.H.Snow IX, 124 for 1885. F.H.Snow X, 31 for 1886. F.H.Snow X, 142 for 1887, 1888. F.H.Snow XI, 115 forl889. F.H.Snow XII, 49 Meteors, observation of November meteors. R. H. Short IX , 103 Microscope, pocket, a new frame for. L. E, Sayre XII, 18 266 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Minerals found in Kansas. B. F. Mudge VII Kansas, notes on. Erasmus Ha worth VIII revised list. G. H. Failyer and B. H, S. Bailey XIII anew form. J. T. Willard IX Mineral waters, utilization of. E. H. S. Bailey IX Kansas, notes on. G. H. Failyer IX notes on. G. H. Failyer and J. T. Willard X notes. G. H. Failyer and C. M. Breese XI Kansas. E. H. S. Bailey XII composition in spring near Great Spirit spring, Mitchell county. E. H. S. Bailey and Mary Rice XIV Kansas. H. E. Da vies XV Atchison and Nemaha counties. E. B. Knerr XV Mineral springs and wells of Kansas. E. H. S. Bailey XVI Mines and minerals of Kansas. G. P. Grimsley XVII Models, mathematical (illustrated). Arnold Emch XIV Momotidae, notes on their habits. G. F. Gaumer VIII Montezuma, holiday excursion to birthplace of. T. S. Case VII Moon, discrepancies between theory and observation of moon's motion. F. W. Bardwell Ill new theory of its surface-markings. E. Miller XV Moraine, buried, of the Shunganunga (illustrated). B.B.Smyth XV Mosasauroid reptile, dermal covering of ( illustrated) . F. H. Snow VI Mosses, Kansas, and key to same ( illustrated) . Minnie Reed XIV Moths, notes on early stages of three moths (illustrated). C. L. Marlatt XI New Mexico, collected by F. H. Snow. A. R. Grote VIII Mound-builders, civilization of. H. C. Fellow XII ■ Kansas, traces of. B. F. Mudge II Mounds in Davis county. Johns D. Parker X - — Kansas. F. G. Adams VI prehistoric, in Cowley county. C. N. Gould XV timbered, of Kaw reservation. C. N. Gould XVI Mudge, B. F., memorial of. Johns D. Parker VII Muscid acalyptrate, peculiar form found near Turkey Tanks, Ariz. C. H. T. Townsend XIII Mustard , estimation of its volatile oil. L. E. Say re XII Mydaidee, notes and description of. S. W. Williston XV Natural gas in eastern Kansas ( illustrated). Robert Hay X Natural history, some notes of, 1859. J. R. Mead XVI Nebraska hot bluff. W. K. Kedzie IV Nervous system, recent advances in the study. C. J. Herrick XIII New Zealand, its pink and white terraces. Joseph Savage XI Nickel mines in Logan county. F. H. Snow XI Niobrara Cretaceous of western Kansas (illustrated). S. W. Williston XIII Nitrates in well-waters. E. H. S. Bailey XVI Nitrogen content of maize, its variations, and possibilities for improvement. J. T. Willard XVI Noctuidee, new western forms. A. R, Grote VII Norton county, preliminary report on geology of (illustrated). R. J. Brown IX N umber, suggestions on the true theory of. F. W. Bard well Ill Nutation of sunflower, observations. W. A. Kellerman XII Oil, composition of a natural oil from Wilson county. F. B. Dains XIV Ornithology, Kansas, review of. D. E. Lantz XVI of Riley county. C. P. Blachly VII Oxygen and its effects upon animal life. T. H. Dinsmore, jr X its effect upon animal life. J. T. Willard and A. T. Kinsley XVII Ozone in Kansas atmosphere. W. K. Kedzie IV in Kansas atmosphere (illustrated). W. K. Kedzie VI Parasitism in Aphyllon uniflorum. J. M. Price, jr XIV Pasteur filter, some experimental tests of. L. E. Say re XII Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, feeding habits of. N. S. Goss XI Peppers, commercial, quality of. L. E. Sayre XI 27 25 76 25 28 114 63 109 25 40 82 88 42 200 90 63 13 11 (103) 10 95 54 152 110 45 90 5 (69) 72 51 79 282 7 135 59 53 57 280 10 70 26 39 107 40 46 63 17 4 (94) 140 38 224 105 72 38 4 18 132 122 11 51 GENERAL INDEX. 267 Permian fauna of central United States (illustrated). J. W. Beede XVII notice of some vertebrate remains from Kansas Permian. S. W. Williston. . .. XV Peronosporacesp, list of Kansas species. W. T. Swingle XI Kansas, first addition to list. W. T. Swingle XII Phalarope, Wilson's, the adult male, plumage of. S. W. Williston VI Pheasant, how it drums. J. R. Mead XIV Physiography, Kansas (illustrated ). J. W. Beede XV of southeastern Kansas ( illustrated). Q.I. Adams XVI Phosphorescence of chlorophaue from Pike's Peak. Q. H. Failyer IX Plains, Great, geology and topography. Robert Hay XIII Plants ( see, also. Botany). Florida, list in my herbarium. A.S.Hitchcock.. XVI, 108; XVII fossil, in Kansas Permian. E. H. Sellards XVII Kansas, catalogue of plants. J. H. Carruth T • — ■ centennial catalogue of. J. H. Carruth V native, adapted to cultivation. Grace R. Meeker XVII ■ additions to list. B. B. Smyth XIV list of, collected by Garfield University, 1889. M. A. Carleton XIII periodicity in, and floral clock. B. B. Smyth XII found in Cherokee county, Texas. Mrs. A. L. Slosson XII Pleistocene of Kansas. S. W. Williston XV Plesiosaurs, interesting food habits (illustrated ). S. W. Williston XIII new form from Niobrara Cretaceous of Kansas (illustrated). S. W. Williston, XII Pliocene Tertiary of western Kansas. B. F. Mudge Ill Polyphilla variolosa, observations on use of the antenna?. F. H. Snow Ill Poor-will, frosted, notes on. D. E. Lantz XV Porcellio, preliminary note on the origin and maturation of the ovum. F. W.Cragin, IX Prairie-dogs, habits of. H. A. Brous V Precipitation, annual, of rain and snow at Manhattan for the past thirty-two years ( illustrated ). CM. Breese XII Prehistoric people, camps of, in Sedgwick county. J. R. Mead XII Preservative fluids for museum use, comparison. V. L. Kellogg and E. E. Slosson, XII Proceedings of the Academy, first five meetings, 1868-1872 I sixth meeting, 1873 ; II seventh meeting, 1874 Ill eighth meeting, 1875 IV ninth meeting, 1876 V tenth and eleventh meetings, 1877, 1878 VI twelfth and thirteenth meetings, 1879, 1880 VII fourteenth meeting, 1881 VIII fifteenth to twenty-second meetings (see reports IX, X, XI, XII). twenty-third meeting, 1890 XII , twenty-fourth to thirty-third meetings, 1891 to 1900 ( see reports XIII to XVII). Protozoan remains in Kansas chalk ( illustrated ) . G. E. Patrick VIII , Pueblo ruins in New Mexico, explorations (illustrated). J. R. Mead X, (8) 185 120 63 129 39 113 114 53 104 3 79 208 346 40 105 133 50 75 62 , 90 121 174 17 (113) 27 (128) 14 140 10 166 64 83 • 344 (6) 3 (67) (93) Quails, were they native to Kansas'^ J. R. Mead XVI, 277 Quintard, J. B., memorial of (illustrated) XVII, 217 Radiation of heat from foliage. A.G.Mayer XII, 61 Rainfall in its relation to Kansas farming. H. R. Hilton VII , 39 in Kansas, is it increasing (illustrated)? E. C. Murphy XIII, 16 is it increasing'? F. H. Snow ■ IX, 101 seven-year periodicity. E. C. Murphy XIII, 60 Rain-waters, ammonia and nitric acid in. G. H. Failyer XII, 21 the occurrence of nitrites in. G. H. Failyer XI, 24 Rattlesnake, on the bite of. Joseph Savage VI, 36 Reagent bottle, inexpensive, for use in microscopic work (illustrated). E. B. Knerr XIII. 23 Relativity in science. E. B. Knerr XVI, 34 Reptiles and batrachians, Kansas, preliminary list. F. W. Cragin VII , 114 River counties of Kansas, geology and mineral resources. Robert Hay XIV, 230 Root tubercles and their production by inoculation (illustrated). D. H. Otis.. XVI, 88 268 KANSAS ACADEMY OP SCIENCB. Eosinweed, an examination of its resinous exudation. L. E. Sayre XI Sot, black, of the grape. C. R. Carpenter XI Rotation periods of Mercury, Venus, and tlie satellites of the solar system. E. Miller XIV Saccharine substances in the stem of Sorghum vulgare. G. H. Failyer IX Salamander, common, mode of respiration (illustrated). F. H. Snow XII Salt, analysis of. G. E. Patrick IV Salt beds in Ellsworth county. Robert Hay XI Salt marshes, Kansas, notes on ( illustrated ). Robert Hay XII Salt plains of Oklahoma. C. N. Gould XVII Sand-dune collecting. Warren Knaus XIV Sandstone, red, of central Kansas. B. F. Mudge I Sap, notes on circulation. W. R. Lighton XI Savage, Joseph, memorial of. Robert Hay XIII Saw-fly, red cedar, notes on (illustrated ). C. L. Marlatt X Science in education. S. W. Williston XVI in the public schools. D. S. Kelly XV Serpent, sonoran, from Kansas (new variety). F. W. Cragin X Shawnee county stratigraphy. J. W. Beede XV Silica cement mortars. W. Tweedale XVII Silico-barite nodules from near Salina (illustrated). E. B. Knerr XVI Sink holes in Wabaunsee county. Joseph Savage VII Siphoning extraction apparatus, glass ( illustrated ). J. T. Willard and G. H. Failyer XII Sky, the (illustrated). E. L. Nichols X Small things. E. H. S. Bailey XIV Smell sensations, classification. W. S. Franklin XII • Some special tests in regard to delicacy of sense of smell. E. H. S. Bailey and L. M. Powell IX Smut, sorghum, notes on ( illustrated ). W. A. Kellerman and W. T. Swingle XII Snakes, Kansas, list of, in museu.n State University. Annie E. Mozley VI Soils, Kansas, analysis of. G. E. Patrick IV Soils, composition, effect upon, of continuous cropping by wheat. J. T. Wil- lard XVII Solanum rostratum, examination of. W. S. Amos and L. E. Sayre XIII Solar attachment to the engineer's transit, note on precision of. F.O.Marvin, XII Solubilities, on determining the solubilities of metallic salts (illustrated). G. E. Patrick and A. B. Aubert Ill Sorghum, improvement of, by seed selection. G. H. Failyer and J. T. Willard . . XIII Sound transmission by electricity. J. T. Lovewell VI Spanish Peaks, notes on geology of. Joseph Savage IX Spectra absorption, new method of studying (illustrated). W. S.Franklin IX Spermophilus Richardsonii. S. W. Williston VI Sphinx, sage, larva and chrysalis of. F. H. Snow IV Standard time. H. S. S. Smith VIII Stone, building, composition of some. E. H. S. Bailey and E. C. Case XIII Stone implements in Trego county. Joseph Savage VII Sugar content, variation in, of Sorghum vulgare. J. T. Willard X Sugar crystals, observation of their formation in the juice of Sorghum saccha- ratum. E. B. Cowgill X Sugar, invert, its sweetness and notes on its preparation. J. T. Willard X Sugar, ultramarine blue in. H. L. Raymond XI • of watermelons. J. T. Willard XII Sun, corona of (illustrated). E. Miller XVII Tabanidse, North American, notes and descriptions. S. W. Williston X Taraxacum dens-leonis, as illustration of variable chemical composition of plants at different seasons. L. E. Sayre XIII root, experiments on. L. E. Sayre XIV Taste, selective power of the sense of. E. H. S. Bailey XII some experiments on the relation between the taste and the acidity of cer- tain acids. E. H. S. Bailey XI Tea, is the alkaloidal strength of tea an index of its commercial value? L. E. Sayre XI GENERAL INDEX. 269 Tea, analysis, notes on. H. R. Bull IX, 42 Temperatures, daily curve of mean temperatures at Lawrence for twenty-one years, 1868 to 1888 (illustrated). F. H. Snow XII, .Ti mean monthly, equation of the curve of twenty-one years at Lawrence (illustrated). E. C. Murphy XII, 160 probable, of the summer in Lawrence. E. C. Murphy XIII, 58 Therapeutical notes and descriptions of parts of medicinal plants growing in Kansas. L. E. Sayre XVI, 85 value of some recently introduced chemicals. L. E. Sayre XIII, 28 Tin salting enterprises in the United States. W. F. Kedzie Ill, 13(106) Topeka coal hole (illustrated). B. B.Smyth XIV, 207 Treohopper, buffalo, notes on the oviposition of. C. L. Marlatt X, 84 Triassic rocks of Kansas. Robert Hay XI, 38 Turtle, fossil cast from the Dakota ( illustrated). C. S. Parmenter XVI, 67 new, from Kansas Cretaceous ( illustrated ). S. W. Williston XVII, 195 Tusk, fossil, found in Franklin county. Wm, Wheeler VI, 11 Tweeddale, Wm., memorial of (illustrated) XVII, 218 Unionidae, list of, collected in Kansas rivers. E. A. Popenoe IX, 78 Uredinese, Kansas. Elam Bartholomew XVI, 168 Variations in dominant species of plants. M. A. Carleton XIII, 24; XIV, 45 Vegetation, condensed notes on, in western Kansas. Minnie Reed XIII, 91 Vireo, yellow-throated, notes on its nesting habits. N. S. Goss IX, 33 Vitis, distribution of the genus in Kansas. A.S.Hitchcock XIII, 79 Waconda (see Great Spirit spring). Water, magnesian, near Madison, Kan., analysis. F. W. Bushong XVII, 53 purification ( illustrated ). Wm. Tweedale XVI, 48 supply from a sanitary standpoint. F.O.Marvin XVII, ,54 new, of University of Kansas. E. C. Murphy XIV, 98 Weather service, Kansas. J. T. Lovewell VII, 86 Well, breathing, in Logan county, J. T. Willard XIII, 73 deep, at Madison, Kan. (illustrated). F. W. Bushong XVI, 67 West, E. P., memorial of. S. W. Williston XIII, 68 Wheat, who sold his wheat for $1.40? an examination of the value of Blake's tables. G.E.Curtis XII, 37 Wichita drill hole. J. R. Mead XV, 20 Wilson county, geological section in ( illustrated ). Robert Hay X, 6 Wind effects on plants, bibliography of. J. B. S. Norton XVI, 103 new method of determining its velocity. J.H.Long VI, 87 velocity at Manhattan (illustrated). C. M. Breese XII, 167 Women, some statistics relating to the health of college women. Gertrude Crotty XIII, 33 Wood-borer, note on the oviposition of. E. A, Popenoe XII, 15 GENERAL INDEX TO AUTHORS. Adams, F. G. Irrigation in Kansas \ll, 80 Kansas mounds VI, 51 Adams, Geo. I. Physiography of southeastern Kansas XVI, 53 Amos, W. S., and L. E. Sayre. Examination of Solanum rostratum XIII, 21 Bailey, E. H. S. ( See G. H. Failyer for joint paper.) Chemical composition of cement plaster XVI, 38 Chemical composition of some culinary utensils IX, 29 and E. C. Case. Chemical composition of some Kansas building stone . .. XIII, 78 Chemical composition of Kansas coals XI , 46 and Mary A. Rice. Composition of water from a mineral spring in Mitc^ ell county XIV. 40 Experiments on relative heating power of coal and illuminating gas XVII, 35 Feather alum from Colorado XII , 101 270 KANSAS ACADEMY OP SCIENCE. Bailey, E. H. S., and B. B. Smyth. Memorial of J. H. Carruth XV, 135 and E. E. Slosson. Minerals, barite and others, in the concretionary rocks of eastern Kansas XII , 45 • Miscellaneous chemical notes X, 62 On the economical value of corn-cobs XI , 49 On the newly discovered salt beds in Ellsworth county XI, 8 On the occurrence of bromides and iodides in the water of an artesian well at Independence X , 22 On the occurrence of nitrates in well-water XVI, 40 Organic and physiological chemistry IX, 87 Report on the mineral springs and wells of Kansas XVI, 42 Selective power of the sense of taste XII , 101 Small things XIV, 6 Some experiments on the relation between the taste and the acidity of certain acids XI, 10 Some Kansas mineral waters XII, 25 and E. C. Franklin. The relative bitterness of different bitter substances. .. X, 23 Some special tests in regard to the delicacy of the sense of smell IX, 100 The water of the Fort Scott artesian well IX, 96 The utilization of mineral waters IX , 28 Baker, A. B. Mammals of western Kansas XI, 56 Bardwell, F. W. Discrepancies between theory and observation of the moon's motion Ill, 11 (103) Speculations in regard to comets' tails II> 14 (79) Bartholomew, Elam. Kansas Uredineae XVI, 168 Beede, J. W. Fauna of the Permian of the central United States, part I XVII, 185 On the correlation of the Coal Measures of Kansas and Nebraska XVI , 70 Notes on Kansas physiography XV, 114 The McPherson Equus beds XV, 104 The stratigraphy of Shawnee county XV, 27 Bid well, W. D. The human eye, the changes which occur in middle life XI, 101 Blachly, C. P. Ornithology of Riley county VII, 105 Blake, L. I., and W. 8. Franklin. In regard to color-blindness among Indians — XI, 105 The evaporative power of Kansas coals XI , 42 An electrical hygrometer XII , 67 and H. Radcliffe. The insulation resistance of some electric-light wires. .. XII, 44 Boyce, S. R. Iodoform XII, 58 Breese, C. M. ( See G. H. Failyer for joint paper.) Annual precipitation of rain and snow at Manhattan for the past thirty- two years XII, 166 Statistics on color-blindness among the students at the State Agricultural College XI, 106 Wind velocity at Manhattan XII, 167 Bridwell, J. C. List of Kansas Hymenoptera XVI, 203 Brous, H. A. Habits of Amblychila cylindriformis V, 11 Habits of prairie-dogs V, 10 Brown, R. J. Is a geological survey of the state a necessity ? IX, 49 Preliminary report on the geology of Norton county IX, 17 Bull, H. R. Notes on tea analysis IX, 42 Bushong, F. W. Analysis of magnesia water found near Madison, Kan XVII, 53 Deep well at Madison XVI, 67 On the alkyl hypobromites XV, 81 Carle ton, M. A. Characteristic sand-hill flora XII, 32 List of plants collected by Garfield University expedition of 1889 XIII, 50 New jEcidium of peculiar habit XIV , 44 Variations in dominant species of plants XIII, 24; XIV, 45 ( See W. A. Kellerman for joint paper.) Carpenter, C. R. The black rot of the grape XI , 14 Carruth, J. H. Catalogue of plants seen in Kansas 1,346 (8) Report on botany of Kansas for 1873 II, 9 (74) Report on bitany of Kansas for 1874 Ill, 23 (122) Centennial catalogue of Kansas plants V, 40 Botanical addenda VI, 40 Botanical addenda for 1879 and 1880 VII, 123 GENERAL INDEX. 271 Carruth, J. H. Botanical addenda for 1881 and 1882 VIII Botanical addenda for 1883 and 1884 IX Botanical notes for 1889 XII Case, E. C. Analysis of the deposit from a chalybeate water XIV Case, T. S. A holiday excursion to the birthplace of Montezuma VII Castle, W, E. List of flowering plants and ferns in Franklin county XIII Charles, H. W. Dakota sandstone in Washington county XVII Charlton, O. C. On the occurrence of mammoth remains in Franklin county XII Preliminary observations of the destructive burrowing of shale XII Chase, G. S. Archapological notes IX Cockerell, T. D. A. A first list of several Hymenopterous families in New Mexico, XVI Collette, A. M. Nesting of the pied-billed grebe XIII Two rare birds of Kansas XIII Cowgill, E. B. Observation of the formation of sugar crystals in the juice of Sorghum saccharatum.. X Cragin, F. W. Preliminary catalogue of Kansas reptiles and batrachians VII Contribution to the history of the fresh-water Copepoda VIII Preliminary note on the origin and maturation of the ovum in Porcellio. ... IX Second contribution to the herpetology of Kansas, with observations on the Kansas fauna IX Note on a new variety of a sonoran serpent from Kansas X Crotty, Gertrude. Methods of collecting, cleaning and mounting diatoms XII Some statistics relating to the health of college women XIII Curtis, G. E. Who sold wheat for $1,401 an examination of the value of Blake's tables XII Curtis, G. H. Diatomaceae of Eeno county XVII Some Diatomacese of Kansas XVII The food of fish in central Kansas XVII Dains, F. B. Composition of a natural oil from Wilson county XIV Dalton, B. J., and F. O. Marvin. Note on the second setting of cement XII Davies, H. E. Kansas mineral water XV Dinsmore, T. H. An improved fire screen XII Preliminary report concerning the effect of oxygen upon animal life X Dyche, L. L. Notes on three species of gophers found at Lawrence XII Edwards, W. H. Description of a new species of Chrysophanus VII Emch, Arnold. Mathematical models XIV 32 142 43 36 13 80 194 74 7.5 30 212 49 29 26 114 66 140 136 85 81 33 37 70 67 75 38 10 82 81 72 29 69 90 Failyer, G. H. (See J. T. Willard for joint papers.) ■ Ammonia and nitric acid in rain-water collected at Agricultural College... XII, 21 and C. M. Breese. Mineral waters XI , 10ft • A new form of hydrometer XI, 104 Notes on some Kansas mineral waters IX, 114 ■ On the distribution of saccharine substances in the stem of Sorghum vulgare IX, 34 On the phosphorescence of chlorophane from Pike's Peak IX , 104 and J. T. Willard. On the improvement of sorghum by seed selection XIII, 69 On the occurrence of nitrites in rain-water XI, 24 and J. T. Willard. On some Kansas mineral waters. X, 63 ■ and E. H. S. Bailey. Revised list of Kansas minerals XIII, 76 Traces of the aborigines in Riley county VII, 132 Fee, John. Color-blindness and railway accidents VII , 30 Fellow H. C. The civilization of the mound-builders XII, 90 Franklin, W. S. (See L. I. Blake for joint paper.) (See E. L. Nichols for joint paper.) A new method of studying absorption spectra IX, 98 On the classification of the sensations of smell XII, 7 Gaumer, G. F. Notes on the habits of certain Momotidse VIII, 63 Notes on Meleagris ocellata VIII, 60 Observations on the habits of certain larvtp IV, 22 Goss, N. 8. Additions to catalogue of birds of Kansas .... X, 28; X, 77; XI, 60; XII, 24 Birds new to the fauna of Kansas and birds rare in the state IX , 26 272 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Goss, N. S. Feeding habits of Pelecanus erythrorhyncbos XI, 11 Ictinia mississippiensis and ^Egialitis nivosa, nesting in south-central Kansas XI, 11 Notes on the yellow-tailed cassique XI, 12 Observations of the breeding habits of the American eared grebes IX, 31 Observations of the nesting habits of the guillemots at Bird Rocli VIII , 59 Observations of the nesting habits of the yellow-throated vireo IX, 33 Second occurrence of white-faced glossy ibis in Kansas XII , 61 The anhinga XI, 58 The double-crested cormorant XI, 59 Gould, C. N. Additional notes on the timbered mounds of the Kaw reservation, XVI, 282 Dakota Cretaceous of Kansas and Nebraska XVII, r?<2 Natural history possibilities of Belvidere, Kan., and vicinity XVI, 283 ■ On the finding of fossil insects in the Comanche Cretaceous of Kansas XVI, 281 On the southern extensions of the Marion and Wellington formations.... XVII, 179 Prehistoric mounds in Cowley county XV , 79 Salt plains of Oklahoma XVII , 181 The timbered mounds of the Kaw reservation XV, 78 Graham, I. D. Preliminary list of Kansas fishes IX, 69 Qrimsley, G. P. Gypsum in Kansas XV, 122 Kansas mines and minerals XVII, 200 The study of natural palimpsests XV, 127 Grote, A. R. New Western Noctuidee VII, 63 Oil the moths collected by F. H. Snow in New Mexico VIII, 45 Harnly, H. J. Cone in cone ( an impure calcito ) XV, 22 Provisional list of flowering plan ts of Mc Pherson county XV , 75 Harris, J. A. Annotated catalogue of the crayfishes of Kansas XVII, 115 Haworth, Erasmus. Are there igneous rocks in Cherokee county ? VIII, 18 The coal-fields of Cherokee county VIII, 7 Notes on Kansas minerals VIII, 25 ■ Octahedral limouite IX, 25 Hay, Robert. Artesian wells in Kansas and the causes of their flow XII, 24 A geological section in Wilson county X , 6 Additional note on the Brenham meteorite XIII, 75 • Bibliography of Kansas geology XI V , 261 Fossil wood VIII, 20 Geology of Kansas XI, 35 And A. H. Thompson. Historical sketch of the geological work in the state of Kansas X, 45 Horizon of the Dakota lignite XI, 5 Igneous rocks of Kansas VIII , 14 In the Dakota IX, 109 Memorial of Joseph Savage XIII, 65 Natural gas in eastern Kansas X , 57 Note on a habit of red ants X, 27 Note on a remarkable fossil X , 128 Notes on some Kansas salt marshes XII, 97 Notes on some new species of fossil cephalopods XIII, 37 Notes on occurrence of granite in a deep boring in eastern Kansas XIII, 75 Notes on the fossil jaw of bison from the Pliocene of Norton county IX, 98 On eastern extension of Cretaceous rocks in Kansas and the formation of certain sand-hills XIV, 227 Report on geology ^' 21 River counties of Kansas XIV , 230 Some characteristics of the glaciated area of northeastern Kansas XIII, 104 The great plains XIII, 3 Triassic rocks of Kansas ^Ii 38 Herrick, C. J. Recent advances in the study of the nervous system XIII, 70 Hilton, H. R. Rainfall in its relations to Kansas farming VII, 39 Hinckley, H. V. Atlantic v.s. Pacific elevations in Kansas X, 53 Hitchcock, A. S. A brief outline of ecology XVII, 28 Distribution of the genus Vitis in Kansas XIII, 79 List of plants in my Florida herbarium XVI, 108; XVII, 79 • Relations of the composite flora of Kansas XIII, 89 GENERAL INDEX. 273 Hitchcock, A. S. The grasses of Kansas XIV, 135 Additions to the grasses of Kansas XV, 59 Horn, G. H. ( See J. L. Le Conte for joint paper.) Hovey, il. C. Brachiospongia Ill, 10(111) Hunter, S. J. Notes on the corn-root worm XIII, 131 Notes on injurious insects XV, 50 Jameson, E. Geology of the Leavenworth prospect well XI, 37 Jennings, T. B. A preliminary study of hot winds XII, 10 Jewell, Mrs. E. C. List of some of larger fungi found in the Blue river valley VII, 131 Jones, A. W. The Mentor beds XV, 111 Nev7 developments in the Mentor beds X VI , 65 Kedzie, W. K. On tin salting enterprises in the United States Ill, 13(106) Ozone in Kansas atmosphere IV , 4 ; VI , 18 The lola mineral well VI , 58 The Nebraska hot bluff IV, 10 Kellerman, Mrs. W. A. Evolution in leaves XII, 168 Kellerman, W. A. An artificial key to the Kansas grasses XI, 87 A partial list of the Kansas parasitic fungi, together with their host- plants (illustrated ) IX, 79; X, 88 Note on the distribution and ravages of the hackberry branch knot XII, 101 On the germination of Indian corn after immersion in hot water XII, 131 and W. T. Swingle. Notes on sorghum smuts XII, 158 Observations on the nutation of sunflowers XII, 140 The Kansas forest-trees identified by leaves and fruit X, 99 Kellogg, V. L. Additions to Goss's revised catalogue of the birds of Kansas XV, 15 and E. E. Slosson. Comparison of preservative fluids for museum use XII, 83 Insect notes . XIII, 112 ■ Notes on elementary comparative external anatomy of insects XIII, 111 Notes on some summer birds of Estes Park, Colo XII, 86 Some notes on the Mallophaga XII , 46 Kelly, D. S. Coal Measures of Lyon county X, 45 Science in the public schools .■ XV, 42 Kilian, E. A, Observations on the divining rod XI, 114 Kimball, Bertha S. Habits and life-history of Conorhinus sanguisugus XIV, 128 Kinsley, A. T. ( See J. T. Willard for joint paper.) Knaus, Warren. Additions to catalogue of Kansas Coleoptora for 1S83, 1884 IX, 57 Additions to list of Coleoptera for 1885, 1886 X, 86 Additions to list of Coleoptera, 1896 XV, 18 Additions to list of Coleoptera, 1899, 1900 XVII, 109 Collecting notes on Kansas Coleoptera XVI, 197 On some salt-marsh Coleoptera IX, 64 Sand-dune collecting XI V , 126 Knerr, E. B. All energy is kinetic XIII, 30 An astronomical lantern .• XIII, 58 An inexpensive reagent bottle for use in microscopic work XIII, 23 Atchison and Nemaha county mineral water XV, 88 Barite nodules in wood XV , 80 Coal in Atchison county XIV, 216 Concretions XVI , 44 Erythronium mesochoreum XIII, 20 Notes on mountain leather from Red Rock canon, Colorado XIII, 70 Notes on a pink barite from Atchison limestone XIII, 76 Relativity in science XVI , 34 Silico-barite nodules from Salina, Kan X VI , 43 The formation of Doniphan lake in 1891 XIII, 47 The Muscotah artesian wells XVII, 53 Theory of the cosmos X VII , 20 The propagation of erythroniums XV, 73 Variety of Ampelopsis quinquefolia XIII, 69 Knox. M. V. B. Calamites IV, 17 Climate and brains V, 5 Kansas mammalia IV, 18 Additions to Kansas mammalia .' V, 64 —18 274 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Langworthy , A. E. The Atchison diamond-drill prospect hole XVII , 45 Lantz, D. E, Annotated list of the birds found near Manhattan XIV, 115 List of birds collected by Col. N. S. Goss in Mexico and Central America.. XVI, 218 List of birds seen in Dickinson county, 1898 to 1900 XVII, 116 Notes on the frosted poor-will XV, 14 Notes on Loxia curvirostra XIV, 124 Review of Kansas ornithology XVI, 224 The Kansas Academy of Science • XVI, 24 Le Conte, J. L., and G. H. Horn. Description of new species of North America Coleoptera VII , 74 Lighton, W. R. Notes on circulation of sap XI, 18 Long, J. H. A new method of determining the wind's velocity VI, 8V Lovewell, J. T. Kansas weather service VII, 86 On sound transmission by electricity VI, 25 Marlatt, C. L. Notes on the early stages of three moths XI, 110 Notes on the o viposition of the buffalo treehopper X , 84 Notes on the red cedar saw-fly X, 80 Marvin, F. O. ( See B. J. Dalton for joint paper.) Notes on magnetic declination in Kansas XII , 8 Note on the precision of the solar attachment to the engineer's transit XII, 164 Water-supply from a sanitary standpoint XVII, 54 Mason, S. C. A preliminary list of fossils found in Riley county VIII, 12 Matthews, R. Antrostomus carolinensis X VI , 277 The black duck in Kansas XVII, 114 Mayer, A. G. Radiation of heat from foliage XII, 61 Selective absorption of heat by leaves XIII, 48 Mead, J. R. Archaeology of Catalina island XVII, 215 A dying river (Arkansas) XIV, 111 Camps of prehistoric people in Sedgwick county XII, 64 Felis concolor XVI, 278 Flint Hills of Kansas XVII, 207 How the pheasant drums XIV , 113 Notes on the occurrence of gold in Montana XII , 5 Results of some explorations among the Pueblo ruins in New Mexico X , 73 Some natural-history notes of 1859 XVI, 280 Some notes on the birds of southern Kansas XVI , 216 The drill-hole at Wichita XV, 20 Were quails native to Kansas? XVI, 277 Meeker, Grace R. Native plants of Kansas adapted to cultivation XVII, 105 Merrill, C. D. Notes on Giants' Causeway and Fingal's Cave VI, 6 Miller, E. A new theory of the surface-markings of the moon XV, 10 Differentials of the second and higher orders XII, 65 The corona of the sun XVII , 210 The periods of rotation of Mercury and Venus and the satellites of the solar system XIV, 94 Where did Mars get its moons? XV, 46 Mozley, Annie E. List of Kansas snakes in the museum of the Kansas State University VI, 34 Mndge, B. F. A geological survey of Kansas Ill, 8(101) Annual report of committee on geology, 1876 V, 4 Bison latif rons in Kansas V , 9 Cretaceous forests and their migrations VI , 46 Geology of the Arkansas I, 408 (50) Internal heat of the earth VI , 49 List of minerals found in Kansas VII , 27 Metamorphic deposit in Woodson county VII, 12 Pliocene Tertiary in western Kansas. Ill, 17 (113) Rare forms of fish in Kansas Ill, 22 (121) Recent discoveries of fossil footprints in Kansas II, 7 (71) Red sandstone of central Kansas 1 , 394 (37) Traces of mound-builders in Kansas — II, 5 (69) Murphy, E. C. Equation of the mean monthly twenty-one-year temperature curve of Lawrence XII, 160 Is the rainfall of Kansas increasing? XIII, 16 GENERAL INDEX. 275 Mnrphy, E. C. Maximum bending moments for moving loads in a draw-beam.. XIII, 116 New water-supply of the University of Kansas XIV, 98 Probable temperature of the summer in Lawrence XIII, 58 Seven-year periodicity in rainfall XIII, 60 Some tests of cements manufactured in Kansas XII, 12 Newson, H. B. Imaginary focal properties of conies XII, 84 Nichols, E. L. A class-room experiment on ebullition IX, 27 Experiments upon superheated liquids and upon snpersaturation of vapors, IX, 91 On black and white X , 37 and W. S. Franklin. On the destruction of the passivity of iron in nitric acid by magnetization X, 13 Statistics on color-blindness in the University of Kansas IX , 95 The sky X, 111 Norton, J. B. S. Bibliography of literature relating to the effects of wind on plants XVI, 103 Osburn, W. The Cottonwood leaf beetle IV, 24 Otis, D. H. Root tubercles and their production by inoculation XVI, 88 Parker, JoliBS D. Memorial of B. F. Mudge VII, 7 Mounds in Davis county X, 72 The river bluffs V, 71 Parmenter, C. S. Fossil turtle cast from tlie Dakota XVI, 67 Parrott, P. J. The elm-tree girdler XVI, 200 Patrick, G. E. Analysis of Kansas soils IV, 15 Analyses of salt IV, 16 Kansaschalk IV, 13 and A. B. Aubert. On determining the solubilities of metallic salts Ill, 19(117) Protozoan remains in Kansas chalk VIII, 26 The Great Spirit spring VII, 22 The Waconda meteorite V, 12 The lola gas well V, 13 Plank, E. X. Preliminary notice of the flora of Montgomery county VIII, 33 Popenoe, E. A. A list of Kansas Coleopt«ra, 1876 V, 21 Additions to catalogue of Coleoptera VI, 77 , Contributions to a knowledge of Hemiptera fauna of Kansas IX, 62 List of Unionidae collected in Kansas rivers, with localities IX, 78 Note on the oviposition of a wood-borer XII , 15 Porter, F. B. Analyses of the Mississippian limestone from Atchison prospect well XVII, 52 Powell, L. M., and E. H. S. Bailey. Some special tests in regard to the delicacy of the sense of smell IX , 100 Price, J. M., jr. Parasitism in Apbyllon uniflorum XIV, 132 Rock exposures about Atchison XIV, 218 Radcliffe, H. (See L. I. Blake for joint paper.) Raymond, H. L. Ultramarine blue in sugars XI, 25 Reed, Minnie. Ferns of Wyandotte county XIV, 150 Kansas mosses XIV , 152 Long-continued blooming of Malvastrum coccineum XIV , 132 Some notes on condensed vegetation in western Kansas XIII , 91 Rice, Mary A. (See E. H. S. Bailey for joint paper.) Rice, M. E. The inverse of conies and conicoids from the center XIV, 14 Riley, C. V. Locust flights east of the Mississippi V, 62 Sadler, H. E. Coal-oil legislation IX, 36 On the testing of burning fluids IX , 39 Saunders, W. H. Analysis of clays Ill, 7 (99) Coals of Kansas I, 387 (30) Limestones and coal I, 392 (35) Savage, Joseph, Christening Amethyst mountain IX, 105 Notes on the geology of the Spanish Peaks IX, 113 On the bite of the rattlesnake VI, 36 276 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Savage, Joseph. On mastodon remains in Douglas county VI, 10 Sink holes in Wabaunsee county VII , 26 Some lightning freaks in 1883 IX, 41 Stone implements in Trego county VII, 60 The pink and white terraces in New Zealand XI, 26 Sayre, L. E. ( See W. S. Amos for joint paper.) An examination of the resinous exudation of rosin weed XI, 103 A new frame for the pocket microscope XII, 18 A study of the albuminoids XII , 16 ■ Diluted acetic acid as a solvent for extractive substances XIV, 44 Estimation of volatile oil in mustard XII , 59 Further experiments on taraxacum root XIV, 42 Is the alkaloidal strength of tea an index of its commercial value ? XI, 50 Loco- weed X , 65 Some experimental tests of the Pasteur filter XII, 122 The manufacture of binding-twine XII, 19 The quality of commercial peppers XI, 51 The solubility of chrome yellow in the gastric juice XI, 23 The extractive yield of various important vegetable medicinal substances, XIII, 120 Therapeutical notes and descriptions of parts of medicinal plants grow- ing in Kansas.. * XVI, 85 Therapeutic value of some recently introduced chemicals XIII, 28 Variable chemical composition of plants at different seasons XIII, 106 Scribner, F. L. A contribution to the flora of Kansas (gramineal) IX, 115 Sellards, E. H. Fossil plants in the Permian of Kansas X VII , 208 Slosson, Mrs. A. L. A partial list of fossils found in Cherokee county, Texas XII, 62 Personal observations upon the flora of Kansas XI, 19 Slosson, E. E. ( See E. H. S. Bailey for joint paper.) (See V. L. Kellogg for joint paper.) The relative sweetness of different alcohols XII, 104 Smith, Alva J. Fusulina cylindrica, shell structure XVI, 64 The Americus limestone XVII, 189 Smith, H. S. S. Magnetic declination in Kansas for October, 1880 VII, 48 Observations of comet " B," 1882 '. VIII, 28 Standard time VIII, 30 Smyth, B. B. ( See E. H. S. Bailey for joint paper.) Additions to flora of Kansas XII, 105; XIII, 96; XIV, 133; XV, 60; XVI, 158 Botanical notes from the Southwest, and floral clock VII , 50 Figurate series XI V , 29 Floral horologue for Kansas XVI, 106 Harmonies of the chemical elements XIV, 100 Harmonic forms XIV, 46 Periodicity in plants XII, 75 Terminal boulder belt in Shawnee county XIV, 220 The age of Kansas IX, 129 The buried moraine of the Shunganunga XV , 95 The closing of Michigan glacial lakes XV , 23 The Topeka coal hole XIV, 207 Snow, F. H. Amblychila cylindriformis VI, 29 A comparison of the records of the two anemometers at the University of Kansas XI , 107 Catalogue of the birds of Kansas 1 , 375 (21) Birds of Kansas, 1874 Ill, 30 (133) Additions to catalogue of Kansas birds VI, 38 Climate of Kansas I, 397 (40) Catalogue of Lepidoptera of eastern Kansas, 1875 IV, 29 List of Coleoptera collected in Santa Fe canon, New Mexico VII, 70 Curve of mean daily temperature at Lawrence for twenty-one years, 1868-1888 XII, 52 Douglas county additions to list of Kansas Coleoptera in 1879-1880 VII, 78 Experiments for artificial dissemination of a contagious disease among chinch-bugs XII, 34, 119 Insects of Wallace county, Kansas VI , 61 Is the rainfall of Kansas increasing 1 IX , 101 Larva and chrysalis of the sage sphinx IV, 28 GENERAL INDEX. 277 Snow, F. H. List of Coleoptera collected in Colorado, 1876 V, 15 List^of Coleoptera collected in Colorado, 1878 VI, 75 List of Lepidoptera collected in Colorado, 1879 VII , 61 List of Lepidoptera collected in Colorado VI , 70 Additions to list of Kansas Lepidoptera VII, 102 List of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera collected in New Mexico, 1881, 1882 ... VIII, 35 ■ List of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera collected in New Mexico, 1883, 1884 IX, 65 Additions to list Kansas Coleptera, 1881,1882 VIII, 58 Meteorological summary, 1872 to 1889 I, 196 (61) ; II, 19(86); III, 28 (130); IV, 60; V, 59; VI, 89; VII, 89; VIII, 2:^; VIII, 81; IX, 43; IX, 124; X, 31; X, 142; XI, 115; XII, 49 Notes on some Kansas meteorites XII, 105 Observations on the use of antennw of Polyphilla variolosa Ill, 27 (128) On the dermal covering of a mosasauroid reptile VI, 54 Onjthe discovery and significance of stipules in certain dicotyledonus leaves in the Dakota rocks XI, 33 On the discovery of a fossil bird track in the Dakota sandstone X, 3 Preparatory stages of Hyerchiria zephyria IX, 61 Preliminary list of Hymenoptera of Kansas VII, 97 The Rocky Mountain locust I V , 26 The Logan county nickel mines XI, 39 The mode of respiration of the common salamander XII , 31 Three new Kansas birds XI, 62 Stevens, W. C. The union of Cuscuta glomerata with its host XII, 163 Swingle, W. T. ( See W. A. Kellerman for joint paper.) A list of Kansas species of Peronosporacese XI , 6;^ First addition to list of Kansas Peronosporacefe XII, 129 Thompson, A. H. ( See Robert Hay for joint article.) Animal ethics XI, 52 Facial expression and its psychology XII, 67 Memorial of Robert Hay XV , 131 Notes on the antiquity of man VI , 12 The descent of facial expression XIII, 122 The influence of food selection upon the evolution of animal life V , 65 The origin and evolution of the human face Xtll , 6 The origin and history of the Academy IX, 4 The relation of a state geological survey to the work of the national survey X, 9 Towner, H. C. Evidence of ancient forests in central Kansas V, 70 Townsend, C. H. T. On the horse-flies of New Mexico and Arizona XIII , 133 On a peculiar acalyptrate mnscid found near Turkey Tanks, Ariz XIII, 135 Tweeddale, W. Silica cement mortars XVII, 42 Water purification XVI , 48 Waters, Lora L. Erysiphete of Riley county; XIV, 200 West, E. P. The last submersion and emergence of southeastern Kansas from the Carboniferous seas IX , 106 Wheeler, Wm. A fossil tusk found in Franklin county VI , 11 A partial list of the fishes of the Marais des Cygnes, at Ottawa VI, 33 White, Mark. Geology of the Glass mountains of western Oklahoma XVII, 199 Willard, J. T. (See G. H. Failyer for joint paper.) A breathing well in Logan county XIII, 73 and G. H. Failyer. A new glass siphoning extractive apparatus XII, 165 Effect upon the composition of the soil of continuous cropping by wheat. . . XVII , 41 Notes on the analysis of agricultural products XII , 21 Note on a new Kansas mineral IX, 25 and G. H. Failyer. On a new apparatus for the continuous extraction of solids by a volatile solvent X , 20 and A. T. Kinsley. On the effects of oxygen upon animal life XVII, 38 On the sugars of watermelons XII , 95 On the sweetness of invert sugar, with some notes on its preparation X , 24 On the variations in the sugar content of Sorghum vulgare X, 70 Variations in the nitrogen content of maize, and possibilities for its im- provement XVI, 46 278 KANSAS ACADEMY OP SCIENCE. Williams, Lizzie J. What is good for an artist, and what is an artist good for ? 1,411 (54) Williston, S. W. American Jurassic dinosaurs VI, 42 An interesting food habit of the plesiosaurs XIII, 121 A new plesiosaur from the Kansas Niobrara XII , 174 A new turtle from the Kansas Cretaceous XVII, 195 Memorial of E. P. West XIII, 68 Niobrara Cretaceous of western Kansas XIII , 107 Notes and descriptions of North American Tabanidee X , 129 Notes and descriptions of Mydaidte XV, 53 Notes on the habits of some of the rarer Cicindelidse V[, 32 Notice of some vertebrate remains from Kansas Permian XV , 120 On the adult male plumage of Wilson's phalarope VI, 39 On the structure of the Kansas chalk XII , 100 science in education XVI, 16 Spermophilus richardsonii VI , 39 tables of the families of Diptera X , 122 the Pleistocene of Kansas XV, 90 Wilson, J. W. Geology of the EflSngham ridge XV, 113 CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME, 279 CONTENTS OF VOLUME XVIII. PAGE Present and Past OflRcers of the Academy 2 Membership of the Academy January 6, 1903 3 Additions to Membership List 287 Historical Sketch of the Academy 6 Constitution of the Academy 7 By-laws of the Academy 8 Minutes of the Thirty-fourth Annual Meeting, at lola, 1901 9 Minutes of Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting, at Topeka, 1902 14 Announcements by the Secretary 286 Advertisement of previous Volumes 285 ADDRESSES DELIVERED AND PAPERS READ AT THE lOLA AND TOPEKA MEETINGS. I.— Presidential Addresses: Science and the Nineteenth Century. Ephraim Miller 2T The Mission and Limitations of Science. J. T. Willard 36 II.— Chemical and Physical Papers: A Study of Dietaries at Lawrence, Kan. E. H. S. Bailey 49 Crystalline Liquids. Fred B.Porter 54 Some Kansas Petroleum. Edward Bartow and Elmer V. McCollum 57 The Composition and Digestibility of Prairie Hay and of Buffalo-grass Hay. J. T. Willard and R. W. Clothier 59 Distinguishing Red and White Oak Lumber by Chemical Analysis of their Ash. E. B. Knerr 61 On the Alkyl Sulphates. F. W. Bushong 62 Some Sandstone Waters of Great Purity. E. H. S. Bailey 68 III.— Geological Papers: The Spanish Peaks. J. J. Jewett 73 Economic Geology of lola and Vicinity. G. P. Grimsley 78 Notes on the Geology of the Antelope Hills. R. S. Sherwin 83 Notes on the Theories of Origin of Gypsum Deposits. R. 8. Sherwin 85 Experiences with Early Man in America. Charles H. Sternberg 89 The Permian Life of Texas. Charles H. Sternberg 94 Geology of Lyon County, Kansas. Alva J. Smith 99 Further Studies in the Mentor Beds. Alfred W. Jones 104 The Ottawa Gas-wells. J. A. Yates 106 Physiographic Divisions of Kansas. Geo. I. Adams 109 List of Fossil Plants Collected in Vicinity of Onaga, Kan. F. F. Crevecoeur 124 Gold in Kansas Shales. J. T. Lovewell 129 Gold in Kansas. J. T. Lovewell 134 IV.— Biological Papers: Loco Weed. L. E. Sayre 1*1 Notes on the Trees, Shrubs and Vines in the Southern Part of the Cherokee Nation. C. N. Gould 145 A Provisional List of the Uredinese of Bourbon County, Kansas. A. O. Garrett 147 Statistics about Kansas Birds. D. E. Lantz 151 Notes on the Birds of Kansas, and a Revised Catalogue. F. H. Snow 1.54 A New Species of Fish. F. F. Crevecoeur 177 Notes on the Food Habits of California Sea-lions. L. L. Dyche 179 Food Habits of the Common Garden Mole. L. L. Dyche 183 Additions to the List of Kansas Coleoptera for 1901 and 1902. Warren Knaus 187 Preliminary List of Medicinal and Economic Plants in Kansas. B. B. Smyth 191 280 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. v.— Miscellaneous Papers: The Drying-up of Pools and Streams in Central Kansas. S. G. Mead 213 Origin of Names of Kansas Streams. J. R. Mead 215 Loss of Teeth as a Disqualification for Military Service. Edward Bumgardner 217 On Certain Methods of the Geometry of Position. Arnold Emch 220 The Eleven-and-one-half-inch Equatorial Telescope of Washburn College Observa- tory. H.L.Woods 231 Review of the Crop Season of 1902. T. B. Jennings 234 VI.— Necrology : Col. N. S. Goss 243 Dr. Geo. T. Fairchild 244 Davis A. Boyles 245 VII. — Appendix. Accessions to the Academy Library, 1901 and 1902 249 General Index to the Academy Transactions, 1872 to 1900 260 Index to Volume XVIII (1903) 281 Advertisement of Volumes Issued by the Academy 285 Announcements by the Secretary 286 Additions to the List of Members of the Academy 287 LIST OF PLATES. Lincoln College (now Washburn), Topeka, 1865 Frontispiece . Kansas Academy of Science Museum of Mineral Industries 8 OflBce and Library of the Kansas Academy of Science 16 Shale Pit of the lola Brick Company, at lola, Kan 80 Field southjof lola, in 1898, where the lola Cement Mill was erected in 1899 and 1900 88 lola Portland Cement Mill, 1900 96 Roaring Spring Cliii', Ellsworth county, Kan 112 Mushroom Rock, Alum Creek, Ellsworth county, Kansas 120 Shale Bank on the Smoky Hill River 128*' Shale Bank near the Smoky Hill River 136' Smoky HillfRiver Valley, showing Shale Banks 144 Washburn College Observatory 21o The New Equatorial Telescope in Washburn College Observatory ; 232 Col. N. 8. Goss 240 Dr. Geo. T. Fairchild 240 INDEX TO THIS VOLUME. 281 INDEX TO VOLUME XVIII. PAGB -Accessions to the Academy library, 1901 and 1902 2J9 Adams, George I. Physiographic divisions of Kansas 109 Mentioned 3, 12, 128 Advertisement of volumes issued by the Academy 285 Alkyl sulphates. F. W. Bushong 62 Announcements 2S6 Antelope Hills, notes on geology of. R. S. Sherwin 83 Bailey, E. H. S. Some sandstone waters of great purity 68 Study of dietaries at Lawrence, Kan 49 Elected life member 12 Mentioned 3, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17 Baker, Harvey W. Elected to membership 16 Barker, F. D. Elected to membership, 9 Bartholomew, Elam. Quoted 147 Bartow, Edward, and E. V. McCollum. Some Kansas petroleum 57 Elected vice-president 13, 18 Mentioned 2, 3, 9, 10, 14, 16, 17, 19 Birds, Kansas, statistics about. D. E. Lantz 151 Notes on, and a revised catalogue of. F. H, Snow 154 Boyles, Davis A. Memorial of 245 Brick manufacture 79, S^ Bumgardner, Edward. Loss of teeth as a disqualification for military service 217 Bushong, F. W. On the alkyl sulphates 62 Mentioned 14, 15, 16 By-laws of the Academy 8 Cherokee nation, notes on trees, shrubs and vines in. C. N. Gould 145 Clothier, E. W. Paper by 59 Cole, Clarence L. ( Dr.) Elected to membership 16 Coleoptera, Kansas, additions to the list for the years 1901,1902. W. Knaus 187 Collineation 226 Committees appointed 9, 10, 13, 15, 16, 17 Constitution of the Academy 7 Amendment to ^^ Cooper, J. C. Elected president ., 18 Mentioned 2, 4, 19 Cragin, F. W. Mentioned 3, 120 Crevecoeur, F. F, List of fossil plants collected in the vicinity of Onaga, Kan 124 New species of fish 1'''^ Mentioned 4, 9, 10, 20, 187, 188, 189 Crop season of 1902. T.B.Jennings '^'■i* Crystalline liquids. F. B. Porter 54 Dains, F. B. Elected to membership 16 Paper by 18 Dietaries, a study of, at Lawrence, Kan. E. H. S. Bailey 49 Dunlevy, R. B. Papers by 20 Dyche, L. L. Food habits of the common garden mole 183 Notes on the food habits of California sea-lions 179 Elected to life membership H Mentioned 3, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20 Election of officers of the Academy l'^- 18 Emch, Arnold. On certain methods of the geometry of position 220 282 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Failyer, Geo. H. Mentioned 4, 9, 10, 12, 13 Fairchild, Geo. T. (Dr.) Memorial of 244 Fish, a new species of. F. F. Crevecoeur 177 Franklin, E. C. Elected treasurer 13 Mentioned 3, 10, 20 Garrett, A. O. A provisional list of the Uredineee of Bourbon county, Kansas 147 Elected to membership 9 Gas, natural . . 78 , 79 Gas-wells at Ottawa, Kan. J. A. Yates 106 Geometry of position, on certain methods of. Arnold Emch 220 Gold in Kansas. J. T. Lovewell 134 Gold in Kansas shales. J . T. Lovewell 129 Gold shales, committee appointed to report on 13, ^6 Goss collection 14, 16 Goss, N. S. Memorial of 243 Quoted 12, 156, 157, 158,160, 164 Gould, C. N. Notes on trees, shrubs and vines in the Cherokee nation 145 Mentioned 19, 21 Grimsley, G. P. Economic geology of lola and vicinity 78 Elected secretary 13, 18 Report as secretary 14, 15 Report of committees on secretary's report 18 Mentioned 2, 4, 11, 12, 19, 21 Gypsum, notes on the theories of origin of gypsum deposits. R. S. Sherwin 85 Harnly, H. J. Mentioned 4, 11 Harshbarger, W. A. Elected to membership 19 Hartman, Leon W. Elected to membership 9 Ha worth Erasmus. Quoted 115, 116, 117 Hay, prairie and builalo-grass, its composition and digestibility. J. T. Willard and R. W. Clothier 59 Hay, Robert. Quoted 114, 121 Henderson, Willis E. Elected to, membership 9 Historical sketch of the Academy 6 Hoxie, G. W. { Dr.) Elected to membership 16 Hoyt, W. F. Elected to membership 16 Hunter,S.J. Papers by 20 Index, general, to Academy Transactions from 1872 to 1900 260 Index to therapeutic properties of Kansas plants 208 lola. Economic geology of lola and vicinity. G. P. Grimsley 78 Isely, F. B. Elected to membership 18 Jennings, T. B. Review of crop season of 1902 234 Jewett, J. J. The Spanish Peaks 73 Elected to membership 16 Jones, Alfred W. Further studies in the Mentor beds 104 Mentioned ; 15, 20 Knaus, Warren. Additions to the list of Kansas Coleoptera for the years 1901 and 1902 187 Elected to life membership 18 Mentioned 3, 9, 10, 15, 16, 19, 20 Knerr, E. B. Distinguishing red and white oak lumber by chemical analysis of their ash. . . 61 Lantz, D. E. Statistics about Kansas birds 151 Mentioned 4, 9, 10, 13, 14. 15, 17, 19, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 163, 187 Larkin, Pierce. Elected to membership 18 Paper by 21 Legislation 15 , 18 Library 15 List of members 3 , 287 INDEX TO THIS VOLUME. 283 Loco weed. L. E. Sayre 141 Lovewell, J. T. Gold in Kansas shales 129 Gold in Kansas 134 Mentioned 3, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 18 Lyon county, Kansas, geology of. Alva J. Smith 99 Man, experiences with early man in America. Charles H. Sternberg 89 Marbut, C. F. Quoted 112 Martin, H. T. Elected to membership 19 Marvin, F. O. Elected to life membership 18 Mentioned 15 Mattliews, R. (Dr.) Mentioned 4. 12, 151, 166 McCollum, E. v., and Edward Bartow. Some Kansas petroleum 57 Elected to membership 16 Mclntyre, Edith A. ( Miss). Elected to membership 18 Mc Wharf, J. M. (Dr.) Elected to membership 16 Mead, J. R. Origin of names of some Kansas streams 215 Mentioned 3, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 19 Mead, S. G. The drying-up of pools and streams in central Kansas 213 Mentioned 4, 11, 187 Meeker, Grace ( Miss). Mentioned 4, 9 Mentor beds, further studies in. Alfred W. Jones 104 Miller, E. Science and the nineteenth century (presidential address ) 26 Mentioned 3, 9, 12 Mole, garden, its food habits. L. L. Dyche 183 Monahan, Elmer P. Elected to membership 9 Morscher, L. N. Mentioned 4, 9 Moses, H. M. (Dr.) Elected to membership 16 Mudge.B.F. Quoted 6, 105, 114 Necrology committee report 12 New members elected 9, 12, 16, 18, 19 Oak lumber, red and white, a new method of distinguishing by the chemical analysis of their ash. E. B. Knerr 61 Officers of the Academy 2 Olin, W. H. Elected to membership 16 Ottawa gas-wells. J. A. Yates 106 Parker, Johns D. Mentioned 6 Past officers of tlie Academy 2 Permian life of Texas. C. H. Sternberg -. - 94 Petroleum, Kansas. Edward Bartow and E; V. McCoUum 57 Physiographic divisions of Kansas. George I. Adams 109 Plants, fossil, collected in the vicinity of Onaga, Kan. F. F. CreveccBur 124 Plants, Kansas, preliminary list of medicinal and economic plants. B, B. Smyth 191 Plass, Norman ( Pres.) Elected to membership 16 Poole, S. F. Elected to membership 16 Pools and streams in central Kansas, the drying-up of. S. G. Mead 213 Popenoe, E. A. Mentioned 3, 11, 15, 17, 155, 188 Porter, F. B. Crystalline liquids 54 Portland cement **! i 82 Pribble, C. L. Elected to metobership 16 Prosser, C. S. Mentioned 5, 102 Quintard collection, report on 17 Resolutions of the Academy 12, 13, 21 Rice, W. H. Elected to membership 16 Riddle, Lumina C. (Miss). Elected to membership 16 Ringer, Arthur. Elected to membership 16 284 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Sayre, L. E. Loco weed 141 Elected to life membership 18 Mentioned 3, 9, 11, 12. 14, 15, 16, 20, 191 SchafFner, J. H. Elected to membership 16 Paper by , 17 Science and the nineteenth century. E.Miller 26 Science, the mission «nd limitations of. J. T. Willard 36 Sea-lions, California, notes on food habits of. L. L. Dy che 179 Secretary's report 14, 15 Report of committees on secretary's report 15, 18 Shearer, J. L. Elected to membership 16 Sherwin, R. S. Notes on the geology of the Antelope Hills 83 Notes on the theories of the origin of gypsum deposits 85 Elected to membership 10 Mentioned 11, 20 Smith, Alva J. Geology of Lyon county, Kansas 99 Elected treasurer 18 Mentioned 2, 5, 9, 10, 14, 15, 128 Smyth, B. B. Preliminary list of medicinal and economic plants in Kansas, with their re- puted therapeutic properties 191 Mentioned 3, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17 Smyth, Eugene. Mentioned 5, 14, 15, 187, 189 Elected to membership » 12 Snow, F. H. Notes on the birds of Kansas , and a revised catalogue 154 Mentioned 20, 21, 187, 188, 190 Spanish Peaks. J. .J. Jewett 73 Sternberg, C. H. Experiences with early man in America 82 The Permian life of Texas 94 Mentioned 5, 9, 12, 17 Stevenson, Teresa ( Miss ). Elected to membership 9 Streams, Kansas, origin of the names of. J. R. Mead 215 Sulphuric acid 81 Teeth, loss of, as a disqualification for military service. Edward Bumgardner 217 Telescope, the eleven-and-one-half-inch equatorial, of Washburn College observatory. H. L. Woods 231 Treasurer's report 13, 17 Trees, shrubs and vines in the Cherokee nation. C.N.Gould 145 Uredineae of Bourbon county, Kansas, a provisional list. A. O. Garrett 147 Ward, M. L. Elected to life membership 12 Mentioned 3, 9, 10, 13 Water, some sandstone waters of great purity. E. H. S, Bailey 68 White, David. Mentioned 128 Willard, J. T., and R. W. Clothier. The composition and digestibility of prairie hay and of buffalo-grass hay 59 The mission and limitations of science { presidential address ) 36 Elected president 13 Elected to life membership 11 Mentioned 3, 9, 10, 12, 19, 20 Williams, Edward M. Elected to membership 12 Williston, S. W. Elected honorary member 18 Mentioned 3, 11 Woods, H. I. The eleven-and-one-half-inch equatorial telescope of Washburn College ob- servatory 231 Elected to membership IS Yates, J. A. The Ottawa gas- wells 106 Elected vice-president 13, 18 Mentioned 2, 5, 11, 14, 15, 16 Zinc smelting 80 ADVERTISEMENT. 285 TRANSACTIONS OF THE KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Original volumes I, II, III, were published as parts of the State Agricultural Reports for 1872, 1873, 1874. ( Out of print now.) PEICE. Reprint of volumes I to III (1896), 135 pages, 4 figures. $0 50 Volume IV, 1875, 63 pages. (Out of print.) Volume V, 1876, 75 pages, 1 figure, (Out of print.) Volume VI, 1878, 94 pages, 6 figures, 1 plate. (Out of print.) Volume VII, 1881, 136 pages, 1 plate. (Out of print.) Volume VIII, 1883, 85 pages, 5 plates 0 60 Volume IX, 1885, 145 pages, 9 plares paper, 75 cts.; cloth, 1 25 Volume X, 1887, 155 pages, 19 figures, 6 plates 1 00 Volume XI, 1889, 128 pages, 4 figures, 1 plate 75 Volume XII, 1890, 189 pages, 9 figures, 7 plates paper, 75 cts.; cloth, 1 25 Volume XIII, 1893, 175 pages, 15 figures, 5 plates paper, 60 cts.; cloth, 1 00 Volume XIV, 1896, 370 pages, 96 figures, 8 plates paper, 1 25 Volume XV, 1898, 226 pages, 2 figures, 7 plates 1 50 Volume XVI, 1899, 320 pages, 12 figures, 9 plates paper, $1 ; cloth, 1 50 Volume XVII, 1901, 248 pages, 15 figures, 13 plates paper, $1 ; cloth, 1 50 Volume XVIII, 1903, pages, 35 figures, 15 plates paper, $1 ; cloth, 1 50 Requests for the purchase or exchange of these publications, and all correspondence, should be addressed to the Secjretary Kansas Academy of Science, Topeka, Kan., U. S. A. 286 ANNOUNCEMENTS. ANNOUNCEMENTS. One of the duties of the Secretary is the compilation of a directory of persons interested in science work, the teachers of science in our public schools and others, in the state. Members of the Academy can greatly assist in this work by sending in to the office as many of these names as possible. In accordance with the resolution passed at the last session of the Academy, members will please send in their photographs to the office. Papers presented at the Academy meetings, particularly those in- tended for publication in the Transactions, should be typewritten care- fully before being filed for publication. The printer declines to send proof-sheets all over the country because of the delay and extra ex- pense ; therefore, the proof-reading devolves on the Secretary, and correct typewritten copy is far more important to the author than to either the Secretary or the printer. It will facilitate the work of pub- lication and avoid irritating errors that are sure to occur when manu- script copy is used. Typewrite your papers and then read them over carefully. One or two errors discovered in a printed scientific article or book frequently cast a doubt in the mind of the reader over the entire article or work. The next meeting of the Academy will be held near the close of the year 1903, at Manhattan. ToPEKA, Kan., May, 1903. Secretary. ADDITIONS TO MEMBERSHIP. 287 ADDITIONS TO MEMBERSHIP LIST. LIFE MEMBER. D. E. Lantz, M. S., 1883, Kansas Agricultural College. . . Manhattan. ACTIVE MEMBERS. W. F. Hoyt,-A. M., 1902, president of Kansas Wesleyan University Salina. J. M. Mc Wharf , M. D. , 1902 Ottawa. Lumina C. Riddle, M. S., 1902, Ohio State University. . . Columbus, Ohio. J. D. Walters, M. S., 1894, Kansas Agricultural College, Manhattan. N'l^ .