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HARVARD UNIVERSITY

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Museum of Comparative Zoology

LIBRARY

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^V'f'S

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

KANSAS
ACADEMY OF SCiSNCE.

VOLUME XXV.

CONTAINS

LIST OF OFFICERS AND PAST PRESIDENTS; MEMBERSHIP LIST

JANUARY 1, 1913; MINUTES OF FORTY-FOURTH AND

FORTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETINGS; PRESIDENTS'

ADDRESSES; SOME PAPERS READ.

December 23 and 24, 1912.

STATE PRINTING OFFICE:
TOPEKA, 1913.

6-901

I

i

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

KANSAS
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

VOLUME XXV.

CONTAINS

LIST OF OFFICERS AND PAST PRESIDENTS; MEMBERSHIP LIST

JANUARY 1, 1913; MINUTES OF FORTY-FOURTHC^ND

FORTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETINGS; PRESIDENTS'

ADDRESSES; SOME PAPERS READ.

December 23 and 24, 1912,

STATE PRINTING OFFICE:
TOPEKA, 1913.

5-901

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

I.— Introductory: page.

1. Present and Past Officers of the Academy iv

2. Membership of the Academy, January 1, 1913 iv

3. Secretary's Report of Forty-fifth Annual Meeting 1

4. Address of Retiring President at Forty-fourth Annual

Meeting 6

5. Address of Retiring President at Forty-fifth Annual Meet-

ing 16

II. —Chemical and Physical Papers:

1. On the Powdered Sugar of Commerce 27

2. Nostrums 29

3. On the Reactions of the Formamidines 35

4. Standardization of Insecticides and Disinfectants 37

III.— Geological Paper:

1. Notes on the Moraine of the Kansas Glacier, Southwest of

Topeka 43

2. Expeditions to the Niocene of Wyoming and the Chalk

Beds of Kansas 45

IV. — Biological Paper:

1. Formaldehyde Gas Not Effective Upon Flies 53

2. Further Records of Insects Personally Collected in Kansas

and Colorado 54

3. Provisional Catalogue of the Flora of Kansas 63

4. A Partial Kej' to the Genera of North American Jassoidea, 129

5. Insecticides 138

6. A System of Notation Applied to Entomological Accessions, 142

7. Biotropism 146

V. — Miscellaneous Papers :

1. On the Immunity of the Kansas Bottom Groundwaters to

Changes in the Composition of the Kansas River Water, 153

2. The Common Mole. —Runway Studies 160

3. The. Longevity of Yale Graduates as Shown by the Pub-

lication of "Living Graduates of Yale University in
1912" 164

4. Has the Quality of Drugs Improved Since the Enactment

of the Foods and Drugs Law ? 167

5. A Further Discussison of Municipal Ownership of Water

and Light Plants 170

VI.— Necrology:

1. Robert J. Brown 177

2. James C. Cooper , 179

3. John J, Jewett 178

4. Mary Burgess Savage 182

5. Bernard Bryan Smyth 184

VII.— List OF Publications. —Index 187

(iii)

iv Kansas Academy of Science.

OFFICERS OF THE ACADEMY, 1913.

President, A. J. Smith Emporia.

Vice President, W. A. Harshbarger Topeka.

Vice President, J. A G. Shirk.. Pittsburg.

Treasurer, L. D. Havenhill Lawrence.

Secretary, J. T. Lovewell Topeka.

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL.

Ex officio the President, Treasurer and Secretary.
Elective J or 1913.

E. H. S. Bailey. S. J. Crumbine.

F. B. DaINS. J. T. WiLLARD.

MEMBERSHIP OF THE ACADEMY.

January 1, 1913.

Dates signify date of election to membership in the Academy.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

G. P. Grimsley, Ph. D., 1904, Martinsburg, W. Va.
Edw. L Nichols, Ph. D., 1897, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.
W. S. Franklin, Sc. D., Lehigh Univ., South Bethlehem, Pa.
Geo. Wagner, Ph. D., 1904, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.
S. W. Williston, A. M., M. D., Ph. D., 1902, professor of paleontology,
Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, 111.

ASSOCIATE MEMBER.

Mr. R. J. Brown, 1903, Leavenworth.

LIFE MEMBERS.

E. H. S. Bailey, Ph. D., 1883, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence.
Edward Bartow, Ph. D., 1898, director of water survey, Urbana, 111.
Joshua William Beede, Ph. D., 1894, associate professor of geology,

Bloomington, Ind.

F. W. Bushong, Sc. D,, 1896, Mellon Institute, Univ. of Pittsburg, Pa.

F. W. Cragin, Ph. D., 1880, economic, geologic and historical research,
Colorado Springs, Colo.

Lewis Lindsay Dyche, M. S., 1881, professor of systematic zoology and
curator of birds, mammals and fishes, state fish and game warden, Univ.
of Kansas, Lawrence.

Geo. H. Failyer, M. Sc, 1879, Manhattan.

E. C. Franklin, Ph. D., 1884, Stanford Univ., Palo Alto, Cal.

I. D. Graham, 1879, Live Stock Com., Panama Ex., San Francisco, Cal.

Wm Ashbrook Harshbarger, B. S. 1900, professor of mathematics, Wash-
burn Coll., Topeka.

Erasmus Haworth, Ph. D., 1882, state geologist, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence.

Kansas Academy of Science. v

Warren Knaus, M. Sc. 1884, entomologist, editor and publisher, McPherson.

D E. Lantz, M. Sc, 1887, biological survey, Washington, D. C.

J. T. Lovewell, Ph. D., 1878. chemist, Topeka.

F. 0. Marvin, A. M.. 1884, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence.

Ephraim Miller, A. B., A. M., Ph. D., 1873, Pasadena, Cal.

E. A. Popenoe, A. M., 1872, entomologist, Topeka.

L. E Sayre, Ph. M., 1885, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence.

Alva J. Smith, 1903, city engineer, Emporia.

*B. B. Smyih, 1880, curator Goss Orinthological Collection, Topeka.

Mrs. L. C. R. Smyth, M. S., Ph. D., 1902, curator of Goss Ornithological

Collection, Topeka.
C. H. Sternberg, 1896, explorer and collector, Lawrence.
A. H. Thompson, D. D. S., 1873, Topeka.
M. L. Ward, D. D., 1880, Ottawa Univ., Ottawa.
J. T. Willard, M. S., 1883, Kansas Agr. Coll., Manhattan.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Frank G. Agrelius, A. M., 1905, State Normal School, Emporia.

H. C. Allen, 1904, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence.

John J. Arthur. 1904, Topeka.

Wm. R. Arthur, B. A., 1903, dean of law school, Washburn Coll., Topeka.

W. M. Bailey. 1906, teacher, Holton.

Harvey W. Baker, 1902, florist. White Church.

Benj. P. Baker, 1909, student Agr. Coll., Manhattan.

Elam Bartholemew, M. S., 1905, mycologist, Stockton.

W. J. Baumgartner, 1904, professor of zoology and histology, Univ. of

Kansas, Lawrence.
Frank G Bedell, 1904, Dodge City.

F. H. Billings, Ph. D., 1909. Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence.
Julius Brandt, 1907, Bethany Coll , Lindsborg.
H. H. Braucher, 1907, teacher, K. S. N , Emporia.
Frank. P. Brock. 1911, ind. research, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence.

E. W. Brown, B. S., 1909, Chehalis, Wash.

Edw. Bumgardner, M. D., Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence.

L. D. Bushnell, 19 »9, professor of bacteriology, Agr. Coll., Manhattan.

H. P. Cady, Ph. D., 1904, professor chemistry, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence.

M. E Canty, 1903, Buffalo, Kan.

I. D. Cardiff, Ph. D., 1909, professor of botany, State Agr. Coll., Pullman,

Wash.
V B. Caris, 1911, professor mathematics, M. T. S., Pittsburg.

F. P. Clark, M. D., 1909, Univ. Hospital. Kansas City, Kan.
W. A. Cook, M. S., 1907, Baker Univ., Baldwin.

R. A. Cooley, 1910, Ag. Expt. Station, Bozeman, Mont.

Rev. John T. Copley, 1903, clergyman, Manhattan.

E. G. Corwine, 1905, Mulvane.

E. F. Crevecoeur, 1899, entomologist, Onaga.

S. J. Cru bine, M. D., 1909, secretary State Board of Health, Topeka.

B. J. Dalton, C. E., 1909, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence.

Geo. A. Dean, M. S., 1912, professor entomology, Manhattan.

O. P Dellinger, professor biology, M. T. S., Pittsburg.

* Deceased.

vi Kansas Academij of Science.

Frank Burnett Dains Ph. D., 1902, professor of chemistry, Univ. of Kan-
sas. Lawrence.
Emil 0. Deere, A. M , 1905, Bethany Coll , Lindsborg.
James Dickson, A. M., 1904, High School, Topeka.
Robt. K. Duncan, B. A., 1906, professor of industrial chemistry, Univ. of

Pittsburg, Grand Boulevard, Pittsburg, Pa.
R. B. Dunlevy, M. A., 1896. S. W. Kansas Coll., Winfield.
E H. Dunmire, B. S., 1S95, Lawrence.
J. W. Eby, 1903, banker. Harvard.

C. W. Edmondson, Ph. D., 1909, professor of geology and histology, Eu-
gene, Ore.
H. W. Emerson, B. S., 1904, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence.
B. F. Eyer, B. S., E. E., 1904, professor of electrical engineering, Man-
hattan.
T. L. Eyerly, 1906, high school, department of physiography, Dallas, Tex.
Fred. Faragher, A. B , 1904, with Alden Spear's Sons Co., Chicago, 111.
A. O. Garrett, 1901, teacher high school. Salt Lake City, Utah.
Roy W. Gragg, 1907, accountant, Bartlesville. Okla.
A. A. Graham, 1910, lawyer, Topeka.

O. S. Groner, Sc. M. , 1907, professor of chemistry, Ottawa, Univ., Ottawa.
Mary Herman, Ph. D., 1912, Agr. Coll., Manhattan.
H. J. Harnly, B. S., 1903, professor, McPherson Coll., McPherson.
L. D. Havenhill, D. Phar., 1904, professor of pharmaceutical chemistry,

Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence.
Thomas J. Headlee, Ph. D., 1907, professor of zoology and entomology,

Rutgers Coll., New Brunswick, N J.
W. C. Hoad, B. S., 1904, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence.
W. F. Hoyt. A. M., 1902, State Normal School, Neb.
Albert K. Hubbard, Ph. D , 1904, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence.
L W. Humphrey, 1912, Pittsburg, Univ., Pa.
Thomas M. Iden, 1897, State Normal School, Emporia.
H. Louis Jackson, B. S., 1909, state food analyst, Univ. of Kansas,
Lawrence.

E. C. Jerman 1911, electrician, Topeka.

* John J. Jewett, 1902, physicist, San Diego, Cal.
A. W Jones, B. S., 1894, Wesleyan Univ., Salina.

F. E. Jones, 1909. manual training school, Lawrence.
W. H. Keller, 1898, high school, Emporia.

H. H. King, A. B., A. M., 1909, asst. professor of chemistry, Agr. Coll.,

Manhattan.
Leslie A. Kenoyer, 1906, Independence.

Harry L. Kent, 1904, nature study, Agr. Coll., Manhattan.
John H. Klopfer, 1904, collector and mining expert, Topeka.
Pierce Larkin, A. B., 1902, geology, Univ. Norman, Okla.
R. D. Landrum, B. S., 1909, Lisk Manufacturing Co., Canandaigua, N. Y.
Marcus A. Low, 1906, attorney C. R. I. & P. railway, Topeka.
L. A. Lowther, 1907, superintendent of schools, Emporia.
R. Matthews, D. D. S , 189S, dental surgery, Wichita.
J. W. McCulloch, 1911, field agent. Agr. Coll., Manhattan.

• Deceased.

Kansas Academy of Science. vii

David F. McFarland. Ph*. D.. State Univ., Urbana, 111.

J. M McWharf, M. D., 1902, physician, Ottawa.

Grace R. Meeker, 1899, botanist, Ottawa.

C. F Menninger, M. D., 1903, physician, Topeka.

S. T. Millard, M. D., 1909, physician and surgeon, Topeka.

W. L. Moodie, 1906, State Normal, Bellingham. Wash.

Roy L. Moodie, Ph. U., 1909. instructor, Baylor Univ. Dallas, Tex.

Merle M. Moore, 1909, student, Ottawa Univ , Ottawa.

Celia Mulvehill, A. B., 1911, high school, Pittsburg.

R. K. Nabour, 1910, instructor in zoology, Agr. Coll., Manhattan.

C. A. Nash, 1907, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence.
J. H. Newby, 1899. photographer, Osage City.
N. P. Neilson, 1906, architect, Topeka.

A. M. Nissen, A. M., 1901, farmer, Wetmore.
H. N. Olson, 1895, Bethany Coll , Lindsborg.
J. B. Parker, 1909, Agr. Coll., Manhattan.

Frank Patrick, 1903, microscopist, Kansas City, Mo.

Leslie F. Paull, B. S., 1903, Agr. Coll., Fort Collins, Neb.

Rev. P. B. Peabody, 1909, clergyman, (ornithologist), Blue Rapids.

L. M. Peace, A B., 904, Univ. of Kansas. Lawrence.

Arthur D Pitcher, A. M.. 1906, Univ. of Kansas. Lawrence.

L. M. Plairs, asst. entomologist, Agr Coll., Manhattan.

L. M. Powell, M. D., li-OG. physician, Topeka.

Silas Eber Price, D. D., president Ottawa Univ., Ottawa.

Charles Smith Prosser, D. Sc , Ph. D , 1892, educator and geologist, Co-
lumbus, Ohio.

Wm. S. Prout, 1904, M. D., Emmet, Kan.

Albert B. Reagan, 1904, director of Indian school, Orr, Minn.

L. J. Reiser. 1911, chemist, Topeka.

Geo. E. Rex, 1911, mgr. treating plants. A. T. & S. F. Rly., Topeka.

H. A. Rice, C. E , 1909, asst. professor of engineering. Univ. of Kansas,
Lawrence.

B. R. Rogers, D. V., 1907, Agr. Coll , Manha'tan.

Eulalia E. Roseberry, 1909, teacher of physiography, Pitts'burg.

J. C. Russell, 911, professor of agricultural chemistry, Univ. of Minne-
sota. Minneapolis, Minn.

Frank K. Sanders, D. D., Ph. D., LL. D , 1909, president Washburn Coll.,
Topeka.

D. C. Schaffner. 1903, Coll. of Emporia, Emporia.

John H. Schaffner. A. M , M. S., 1902, professor of botany, Univ. of Ohio,

Columbus, Ohio.
Ttieo. S. Scheffer. M.S., 1903. Dept. Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
J. W. Scott, Ph. D., Ag. Coll., Manhattan.
M. Sebastian, 1911, Parochial Sch^iol, Parsons.
Miriam Sheldon. A. M , 1906, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence.
Edwin Taylor Shelly, M. D , 1902, physician, Atchison.
Claude J Shirk, A. M., M. S., 1905, instructor in physics and chemistry,

Ottawa.
J. A. G. Shirk, 1904, professor of physics, Pittsburg, Kan.
Eva Schley. A. B., 1903, natural history, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, III.

viii Kansas Academy of Science.

Ralph C. Shuey, 1905, Univ. of Pittsburg, Pa.

Eugene G. Smyth, 1901, entomology, Dept. Agr. , Santa Rita, P. R.
S. G. Stewart, M. D., 1904, physician and surgeon, Topeka.
Chas. M. Sterling, A. B., 1904. Univ. of Kansas, liawrence.
Frank Strong, LL. D. , Ph. D., 1905, chancellor of University, Lawrence.
E. F. Stimpson, 1904, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence.

M. C. Tanquary, Ph. D., 1912, instructor of entomology, Ag. Coll., Man-
hattan.

E. L. Tague, A. M., professor of chemistry, Washburn Coll., Topeka.
Edgar H. Thomas, 1907, State Normal School, Emporia.

F. J. Titt, B. S., 1898. Kingfisher Coll., Kingfisher, Okla.

J. E. Todd, A. M., 1907, professor of geology, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence.

David Train, 1907, Bethany Coll., Lindsborg.

E. S. Tucker, 1904, associate professor of entomology, Dept. Agriculture,

Baton Rouge, La.
W. H. Twenhofel, 1910, professor of geology and paleontology, Univ of

Kansas, Lawrence.
Edith M. Twiss, Ph. D., 1910, dean of women. Washburn Coll., Topeka.
W. A. VanVoris. 1907. State Normal School, Emporia.
P. F. Walker, 1905, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence.
J. D. Walters, M. S., 1894, Agr. Coll., Manhattan.
E. C. Warfel, A. M., 1909, lawyer, Wamego.
H. J. Waters, B. Sc, 1909. president Agr. Coll., Manhattan.
E. R. Weidlein, 1911, Univ. of Pittsburg, Pa.
J. E. Welin, A. M., M. S., 1899, .professor of chemistry, Bethany Coll.,

Lindsborg.
Archie J. Weith, 1906, Lawrence, Kan.

J. B. Whelan, 1909, professor of chemistry, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence.
E. A. White. 1909, chemist, Kansas City, Mo.
Stanley D. Wilson, B. A., 1910, instructor in chemistry, Univ. of Chicago,

Chicago, 111.
W. B. Wilson, B. S., M. S., 1903, professor of biology, Ottawa Univ.,

Ottawa.
John A. Wilson, 1909, science teacher, Ely, Minn.
C. H. Withington, B. S., 1903, high school, Topeka.
T. M. Wood. B. S.. 1909, instructor, M. T. S., Pittsburg.
H. 1. Woods, M. S., 1902, professor physics and astronomy, Washburn

Coll., Topeka.
Lyman C. Wooster, Ph. D., 1897, State Normal School, Emporia.
J. A. Yates, M. S., 1897, geologist, M. T. S., Pittsburg.
C. C. Young, 1909, chemist State Water Survey, Lawrence.

MINUTES

Forty-fifth Annual Meeting-, Kansas Academy of Science,

Supreme Court Room, December 23 and 24, 1912.

PURSUANT to announcement of program, the Academy con-
vened at 10:30 A. M. The secretary-librarian reported the
minutes of the Pittsburg meeting and the present condition of the
library. Forty bound volumes have been added, most of them
being government publications, and 101 volumes of our paper-
bound pamphlets have been bound in half-morocco at the state
printing plant. We have yet remaining unbound 400 or 500 vol-
umes of scientific publications, received as exchanges for our
Transactions.

On motion this report was adopted.

Professor Havenhill next read his report as treasurer, as follows:

Balance November 20, 1911 $712.94

Interest on deposits 25.74

Dues paid to treasurer 26 . 00

Dues paid to secretary 62 . 00

Total $826.68

Paid out 8.00

Balance on hand December 23, 1912 $818.68

On motion this report was referred to the Auditing Committee,
who later reported that they found the treasurer's report correct,
and on motion it was adopted.

President Bushong announced the standing committees for this
meeting, as follows :

Program: J. A. G. Shirk, Agrelius, Mrs. Smyth.
Press: Dains, A, A. Graham, McWharf.
Audit: Wooster, A. J. Smith.
Membership: Deere, Randall, Mrs. Smyth.
Time and Place: Harshbarger, Shirk, McWharf.
Nominations: Bailey, Yates, Agrelius.
Resolutions: McWharf, Graham, Dains.
Necrology: Mrs. Smith, Lovewell.
Engineering Section: Yates, A. J. Smith, Nielson.

The hour of noon having arrived, the Academy adjourned till
1:30 for lunch.

(1)
-1

2 Kansas Academy of Science.

December 23, 1:30 p. m.

The reading of papers was called for, and papers selected by the
Program Committee from the list herewith given were read.

Before the reading began, on motion of A. J. Smith, a commit-
tee was appointed to consider a proposition of affiliation between
the Academy and the Engineering Society. Professors Smith,
Yates, and J. A. Gr. Shirk were named as a committee, to report
later.

Prof. Wooster reported that the Audit Committee had examined
and found the treasurer's report correct, and it was adopted, and
the committee discharged.

Professor Wooster read a paper on The Glacial Moraine South-
west of Topeka. The paper was discussed by B. B. Smyth and
A. J. Smith.

Professor Smith exhibited and described some California fossils
found by him in the bitumen beds.

Mr. A. A, Graham read two interesting papers on the Formation,
Disintegration and Growth of Rocks, and Ground Avalanches,
which were discussed by Wooster and Shirk.

Professor Bailey read a paper discussing European Food Mar-
kets, being the results of observations made in his trip abroad last
summer. The paper was discussed by Bushong, Harshbarger, and
Smyth.

Professor Wooster read a paper on "Biotropism," and showed
the term justified by analogy and a useful adjunct in scientific
description.

L. D. Havenhill presented a paper showing that the quality of
foods and medicines has been improved since the foods and drugs
law went into operation. Discussion by Bailey and Dains.

Notes on the Fertilization of Corn; by B. B. Smyth.

A Fossil from Coal Beds; discussed by L. C. R. Smyth.

On the Formation of Some New Formamidines; by F. B. Dains.

The Longevity of College Graduates, illustrated by a chart com-
piled from a recent publication of the living graduates of Yale
University; by J. T. Lovewell. Discussed by Bailey.

Mrs. Smyth spoke of investigations of certain fungi that might
account for the horse disease in western Kansas.

The Occurrence of Tin in Canned Goods was presented by
Jackson and discussed by Dains and Bushong.

The Flora of Kansas; by B. B. Smyth and L. C. R. Smyth;
read by title and outline given.

Forty-fifth Annual Meeting. 3

The Committee on Affiliation with the Engineering Society re-
ported as follows:

Provisional Union of the Academy with the Engineering Society.

1. All members of the Engineering Society shall become members of
the Academy of Science, and shall be entitled to all the privileges of the
regular members.

2. The Engineering Society shall be known as the Engineering Section
of the Academy of Science. They may fix requirements for membership in
this section, but members of other sections shall be entitled to attend their
meetings.

3. One general president shall be elected from the whole Academy, also
one permanent secretary.

4. One vice president and secretary shall be elected by each section an-
nually, who shall preside and keep the records of the meetings of the sec-
tion from which they are elected.

5. All papers presented before the sections of this Academy shall, before
publication, be passed upon by a committee of that section, and then pre-
sented to the Committee on Publication of the Academy.

A. J. Smith,
J. A. G. SmRK,
J. A. Yates.

N. P. NiELSON,

Committee.

This report was adopted, and directed to be submitted to the
Engineering Society at their meeting in January.

Professor Bailey thought that other organizations, notably the
architects, might desire to form sections in the Academy on sim-
ilar terms.

The hour announced for the supper having arrived, the Academy
adjourned to the Y. W. C. A, building, where the local members
had provided a most excellent banquet, which all enjoyed. The
members next repaired to the Y. W. C. A. assembly room to listen
to the retiring president's address, and the lecture of the evening
by Prof. A. V. H. Mory, of Chicago, both of which able produc-
tions are reported in full in the Transactions.

December 24.

The Committee on Membership reported the names of the fol-
lowing candidates, and recommended that they be admitted to
membership:

Applicants for Life Membership: F. W. Bushong, Mrs. L, C. R. Smyth.

Applicants lor Annual Membership: S. J. Crumb, Geo. A. Dean, Mary
A. Harman, S. W. Humphrey, H. H. Oldendick. J. W. Scott, E, L. Tague,
M. C. Tanquary.

4 Kansas Academy of Science.

On motion, the rules were suspended and the secretary cast the
vote of the Academy, and the president declared the above-named
persons duly elected.

To secure advantages for lantern projection, the Academy ad-
journed to the lecture room of Washburn College observatory.

The Committee on Nomination of Officers for 1912-'13 reported
as follows :

President, A. J. Smith, Emporia.
First Vice President, W. A. Harshbarger, Topeka.
Second Vice President, J. A. G. Shirk, Pittsburg.
Treasurer, L. D. Havenhill, Lawrence.
Secretary, J. T. Lovewell, Topeka.

This report was adopted, and on motion the rules were sus-
pended and the president cast the vote of the Academy and de-
clared the above-named officers duly elected as officers for the en-
suing year.

By vote of the Academy, the Executive Council was continued
as last year: £^x officio, President bmith; by election, Bailey. £^x
officio, Treasurer Havenhill; by election, Dains. & officio. Secre-
tary Lovewell; by election, Crumbine. By election, Willard.

The Committee on Time and Place reported as follows:

Baldwin, Kan., to be the place, and the time to be fixed by the Execu-
tive Committee.

The report was adopted, with provision that both time and
place may be referred to a joint committee of the Academy and the
engineers, this committee to be named by the presidents of the two
societies in case the affiliation goes into operation.

It was moved, seconded and carried that the Kansas Academy
fof Science go on record as favoring a national law for the protec-
tion of bird life in the United States, and that the secretary of the
Academy communicate this action to the Kansas congressmen at
Washington and urge them to support such a bill if presented to
'Congress.

The able lecture by Professor Edmondson, of Washburn Col-
lege, was listened to with much interest. His subject was The
Highways and Byways of Japan, and the elegant lantern slides
were taken by the lecturer during his recent tour in that country.

The Committee on Necrology reported the death of one of our
associate members, Mrs. Mary Savage, wife of Joseph Savage, one
of our earliest members. The death of Prof. J. J. Jewett was also
reported, and obituary notices will be published in our Transactions.

Fo7'ty-flfth Annual Meeting. 5

L. J. Reiser, in charge of the treating plant of the Rock Island
railroad, read an interesting paper on the preservation of timber.

Professor Tague, of Washburn College, presented some investi-
gations concerning the protein of corn. Discussed by Mrs. Smyth
and Professors Bailey, Jackson, Agrelius, Reiser, and Warfel.

Prof. B. B. Smyth gave some illustrations of what he terms
Paladin squares of 7, 11, and higher prime numbers.

The Committee on Resolutions reported the following:

1. Resolved, That the Kansas Academy of Science extends its thanks
to the local members in Topeka for their very efficient entertainment and
hospitality shown at the forty-fifth meeting of the Academy.

2. We also extend our thanks to the press of the city for the liberal
treatment received at their hands.

A paper on the Immunity of Ground Water, by C. C. Young;
read by Bailey.

Insecticides, by L. E. Sayre ; read by Havenhill.

In absence of the authors, the remaining papers on the program
were read by title and the meeting adjourned.

Kansas Academy of Science.

THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

WORTH AND DIGNITY OP THE TEACHERS'
VOCATION.

By J. M. McWharf, Ottawa.
(Delivered at the forty-fourth annual meeting.)

THE suggestive thought of our theme is, first, the superior ma-
terial upon which the teacher works. All useful labor is
respectable and honorable. Labor is God's first ordinance to man.
He does violence to his constitution and faculties, both physical
and mental, who repudiates labor as a means of educing, invigorat-
ing and enriching those faculties, and advancing the general in-
terests of humanity, and yet we can not avoid considering a higher
and more dignified grade of labor, that works upon a more valuable
and precious material and produces a more dignified and impor-
tant result. The man who builds a wagon is as truly respectable,
if he builds it well, as he who constructs a locomotive, and yet the
one is a higher grade of mechanical pursuit than the other. The
potter who rudely fashions a jug from common clay is as respect-
able as the artist who shapes the graceful vase from the delicate
porcelain, yet the latter occupies a higher department of labor than
the former. The man who paints your house, if he does it well, is
as truly respectable as the artist who transfers to canvas the love-
liest or sublimest scenes of nature; yet is there no distinction in
their vocations as to the scale of dignity ? The man who quarries
the marble from the bowels of the mountain may be as respectable
as the one who from the rude, unsightly block brings forth a form
of commanding dignity or surpassing loveliness, but you do not
place him in the same rank with the sculptor. Shall a man who
molds a brick, however respectable a brickmaker he may be, rank
in the same grade with one who designs and erects a magnificent
cathedral ?

The common sense of mankind universally graduates the dig-
nity of any vocation according to the nature of the material with
which it works and the results which it produces. If this princi-
ple is applied to the teacher's vocation, how forcibly does it illus-
trate the worth and dignity of that vocation. The material on

Forty- fifth Annual Meeting. 7

-which they work is not the transient, changing and perishable
forms of matter, but the living, immortal mind. How far superior
this to the best forms of matter I need hardly tell. Matter in its
noblest forms, its most beautiful combinations, is matter still, and
subject to the laws of corruption and decay. He who works upon
material subjects, and for material results, must do it under the
pressure of a conviction that the results of his labor must be
transient and temporary, and that time will write on his noblest
memoranda the significant words, "Passing away." What can be
accomplished with material forces that will be permanent ? It was
a sublime achievement to rear the colossal pyramids, that stand
covered with the dust of three thousand years upon their hoary
summits, and for aught we know may stand for many thousand
years to come, but the day will come when those mighty structures
must crumble and not a stone be left to mark the place where they
so long stood in their useless grandeur. But he that makes an
impression on a human mind, for good or evil, is working with
things that can not die, and achieving results that will survive for-
ever.

One glance at the nature of the mind must set the worth and
dignity of the teacher's vocation in a striking light. It is spiritual
essence; hence above the power of change, decay, or corruption.
It has nothing to fear from relentless time; its existence is not
numbered by years; it takes no count of ages. After all the
sublime and beautiful forms with which this creating is crowned
have passed away, the mind, the thing on which the teacher works,
will but have entered on the infancy of a being which knows no
age, and blushes with the rosy dawn of a morning to which gray
evening never comes. Then consider the essential ^powers of the
mind, and learn something of the worth and dignity of a vocation
which attempts to educe and cultivate these powers. The power
of thought or reason is its birthright. You may combine and ar-
range the particles of matter into striking and beautiful forms, but
you can not inspire them with reason ; you can not make them think
or act. The sculptor may chisel out of the marble a form of won-
drous symmetry and matchless grace; it may stand before you, in
its exquisite proportion and radiant beauty, like a thing of life;
but after all it is a cold, passionless, dead thing; speak to it, it
answers not; clasp it, you feel no returning pressure; call upon it
to move, to act, and to do, there it stands to mock your urgent ap-
peal. Why seek ye the living among the dead?

8 Kansas Academy of Science.

But who shall describe the powers and capabilities of the living
. mind ? What words are mighty enough to tell the lofty heights
it can scale? The profound abysses it can fathom; it can travel
on untiring wing through the vast realm of space; it can ransack
the ample storehouse of nature and bring the gems and gold to the
light of day; it can bend the very elements to its control; it can
oblige the air, the fire and the water to do its bidding; it can har-
ness airy vapor in bands of steel and drive it with thundering
speed along the iron road; it can make the sun its artist and com-
pel him to burn upon polished plate the features of its friendp.
Yea more, it can stay the lightning in its course and send it
obedient on its errands; it can sweep the outskirts of space, com-
mune with suns and systems, learn their size, compute their dis-
tance, and track their orbits. The mountain is rooted to its place,
the sun confined to its course, and the ocean must ebb and flow
within its appointed limits; but who shall set a bound to the range
of the living mind ? Who presume to say to it, thus far shalt thou
come and no further? Well did that eloquent orator say in his
matchless discourse on the use of astronomy, the earth moves, and
the great sweeping tides of air move, and the empires of men move,
and the world of thought moves, ever onward and upward to
higher facts and bolder theories. Physical things are moving; so
the mind of man is ever moving too; but the former will reach
their limit in the narrow circles of time before the latter stretches
the illimitable area of eternity.

If we analyze the wonderful sensibilities of the mind we but in^
crease our conception of its grandeur. The nerves of sensation
which traverse the body are numerous, varied and delicate, yet how
unworthy are they if compared with that harp whose thousand
strings are strung within the mind. Every spirit, whether of joy
or sadness, of hope or fear, desire or disappointment, of love or
hate, of rapture or despair, sweep those chords and bring out re-
sponsive murmurs. What an ocean of feeling lies within the
human heart — now slumbering in repose, now gently stirred with
emotion, now swept into fury by the blast of passion, now calmed
into stillness by the breath of love. What large capabilities of
friendship, patriotism, philanthropy and piety, what deep sensi-
bilities of joy or woe are cradled there. The mind is capable of
bliss that exceeds the rapture of angels, or wretchedness that sur-
passes the anguish of fiends.

With what material thing can you compare the human mind?
As well might you liken a painted bubble, vanishing into air, to a

Forty-fifth Annual Meeting. 9

niiglity orb careering in majesty along the path of ages. Even
then the analogy would be imperfect. The bubble and the star are
a like material; they differ only in the degree of their duration;
for, not even those glorious constellations, which, Mr. Everett says,
far up in the everlasting belfries of the skies chime twelve at mid-
night, can compare in their material glories with one infant mind.
The youngest child who shall wait on the teacher's instructions
gives material to work upon as far above the grandest objects of
inanimate creation as the mighty substance of eternity surpasses
the fitful and feverish sliadows of • time. Next to the infinite and
everhisting God, the grandest thing in this whole creation is the
human mind. How dignified, how responsible, how sublime that
vocation which works on such material as this. An unskillful
sculptor may spoil a block of marble, an unskillful physician may
damage a mortal body, but an unskillful teacher may ruin forever
an immortal mind. Working with such material, we naturally ex-
pect that the results of their labors would be of corresponding
value and permanence. To demonstrate this Ihe entire history of
literature brings its records; its most illustrious names come forth
at our command and give their testimony. All the world's learn-
ing is but the product of mind, the fruit of the teacher's work; the
splendid and enduring results of that vocation. The illustrious
disciple of Socrates centuries ago gave to the world a system of
learning — -a system which for insight into ultimate principles is
to-day at the head of all human knowledge. The Novum Organum
of Bacon and the Principia of Newton will outlive the proudest
material works of the age which gave them birth.

Hugo Grotius, as he sat in his quiet retreat in one of the Ital-
ian cities where he sojourned in exile from his country, and there
wrote in his secluded study a treatise which gave law to mankind
in all future ages. On sea aid on land, on all seas and all lands,
he shall bear sway. In the silence of that quiet study the same
Grotius forged a scepter which to-day compels the allegiance of
princes and people, defines their rights, arranges their intercourse,
and gives them terms of war and peace which they may not disre-
gard. In the day of battle, too, when king and kingdoms are
thundering in the shock of arms, this same thoughtful student
shall be there in all the turmoil of passion and the smoke of ruin,
as a presiding throne of law, commanding above the commanders,
and, when the fortunes of the day are decided, prescribing to the
victor terms of mercy and justice which not even his hatred of the
foe nor the exultation of the hour may dare to transcend. When

10 Kansas Academy of Science.

the splendid pile in which Butler, the prelate, officiated, shall have
crumbled to dust, his analogy of religion to the constitution and
course of nature will survive, an imperishable monument to his
genius, a magnificent argument for Christianity, and an enduring
contribution to the standard literature of the world.

The blind old man of Scio's isle still sings his melodious num-
bers, the orations of Demosthenes are the world's models of
eloquence, while the Parthenon is in ruins, and broken arches and
smoldering columns strive with stammering tongues to tell what
Athens once was. Ages roll along; revolutions sweep over em-
pires; the lofty piles of architectural grandeur disappear like
palaces of clouds; but the products of the mind still live in the
records of history, the strains of poetry, the teaching of philosophy,
and the utterance of eloquence. The proudest effort of the archi-
tect, the finest conception of the painter, the lifelike creation of
the sculptor, must perish and be no more; but the results of the
teacher's work, as he educes, shapes and sends forth to action the
glorious human mind, survives the wreck of material forms, and
waxes more vigorous and potential with the lapse of ages. On
an obscure street in London stands a small weather-beaten chapel.
There years ago an English nobleman listened to the instruction
of a humble Christian teacher. Very few have heai'd of Wheeler
Street chapel, and the name of the minister is forgotten; but Ihe
civilized world has heard of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton. The
-chains of the slave loosen at the mention of his name, and Ethiopia
stretches out her hand to welcome him to her fond embrace, and
the children of her schools, which were founded by his care, have
learned his history by heart, and will engrave it on bracelets of
gold around their wrists. The skill with which he gained the
sympathy of his countryman, and the vigor with which he broke
the bonds of the West India slave, he traces back to the educating
influence of a pulpit in that humble sanctuary.

The world's history abundantly testifies from the great results
of the teacher's work, whether they teach in a schoolhouse or in a
church, to the exalted dignity of their vocation. The teacher is
engaged in developing and making available the true wealth of the
state. Our commonwealth is rich in all the varied elements of
beauty and greatness. With a noble territory, a temperate climate,
a fertile soil, an industrious, enterprising and intelligent popula-
tion, and vast works of internal improvement, she has nothing to
ask in the way of natural resources, and for the grand, the beauti-
ful, the sublime, she can not be excelled by any equal portion of

Forty-fifth Annual Meeting. 11

the round world. We do not point to these as our real wealth;
they are some of our best and grandest resources. Our real treas-
ures are the minds of our people. Take from Italy or Spain their
purple and golden skies, their balmy air, their luscious fruits, their
sparkling wines, and give them men, how long would they occupy
their present insignificant position among the nations? They
need no material elements of greatness or of power; they need
men. This is our strength; it may be our glory. Rightly trained,
wisely and thoroughly developed, started into action under right
influence, the resources that lie in the minds of the people are in-
calculable and will secure our greatness.

In the past our men have been our real wealth, the means of our
real life, our fortune, and our fame. What had we been in the
dark elder days of our national history were it not for the men
whom God gave us and whom he fitted so wonderfully for this
mighty work? If the legacy which they purchased for us with
tears and sacrifices and blood, and transmitted to us hallowed by
their memories, is to be preserved in its purity, it must be by men
of like spirit with their noble fathers. To form such men from
the youthful minds of this state is the great, the solemn, the re-
sponsible work of the teacher. These minds are to be committed
to their care. These jewels of the commonwealth have the stamp
of a noble ancestry _on them. The noblest races of the world have
contributed to form the American mind. The best blood of Ger-
many, Holland, France and the British Isles have contributed
their quota. Gathered from such sources, formed under such in-
fluences, subjected to such a training, and transmitted by such a
parentage, the American mind is no ordinary one. Energy, reso-
lution, perseverance, ingenuity and boldness are its prominent
characteristics. An unextinguishable love of freedom, an instinc-
tive hatred of oppression, an entire independence of thought and
action, a decided confidence of its own opinions, a bold, adventur-
ous spirit, all enter into the constitution of the American mind.
They are elements of noble nature and extraordinary power. This
mind has made itself felt in the past, and it will make itself felt in
the future.

These mighty elements, so potent for good or evil, demand that
the best influences and most healthful discipline be brought to
bear on them in order that they may be thoroughly trained for the
best, the noblest action, and not become mighty engines of discord
or ruin. The prevailing characteristics of such a mind under a
free government, where the most ample scope is afiforded for its

12 Kansas Academy of Science.

activity, famishes a fitting field for the demagogue and the charlatan,
both in church and state. There is no form of impostor, however
gross, however monstrous ; no radicalism or fanaticism, however
malignant or revolutionary, which this restless, speculative, busy,
adventurous American mind is not ready to adopt; and there is
no country, strange as it may appear, which affords such a field for
reformers, fanatics, enthusiasts and demagogues of every class, color
and sex as this same intelligent and free America. How respon-
sible, then, the work of educating a mind like this. How great
the task of giving to it proper tone, development, discipline, and
concentrating its masterly qualities to the best and noblest ends.

The teachings of nature, the physical influences of our country,
are on the grandest scale and of the loftiest character, well fitted
ia their degree to develop and invigorate the minds of the people.
Our towering mountains, our ample prairies, our majestic rivers,
our mighty inland seas, our sublime forests, our magnificent cata-
racts, furnish a fitting physical school for such a mind, a noble
place for its education and activity. Let its mental training be of
corresponding breadth and grandeur. Add to all the sciences of
the earth the noble science of God; bring those principles of
moral science, which are lofty, like our mountains; those funda-
mental precepts of Christianity, which are broad, like our plains;
those motives of excellence presented by religion, whose power is
like the rushing of our mighty streams, and those wholesome re-
straints of moral law which are as unyielding as our granite rocks —
bring all to bear upon these vigorous, enthusiastic, active, adven-
turous minds, and you will insure their rapid and onward progress
in all that exalts and adorns the state.

To such a solemn work as this; to a work with such noble ma-
terial; a work with such grand results; a work which aims to
develop and make available the real wealth and resources of the
state, the teacher is engaged. A solemn trust is committed to their
charge, for, in the school room the children of the masses and the
classes are in touch. It is a time when character is being formed;
it is here that the American boy and the German girl associate;
the boy of the banker and the girl of the blacksmith meet. Upon
this level all classes and conditions come together, and the lesson
learned is, that brawn, will and intelligence, not the pocketbook
and social distinction, constitute the essence of life. They are
children of a democracy, upon one platform, one common level, and
a common aspiration. These conditions make children self-respect-
ing and representative citizens as they advance to manhood and

Forty-fifth Ayinual Meeting. 13

womanhood. There are ideas, sentiments, aims and hopes which
are held to be true and good by all; they lie at the root of human
life and human character. He who awakens and confirms this
priceless work of intellectual and moral power will turn all ener-
gies to the life work of education. There can be no higher aim.
That man who is active in learning and doing what is true and
good and beautiful in private and public life has not only educa-
tion, but he will continue to educate along a higher and purer life.
In the teachings of our great educators, poets and sages we find
that they are the source from which has come the inspiration es-
sential to the highest development and usefulness of mankind.
Death will come to a nation if the home, the church and the school
fail in their purpose of education and instruction. These institu-
tions are the nursery of American patriotism, In fact, the nursery
of absolute patriotism in every land, in every age and under every
tiag has and will continue to be the true Christian home.

True education, then, demands unity as its fundamental ideal.
Each human power" must receive special training, but not a de-
velopment for itself alone. We find two basal elements in character
— a well-balanced mind and a strong, fully nourished, responsive
body. Correct physical training aids in the development of both;
while it does not increase the number of brain cells, it develops
and increases their energy and activity. Mental and spiritual
forces are now to be the great controlling agents in shaping the
history and directing the destinies of men and nations. In earlier
ages the thoughtful mind was a power among men. The monarch
of Egypt trembled as the youthful Hebrew read his dream, and
silence and fear came upon the Babylonish king as the gifted
Daniel unlocked for him the dark secrets of the future. If Marius
had been able to have wielded the same power in the senate which
he did on the battle-field, he would never, in fact could never, have
sat among the ruins of Carthage an exile in disgrace. But in the
coming ages the thoughtful mind is to be the greatest power among
men. Those whose vocation is to train and furnish mind, they are
the men who are to shape and color the destinies of the world.
To that class I would say, go forth to the noble, the honorable,
the responsible work that is before you. The state confides much
to you; in return she expects much from you. You are furnished
with the elements of power over youthful minds, and the state
looks to you to so use those elements that they shall add to her
strength and make permanent her glory.

You are to demonstrate that peculiarity of American institu-

14 Kansas Academy of Science.

tions by which we are distinguished from the Old World. Theii
principles are concentration, ours diifusion; their chief regards are
for the few, ours for the many. They tell us that we have as yet
made no contribution to the distinguished scholarships of the
world; we point to our common schools, and tell them that we
would not exchange these for all the glory of English literature.
We may be in our infancy, but it is the infancy of a giant. Your
work, if well done, must bear fruitage in the years to come. You
are erecting an imperishable monument — one not built with mar-
ble, but with years: the mortar is not made of lime or sand, but of
brains and love, and it is not mixed with water, but with sweat and
tears. Man can not live forever in a brownstone front, or in gold.
Death, shod with eternity, will grind to dust libraries, churches,
hospitals, and schools, but it can not destroy an eternal truth. If
you wisely shape the environments of those about you and trans-
mit that which is true and good, you will live. The waves of time
shall then dash impotently against your life. Its work will live on
through time.

The choicest treasures of our commonwealth are intrusted to
our teachers; the glory of the state is committed to their charge.
Make our children true men and women, fitted by cultivation of
the intellectual and moral nature for the places which they ought
to fill and the destiny to which they may be called. Thus you will
contribute to the highest welfare and glory of our commonwealth.

Teachers, respect your work and respect yourselves. What you
do for others you carry into the larger life as a part of the eternal
possessions. You are developed, educated, and formed, and you
can develop, educate and form others. Men of genius create
masterpieces by throwing their whole life into their work. You
must believe. in it; you must love it. Teach the child to see, hear,
feel, wonder, admire, revere, believe, hope, and love. To this end
the process of teaching and discipline is to be made subservient.

Emerson said: "Cobble shoes, maul rails, pick up stones,
plough, make hempen rope, hang yourself at the end of one of
them, but don't teach school." Carlyle must have been imbued
with the same spirit when he said: "Whom the Gods wish to make
miserable they first make teachers of." But I say, no man or set
of men entered upon a better, a grander, a more honorable, a more
worthy or a more dignified class of work, a work so redolent with
achievement and worth as that in which you are engaged.

Creative art or learning is justly proud of the distinguished

Fortii-fiffh Annual Meeting. 15-

names associated with it. Each inspires the same human interest
and is characterized by the same passionate devotion.

The name of Galileo is to-day a vivid figure in history. We
look with pride coupled with reverence upon the old bronze lamp
as it swings suspended by the rope in the Duomo at Pisa. There
it hung centuries ago, when Galileo watched it.

Copernicus turned over with stricken hand his book on the solar
system — the one he dared not publish before. This figure excites
sympathy and indignation. We see the genius of Michael Angelo
as it presides over the art and the architecture of Rome. Raphael
will forever stand beside the glowing canvas of the Sistine Madonna
as it burns itself into the soul of every beholder. Can we not in
our imagination see Scott standing within the deep shadows of
Melrose Abbey, or strolling in the woods about Abbott's Ford ?
How sweetly the chimes of Holy Trinity Church ring out over the
hills about Stratford on Avon.

Iln the corner of the Hathaway cottage lingers the shade of Ann
Hathaway and William Shakespeare. Over three hundred years
the ashes of Shakespeare have reposed beneath the marble slab in
Holy Trinity, guarded by the famous couplet:

"Blest be the man that spares these stones,
And curst be he that moves my bones,"

Through the ages these men live in history, so the work of the
teacher will live on through the ages until time shall be no more,

for —

"Since the universe began,
And till it shall be ended,
The soul of nature, soul of man,
And the soul of God are blended."

16 Kansas Academy of Science.

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

THE OPTICAL ACTIVITY OF PETROLEUM AND ITS
SIGNIFICANCE.

Bv P. W. BUSHONG.

(Delivered at the forty-fifth annual meeting.)

THE wide distribution of deposits of bitumen in its various
forms is attested in the very earliest writings, both sacred
and profane. In the book of Genesis we learn that slime was used
for mortar, and in the second book of th.e Maccabees we are told
that Neemias commanded the priests to sprinkle the sacrifices
with the thick water, and when this was done there was a great
fire kindled, so that every man marveled.

Herodotus gives us the following description of the manner of
its collection : "At Ardericca is a well which produces three dif-
ferent substances, for asphalt, salt and oil are drawn up from it in
the following manner: It is pumped up by means of a swipe, and,
instead of a bucket, half a wine skin is attached to it. Having
dipped down with this, a man draws it up, and then pours the con-
tents into a reservoir, and, being poured from this into another, it
assumes these difiPerent forms: the asphalt and the salt immedi-
ately become solid, but the oil they collect, and the Persians call it
rhadinance. It is black and emits a strong oder."^

For more than 2500 years the disciples of Zoroaster have wor-
shipped the "eternal fires" in the neighborhood of Baku, Russia,
and not until recently have their temples been replaced by oil res-
ervoirs and refineries.

Within the last half century a new shrine has been set up in
oildom, and our modern devotees have shown such zeal and activity
that it may again well be said that "every man marveled." But
the marvelous development of the petroleum industry has been
rendered possible only by reason of the gigantic strides which have
been made in the fields of natural science and technology. We
may look for even greater things in the future, for science is still
in its infancy. I have chosen for my subject to-night what I con-
sider to be one of the infant industries of science.

1. Petroleum and its Products, S. F. Peckham, 1882, p. 1.

Forty-fifth Annual Meeting. 17

In the year 1835 Jean Baptiste Biot published hid memoir on
the circular polarization of light and its application to organic
chemistry,'-' which contains a table giving polarimetric data regard-
ing essential oils. This includes a sample of "naphte" rectified
by distillation, which examined by red light gave a rotation to the
left equivalent to 15.21° for a tube length of 200 mm. It is, how-
ever, very unfortunate that we have no information as to the source
of this very remarkable sample.

Nearly fifty years later, in connection with their researches
upon the petroleum of the Caucasus,^ Markownikow and Ogloblin
examined the natural "white naphtha," as well as some petroleum
distillates, and finding these samples inactive they did not continue
this subject any further. In 1885, however, Demski and Morawski*
examined some of the more important mineral oils of commerce,
among which one rotated the plane of polarization 1.2° to the right.
In 1898 Soltsien^ found that the commercial paraffin oils are dextro-
rotatory, and that the amount of rotation increases with their spe
cific gravity. Since that time general interest has been awakened
in this subject, and petroleums from all parts of the world have
been examined polarimetrically. In general, it has been found
that the lightest and least colored oils (including the so-called
white naphthas) manifest little or no optical activity, while the
heavier, dark and viscous oils yield active products.^

In a typical Kansas oil, examined in connection^with the work
of the University Geological Survey, slight optical activity was
detected in the upper kerosene fraction which distilled between
250° and 300° under ordinary atmospheric pressure. The higher
boiling portions of this oil, after a fractional distillation under
diminished pressure, were dextrorotatory, the amount of rotation
gradually increasing with the rise in boiling point until in the
neighborhood of 280° at 27 mm. it reached almost one degree of
arc'

In some oils a maximum activity has been observed in the
vacuum distillates collected at about 275°, and in the case of a
German oil a second maximum was reached at a temperature

2. Mem. de 1 'Acad, de Sciences. ;.;, 39 ; 1835. See, also, "Die Polarimetrie der Erdole,"
M. A. Rakusin, Berlin-wien, p. 6; 1910.

3. Annaies de chim. et de phys. (6), t. II. 387, 1884.

4. Dingler's Polytech. Jr., S5S. 82; 1885.

5. Chemisches Centralblatt, 1898, I, 869, II, 455.

6. Zaloziecki and Klarfeld. Chemiker Zeitung (1907), 1170.

7. Univ. Geol. Survey of Kansas, vol. IX, p. 317; 1908.

18 Kansas Academy of Science.

of 310°. Javanese petroleum yields vacuum fractions boiling^
about 150-180° which are Isevorotatory, but the higher boiling
fractions are dextrorotatory.^ A sample of petroleum from Borneo
yielded a distillate collected between 260° and 340° under atmos-
pheric pressure which was Isevorotatory,^ A Isevorotatory activity
has also been reported in an oil from Argentine Republic.^"

But the fractions obtained in the distillation of petroleum do
not represent distinct chemical individuals, but consist of more or
less complex mixtures. Hence it is necessary for us to make use
of other processes before we can isolate the optically active con-
stituents. The fact that the distillation products of petroleum
have found such a ready market without' the necessity of chemi-
cally transforming them has, no doubt, greatly hindered the de-
velopment of chemical methods for their utilization. But in re-
cent years competition in the refining of illuminating oils is be-
ginning to force the refiners to look to the utilization of their waste
products. In Russian refineries the alkaline sludges are now treated
so as to recover the so-called naphthenic acids which find a ready
market for the manufacture of cheap soaps.

The fact that the naphthenic acids derived from kerosene show
greater optical rotation than the kerosene was first observed by
Rakusin.^^ The naphthenic acids derived from lubricating oils were
found by Marcusson^^ to be much more strongly active than those
derived. from kerosene.

A study of isomeric naphthenic acids^^ has recently been made
in the laboratory of industrial research of the University of Kan-
sas. Commercial naphthenic acids, after being freed from hydro-
carbons, were converted into esters, which were repeatedly
fractionally distilled. The lowest boiling fractions were strongly
Isevorotatory. The succeeding fractions showed a gradual de-
crease until in the intermediate fractions a neutral or inactive
point was reached. Above this there was a gradual increase in
dextrorotatory activity, A portion of free naphthenic acids, which
were similarly puriBed, were separately fractionated and gave re-

8. "Die neueren Ansichten uber die Entstehung des Erdols," C. Engler, Berlin, p. 55; 1907

9. Jones and Wootton, Jr. Chem. Soc, 91, 1146; 1907.

10. Longobardi. Petroleum VI, 552; 1911. Jr. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc. -iJ, 792; 1911.

11. Die Untersuchung des Erdols und seiner Produkte, p. 178, 1906.

12. Chemiker-Zeitung, 1907, No. 3?, p. 421.

13. Grig. Com. 8th Internat. Cong. Appl. Chem.. VI, 57-67: 1912.

Note.— The same isomeric naphthenic acids have since been ir.dependently isolated by the
method of repeated fractional crystallization of their amidee, by Gadaskin and Zavershinskaya,
jr. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc, J,5, 377, 1913.

Forty- fifth Annual Meeting. 19

suits exactly parallel to those of their esters, the only difference
being that the boiling points of the free acids were uniformly
about 50° higher than the boiling points of their methyl esters.
In other words, each and every optically active constituent boiled
50° higher in the one case than in the other. This shows that
these optically active constituents are acids which are esterifiable,
and marks the first distinct step toward their isolation. The sim-
plest interpretation of these facts is that the cause of thtj optical
activity resides within the naphthenic acids themselves.

It does not necessarily follow, however, that the optically active
constituents present in the commercial naphthenic acids are iden-
tical with those originally present in the petroleum. There seems
to be good evidence that this is not the case, for it has been shown
by Albrecht^^ that the optical activity of lubricating oils is not
appreciably reduced by thorough refining by means of alkali.
This result has also been confirmed by experiments with the Kan-
sas oil distillates already mentioned, which retained most of their
optical activity after being boiled with alcoholic potash. On the
other hand, these experiments do not prove that no optically active
acids are removed by the treatment with alkali, for it is quite pos-
sible that both Isevorotatory and dextrorotatory acids may be re-
moved in approximately equal quantities. To satisfactorily settle
this question an experiment should be carried out at a refinery
upon a large quantity of oil.

The naphthenic acids are generally believed to be the oxidation
products of the naphthenes, or saturated cyclic hydrocarbons of
the series CnH2n, which are present in most of the petroleums,,
but particularly in those of Russia. It is to be expected, there-
fore, that active acids should result from the oxidation of certain
active hydrocarbons. The determination of the constitution of
any of the active acids to be found in petroleum products would
thus shed light upon the constitution of the active hydrocarbons
from which they were formed.

The crucial test as to the correctness of our knowledge of the
constitution and structure of organic compounds depends upon the
methods for their synthesis. But chemical synthesis is a species
of architecture, and just as the architect before beginning the erec-
tion of his structure must lay down his plans and draw his designs
so that each and every part shall be fitly adapted to its specific
use. so the chemist must first in his imagination plan the order

14. Chemische Revue. IS. 189; 1911. See. also, "Die Polarimetrie der Erdole." M. A.
Rakusin, p. 39.

20 Kansas Academy of Science.

and arrangement of the various elements and groupings which are
to be combined in such a manner as to produce the desired specific
results.

The distinguishing characteristic in the structure of the opti-
cally|active organic substances is that they contain at least one car-
bon atom which is combined with four different atoms or groups.
If we consider the space distribution of the four different atoms or
groups about the central carbon atom we shall find that two ar-
rangements are possible. The two resulting forms are related to
each other in the same manner as an asymmetric object and its
mirror image. Such a carbon atom is called an asymmetric carbon
atom. We have for each substance containing such an asymmetric
carbon atom the possibilities of a right-handed st'-ucture and a
left-handed structure. Corresponding to these theoretical struc-
tures we find that nature has furnished us with dextrorotatory and
IfBvorotatory isomeric substances, which are closely identical in
all of their physical and chemical properties, but differing chiefly
in that the one rotates the plane of polarized light as far to the
right as the other does to the left. When these two so-called
sterioisomeric substances are mixed in equal quantities the result-
ing product is inactive. So, also, when two asymmetric carbon
atoms occur within the same molecule, inactivity may result from
internal compensation. It is thus found that among substances
of asymmetric structure there are two classes which arc optically
inactive. The members of the one class — said to be inactive by
internal compensation — are not separable into active components,
while the members of the other class — said to be inactive by ex-
ternal compensation — are separable into dextrorotatory and Isevo-
Totatory components.

We have three methods for the separation of the optically active
-components, all of which are due to the researches of Pasteur. ^^

i. In some instances enantiomorphic crystals may be formed
which may be mechanically separated.

2. By the aid of suitable active substances compounds may be
formed which differ in their solubility, thus permitting the two
optical isomers to be separated by fractional crystallization.

3. Through the action of certain microorganisms one of the
optical isomers may be destroyed by fermentation while the other
remains unaffected.

The direct synthesis of optically active substances from inactive
material has not been effected, because both of the stereoisomeric

15. "Researches on the Molecular Asymmetry of Natural Orgranic Products," by Louis
Pasteur (1860); Alembic Club Reprint No. 14.

Forty-fifth Annual Meeting. 21

forms are simultaneously produced by synthetic processes, but the
same result is accomplished indirectly by first synthesizing the
inactive mixture, or compound, and then separating the compo-
nents by one of the methods already mentioned.

When, however, we find in nature substances which show op-
tical activity we know that they must contain constituents which
are asymmetric in structure. In endeavoring to determine their
constitution the chemist, therefore, gains the distinct advantage of
leaving out of consideration all that vast array of substances which
are symmetrically built, and of being permitted to concentrate his
attention and efforts upon the relatively few possibilities of asym-
metric structure.

But the chemist is not alone in the advantage thus gained.
From what has been said regarding synthesis from inactive mate-
rial, it follows that all theories accounting for the formation of pe-
troleum from inorganic material, and excluding the action of
optically active organic substances, must be rejected.

But still another factor which must be considered by the geolo-
gist with reference to the origin of petroleum and other optically
active bitumens is that of temperature. All theories involving
violently energetic chemical reactions and the production of high
temperatures must likewise be rejected.

Having thus limited the possibilities of petroleum formation, it
is well to inquire what sources remain which are capable, under
the conditions imposed, of supplying a sufficient amount of mate-
rial for the accumulation of the vast stores which are being un-
earthed, and also whether the study of the polarimetric data gives
promise of furnishing positive specific evidence as to the kind of
material from which petroleum has been derived.

In answer to the first of these questions I quote from the report
of Professor Haworth :'"

"Few people realize the vast amount of organic matter annually carried
down to the ocean by surface drainage. Vegetation covers practically the
entire dry-land area of the earth, and has done so throughout all geologic
time. Varying climatic conditions and other influences doubtless have made
a corresponding variation in the richness of organic materials in different
rock masses. But when all allowances are made for such variations, it re-
mains that the amount of organic matter thus entombed is and has been
enormously great. And such matter need not be confined to vegetation,
for our ocean water is teeming with animal life. Speaking broadly, it is
well known that animals subsist on vegetation, and that the constant addi-
tion of food matter to the ocean water, for the ocean fauna comes from
vegetation, as plants are the great agents for changing inorganic matter

16. The University Geological Survey of Kansas, vol. IX, 194-195.

22 Kansas Academy of Science.

into organic matter. ... If one will put himself into a position which
makes it necessary to give a reasonable account for the whereabouts of all
this vast quantity of organic matter, animal and vegetable, which has been
engulfed in the masses of stratified rock, one will find that the quantity of
oil and gas now available is all too small, rather than too large, for such
accounting. ' '

Even though the study of the chemical constituents of petro-
leum is in its infancy, attempts have already been made to detect
among them specific optically active substances which may defi-
nitely and with certainty reveal their origin. The substance which
has received the greatest consideration from this standpoint is
cholesterin, the optically active constituent of many animal fats,
or phytosterin, its vegetable equivalent. Cholesterin, when dis-
tilled, yields products which closely resemble the distillation prod-
ucts of petroleum. Furthermore, the optically active petroleum
distillates usually give the same color reactions as are given by
cholesterin products.

Chemists are inclined, however, to view color reactions with
suspicion, and demand more positive methods of proof of identity
than the supporters of the cholesterin hypothesis have been able
to furnish. On the other hand, the amino-aoids and numerous
other decomposition products of albuminous material, as well as
the remains of balsams, resins, terpenes, tannins, etc., must all be
looked upon as contributing to the optical activity of the organic
remains which may retain them. The time is ripe for the study
and solution of problems of this nature.

The knowledge of the nature of the substances contained in
petroleum which is to be revealed through the instrumentality of
their optical properties may be put to practical use in the develop-
ment of methods for extracting them and utilizing them for indus-
trial purposes. The output of petroleum refineries in the past,
even though enormous in quantity, has been restricted almost en-
tirely to the extraction and clarification of products which exist
ready made in the crude oil. The various grades of gasoline and
naphtha, illuminating oil, lubricating oil, paraffin, fuel oil and road
oil are all marketed in a low-developed stage in the art of manu-
facture. The coal-tar industry, on the other hand, which utilizes
a crude material closely resembling petroleum, and not a bit more
inviting, has reached a high stage of development, in that its
products are completely transformed into an almost infinite variety
of costly dyestuffs, fl.avoring matters, medicinal preparations, and
other articles which have contributed to our wealth, our comfort.

Forty-fifth Annual Meeting. 23

and to the advance of our civilization. This utilization of what
was formerly a waste product, which could be disposed of only at con-
siderable expense, is a splendid example of what chemical industrial
research has accomplished, The fact that petroleum products are
not similarly utilized simply demonstrates that we lack the requi-
site knowledge.

II.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PAPERS.

1. "On the Powdered Sugar of Commerce."

By E. H. S. Bailey and H. L. Jackson.

2. "Nostrums."

By L. E. Sayre.

3. "On the Reactions of the Formamidines. "

By F. B. Dains and E. L. Griffin.

4. "Standardization of Insecticides and Disinfectants."

By L. E. Sayre.

(25)

ON THE POWDERED SUGAR OF COMMERCE.

By E. H. S. Bailey and H. L. Jackson.

IT has been said that although sugar constitutes about 30 per
cent of the trade of the wholesale grocer, it gives him 75 per
cent of his trouble. This is due to the fact that it is sold on such
a close margin that, although it takes considerable capital to han-
dle it, the profit is small, or may, indeed, in the fluctuations of the
market, be a negative quantity.

The ordinary grocer handles only a few grades of sugar, as there
is no demand for a great variety, but there are about thirty differ-
ent grades on the market. These are of different colors and de-
grees of fineness. Those sugars upon which most work has been
clone in the process of manufacturing sell for a higher price, but
the cost to the consumer of such grades as cube sugar and pow-
dered sugar is entirely out of proportion to the increased cost t f
manufacture. In fact, these grades are to be classed as luxuries,
or foods to be purchased only if the consumer has sufficient in-
come so that he can afford to buy them.

Both cube sugar and powdered sugar are usually made from the
same grade of stock as granulated sugar. The cube sugar has,
however, been crystallized in lumps or "sugar loaves," and is then
sawn into slices, and finally into cubes. Powdered sugar has been
ground in a mill, similar to that used in making flour, and then
sifted through bolting cloth, so as to be of uniform fineness. It is
also very important that powdered sugar should be thoroughly
dried, so as to prevent its caking upon storage. These sugars are
sometimes colored blue with "ultramarine" so as to cover up the
slightly yellow tint which is due to the retention of a small quan-
tity of molasses. This process is of the same character as the
bluing of clothes in the laundry, and is practiced for the same
purpose.

On account of the recent high price of sugars, there would be
greater danger of adulteration at the present time than formerly,
and this adulteration, if it is practiced, would no doubt be tried on
the most expensive sugars and those that were powdered, so that
the presence of foreign sugars could not be so easily detected.

(27)

28 Kansas Academy of Science.

These facts have led us to make some examinations of the gran-
ulated sugars at present sold in this state, with the following re-
sults :

Something over twenty samples of the finest grade of powdered
sugar, namely, the XXXX, have been collected by our inspectors
and examined in the laboratory. As one requirement for pow-
dered sugar is that it should be fine and free from lumps, some of
the manufacturers have been putting a little starch into the sugar
during the process of grinding. This can hardly be called adulter-
ation, however, as it is not put in with the object of cheapening
the product, but to improve its quality for a particular purpose.
Starch is, furthermore, a food product, although less expensive
than sugar. A mineral substance, if added to the sugar, would be
considered an adulteration, as mineral substances are especially
forbidden for use in sugar or confectionery.

Of the twenty samples analyzed five contained starch, and the
maximum quantity found in any sample was 4 per cent. In one
package, in which the label stated 2 per cent of starch was present,
no starch was found. It is not uncommon, however, to find that
the label does not truthfully describe the contents of the package.
There was no indication of the presence of other substances than
pure cane sugar in the samples examined.

Although the jjure food and drugs laws are fairly well enforced,
there is always the tendency in the trade to encroach as far as
possible over the line. By ingenious labels, written by well-trained
counsel, products are kept on the market almost in spite of the
efforts of the authorities. Although the glaring frauds are elimi-
nated, there is just as much need as ever for vigilance on the part
of those who are working to protect the consumers from misrepre^
sentation in foodstuffs.

Chemical and Physical Papers. 29

NOSTRUMS.

By L. E. Sayre.

TT would seem that an apology would be in order before present-
-■- iug a paper upon this subject before a scientific body, but if
one considers the immense importance that nostrums have in the
eyes of the public and the recognition of them by chemical an-
alysts in the administration of the drug end of the food and drugs
law, the reasonableness of such a paper becomes apparent. Nos-
trums are defined as medicines the ingredients of which are kept
secret for the purpose of restricting the profits of sale to the in-
ventor or proprietor. They have such synonyms as "quack medi-
cines," '"fake medicines," and "patent medicines." However,
these synonyms do not necessarily mean exactly the same thing.
The fallacy of secrecy on the part of pharmacists and physicians is
becoming more and more apparent as the science of therapeutics
progresses, and since the enactment of the food and drugs law
more attention has been given to this problem of secrecy. Both
professions, pharmacy and medicine, have been severely called to
account. It is not the purpose of this paper to reflect upon the
sister profession for any of its shortcomings. The profession is
perfectly able to do that for itself. In discussing the subject
of nostrums, however, it must not be conceded that the only guilty
parties, if indeed there be any guilt, are attached to the pharmacy
profession.

Since the term "patent medicines" has been applied to these,
this would naturally lead to the query, What do we understand by
this term ?

Dr. F. E. Stewart, in his report to the committee of revision of
the United States Pharmacopoeia, discusses the subject as follows:

The history of the nostrum business will show where the names "pat-
ent" and "proprietary" medicines originated.

At first these preparations were known as secret nostrums and claimed
to be inventions or discoveries in therapeutics. In process of time some of
these secrets were betrayed or divulged, and it was then found that any
one possessing the necessary knowledge and having obtained, the same
legitimately, has a perfect right to make and sell the same things. The
next move was to patent these preparations under the provision allowing
the patenting of compositions of matter. The board of examiners in chief
finally decided that it "was never intended that any composition or mix-
ture of simples should be the subject of monopoly. If rhubarb and senna,

30 Kmisas Academy of Science.

or calomel and jalap, were for the first time put together, he who should
do it, whether regular practitioner or quack, would not be an inventor or
discoverer under the law. If done by a physician, it would be only the ex-
ercise of ordinary professional skill. If by another, it would be but an
ignorant jumble of things having supposed virtues and benefits to be ob-
tained by the union of known drugs."

In the issue of January 13, 1910, the editor of the official organ
of the National Association of Retail Druggists thus classified
medicinal preparations:

1. Ethical preparations.

2. Druggists' own-make preparations.

3. Proprietaries.

4. Nostrums.

5. Fakes.

According to the editor, an ''ethical preparation" is one "whose
entire composition is known, and can be prepared by any capable
pharmacist"; the "druggists' own-make preparations" are those
"common domestic remedies which almost every druggist prepares
for himself to meet a popular demand"; the "proprietaries," er-
roneously called patents, are such as have, through merit, and by
the price protecting efforts of their manufacturers, become a recog-
nized article of merchandise in most drug stores"; the "nostrums"
are those "secret and semisecret mixtures, either with or without
coined names, about whose virtues such extravagant claims are
generally made to the members of the medical profession or to the
public"; the "fakes" include such compounds "as are intended
more to defraud the public than anything else."

Doctor Stewart says:

When it is considered that the same preparation may belong to any ore
of these classes, and that some of the so-called "ethical preparations" of
the Pharmacopoeia were originally introduced as secret nostrums, it is at
once apparent that this classification is faulty, because misleading. The
question is in fact one of advertising. By advertising in this connection we
mean recommending, whether such recommendation be spoken or printed
on a label or published in a newspaper.

Judge McFarland, of Pennsylvania, in his decision in the case
of the Dr. Miles Medical Company vs. The May Drug Company,
brings out the legal attitude toward these preparations, in speaking
of them as a method of prescribing at long range without diagnosis.
He says :

We do not need to be told by medical authority — our own knowledge in-
forms us— that not only a careful examination, but great skill is needed, for
example, to detect the numerous valvular and other diseases of the heart.

Chemical and Physical Papers. 3t

Further, any intelligent, thoughtful person knows that many of the symp-
toms listed by the plaintiff (including heart troubles) are caused by other
diseases or disorders. For one sick to diagnose his own case is the height
of folly, yet this plaintiff advises^the poor deluded victim to pass upon sub-
jects often baffling the highest medical skill to settle the'nature of the dis-
ease, and then to take "Dr. Miles' Nervine," or "Heart Cure," or some
other high-sounding preparations of unknown ingredients, recommended in
glowing "testimonials." The enormous business done by the proprietors
of medicine and the serious menace which it is to the health and lives of the
public requires us to scrutinize carefully the ground upon which the plain-
tiff stands, and as it has shown that it belongs to^the reprehensible class,
we decline to grant it a decree.

The proprietors, dealers and nostrum manufacturers in opposi-
tion to this legal attitude — that they are not deserving of legal
recognition — state that the real fact is that nostrums are to a very
large and almost universal extent the most successful prescriptions
of our most advanced and successful physicians, etc. On the other
hand, the American Pharmaceutical Association has formally pro-
tested against this system of business, and especially that part of
the business which seems to say that the pharmacists have un-
fairly appropriated and launched upon the public, as specifics for
disease, prescriptions of physicians. It most emphatically pro-
tested against such a statement as an injury and damaging to the
reputation of the pharmacy profession. It furthermore states
there is in fact no drug which may be truly described as a specific
or cure for any disease. Furthermore, the highest medical skill is
required to diagnose each disease and to recognize its various
stages as they develop, and no prescription will answer the
requirements of all the different stages of the same disease. When
a medicine, whether it be the prescription of a reputable physician
or not, is given a name and launched on the public as a specific or
cure, when it is not, the person so doing is guilty of a moral wrong
to the community. This principle is everywhere recognized by
enlightened communities, and prohibitive or restrictive laws have
been passed to control the secret nostrum business in such coun-
tries as France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Japan, Brazil, Ar-
gentina, etc.

The public should at least have the opportunity of knowing the
medicinal ingredients and their percentage in the composition of
every agent used for the prevention and treatment of disease, so
that the people may be protected from the machinations of quack-
ery. It is admitted by the "Proprietary Association" in the fore-
going quotation that so-called "patent medicines" are usually not

32 Kansas Academy of Science.

new things, and the only invention about them is that of their
names. When it is taken into consideration that no one except
their manufacturers knows the true composition of these nostrums,
the absurdity of claiming that the names given them are trade-
marks used for the purpose of distinguishing between brands of
well-known prescriptions is apparent. Again, as the claims made
for these nostrums regarding their therapeutic value are not gen-
erally justified by the facts, it is evident that their manufacturers
when they make false representations in regard to these prescrip-
tions, can not come into court with clean hands to defend their
alleged trademarks. The burden of proof must needs fall upon
the advertisers of such claims, and proof can not be forthcoming
unless the true composition of their medicines is made known.

The analysis of a very large number of these patent medicines
or nostrums have been made in the drug laboratory of the Uni-
versity, and it has been found that almost universally they are
composed of agents which are not only not new to medical science,
but compounded by the use of simple, well-known medicinal ar-
ticles. It is fair to say that on the average they are practically
harmless, but a few have been found to be even dangerous when
used with impunity, especially in the treatment of diseases of chil-
dren. Since the law forbids the use of habit-producing drugs
without a declaration on the label of such ingredients, the number
of the harmful medicines of this class of '"patent medicines" has
been greatly reduced. The Board of Health Bulletins have from
month to month reported upon the constitution of those sent in to
the laboratory by inspectors. Some of these are interesting. For
example, in the last report there is published the analysis of Fruit-
ola, a comparatively new member of this class. Quoting from the
report, it states about as follows:

Another interesting remedy which has been of considerable interest is
known as Fruitola and Traxo. This compound is "a system cleanser, re-
moves gall stones, and positively cures all stomach trouble," and is put up
by the Pinos Medical Company, Los Angeles, Cal. Their pamphlet assures
the reader that there is such a thing as a positive cure in remedial agents.
The Fruitola, which they advertise, consists of a four-ounce bottle of olive
oil, with a mixture of an agreeable volatile oil, and with this liquid are
three Seidlitz powders. Accompanying Fruitola is a dark-colored liquid
known as Traxo, which consists of a solution of vegetable extractives, the
major part of which seems to be, thus far examined, Taraxacum.

In conclusion, this industry in nostrums seems to be growing,
and is largely due to the developments in the art of advertising,
and, as has been stated before, the worst feature of this business is

Chemical and Physical Papers. 33

to be found in that department. It is well to call attention to that
phase of the subject. There seems to be no claim too extravagant
for use by those who write the advertising literature for these nos-
trums, and much of this physicians are asked to read and believe.
The United States government has endeavored to combat'this evil
of misrepresentation on labels and advertising matter, under regu-
lation 17E of the food and drugs law, which, referring to misbrand-
ing, states that the descriptive matter upon the label shall be free
from any statements, design or device regarding the article or the
ingredients or substances contained therein or quality thereof, etc.,
which are false and misleading in any particular.

In the ruling of the United States supreme court (United States
vs. O. A. Johnson; opinion May 29, 1911) we have a contradiction
of law which is phenomenal. The ruling here is to the effect that
the food and drugs act does not cover the knowingly false labeling
of nostrums as to their curative effect. In the language of Presi-
dent Taft, "it follows that, without fear of punishment under the
law, unscrupulous persons, knowing the medicines to have no
curative or remedial value for the diseases for which they indicate
them, may ship into interstate commerce medicines composed of
substances possessing slight physiological action, and labeled as
cures for diseases which, in the present state of science, may be
recognized as incurable." In other words, these unblushing false-
hoods and extravagant claims of literature, such as we find in the
circulars, labels and advertisements, are legitimate, and, according
to the ruling of the supreme court, the food and drugs law has no
jurisdiction — a position which seems like an insult to the medical
and pharmaceutical professions.

Unquestionably, Mr. Taft's message to Congress, in which he
exposes the vital weaknesses of the pure food and drugs act in this
direction, will arouse that body to act in such a way as to remove
such weakness by either insisting on a different interpretation or
by injecting into the law an unmistakable ruling which will apply
to these cases. It is worthy of notice that the British Conference
of Pharmaceutical Faculties, which was held in July last, have
taken up this subject of patent medicines vigorously, and their re-
port is to be found in the Pharmaceutical Journal for July 29,
1911, pages 165-168, in which it is stated: "This meeting of the
British Pharmaceutical Conference is of the opinion that a public
inquiry by a royal commission or a departmental committee should
be held in regard to the advertising and sale of proprietary and

-3

34 Kansas Academy of Science.

secret medicines and the law relating thereto, with a view to further
legislation for the prevention of fraud and quackery."

At the risk, of being unduly lengthy in this conclusion, I wish
to call attention to the patenting of a recent medicine discovered
in Germany by Ehlich, I refer to the "Dioxydiamidoarsenoben-
zol," otherwise known as "Salversan." The patenting of this
preparation, which is also known by the name "606," has been
very much criticised, both by the medical and pharmaceutical pro-
fessions, but it must be taken into consideration that Ehlich made
these investigations under an arrangement with a German chem-
ical house, whereby said house furnished him with the money nec-
essary to carry on the experiments, with the understanding that if
a product was obtained of sufficient value to warrant its being in-
troduced, it was to be patented and the patent controlled by the
commercial house. This fact puts a diflPerent phase upon the mat-
ter. In Germany, if the ^invention relates to the process for the
production of a new substance, this patent protects the process
and substance. Medicines, however, are excluded from patent
protection not only in Germany, but also in France, Austria-Hun-
gary, Italy, Japan, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Russia,
and a number of other countries.

Dr. F. E. Stewart, in a recent circular, says, in effect: "I be-
lieve that the arrangement made by Ehlich with the German
chemical house represents a plan of cooperation between profes-
sional and commercial interests which, if purged of the monopo-
listic feature now pertaining to it, might be made in every way
commendable. The great manufacturing houses engaged in the
chemical and pharmaceutical industry, with their scientific de-
partments, are in a position to render the most valuable kind of
service to the medical profession. Their equipment, influence and
large facilities make it possible, by such arrangements with physiol-
ogists, pharmacists and others, to advance the science of medicine
and pharmacy which otherwise^would be impossible.

Chemical and Physical Papers. 35

ON THE REACTIONS OF THE FORMAMIDINES.

Syntheses of Isoxazolon, Isoxazol, Cyanacetic and Benzoylacetic Acid De-
rivatives.

By F. B. Dains and E. L. Griffin.

IN previous papers it has been shown that compounds contain-
ing a methylene group, CH-.>, such as acetoacetic ester, ben-
zoyhicetio ester and cyanacetic ester, are capable of reacting with
substituted formaraidines yielding derivatives of the type XYC :
CHNHR, in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by
the grouping : CHNHR. Phenyl isoxazolon, another compound
containing methylene hydrogen, reacts in the same way, yielding
substituted aminomethylene derivatives of phenylisoxazolon. The
compounds made by this reaction were: 3-phenyl-4-anilidomethy-
lene - 5 - isoxazolon, 3 - pheny 1-4-o-toluidomethylene - 5- isoxazolon ,
8-phenyl-4-p-toluidomethylene-5-isoxazolon, 3-phenyl-4-m-toluido-
methylene-5-isoxazolon, 3-phenyl-4-o-anisidomethylene-5-isoxazo-
lon, 3-phenyl-4-p-anisidomethylene-5-isoxazolon, 3-phenyl-4-p-
phenetidomethylene-5-isoxazolon, 3-phenyl 4-pseudocumidomethy-
lene•5-isoxazolon, 3-phenyl-4-nitroanilidomethylene-5-isoxazolon,
and 3 phenyl-4-p-bromanilidomethylene-5-i6oxazolon.

It was found that derivatives analogous to these could be formed
by the reaction of either benzal-or anisal-methylisoxazolon on the
formamidines, the substituted aninomethylene derivatives of
raethylisoxazolon and benzal-or anisal-amines being obtained.
From benzalmethylisoxazolon were obtained 3-methyl-4-anilidome-
thylene-5-isoxazolon, 3 methyl-4-o-toluidomethylene-5-isoxazolon,
3-methyl-4-p-toluidomethylene-5-isoxazolon, 3-methyl-4-m-tolui-
domethylene-5-isoxazolon, 3-methyl-4-p-anisidomethylene-5-isoxa-
zolon, 3-methyl-4-o-ani8idomethylene-5-isoxazonon, 3-methyl-4-p-
phenetidomethylene-5-isoxazolon, and 8-methyl-4-m-xylidomethy-
lene-5-isoxazolon. From anisal methylisoxazolon and formami-
dines were made 3- methyl-4-anilidomethyiene - 5 -isoxazolon,
3-methyl-4-p-anisidomethylene-5-i8oxazolon, and 3-methyl-4-p8eu-
documidomethylene-o-isoxazolon. Anilidomethylememethylisoxa-
zolon and aniiidomethylene phenyl-isoxazolon were found to react
with bromine, with the loss of hydrobromic acid, forming mono-
brom derivatives, which on solution in alcohol go over to p-brom-
anilido-methylene-methyl-isoxazolon and p-bromoanilido methy-

36 Kansas Academy of Science.

lene-phenyl-isoxazolon. With dilute alkali these isoxazolon
derivatives dissolved and formed a salt from which the same isoxa-
zolon could be regained by adding hydrochloric acid. With heat
and standing, however, this breaks down, giving the amine and
another salt.

When hydroxylainine acts on the amides of aminomethylene-
aceto or beuzoylacetic acids, there are formed 5-methyl or phenyl-
isoxazol 4-carboxylic acids. These isoxazols, under the influence
of alkalies, rearrange to form substituted amides of acetyl or ben-
zoylcyanacetic acid. To study these reactions several compounds
were made, including the following: the o-totylamid of 5-phenylis-
oxazol-4-carbocylic acid, and from this by the action of NaOH ben-
zoyl-cyanacet-o-toluid; p-tolylamide of 5-phenyli8oxazol-4-carbo-
xylic acid, and from this benzoyl-cyanacet-p-toluid; the p-anisylamid
of 5-phenylisoxazol-4-carboxylic acid which with the alkali gives
benzoylcyanacet-p-anisid; the anilid of 5-phenylisoxazol-4-carbo-
xylic acid, which likewise rearranges; also, the 0-totyl and p-totyl
amides of 5-methyli80xazol-4-carboxylic acid were made, giving in
the same way acetcyanaoeto-o-toluid and p-toluid. The anilid of
5-methylisoxazol-4-carboxylic acid was separated with difficulty,
but reacted in the same way to form acetcyanacetanilid.

Chemical and Physical Papers. 37

STANDARDIZATION OF INSECTICIDES AND
DISINFECTANTS.

> By L. E. Sayre.

AT the last annual meeting of this Academy the writer presented
a brief review of the commercial insecticides, and referred to
federal regulation No. 16, which requires certain ingredients of
these compounds to be declared. Prominent among the constituents
affected by this regulation is that of arsenic and any of its com-
binations.

Inasmuch as this class of agents, and those closely related, the
bactericides (disinfectants), have come under the regulation af-
fecting standards, I have thought it wise to present to this Academy
in compact form the present legal status, so to speak, of these two
classes of agents, so that we shall have for reference in our report
of proceedings reliable data concerning them. In order to do this
I may have to revise and add to what was stated on this subject in
a paper presented to this Academy last year.

In the first place, it should be stated regarding insecticides, that
insecticides other than arsenical combinations and fungicides con-
taining inert substances which do not prevent, destroy, repel or
mitigate insects or fungi, must bear a statement on the label of the
name and percentage of each inert substance therein, unless the
name and percentage of each active ingredient of the article is
plainly and correctly stated, in which case it will be sufficient to
state on the label that the article contains l^inert substances, giving
correct percentage thereof.

The enactment of the federal law has naturally drawn much at-
tention to the subject of the relative value of fumigants, sprays
and powders acting as insecticides, and recent investigation of
these in our own laboratory has shown that our opinions must be
revised as to relative toxicity of members of this class. For ex-
ample, it was believed at one time that formaldehyde ranked in the
first class among these agents. Actual experiments, however, in-
dicate that it is quite low in activity; for instance, it has one-tenth
the power of sulphur dioxide.

For our work on insecticides, "Bell jar experiments" were car-
ried out, such as described by Hamilton and Lowe.^ This ap-
paratus ie so constructed as to make possible the measuring of

1. See Journal of the American Public Health Association, 1911.

38 Kansas Academy of Science.

definite amounts of gases, which may be drawn from a container
for any experiment. Such gases as illuminating gas, sulphur
dioxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, etc., have been em-
ployed. Insects confined within the chamber of the apparatus and
subjected to the influence of various insecticides can be watched
and timed so that the relative value of toxic action can be readily
estimated.

Hamilton and Lowe have tabulated in their report the coeffi-
cients for thirty-eight different insecticides, including such articles
as creosote, naphthalene, kerosene, oil of turpentine, hydrocyanic
acid, and many powders.

Our own experiments have shown that a solution of carbolic
acid, from 6 to 7 per cent, acts very powerfully by the contHct
method, but much less powerfully as a fumigant; it has ^/so the
strength of sulphur vapor, for example. It may be said of many
of the commercial plant powders that they are exceedingly weak as
compared with sulphur. A powder known as "bugbane" {Cimi-
cifuga raceviosa) has long been considered efficacious. Our ex-
periments with it, however, tend to show that this drug has been
greatly overestimated in its toxic properties toward insects. Pow-
dered cimicifuga seemed to be devoid of insecticidal properties.
Crickets kept in contact with the powdered drug for hours showed
no toxic effect.

For the chemical valuation of the well-known insect powder,
H. Linke has suggested a method. ( See Chem. Abstracts, vol. 6,
No. 23, p, 3493.)

The following articles compounded with insecticides require to
be guaranteed under the national insecticide act, when sold for in-
secticidal purposes:

Acid, carbolic, cryst. Insect powder, foreign.

Acid, carbolic, crude. Naphthalene.

Acid, cresylic. Nitrobenzene.

Acid, muriatic. Oil citronella.
Acid, nitric. , Oil camphor.

Acid, sulphuric. Oil peppermint.

Ammonia, stronger. Paris green.

Arsenic, white. Phosphorus.

Borax. Potassium cyanide.

Camphor. Potassium permang.

Carbon bisulphide. Potassium carb.

Carbon tetrachloride. Potassium sulphide.

Copper sulphate. Quassia.

Formaldehyde, sol. of. Rosin.

Hellebore, white. Sulphur, grd. or lump.

Iron sulphide. Sulphur, refined.

Lead arsenate. Turpentine.

London purple. Whale oil soap.
Iron sulphate.

Chemical and Physical Papers. 39

DISINFECTANTS.

Having been appointed as one of the members of a committee
to report on standards for disinfectants, it may be in place to call
attention to the ruling of the Kansas Board of Health, which was
based on the report of the committee. The tentative standard
adopted by this board reads as follows :

A substance may be said to be a disinfectant or germicide, or to act as
a germicide, when under stated conditions of concentration, temperature,
humidity, etc., it is able to kill any non-spore-bearing bacterium patho-
genic to man within six hours. Unless otherwise expressly stated, temper-
ature and other atmospheric conditions usually found in living rooms will
be understood.

Within the meaning of this definition the terms "germicide" and "dis-
infectant" are used interchangeably to mean substances that actually de-
stroy, and not merely inhibit the growth of bacteria.

Various methods have been used for standardization of disin-
fectants, beginning with Pringle (1732), who attempted to arrest
putrefaction by the addition of various substances, and including
Kock's "thread method" (1881), which was the first systematic
test for the germicidal power of disinfectants. Kock's method was
followed by the Rideal and Walker or "drop method" (1903) and
its various modifications.

After consideration of all these methods of different workers,
the committee on standardization of disinfectants recommended
for adoption as the standard methods the Hygienic Laboratory
phenol coefficient methods, as devised by Doctors Anderson and
McClintic and published in Hygienic Laboratory Bulletin No. 82.

To secure uniformity, the third distillate of Merck's Silver La-
bel Phenol was used in making the 5 per cent stock dilutions, from
which all other phenol dilutions were made.

To obtain a culture of even resistance, it was recommended to
use B. typhosus from a 30-day at 20° C. stock culture on standard
infusion agar. Transplants are made at intervals of twenty-four
hours in usual manner. The procedure is, briefly, as follows:

Since most disinfectantshave a coefficient of 1 or over, a stock
dilution of 1-100 is made of the disinfectant, but for those having
a coefficient less than one a 1-20 is used. These dilutions are meas-
ured by means of pipettes into^sterile glass-stoppered graduated
cylinders containing sterile distilled water, and made up to the
mark with same. From these stock dilutions the necessary dilu-
tions for teats are made, using sterile pipettes of several sizes, and
adding the required amount of the stock dilution and distilled
water from sterile lead-foil-topped flasks to lead-foil-topped sterile
bottles.

40 Kansas Academy of Science.

The phenol dilutions are tested first, beginning with the strong-
est, and then taking up the disinfectants in the same order.

To each sterile seeding tube 5 cc. of the dilutions are added and
inoculated with y\ oc. of filtered culture from 24-hour £. typhosus
by means of a sterile pipette graduated in tenths.

The inoculated seeding tubes are placed on water bath and kept
at temperature of 20° for lengths of time 2h minutes to 15 minutes,
making six tests in as many seeding tubes for each dilution.

The sterile subculture tubes of same number as dilutions, and
4 mm. platinum loops (4 in number) and fan-tail burner must be
conveniently arranged for inoculation of subculture tubes and
flaming of loops. These inoculations are made at intervals of 2^
minutes until six inoculations have been made, at times 2h min-
utes, 5 minutes, 1^ minutes, 10 minutes, 12| minutes and 15 min-
utes for each dilution.

The coefficient for the sample under investigation is obtained
by dividing the weakest dilution of this sample of disinfectant that
kills in 2| minutes by the weakest dilution of phenol that kills in
2| minutes, and dividing the weakest dilution of the above sample
of disinfectant that kills in 15 minutes by the weakest dilution of
phenol that kills in the same time; then taking the mean of these
quotients.

For example, the weakest dilution of phenol proving effective in
2^ minutes was 1-80 and the weakest dilution of the above disin-
fectant proving effective in 2i minutes was 1-375. The weakest
phenol dilution proving effective in 15 minutes was 1-110 and the
"weakest dilution of the sample of disinfectant was 1-650; hence,

~ = 4.69 and ^ = 5.91 ; 5.91 -f 4.69 = 10.60. ^ = 5.80, the phenol

coeflBcient for the sample of disinfectant under investigation. Its
standard, therefore, would be 5.30; that is, 5.30 times as strong as a
solution of phenol that kills in the same length of time.

GEOLOGICAL PAPERS.

1. '"Notes on the Moraine of the Kansas Glacier Southwest of

TOPEKA."

By L. C. WOOSTEK.

2. "Expeditions to the Miocene of Wyoming and the Chalk Beds

OF Kansas."

By Charles H. Sternberg.

(41)

NOTES ON THE MORAINE OF THE GLACIER SOUTH-
WEST OF TOPEKA.

By L. C. WoosTER. State Normal College, Emporia.

MR. B. B. SMYTH, in volume XIV of the Transactions of this
Academy, described the course of this moraine through
Shawnee county, and I desire merely to add a little concerning the
boulders in the moraine near Burnett's mound.

i

KANSAS GLACIER MORAINE,
Southwest of Topeka, near Burnett's Mound.

The drift in the ridge studied was less than eighteen feet thick,
as was shown by a well on the ridge. A roadside excavation ex-
posed about six feet of drift, stratified above and mostly unstrali-
fied beldw. One or two boulders were in positions of unstable
equilibrium, as in all moraines not water-laid. The drift consisted
of northern and local material. Fine-grained quartzite predomi-

(43)

44 Kansas Academy of Science.

nated everywhere at the surface, but the boulders of the deeper
drift were fine and coarse quartzite, gray granite, gneiss, syenite,
dyorite, and limestone. Many of the last contained Fusulinas, and
much resembled the Upper Coal Measure limestones. Many of
the boulders, including the limestone boulders, were planed and
striated. The great age of this moraine, possibly a million years,
was shown by the fact that the surface boulders were all fine-
grained quartzite, while the protected ones were of mixed species.
Even the coarse quartzite, where exposed, was badly weathered.
The boulders of the deeper drift were common archsean species,
and, according to all indications, were brought to Kansas by the
same ice movement which brought the quartzite. The Kansas
glacier may have picked up the granite, etc., in northern or central
Minnesota, the quartzite in southwestern Minnesota or eastern
South Dakota, and the limestone in northern Kansas.

Professor Popenoe showed us what seems to be the pseudomorph
of the end of a huge calcite crystal consisting of basalt. Molds of
similar crystals in great masses of copper from the copper mines
near the western end of Lake Superior were on exhibition at the
World's Fair at Chicago. This pseudomorph may have come in
the Kansas glacier from that locality near Lake Superior.

Geological Papers. 45

EXPEDITIONS TO THE MIOCENE OF WYOMING AND
THE CHALK BEDS OF KANSAS.

By Charles H. Sternberg.

ON July 28 I reached ray station at Edgemont, S. D. The next
day I drove out to my son Charlie's cabin, thirty-five miles
west, on Old Woman creek, in Converse county, Wyoming. I found
that, with the assistance ot my youngest son, Levi, and Conrad
Jesperson, of Lawrence, he had secured a complete series of caudal
vertebra? and bones of the pelvis and hind limbs of the great
swimming dinosaur Trachodoti ; and three-quarters of a fine skull,
six and a half feet long, of Triceratops, the huge three-horned lizard
of the Laramie. The Trachodon material has gone to Munich to
complete a composite open mount, I having sent the other material
last year. The magnificent skeleton secured last year by my son
Charlie went to the Senckenberg Museum. I believe these are the
only complete skeletons of American dinosaurs in Europe. The
seven-foot skull I discovered last year of Triceratops, which I was
preparing for the Victoria Memorial Museum, was destroyed last
year when the brick walls of the building at (317 Vermont street,
in which it was housed, was blown in on top of it by a cyclone — a
great loss to science and myself.

Having gone over the Laramie beds thoroughly during the last
four years, on the fourth of August we moved over to the old de-
serted Seaman ranch on Sage creek, a branch of Old Woman creek,
in Converse county, Wyoming. These beds are known as the
Upper Harrison beds. The first day in this rich field that has
been but little explored, I discovered the skeleton of the great
titanothere Brontotherium gigas. The pelvic arch was partly ex-
posed and measured four feet across the illia; the complete skull;
vertebral column, with ribs continuous to first caudal; one humerus,
and other bones. The lower limbs were absent. This specimen,
according to Doctor Matthew, curator of vertebrate palaeontology
in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is the
best single specimen known, and is the size of their mounted com-
posite specimen that measures over twelve feet long and about
eight feet high. We are now preparing this noble specimen for the
Victoria Memorial Museum at Ottawa, Canada, and will secure
casts of the feet from the Ameriban Museum specimen.

46 Kansas Academy of Science.

We secured a great many specimens of the oreodont Merychyu»
harrisonensis, including a skeleton, over twenty good skulls, and
many fragments of over a hundred individuals. This species, so
common in these beds, was about the size of a sheep, with com-
plete dentition. The strong, chisel-shaped incisors were doubtless
often used in offense as well as defense. Without doubt he browsed
on trees and bushes, and was also omniverous in habit. He was pro-
vided with four hoofed toes on each foot, and a dew claw that
represented the tifth toe, showing that many of the animals of that
day were getting away in foot structure from the five- toed planti-
grade mammals of the Eocene. We secured a very fine skull of
the hog-like Elotherium, and the large bear-like wolf Amphicyon
superhns, besides jaws and teeth and parts of skulls of two species
of three-toed horses, and a couple of species of rhinoceros, etc.
Fresh-water and land turtles were very abundant. We secured
some twenty-five or more specimens, ranging from five inches to
twenty inches in length. Stylemeys nebrascensis and Testudo lati-
Gwieus were the most common.

We must have seen over a hundred broken-up shells over the
area of about a quarter section we explored. The Upper Harrison
beds present bold faces of tablelands that rise everywhere along
the edge of this formation — a prolonged spur of the Pine Ridge
of Nebraska. These tablelands and castellated buttes rise above
the lower strata of this formation at least 600 feet. Usually, as
remarked, the cap sheet, which is of hard clay and sandstone, has
weathered into perpendicular walls, while the softer gray, com-
minuted, shale-like rock disintegrates below into fantastic sculp-
tuary, as specially noted in the beautifully carved and fiuted slopes
of the butte, of which I show you a photograph (plate). This
bold headland of the tableland behind has lost its protecting cap
of harder rock, leaving the frost, wind and weather to freely sculp-
ture it into the most beautiful butte I have ever seen in any forma-
tion.

The region that yielded the richest returns lay at the heads of
two tablelands about a mile apart. I suppose about 600 feet of
the Upper Harrison beds are exposed in the canyons and walls of
the high tablelands. The slrata is a shale-like gray rock that dis-
integrates easily and exposes the fossils once buried here. The
material resembles the deposits of the flood plain of a river, and,
to add to this belief, a wide river course crosses the beds and is
traced by the washed sand and gravel of the old bed. The river
was about a hundred yards wide. So the old theory of great lakes

Geological Papers.

47

48 Kayisas Academy of Science.

during Tertiary time must often give way, as in this locality, to
river and flood plain, I noticed, as I walked over the open prairie
to the bad-lands I explored, the remains of sheep that had died
here and there and left complete skeletons, or a few bones and skull,
or a single skull. Birds and coyotes had scattered the remaining
parts of the skeletons. And so when I walked into the steep and
denuded fossil beds I found as abundantly the remains of the
oreodont — a skeleton here, a fragmentary one there; here a skull,
there a pile of bones. They had died under similar conditions,
perhaps, and lay in death a prey to wolves, etc. When the river
overflowed her banks the scattered remains were covered and are
preserved to this day, and the weathering of the rock has exposed
them to the light of day again, after ages of burial. Now, owing
to the eflPorts of us fossil hunters, we add other pages to Nature's
great picture book that tells the stcry of the past.

My paper, a record of our work in the fossil fields, would not be
complete without an account of my son George F. Sternberg's
expedition into the rich field of the Niobrara, of western Kansas,
which I have cultivated since 1875. This year he had full control,
and I was not with him, and gladly give him credit for the best
single year's collection we have ever taken out of the chalk. He
had as his assistant Mr. Abe Easton, of Quinter, Kan., who proved
an able helper. Among the noted specimens is the most complete
skeleton so far discovered of the great fish Portheus molossus.
All the fins were present, for the first time, with the complete
skeleton, except the head, which we have been so fortunate to ob-
tain from another individual of the same size. This skeleton lies
on its side and is fourteen feet long; the tail fins thirty-one inches
long. When this specimen has been described its entire anatomy
will be known for the first time, although first described by Pro-
fessor Cope in 1872. Another fine specimen is the complete hind
limbs, with part of the skull, of Pteranodon ingens. Doctor
Eaton, the authority on pterodactyls at Yale, told me that though
they had 500 specimens, this was the first one in which all the
bones of the feet were in position. This specimen has gone to the
American museum.

Of the wonderful snout fish, or Protophyrcena, of the Niobrara,
George found a complete set of pectoral fins, with their arches.
They measure 3 feet and 9 inches in length and are 10-1 inches
wide at the base. The enameled edge is as sharp as a knife. In
life they stood out at right angles to the body, like the scythes
attached to the wheels of the chariot of some ancient war king.

Geological Papers. 49

They were rigid when they carved at pleasure the living Portheii
or mosasaurs. The premaxilre were prolonged into a long, dagger-
like weapon of solid bone, and the teeth in the angles of the jaws
were doiibl-eedged and projected forward. So when, with the
swimming force of this great fish, the snout entered the quivering
flesh of his prey, these teeth opened wide the breach, permitting
the whole head to enter. If the sharks of modern oceans are their
terror, what can we say of the snout fishes of the Cretaceous?

George secured a complete skeleton, nearly, of a large plate-
carpus nineteen feet long, the largest I have known — the entire
column, head, and one paddle and ribs of one individual. Also, a
splendid little tylosaur — most of the column, head, front and back
paddles nearly complete, with breast bone and cartilagenous ribs.
We are now mounting these great show specimens at my shop in
Lawrence. Charlie is mounting the titanothere at his home on
his homstead in Wyoming. George also secured fine skulls, in
addition, oi platecarpus and tylosaurus of Portheus; Icthyodectes,
the great cat fish; Anogmius, Empo, Gillicus, etc. And more
wonderful, the tail of a shark showing the dorsal fin for the first
time. The shark we sold to the University of Kansas last year,
now finely mounted by Mr. Martin, under whose skillful hands a
skull was found beneath the scattered fragments that covered it.
Thus a specimen of inestimable value of this rare shark is pre-
served in our University Museum,

-4

BIOLOGICAL PAPERS.

"Formaldehyde Gas Not Effective upon Flies."

By E. S. Tucker, Baton Rouge, La.

"Further Records of Insects Personally Collected in Kansas'
AND Colorado."

By E. S. Tucker, Baton Rouge, La.

"Provisional Catalogue of the Flora of Kansas. Part II.—
Gymnosperms and Monocotyls. "

By Bernard B. Smyth, and L. C. R. Smyth.

"A Partial Key to the Genera of North American Jassoidea,"

By S. E. Crumb.

"Insecticides."

By L. E. Sayre.

"A System of Notations Applied to Entomological Access fons."'

By E. S. Tucker.

"Bitropism."

By Lyman C. Wooster.

(51)

FORMALDEHYDE GAS NOT EFFECTIVE UPON FLIES.

By E. S. Tucker.

(Published by permission of the Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department

of Agriculture.)

DURING the disinfection of the contents of a room 12 by 14
feet, and having a height of 8 feet and 8 inches, for which
2 pounds of formalin and |- pound of permanganate of potash
crystals were used to produce formaldehyde gas, a number of
house flies were imprisoned. This treatment was put into action
at six p. M., on April 19, 1911, at Dallas, Texas, and the room was
kept tightly closed until the following morning. No effect upon
the flies could be detected after their confinement in the fumes
over night. To all appearances they were just as numerous and
active as they had been before the generation of the gas. Inspec-
tion failed to disclose a single dead fly, yet a strong odor of the
gas remained in the room on opening it for venti ation.

Four hours of exposure to this gas, when it is produced accord-
ing to prescribed directions and in ratio with the space to be filled,
is considered an ample time for germicidal effect, if atmospheric
conditions are suitable. But in this case the gas was confined
fully 13 hours. The temperature of the air was moderate through-
out the night of the treatment, the minimum of 56° being regis-
tered early in the morning, and water had been sprinkled liberally
on the floor of the room to increase the humidity. These condi-
tions should have brought about perfect chemical action. Besides,
as may be noticed in the statement of amount of chemicals used, a
double quantity of formalin was poured on the requisite quantity
of permanganate of potash, the prescribed proportions being 10
ounces of the former to 5 ounces of the latter per 1000 cubic feet
of space with suitable atmospheric conditions.

The test affords definite proof that formaldehyde gas, even in
nearly double disinfectant strength, is useless as an insecticide, at
least against flies. It is in fact only claimed to be effective upon
insects when they are confined in concentrated gas for some time.

(53)

54 Kansas Academy of Science.

FURTHER RECORDS OF INSECTS PERSONALLY COL-
LECTED IN KANSAS AND COLORADO.

By E. S. Tucker, Baton Rouge. La.

CONSIDERABLE progress has been made in the recognition
of the different kinds of insects occurring in Kansas, and
many lists giving the names have been published in past years.
Hope is to be entertained that in the near future further advances
in systematic study of the insect fauna of the state will be sufficient
to warrant the publication of a catalogue of all species whose
identifications will have reached a comprehensive extent, inclusive
of those already reported. The ordinal compilation of species has
so far received scarcely more than preliminary attention, except in
regard to the Ooleoptera and Lepidoptera, in greater part. A vast
amount of work must be done before such a region as Kansas pre-
sents can be satisfactorily explored and the results made known
with reference to a systematic comprehension of its insect life.

Owing to delays in the determination of some specimens per-
sonally collected in Kansas and Colorado, the following specific
records could not be included in my former lists. Opportunity
is now taken to present these recent results of study.

Order DIPTERA.

Aldrich's catalogue has been used as a guide for the arrange-
ment of the Diptera, except in respect to the families Chirono-
midse and Mycetophilidae, in which the generic positions are made
to conform with the system proposed by Prof. O. A. Johannsen.

Family Tipulid.^.
Tipula coloradensis Doane. (Psyche, v. 18, Oct. 1911, p. 164.) Colorado,
Tabernash; August. One male, three females. (Types.)

Family Chironomid^.

( Determinations were made by Prof. O. A. Johannsen.)

Chironomus albimanus Meig. (N. Y. Mus. Bui, 86, p. 214.) Colorado,
Denver; April, on shore of lake.

flavicingula Wk. Colorado, Denver; April, on shore of lake.

hyperboreus Stgr., var. meridionalis Joh. (N. Y. Mus. Bui.
124, p. 277.) Colorado, Denver; April, on shore of lake
and at random. Species but not variety cited before for
state.

maturus Joh. (N. Y. Mus. Bui. 124, p. 279.) Colorado, Den-
ver; April, on shore of lake.

tendens Fab. Colorado, Denver; April, on shore of lake.

Biological Papers. 55

Ceratopogon specularis Coq. Colorado, Denver; April, on shore of lake.

XHricotopus trifasciatus Panz. (N. Y. Mus. Bui. 86, p. 253.) Colorado,

Denver; March, in window; April, on shore of lake, also in

alfalfa field and at random. Species formerly cited only for

Kansas.

Orthocladius nivoriundus Fitch, Colorado, Denver; April, on shore of

lake. Species formerly cited only for Kansas.
Tanytarsus fatigans Joh. (N. Y. Mus. Bui. 86, p. 292.) Colorado, Den-
ver; April, on shore of lake,
nigripilus Joh. (N. Y. Mus. Bui. 86, p. 287.) Colorado, Den-
ver; March, in window; April, on shore of lake, also in
alfalfa field and at random. Species formerly cited only
for Kansas.
Diamesa waltlii Meig. Colorado, Denver; March, in window.

Family Mycetophilid^.

(Determinations were made by Prof. O. A. Jonannsen.)

Trichosia hebes Lw. Lawrence; May; June. New to Kansas list.
Mycetophila (Dynatosoma) scalaris Lw. (Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 200, p.

98.) Kansas, Lawrence; July. New to Kansas list.
Sciara acuta Joh. (Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 200, p. 136.) Kansas, Law-
rence; April. Addition to Kansas list.
coprophila Lint., var. a. Joh. (Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 200, pp. 136
and 137.) Kansas, Lawrence; May. New to Kansas list. Colo-
rado, Colorado Springs; April. Denver; April. Also collected
with S. varians Joh. at other places, concerning which see records
of the latter species and explanation,
nigricans Joh. (Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 200, p. 134.) Kansas,
Lawrence; May, at night (paratype) ; June, twilight and at night;
and August, twilight. Addition to Kansas list,
parilis Joh. (Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 200, p. 132.) Kansas, Law-
rence; May, at night; June, twilight (paratype); and August.
Colorado, Colorado Springs; April. Addition to Kansas list,
prolifica Felt. Kansas, Lawrence; June; July, twilights New to

Kansas list.
varians Joh. (Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 200, p. 135.) Kansas, Law-
rence; March; April; May; June, at electric light; and June,
twilight; July, twilight; and August. Addition to Kansas list.
Also probably in Colorado, Colorado Springs; April and August.
Cheyenne canyon; August. Denver; April, at random and al-
falfa field. On train near Limon; May. Tabernash; August.
Explanation.— Specimens bearing the above Colorado records
were too imperfect for accurate identification, but evidently
represented the species S. coprophila Lint, and S. varians Joh.
The records, therefore, are apt to apply to both species.

Family Cecidomyiid^.
Neolasioptera major n. ap. Felt. Colorado, Colorado Springs; August,
5915 ft. altitude.

Family Bibionid.t;.
Scatopse pulicaria Lw. Kansas, Lawrence; June. New to Kansas Hat.

56 Kansas' Academy of Science.

Family Simuliid^.

Simulium venustum Say. Colorado, Colorado Springs; August, one female.
Family Stratiomyid^.

Sargus viridis Say. Colorado, Denver; April. New locality for state.

Family BOMBYLllDiE.

Exoprosopa dodrans 0. S. Colorado, Colorado Springs; August. Det. by
Prof. C. W. Johnson, who remarked about it as follows:
"There is a trace of the usual white band on the second seg-
ment. It resembles E. titubans O. S., but is slightly smaller,
the brown of the wing has an uniform tinge, and only the
cross vein at the base of the fourth posterior cell is slightly
clouded. Colorado Springs is the type locality for the
species. It shows a character mentioned by Osten Sacken
as peculiar to one specimen, i. e., 'An adventitious stump of
a vein inside of the discal cell. ' My specimens from Clear
Creek, Colo., do not show this."

Family AsiLlD^.
Stenopogon (Scleropogon) helvolus Lw. (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, v. 35,
Nos. 2 and 3, 1909, p. 208.) Kansas, Sedgwick county; Au-
gust. (Determination by E. A. Back.) New to Kansas list.

Family DoLICHOPODID^.
Dolichopus jugalis Tkr. (Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci., v. 23, 1911, pp. 106 and
107.) Colorado, Tabernash; August. One male. (Type.)

Family Tachinid^.
Neaera longicornis Coq. Colorado, Denver; April. (Determination by D.

W. Coquillett.)
Gonia capitata De G. Colorado, Denver; August. New locality for state.

Family MusciD^.
Lucilia sericata Meig. Colorado, Denver; April. Determination verified

by D. W. Coquillett.) Reported before for same locality, but

later for season.
Protophormia (Phormia) terrae-novae Desv. Colorado, Denver; April.

Family Anthomyid^.
Hydrotaas armipes Fal. Colorado, Colorado Springs; July. Tabernash ;^

August.
Homalomyia flavibasis Stein. Kansas, Wichita; April. New to Kansas list.
Phorbia cerealis Gil. (Not cited in Aldrich's catalogue.) Colorado, Taber-
nash; August. (Determination verified by D. W. Coquillett.)
cinerella Fal. Kansas, Lawrence; July. Colorado, Colorado
Springs, April. Green Mountain Falls; July. (Determination
verified by D. W. Coquillett.) Additional records for Colorado.

Phorbia (Hylemyia) fabricii Holmgn. Colorado, Colorado Springs; August,
fusciceps Zett. Colorado, Denver; April, commonly taken by
sweeping. Additional record for state.
Pegomyia bicolor Wd. Colorado, Colorado Springs; July and August.
Tabernash; August.

Biological Paper's. 57

Ccenosia meditata Fal. (Not cited in Aldrich's catalogue.) Colorado,
Colorado Springs; July and August. (Determination by D.
W. Coquillett.)

Schoenomyza chrystoma Lw. Colorado, Denver; April.

dorsalis Lw. Colorado, Denver; April. Additional record for

state.

Family Scatophagid^.

Scatophaga stercoraria L. Colorado, Denver; April.

Family Helomyzid^.
(Ecothea fenestralis Fal. Colorado, Denver; March, in window. (Deter-
mination by D. W. Coquillett.)
Tephrochlamys rufiventris Meig. Colorado, Denver; March, in windows.
(Determination by D. W. Coquillett.)

Family BORBORID^.
Borborus geniculatus Macq. Colorado, Denver; April. Additional record

for state.

Family Trypetid^.

Tephritis genalis Thorn. Colorado, Denver; April. New locality for state.

Family Ephydrid^.
Dichaeta caudata Fal., var. Colorado, Colorado Springs; August. (Deter-
mination by E. T. Cresson, jr.)
Pelina truncatula Lw. Colorado, Denver; April. New locality for state.

Family OsciNlD^.
Chlorops assimilis Macq. Colorado, Denver; April. New locality for state.
Oscinis coxendix Fitch. Colorado, Denver; April.

nigra Tk. Colorado, Denver; April, sweeping lawn grass. (Deter-
mination verified by D. W. Coquillett by comparison with type
specimen.) They agree with description, except that some ex-
amples have metatarsi of middle and hind legs more or less
brownish. New seasonal record for same locality.

Family Drosophilid^.
Drosophila quinaria? Lw. Kansas, Lawrence; August. (Determination by
E. T. Cresson, jr.) New to Kansas list.

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

The following list of Lepidoptera may possibly include tbe

names of some species not previously reported for Kansas. All of

the specimens excepting two species were collected at Lawrence,

Kan. Hence, only the different locality will be cited with its

specific records. The names and arrangement accord with Dyar's

list.

Family ARCTllDiE.

Hypantria cunea Dru. (Pure white form.) May, at night and at electric

light.
cunea Dru., var. (Black speckled form.) April and May, at

electric light.
Apantesis nais Dru. May, at electric light.

58 Kansas Academy of Science.

Family Noctuid;e.
Apatela populi Ril. May, at electric light.
Peridroma margaritosa Haw. June, twilight and at night.
Chorizagrotis agrestis Grt. May.

Heliophila unipuncta Haw. May, at electric light; June, twilight and at
night,
albilinea Hbn. April, at electric light.
Papaipema nitella Gn., var. nebis Gn. September, at night, (Determina-
tion verified by H. G. Dyar.)
Heliothis obsoleta Fab. August, on red and white clover blossoms in bright
sun during midday; October; and October, twilight and at
electric light.
Autographa biloba Steph. May, at electric light,
ou Gn. May, at electric light,
falcigera Kir, May, at electric light.
Tarache erastrioides Gn, June, at night.

Drasteria erechtea Cram. April; April and May, at electric light.
Catocala junctura Wk, July twilight.

Family Pyromorphid^.
Acoloithus falsarius Clem. May; June, twilight, taken while pairing, (De-
termination by A. Busck.)

Family Pyralid^.
Lipocosma sicalis Wk. May, twilight, (Determined by A. Busck.)
Nomophila noctuella D. and S. April and May, at electric light ; August

and September, at night.
Pyralis farinalis L. May.

Crambus teterrellus Zinc. June. ( Determined by A. Busck.)
Plodia interpunctella Hubn. May, at night, and occurring in pantry where

the species evidently bred, judging from the finding of pairs in

copulation ; also, June, at night.
Peoria approximella Wk. June, at night. (Determination by A. Busck.)

Family Tortricid^.
Tortrix peritana Clem. May, at night. (Determination by A. Busck.)
Euliavelutinana Wk. April; June, at night. (Determinationby A. Busck.)

Family Yponomeutid^.
Plutella maculipennis Curt. Colorado, Denver ; April, on lawn grass. (De-
termination by W, G. Dietz.)

Family Gelechiid^.
Phthorimasa glochinella Zell. May, at light in house at night. ( Determina-
tion by W. G. Dietz.)
Ypsolophus ligulellus Hubn. May, atnight. (Determination by A. Busck.)

Family Elachistid^.
Scythris eboracensis Zell. June, twilight. (Determination by A. Busck.)

Family TiNeid-t;.
■Gracilaria negundella ? Cham. April, at night. (Determination as "prob-
ably" by W. G. Dietz.)

Biological Papers. 59

Argyresthia austerella Zell. On the morning of June 4 these moths were
found resting on trunks of box elder trees. Their manner
of holding the wings, folded outward at a right angle from
the bark, was quite peculiar. ( Determination by A. Busck. )

Tineola bisselliella Hum. April, appearing in dimly lighted room during
daytime; also May, at night. (Determination by A. Busck.)

Tinea f uscipunctella Haw. May, at night. ( Determination by W. G. Dietz. )

Setomorpha rutella Zell. Colorado, Denver; April, in lighted room at
night. . (Determination by W. G. Dietz.) As cited in
Dyar's list, the following names may be applied: female =
operosella Zell ; male = inamcenella Zell.

Anaphora popeanella Clem. June.

Order HYMENOPTERA.
Since the system of classification proposed by Ashmead was
generally followed in the arrangement of my former list of Hy-
menoptera, the same plan will be adopted for present purposes.

Family Bombid^.
Bombus rufocinctus Cr. Colorado, Buffalo; August. New locality for
state. A male specimen probably belonging to this species
was taken at Colorado Springs in August. The latter locality,
however, has been previously reported.

Family Megachilid^,
Megachile cleomis Ckll. Colorado, Colorado Springs; August. A male
specimen. (Determination by T. D. A. Cockerell.)
monardarum Ckll. Colorado, Denver; August. A female speci-
men. (Determined by T. D. A. Cockerell.)
sexdentata Robt. Colorado, Colorado Springs; August. (De-
termined by T. D. A. Cockerell.) The species has been
labeled as M. pruinosa Cr. in the University of Kansas col-
lection. Professor Cockerell h^s written that "This is close
to M. pruina Sm., and has no doubt been confused wth it."
Dianthidium ulkei Cr. Colorado, Denver; August. A female specimen.
(Determined by T. D. A, Cockerell.)

Family Andrenid^.
Halictus (Evylseus) pectoralis Sm. Colorado, Denver; August.

Family Crabronid^.
Crabro maculiclypeus Fox, var. with a black clypeus. Kansas, Lawrence;
July. (Determined by S. A. Rohwer.) New to Kansas list.
(Ectemnius) parvulus Pack., var. Kansas, Lawrence; July. (De-
termined by S. A. Rohwer.) New to Kansas list.
Rhopalum modestum Roh. Kansas, Lawrence; June, twilight. (Determi-
nation by S. A. Rohwer.) New to Kansas list.

Family Pemphredonid^.
Stigmus inordinatus Fox, var. universitatis Roh. Kansas, Lawrence; July
and July, twilight, (Determination by S. A. Rohwer.) New to
Kansas list,
lucidus Roh. (Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc, v. 35, p. 102.) Kansas, Law-
rence; July. (Type.) Addition to Kansas list.

60 Kansas Academy of Science.

Diodontus brunneccornis Vr. Kansas, Lawrence; June. (Determination
by S. A. Rohwer.) New locality for state.

nigritis Fox. Colorado, Buffalo; August. A female specimen.
(Determination by S. A. Rohwer.)

occidentalis Fox. Colorado, Denver; August. (Determination
by S. A. Rohwer.)

Family Philanthid^.
Cerceris insolita Cr. Kansas, Lawrence; August. A male specimen. (De-
termination by S. A. Rohwer.) New to Kansas list.

Family TRYPOXYLlDiE.

Trypoxylon carifrons Fox. Kansas, Lawrence; July. New to" Kansas list.

rufocinctus Pack. Kansas, Lawrence; July. (Determination

by S. A. Rohwer as "probably nearest to rufocinctus

Pack., but the abdomen is wanting.") Formerly reported

for state by J. C. Bridwell. as T. rufocinctum Pack.

Family Vespid^.
Vespa germanica Fab. of H. W. Lewis. Kansas, Lawrence; October. (De-
termination by S. A. Rohwer.) Additional record for season.

Family Myrmecid^.
Leptothorax sp. Colorado, Colorado Springs; August. A male specimen.
(Determination by W. M. Wheeler.)

Family Formicid^.
Camponotus fallax Nyl., var. decipiens Emery. Kansas, Lawrence; Octo-
ber, all forms, male, female, soldier and worker, in beehive
infested with bee moths. Cited as C. marginatus Lat. , var.
decipiens Em. in article by the author, entitled "The Bee
Moth and its Wax Worm," published in Kansas Farmer,
V. 44, March 8, 1906, p. 25L Variety new to Kansas list.

Family Xyelid^.
Xyela luteopicta Ckll. Colorado, Colorado Springs; August. (Determina-
tion by S. A, Rohwer.)

Family Tenthredinid^.
Erythraspides tuckeri Roh. (Can. Ent. , v. 41, May, 1909, p. 145.) Kansas,
Lawrence; April. (Type.) Addition to Kansas list.

Order COLEOPTERA.
Revised names and arrangements are adapted to Henshaw's list
so far as consistency allows.

Family Stafhylinid^e.
Mycetoporus lepidus Er. Colorado, Denver; April. ( Determination by H.
S. Barber.)

Family Bostrichid^.
Sinoxylon basilare Say. Kansas, Lawrence; May.

Biological Papers. 61

Family Lariid.k (BruchiD/E.)
Laria (Bruchus) mima Say. Kansas, Lawrence; June, at night.

Family Curculionid^.
Eugnamptus sulcifrons Gyll. Kansas, Lawrence; June, twilight,
Thecesternus albidus Pierce. (For description see Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
V. 37, 1909, p. 338.) Kansas, Lawrence; March, April, May.
(Determination verified by W. D. Pierce.) First record
for Kansas.
Rhinoncus pyrrhopus Lee. Kansas, Lawrence; June, twilight.
Conotrachelus seniculus Lee. Kansas, Lawrence; May. at night; August,
twilight,
cribricollis Say. Kansas, Lawrence; July, at night,
erinaceus Lee. Kansas, Lawrence; July, at night.
Anthonomus squamosus Lee. Colorado, Denver; August.
Smicronyx (Barytychius) amoenus Say. Kansas, Lawrence; August, at
night,
vestitus Lee. Colorado, Denver; August.
Apion turbulentum Sm. Kansas, Lawrence; June, twilight and at night.
(Determination by W. D. Pierce.)
decoloratum Sm. Kansas, Lawrence; July, twilight.

Family Calandrid.e.

Rhodobsenus tredecimpunctatus 111. Kansas, Lawrence; June.
Sphenophorus parvulus Gyll. Kansas, Lawrence; May.

destructor Chttn. Kansas, Lawrence; May. (Determina-
tion by F. H. Chittenden.)

Order HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA.
Family Capsid.e.
Plagiognathus annulatus Uhl. Kansas, Lawrence; May. (This specimen,
after having been held in doubt for some time, was finally
determined by O. Heidemann.)

Order HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERA.
Family FULGORID^.
Liburnia sp. (Too poor for satisfactory study.) Colorado, Denver; April.
In former list, L. osbornil Van D. is cited as having been
collected in same month at Colorado Springs.

Family Jassid^.
Agillia sanguinolenta Prov. Colorado, Denver; April.
Deltocephalus signatifrons Van D. Colorado, Denver; April, on shore of

lake. (Determination by H. Osborn.)
Phlepsius ovatus Van D. Colorado, Denver; March, in window. (Deter-
mination by H. Osborn.)
Thamnotettix belli Uhl. Colorado, Denver; April. (Determination by

H. Osborn.)
Gnathodus impictus Van D. Colorado, Denver; April. (Determination by
H. Osborn.)

62 Kansas Academy of Science.

Family Psyllid^.
Aphalara artemisise Forster. In K. U. Sci. Bui., v. 4, p. 69, this species-
is cited from Colorado, Green Mountain Falls, July (31), as
A. utahensis Riley, which is a manuscript name. The identity
has been established by D. L. Crawford. (Pomona Jr. Ent.,
V. 3, May 1911, pp. 496-498.)

artemisise Forster, var. angustipennis Crawf. InK.U. Sci. Bui.,
V. 4, p. 69, this form is cited from Colorado, Green Mountain
Falls, July, as A. angustipennis Riley, which is a manuscript
name. The identity has been established by D. L. Crawford.
(Pomona Jr. Mnt., v. 3, May, 1911, p. 499 )

calthse Linne. (Pomona Jr. Ent., v. 3, May, 1911, pp. 495 and
496.) Colorado, Denver; April, sweeping at random and in
alfalfa field. Colorado Springs; April. (Determined by D. L.
Crawford.) In K. U. Sci. Bui., v. 4, p. 69, this species is also
cited from Kansas, Douglas county, September, as A. polygoni
Foerst. The name of this authority should be corrected to
read Forster, according to Crawford, who has established the
specific identity to which the first reference as given herewith
applies. The record, "New to Kansas," holds good with this
change of name.

Order ORTHOPTERA.

Family Blattid^.
Blatta (Stylopyga) orientalis L. Colorado, Denver; April, at night, in
building. (Determination by A. N. Caudell.)

Order CORRODENTIA.

Family PsociD^.

Elipsocus sp., probably new, fide Banks. Colorado, Tabernash; August.

Order COLLEMBOLA.
Family Entomobryidje.

Tomocerus sp. Kansas, Lawrence; March. (Identified by J. W. Folsom,
who remarked as follows: "Impossible to determine
specifically, as the legs and furcula were lacking.")
New to Kansas.

Seira nigrom-aculata Lubb. Kansas, Lawrence; June. (Determined by J.
W. Folsom.) For Kansas list.

Biological Papers. 65

PROVISIONAL CATALOGUE OF THE FLORA
OF KANSAS.

PART II.-GYMNOSI*ERMS AND MONOCOTYLS.

By Bernard B. Smyth. Curator of the Kansas Museum of Natural History, assisted by
LuMiNA C. Riddle Smyth. Ph. D.. Topeka.

( Read by title before the Academy at its annual meeting at Pittsburg:. Kan.. December 28. 1911,
and agrain read in abstract at the annual meeting at Topeka, December 23, 1912.)

.INTRODUCTION.

THE first part of this catalogue, covering the mosses and ferns,
was published in volume 24 of these transactions, page 273,
issued in October, 1911. The present part (II) includes the gym-
nosperms and monocotyls. In order to fill out the classification,
some gymnospermous trees and a few important other plants, not
native to the state but grown under cultivation, are included.

Part III of this catalogue is expected to include the Ohoripetalse
and part IV the Sympetala?. Part V (final) will embrace the
simplest forms, Sub- kingdom I, covering the Protophyta, including
bacteria, diatoms, etc., and the Thallophyta, including algae, fungi,
and lichens.

This time it is hoped to include in the catalogue all species of
plants growing naturally in the state, small as well as great, to-
gether with nearly all of the cultivated trees, grasses and flowers.
In order to include the lower orders of plant life, much study for
many years has been given the microscopic vegetation of the state,
a work which involves no email amount of persistent and well-
directed labor. With three or more powerful and well-equipped
compound microscopes constantly under our hands and in daily
use, and a perfect familiarity with them brought about by years of
experience, many when all are added together as students and
teachers, it is to be hoped that our labors may produce many use-
ful facts, and that our lists when presented will be well worthy of
consideration.

An attempt, reasonably successful, is made in this work to bring
botanical classification into harmony with itself and to give the
various groups uniform endings to roots indicative of the locus of
the term. With that end in view, as far as possible, the great
primary divisions (subkingdoms) end in aia as Archegoniata,
CarpeLlata: primary subdivisions (phyla) end in phytn, as An-
thophyta; and classes as usual end in inecB oTifercB,&B Cycadinem,

64 - Kansas Academy of Science.

Glumifeice; all based upon some characteristic that pervades the
group. In the lower groups, subclasses end in flone, as Alismce-
Jlorce, Orchidijioi'ce; orders in ales, as Poales, Liliales; family
names end in acece as Cyperacece; subfamilies in oidece, and tribe
names in em, as Cahomboidece, Fe^tacece; all based upon some
typical genus of the group. Thus, all group endings are harmon-
ized as far as circumstances will admit.

Of monocotyls there are only two clabses of plants: those with
glumaceous or chloroplastic floral envelopes, and those with cbro-
moplastic floral envelopes. The first, GlumifercB, is arranged to
include not only ihe Glumiflo7'(£, but also the Spadiciflo^'ce, most
of which have degenerate glumaceous floral envelopes, and very
rarely only an incipient foliaceous perianth, as in the Arales and
Pandanales. The other, Petaliferce, includes all those monocotyls
with petals having colors other than green.

The authors have but a limited botanical library at their com-
mand, even though everything in the three great state libraries,
including our own beloved Academy of Science library, is within
easy reach and immediate access and use at any time. Neverthe-
less, in giving classical generic and specific names, the authors can
only follow the lead of such botanical works as are within their
reach, and disclaim absolute knowledge as to which name is the
oldest and therefore the one to be used. In all doubtful cases the
names familiar to botanists for the last fifty years are still followed.
Uniformity in names the world over is certainly most desirable;
and no one will rejoice more than the authors to see any system
adopted that will prevent the constant changing of generic names,
such as has been heretofore in operation.

As to English names, it seems quite as important that a correct
English name be given as that a correct classical name be given.
An effort is here made to give one good English name, and no more,
to each species; not necessarily the oldest or original name, but the
one, rather, that is the most universally given, or otherwise the one
that seems most appropriate. Where no one seems most appro-
priate, several are given, any one of which is not used for any other
plant unless it should be another of the same genus as: blue-grass
and spear-'grass for Poa; bluestem or beard-grass for Andropogon;
meadow-grass or love-grass for Eragrostis: bulrush or club-rush
for Scirpus. Certain names are preferred for certain genera, as
pigeon-grass for Chctitochloa, foxtail for Alopecurus, dropseed- or
rush-grass for Sporobolus, panic-grass for Panicum.

Biological Papers. 65

A published English name for every plant is not found. Many
of the native plants of Kansas are unknown and have no English
names. Indian names are too uncertain and too poorly known
among the Indians themselves for adoption. In such cases a name
is usually given, based upon some characteristic suggestive of the
plant; otherwise a liberal translation of the classical name. Among
such names are bog-sedge for Fuii'ena, mild-onion for Nothoscor-
■dum, elfin-crown for Aridrostephium, here used for the first time.
Whether these names will meet the approval of the people will de-
pend upon many circumstances, none of which need be enumerated.
The fashion of giving a classical generic name asja common English
name is one highly to be commended. What is more beautiful or
expressive than applying those names of a lifetime, such as carex,
calla, alisma, victoria, tritoma, yucca, trillium, smilax, iris, amaryl-
lis, crocus, canna, orchis, geranium, cactus, and a host of others,
especially of well-known garden flowers? In such cases it would
seem like a sacrilege to change the generic name for one ostensibly
older. After a name has been in constant use all over the world
for a long series of years, it being the only name known in all that
time, and has become a part of our literature by having alkaloids,
fixed and essential oils, dyestuffs, drugs, and other nouns and ad-
jectives derived from it and based upon it, it should not, except for
the very best of reasons, be removed from the language or changed
for another that some library searcher has discovered had been
previously applied to it, perhaps by some unreliable author in some
obscure publication, and rejected at the time for the best of reasons.
The work of an unscientific, unskillful and unreliable author is
unworthy and does not deserve perpetuation.

The authors are not in sympathy with systematists who give a
new generic name to every plant having but slight differences of
c irpellate structure, and wish to disparage to the fullest extent the
frequent practice of giving a new specific name to every new mu-
tation that gives promise of permanency and being true to seed,
thus answering all of their requirements of a new species. It were
better by far to revise the taxonomic criteria for genera and species,
and to consider such mutations in the light of horticultural varia-
tions of a species, even though of wild or uncultivated plants.
Conditions and environment have much to do with the growth and
appearance of plants. 80 the fewer the new species and genera
the better.

To Prof. John H. Schaffner, professor of botany at the Ohio
State University, we are sincerely indebted for much valuable as-
—5

66 Kansas Academy of Science.

sistance and advice in the preparation of this catalogue. His ad-
vice in arrangement, classification, and nomenclature has been con-
stantly sought by us and freely given by him ; yet, seldom has his
advice been closely followed. Nevertheless, his counsel has neces-
sarily been of great service.

The foundation for this catalogue is Smyth's Checklist of the
Plants of Kansas, 'published in 1892 (which was Smyth's third
list, previous ones having been published in the transactions of the
Graywood Botany Club and the Bulletin of the Washburn Labora-
tory of Natural History), since which time much has been learned
of the botany of the state ; yet the classification of that modest
work has been departed from mainly in reversing the general ar-
rangement in keeping with present-day methods and the introduc-
tion of some harmonic terms in classification and in description.
A fourth catalogue, on a difPerent plan, entitled "Plants and
Flowers of Kansas," by the senior author, was published in 1900,
by Crane & Co., of Topeka, in their "Twentieth Century Classics,"
thus making the present catalogue Smyth's fifth list of the plants
of Kansas.

Quasi-new terms ( acicles and laminodia ) are here introduced
for the leaves of some gymnosperms and monocotyls, which difiPer
fundamentally and intrinsically from the ordinary leaves of dicotyls
as much as do bracts, scales, sepals, phyllodia, and other forms
of leaves to which are applied special terms. It is expected that
these terms will commend themselves to botanists in general, and
will, if worthy, meet their approval.

In the following pages herbaria in which specimens of the
plants are contained are indicated by initials as far as known. (A)
represents the herbarium of the Kansas Agricultural College,
which is very full as to representatives of the Kansas flora, and
which has been frequently consulted ; ( S ) is the State Herbarium,
in charge of the principal author and made in toto by him ; it also
stands for the private herbaria of the authors, as well as the herba-
rium of Professor Schafl:'ner, which is richly supplied with Kansas
plants, and is a part of the foundation of this catalogue; (U) is
the herbarium of the Kansas State University, which the principal
author has consulted, and of which the authors have a partial list
of the plants. A few names are included on the authority of Mr.
F. V. Coville, botanist of the Department of Agriculture at Wash-
ington.

That there should be errors in the present catalogue is unavoid-
able and rather to be expected. All such discovered in season will

Biological Papers: 67

be eliminated in the permanent catalogue, publication of which
will necessarily be some years off yet. Correspondents will be
thanked for calling attention to any veiled errors; obvious ones
are evident enough and will need no pointing out.

All persons interested in the flora of Kansas are invited to cor-
respond with the authors. Let us know what you have learned of
the tlora of your region, whether we have listed it or not, and send
us some specimens, if possible. Wake up and do something !
Here is a good Kansas book ; it is yours.

Herewith is presented a scheme of classification and arrange-
ment that is adapted to the accompanying part of the catalogue of
the Flora of Kansas.

SCHEME OF CLASSIFICATION AND ARRANGEMENT.

PART n.

(As adapted to the flora of Kansas.)

Subkingdom *III.* CARPELLATA. Carpellate Seen-bearing Plants.

.Siijtii]>li!/liint AAA. <;TMy(»SJ'EIiMJ:. yahr<J-s>e<I CarpeUate.v.
Phylum *III. CYCADOPHYTA. Cycadeous Gymnosperms.
Class VI.* Cycadine^. Endogenous Palm-like Cycadophytes,

Order XL CYCADALES. TheCycads.

Family 26. Cycadace^. Cycad family.
Genus 89. Cycas. Cycad.

Class VII.* GlNKGOlNE.^. Exogenous Fern-like Cycadophytes.

Order XII. GINKGO ALES. The Maidenhair Trees.

Family 27. GinkgoacE/E. Maidenhair-tree family.

Genus 90. Ginkgo. Ginkgo; Maidenhair tree.

Phylum 'IV. STROBILOPHYTA. Cone-bearing Gymnosperms.
Class VIII.* CONIFER^E. Exogenous Strobilophytes.

Order XIII. TAXALES. The yews.

Family 28. TAXACE.E. Yew family.
Genus 91. Taxus. Yew.
Order XIV. CUPRESSALES. The Cypresses and Cedars.
Family 29. Juniperace.e. Juniper family.

Genus 92. Juniperus. Juniper.
Family 30. Cupressace/E. Cypress family.
Genus 93. Thuya. Arbor-vitae.

94. Chamaecyparis. Ground cypress.

95. Cupressus. Cypress.

%. Taxodium. Bald cypress.

97. Retinospora. Oriental cypress.

98. Cryptomeria. Japan cedar.
Order XV. PINALES. The Pines and Their Allies.

Family 31. Pinace;?-:. Pine family.

Genus 99. Araucaria. Norfolk pine.

100. Abies. Fir.

101. Tsuga. Hemlock.

102. Picea. Spruce.

103. Pinus. Pine.

68 Kansas Academy of Science.

Superphylunt BBB, ANGIOSPERMJS, Hidden-seed Carpellatea.

Phylum *V. ANTHOPHYTA. Flowering Angiosperms.

SuBPHYLUM DD. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Single-seed-leaf
Anthophytes.

Class IX.* Glumifer^. Monocoty Is with Glumaceous Perianth.

Subclass A. GL UMIFLOR^. Glume-flow ered Monocotyls.
Order XVL POALES. The Grasses and Canes.

Family 32. Panicace^. Panic-grass family.
Tribe a. Maydeae. Maize tribe.

Genus 104. Euchlsena. Teosinte.

105. Zea. Indian corn.

106. Tripsacum. Gama grass.
Tribe 6. Andropogoneae. Bluestem tribe.

Genus 107. Coix. Tear-grass.

108. Eulalia. Eulalia.

109. Imperata. Blady-grass.

110. Erianthus. Plume-grass.

111. Andropogon. Beard-grass.

112. Sorghastrum. Indian grass.

113. Sorghum. Sugar cane.
Tribe c. Paniceae. Panic-grass tribe.

Genus 114. Paspalum. Water-grass.

115. Eriochloa. Wool-grass.

116. Syntherisma. Grab-grass.

117. Brachiaria. Arm-grass.

118. Leptoloma. Witch-grass.

119. Panicum. Panic-grass.

120. Echinochloa. Cockspur-grass.

121. Chsetochloa. Pigeon-grass.

122. Cenchrus. Bur-grass.

123. Penicillaria. Pearl millet.
Tribe d. Oryzeae. Rice-grass tribe.

Genus 124. Zizania. Wild rice.

125. Homalocenchrus. Cut-grass.
Family 33. Poace^e. Meadow-grass family.
Tribe e. Phalarideae. Canary-grass tribe.
Genus 126. Phalaris. Canary grass.

127. Anthoxanthum. Vernal grass.

128. Oryzopsis. Mountain rice.
Tribe/. Agrostidese. Reed-grass tribe.

Genus 129. Stipa. Weather-grass.

130. Aristida. Poverty-grass.

131. Muhlenbergia. Satin-grass.

132. Phleum. Timothy.

133. Alopecurus. Foxtail-grass.
184. Sporobolus. Dropseed-grass.

135. Cinna. Wood-reed- grass.

136. Agrostis. Bent-grass; Redtop.

137. Calamagrostis. • Bluejoint-reed-grass.

138. Calamovilfa. Sand-reed-grass.
Tribe g. Aveneae. Oat-grass tribe.

Genus 139. Holcus. Velvet-grass.

140. Sphenopholis. Prairie-grass.

141. Kceleria. Prairie-June-grass.

142. Trisetum. Three-bristle oat-grass.

143. Avena. Oats.

144. Arrhenatherum. Oat-grass.

145. Danthonia. Wild-oat-grass.

Biological Papers. 69

Order XVI. Family 53.—continu(d.

Tribe /(. Chloridete. Crowfoot-grass tribe.
Genus 146. Cynodon. Bermuda grass.

147. Spartina. Cord-grass.

148. Chloris. Windmill-gras?.

149. Gymnopogon. Naked-beard-grass.

150. Schedonnardus. Tumble-grass.

151. Bouteloua. Grama grass.

152. Beckmannia. Slough grass.

153. Eleusine. Goosefoot-grass.

154. Leptochloa. Slender-grass.

155. Buchloe. Buffalo-grass.
Tribe i. Festuceae. Meadow-grass tribe.

Genus 156. Pappophorum. Brush-grass.

157. Gynerium. Pampas grass.

158. Arundo. Reed-grass.

159. Phragmites. Reed.

160. Munroa. Thistle-grass.

161. Triodia. Purpletop-grass.

162. Redfieldia. Blowout-grass.

163. Diplachne. Feather-grass.

164. Eragrostis. Meadow-grass.

165. Melica. Melic-grass.

166. Diarrhena. Twin-grass.

167. Distichlis. Alkali-grass.

168. Uniola. Spike-grass.

169. Briza. Quaking-grass.

170. Dactylis. Orchard-grass.

171. Cynosurus. Dog-tail grass.

172. Poa. Blue-grass; spear-grass.

173. Glyceria. Manna-grass.

174. Puccinellia. Goose-grass.

175. Festuca. Fescue-grass.

176. Bromus. Brome-grass.
Tribe k. Hordeete. Rye-grass tribe.

Genus 177. Lolium. Darnel; ray-grass.

178. Agropyron. Wheat-grass.

179. Triticum. Wheat; emmer; spelt.

180. Secale. Rye.

181. Hordeum. Barley.

182. Elymus. Lyme-grass; wild-rye.

183. Sitanion. Bristle-grass.

184. Hystrix. Bottle-brush-grass.
Family 34. Bambusace^e. Bamboo family.

Genus 185. Arundinaria. Cane.
186. Bambusa. Bamboo.
Order XVII. CYPERALES. The Sedges.

Family 35. CvPERACEiE. Sedge family.

Genus 187. Cyperus. Sedge; cyperus.

188. Kyllinga. Bur-sedge.

189. Dulichium. Reed-s«dge.

190. Eleocharis. Spike-rush.

191. Fimbrystylis. Fringe-rush.

192. Scirpus. Club-ruah; bulrush.

193. Eriophorum. Wool-rush.

194. Fuirena. Bog-rush.

194. Hemicarpha. Bog-rush.

195. Rynchospora. Beak-rush; beak-sedge.

196. Cladium. Twig- rush.
Family 36. Caricace;e. Carex family.

Genus 197. Scleria. Nut-rush; nut-sedge.
198. Carex. Carex; hop-sedge, etc.

70 Kansas Academy of Science.

Order XVIII. JUNCALES. The True Rushes,

Family 37. Juncace^. Rush family.
Genus 199. Juncus. Rush.

200. Luzula. Wood-rush.
"^ubclasa B. SPADICIFLOR^E. Spadix-Jlowered monocotyls.

O.tDER XIX. ARALES. The Arads.

Family 3?. Lemnace^e. Duckweed family.
Genus 201. WolfRa, Frog-spit.

202. Lemna. Duckweed.

203. Spirodela. Great duckweed.
Family 39. Arace^. Arum family.

Genus 204. Acorus. Calamus.

295. ArisEema. Indian turnip.

206. Amorphophallus. Giant arum.

207. Caladium. Caladium.

208. Calla. Calla.
Order XX. PANDANALES. The Cattail Reeds.

Family 40. Typhacea;. Cattail family.

Genus 209. Typha. Cattail (flag).
Family 41. Sparganiace^. Bur-reed family.

Genus 210. Sparganium. Bur-reed.
Family 42. Pandanace^e. Screw-pine family.

Genus 211. Pandanus. Pandanus.
Order XX6. PALMALES. The Palms.

Family 426. PhcenicacevE. Date-palm family.

Genus 212. Phoenix. Date palm.
Family 42c. Cocace^. Coconut family.

Genus 213. Cocos. Coconut palm.

214. Areca. Betelnut palm.

215. Kentia. Feather palm.
Family 42d. Sabatace^. Fan-palm family.

Genus 216. Livistona. Bourbon palm.
Order XXI. NAIADALES. The Pondweeds.

Family 43. Zannichelliace;e. Pondweed family.
Genus 217. Potamogeton. Pondweed.

218. Ruppia. Ditch-grass.

219. Zannichellia. Horned pondweed.
Family 44. Naiadace^. Water-njrmph family.

Genus 220. Naias. Water-nymph.

Class X.* Petalifbr^. Monocotyls with Showy Perianth.

Subclass C. ALISMA3FL0RAS. Alisma-flowered Monocotyls.
Order XXII. HYDRALES. The Waterworts.

Family 45. Vallisneriace^e. Tape-grass family.
Genus 221. Philotria. Ditch-moss.

222. Vallisneria. Tape-grass.

223. Limnobium. Frog's-bit.
Order XXIII. ALISMALES. The Alismads.

Family 46. ScHEUCHZERiACEiE. Arrow-grass family.

Genus 224. Triglochin. Arrow-grass.

225. Scheuchzeria. Arrow-grass.
Family 47. AlismacE/E. Arrow-head family.

Genus 226. Alisma. Alisma; round-head.

227. Helianthium. Spear-head.

228. Echinodorus. Bur-head.

229. Lophotocarpus. Lance-head.

230. Sagittaria. Arrow-head.
Order XXIV. COMMELINALES. The Dayflowers.

Family 48. Commelinace^. Spiderwort family.
Genus 231. Tradescantia. Spiderwort.
232. Commelina, Dayflower.

Biological Papers. 71

Order XXIV .—continued.

Family 49. PontederiacE/K. Pickerel-weed family.
Genus 233. Heteranthera. Mud-plantain.

234. Piaropus. Water-hyacinth.

235. Pontederia, Pickerel-weed.
Order XXV. NYMPH.'EALES. The Water-lilies.

Family 50. NYMPHyEACEvE. Water-lily family,
(o) Cabomboideae. Water-shield subfamily.
Genus 236. Cabomba. Water-shield.
237. Brasenia. Water-target.
(6) Nymphseoidete. Pond-lily subfamily.
Genus 238. Nymphaja. Pond-lily.

239. Castalia. Wattr-lily.

240. Victoria. Victoria.

(c) Nelumboideas. Water-lotus subfamily.
Genus 241. Nelumbo. Water-lotus.
Subclass D. LILHFLOR^JS. Lily-floivered Monoeotyla.
Order XXVI. LILIALES. The Liliads.

Family 51. Melanthace^. Bunch-flower family.
Genus 242. Colchieum. Saffron; meadow.

243. Chamjelirum. Blazing-star.

244. Zygadenus. Zygadene.

245. Melanthium. Melanth.

246. Uvularia. Bellwort.
Family 52. LiliacevE. Lily family.

Genus 247. Hemerocallis. Day-lily.
2476. Funkia. Day-lily.

248. Agapanthus. Love-flower.

249. Allium. Wild-onion.

250. Nothoscordum. Mild-onion.

251. Androstephium. Elfin-crown.

252. Lilium. Lily; wood-lily.

253. Fritillaria. Fritillary.

254. Erythronium, Adder-tongue.

255. Tulipa. Tulip.

256. Camassia. Wild-hyacinth.

257. Hyacinthus. Hyacinth.

258. Ornithogalum. Star-of-Bethlehem.

259. Muscari. Grape-hyacinth.

260. Tritoma. Tritoma; red-hot-poker.

261. Sansevieria. Sansevieria.

262. Dracaana. Dragon-tree.

263. Yucca. Yucca; Spanish bayonet.

264. Asparagus. Asparagus.

265. Smilacina. Smilacina.

266. Streptopus. Twistfoot.

267. Polygonatum. Solomon-seal.

268. Convallaria. Lily-of-the-valley.

269. Trillium. Trillium.
Family 53. Amaryllidace>e. Amaryllis family.

Genus 270. Hymenocallis. Hymenocallis.

271. Narcissus. Narcissus, daffodil, etc.

272. Zephyranthes. Atamasco lily.

273. Amaryllis. Amaryllis, Jacobaea lily,

274. Leucojum. Snowflake.

275. Cooperia. Prairie rain-lily.

276. Hypoxis. Star-grass.

277. Galanthus. Snowdrop.

278. Polianthes. Tuberose.

279. Agave. Century-plant.

72 Kansas Academy of Science.

Order XXVII. SMILACALES. The Greenbriers and Yams.

Family 51. Smilacace^. Greenbrier family.

Genus 280. Smilax. Greenbrier ; smilax.
Family 55. Dioscoreace^. Yam family.

Genus 281. Dioscorea. Yam-root ; cinnamon- vine.

Subclass E. ORCHIDIFLOR^. Orchis-jiowered monoeotyls.

Order XXVIII. IRIDALES. The Irids.

Family 56. Iridace;e. Iris family

Genus 282. Iris. Iris, blue-flag, etc.

283. Nemastylis. Twin-star-flower.

284. Belamcanda. Blackberry lily.

285. Sisyrinchium. Blue-eyed-grass.

286. Tigridia. Tiger-flower.

287. Gladiolus. Gladiolus; sword-flag.

288. Crocus. Crocus.
Order XXIX. SCITAMINALES. The Dainties.

Family 57. Musace^e. Banana family.

Genus 289. Musa. Banana.
Family 58. Marantace;e. Arrowroot family.

Genus 290. Maranta. Arrowroot.
291. Canna. Canna.
Order XXX. ORCHIDALES. The Orchids.

Family 59. Cypripediace^. Lady-slipper family.

Genus 292. Cypripedium. Lady-slipper.
Family 60. Orchidace^. Orchis family.

Genus 293. Pogonia. Pogonia.

294. Triphora. Beard-lip.

295. Spiranthes. Lady-tresses.

296. Blephariglottis. Fringed-orchis.

297. Habenaria. Rein-orchis.

298. Oncidium. Tiger-orchis.
• 299. Cattleya. Cattleya.

300. Orchis. Orchis.

Biological Papers.

7a

HARMONIES OF THE NOMENCLATURE.

Parts I and II. Liverworts to Orchids.

SUBKINGDOMS.

Families.

•ir...

Archeproniata.

1...

Ricciaceaj.

•III*...

Carpellata.

2...
3...

Marchantiaceae.

Anthocerotaceae.

SUPERPHYLA.

4...

JunKermanniace£&

AAA....

Gymnospermae.

5...

Micromitriaceae.

BBB....

Angiosperma;.

6...
7...

Phascaceae.

Archidiaceae,

Phyla.

8...

Dicranaceae.

•I....

Bryophyta.

9...

Pottiaceae.

*n....

Pteridophyta.

10...

Grimmiaceae.

•III....

Cycadophyta.

11...

Funariaceae.

•IV....

Strobilophyta.

12...

Bryaceae.

•v....

Anthophy ta.

13...
14...

Polytrichaceae.

Fontinalaceee.

SUBPHYLA.

15...

Neckeraceas.

AA....

Stereocaulones,

16...

Fabroniaceae,

BE...

17...

Leskeaceae.

CC . . . .

Lepidocaulones.

18...

Hypnaceae.

DD....

19...

Polypodiaceae.

EE . . . .

Dicotyledones.

20...
21...

Ophioglossaceae.

Salviniaceje.

Classes.

22...

Marsileaceae.

I*...

Marchantineae.

23...

Iscetacese.

!!•

Bryineac.

24...

Equisetaceae.

III*...

25...

Selaginellacese.

IV....
V...
VI*...
VII*

EquiaetinCcE.

Cycadinea?.

26...
27...
28...
29...

Cycadacese.

Ginkgoaceae.

Taxaceas.

Juniperacese.

viir...

Coniferse.

30...

Cupressaceae.

IX*...

Glumiferae.

31...

Pinaceffi.

x»....

Petalif erae.

32...
33...

Panicaceae.

Poac< ae.

Subclasses.

34...

Bambusaceae.

A....

Glumiflorae.

35...
36

Cyperaceae.

B

Spadiciflorje.

37...

Juncaceae.

c...

Ali3ma?florEe.

Liliiflorae.

38...

D....

39

E....

Orchidiflorae.

40...

Typhacese.

Orders.

41...

Sparganiaceae.

42 ..

Pandanaceae.

I....

Marchantiales.

42b .

Phoenicaceae.

II....

Jungermanniales.

42c..

Cocaceae.

III....

Phascales.

43...

Zannichelliaceas.

IV....

Bryales.

44...

Naiadaceae.

v....

Pteridales.

45...

Vallisneriaceae.

VI....

OphioKlossales.

46...

Scheuchzeriaceae-

VII....

Hydropteridales.

Isoetales.

47

Alismaceae.

VIII....

48...

Commelinaceae.

IX....

. . r. Equisetales.

49...

Pontederiaceae.

X...

Selaginellales.

50...

Nvmphifiaceae.

XI

Ginkgoales.

51...

Melanthaceae.

XII....

52...

Liliaceae.

XIII

53...

Smilacaceae.

XIV....

Cupressales.

54...

Dioscoreaceae.

XV....

Pinales.

55...

Amaryilidaceae.

XVI....

Poales.

Cyperales.

56 ..

Iridaceae.

XVII. ...

57...

Musacese.

XVIII....

Juncales.

58...

Marantaceae.

XIX....

Arales.

59 ..

Cypripediaceae.

XX....

60...

Orchidaceae.

XXb...

Palmales.

XXI....

Tribes.

XXII....

Hydrales.

Fam.

32. o ..

Maydeae.

XXIII....

6

Andropogoneae.

XXIV....

Commelinales.

c

Paniceae.

XXV....

d....

Oryzeae.

XXVI... .

Liliales.

Fam.

33.e ...

Phalaridese.

XXVII....

/....

Agrostideae.

XXVIII....

Iridales.

a —

Avenese.

XXIX....

h....

Chloridese.

XXX ....

Orchidales.

1

fc....

Festuceae.

Hordeeae.

74 Kansas Academy of Science.

Subkingdom *IIL* CARPELLATA. Carpellates.

Carpellate Seed-bearing Plants.

Plants with flowers containing anthers or ovules, or both. Anthers
carrying one, two or four androsporangia, within which pollen (andro-
spores) are perfected, are usually located at the summit of stamens (an-
drophyls), from which, when mature, the pollen, each spore carrying one
or more antherozoids or sperms, escapes through a slit, a pore, a trap-door,
a wicket, a window, or other specialized form of dehiscence. Spores de-
velop a pollen-tube.

Ovules (gynosporangia) are situated at the base of a specialized leaf,
called a carpophyl or carpel, and are either naked always or for a time on
the inner surface of a leaf, or are fully enclosed within a special cavity of
the folded leaf.

Fecundation is effected by pollen (minute androspores bearing motile or
nonmotile antherozoids) falling upon an ovule (gynosporangium) within a
special chamber on or within a carpophyl (fruit-bearing leaf), germinating
there, and passing through the micropyle (little gate) by means of its
pollen-tube, which has grown for that special purpose, encounters an egg-
cell (gynospore) with which one of the antherozoids fuses, thus producing
an embryo. (As to what becomes of the other antherozo-id see Phylum *V,
Anthophyta, post.)

Sporophyte (nonsexual plant) conspicuous, comparatively long-lived,
fi.rmly rooted in the earth, normally erect, and spreading its leaves in the
air (or water). Bearing flowers, which is preparatory, is a condition pre-
cedent to bearing fruit, which is final.

Gametophyte (sexual plant) very minute and hidden, usually microscopic,
totally parasitic on the sporophyte, and retained within the developed ovule
until mature; then, having all the food materials stored up about it that are
necessary for nursing the young embryo until it has become established as
an independent existence by casting its roots into the soil and depending
upon its own ability and surrounding resources, the future plant is organized
into an independent and self-supporting creation, is separated from the
parent plant and undergoes what is called a resting stage, but which is in
reality a formative period, during which all the cells are very minutely
divided and subdivided, assembled, and organized as required to constitute
an orderly arrangement of the interior, in which the entire vegetative por-
tion of the future-existing plant for one year is fully organized in miniature,
in embryo, awaiting only development. This is the seed, which, when the
necessary time for complete organization has elapsed, and the proper and
requisite conditions are encountered, germinates and grows into a plant like
the parents. The reproductive portion of the plant is not organized in the
seed; but is organized toward completion of development of the vegetative
portion.

Thus, every carpellate plant in existence passes through four important
periods or stages in its life, namely:

First. A generative stage, during which the nucleus of a gynospore
within an ovule on or in a carpophyl undergoes definite division, and, under
certain fixed conditions, becomes impregnated by fusion with it of a gen-

Biological Papers. 75

•erative sperm-cell which comes to it within a pollen-tube through the micro-
pyle, or sacred door (through which nothing else enters), along a specially
prepared path, from an androphyl in a staminate or a perfect flower of its
own kind ; and thus a new being is created. This is the embryotic
period; and is the most important of all, though least (microscopic, in
fact), and is least understood as to its inmost workings.

Second. A formative stage, during which all the parts of the future
plant are created, assembled, and fully organized in embryo. This is the
SEED-FORMING PERIOD in carpellates ; it corresponds to the oosporal stage
in archegoniates and with the egg stage in all animate creation. In all
short-lived carpellates, such as annuals and biennials (or winter annuals),
creation is determinate. All parts of the plant, except the reproductive
bodies, are completely created and fully organized before ever the plant
leaves the wall of the seed. In trees and perennials of temperate and cold
regions growth is determinate. One complete year's growth is organized
in the seed; afterward, each year's growth is organized in the bud, usually
during the latter part of the year preceding development. Flowers and
fruit are organized at the same time.

Third. A development stage, during which the plant, having become
established as an independent existence, grows and develops to its full
stature, so far as circumstances will permit. This is the period of
GROWTH ; and is the most evident stage in all carpellates and in nearly all
plants. It corresponds with the sporophytic stage in archegoniates, with
the larval stage in insects, and with the young period in all animal life.
Even in carpellates the plant during this period is called sporophyte. To-
ward its close the reproductive bodies are created, organized, and developed,
and the gametophytes organized.

Fourth. An executive stage, during which the plant performs all the
functions for which it was created: blossoms, bears fruit, and does its part
toward the reproduction of other plants of its kind. This is the fruit-
bearing period, and corresponds to the gametophytic stage in archegoniates
and to the adult period in all creation. While in archegoniates the oospore
when formed is separated from the sporophyte and develops as a separate
existence, in carpellates it is not so. In this subkingdom the oospore is re-
tained within the body of the ovule; here the prothallia are formed contain-
ing the true sexual organs, the archegonia and antheridia, and here the
gametophyte is fully developed, always within the wall of the seed which
carries it. This whole operation is hidden within the wall of the seed; and
so also in anthophytes is the seed hidden within the walls of the ovulary.
This last period covers completely and includes the embryotic stage and the
constructive portion of the seed stage of a future generation.

There are three main phyla of this subkingdom: (i) Palm-like and fern-
like plants, in which the ovules are always uncovered, as in cycadophytes;
(ii) plants without perianth, in which the ovules are at first uncovered, and
later are partially covered by a scale, as in strobilophytes; (Hi) plants with
conspicuous perianth, in which the ovules are always completely concealed,
as in anthophytes.

76 Kansas Academy of Science.

Superphylum AAA. GYMNOSPERM^l. Gymnosperms.

Naked-seed Carpellates.

Exogenous, rarely endogenous, trees with unisexual flowers destitute of
a perianth. Ovules (gynosporangia) naked, on the summit of a carpophyl
or in the axil of a scaly carpophyl which may later cover the seed. Sperms
motile or nonmotile, ciliate or nonciliate. Cotyledons two or more.

Phylum *III. CYCADOPHYTA. Cycadophytes.

Cycadaceous Gymnosperins.

Carpels (carpophyls) very primitive or reduced, often very minute,
scarcely more than a mere disk on the end of a pinna or branchlet, or in the
axils of scales of large and conspicuous carpophores. Ovules always naked.
Pollen (androspores) subglobular, obscurely tetrahedral. Antherozo-ids
(sperms) coiled, multiciliate, motile.

Sporophytes endogenous or exogenous, erect, ligneous, long-lived.

Gametophytes minute, developed entirely within naked seeds by the
large, leafy-stemmed, firmly rooted sporophytes.

CLASS VI.* CYCADINE^. CYCADS.
Endogenous Palm-like Cycadophytes.

Plants dioecious, the staminate and carpellate flowers on separate
plants. Androphores (anther-bearers) very large, persistent, quadrately
or rhomboidally obconic. Androphyls (stamens) numerous. Anthers (an-
drosporangia, properly androsporangiophores) \r\ threes, radiating from
the summit of the short filaments. Sporanges two (bisporangiate), de-
hiscing by a longitudinal slit down the middle of the face of each sporange.
Pollen angular, somewhat tetrahedral, with one spherical face and three
less curved ones. Pollination anemophilous. Carpophores very large, flat,
pinnate, destitute of chlorophyl, and densely covered with pale, fawn-col-
ored hair; only the lower pinnae fertile. Ovules (gynosporangia) naked,
on the ends of the lower shortened pinnae of the carpophore. Seeds con-
spicuous, nut-like (with a hard shell), edible.

Species of this transitional class are very few in all the world; once in
the earth's history they were very abundant. None are native in Kansas;
probably few have lived here since the Cretaceous period; though once
they were very abundant along the lower Cretaceous seashore from Sun
City to Englewood. But exotic species of cycads and of maidenhair trees
are cultivated in Kansas to a slight extent because of their rare beauty.

Order XI. CYCADALES. The Cycads.
Palm-like endogenous plants, with a short (one meter or less), thick,
unbranched, ligneous trunk, bearing many large spirally arranged pinnate
leaves. Flowers characterized by the absence of enveloping parts. Seeds
borne on the ends of pinnae of a large and conspicuous carpophore.

Family 26. Cycadace^. Cycad Family.
Short, stout stems, bearing at the summit a conspicuous crown of circi-
nate pinnate leaves, lasting for several years, each subtended by a small
sharp-pointed hyaline scale. The leaves, on dropping, leave noticeable

I

Biological Papers. 77

■leaf scars. Remarkable for their rich, palm-like appearance and for their
being a remnant of a class of plants that lived in great abundance and
vigor in Mesozoic times.

Species 166. Cycas revoluta Thunberg. Cycad. A small tree (?), sel-
dom more than a meter high, usually much less, with a diameter of 20 to
30 centimeters. Raised in tubs, mainly in greenhouses, often in private
.houses.

CLASS VII.* GINKGOINE.a:. GINKGOS.
Exogenous Fern-like Gymnosperms.

Trees monoecious, with androspores and gynospores on the same tree.
Androphyls numerous, on small, ament-like, semipendulous racemes (andro-
phores) arising from a leaf-fascicle. Androsporangia (anthers) two, each
Tvith a single sporangium attached by one end, pendulous, and dehiscing by
a longitudinal slit. Androspores (pollen) tetrahedrally subspherical. Pol-
lination anemophilous. Carpophores compound, subpaniculate, not con-
spicuous, with about two naked ovules (gynosporangia) on a carpophyl at
the end of each branchlet; ovules provided with an embryo-sac (gynospore) ;
only one ovule usually fertilizes and develops, making a small edible nut.

Order XII. GINKGOALES. The Maidenhair Trees.
Finely branching exogenous trees, with fascicled fern-like foliage. Trees
bear naked seeds on carpophyls at the ends of a compound carpophore.

Family 27. Ginkgoace^. Maidenhair-tree Family.

Stately trees, with numerous branches and branchlets, and with leaves
in scaly fascicles. Leaves annual (deciduous), petiolate, with the distal
portion gradually expanded into a fan-shaped lamina with dichotomous
radiating venation. Perifascicular scales opposite, obtuse, imbricate, in
four ranks. Fruit of the form and size of plums, with a hard pericarp, on
the tips of compound peduncles (carpophyls).

Species 167. Ginkgo biloba Linnagus. (Salisburia adiantifolia J. E.
Smith.) Ginkgo; Maidenhair- tree. Occasional in cultivation, and grows
readily where the soil is not too thin and dry and the sunshine too intense.
A tree of Japan.

Phylum *IV. STROBILOPHYTA. Strobilophytes.

Cone-hearing Gyynnosperms.

Carpels sometimes very minute; never form an ovulary. Ovules (gyno-
sporangia) in the axils of prominent scales upon a conspicuous strobile or
cone. Stigmas none. Anthers (androsporangia) spirally arranged on a
small fugacious ament (androphore), on the under side of each anther-
scale (androphyl), each anther carrying a single sporangium.

In fecundation pollen (minute androspores carrying unciliated nonmotile
antherozoids or sperms) from an anther on a staminate ament falls directly
upon an uncovered ovule on a carpellate ament; the antherozo-ids enter the
micropyle (sacred entrance) of the ovule and fuse with the ovum within-
when shortly the carpellate ament becomes a cone or fuses into a small
berry. Pollination dependent upon the wind (anemophilous). The resulting
seed becomes covered and protected by the scale. Such a seed differs from
an oospore (part I, page 5) mainly in being more elaborate in structure, as
arising fro-n a fully developed archegonium. Purpose is the same— perpet-
uation of species; methods differ.

78 ^ Kansas Academy of Science.

CLASS VIII/ CONIFERS. CONE-BEAREES.

Exogenous Strobilophytes.

Sporophytes ligneous, exogenous, with distinct wood covered with bark,
and with fascicled acicular foliage, somewhat equivalent to the leaf-petioles
of Ginkgoineae without the laminae. Growth of new wood and bark by an-
nual periods, in concentric cylindrical layers, continuously on the outside of
the wood already formed, and on the inside of the ibark. Tracheids (sap
ducts) in the wood in strict radial vertical ranks, two to five ranks or
thereabout between two contiguous radial plates. Radial plates in strobil-
ophytes one cell thick, rarely more, and with a vertical breadth of from three
to about sixteen cells, equivalent to a thickness of from 15 to 40 microns
(thousandths of a millimeter) and to a vertical breadth of from one-twen-
tieth to one-half a millimeter. Androspores on deciduous aments (andro-
phores) ; gynospores on the upper side of scales (carpophyls) upon a peren-
nial cone (carpophore).

Gametophytes minute, developed wholly within the seeds.

Order XIII. TAXALES. The Yews.
Slightly resinous trees or shrubs, with dioecious axillary flowers. An-
drophores as scaly deciduous aments ; scales few and small, each covering
a small androphyl which bears at its summit five to nine little androspo-
rangia (unisporangiate anthers), these pendent, attached by one end, and de-
hiscing in a peculiar manner, opening first at the lower ends a little, then
gradually tearing upward till the entire androphyl looks like a tiny um-
brella, holding the spores till a stiff breeze comes along and carries the
ripe ones away. Carpophores solitary, erect, cone-shaped, atfirst terminal,
later becoming axillary by development of a secondary terminal branch
bud ; ovule (gynosporangium) single, orthotropous, inclosed in integument ;
seed develops a red, fleshy aril, which is edible, though the seed is not.

Family 28. Taxace^. Yew Family.
Evergreen trees, with scattered linear leaves (needles), occasionally
forming two imperfect ranks by twisting of the leaves to a horizontal posi-
tion upon a twig nearly or quite horizontal. Flowers dioecious, axillary,
solitary, naked, or partially covered by opposite overlapping scales. Stam-
inate flowers on a deciduous ament under the branch, the sporangia pendent.
Carpellate flower (carpophore) a solitary straight ovule above the branch,
in fruit becoming a bony-coated seed partially surrounded by a fleshy peri-
carp (the aril). Embryo in farinaceous albumen; cotyledons two.

168. Taxus canadensis Marsh. American Yew. Occasionally planted
in choicest parks.

169. Taxus baccata Linn. European Yew. Occasional in cemeteries.

170. Taxus hibernica Hooker. Irish Yew. A choice tree for cemeteries,
but not well adapted to this climate.

Order XIV. CUPRESSALES. The Cypresses and Cedars.
Slightly resinous evergreen trees or shrubs, with unsheathed leaves
(scale-like acicles) of several years' duration, rarely one (deciduous) ; leaves
very small, scale-like, sharp-pointed. Androphores ament-like, drooping,
with minute, sharp-pointed scales; androsporangia globular; dehiscence
irregular. Carpophores (ovule-bearing aments) very short, of few woody

Biological Papers. 79.

or fleshy scales; after fertilization becoming globose or berry-like by coa-
lescence; ovules erect, two or more under each scale. Seed solitary.

Family 29. Juniperace.e. Juniper Family.
Trees or shrubs dictcious, with leaves single, opposite, four-ranked,
scale-like, minute and closely suppressed, or six-ranked (verticillate in
threes), linear, pointed, divaricate. Trees of very slow growth; wood ex-
ceedingly fine-grained and durable; bark very thin, and separating, when
old, into long, ragged shreds. Androphores with numerous ovate and
peltate scales; the ovate scales, near the base, barren; scales at middle and
tip of ament inversely shield-shaped and sharp- pointed, each an androphyl;
at the base of each androphyl four to six globular androsporangia. Carpo-
phores small, conoid, globular, or oblong, making a greatly modified, almost
consolidated cone of three juicy scales coalesced into a berry, and enclosing
a single bony-coated seed; otherwise dry and chartaceous, in which the
scales open at maturity to liberate the seed.

171. Juniperus communis L. Juniper. Often grows but rarely does
well in this dry climate when planted in parks.

172. Juniperus hibernicEe Loodiges. Irish Juniper. Occasional in culti-
vation in cemeteries; not well acclimated.

173. Juniperus hemisphgerica Presl. Dome Juniper. A dozen trees,
with short, stout, erect trunks, planted over thirty years ago on the thin
soil of the limestone summit of Mount Oread, in front of Fraser Hall, at
the Kansas University, Lawrence, are in excellent health and growing
vigorously. They now have trunks six to nine decimeters around at the
ground, a height of twelve decimeters, and a spread of branches on the
ground fully nine meters across, thus making low, broad, beautiful domes.

174. Juniperus virginiana L. "Red Cedar"; Tree Juniper. Native on
northern bluff sides, where protected from annual fires; various counties
of the state; rare, scattered, and gradually disappearing, except where
planted near residences, in parks, etc, April. (A. S. U.) People are now
allowing these beautiful trees to become destroyed by bagworms {Thyrid-
opterix) and cedar-apples {Gymnosporangium) , when a very little judicious
attention each year, even less than it took to plant them, would save them.
Neglect of the trees in such manner is reprehensible and ought to be con-
sidered criminal, in allowing those insects and fungi to multiply and scatter
to destroy one's neighbor's trees, not only the junipers, but the apple or-
chards near.

Family 30. CuPRESSACEiE. Cypress Family.
Monoecious trees or shrubs, with minute, opposite, appressed, four-
ranked or scattered scale-like leaves. Carpellate cones small, globular or
oblong, of few valvate or peltate scales, sometimes only two fertile; ovules
erect, two or more under each fertile scale; cotyledons two, rarely more.

175. Thuya occidentalis L. "White Cedar"; Arbor-vitse. Cultivation
often attempted without much success. A few trees twenty feet high and
twenty-five years old are to be seen.

176. Thuya orientalis L. Chinese Arbor-vitae. Preferred by some as
an ornamental tree.

177. Thuya (Biota) tatarica Endlicher (1830). Tartarian Arbor-vitte.
Barely reaches a height of six meters where planted; climate too hot.

80 Kansas Academy of Science.

178. Thuya (Biota) sibirica Ende. Siberian Arbor-vitse. A very hand-
some and apparently hardy species (or variety); only recently introduced;
gives good promise.

179. Chamaecyparis thyoides B. S. P. (Britton, Stern and Poggenburg).
Southern White Cedar. Sparingly planted; does fairly well for wind-
breaks.

180. Cupressus sempervirens L. Cypress. Occasional in cemeteries.

181. Taxodium distichum L. C. Richard. Bald Cypress. Leaves an-
nual. Occasional in parks ; endures the climate well ; less of the twigs
freeze than are cast off by ordinary annual self-pruning. Several trees in
Topeka, planted forty years ago, are eight and one~half decimeters around
the trunk snd fifteen meters high. Frequently collected by students who
mistake the trees for native.

182. Retinospora plumosa Siebold. Oriental Cypress. Occasional in
cemeteries.

183. Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. Japan Cedar. In cultivation.

Order XV. PINALES. The Pines and their Allies.

Resinous evergreen trees, with acicles for foliage, these consisting ot
elaminate, single linear or scale-like, or fascicled acicular or awl-shaped,
leaves, in this case representing leaf-petioles that are segmented or split in
prefoliation, and popularly called "needles," of one (deciduous), two, or sev-
eral years' duration. Pollen-grains or androspores bilobed, apparently
triple, and consisting of one generative cell carrying two antherozoids or
sperms, one large central vegetative cell, and two lateral gas-filled wing-
sacs, which serve to buoy the androspore long distances through the air,
and to orient it on approaching an ovule (gynosporangium) on another tree;
while the vegetative cell serves to nourish the generative cell in its germi-
nation in order to facilitate fecundation. Electrical conditions within cer-
tain limitations of distance furnish the stimuli that guide the spore to its
required destination, thus eliminating chance to a certain extent.
Family 31. Pinace^. Pine Family.

Trees with acerose leaves (acicles or needles) singly or in fascicles of
two to five in each fascicle, with their bases enclosed in a modified scaly
basal sheath (perifascicle) ; perifascicular scales imbricated, usually in four
ranks, the final scales often long and fimbriated. When two leaves are in a
fascicle a cross-section of each is semiterete; when three or five, the form
is a sector of a cylinder, corresponding to the number of leaves. Tracheids
in the wood each of many elongate-polyedral cells taperingly spliced end to
end, in rectilineal radial ranges, each provided with four to six vertical
rows of circular membrane-covered (cellulose) pits for osmotic action of the
sap from cell to cell; resin-ducts large, equal to from fifteen to fifty cells,
scattered mostly through the late-season wood. Fruit a cone, formed of
numerous imbricated suberoid scales upon a conical receptacle. Ovules two,
in the axil of each scale, each eight-celled. Cotyledons in the embryo
acicular, 8-12.

185. Araucaria imbricata Willdenow. Norfolk Island Pine; "Monkey-
puzzle." Dioecious. Raised in houses and out; not hardy, though becoming
quite frequent.

Biological Papers. 81

186. Araucaria excelsa Robt, Brown. Araucaria; Norfolk Island Pine.
Occasional in private houses.

187. Abies balsamea L. Balsam Fir. Rare in cultivation.

188. Abies taxifolia Desfontaine. Silver Fir. Rare in cultivation.

189. Tsuga canadensis Carriere. Hemlock. Rare in cultivation. At-
tempts have been made to establish timber tracts of this valuable tree, but
without success.

190. Picea excelsa Link. Norway Spruce. Occasional in parks. Ap-
pears to do fairly well, though not so well as might be hoped.

191. Picea mariana Sargent. Black Spruce. Occasional in cultivation.

192. Picea pungens Engelmann. Blue Spruce. Does satisfactorily where
planted; grows vigorously and is very beautiful.

193. Picea alba Link. White Spruce. Frequent in cultivation.

194. Pinus echinata Miller. {P. mitis Michaux.) Yellow Pine. Natur-
alized in several counties of southeastern Kansas, and planted successfully
elsewhere to a small extent. May have once been native in Cherokee
county; but doubtful if it ever grew native more than ten miles from the
southeast corner.

196. Pinus sylvestris L. Scotch Pine. Apparently becoming naturalized
in several places in eastern Kansas, adjacent to old Scotch plantations and
nurseries. Planted extensively over the state.

197. Pinus austriaca Hoss. Austrian Pine. Extensively planted through-
out the state, equally with the Scotch pine.

198. Pinus strobus L. White Pine. Does well after having become
established and able to send its spongioles down below the immediate effects
of too much sunshine and water.

199. Pinus monticola Douglas, var. lati^olia Engelmann. Dwarf Moun-
tain Pine. Doing so well in cultivation that the trees bid fair to be standard
in height, not dwarf.

Superphylum EBB. ANGIOSPERM^E. Angiosperms.

Hidden-seed Carpellates.

Endogenous or exogenous trees, shrubs, or herbs, with unisexual or bi-
sexual flowers, conspicuously provided with a foliaceous perianth. Pollen
{andros pores) each producing a tube. Sperms nonciliate and nonmotile.
Ovules (gynosporangia) concealed in an ovulary at or near the base of a
specially constructed seed-vessel, consisting of a folded and closed car-
pophyl or carpel. This ovulary is on the face side of the carpel and en-
tirely enclosed within it, but communicating with the outer world by a long,
tortuous passageway, ending in the stigma at the summit of the carpel.

Phylum * V ANTHOPHYTA. Anthophytes.
Flowering Angiosperms.
Carpel a closed cavity formed by the uniting of the margins of a special-
ized leaf {carpophyl or carpel), thus forming a simple pistil, including
always an ovulary and whatever of style and stigma are present. Usually
several such leaves (carpels) are in a whorl, with their faces toward a
common center, forming a compound pistil or gynacium. The ovules
{gynosporangia) are borne on the inner surface of the carpel cavity (the
-6

82 Kansas Academy of Science.

ovulary), and within it the seeds are matured. Seeds contain an embryo-
or minute future plant with cotyledons one or two.

Usually surrounding the gynoecium, when the plant is bisexual, are to
be found a whorl of stamens or androphyls, called an androecium, each
member of which bears at its summit an anther holding one or two double
(rarely one single) androsporangia, which develop and hold the pollen
(androspores) ; these are discharged at the proper time through specially
prepared openings. Each androspore contains one or more nonmotile
sperms.

Pollination is the act of a pollen-grain (androspore) alighting' on the
stigma (a specialized portion of the tip of a carpel), germinating there,
and sending out a pollen-tube, which penetrates the tissues of the carpel
along a specially prepared path, cleared for the passage of the pollen-tube
and for no other purpose; and finally, on reaching an ovule in an ovulary
near the foot of the carpel, the pollen-tube enters the ovule by its orifice
(the micropyle or "little gate"), or rarely at the chalaza, after which it
penetrates the nucellus and passes through the wall of the gynospore or
embryo-sac, carrying with it two sperm cells.

Fertilization is effected by one of these sperm cells from the end of a
pollen-tube coming in contact with the nucleus of an egg-cell in the em-
bryo-sac (gynospore) within an ovule (gynosporangium) and fusion with it.
The other sperm-cell may unite with the definitive nucleus to form the
endosperm. The limits of such double fertilization are not yet known, but
it is believed to be general, if not universal, in anthophytes.

When the gynoecium is surrounded on the same flower by an androecium,
the flowers are called perfect; in case the gynoecia and androecia are in
different flowers on the same plant, the plant is monoecious; when such
flowers are on different plants or trees, such plants or trees are dioecious.

Flowers in anthophytes are nearly always surrounded by specially
formed protecting leaves. In the Glumiferse such protecting leaves are
called scales, glumes, palets, perigynia, bracts, etc. Such flowers are al-
ways anemophilous, pollenized by the wind. In the Petaliferee and dicotyls
such protecting leaves are called perianth, which consists of two whorls
called calyx and corolla, the several members of which are sepals and petals,
either or both of which may be found enveloping a flower. The inner
whorl, the petals, are prominent, high-colored and showy, to attract in-
sects. Such flowers are entomophilous (insect-loving), pollenized by in-
sects. Outside of the calyces, subtending groups of compound flowers, are
to be found special systems of green leaves forming an involucre, the
members of which are bracts, scales, etc.

Subphylum DD. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Monocotyls.
Single-seed-leaf Anthophytes.
Stems endogenous, with no distinction or separation into wood, bark, or
pith, and without medullary-ray plates. Plants represent continuous
growth and formation at once, the accretions of new material being made
all through the interior, which consists of a mass of soft parenchymatous
tissue, interspersed with closed bundles of fibrovascular ducts (wood cells).
Leaves (mostly laminodia and phyllodia, the blades being as flattened and
modified petioles, rarely with laminae at their tips) alternate, entire; nerva-

Biological Papers. 83

tion almost invariably parallel, the distal ends often radiating, campylo-
drome, or convergent; stomata (except in the Smilacales) longitudinally
intracellular on both surfaces; the bases (sheaths) of the laminodia or
phyllodia always with parallel nervation, greatly elongated, and commonly
sheathing the stem of the plant. Parts of the flower in threes or a multiple
of three, seldom in fours, rarely or never in fives. Embryo usually with a
single terminal cotyledon and a lateral plumule.

CLAS IX.* GLUMIFER.!:. GLUME-BEARERS.

Monocotyl, with Gbimaceous Perianth.
Floral envelopes glumaceous, persistent, or none. Perianth chaffy or of
membranous or scarious scale-like or bristle-formed segments free from the
ovulary. Fruit usually a grain inclosed in a husk, or a naked nut-like
bchene, rarely a utricle.

Subclass A. GLUMIFLOR.ffi;. Husk-flowers.
Glume-flowered Monocotyls.
Perianth three- or six-parted, the parts glumaceous, or of fewer hyaline
scales, or mere bristles, or entirely wanting. Flowers solitary and sessile,
in the axils of and subtended by or inclosed in husk-like scales or gluma-
ceous bracts (glumes or chaff), or clustered in umbelloid or corymbose
chaffy panicles in the axils of leafy bracts. Androecium normally of three
or six stamens, though usually three or fewer, all with bisporangiate an-
thers. Pollination anemophilous. Gynoecium with a single unilocular one-
ovuled ovulary, with styles two (one or three), and stigmas hairy or plu-
mose. Fruit a grain or an achene, or a three- valved loculicidal capsule con-
taining few or many seeds. Endosperm farinaceous.

Order XVI. POALES. The Grasses and Canes.

Erect plants, usually herbaceous and perennial, rarely woody and arbores-
cent, as in Bamhusacex. Stems (culms) generally hollow, with solid nodes;
sometimes comparatively solid throughout, as in common cornstalk; normally
terete, with or without a groove on the side of the stem next each leaf, and
always with a firm fibrous exterior and silicious cuticle.

Foliage consists of narrow, linear, dorsally compressed laminodia (never
in this latitude with a true lamina and petiole), alternately on opposite
sides of the stem. A laminodium of a grass consists of two conspicuous
parts: (a) The upper or distal part, called the blade, corresponding to the
petiole of a dicotyl leaf, which part is usually firm, flat, carinate, linear,
parallel-nerved, and answers the same purpose as a dicotyl leaf, with im-
portant differences; and (6) the lower or proximal part, called the sheath,
corresponding to the base of a dicotyl leaf, which part is generally length-
ened and broadened, and surrounds and infolds the stem of the plant, with
the edges free and separate or slightly overlapping, and having a small
ciliate or smooth ring (ligule) at its summit or its junction with the blade.

Inflorescence paniculate, racemose, orspicate, consisting of flat spikelets
composed of one to many florets, each spikelet subtended by an involucel
of two glumaceous "empty scales," which maybe larger than the flowering
glumes, equal to them in size, or smaller, or either one or both entirely
wanting. They may themselves be equal or unequal in size. The rachilla
is articulated below the scales in Panicaceae, above in Poacese.

84 Kansas Academy of Science.

Flowers (florets) perfect or unisexual, monoecious or dioecious. Peri-
anth hypogynous, consisting of a dorsal glumaceous or hyaline sepal, called
a glume, flowering glume, or lemma, and a double ventral sepal or a pair of
ventral sepals modified and fused together into a single glumaceous leaf
that partially encloses the seed and is called the palet or palea, these re-
taining their two carinae and two points (teeth). Inside of these all that
remain of three petals are one to three, usually two, minute hyaline scales
dorsally (rarely one ventrally) placed and called lodicules.

Androecium of one to six, usually three, stamens; filaments slender;
anthers bisporangiate (two-celled), exserted, versatile or adnate.

Gynoecium of two or three united carpels, rarely one. Ovulary uni-
locular, one-ovuled. Styles two or three, distinct or united, rarely one.
Stigmas usually plumose. Fruit a seed-like grain (caryopsis), with a large
farinaceous endosperm and a small embryo on the side opposite the hilum.

(This is the most important of all botanical orders, on account of its
farinaceous seeds, which furnish the principal food of mankind, and of its
herbage, which furnishes the principal food of domestic animals.)

Family 32. Panicace^. Panic-grass Family.

Includes the following tribes: a, Maydese with spikelets unisexual; b,
Andropogonese , with spikelets in pairs; c, Panicese, with spikelets perfect
and spheroidal; and d, Oryzex, with spikelets laterally compressed.

Plants herbaceous, annual or perennial; culms always annual. Spikelets
one- or two-flowered, subtended by an involucel of one or two empty scales,
usually two; when two-flowered, the first or lower is staminate, the upper
one perfect and fertile; rachilla articulated below the empty scales, the
spherical or dorsally compressed spikelets falling from the pedicels entire,
either singly or in groups, together with joints of the articulate rachilla.
Tribe a. Maydese. Maize Tribe. Spikelets monoecious; staminate and
carpellate flowers on different parts of the same plant. Flowering
glume and palet hyaline.

201. Euchlaena luxurians Schrader. Teosinte (God-gift Grass); Gua-
temala Grass. Planted for fodder. Does not ripen seeds here. Occasional.

202 Zea mays L. Indian Corn; Maize. Includes dent, flint, pop, sugar
corn, and other horticultural subspecies. Survives the winter occasionally
for a year or so, with but slight tendency toward becoming naturalized.

203. Tripsacum dactyloides L. Gama-grass. Sloughs and wet places all
over the state, as far west as Ellis and Kinsley, or further; common; but
rare beyond the points named. June. (ASU)

Tribe h. Andropogonese. Blue-stem Tribe. Spikelets in compound race-
mose spikes, two at each joint of the articulate rachis, the one sessile
and perfect, the other pedicellate, and either staminate, neuter, or
reduced to a mere pedicel and minute scale; empty involucel scales
as large as the flowering glume and very firm; flowering glume
usually awned and subtending a palet and perfect flower. Rachillas
and barren pedicels usually bearded.

204. Coix lachryma-jobi L. Tear-grass; Job's Tears. Often survives
the winter and grows spontaneously from self-sown seeds. Not natu-
ralized.

Biological Papers. 85

205. Eulalia japonicaTrinius. Eulalia. Raised in gardens for its beauty.

206. Imperate sacchariflora Maxim. "Emperor-grass"; Great Blady-
grass. Rare in gardens.

207. Erianthus ravennse Beauvois. Plume-grass. Cultivated in parks
and lawns occasionally.

208. Andropogon scoparius Mx. Little Bluestem ; Besom Beard-grass.
Dry soils and hillsides all over Kansas; common. Aug. (ASU)

209. Andropogon virginicus L. Virginia^Beard-grass. Scattered through-
out the eastern part of the state; not common. Aug. (ASU)

210. Andropogon furcatus Muhl. (Not A. provincialis Lam.) Blue-
stem. All over the valley lands of eastern Kansas, and working westward
in the well-drained valleys of the western part. Does not stalk up and
bear seed where too dry. Aug. (ASU)

21L Andropogon chrysocomus Nash. Yellow-haired Beard-grass. Dry
soil, southwestern Kansas, according to Nash.

212. Andropogon hallii Hackel. Great-plain Beard-grass. Sandy lands
of western and southwestern Kansas. Aug. (ASU)

213. Andropogon torreyanus Steudel. Staked-plain Beard-grass. Dry
soil, southern and southwestern Kansas; frequent. Aug. (ASU)

214. Sorghastrum avenaceum Nash. (Chrysopogon Benth.) Indian
grass. On comparatively damp and broken prairies, hedge shades, etc.,
throughout the state ; frequent to common. Aug. (ASU)

215. Sorghum halepense Persoon. Johnson Grass ; Aleppo-grass. Oc-
casional on the lower dry prairies of southern Kansas. July. (A)

216. Sorghum vulgare Pers. Kafir, Durra or Egyptian Corn; Egyptian
Millet ; Shailu ; Kaoliang ; Guinea-corn ; Milo-maize ; Dwarf Milo. Seeds
of these varieties, often survive the winter and grow spontaneously.

217. Sorghum saccharatum Willd. Sorghum ; Chinese Sugar-cane ; Im-
phee ; Broom-corn. Common in cultivation.

Tribe c. Paniacex. Panic-grass Tribe. Spikelets perfect, terete or dor-
sally flattened, in racemes or panicles ; involucellate scales one or
two, the first, when present, always small ; glumes one or two, mem-
branous, unequal ; first flowering glume, when present, sometimes
contains a staminate flower ; uppermost flowering glume always
firmer in texture than the outer scales ; it and the palea indurated
and firmly clasped together, inclosing the grain and falling away with
it and with the scales of the involucel, the rachilla being articulated
below the scales.

218. Paspalum mucronatum Muhl. (P. fluitans Kth.) Floating Water-
grass. In water or very wet spots, Miami to Cherokee county; not com-
mon. Sept. (AS)

219. Paspalum laeve Mx. Water-grass. Moist fields, E. K., west to
Barton county; not common. Aug. (AS)

220. Paspalum angustifolium Le Conte. Narrow-leafJ Water-grass.
Sandy soils, E. and S. E. K. ; frequent. Aug. (AS)

221. Paspalum glabratum Mohr. Smooth Water-grass. Moist places,
S. E. K.; frequent. Aug. (AS)

222. Paspalum stramineum Nash. Straw-colored^Water-grass. Sandy
soil, N. K. ; occasional. July. (AS)

86 Kansas Academy of Science.

223. Paspalum setaceum Mx, Downy Water-grass. Sandy soil, cen-
tral and western Kansas; frequent. June. (AS)

224. Eriochloa punctata Hamilton. {E. polystachya H. B. K.) Dotted
Wool-grass. Dry prairies, S. and S. W. K. ; occasional. July. (AS)

225. Syntherisma filiformis Nash. (Diyitaria Koeler.) Slender Crab-
grass. Sandy soil, E. K. ; frequent. July. (ASU)

226. Syntherisma lineaeis Nash. {Panicum Krock). Smooth Crab-
grass. Introduced and frequent in waste places, E. K. June. (ASU)

227. Syntherisma fimbriata Nash. Fringed Crab-grass. Frequent in
fields, etc., E. K. June. (ASU)

228. Syntherisma sanguinalis Dulac. {Panicum L.) Crab-grass; Fin-
ger-grass. Fields and waste places, eastern and middle Kansas, and
spreading westward, should be utilized wherever it becomes too common.
Frequent and close mowing of lawns in this sunny climate disheartens blue-
grass and encourages the growth of crab-grass; pasturing, if not too close,
reverses that. June. (ASU)

229. Brachiaria obtusa Nash. (Panicum H. B. K. = Humboldt, Bentham
and Kunth.) Little Arm-grass. Extreme southwest Kansas; 3-7 dm.;
stoloniferous; not common. June. (AS)

230. Leptoloma capillaris (L ) (Panicumh.) Old-witch-grass; Tickle-
grass. In plowed fields all over the state; a real pest in barren fields, and
often in stubble-fields of eastern Kansas; 3-6 dm.; common. July.

231. Leptoloma barbipulvinata (Nash.) {Panicum Nash.) Yellow-
stone Witch-grass. Open ground, C. and N. W. K.; 1-4 dm.; occasional.
July. (AS)

232. Leptoloma cognatum Chase. {Panicum autumnale Bosc.) Fall
Witch-grass. Dry soil, C. K. ; 3-6 dm. high; common. July. (ASU)

233. Leptoloma miliacea (L ) {Panicum L.) Hog Millet. Roadsides,
E. K. ; introduced as a crop and escaped from cultivation. Rare. July.

234. Leptoloma dichotomiflora (Mx.) {Panicum geniculatum Muhl.)
Great Spreading Witch-grass. Rich damp soil, with stout creeping root-
stocks simulating a perennial; commonly 10-18 dm. long; becoming frequent
in E. K., especially in rich soil near houses, barns, parks, etc. July. (ASU)
An excellent forage grass and worthy of cultivation, except that it is liable
to smut.

235. Panicum virgatum L. Tall Panic-grass; Switch-grass; Fly-switch
Panic-grass. Rich dry or moist soils, where the air is not too dry; in west-
ern Kansas in valleys only; farther east on hillsides and uplands as well;
6-12 dm. high; very common. July. (ASU)

236. Panicum agrostoides Sprengel. Redtop Panic-grass. Wet grounds,
S. K., as far west as Arkalon; 4-8 dm. high; occasional. July. (AS)

237. Panicum anceps Mx. Flat-stem Panic-grass. Moist sandy soils,
in thickets, S. E. K. ; occasional; 4-10 dm. July. (AS)

238. Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Spindly Panic-grass. Dry, open
places, poor soils, C. K.; 2-4 dm.; not common. Kansas soil is generally
too rich for it. June. (S)

239. Panicum linearifolium Scribner. Long-leaf Panic-grass. Sandy
soil, in woodlands, S. E. K. ; 2-4 dm.; slender; frequent. June. (AS)

240. Panicum perlongum Nash. Prairie Panic-grass. Dry prairies, N.
and C. K. ; 1-4 dm. ; occasional. June. (A)

Biological Papers. 87

241. Panicum lindheimeri Nash. Prostrate Panic-grass. Dry sandy soil,
Sumner county; 4-8 dm. long; infrequent. July. (S)

242. Panicum huachucoe Ashe. Villous Panic-grass. Prairies and sandy
fields, general; 3-7 dm. high; frequent. May-Sept. (ASU)

243. Panicum silvicolum H. & Ch. Satiny Panic-grass. Woods and
clearings, E. and S. E. K. ; 4-8 dm. high; occasional. July. (AS)

244. Panicum tennesseense Ashe. Tennessee Panic-grass. Moist ground
near woods, S. E. K. ; 2-5 dm. ; rather rare. July. (S)

245. Panicum praecocius H. & Ch. Early Panic-grass. Dry prairies,
N. K.;' 1-3 dm.; rare. May. (A)

246. Panicum sphaerocarpon Elliott. Bird-shot Panic-grass. Dry soil,
thickets, E. K.; 2-6 dm. ; frequent. May. (ASU)

247. Panicum scribnerianum Nash. Susquehanna Panic-grass. Dry or
moist sandy soil, nearly all over Kansas; 2-5 dm. high; common. June.
(ASU)

248. Panicum leibergii Scribn. Iowa Panic-grass. Prairies, N. E. K. ;
3-5 dm.; rare. June. (A)

249. Panicum wilcoxianum Vasey. Nebraska Panic-grass. Prairits,
gardens, shades, Shawnee county northward; 1-2 dm. high; common, or at
least frequent. July. (AS)

250. Panicum clandestinum L. Hispid Panic-grass. Thickets, E. K. ;
7-11 dm. high; occasional. June. (AU)

251. Panicum latifolium L. {P. macrocarponheC.) Broad-leaf Panic-
grass. Rocky woods, E. K. ; 4-6 dm. high; frequent. July. (ASU)

252. Panicum boscii Poiret. {P. porterianum Nash.) Forestine Panic-
grass. Dry soil, in woods, S. E. K. ; frequent. July. (S)

253. Echinochloa crus-galli Beauv. {Panicum L.) Cockspur-grass;
Barnyard grass. Low grounds and in rich waste soils; common all over the
state. Apparently native, rather than introduced. June. (ASU)

254 Echinochloa walteri Nash. {Panicum Pursh.) Salt-marsh Cock-
spur-grass. Saline lands along the Arkansas valley from Great Bend down;
also S. E. K. ; frequent. July. (ASU)

255. Echinochloa colona Link. {Panicum L.) Jungle-rice. Dry soil
from Hutchinson southwest; not common. Similar to the two preceding
grasses, but with awnless scales. July. (AS)

256. Chaetochloa glauca Scribn. {Panicum L.) Yellow Pigeon-grass;
"Bottle-grass." Common in all dry soils. July. (ASU) Spikes 1-10
cm. long.

257. Chaetochloa imberbis Scribn. Beardless Pigeon-grass; Seaside
Pigeon-grass.

Panicum glaucum L. Michx., as shown by A. S. Hitchcock, in "Grasses of Michaux's
Flora Boreali- Americana," 1803. in Contrib. from U. S. Nat. Herbarium, xii. No. 3 (1908), p.
146. Professor Hitchcock also shows (p. 132, same volume and number) that Hans Sloane,
in his History of Jamaica (1725 or earlier), had called the grass "Gramen paniceum spica
aimplici lievi." which, of course, is no name at all, but may have been the suggestion that
led to the use of the word laevigata by Muhlenberg, a name already used by Lamarck for
another grass. — See Flore de France, ed. 1778, iii, p. 578.

(?) Panicum imberbe Poiret. Encyc. Supp. 4 (1816), p. 272. This citation is very ques-
tionable, and needs verification by original type specimens in herbarium.

Panicum L-cvigatum Muhl. Elliott. Sk. Bot. S. C. & Ga., i (1817). p. 112. Not. p. lasvi-
gatum Lam. (See citation above.)

Selaria imberbis (Poir.) Roemer & Schultes, Syst. ii (1817). 891. Coulter, Contrib. U. S.
N. H., i (1890), p. 55, No. 678; same, vol. ii. No. 3 (1894), p. 510.

88 Kansas Academy of Science.

Setaria Ixvigata (Muhl.) Chapm. Flo. S. S.. ed. 3. p. 387.

Chsctochloa glauca, var. perennis Curtiss. Beal's Grasses of N. A., ii (1896), p. 156.
Chxtochloa imberbis (Poir.) Scribn. Bull. 4. U. S. Dept. Agr.. Div. Agrost. (1897), p. 39.
Chxtochloa perennis (Curt.) Bicknell. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xxv (1898), p. 107.
Chxtochloa Ixvigata Scribn. Bull. 21, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. (1900), p. 10,
evidently repeated from some publication earlier.

A somewhat cespitose glabrous perennial, from slender, creeping root-
stocks; culms slender, compressed, erector ascending, somewhat geniculate
at the base, scabrous below the panicle, otherwise smooth; nodes glabrous;
sheaths glabrous, the lower longer than the internodes; ligule ciliate; blades
1-3 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, tapering to the tip; scabrous on the upper sur-
face and margins, glabrous below. Panicles dense, spike-like, 2-5 cm. long,
1 cm. thick; exclusive of the setee; rachis angular, pubescent; setas 8-12,
spreading, 5-10 mm. long, yellowish or purplish sometimes. Spikelets ovate,
acute, 2-2^ mm. long, surpassed by the setas. Moist soil. New Jersey to
Florida, north to Kansas. May to October. F. L. Scribner, in Bull. 21,
Div. Agrost.

258. Chaetochloa perennis (Hall & Henry). Salt-meadow Pigeon-grass.

Setaria glauca Beauv., var. Isevigata Chapm. Hall, Plantas Texanse, 1872, No. 839;
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb., iii. No. 1 (1891). 38.

Setaria perennis Hall & Henry. Dr. Joseph Henry, of Salina, Kan., in Bulletin of
Washburn Lab. of Nat. Hist., by F. W. Cragin. ii (1889), p. 63.

Setaria glauca, P. Br., var. Ixvigata Chapm. Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb., i (1890).
p. 55 (No. 677).

Setaria perennis Hall. Smyth, in Check-list of the Plants of Kansas, Aug. 1892, p. 26
( No. 1728, incorrectly credited and imperfectly described ). Same improper entry repeated
in Transactions Kansas Acad of Science, xiii (1893), p. 192.

Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv., var. laevigata (Muhl.) Chapm. Coulter, in Cont. U. S. Nat.
Herb., ii. No. 3 (1894), p. 509.

Chxtochloa versicolor Bicknell. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xxv (1898), p. 105, pi. 329.

Chxtochloa imberbis perennis (Hall) S. & M. Bull. 21, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost.
(1900). p. 12.

Setaria imberbis R. & S., var. perennis (Hall) Hitchc. Gray's Manual, 7th ed., 1908.

Culms scarcely tufted, slender, decumbent, ascending, or erect, 6-11 m.
long; blades 2-6 dm. long; spike cylindrical, simple or slightly compound,
long-exserted, 2-6 cm. long; spikelets generally purplish; bristles few,
slender, yellowish-green, shading to purple, and scarcely extending beyond
the spikelets. Propagates freely by slender perennial rootstocks, and sel-
dom ripens seed where cattle freely graze. Frequent in damp alkaline and
saline bottoms and meadows in Shawnee, Wabaunsee, Dickinson, Saline,
McPherson, Reno, Sedgwick, Kingman, Pratt, Meade, Seward, and other
counties of central and southern Kansas. August. (AS) A variable spe-
cies ; several forms, probably all of the same species, occur in Kansas.

The following perennial panicums, in which the panicle is a simple cylin-
drical or somewhat compound spike, the rachis of the inflorescence is pro-
longed beyond the upper spikelet into an awn or bristle, and one or more
persistent setje are inserted on the rachis below the articulation of the
spikelets, thus answering the principal requirements of Chsctochloa as now
delimited by botanists, should be removed from the very large and hetero-
geneous genus Panicum, and added to the restricted genus Chsetochloa,
with which they are more nearly allied:

259. Chsetochloa reverchoni (Vase.v ) n. comb. {Panicum reverehoni Vasey, Bull. No. 8,
Bot. Div., Dept. Agr., p. 25.) Chapparal Millet. High lands of central and northern Texas.

Biological Papers. 89

26 I. Chictochloaramisetum (Scribn.) n. comb. (/^a>itcuwi8M5flpicotK»tVasey, same bulle-
tin and page as above. 1889. name preoccupied : P. raTnisetumScribn., Circ. 27, Div. Agrost..
Dept. AgT., p. 9; 1900.) Hidalgo Pigeon-grass. Plains of southern and western Texas.

261. Chjetochloa occidentalis Nash. Western Pigeon-grass, Reported
from Kansas.

2G2. Chfetochloa viridis Scribn. Pigeon-grass; "Green Foxtail." Gen-
eral over the state ; introduced ; common. (ASU) Where this grass grows
freely in rich cultivated ground the panicle is greatly increased in size, be-
coming decompound and heavily seeded, much like the next two.

263. Chjetochloa italica Scribn. Itahan Millet. Inclined 'occasionally
to escape from cultivation ; not naturalized. When it runs wild it tends to
revert to a form approaching the preceding.

264. Chaetochloa germanica (Mill.) Hungarian Grass, Escapes for a
year or two; not naturalized.

265. Chaetochloa verticillata Scribn. Bur Pigeon-grass ; " Bristly Fox-
tail." Douglas county ; rare. (S)

266. Cenchrus carolinianus Walt. CNot C. tribuloides h.) Bur-grass;
"Sand-bur." Sandy lands and neglected fields anywhere ; too frequent on
some farms ; it loves indolent people. An excellent fodder when cut young.
(ASU)

267. Penicillaria spicata Willd. (Pennisetum typhoideum Rich.) Pearl
Millet. Occasional in cultivation.

Tribe d. Oryzese. Rice-grass Tribe. Spikelets unisexual or perfect, in
loose panicles; rachilla articulated below the scales; spikelets later-
ally compressed; stamens often 6,

268. Zizania palustris L. Indian Wild-rice; Water-oats. Frequently in-
troduced by hunters and planted as food for wild ducks in little lakes of
Linn, Miami, Johnson, Douglas, Franklin, Sedgwick and other counties of
eastern and southern Kansas; yet not often seen; does not appear to do
well. June.

269. Homalocenchrus virginicus Britt. White Cut-grass. Wet spots
and slow streams, E. K. ; frequent. Aug. (ASU)

270. Homalocenchrus oryzoides Pollich. Rice Cut-grass; Scratch-grass.
Marshy and meadow lands, E. and S. K.; rare. Aug. (ASU)

271. Homalocenchrus lenticularis Scribn. Catchfly Cut-grass. Wet
grounds, E. and S. K,; frequent. July. (ASU)

Family 33. Poace^e. Meadow-grass Family.
Spikelets laterally or dorsally compressed, one- to many-flowered, the rudi-
mentary floret, if any, usually uppermost; the rachilla articulated above
the two "empty scales" of the involucel (below them in Alopecurus, Poly-
pogon, Cinna, Holcus, Sphenopholis, Spartina, and Beckmannia). When
the spikelets have two or more florets there is an articulation of the
rachilla below each floret, so that the seeds fall either singly or in groups,
leaving the two involucel scales attached to the end of the rachilla. The
family comprises the following tribes: Tribe e, Phalarideiv, with empty
scales two, and sterile glumes two; tribe /, Agrostidese, with empty scales
two; tribe (/, Aveneic, with two or more flowers in each spikelet; tribe h,
Chloridex, with spikelets in two rows on each of several preajstivally di-

"90 Kansas Academy of Science.

vided spikes; tribe i, Festucese, with spikelets pedicellate in racemes, or in
dense or loose panicles; and tribe k, Hordeese, with spikelets sessile alter-
nately on opposite sides of a zigzag channeled rachis.

Tribe e. Phalaridese. Canary-grass Tribe. Inflorescence spicate or panic-
ulate; spikelets crowded on the spike, one- rarely three-flowered
empty scales of the involucel below the first articulation of the
rachilla, large and showy; the two sterile glumes small and narrow,
rarely subtending staminate flowers; the fertile glume with a two-
nerved or nerveless palea and a perfect flower.

272. Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary-grass. The variety picfa L.,
ribbon-grass, is frequent in gardens and spreads a little where planted; but
does not run wild.

273. Phalaris caroliniana Walt. Carolina Canary-grass, Escapes from
cultivation occasionally for a year or two; not seen as a wild grass. June.

274. Phalaris canariensis L. Canary-grass. Often escapes from culti-
vation for a short time. July.

275. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sweet Vernal-grass. An introduced
grass, growing freely in lawns where planted, but not disposed to run wild.

276. Oryzopsis micrantha Thurb. Small-flowered Mountain-rice. Dry
soils, Cheyenne county; rare. June. (S)

277. Oryzopsis asperifolia Mx. White Mountain-rice. Woods, N. E.
K. ; occasional. June. (S)

278. Oryzopsis melanocarpa Muhl. Black Mountain-rice. Rocky woods,
Cherokee county; rare. July. (A)

279. Oryzopsis membranacea Vasey. Silky Mountain-rice. Sandy or
gravelly prairies, not far from streams, Cheyenne, Sherman, Wallace, and
Logan counties; rare. July. (AB)

Tribe/. Agrostidese. Ree l-grass Tribe. Spikelets perfect, one-flowered,
the involucel scales as long as or longer than the floral glume; ra-
chilla sometimes prolonged behind the palea into a naked or plumose
bristle; palea two-nerved, double-nerved, one-nerved, nerveless or
wanting.

280. Stipa viridula Trin. Wild-oat Weather-grass. Dry grounds, N.
K. ; infrequent. July. (AS)

281. Stipa vaseyi Scribn. {S. viridula vaseyi.) "Sleepy-grass";
Stout Weather-grass. Said to grow in the Cimarron river bottoms in Mor-
ton and Stevens counties. June.

282. Stipa avenacea L. Black-oat Weather-grass. Dry woods and
thickets, E. K. ; frequent. May. (ASU)

283. Stipa comata Trinius & Ruprecht. Thread-needle Weather-grass.
Dry plains, W. K.; occasional. June. (ASU)

284. Stipa Spartea Trin. Porcupine Weather-grass. Low prairies, E.
K.; common. June. (ASU)

285. Aristida dichotoma Mx. Poverty-grass. Sterile soils, E. K., west
to Hutchinson; rare. Middle (longest) awn at right angles to spikelet.
August. (ASU)

286. Aristida curtissii Nash. Atlantic Poverty-grass. Reported from
Kansas by Nash.

Biological Papers. 91

287. Aristida basiramea Engelm. Forked Poverty-grass. Dry soils,
more frequent in E. K. July. (AS)

288. Aristida ramosissima Eng. Branching Aristida. Dry prairies,
many counties of E. K. ; frequent. Longest awn reflexed. July. (ASU)

289. Aristida fasciculata Torr. {A. dispersa Trin. & Rupr.) Bushy
Aristida. Dry plains, S. W. K. ; frequent. Aug. (AS)

290. Aristida oligantha Mx. Few-flowered Poverty-grass Thin, dry
soils, generally distributed. Aug. (ASU)

291. Aristida gracilis Ell. Slender Poverty-grass. Dry soils, E. and S.
E. K.; not common. Aug. (AS)

292. Aristida purpurascens Poir. Purplish Dogtown-grass. Common in
dry soils and generally distributed. Sept. (ASU)

293. Aristida fendleriana Steudel. {A. purpurea Nutt., in part.)
Purple Dogtown-grass. Common in prairie-dog towns and other dry barren
spots, W. K. July. (ASU)

294. Aristida longiseta Steud. (A. purpurea Nutt., in part.) Long-
awned Dogtown-grass. Common in dry soils, E. and C. K. Aug. (ASU)

295. Aristida intermedia Scribn. & Ball. Spreading Three-awned-grass.
Dry soil; awns all spreading. Aug. (A)

296. Aristida divaricata Humb. & Bonp. {A.humholdtianaTnn.) Great-
plains Aristida. Sandy plains, S. W. K. ; occasional. Aug.

297. Aristida desmantha Tr. & Rupr. Western Three-awned-grass.
S. W. K. ; not common. Aug. (S)

298. Muhlenbergia sobolifera Trin. Rock Wood-grass. Rocky woods,
S. E. K.: not common. Sept. (ASU)

299. Muhlenbergia mexicana Trin. Meadow Wood-grass. Damp soils,
all over the state; common. Aug. (ASU)

300. Muhlenbergia racemosa B. S. P. Marsh Wood-grass. Damp lands,
everywhere; not common. Aug. (ASU)

301 Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. Wood-grass. Moist woods, E. K. ;
frequent. Aug. (ASU)

302. Muhlenbergia comata Benth. Hairy Wood-grass. Prairies, S.W. K.;
occasional. Aug. (S)

303. Muhlenbergia schreberi Gmel. (Af. diffusa Schreb.) Satin-grass;
"Nimble-will." Dry hills and woods, C. to E. K. ; frequent. Aug. (ASU)
Astonishing though it may seem, the seed of this grass has been sold in
Topeka for bluegrass seed.

304. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora B. S. P. (Agrrostis Willd.) Slender Satin-
grass. Rocky woods, E. K. ; not common. Aug. (S)

305. Muhlenbergia microsperma Trin. Desert Satin-grass. Dry soil,
S. W. K. ; infrequent. Aug. (S)

306. Muhlenbergia capillaris Trin. Hair-like Satin-grass. Dry sandy
or rocky soil, Labette county; not common. Sept. (ASU)

307. Muhlenbergia gracillima Torr. Silky Satin-grass. Prairies, S. W.
K. ; not common. Sept.

308. Muhlenbergia pungens Thurber. Prairie Satin-grass. Prairies,
W. K.; frequent. Aug. (ASU)

309. Brachyelytrum erectum Beauv. Bearded Satin-grass. Low ground
at Kaw'a mouth; not common. July. (AS)

92 Kansas Academy of Science.

310. Phleum pra tense L. Timothy. Fields and meadows, as cultivated;
not thoroughly naturalized, though it sometimes escapes for a few years.
Is perpetuated through annual tubers.

311. Alopecurus agrestis L. Slender Foxtail. Along railroads and
waste places ; from the east.

312. Alopecurus geniculatus L. Floating Foxtail. Wet soils, E. K. ;
not common. July. (ASU)

313. Alopecurus aristulatus Mx. Water Foxtail. Water and wet
places, general ; frequent. July. (ASU)

314. Alopecurus pratensis L. Meadow Foxtail. Meadows, E. K. ; com-
mon. June. (ASU)

315. Sporobolus asper Kth. Rough Rush-grass. Dry soil and sandy
fields, E. and S. K. ; occasional. Palets long-acuminate or awned. Aug. (S)

316. Sporobolus canovirens Nash. Southern Rush-grass. Dry sandy
soil, S. E. and S. K., according to Mr. Nash.

317. Sporobolus longifolius Wood. Long-leaf Rush-grass. Dry soil, all
over Kansas ; common. Palets obtuse. Aug. (ASU)

318. Sporobolus pilosus Vasey. Hairy Rush-grass. Dry soil, central to
S. W. Kansas ; occasional. Aug. (AS)

319. Sporobolus vaginseflorus Wood. Sheathed Rush-grass. Dry soil,
C. and S. K. ; occasional. Aug. (ASU)

320. Sporobolus neglectus Nash. Small Rush-grass. Dry soil, N. and
C. K. ; common. (ASU)

321. Sporobolus cuspidatus Wood. Prairie Rush-grass. Dry soil, N.
and E. K. ; frequent. Aug. (ASU) Ligule very short; glumes cuspidate.

322. Sporobolus brevifolius Scribn. Mountain Rush-grass. Very dry
prairies, Wallace county ; occasional. Summer. (S) Ligule long; outer
scale of the involucel obtuse or acute, not acuminate.

323. Sporobolus airoides Torr. Fine-top Salt-grass. Prairies and alka-
line meadows, from Hutchinson and Russell southwest; frequent. Aug.
(ASU) This grass forms a very dense and compact sod on slight hum-
mocks several feet across and raised two to four inches above the surround-
ing saline prairie.

3J4. Sporobolus cryptandrus Gray. Sand Dropseed. Sandy soil, gen-
eral; common. Aug. (ASU)

325. Sporobolus argutus Kth. Pointed Dropseed-grass. Southern Kan-
sas; not common. July. (AU)

326. Sporobolus heterolepis Gray. Rank Dropseed. Dry soils, N. K. ;
not common. Aug. (A) *

327. Sporobolus texanus Vasey. Texas Dropseed. Dry soil, Clark and
Meade counties; rare. Collected in Cloud and Republic counties by Prof.
J. H. Schaffner ; this is the ' ' farthest north ' ' record for this grass. Aug. (S)

328. Sporobolus asperifolius Thurb. Rough-leaf Salt-grass. Dry, alka-
Ine soils, W. K.; frequent. Aug. (ASU)

329. Sporobolus confusus Vasey. Nebraska Dropseed. Dry prairies,
W. K. ; occasional. Aug.

330. Cinna arundinacea L. Sweet Wood-reed-grass. Swamps and per-
manent creeks, E. K. ; frequent, but not common. Aug. (ASU)

331. Agrostis alba L. "Dew-grass"; White Bent-grass. Fields, fence-
corners, and meadows, near water; E. K.; introduced. July. (ASU)

Biological Papers. 93

332. Agrostis vulgaris Withering. Redtop (Bent-grass). Same soil
and region; more general in cultivation; less liable to run wild. July.
(ASU)

333. Agroatis exarata Trin. Mountain Redtop. Eastern Kansas; com-
mon. Aug. (ASU)

334. Agrostis asperifolia Trin. Rough-leaf Bent-grass. Found in the
states all around Kansas; not yet reported from here. Dry soil. Aug.

335. Agrostis elliottiana Schult. Slender Bent-grass. Chautauqua
county (Hitchcock). May. (A)

336. Agrostis perennans Tuckermann. Thin Bent-grass. Damp, shaded
places, E. K. ; not common. Sept. (AS)

337. Agrostis scabra Wild. Rough bent-grass; "Flyaway-grass." Dry
soil, not far from water, E. K. ; frequent. July. (ASU)

338. Calamagrostis canadensis Beauv. Big Blue-joint; "Sand Reed-
grass." Water and permanently wet, sandy soils; rare in Kansas. July.
(ASU)

339. Calamagrostis inexpansa Gray. Bog Reed-grass. Swamps and
low prairies, E. and N. K. ; occasional. July.

340. Calamovilfa longifolia Hackel. Long-leaf Reed-grass. Sandy
places near water, C. and W. K.; frequent. July. (ASU)

Tribe g. Avenex. Oat-grass tribe. Inflorescence paniculate, seldom spi-
cate; spikelets two- to several-flowered, the two involucel scales,
when present, larger than the flowering glume, and persistent on the
rachilla when the seeds have fallen; glumes bidentate, furnished with
one to three awns on the back, usually from the base of the sinus be-
tween the two teeth; joints of the rachilla hairy.

341. Holcus lanatus L. Velvet-grass. Fields and waste places, E. K. ;
brought in from the east. June.

342. Sphenopholis obtusata Scribn. {Eatonia Gray .) Blunt-scale Prai-
rie-grass. Dry soil, general; common. June. (ASU)

343. Sphenopholis pallens Scribn. (Eatonia pennsylvanica Gray.)
Sharp- scale Prairie-grass. Hilly woods or moist soils, S. E. K. ; west to
Barton county, near streams; occasional. June. (ASU)

344. Kceleria cristata Pers. Crested Prairie-grass. Well-drained prai-
ries, E. and C. K.; common. June. (ASU)

345. Trisetum flavescens R. & S. {T. pratense Pers.) Yellow Oat-
grass. Meadows, E. K.; introduced; not common. July. (AS)

346. Trisetum subspicatum Beauv. Narrow Oat-grass. Rocky places,
E. K. ; occasional. August. (AS)

347. Trisetum interruptum Buckley. Seward to Morton counties, on
dry prairies in river valleys; occasional. (SU)

348. Avena sativa L. Oats. Along railroads and neglected fields for
a year or so outside of cultivation.

349. Avena fatua L. Fool Oat; Sand Oats. Woods and waste places;
N. E. K. ; occasional, introduced. July.

350. Arrhenatherum elatius Beauv. Tall Oat-grass. Fields and waste
places, E. K. ; introduced. June.

351. Danthonia spicata Beauv. Wild Oat-grass. Dry soil, N. E. K. ;
not common. July. (AS)

94 Kansas Academy of Science.

Tribe h. Chlorideas. Crowfoot-grass tribe. Inflorescence on split spikes,
in which the apex of the culm is longitudinally sectioned or segmented
in preiestivation, sometimes a section occurs at a short distance down
from the summit of the culm ; spikelets one- to several-flowered, in
two rows on one side of each of several umbellately terminal, or oc-
casionally axillary one-sided spikes or racemes; flowering glumes
keeled, entire, toothed, or with one or three short straight arms.
352 Cynodon dactylon Pens. ( Cabriola Kuntze. ) Dog-tooth grass ;
Bermuda-grass. Planted successfully for a lawn in spots too hot for blue-
grass to thrive.

353. Spartina cynosuroides Richard ( 1781 ) . "Slough-grass"; Fresh-
water Cord-grass. Sloughs and water holes, general ; common. Aug.
(ASU)

3')4. Spartina polystachya Pursh (1881). Saltmarsh Cord-grass. Wet
saline lands, C. K. ; frequent. Aug. (S)

^55. Spartina juncea Psh. (1781). Rush-leaf Cord-grass. Saline
meadows, central Kansas, frequent. Aug. (AS)

356. Spartina gracilis Trin. Inland Cord-grass. Saline meadows,
S W. K. ; occasional. Aug. (AS)

357. Chloris verticillata Nutt. Prairie Windmill-grass. Low damp ta
dry saline prairies, middle and southwestern Kansas; common. May.
(ASU)

358. Chloris elegans H. B. K. White Windmill-grass. To be looked
for in dry alkaline prairie soils, extreme S. W. K. June. (A)

359. Gymnopogon ambiguus B. S. P. (Britton, Sterns and Poggenburg).
(G. racemosa Beauv.) Naked-beard-grass. Dry sandy soil, Chautauqua
county; not common. August. (ASU)

360. Schedonnardus paniculatus Trelease. (Lepturus Nutt.) Tumble-
grass. Common in dry fields anywhere. Aug. (ASU) Heaps up high
against hedges, fences, and other obstructions in the fall.

361. Bouteloua hirsuta Lagasca. Hairy Mesquit; Black Grama. Dry
sandy loam, occasional in E. K. ; frequent in west. July. (ASU)

362. Bouteloua gracillis Lag. (B. oligostachya Torr.) Blue Grama;
Dainty Mesquit. Dry prairies of S. W. K., in sheltered situations. July.
(ASU) Similar to B. curtipendula, but smaller, finer, and more delicate.

363. Bouteloua curtipendula Torr. {B. racemosa Lag.) Side-oats
Grama; Tall Mesquit. Damp grounds, general; frequent or common.
July. (ASU)

3:4. Beckmannia erucaeformis Host. Slough-grass. Cheyenne and
Sherman counties; frequent. July. (ASU)

365. Eleusine indica Gaertner. Large Crab-grass; Crowfoot-grass.
Fields and cities, E. K. ; becoming very common; likely to become a pest.
June. Introduced.

366. Leptochloa mucronata Kth. Northern Slender-grass. Dry or moist
soil, N. E. and C. K. ; not common. July. (ASU)

367. Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv. Sharp-scaled Slender-grass.
Fields and sandy river bottoms, E. K. ; rare.

368 Buchloe dactyloides Eng. Buffalo-grass. Dry prairies, W. K. ;
once common and universal; now entirely wanting in the eastern part of
the state, and rapidly disappearing everywhere by being crowded out by

Biological Papers. 95.

grasses that never could endure the constant trampling by buffalo, the an-
nual fires, and the oft-recurring and continued drouths. June. (ASU)
The provision possessed by this grass for withstanding long-continued drouth
is one of the remarkable features told of these plants of the semiarid region.
It has been recorded (see Transactions Kan. Acad. Sci., vol. vii, 1879-'80,
page 53) that the roots of this lowly little buffalo-grass, seldom over four
inches high, on the high mesas and prairie lands near the ninety-ninth me-
ridian, sends its roots down fully fifteen feet into the dry, solid earth, and,
while not on the highlands reaching the stratum of perpetual moisture, yet
was able to reach a stratum of sufficient moisture— a stratum seldom
affected by summer heat.

Tribe/. Festucex. Meadow-grass Tribe. Inflorescence paniculate or race-
mose, the panicles open or dense and spikelike; spikelets pedicellate,
two- to many-flowered, usually perfect; flowering glumes longer than
the empty glumes, awnless, or with one to several short, straight
awns either terminal or borne just below the apex.

369. Pappophorum apertum Munro. Brush-grass. Dry plains, Meade to
Morton county (Kellerman). Aug. (A)

370. Gynerium argenteum Nees. Pampas-grass. A splendid grass, oc-
casionally in cultivation for winter boquets.

371. Arundo donax L. Giant Reed-grass. Tall, striking grasses, occa-
sionally cultivated in water, both with and without variegated foliage.

372. Phragmites communis Trin. Reed. Swampy spots along streams,
general; rare. Aug. (ASU)

373. Munroa squarrosa Torr. Stiff Thistle-grass. Dry soils, W. K. ; a
harsh, prickly annual grass, occasional on broken prairies. Aug. (ASU)

374. Triodia flava (L. ) (Poa flava h. ; Triodia cuprea J acq. ; Tricuspis
quinquefida Beauv. ; Sieglingia seslerioides Scribn. ; Tridens flavus Hitchc)
Tall Purpletop. Damp, sandy fields. E. to C. K.; frequent. July-Sept,
(ASU) This handsome grass has had to bear the burden of too many doc-
tors officiating at its christening, some of whom came uninvited. Only the
principal ones are named here.

375. Triodia stricta Vasey. {Windsoria Nutt.) Spicate Purpletop.
Moist soil, Cherokee and Labette counties; occasional. July. (A)

376. Triodia acuminata Vasey. {Tricuspis Munro.) White Tuft-grass.
Dry soils, W. K. ; occasional. June. (S)

377. Triodia elongata Scribn. (Uralepis Buckl.) Wiry Purpletop. To
be looked for on the dry plains of S. W. K. ; it approaches quite close in
Colorado and northern Texas. June-Aug.

378. Triodia pilosa (Buckl.) {Uralepis Buckl.) Hairy Purpletop. Dry
soil, S. W. K. ; occasional. Summer. (S)

379. Triodia albescens Vasey. {Rhombolytrum Nash). Whitish Pur-
pletop. Reported from southwest Kansas.

380. Triodia purpurea (Walt.) {Triplasis Chapm.) Purpletop (Sand-
grass). Sandy river bottoms and damp sands, E. and S. K. ; not common.
Aug. (ASU)

381. Redfieldia flexuosa Vasey. Blowout-grass. Plains and sandhills,
especially in blow-outs, Finney to Morton counties; frequent. Aug.
(ASU)

96 Kansas Academy of Science.

382. Diplachne fascicularis Beauv. Salt-meadow Feather-grass. Brack-
ish marshes, scattered throughout the middle part of the state. Aug. (S)

383. Diplachne acuminata Nash. Sharp-scaled Feather-grass. Wet or
moist soil; general; rare. Aug.

384. Diplachne imbricata Scribn. Shingled Feather-grass. To be
looked for in S. W. K. ; is found not far away in S. E. Colorado and Texas
Panhandle.

385. {Diplachne rigida Yasey = Eragrostis sessilispica Buckl., q. v.)

386. Eragrostis capillaris Nees. Soft Lace-grass. Dry places, E. K. ;
not common. Aug. (ASU)

387. Eragrostis frankii Steud. Short-stalked Meadow-grass. Moist,
sandy ground, N. E. K.; not common. Sept. (ASU)

388 Eragrostis pilosa Beauv. Tufted Meadow-grass. Fields and waste
places, E. K. ; not common. Introduced from the east.

390. Eragrostis purshii Schrader. Southern Meadow-grass. Dry places,
E. K. ; common. Aug. (ASU)

391. Eragrostis poseoides Beauv. {E. minor Host.) Low Meadow-
grass; Small Love-grass. Waste sandy places, general; common. Aug.
(ASU)

392. Eragrostis major Host. Stink-grass ; Mule-candy ; Great Love-
grass. Waste sandy and cultivated lands, general ; common. Aug. (ASU)

393. Eragrostis sessilispica Buckley. (Diplacluie rigida Yasey.) Stiff
Meadow-grass. Prairies, S. W. K. ; occasional. Aug. (ASU) Spikelets
appressed.

394. Eragrostis curtipedicellata Buckl. Short-pediceled Eragrostis.
Prairies, Clark county west and north to Hamilton; occasional. Aug. (ASU)

395. Eragrostis pectinacea Steud. Purple Meadow-grass. Dry soil, E.
and C. K. ; common. Aug. (ASU)

396. Eragrostis trichodes Nash. Hair-like Love-grass. Dry sands,
C. K., from Washington county to Barber; common. Aug. (ASU)

397. Eragrostis secundiflora Presl. { E. oxylepis Torr.) Purple Love-
grass; Cluster- top Meadow-grass. Dry soil, S. W. K. ; frequent. Aug. (S)

398. Eragrostis hypnoides B. S. P. (E. reptans Nees.) Creeping Low-
grass. Sandy or gravelly shores, E. K. ; common. Aug. (ASU)

399. Eragrostis capitata Nash. Big-head Low-grass. Wet sands in
riverbeds, E. K.; frequent, though not common. July. (S) Lives like
E. hypnoides ; looks a little like E. secundiflora.

400. Melica mutica Walt. Honey-grass ; Narrow Melic-grass. Open,
rocky woods, N. E. K. ; occasional. June.

40L Melica nitens Nutt. Tall Melic-grass. Dry, rocky woods and
thickets, E. K.; 8-12 dm. high; not common. May. (AS)

402. Melica porteri Scribn. Small Melic-grass. Prairies, S. W. K. ;
4-7 dm. high ; rare. May. (AS)

403. Diarrhena diandra Wood. Twin-grass. Rich woods and shaded
banks, E. K.; frequent. August. (ASU)

404. Distichlis spicata Greene. {Uniola L.) Alkali-grass; Salt-marsh
Spike-grass. Dry or damp saline or alkaline meadows, N., C, S., and
S. W. Kansas; very common. June. (ASU) Stolons from this grass
root freely on fresh moist alkaline earth, where it can root at every point;
on such occasions they may become thirty feet in length, and are occa-
sionally exhibited at county fairs, as at Hutchinson.

Biological Papers. 97

405. Uniola latifolia Mx. Broad-leaf Spike-grass. Shaded, high earthy
creek banks and rocky woods, E. K. ; frequent. August. (ASU)

406. Briza media L. Quaking-grass. Occasional, in gardens.

407. Briza maxima L. Large Quaking-grass. Cultivated for its beauty.

408. Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard-grass. Introduced for good grass
crops; escapes and grows naturally in rather moist soils.

409. Cynosurus cristatus L. Dogtail-grass. Street parks of the cities
of E. K., and other waste places; introduced as adulteration in seeds of
other grasses; rare. June.

410. Poa annua L. Annual Bluegrass; Low Spear-grass. Waste places
and cultivated fields, E. K, ; traveling westward. May. (ASU)

41L Poa compressa L. Flat-stem Bluegrass. Damp places on prai-
ries and in fields, nearly all over Kansas; apparently native, having been
here before ettlement; yet not common. June. (ASU) Makes a very
compact sod; foliage deep blue-green; lives in spots too hot for Kentucky
bluegrass.

412. Poa triflora Gilibert. (P. serotina Ehrh. ) Fowl-meadow Blue-
grass, Wet meadows, eastern two-thirds of the state; common. July.
(ASU)

(For Poa flava L. see Triodia fiava, ante. No. 374.)

413. Poa pratensis L. Bluegrass ; Kentucky Bluegrass. On rich limy
soils where slightly shaded during the hottest days of summer. May-June.
Introduced, but not yet thoroughly naturalized, except perhaps in shade of
hills, tall trees, and buildings. Should be but sparingly mowed in heat of
summer. Too close mowing of lawns during the drier weeks of July and
August exposes the roots of this grass to the hot sunshine and either kills
it outright or so weakens it that the crab-grasses and pigeon-grasses choke
it to death later.

414. Poa trivialis L. Rough Bluegrass. Meadows and waste places,
Brown and other counties of N. E. K. ; not naturalized. June.

415. Poa sylvestris Gray. Sylvan Spear-grass. Wooded meadows,
Douglas county eastward ; not common. June. (SU)

416. Poa autumnalis Muhl. Spring Spear-grass. Woods, extreme
eastern Kansas ; not common. March-April. Wonder if identification of
this grass is correct?

417. Poa alsodes Gray. Grove Spear-grass. Thickets along streams,
E. K.; frequent. May. (ASU)

418. Poa wolfii Scribn. Silky Bluegrass. Dry soils, E. K. ; occasional.
May. ( A )

419. Poa arachnifera Torr. Texas Bluegrass. Cultivated occasionally
for pasture in S. W. K. ; with its strong perennial rootstocks, well adapted
to hot dry lands of summer, it makes a more reliable pasture or lawn than
our Kentucky bluegrass, P. pratensis. May. (S)

420. Poa arida Vasey. ( Heretofore listed as P. andina Nutt. by er-
ror.) Prairie Spear-grass. Bottom lands, Dickinson county, northward
and westward ; not common. July. (AS)

421. Poa buckleyana Nash. Bench-land Spear-grass. Dry soil, Chey-
enne county ; not common. July.

422. Glyceria canadensis Trin. Manna-grass. Marshes, E. K. ; not
common. July. (ASU)

-7

98 Kansas Academy of Science.

423. Glyceria nervata Trin. Ribbed Manna-grass. Wet places, E. K.;
common. June. (ASU)

424. Glyceria Americana (Torr.) Great Manna-grass. Wet lands, E^
K. ; frequent. June. (ASU)

425. Glyceria fluitans R. Br. Floating Manna-grass. Water or wet
places, E. K. ; occasional. July. (ASU)

426. Puccinellia distans Parlatore. Spreading Goose-grass. Salt mead-
ows, C. K. ; occasional. July.

427. Puccinellia airoides Wats. & Coult. Slender Goose-grass. Saline
soil, C. K. ; occasional. July. (S)

428. Festuca octoflora Walt. {F. tenella Pursh.) Slender Fescue-grass.
Dry sandy and sterile soil, western part of the state; frequent. June. (ASU)

429. Festuca ovina L. Sheep Fescue. Limy soils in fields and waste
places, E. K.; infrequent. June. (ASU)

430. Festuca duriuscula L. Hard Fescue. Waste places, E. K. ; rather
frequent. June. (ASU)

431. Festuca pratensis Hudson. Meadow Fescue; "Randall Grass."
Heavy clay and gumbo soils, E. K. ; raised as a crop. It is on record that
the territory from Johnson west to Butler and from Marshall south to Wil-
son county raises 75 per cent of all the fescue-grass seed and hay in the-
United States.

432. Festuca elatior L. Tall Fescue. Raised in the same territory and
is a more profitable crop always, as the grass is said to be rust-free.

433. Festuca shortii Kth. Woodland Fescue. Thickets, N. E. K. ; fre-
quent. July.

434. Festuca nutans Willd. Nodding Fescue. Rocky woods, N. E. K. ;
not common. June. (AS)

435. Bromus inermis Leyss. Smooth Brome-grass; Hungarian Brome,
Introduced first on government farm at Garden City and farms generally
over the state; does best in eastern part. Not yet a pest and may not be-
come so.

436. Bramus secalinus L. Chess. Escapes from wheat fields for a year
or so; neither common nor troublesome. June.

437. Bromus ciliatus L. Fringed Brome-grass; Wood Chess. Woods and
thickets, E. K. ; as far west as Great Bend and Smith Center. July. (ASU)

438. Bromus rubens L. Reddish Brome-grass. Introduced into America
from Mediterranean coast, and reported by Professor Beal as being found
in Kansas.

439. Bromus purgans L. Cathartic Chess. Thickets, E. K. ; frequent.
•July. (S)

440. Bromus incanus Hitchc. Hoary Chess. Wooded hills, E. K.; rare.

441. Bromus porteri Nash. Silky Chess. Norton county, north and
west; not common. July. (S)

442. Bromus hordeaceus L. Soft Chess. Waste places, E. K., not
often seen. July.

443. Bromus racemosus L. Upright Chess. Waste places, E. K. ; intro-
duced. June.

444. Bromus japonicua Thunberg. Japanese Chess. Introduced in
fescue-grass seed and has become established along hedge rows and in
fence corners, etc.

Biological Papers. 9S

Tribe A:. Hordeese. Rye-grass Tribe. Inflorescence in an equilateral ter-
minal spike; spikelets several-flowered, dorsally compressed, upper-
most imperfect, sessile and articulating alternately on opposite sides
of a flat articulated zigzag rachis.

445. Lolium perenne L. Smooth Darnel; Perennial Ray-grass. Street
parks in cities and other waste places; frequent. July.

446. Lolium temulentum L. Bearded Darnel; Poison Ray-grass. Waste
places in fields, E. K. ; reported from several places, though quite rare.

447. Agropyron repens Beauv. (Triticum L.) Creeping Wheat-grass;
Quack-grass. Waste places, E. K. ; occasional. July. Introduced from
Europe.

448. Agropyron pseudorepens Scribn. & Sm. Rough Wheat-grass;
Couch-grass. Waste places in dry fields, general, though commoner in
W. K. July. (ASU)

449. Agropyron occidentale Scribn. (A. glavcum occidentale Vas. &
Senbn.) Colorado Blue- joint; Western wheat-grass.' Broken ground on
prairies, hedgerows, and waste places in fields; generally over the state,
though more frequent westward; not common eastward. July. (ASU)

450. Agropyron tenerum Vasey. Slender Wheat-grass. Dry prairies,
W. K.; frequent. July. (ASU)

451. Agropyron caninum R. & S. (Triticum L.) Bearded Wheat-grass.
In waste lands, N. E. K. ; rare. July. (A)

452. Triticum sativum Lam. Wheat, including many subspecies, races
and varieties, such as T. vulgare Vill., covering the Linnaean species T.
aestivum, Spring, and T. hybernum, Winter Wheat, both smooth and
bearded; T. compactum, "Dwarf" and "Hedgehog" Wheat; T. turgidum
L , Soft English Wheat; and T. durum Desf. , Flint Wheat. Along rail-
roads, old wheat fields, etc. ; seldom self-sows a second time from scattered
grain.

453. Triticum dicoccum Schrank. Emmer; Rice-spelt. Numerous va-
rieties, always awned. Sparingly grown as a crop at several points in C.
and W. K.

454. Triticum spelta L. Spelt. Varieties, both awned and awnless,
raised to some extent as a crop in Kansas.

455. Secale cereale L. Rye. Frequently self-sows a second time; yet
does not become naturalized.

456. Hordeum nodosum L. Meadow Barley. Meadows and waste
places, general. Quite common. June. (ASU)

457. Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Little Barley. Dry soil, general; com-
mon. June. (ASU)

458. Hordeum jubatum L. Squirreltail-grass. Dry soil, general; com-
mon in well-drained spots. July. (ASU)

459. Hordeum sativum Jessen. Barley, in several subspecies and va-
rieties. Escapes from cultivation very rarely.

460. Elymus striatus Willd. Slender Wild-rye. Woods and banks,
quite general; frequent in E. K. ; occasional in W. K. June. (ASU)

461. Elymus virginicus L. Wild-rye. Moist soil along streams, gen-
eral; common. July. (ASU)

462. Elymus submuticus (Hook.) Beardless Wild-rye. Shades, near
water, E. and N. K. ; frequent. July. (S)

100 Kansas Academy of Science.

463. Elymus canadensis L. Nodding Wild-rye; Canada Lyme-grass.
Sandy soil, low ground, general; very common, July. (ASU)

464. Elymus brachystachys Scribn. & Ball. Short-spike Wild-rye. Moist
open or shaded ground, N. and N, W. K. ; frequent. Aug. (S)

465. Elymus robustus Scribn. & Sm. Stout Wild-rye. Low grounds,
E. K. ; frequent. Aug.

466. Elymus glaucus Buckl. Smooth Wild-rye. Moist soil, S. and S.
W. Kansas ; occasional. July. (S)

467. Elymus condensatus Presl. Rough Lyme-grass. Saline soils, C.
and S. K. ; frequent. July.

468. Sitanion elymoides Raf . Wild-rye Bristle-grass. Dry soil, W. K. ;
common. July. (ASU)

469. Sitanion longifolium J. G. Sm. Long-leaf Bristle-grass. Dry soils,
C. to N. W. Kansas ; occasional. July. (S)

470. Hystrix patula Moench. Bottle-brush-grass ; Hedgehog-grass.
Dry rocky woods, E. K. ; frequent. June. (ASU)

Family 34. Bambusace^. Bamboo Family.
Tree-like perennial grasses with woody culms. Foliage leaves rather
broad, parallel-nerved, usually articulating with the sheath, with or without a
petiole, often deciduous. Inflorescence paniculate or racemose, terminal or
axillary, usually arranged in tufts or partial whorls at the nodes of the
branches of the panicle. Spikelets three- to ten-flowered, rarely fewer ;
empty scales of involucel two to several, unequal, shorter than the glumes ;
flowering glumes many-nerved, awnless; palese two- to many-nerved ; lodi-
cules 3, remarkably large ; stamens 3-6 ; styles 2-3, often grown together
at the base. Fruit a free caryopsis, a caryopsis with a delicate pericarp, a
nut with a thick free pericarp, or a berry.

471. Arundinaria tecta Muhl. Small Cane. Some small attempts are
being made to introduce it into the swamps of southeastern Kansas, even
near Topeka.

472. Bambusa arundinacea Retz. Cane Bamboo. Occasional in parks,
etc.

Order XVIL CYPERALES. The Sedges.

Inflorescence clustered at the summit, in umbelloid, corymbose, cymose,
or spicate panicles. Involucre of one to several large leaf-hke bracts; in-
volucels none, or of one to several minute scales. Flowers in two-edged,
glumaceous, one- to many-flowered spikelets, one flower, rarely two, in the
axil of each scale. Perianth hypogynous, of one to twelve or more,
usually six, chaffy segments or bristles, or none. Androecium of one to
three stamens, usually three, with anthers bisporangiate. Gynoecium of a
single carpel; style one- two- or three-cleft, rarely two-toothed or entire.
Ovulary unilocular, sessile or stipitate. Ovule one, erect, anatropous; fruit
an achene, lenticular or plano-convex, trigonous when style is three-cleft;
embryo minute; albumen floury.

Grass-like or rush-like annuals or perennial herbs, usually growing in or
near water. Stems (culms) jointless, slender, solid, rarely hollow, normally
triangular or even triquetrous, sometimes quadrangular, flattened, or terete.

Biological Papers. 101

Laminodia three-ranked; blades narrow, strongly carinate, and folded over
an angle of the stem; sheath at base closed, edges united, enfolding the
stem.

Family 35. Cyperace^e. Sedge Family.
Flowers all perfect; rarely with stamens or pistil undeveloped; spikelets
few- to many-flowered; involucel scales one or more. Perianth consists of
one to six hypogynous scales or bristles or hairs, or is entirely wanting.

473. Cyperus flavescens L. Yellow Sedge. Low ground, N. E. K. ; 1-3
dm. high; not common. August. (A)

474. Cyperus diandrus Torr. Low Sedge. Marshy places, general; 1-3
dm. high; common. August. (AS)

475. Cyperus inflexus Muhl. Elm-odored Sedge. Sandy alkaline prai-
ries, general; about 1dm. high; frequent to common in spots. June. (ASU)

476. Cyperus pseudovegetus Steudel. Marsh Sedge. Marshes, S. E. K. ;
3-12 dm. high; not common. July. (AS)

477. Cyperus acuminatus Torrey & Hooker. Pointed Cyperus. Moist
soil, general; 1-4 dm. high; common. July. (ASU)

478. Cyperus rotundus L. Nut-grass; Nut-sedge. Sandy fields, E. K. ;
2-6 dm. high; not common. July. (ASU)

479. Cyperus hallii Britton. Big-top Nut-sedge. Fields, S. K. ; 5-9 dm. ;
frequent. July. (AS)

480. Cyperus esculentus L. Yellow Nut-sedge; Chufa. Sandy prairies
and fields, general; 3-8 dm. tall; common. Aug. (ASU)

481. Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhlenberg. Red-root Umbrella-sedge. Wet
soil, E. K.; 2-6 dm. high; frequent. Aug. (ASU)

482. Cyperus speciosus Vahl. Showy Umbrella-sedge. Marshes, tufted,
1-4 dm. tall; common. July. (ASU)

483. Cyperus ferruginescens Boeckeler. Rusty Umbrella-sedge. Marshes,
S. E. K.; frequent. Aug. (S)

484. Cyperus ferax Richard. Coarse Umbrella-sedge. Wet soil, E. to
C. K.; 3-8 dm. high; common. July. (ASU)

485. Cyperus strigosus L. Straw-colored Umbrella-grass. Moist mead-
ows, general; 3 -8 dm.; occasional. July. (ASU)

486. Cyperus ovularis Torr. Pompon Umbrella-grass. Dry hills, N. E.
K. ; 2-4 dm. ; common. July. (AS)

487. Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. Slender Umbrella-grass. Dry hills and
fields, general; 5-12 dm. ; common. June. (AS)

488. Cyperus houghtoni Torr. Pale-brown Umbrella-grass. Dry sandy
soil, C. K. ; 3-6 dm.; common. July. (AS)

489. Cyperus echinatus Wood. Hedgehog Umbrella-grass. Rich sandy
soil, E. K.; 2-5 dm. ; common. July. (ASU)

490. Kyllinga pumila Mx. Low Bur-sedge. Moist soil, E. K.; 1-3 dm.;
rare. Aug. (ASU)

491 Dulichium arundinaceum Britt. (D. spathaceum Pers.) Reed-
sedge. Wet places, E. K. ; 3-10 dm. ; occasional. August. (AS)

492. Eleocharis quadrangulata Roemer & Schultes. Square Spike-
rush. Shallow water, Cherokee county, 6-12 dm. tall; not common. July.
(ASU)

493. Eleocharis atropurpurea Kunth. Little Purple Wire-sedge. Wet
sands, C. and S. K. ; less than 1 dm. high; frequent in certain spots. Au-
gust. (S)

102 Kansas Academy of Science.

494. Eleocharis capitata R. Br. Capitate Wire-sedge. Moist sandy
soil, S. and E K.; 1-2 dm. high; not common. July. (S)

495. Eleocharis obtusa Schultes. Ovoid Wire-sedge. Wet soil, E. K. ;
1-5 dm. ; common. July. (S)

496. Eleocharis engelmannii Steudel. Conical Wire-sedge. Wet soil,
S. E. K. ; 1-5 dm. high; common. August. (S)

497. Eleocharis palustris R. & S. Pipe-organ Spike-rush. Marshes and
wet soils, general; 4-12 dm. high; common. August. (S)

498. Eleocharis acicularis R. and S. Needle Wire-grass. Wet soil,
E. K.; J-2dm.; common. May. (S)

499. Eleocharis tenuis Schult. Slender Wire-grass. Wet soil, E. K.;
2-4 dm. high; frequent. May. (S)

500. Eleocharis acuminata Nees. {E. compressa Sullivant.) Flattish
Wire-grass. Wet soil, N. K.; 2-5 dm. high; frequent. June. (S)

501. Eleocharis intermedia Schult. Matted Wire-grass. Marshes, E.
to C. K. ; 1-4 dm. long; common. July. (S)

502. Eleocharis rostellata Torr. Beaked Spike-rush. Marshes and
alkaline meadows, E. to C. K. ; 4-12 dm.; common. August. (S)

503. Fimbristylis capillaris Gray. Hair-like Fringe-rush. Dry or moist
soil, E. to C. K. ; 1-3 dm. tall; common. July. (S)

504. Fimbristylis spadicea Vahl. Fringe-rush, Marshes and brackish
shores, general; 3-7 dm. high; frequent. Aug. (S)

505. Fimbristylis castanea Vahl. Marsh Fringe-rush. Salt marshes
and wet sands, general; 2-5 dm.; common. July. (S)

506. Fimbristylis vahlii Link, Bird-nest Fringe-rush. Moist sands, S.
E. K.; less than 1 dm. high; not common Aug.

507. Scirpus nanus Sprengel. Dwarf Club-rush. Near salt springs and
muddy spots in edge of salt marshes, C. K., N. to S. ; J dm. or less; fre-
quent. July. (S)

508. Scirpus hallii Gray, Black-seed Club-rush. Wet soil, Norton
county; 1-3 dm. high; not common. . July. (S)

509. Scirpus americanus Persoon. (S. pungens Vahl.) Chair-maker
Club-rush Fresh or brackish waters, general; 4-12 dm. high; common.
June. (A S)

510. Scirpus olneyi Gray. Sharp-angle Bulrush. Salt marshes, C. K.
and westward; 6-18 dm. high; not common. June. (S)

511. Scirpus validus Vahl. Great Bulrush. Water, up to two feet deep,
general throughout the state; 8-24 dm. high; common. June. (ASU)

512. Scirpus interior Britt. Prairie "Bulrush. Wet prairies, general;
3-5 dm. high; not common. June. (AS)

513. Scirpus robustus Pursh. Salt-marsh Bulrush. Salt marshes,
C. K.; 6-13 dm. high; common. July. (ASU)

514. Scirpus fluviatilis Gray. River Bulrush. Shallow water along
streams, pretty general over the state; 7-16 dm. high; common. June.
(ASU) Prof. D. E. Lantz says the tubers of this plant constitute the
principal winter food of the muskrat in many localities.

515. Scirpus pallidus Fernald. Pale-green Bulrush. Water, N. and E.
K.; 6-12 dm ; common. June. (ASU)

516. Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl. Leafy Bulrush. Swamps, wet woods,
and borders of still waters, E. K.; 4-11 dm. high; common. July. (ASU)

1

Biological Papers. 103

517. Eriophorum lineatus Bentham & Hooker. Reddish Wool-rush.
Swamps and wet meadows, E. K.; 3-10 dm.; common. June. (AS)

518. Eriophorum cyperinus L. Wool-rush. Swamps and wet meadows,
E. K. ; 6-18 dm. high; not common. Aug.

519. Eriophorum virginicum L. Virginia Wool-rush; "Cotton-grass."
Bogs, Finney county; 5-dm. ; abundant. June. (S)

520. Fuirena simplex Vahl. Western Bog-sedge. Moist soil, C. K. ; 1-4
dm. high; common. June. (S)

521. Hemicarpha micrantha Pax. (H. subsquarrosa Nees.) Single-
chaff Bog-sedge. Moist sandy soil, N. E. K.; 1 dm. or less; rare. July. (S)

522. Hemicarpha aristulata (Gov.) Beardy Bog-sedge. Moist soil, E.
K.; about 1 dm. or less; frequent. July. (S)

523. Hemicarpha drummondi Nees. Compact Bog-sedge. Damp sand,
S. E. K. ; 0.5 to 1.3 dm. high; not common. July. (A)

524. Rynchospora corniculata Gray. Horned Beak-rush; Beak-sedge.
Swampy spots along rivers, general; 10-20 dm. tall; common. July. (ASU)

525. Rynchospora macrostachya Torr. Great Beak-rush. Swampy
spots along Kansas and Arkansas rivers to southern Kansas; 10-25 dm. high;
not so common. July. (ASU)

526. Rynchospora alba Vahl. White Beak-rush. Permanently wet
grounds, E. K.; 2-4 dm. high; not common. July. (ASU)

527. Rynchospora glomerata Vahl. Clustered Beak-rush. Moist soils,
E. K.; 3-10 dm. high; frequent. July. (ASU)

528. Rynchospora cymosa Elliott. Grass-like Beak-rush. Moist soils,
E. K. ; 3-5 dm. high; not common. June.

529. Cladium mariscoides Torr. Twig-rush. Marshes, fresh or brack-
ish, E. K. ; 4-10 dm. ; common. July. (ASU)

Family 36. Caricace^. Carex Family.
Flowers unisexual, monoecious or dioecious. Perianth of staminate
flowers none; stamens three, guarded by a small dorsal bract in lieu of a
perianth; filaments slender; anthers bisporangiate. Perianth of carpellate
flowers of two glumaceous bracts almost ventrally placed, closely united to
their summits, ventrally and remotely united to their summits dorsally,
thus forming a trigonous utricle called a ■perigynium, within which the
seed is perfected; dorsal bract missing. Inner whorl of perianth consists
merely of a few bristles or hairs, or is entirely wanting.

530. Scleria triglomerata Michaux. Tall Nut-rush. Sandy meadows
and thickets, S. E. K. ; 4-9 dm. ; frequent. June. (AS)

531. Scleria pauciflora Muhl. Papillose Nut-rush. Dry sandy soils, S.
E. K.; 2-5 dm.; frequent. June. (AS)

532. Scleria kansana Fernald. Kansas Nut-rush. Sandy soil, Cherokee
county; achenes tuberculated. (A)

535. Carex lupulina Muhl. Hop-sedge. Ditches, Wyandotte and La-
bette counties; 4-9 dm.; occasional. June. (A)

534. Carex gigantea Rudge. Great Hop-sedge. Wet meadows, E. K.,
local; 5-12 dm. July.

535. Carex utriculata Boott. Bottle-sedge. Marshes, E. K. ; 6-10 dm.
June. (S)

536. Carex monile Tuckerman. Necklace Carex. Wet meadows, E. K. .*
5-10 dm. June. (S)

104 Kansas Academy of Science.

537. Carex lurida Wahlenberg. Dirty-brown Carex. Wet meadows,
general; 5-!0 dm. June. (S)

538. Carex hystricina Muhl. Porcupine Carex. Low meadows and
swales, N. and N. E. K.; 3-7 dm. June. (AS)

539. Carex squarrosa L. Squarrose Carex. Swamps, E. K. ; 6-9 dm.
June. (AS)

540. Carex frankii Kunth. (C stenolepis Torr.) Narrow-scale Carex.
Wet meadows, E. K. ; 3-8 dm. June. (AS)

541. Carex trichocarpa Muhl. Hairy-fruit Carex. Wet meadows, N. E.
K. ; 9-12 dm. June. (AS) Includes var. Deweyi.

542. Carex aristata R. Br. Awned Carex. Marshes, E. K. ; 6-12 dm.
June. (S)

543. Carex riparia Curtis. River-bank Carex. Wet shores, E. K.;
6-11 dm. May. (AS)

544. Carex shortiana Dewey. Turk-fez Carex. Wet meadows, E. K.;
4-9 dm. May. (AS)

545. Carex lanuginosa Mx. Wooly Carex. Wet meadows, general; 6-10
dm. June. (A)

546. Carex kansana (Britt.) Kansas Wooly Carex. Similar, but leaves
very narrow and rough. Reported from Kansas by Doctor Britton.

547. Carex stricta Lamarck. Tussock Carex. Swamps, general; 5-12
dm. July. (AS)

548. Carex nebraskensis Dewey. Nebraska Carex. Sandy soil, N. W.
K.; 4-8 dm. May. (S)

549. Carex davisii Schweinitz & Torrey. Long-awned Carex. Moist
thickets, lower Kaw valley; 5-12 dm. May. (A)

550. Carex castanea Wahl. Chestnut Carex. Thickets, E. K. ; 4-9 dm. ;
occasional. June. (S)

551. Carex globosa (Bailey) . Globose Carex. Low woods and meadows,
S. E. and S. K. ; occasional. May. (S)

352. Carex grisea Wahl. Gray Carex. Woods and thickets, E. K.;
3-8 dm. May. (AS)

553. Carex granularis Muhl. Meadow Carex. Moist meadows, E. K. ;
2-8dm.; occasional. May. (AS)

554. Carex oligocarpa Schkuhr. Small-top Carex. Dry woods, E. K. ;
2-6 dm. May. (AS)

555. Carex tetanica Schk. Lock-jaw Carex. Wet meadows and woods,
S. E. K.; 3-5 dm. May. (AS)

556. Carex meadii Dewey. Big Lock-jaw Carex. Swamps and wet
meadows, E. K.; 3-7 dm. May. (AS)

557. Carex laxiflora Lam. Loose-flowered Carex. Meadows and thick-
ets, E. K., or generally over the state; 2-6 dm. May. (AS)

558. Carex platyphylla Carey. Broad-leaf Carex. Rich woods, E. K. ;
2-4 dm. May. (A)

559. Carex setifolia Britt. Bristly-leaf Carex. Dry sandy soil, on
limestone rocks, W. K. ; 1-4 dm. May. (AS)

560. Carex pennsylvanica Lam. Pennsylvania Carex. Dry soil, N. and
W. K.; 2-4 dm. May. (AS)

561. Carex varia Muhl. Tufted Carex. Dry soil, W. K. ; 2-6 dm.
April. (A)

Biological Papers. 105

562. Carex umbellata Schk. Umbeled Carex. Dry soil, S. E. and S.
K.; 1-3 dm. April. (S)

563. Carex filifolia Nult. Thread-leaf Carex. Dry soil, W. K.; 1-3
dm. May. (S)

5fi4. Carex stenophylla Wahl. Rolled-leaf Carex. Dry soil, N. W. K.;
1-2 dm. June. (AS)

565. Carex douglasii Boott. Light-green Carex. Dry soil, N. W. K.;
1-3 dm. June. (S)

566. Carex conjuncta Boott. Soft Fox-sedge. Moist meadows, E. K.;
3-10 dm. (A)

567. Carex stipata Muhl. Awl-fruit Fox-sedge. Wet meadows, E. K. ;
3-10 dm. May. (A)

568. Carex crus-corvi Shuttleworth. Ravenfoot Fox-sedge. Swamps,
E. K.; 6-12 dm. May. (AS)

569. Carex marcida Boott. Clustered Fox-sedge. Dry, chalky soil,
N. W. K.-; 3-6 dm. June. (S)

570. Carex diandra Schrank. Small-top Fox-sedge. Wet meadows,
N. K. ; 4-7 dm. ; rare, apparently. May. (S)

571. Carex gravida Bailey. Heavy-top Fox-sedge. Thickets, E. K. ;
5-10 dm.; occasional. May. (S)

572. Carex vulpinoidea Mx. Fox-sedge Carex. Wet meadows, gen-
eral; 3-6 dm. June. (AS)

573. Carex cephalophora Muhl. Oval-head Carex. Dry fields and hills,
S. E. K.; 3-6 dm. May. (A)

574. Carex leavenworthii Dewey. Orbicular Carex. Meadows, S. E.
K., north and west to Topeka ; 2-5 dm.; frequent. May. (S)

575. Carex muhlenbergii Schk. Ovoid Carex. Dry fields and sterile
hills, general; 3-7 dm. May. (AS)

576. Carex interior Bailey. Inland Carex. Damp or wet soils, E. K. ;
2-5 dm. ; not common. June. (AS)

577. Carex xerantica Bailey. Silver-scale Carex. Open prairies, N.
K. ; 3-6 dm. ; not common. July. (A)

578. Carex tribuloides Wahl. Blunt Broom-sedge. Meadows, E. K.,
west to Great Bend ; 3-10 dm. July. (S)

579. Carex scoparia Schk. Pointed Broom-sedge. Moist soil, E. K.,
west to Council Grove ; 2-6 dm. ; not common. July. (S)

580. Carex straminea Willd. Straw-sedge. Dry fields, E. K. ; 3-7
dm.; not common. June. (AS)

581. Carex mirabilis Dewey. Great Straw-sedge. Dry banks and rich
copses, E. K. ; 6-15 dm.; frequent in spots. (S)

582. Carex festucacea Willd. Broad-wing Straw-sedge. Dry or moist
soil, 4-12 dm.; general; common. May. (AS)

583. Carex bicknellii Britt. Smooth-wing Straw-sedge. Dry soil, E.
K.; 6-10 dm.; rather common. June. (AS)

Order XVIII. JUNCALES. The Rushes.
Inflorescence compound or decompound, in umbelloid or corymbose, often
one-sided, panicles, in the axil of a leafy bract. Perianth hexaphyllous,
segments small, chaffy, or partly foliaceous; flowers are liliaceous in
structure, glumaceous in aspect and texture.

106 Kayisas Academy of Science.

Family 37. Juncace^e. Rush Family.
Erect perennial, rarely annual, tufted, grass-like herbs, growing in
water or wet places. Roots fibrous; stems jointless, terete, often hollow;
though normally filled with spongy tissue, the large hollow places filled
with septa and carrying much air. Leaves invariably without laminae,
transformed into laminodia typically terete and cellular, occasionally
merely channeled on the upper surface, often dorsally compressed, without
caringe; sheaths with edges free and lapping; ligule none; leaves rarely re-
duced to phyllodia. Flowers small, actinomorphous, hypogynous, persistent,
with or without prophylla (bractlets). Stamens three or six, in one or two
whorls; anthers bisporangiate, adnate, introrse, dehiscing by a slit. Style
single, short; stigmas three, filiform. Pistil superior, tricarpous; ovulary
trilocular, or unilocular by the placenta?, which are parietal, not reaching
the axis. Ovules three to many, ascending, anatropous. Fruit a three-
valved, loculicidal capsule. Seeds three to many, small, cylindrical, with
caruncular appendages. Embryo minute at base of fleshy albumen.

584. Juncus effusus L. Rush. ' Swales along the Arkansas river, Barton
to Sedgwick county, and elsewhere; 2-13 dm. high; common. May. (S).

585. Juncus bufonius L. Toad Rush. Damp open ground, E. K. ; 2 dm.
high, branching low; common. June. (S)

586. Juncus tenuis Willdenow. Door-yard Rush. Tufted, 2-6 dm. high;
very common in most places where somewhat tramped by people. June. (S)

587. Juncus interior Wiegand. Prairie Rush. Prairies, general; 4-9
dm.; not common. June. (S)

583. Juncus dudleyi Wieg. Auricled Rush. Damp calcareous soil, N.
E. K. ; 3-10 dm.; not common. June.

589. Juncus littoralis (Engelm.) Salt-marsh Rush. Saline marshy
shores, Washington county to Stafford, and southwest; 3-12 dm.; frequent.
June. (S)

590. Juncus marginatus Rostkova. Grass-rush. Moist sandy grassy
places, E. K. ; 2-7 dm. high from branching rootstocks; common. July. (S)

591. Juncus aristulatus Michaux. Beardy Grass-rush. Wet sandy soil,
S. E. K. ; 4-10 dm.; occasional. July. (S)

592. Juncus setosus (Coville.) Bristly Grass-rush. Similar situations,
S. E. K. ; with bristly-tipped acuminate perianth-segments and smaller
seeds. Not common. July.

593. Juncus torreyi Gov. Pompon Rush. Damp sandy soil, C. and S. K. ;
4-10 dm. ; frequent. July. (S)

594. Juncus brachycarpus Eng. Short-fruit rush. Damp soil, S. E. K. ;
occasional.

595. Juncus scirpoides Lamarck. Bulrush-like Rush. Wet sandy soil,
S. E. K.; 4-9 dm. ; common. July. (AS)

596. Juncud acuminatus Mx. Sharp-seed Rush. Water, S. E. K.;3-7
dm.; heads numerous; not common. May.

597. Juncus robustus Gov. Stout Rush. Water, S. E. K. ; 5-11 dm.;
heads very numerous and small. Not common. June. (A)

598. Juncus diffusissimus Buckley. Diffuse Rush. Wet grounds, S. E.
K.; 2-6 dm ; heads numerous and small; frequent. June. (S)

Biological Papers. 107

599. Luzula campestris DeCandolle. Wood-rush. Woodlands, S. E K. ;
1 -4 dm ; common. April. (S)

600. Luzula bulbosa (Wood). Bulbous Wood-rush. Woods, near streams,
S. E. K.; 2-5 dm. ; occasional. April. (S)

Subclass B. SPADICIFLOR^. Jacks-in-Pulpit,
Spadix-flowered Monocotyi.s.

Flowers crowded upon a fleshy spadix, or in a dense continuous or inter-
rupted spike, or in an ovoid or globose head, often subtended by a foliaceous
spathe, sometimes colored white or other than green. Perianth none, ( r
what little there may be consisting of a few hairs or hyaline or chaffy scales
free from the ovulary. Andrcecium normally of two to twelve stamens, in
one or more whorls, three or fewer in each whorl, usually with very short
filaments or none at all, and with bisporangiate anthers opening by pores
or slits. Pollination anemophilous and hydrophilous. Gynoecium of numer-
ous stipitate or sessile unilocular carpels, each ovulary with a single anat-
ropous ovule.

Order XIX. ARALES. The Arads.

Inflorescence normally spadiceous and spathaceous. Flowers without a
perianth, or perianth reduced to mere chaffy scales, but with the entire
spadix protected by a spathe. Stamens two to ten, filaments short. Pistil
tricarpellary, the ovulary in each carpel with two or more ovules.

Family 38. Lemnace-e. Duckweed Family.
Minute stemless and leafless floating herbs, reduced to mere thallus-like
fronds, which multiply all summer by proliferous offsets from the edge or
upper surface of the fronds. On approach of winter blossoming takes
place, and hypnospermous seeds are formed, which sink to the bottom till
warm weather next year; then they come to the surface, and multiply as
before. Inflorescence reduced to three flowers, two of a single minute
stamen having an anther with two to four sporanges each, the third an ex-
ceedingly simple carpel, the whole subtended by a minute scale-like spathe
in a pit. Ovules two to several. Fruit a utricle containing a single seed
with comparatively large endosperm. The smallest and simplest of flower-
ing plants.

601. Wolflfia Columbiana Karsten. Columbian Frog-spit. Stagnant
pools and shallow, permanent waters, E. K. ; not common. Sept. Under
the surface.

602. Wolffia punctata Grisebach. Dotted Frog-spit. Stagnant waters,
E. K ; not common. Sept. (S) Floating on the surface.

603. Wolflfia papulifera Thompson. Pimply Frog-spit. Still waters,
Miami county (Mackenzie & Bush).

604. Lemna gibba L. Gibbous Duckweed. Ponds and slow streams,
E K,; frequent. Aug. (S)

60.5. Lemna minor L. Little Duckweed. Ponds and still waters, E. K. ;
occasional. Oct.

606. Lemna perpusilla Torr. Ovoid Duckweed. Ponds and lakes, E.
and S. K. ; common. Three-nerved. Sept. (S)

607. Lemna minima Philippi. Least Duckweed. Ponds, E. K.; not
often seen, but sometimes in great abundance. Oct. (S)

108 Kansas Academy of Science.

608. Spirodela polyrrhiza Schleiden. Great Duckweed. Still waters,
general; common, and at times very abundant. Oct. (ASU)

Family 39. Arace^. Arum Family.
Plants arising from a large perennial corm, with very acrid sap caused
by minute acicular crystals of calcium oxalate. Leaves with erect later-
ally compressed two-ranked laminodia with very deep carinse and closely
folded narrow wings, in Acorus; otherwise with petioles and broad laminae
of various forms, as ovate, simple or compound, peltate, cordate, auricu-
late, or hastate, all with netted venation and sheaths below the petioles,
sometimes very short. Inflorescence of many minute naked six-parted or
four-parted florets, closely crowded on a cylindrical spadix subtended by a
conspicuous often highly colored spathe. Florets apparently perfect, in
practice dioecious, as the stamens on one plant are suppressed, and on an-
other the pistils, making the one practically carpellate arid the other stami-
nate. Fruit a berry. Seeds hypnospermous, with copious albumen and an
axial embryo.

609. Acorus calamus L. Sweet-flag. Calamus. At a few places in
eastern Kansas; but very little beyond where introduced. May. (ASU)

610. Arisasma triphyllum Torr. Jack-in-the-Pulpit. Indian Turnip,
Rich soil in moist woods and thickets, E. K. ; frequent. June. (ASU)

611. Arissema dracontium Schott. Green-dragon, Dragon-root; Indian
Turnip. Rich alluvial soils in woods and thickets, E. K. ; common. May.
(ASU)

612. Amorphophallus giganteus Blume. Giant Arum. From South
Africa; occasional in gardens for the wonder of the plant.

613. Caladium esculentum L. {Colocasia Morandi). Caladium; Ele-
phant-ear; frequent in gardens.

614. Calla sethiopica L. (type species, 1753). Calla. From Cape of
Good Hope; frequent in house and garden culture. Later (1815) named
Richardia africana by Kunth.

Order XX. PANDANALES. The Cattail Reeds.
Inflorescence in a compact spadix, or more or less interrupted spike,
subtended by a fugacious bract, at the summit of a naked or leafy stem,
the staminate flowers above the carpellate. Androecium of two to six
stamens, surrounded by numerous bristles or scales. Gynoecium of a single
carpel or of two united carpels; ovulary unilocular, one-ovuled, one-seeded.

Family 40. Typhace^e. Reed-mace or Cattail Family.
Aquatic perennial herbs, from perennial horizontal rootstocks, and with
tall appressed dorso-ventrally compressed laminodia, in two ranks, alternat-
ing, with faces toward the central stem and without a keel. Carpellate
flowers very numerous, minute, closely crowded into a compact cylindrical
spike at the summit of a naked, wand-like, solid stem, standing high out of
water. Staminate flowers in a smaller spike above the carpellate (on the
same stem) and early deciduous. Perianth of several delicate silky clavate
hairs. Fruit nutlike, minute, ellipsoid or clavate, stipitate. Embryo
cylindric, straight, in abundant farinaceous endosperm.

615. Typha latifoHa L. Cattail (flag). General throughout the state;
frequent in watery places. June. (ASU)

Biological Papers. 109

616. Typha angustifolia L. Narrow-leaf Cattail. Reno county, along
the Ninnescah, and elsewhere in southern Kansas; rare. June. (ASU)

Family 41. Sparganiace.^. Bur-reed Family.
Aquatic herbs, with linear, two-ranked laminodia, and with monoecious
flowers in dense serial globose clusters (interrupted spadices), axillary to
leaf-like spathes. Several upper heads staminate; lower ones carpellate.
Ovulary unilocular or bilocular; ovule one. Fruit nutlike, ovoid, or spindle-
shaped.

617. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Broad- fruit Bur-reed. Scat-
tered, in wet places, throughout the state. May. (ASU)

618. Sparganium androcladum Morong. Branching Bur-reed. Scat-
tered, in wet places. June. (ASU)

Family 42. Pandanace^. Screw-pine Family.
Greenhouse plants of foreign origin. Several species are raised; only
the commonest one is here listed.

620. Pandanus elegans Du Petit Thouars. Elegant Pandanus; Screw-
pine. Frequent in house culture.

Order XX6. PALMALES.
A very extensive order of ligneous arborescent monocotyls, comprising
many species, genera, and even families of tropical trees and shrubs of
widely different characteristics, some of them of comparatively easy green-
house culture, such as (621) Phcenix dactylifera L., the date-palm, of the
family (426) Phoenicacese; (622) Cocos weddelliana H. Wendland, a cocoa-
palm, and (623) Areca lutescens Bory, a betelnut-palm, and (624) Kentia
forsteriana Muell., a feather-palm, all three of the family (42c) Cocacne;
and (625) Livistona humilis R. Brown {Latania horbonica Hort.), Bourbon
fan-palm, of the family {42d) Sahalacese, belong here. These are the best
known; and some of them are often seen outside of conservatories.

Order XXI. NAIADALES. The Pondweeds.
Inflorescence solitary or clustered in the leaf-axils, otherwise spirally
arranged in a spike, or borne on a one-sided spadix, the spathe fugacious
or disappearing early. Flowers perfect or unisexual, usually monoecious,
the carpellate flowers often dimorphous. Perianth single, double, or none,
glumaceous or hyaline, often imperfect. Androecium of one to four stamens,
with very short filaments or none; anthers with one. two or four sporange.«,
and large strap-like or petaloid connectives. Gynoecium of one to several
carpels, distinct or united; ovulary superior. Fruit nut-like or utricular.

Family 43. ZANNlCHELLlACEiE. Pondweed Family.
Perennial water-plants, with alternate or opposite leaves floating and
submersed, and submerged laminodia, phyllodia, and stipules. Prolamine
(blades) of floating leaves entire, of submersed leaves capillarily divided,
both on the same plant or otherwise. Flowers in sessile or peduncled spikes
(spadices), or in axillary clusters. Perianth very little; sometimes sepals
four; but flowers usually enclosed in a fugacious hyaline spathe. Stamens
one to four, filaments short; anthers extrorse, two to four sporangiate, the

110 Kansas Academy of Science.

cunnectives broad, petal-like. Carpels two to ten, usually four, distinct,,
one-seeded. Fruits drupe-like, seed nut-like; embryo coiled; endosperm
none, or very little.

626. Potamogeton natans L. Floating Pondweed. Ponds, E. K. and
elsewhere; frequent. July. (ASU)

627. Potamogeton diversifolius Rafinesque. (P. hybridusMx.) Bristly
Pundweed. Still waters. Cherokee and Wyandotte counties; rare. June.
(ASU)

628. Potamogeton spirillus Tuckerman. Spiral-seed Pondweed. Ponds
and ditches, Shawnee and Riley counties; frequent. June. (AS)

629. Potamogeton amplif olius Tuck. Large-leaf Pondweed. Lakes and
ponds, E. K. ; not common. July. (U).

630. Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreber. Variable Pondweed. Still
water, scattered; infrequent. July. (S)

63L Potamogeton lonchites Tuck. Long-leaf Pondweed. Slow streams,
W. K.. and some of the eastern counties; frequent. July. (ASU)

632. Potamogeton lucens L. Shining Pondweed. Comanche county
(Hitchcock). Sept. (A)

633. Potamogeton obtuaifolius Mertens & Koch. Blunt-leaf Pondweed.
Clay county (Hitchcock). July. (A)

634. Potamogeton pusillus L. Small Pondweed. Ponds and slow
streams, Ellis county, north and west ; frequent to common. July. (ASU)

635. Potamogeton foliosus Raf. Leafy Pondweed. Streams in C. K.,
from Phillips and Jewell counties south to Pratt ; frequent. Sept. (AS)

636. Potamogeton filiformis Pers. Thread-leaf Pondweed. Water in
calcareous regions, Mitchell county, south and west. Aug. (AU)

637. Potamogeton pectinatus L. Fennel- leaf Pondweed. Brackish
waters, northern and central Kansas; occasional. July. (AS)

638. Ruppia maritima L. Ditch-grass. Saline waters, Stafford, Rice,
Barton, Saline, and other counties of C. K. ; frequent. July. (S)

639. Ruppia occidentalis Wats. Western Ditch-grass. To be found in
saline waters of N. W. K. July.

640. Zannichellia palustris L. Horned Pondweed. Permanent brackish
waters, C. K.; not common. July. (AS)

Family 44. Naiadace.e. Water-nymph Family.

Submerged herbs, with fibrous roots and slender branching knotty stems.
Leaves (laminodia) opposite or verticillate, minutely serrulate, or thread-
like, and with broad basal sheaths. Flowers unisexual, monoecious or
dioecious, solitary in the axils, sessile or short-pediceled. Staminate flow-
ers with a double perianth, the outer four-pointed, the inner hyaline ; sta-
men one, sessile; anther unisporangiate. Carpellate flowers with a single
one-ovuled ovulary ; style short; stigmas two or three, with subulate stig-
moid processes between. Fruit an ellipsoid drupelet with a crustaceous
straw-colored pericarp. Seed smooth or sculptured with many rows of
minute tetragonal to hexagonal areolations. Embryo straight; endosperm
none.

(■'41 Naias fiexilis Rostkof & Schmidt. Slender Water-nymph. Ponds
and still waters, C. and W. K. ; not common. June. (ASU)

642. Naias guadalupensis Morong. Guadalupe Water-nymph. Ponds and
deepwater-holes along the Prairie Dog and Republican rivers, N. W. K, (S)

Biological Papers. 111.

CLASS X.* PETALIFERJE. PETAL-BEARERS.

Monocotyls with Showy-colored Perianth.
Floral envelopes herbaceous, foliaceous, more or less colored, in two or
more whorls surrounding the carpel, deciduous or partly persistent. Pol-
lination principally entomophilous. Fruit mostly capsular; though it may
be nuciform, follicular, utricular, or even bacciform.

Subclass C. ALISMJEFLOR^. Water Plants.
Alisma-flowered Monocotyls.
Perianth, when present, usually in two whorls, actinomorphous, heter-
ochlamydeous, consisting of three persistent herbaceous green sepals and
three deciduous chromoplastic highly colored petals. Androecium normally
of six stamens, though they may be greater in number or fewer ; filaments
short ; anthers with inconspicuous connectives. Gynoecium of three to
many distinct carpels, sometimes coherent during anthesis; ovularies su-
perior. Aquatic or marsh-inhabiting herbs, with various leaves, eitherwith
long petioles and broad laminae or laminodia with their distal ends expanded
into blade-like prolaminse; often reduced to phyllodia.

Order XXII. HYDRALES The Waterworts.

Inflorescence spathaceous. Flowers arising from a spathe or involucre
of one to three bracts. Perianth regular, with three herbaceous or petaloid
sepals and three thin petals, or none. Stamens three, or a multiple of
three, in one or more whorls, with distinct or partially united filaments.
Pollination hydrophilous. Carpels 3 to 15, united, with as many parietal
placentae.

Family 45. Vallisneriace^e. Tape-grass Family.

Submerged or floating water plants with perennial stolons. Leaves
various, with linear grass-like submerged or floating laminodia and small
one-nerved pellucid opposite or verticillate and minutely denticulate cauline
leaves. Flowers monoecious, dioecious, and polygamous, rarely perfect,
arising from an ovoid, obovoid, or tubular twocleft spathe, with sepals
and petals three each. Staminate flowers solitary, in threes, or numerous
and crowded upon a sessile spadix, detaching at maturity and expanding on
the surface of the water, to allow the dry pollen to float away to the stig-
mas; stamens on short filaments, in whorls of three or fewer, united at base
into a column; anthers bisporangiate. Carpellate flowers solitary in the
axils, but with a calyx-tube or a coiled scape just long enough to allow the
flower to reach the surface and float on it for pollination; styles three to
nine, short; stigmas, three, entire or two-cleft. Perfect flowers like the
carpellate ones, but with three to nine stamens. Ovulary unilocular, with
three parietal placentae, or with loculi six to nine; ovules numerous, borne
all over the placental walls, anatropous or orthotropous. Fruit an inde-
hiscent utricle, ripening under water; seeds with straight embryo; without
endosperm.

643. Philotria canadensis Britton. {Elodea Mx ) Ditch-moss. Fresh-
water ponds and streams, Miami county. May. (U)

644. Philotria minor Small. Little Ditch-moss. Ponds and slow streams,
S. E. K. ; occasional. May. (AS)

645. Vallisneria spiralis L. Tape-grass. Quiet waters, Miami, McPher-
son. Rice, Reno and Pratt counties; not common. Aug. (ASU)

112 Kansas Academy of Science.

646. Limnobium spnngia Rich. Frogbit. Stagnant water, Johnson
county; rare, and only to be found in special years, when the weather is
favorable.

Order XXIII. ALISMALES. The Alismads.

Inflorescence in spikes, racemes, or panicles; flowers perfect or unisexual.
Perianth single or double; calyx of three persistent herbaceous sepals, and
corolla of three deciduous showy petals, or none. Stamens three, six or
more, sessile or with very short filaments; anthers with inconspicuous con-
nectives. Carpels three to many, distinct, though often coherent during
anthesis; ovulary superior; style short; stigma discoid; ovules solitary or
few. Fruit a head of achenes, or capsular. Hydrophytes, from rootstocks
usually tuber-bearing; caulescent or scapose. Leaves basal, alternate,
sheathing; forms various — laminar, laminodiar, phyllodiar, or bladeless,
sometimes juncoid, with spongy tissue; laminodia with their distal ends in
all degrees of expansion, from not at all or only slightly, as in Triglochin,
to a broad auriculate prolamina, closely simulating a true leaf blade, as in
Sagittaria; nervation prominent, parallel, radiating, campylodromous, or
convergent.

Family 46. Scheuchzeriace^. Arrow-grass Family.
Perennial marsh herbs, with semiterete rush-like or tapering bladeless
laminodia, with expanded open sheaths. Flowers perfect, in spikes or
racemes, without subtending bracts. Perianth in two series, the inner
(corolla) deciduous. Stamens six; anthers sessile, bisporangiate, extrorse.
Carpels three or six, unilocular, one- to two-ovuled, somewhat united till
maturity; stigmas sessile. Fruit follicular or capsular; seeds anatropous;
embryo straight; endosperm none.

647. Scheuchzeria palustris L. Arrow-grass. Reported from marshes
of central Kansas; possibly the same as the next.

648. Triglochin maritima L. Salt-marsh Arrow-grass. Salt marshes in
the sandy salt region of central Kansas; frequent. July. (AS)

Family 47. Alismace^. Arrow-head Family.
Annual or perennial scapose aquatic herbs, with roots fibrous or stolon-
iferous. Leaves various, basal, sheathing, ordinarily long-petioled, with
broadly expanded, auriculate-lobed, cordate, ovate, or lanceolate, or even
without expansion of the distal ends; sometimes reduced to stipular phyl-
lodia; no dividing line can be drawn between the extreme forms. Inflores-
cence often in verticils of three, subtended by bracts. Flowers
actinomorphic, pediceled; when monoecious the uppermost flowers are
staminate, the lower carpellate or perfect. Perianth of three persistent
green herbaceous sepals and three deciduous chromoplastic petals, imbri-
cate in prefloration. Stamens six or more, distinct, in two whorls; anthers
bisporangiate, extrorse, dehiscing by lateral vertical slits. Carpels nu-
merous; ovularies superior, distinct, unilocular; ovules erect, campylotro-
pous, solitary or several in each ovulary. Fruit a head of turgid achenes;
seeds uncinate-curved, ribbed; embryo horseshoe-shaped; endosperm none.

649. AHsma plantago L. Water-plantain; Alisma. Mud and shallow
water, in nearly every county; occasional. June. (ASU)

650. Helianthium tenellum Britt. ' (Alisma Martens.) Spear-head.
Mud* occasional; not often recognized. April. (AS)

Biological Papers. 113

651. Echinofioru.s cordifolius Grisebach. {Alisma L ) Upright Bur-
head. Waterholes and ditches, general; common. June. (ASU)

652. Echinodorus radicans Engelm. Creeping Bur-head. Cherokee to
Montgomery county; not common. June. (AS)

653. Lophotocarpus calycinus J. G. Smith. {Sagittaria Eng. ) Variable
Lance-head. Water, throughout the state; common.

654. Lophotocarpus depauperatus Sm. Elliptic Lance-head. Borders
of ponds, S. E. K. ; rare. July. (A)

655. Sagittaria platyphylla Sm. Ovate-leafed Arrow-head. Sloughs
and shallow water, S. E. K. ; frequent. July. (ASU)

656. Sagittaria graminea Mx. Grass-leafed Arrow-head. Mud or shal-
low water, S. E. K.; not common. July. (SU)

657. Sagittaria heterophylla Pursh. Variable Arrow-head. Muddy
places, S. E. K.; frequent. July. (ASU)

658. Sagittaria ambigua Sm. Kansas Arrow-head. Borders of ponds,
S. E. K., west to Meade county; frequent. July. (ASU)

659. Sagittaria longiloba Eng. Long-eared Arrow-head. Shallow
water, W. K. ; occasional. July. (AS)

660. Sagittaria brevirostra Mack. & B. Short-beaked Arrow-head.
Sloughs and wet bottoms, Johnson county (Mackenzie & Bush). July.

66L Sagittaria arifola Nutt. {S. cuneata Sheld.) Arum-leafed Ar-
row-head. Shallow water, or deeper, C. and W. K.; occasional. August.
(S) Developing laminodia or phyllodia, or both, according to circum-
stances.

662. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Broad-leafed Arrow-head. Shallow
spring water, throughout the state; common. July. (ASU)

Order XXIV. COMMELINALES. The Dayflowers.
Inflorescence in verticils, cymes, spikes, spadices, or solitary, subtended
by spathe-like or leaf-like bracts. Perianth of six divisions, heterochlamyd-
eous, zygomorphous, partially two-lipped, occasionally the lower lip con-
sisting of a single specialized petal. Androecium of stamens. Six partly
fertile and partly barren, or three, peculiarly arranged and partly unlike,
as though they were portions of two whorls with certain units entirely sui -
pressed, the whole in a tube separate from the gynoecium. Ovulary
superior; ovules anatropous; seeds one to many; embryo straight, cylindric,
central, enantiomorphous (opposite the hilum), in a copious farinaceous en-
dosperm. In this order there are many orchidifloral characteristics, though
not always clearly evident.

Family 48. Commelinace^. Spiderwort Family.
Jointed herbs from thickened, fibrous roots, with showy flowers in
umbel-like cymes subtended by one or more leaf-like or spathe-like bracts.
Calyx of three persistent herbaceous green sepals and corolla of three deli-
quescent chromocyanic membranous petals, the lower or dorsal one in
Commelina rudimentary. Anthesis periodical, morning opening only; flow-
ers close about midday. Stamens six, rarely fewer, hypogynous, in two
series, two or three fertile, three or four larger and sterile; fertile an-
thers bisporangiate, longitudinally dehiscent; sterile anthers larger and
-)-(- shaped. Ovulary sessile or nearly so, bilocular or trilocular; ovules

114 Kansas Academy of Science.

one to several in each loculus, anatropous, or nearly so; style simple; stigma
two- to three-lobed. Capsule two- to three- valved; seeds reticulated.

663. Tradescantis virginiana L. Spiderwort; "Spider Lily." Common
in rich, alluvial soil in valley lands; more frequent east than west; 4-8 dm.
Flowers deep blue, purple, lilac, violet, crimson, rose color, white; floral
parts often duplicated; even four sepals, four petals, eight stamens, and a
four-parted gynoecium is not unusual; capable of improvement by cultiva-
tion. May. (ASU)

664. Tradescantia occidentalis (Britt.) Western Spiderwort. Dry soils,
W. K. ; 1-4 dm. ; frequent in the damper soils of the semiarid region.
Flowers violet, lilac, rose, or white, much the same as T. virginiana re-
duced. Leaves narrow, hairy; bracts narrow. Occasionally found growing
side by side with T. virginiana, which it most resembles. May. (AS)

665. Tradescantia bracteata Small. Large-bracted Spiderwort. Sandy
soil, on low prairies, E. K.; occasional. May. (ASU)

666. Tradescantia reflexa Raf. Reflexed Spiderwort. Drift hills and
well-drained drift soil, N. E. K. ; frequent. June. (ASU)

667. Tradescantia brevicaulis Raf. Low Spiderwort. Moist sandy soil,
J to H dm- high; flowers large, frequent. April. (AS)

668. Commelina communis L. Asiatic Dayflower. Rich alluvial banks^
Wyandotte and Cherokee counties; rare. July. (A)

669. Commelina virginica L. Dayflower. Moist or damp alluvial soils,,
general throughout E. K., though not very common. June. (ASU)

670. Commelina angustifolia Mx. Sandhill Dayflower. Common in the
sand hills south of the Arkansas river, and as far northeast as Ottawa
county. Similar to C. virginica, but leaves narrow and plant adapted to a
dry soil and climate. Third petal twisted up and very small. July. (ASU)

67L Commelina crispa Wooton. Curly-leaf Dayflower. Moist soil and
sheltered alluvial banks, general; frequent to common. June. (ASU)

672. Commelina hirtella Vahl. Bearded Dayflower. Moist and shel-
tered situations, Miami county ; rare. July. (U)

Family 49. Pontederiace.e. Pickerel-weed Family.
Perennial aquatic plants, from creeping or floating rootstocks, with
laminodia having cordate-ovate, orbicular, reniform, or ovate campylo-
drome- nerved prolaminse, or entirely linear or grass-like laminodia. Flow-
ers zygomorphous, perfect, few or several. Perianth of three colored
petals and three dissimilarly shaped sepals, all united below into a two-
lipped tube free from the ovulary. Stamens six, trimorphous, inserted on
the tube of the perianth ; anthers linear-oblong, bisporangiate, versatile.
Ovulary imperfectly trilocular, with axile placentas, or unilocular by sup-
pression of two of the carpels or reduction of the three parietal placentae; ■
style trimorphous ; stigmas minutely three-toothed.

673. Heteranthera dubia Macmillan. Water Mud-plantain. Stillwater^
W. K.; frequent in spots. Leaves linear, subaqueous. July. (A)

674. Heteranthera limosa Willd. Small Mud-plantain. Mud or shallow
water, W. K. ; frequent. Aug. (AS)

675. Heteranthera reniformis Ruiz & Pavon. Mud-plantain. Muddy
ditches and shallow water, E. K. ; frequent some seasons, and not at all
other years, depending on the rainfall at the proper time. July. (SU) j

Biological Papers. 115

676. Piaropus crassipes Britt. (Eichhornia Solms.) Water-hyacinth.
Planted in little lakes here and there in E. K, and S. E. K., as at Merriam
Park, Gage Park, etc. Does not survive the winter. Leaves reniform.

677. Pontederia cordata L. Pickerel-weed. Borders of ponds, S. E. K. ;
not common. July. Leaves cordate-sagittate

Order XXV. NYAMPH^ALES. The Water lilies.
Inflorescence solitary, at the ends of long scapes or peduncles. Flowers
commonly floating, perfect; perianth normally six-parted, hypogynous.
Stamens six to many, hypogynous, part of the many stamens barren and
more or less transformed into petals (staminodia). Anthesis periodical, day
opening. Pollination entomophilous, rarely hydrophilous. Carpels three or
more, distinct or united; ovules solitary or several in each ovulary. Fruit
nut-like, indehiscent, with one or more seeds. (This order has many dicotyl
characters, such as partially net-veined leaves, numerous petals, radiate
stigmas, etc., allying it to the Ranales and Papaverales; yet, notwith-
standing this, the plants are, in structure, mainly monocotyledonous.

Family 50. Nymphaeace.'e. Water-lily Family,
(a) Cabomboidese. Water-shield Subfamily.
Stems slender, a meter or so in length, branching, and with the peduncles,
petioles and under surface of the leaves coated with gelatinous matter.
Floating laminae peltate; submerged leaves palmately dissected into numer-
ous capillary segments. Flowers axillary, small, various colors. Petals
and sepals each three. Stamens three to eighteen. Carpels three to
eighteen, separate; ovules commonly three, pendulous. Fruit one- to three-
seeded, indehiscent.

678. Cabomba caroliniana Gray. Carolina Water-shield; Parrot-feather.
Ponds and slow streams, S. E. K. ; occasional. May. (S)

679. Brasenia purpurea Caspary. {B. peltata Pursh.) Water-shield'..
Ponds and slow streams, Cherokee to Montgomery county; occasional.
Summer.

680. Brasenia schreberi Gmelin. Water-target. Grown occasionally in
the little artificial ponds, in company with water-lilies, on account of its.
peltate floating floral leaves.

(b) Nyynphseoidese. Pond-lily Subfamily.
Rootstocks perennial and very thick, creeping in the soft, black earth in
the bottom of ponds, with the water preferably one to two meters deep.
Leaves very large and floating; petioles as long as the depth of the water ;
laminae flat on the surface, auriculately lobed, orbicular to lance-ovate, the
basal lobes often touching, leaving a deep sinus at the base of the lamina ;
nervation radiating, pinnate, and dichotomous ; submersed leaves similar,
but with shorter petioles. Perianth of three sepals and three petals ; petalo-
dia and staminodia, or petal-like and neutral stamens, numerous ; fertile
stamens many, always in whorls of three. Carpels many, united into a
compound globose fruit ; styles none ; stigmas as many as the carpels,
linear, radiating, poppy-like, on a disk on the upper surface of the ovula-
ries. Seeds ovoid-globose, stipitate or sessile ; embryo central ; endosperm
moderate.

116 Kansas Academy of Science.

681. Nymphasa ad vena Aiton. {Nuphar R. Br.) Large Yellow Pond-
lily. Ponds and slow streams, E. K. ; occasional. Summer.

682. Castalia odorata Woodv. & Wood. Sweet-scented (white) Water-
lily. Spreading slowly from various points in E. K., where introduced.
Not abundant anywhere. -July. Flowers open at 6 a. m. ; close regularly
at 4 P. M.

683. Castalia elegans (Hooker). Blue Water-lily. Occasional in park
ponds with C. odorata ; native in western Texas and New Mexico.

684. Castalia rosea Pursh. Rose-colored Water-lily. In Chautauqua
Park pond at Ottawa before the recent flood on the Marais des Cygnes, in
company with Castalia odorata and elegans; though no effort had then
been made to plant the tubers so as to have them bloom in the form of an
American flag.

685. Victoria regia Lindl. Royal Water-lily; Victoria. In Gage Park,
Topeka, and probably elsewhere. Leaves with an upturned rim.

(c) Nelumboidex. Water-lotus Subfamily.
Rootstocks very thick, horizontal, in muck under water a meter or more
in depth. Leaves basal, with long petioles, and large peltate orbicular
slightly concave laminae, floating or emersed. Flowers large, solitary, float-
ing, on the end of long scapes. Perianth ample; outer whorl 3 to 6, more
or less green; petals, petalodia and staminodia many, in numerous whorls,
caducous; fertile stamens indefinite, in many whorls. Carpels numerous,
distinct, immersed separately in the broad flat surface of the very large,
fleshy receptacle; ovules one or two, pendulous or anatropous, one to
mature. Seeds ovoid-globular, with a small neck above, formed by the
short, persistent style; embryo nearly central, large, without endosperm.

686. Nelumbo lutea Pers. Yellow Water-lotus; Water-chinkapin.
Ponds, E. K. ; occasional, sometimes in great abundance, filling a pond to
the exclusion of everything else. July. Flowers unfold at five a. m. ;
close at two P. M.

Subclass D. LILIirLOR.ffi:. Hexaphyls.
Lily-flowered Monocotyls.
Perianth hexaphyllous, mostly actinomorphous, homochlamydeous, the
two whorls (calyx and corolla) so close together as to be almost or quite
in one, the segments nearly equal in size, form, and color, seldom unlike,
more or less united at base, sometimes quite tubular. Androecium hexan-
drous, the stamens alternating in two whorls so close together as to appear
almost, and often are quite, in one; seldom less than six, never more with-
out chorisis. Pollination entomophilous. Gynoecium a three-valved capsule,
'.many-seeded, or a trilocular berry.

Order XXVI. LILIALES. The Liliads.
Inflorescence various. Flowers polysymmetrical, the perianth hypogy-
Tious or perigynous, the stamens hypogynous or epipetalous. Ovulary
trilocular, the ovules numerous in each loculus. Fruit capsular, rarely
baccate. Seeds various; embryo small, in copious albumen.

Family 51. Melanthace^. Bunch-flower Family.
Leafy-stemmed herbs, with perennial rootstocks or bulbs. Inflorescence
panicled or racemose, rarely solitary. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or
dioecious. Perianth of six nearly separate persistent segments. Stamens

Biological Papers. 117

six, on the bases of the perianth-segments. Anthers with two sporanges,
or confluently with one double, oblong or ovate, cordate or reniform, versa-
tile, and extrorsely dehiscent. Ovulary trilocular, superior or partly
inferior; ovules few or numerous, anatropous or amphitropous; styles sepa-
rate. Capsule with septicidal dehiscence, rarely loculicidal. Seeds ap-
pendaged.

687. Colchicum autumnale L. Meadow Saffron. Occasional in gardens.

688. Chamaelirium luteum Gray. {Ch. caroliniana Willd.) Blazing-
star. Moist meadows, Miami county; not common. May. (U)

689. Zygadenus nuttalli Wats. Western Zygadene. Dry hills, W. K.,
as far east as Morris county; not common except where it occurs. May-

•June. (ASU)

690. Melanthium virginicum L. Bunch-flower; Melanth. Meadows, E.
K. ; rare. June. (U)

691. Uvularia grandiflora J. E. Smith. Large-flowered Bellwort. Rich,
moist woods, extreme E. and S. E. K. ; infrequent. May. (AU)

692. Uvularia sessilifolia L. Bellwort. Moist woods, Wyandotte county;
rare. May. (U)

Family 52. Liliace.e. Lily Family.
Scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs, from bulbs, corms, or rootstocks. In-
florescence solitary, spicate, racemed, panicled, or umbeled, in different
genera. Flowers perfect. Perianth-segments distinct, or more or less
united into a tube. Stamens inserted on the throat of the perianth or at
the base of the segments; anthers versatile, introrse, or extrorse, rarely
declinate. Ovules anatropous or amphitropous; styles united; stigmas
capitate or three-lobed. Fruit a loculicidal capsule or an indehiscent berry.
Seeds winged or wingless.

693. Hemerocallis fulva L. Coppery Day-lily. Spreads from cultivation
but very little; yet persists where planted for a long series of years.

694. Hemerocallis flava L. Yellow Day-lily. Often seen near houses
after having been planted there many years before.

695. Funkia subcordata Sprengel. White Day-lily. With long, tubular,
funnel-form flowers. Persists, like the other day-lilies, where planted.

696. Funkia ovata Spreng. Blue Day-lily. With nodding violet flowers
abruptly expanded above the narrow tube. More tender than the others.

697. Agapanthus umbellatus L'Heritier. Love-flower; African Lily.
Frequent in the best gardens and window pots. With a handsome umbel
of large blue flowers.

698. Allium vineale L. Field Garlic. A pest in some wheat fields in
E. K.: introduced in seed wheat from the east.

699. Allium cepa L. Onion. Seldom gets beyond cultivation. Some
winter varieties occasionally persist for a few years.

700. Allium canadense L. Top-bulb Wild-onion. Meadows, general;
frequent. May. (ASU)

701. Allium cernuum Roth. Nodding Wild-onion. Hillsides, near the
Neosho river, also in Cowley county; occasional. July. (ASU)

702. Allium stellatum Ker. Prairie Wild-onion. Rocky banks and dry
prairies, general; frequent. July. (ASU) Perianth pink-striped.

703. Allium mutabile Mx. Pink Wild-onion. Moist soil, general; com-
mon. April. (ASU)

118 Kansas Academy of Science.

704. Allium nuttaliii Wats. Roseate Wild-onion. Prairies, general;
common. April. (ASU)

705 Allium helleri Small. Twin Wild-onion. Dry soil. April-May.
Credited to Kansas by Britten's Manual.

706. Allium reticulatum Don. Netted Wild-onion. Damp prairies, C.
and W. K. ; common. May. (ASU)

707. Nothoscordum bivalve Britt. Mild-onion; Pixie-cup. Prairies, W.
K. ; common. March. (ASU)

708. Androstephium cseruleum Green. Blue Elfin-crown. Prairies, Mor-
ton county; occasional. April. (U)

709. Lilium umbellatum Psh. Western Red Wood-lily. Dry wooded
hills from Valley Falls northeastward; occasional. June. (SU)

710. Lilium canadense L. Yellow Wocd-lily. Woods and fields, N. E.
and S. E K. ; rare. June. (AU)

711. Lilium tigrinum Andrews. Tiger Lily. Several varieties. Oc-
casionally escapes from gardens by means its axillary bulblets.

712-716. Lilium martagon L. (Turk's- cap Lily), speciosuviThnnh. , japon-
icum Thunb., longifiorum Thunb., candidum L. (Madonna Lily), and other
exotic lilies are in cultivation.

717. Fritillaria imperialis L. Crown-imperial Fritillary. Flowers large,
orange-yellow or scarlet, hanging in an umbel under the terminal crown.

718. Erythronium dens-canis L. Dog-tooth *Adder-tongue. Cultivated.

719. Erythronium albidum Nutt. White Adder-tongue. Moist woods,
E. K. ; common. Leaves white mottled. April. (ASU)

720. Erythronium mesachoreum Knerr. Midland Adder-tongue. Dry
hills and prairies, E. K.; common. Leaves narrow, green. March. (ASU)

721-722. Tulipa gesneriana, suaveolens, and other species of tulip are in
cultivation quite commonly.

i23. Camassia esculenta Robinson. (C fraseri Torr.) Wild-hyacinth.
Dry ground near streams. Franklin county and eastward; 6-10 dm. high;
frequent April-May. (ASU)

724. Hyacinthus amethystinus L., etc., often in open gardens.

725-726. Ornithogalum umbellatum and nutans L. Star-of-Bethlehem.
Frequent in gardens; seldom tries to escape.

727. Muscari botryoides Mill. Grape-hyacinth. Frequent in gardens;
occasionally escapes into lawns and fields.

728-729. Kniphofia aloides Moench, tuckii Baker, etc. Redhot-poker;
Flame-flower; Zulu Boyonet. Frequent in gardens; leaves have sharp
keels and edges.

730. Dracaena fragrans Ker-Gawl. Dragon-tree. A pot-plant in houses.

731-732. Sansevieriaglauca, 2;eyiawica Willd., etc. Zebra-leaf. Frequent
in pot cultivation.

733. Yucca glauca Nut. (F. angustijolia Pursh. ; Y. constricta Buck).)
Yucca; Bear-grass; Spanish Bayonet. Dry hills, W. K., as far east as
Sedgwick, Riley and Clay counties; common. May. (ASU)

734. Yucca filamentosa L. Yucca; Adam's Needle. Common in gar-
dens.

Family 526. Convallariace^. Lily-of-the-Valley Family.
Scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs, from simple or branched rootstocks,
never from bulbs or corms. Inflorescence solitary, racemed, panicled, or

Biological Papers. 119

umbeled. Leaves (laminodia) usually alternate, sometimes verticillate,
and again reduced to evanescent scales. Asparagus has under each dry
scale a cluster of minute green branchlets which serve as prophylla. Per-
ianth-segments united at the base and six-parted, urceolate and six-lobed,
or cylindric and six-toothed. Stamens borne on the perianth-segments or
at the base of the carpel. Ovules anatropous or amphitropous; stigma three-
lobed; fruit a fleshy berry.

735. Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus. Frequently escapes into the
woods and thickets for a number of years. Lasts longer on salty soil.

736-7. Asparagus plumosus, sprengeri, etc. Cultivated on account of
their green prophylla, or minute branchlets, which answer the purpose of
foliage and keep green long without wilting, when in a bouquet.

73S. Smilacina racemosa Desfontaines. {Vagnera Morong.) Wild-
spikenard. Moist thickets, near streams, E. K. ; frequent. May. (ASU)

739. Smilacina stellata Desf. Blue-flowered Wild-spikenard. Moist
soil, near water, W. K., to Salinaand Hutchinson; frequent. May. (ASU)

740. Streptopus amplexifolius D. C. Clasp-leaf Twist-foot. Moist
woods, Montgomery county; occasional. May. (U)

741. Polygonatumbiflorum Elliott. Two-flowered Solomon-seal. Thick-
ets, general; common. May. (ASU)

742. Polygonatum commutatum Dietr. Great Solomon-seal. Thickets
and river banks; general over the state; common. June. (ASU)

743. Convallaria majalis L. Lily-of-the-valley. Has slight tendency to
escape from gardens.

744. Trillium viride Beckw. Kansas Trillium. Rich woods and open
hillsides, Miami and Johnson counties, perhaps elsewhere; not common.
May. (U) Petals light green or purplish green; filaments flat.

745. Trillium viridescens Nutt. Narrow-leaf Trillium. Hillsides and
rich woods, E. K. (Britton's Manual, 1907.) Petals very narrow.

Order XXVIL SMILACALES. The Greenbriers and Yams.
Inflorescence in umbels, racemes, or panicles; flowers small, greenish,
monoecious or dicecious. Perianth-segments six, alike, deciduous or per-
sistent. Androecium normally of six stamens, sometimes of three stamens
and three staminodia. Gynoecium an inferior trilocular ovulary, with or
without wings. Plants exogenous, with many dicotyl characters, such as
net-veined laminae articulated with the petiole, stomata transversely inter-
cellular on the under surface of the laminae, and petiole articulated with
the vine. Yet they have but one cotyledon and the flowers are liliaceous.

Family 53. Smilacace^. Greenbrier Family.
Thorny, woody vines, climbing by stipular tendrils from woody root-
stocks. Inflorescence in globular axillary umbels, of very many small
hexaphyllous hexandrous flowers. Perianth-segments distinct. Stamens
distinct; filaments ligulate; anthers basifixed, introrse. Ovulary trilocular,
the loculi opposite the inner perianth-segments; ovules one or two in each
loculus, orthotropous. Fruit a globose berry, containing one to six brown-
ish seeds; endosperm horny, copious; embryo small, remote from the
hilum.

746. Smilax herbacea L. Carrion-flower. Thickets, E. K.; occasional,
not common. May. (ASU) Has no bad odor.

120 Kansas Acade^ny of Science.

lil. Smilax glauca Walt. Smooth-leaf Greenbrier. Dry soil in thick-
ets, E. K.; freq,aent. May. (ASU)

748. Smilax rotundifolia L. Greenbrier. Woods and thickets, general
over the state; common. May. (ASU)

749. Smilax hispida Muhl. Thorniest Greenbrier. Thickets, E, K.;
occasional. April. (ASU)

750. Smilax pseudochina L. Thornless Greenbrier; China-root. Sandy
soil, low grounds, E. K. ; frequent. Armed at base when old. April.
(ASU)

751. Smilax bona-nox L. Bristly-leaf Smilax; Bamboo-brier. Thickets
and low grounds, E. K. ; frequent. May.

Family 54. Dioscoreace.e. Yam Family.
Smooth, slender, twining vines, from fleshy or woody rootstocks. Leaves
with petioles and laminae cordate to halberdoid, campylodrome-nerved and
reticulate-veined ; petioles articulating with the vine as in dicotyls. In-
florescence in racemes or panicles ; flowers small, unisexual. Perianth six-
parted, segments all alike ; in the carpellate flowers persistent, united at
the base and adherent to the ovulary. Staminate flowers with six or three
fertile stamens, sometimes with a rudimentary ovulary. Carpellate flowers
with an inferior trilocular ovulary; styles and stigmas distinct, sometimes
with three or six staminodia. Ovules two in each loculus. Fruit a three-
valved, three-angled, or three-winged capsule. Endosperm of the seed
fleshy or cartilaginous ; embryo small.

752. Dioscorea paniculata Mx. (D. villosa L.) Wild Yam-root. Moist
woods and thickets in valleys of S. E. K. ; frequent. June. (S) Medicinal.

753. Dioscorea divaricata Blanco. Cinnamon-vine. With a disposition
to grow naturally from the little self-shed tuberlets on the vines, whenever
they have fallen where they escape the severe frosts of winter. The grow-
ing tubers need but slight protection from frost ; each successive year sends
them deeper into the ground and increases the liability to escape winter-
killing.

Subclass E. ORCHIDIFLOR.a:. Heterophyls.
Orchis-flowered Monocotyls.
Perianth hexaphyllous, zygomorphous, rarely actinomorphous, the calyx
and corolla often differing widely in form, color, texture, and purpose,
monosymmetrical, more or less two-lipped, the various segments, unless
they balance by being horizontally opposite, differing individually in some
respect. Androecium seldom of six fertile stamens, but usually of one or
more fertile stamens and enough staminodia to make the complement six or
three. Pollination almost exclusively entomophilous. Gynoecium normally
tricarpellate, but usually unilocular by suppression of two of the carpels or
by reduction of the three parietal walls.

Order XXVIII. IRIDALES. The Irids.
Inflorescence in umbels or umbellate clusters subtended by membranous
bracts. Perianth heterophyllous, actinomorphous or zygomorphous; seg-
ments distinct or united at base and coherent with the ovulary. Androecium
hexandrous, or of three stamens with or without three staminodia. Gynoe-
cium an inferior trilocular capsule, many-seeded.

Biological Papers. 121

Family 55. Amaryllidace^. Amaryllis Family.
Scapose or leafy-stemmed perennial herbs, from bulbs or rootstocks,
and with soft, linear laminodia, rarely broadly expanded toward the distal
end. and with rounded caringe. Flowers perfect, nearly actinomorphous.
Perianth six-lobed, the segments united below into a tube coherent with
the ovulary. Stamens six. on the bases of the perianth-segments, often
declinate; anthers versatile or basifixed, introrse, bisporangiate, longi-
tudinally dehiscent. Ovulary inferior, trilocular; style filiform; stigmas
three; ovules numerous, anatropous; fruit capsular; seeds black.

754. Hymenocallis occidentalis Kth. Hymenocallis. Marshy banks of
streams, S. E. K.; not common. Aug.

755. Narcissus jonquilla L. Jonquil. Gardens; frequent.

756. Narcissus pseudo-narcissus L, Daffodil; Trumpet-daffodil. Com-
mon in residences.

757. Narcissus tazetta L. Polyanthus Narcissus. Common in house s.

758. Narcissus poeticus L. Poet's Narcissus. Houses and gardens.

759. Zephyranthes atamasco Herb. Atamasco Lily. Houses, frequent

760. Zephyranthes rosea Lindley. Fairy Lily. Frequent in windows.
76L Sprekelia formosissima Herb. Jacobea Lily. Houses, occasional.

762. Amaryllis lateritia Diet. Amaryllis. Many species of amaryllis
are raised in homes, sometimes in gardens.

763. Leucojum vernum L. Spring Snowflake. A favorite in gardens.

764. Leucojum autumnale L. Fall Snowflake. Occasional in gardens.

765. Cooperia drummondii Herb. Prairie-lily; Rain-lily. Prairies S. E.
K ; occasional. May. (AS)

766. Hypoxis hirsuta Cov. Hairy Star-grass. Dry soil, E. K.; not
common. June. (A)

767. Galanthus nivalis L. Snowdrop. Frequent in gardens. March-
April.

768. Polianthes tuberosa L. Tuberose. Gardens; common. Summer.

769. Agave americana L Centuiy-plant. Common in residences and
on lawns in summer. Several other species of Agave in house culture.

Family 56. IridacetE. Iris Family.
Herbs, from perennial rootstocks or bulbs, having linear two-ranked
equitant laminodia, so folded as to appear laterally compressed, but with-
out a deep keel. Flowers clustered, perfect, actinomorphous or zygomor-
phous. Perianth of six segments, in two series, the sepals and petals often
markedly unlike, yet both showy, and convolute in prefloration. Stamens
three, on the outer series of perianth-segments; anthers bisporangiate, ex-
trorse; staminodia three, on the inner series of perianth segments. Ovulary
inferior, trilocular; ovules numerous in each loculus, anatropous; style
three-cleft, its branches flat, spreading, and petal-like, sometimes divided.
Capsule three-valved, loculicidally dehiscent, or three-angled or three-lobed
and many-seeded, rarely a berry after removal of the dry capsule.

770. Iris versicolor L. Large Blue Flag. Thickets, Leavenworth and
Atchison counties; not common. May. Laminodia broad.

77L Iris germanica L. Iris; (Fleur-de-lis). Gardens; common in many
varieties and horticultural subspecies.

772. Iris pumila L. Dwarf Garden Iris. Borders in gardens; common.
April.

122 Kansas Academy of Science.

773. Iris persica L. Persian Iris. A choice house plant.

774. Nemastylis acuta Herb. {N. geminiflora Nutt.) Twin-star-flower.
Prairies, S. E. K. ; occasional. Perianth-segments similar. May. (A)

775. Belamcanda chinensis D. C. (Pardanthus Ker.) Blackberry-lily.
Frequently escapes from gardens; yet not fully naturalized.

776. Sisyrinchium campestre Bickn. Prairie Blue-eyed-grass. Dry or
damp sloping prairies. E. K.; common. June (ASU) Sometimes white.

777. Sisyrinchium kansanum (Bickn.) Kansas Blue-eyed-grass. Same
situations; merely a form of the preceding.

778. Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. Blue-eyed-grass. Damp, sandy
prairies, E. K. ; frequent. May. (ASU) Violet and white varieties occur.

779. Sisyrinchium gramineum Curtis. (S. anceps Cav.) Winged Blue-
eyed-grass. Damp woods and grassy meadows and slopes, E, K. ; commor .
May. (ASU) White flowers are common; violet ones are rarer.

780. Tigridia pavonia Pars. Mexican Tiger-flower. Frequent in gar-
dens.

781-783. Gladiolus communis L., tuherosa L., ensifolius Ker., and numer-
ous other species are raised m gardens. Gladiolus; Corn-flag; Sword-flag.

784. Crocus vemus L., and other species, some of them for very early
spring flowers in the grass, are grown in gardens.

Order XXIX. SCITAMINALES. The Dainties.
Inflorescence in panicles, racemes, spikes, or solitary. Flowers perfect
or polygamous, zygomorphous. Perianth in two series of three each, the
petals differing from the sepals, and all united below into a tube coherent
with ihe ovulary. Stamens one to five, with one to five staminodia.
Ovulary unilocular to trilocular, inferior; ovules one in each loculus, anat-
ropus. Embryo central, in copious albumen.

Family 57. MusACE^. Banana Family.
Subtropical plants under cultivation, with leaves having distinct petiole
and blade with pinnate nervation. Inflorescence in terminal drooping
racemes. Perianth two-lipped, the lower lip three- to five-lobed and enclos-
ing the upper smaller one. Stamens five fertile and one staminodium bar-
ran. Anthers bisporangiate. Fruit a berry.

785. Musa sapientum L. Banana. Occasionally cultivated in private
gardens for its immense foliage. Never fruits outdoors here.

Family 58. Marantace^. Arrowroot Family.

Tall herbs, perennial by thick rootstocks or tubers, or annual with
scapose or leafy stems. Inflorescence in terminal panicled spikes of heavily
bracted flowers. Perianth superior, its segments distinct or united below
into a tube. Fertile stamen one, with two double sporanges, one fertile,
the other barren. Staminodia five, petal-like, separate or united by their
bases and conforming to the requirements of a monosymmetrical flower.
Ovulary unilocular, sometimes with two additional minute empty loculi.
Base of staminodium-tube adnate to base of style or to the ovulary; stigma
two-lipped. Fruit capsular or berry-like; seeds one in the one loculus.

786-787. Maranta ornata Linden. Ornate Arrowroot. In house cultiva-
tion, M. zebrina and other species are also found.

788-790. Canna indica Roscoe, warszewiczii Diet., discolor, and other
species of canna are common in gardens.

Biological Papers. 123

Order XXX. ORCHIDALES. The Orchids.
Inflorescence in spikes, racemes, umbellate clusters, or solitary. Flow-
ers zygomorphous, two-lipped. Perianth of six segments, heteromorphous,
monosymmetric, in two series, the outer differing much from the inner;
the two ventro-lateral sepals are similar, the dorsal one slightly smaller,
and by a half-twist of the ovulary brought erect; the two dorso-lateral
petals are similar, the ventral one larger, and by the same twist brought
downward; often spurred at the base, and sometimes so contracted or
drawn at the margin as to form a sort of cup or sac (moccasin). Androe-
cium of one or two fertile stamens and one, two or five staminodia, the
whole united with the ovulary and style into a zygomorphous gynandrous
column. Pollination strictly entomophilous. Gynoecium an inferior tricar-
pellate unilocular ovulary, usually twisted so as to reverse the normal
position of the floral organs. Fruit a three-valved capsule; ovules innu-
merable; seeds minute.

Family 59. Cypripediace^. Lady-slipper Family.

Stems quite leafy and pubescent. Laminodia broad, many-nerved,
sheathing at the base. Perianth spreading; sepals separate, or two of
them united under the lip. Ventral petal (the lip) a large inflated sac
opening upward; dorso-lateral petals very long and slender, simulating
fancy shoe-laces. Fertile stamens two (the dorso-lateral ones of the inner
whorl), sessile on each side of the style; anthers with two double sporanges
each; barren stamen one (the dorsal one of the outer whorl), forming a
dilated fleshy appendage above the stigma. Pollinia granular, not waxy.
Stigma terminal, broad, rough.

791. Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury. Small Yellow Lady-slipper.
Woods and thickets, E. K., west to eastern edge of Shawnee county; rare.
May-June, (ASU)

Family 60. Orchidacde.e. Orchis Family.
Perennial terrestrial herbs, often bog-plants, never epiphytic in this lati-
tude, from bulbs, corms, rootstocks, or tubers, with soft, broadly expanded,
campylodrome-nerved, sheathing or clasping laminodia, sometimes reduced
to mere scales with full sheaths. Perianth-segments difi'ering decidedly,
the odd outer segment upward usually much prolonged, and the odd inner
segment downward, termed the lip, of some bizarre shape different from
all the rest and specialized for a particular purpose. Stamen one, the dor-
sal one of the outer whorl, above; anther with two or four single or doub e
sporanges ; dehiscence opercular. Pollinia in two or four, rarely eight,
masses, cohering by waxy threads, attached at the base to a viscid disk
and liberated when the proper kind of insect visits the flower. Staminodia
two, the dorso-lateral ones of the inner whorl, each one lying in an andro-
clinium on either side of the stigniatic column. Dorsal carpel above barren
and prolonged into a rostellum overhanging the lip ; yentro-lateral carpels
below fertile ; stigmas viscid and receptive, and facing the lower petal in
such a way as to remove the pollen brought from another flower on the head
or body of its special insect, while the insect is engaged in taking nectar
from the nectar-cup. After this operation the insect receives a charge of
pollen from the anther over its back. The nectar in the cup or chalice is

124 Ka7csas Academij of Science.

the insect's reward for service performed, namely : pollination of the
flower, which could scarcely be effected otherwise ; yet is absolutely essen-
tial to perpetuation of the species. In the economy of nature the service
and the reward are equal.

792. Poo:onia ophioglossoides Ker, Snake-mouth, Damp meadows, E.
K. ; occasional. June.

793. Triphora trianthophora Rydberg. Nodding Beard-lip. Rich woods,
E. K.

794. Spiranthes cernua Rich. Nodding Lady-tresses. Meadows, Kaw
valley west to Ellsworth, and from Kinsley down in the Arkansas valley.
July. (ASU)

795. Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray. Spring Lady-tresses. Grassy
meadows, E. K., west to Council Grove; not common. July. (S)

796. Spiranthes gracilis Beck. Slender Lady-tresses. Dry woods, ex-
treme E. K.; occasional. August.

797. Blephariglottis leucophsea RyQb. Prairie Fringed-orchis. Moist
prairies, E. K.; frequent. June. (ASU)

798. Oncidium tigrinum La Llave and Lex. Tiger Orchis. Occasional
in the best houses.

7-^9. Cattleya mendellii (Hort.) Mendell's Cattleya. Occasional in
private houses.

800. Orchis spectabilis L. Showy Orchis. Rich, shady woods, Doniphan
to Wyandotte county, along the Missouri river; rare. May. (AU)

Biological Paper's.

125

INDEX.

Abies Sp. 187

Acorus 609

Adder-tongue 717

Agapanlhus 697

Agave 769

Agropyron 447

Agroslideai (tribe) Fam. 33/

Agrostis Sp. 331

Aleppo-grass 215

Alisma 649

Alismacete Fam. 47

AlisniieHoraj Subcl. E

Alismales Ord. XXIII

Alkali-grass Sp. 404

Allium 698

Alopecurus 311

Amary llidaceaj Fam. 55

Amaryllia Sp. 762

Amorphophallus 612

Andropogon 208

Andropogoneae (tribe) Fam. 326

Androstephium Sp. 708

Angiospermae Superph. BBB

Anthophy ta Phylum * V

Antho.xanthum Sp. 275

Araceae Fam. 39

Arales Ord. XIX

Araucaria Sp. 185

Aibor-vitae 175

Areca 6i!3

Arisifima. 610

Aristida 285

Arrhenatherum 350

Arrow-prrass 647

Arrow-head 655

Arrowroot 786

Arum 612

Arundinaria 471

Arundo 371

Asparagus 735

Atamaseo-lily 759

Avena 348

A veneae (tribe) Fam. 33g

Bamboo Sp. 472

Bamboo-brier 751

Bambusa 472

Bambusaceae Fam. 34

Banana Sp. 785

Barley 459

Barnyard-grass 253

Beak-sedge 524

Beard-grass 208

Beard-lip 793

Bear-grass 733

Beckmannia 364

Belamcanda 775

Bellwort 692

Bent-Krass 331

Bermuda-grass Sp. 352

Besom-vrrass 208

Betelnut palm 623

Biota 177

Blackberry-lily 775

Blady-grass 206

Blazing-star 688

Blephariglottis 797

Blowout-grass 381

Blue-eye-grass 777

Blue-flag 770

Bluegrass 413

Bluejoint 338, 449

Bluestem 210

Bog-sedge 520

Bottle-sedge 535

Botlle-brush-grass 470

Bouteloua 361

Brachyely trum .309

Brasenia 679

Bristle-grsss .....!...... 468

Briza Sp. 406

Brome-grass 435

Bromus "_ ' 435

Broom-corn 217

Broom-grass \\\ 214

Broom-sedge g^g

Brush-grass '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 369

Bu^hl'fi 368

Buffalo-grass 3t,y

Bulrush 510

Bur-grass 2(56

Buf-head ggi

Bur-sedge 49Q

Cabomba g^g

Cabomboideffi '. . .■.■.'.■.■.Fam. 5Ua

Ca adium Sp. til3

Calamagrostis s^g

Calamovilfa " ' 34Q

C'^jamus ; .■:;;; ; ^og

Calla.... 614

Camassia 723

Canary-grass \\\ 274

Cane 47^

Canna i7vg

Capriola .' 352

Carex 533

Caricacea; .■::::.■ .'.Fam. 36

Carpellata Subk *1II*

Carrion-flower ! Sp. 746

Castalia ' gg2

Cattail 615

Cattleya -799

Cedar '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. !i74. 183

Cenchrus 266

Century-plant 759

Chaetochloa 258

Chamcecyparis 179

Ch.imajlirium 688

chf ss ; . ; 436

China-root 75Q

Chloridea; .'. '.'.'.■.'. Fam. ZZh

Chloris Sp. 357

Chrysopogon 214

Chufa 4^0

Cinna 330

Cinnamon-vine 753

Cladium 529

Clubrush 507

CocacecE Fam. 42c

Cockspur-grass Sp. 253

Cocos and coco-palm 622

•-oix 204

Colchicum 687

Colocasia 613

Commelina 668

Commelinaceae Fam. 48

Commelinales Ord. XXIV

Coniferse Class VIII*

Convallaria Sp. 743

ConvalUriaceas Fam. 526

Cooperia Sp. 765

Cord-grass 353

Corn (Indian) 202

Corn-flag 781

Cotton-grass (a sedge) 519

Couch-grass 448

Crab-grass 225, 365

Crocus 784

Crowfoot-grass 365

Crown-imperial 716

Cryptomeria 183

Cupressacea; Fam. 30

Cupressales Ord. X IV

Cupressus ... .Sp. 180

Cut-grass 269

Cycadacese Fam. 26

Cycadales Ord. XI

Cycadinea; CI. VI*

Cycadophyta Phylum "III

126

Kansas Academy of Science.

Cycas Sp. 166

(_;ynodon 352

Cynoaurus 409

Cy peraceae Fam. 36

Cyperales Old. XVII

Cyperus Sp. 473

cypress 180

Cypripediaceae Fam. 59

Cy pripedium Sp. 791

nactylis 408

Daffodil 756

Danthonia 351

Darnel 445

Date-palm 621

Dayflower 668

Day-lily 693

pew-trrass Sp. 331

Diarrhena 403

Digitaria 225

Dioscorea 752

D'oscoreaceae Fam. 54

Diplachne Sp. 382

Distichlis 404

D'tch-grass '. 638

Ditch-moss 643

DOKtail-grass 409

Dugcooth-grass 352

DoRtown-grass 292

DiacEena 730

D 'anon-root 611

D ta«on-tree 730

Dropseed 324

Duckweed 604

Dulichium 491

D'lrra 216

Eatonia 342

Echi nochloa 253

Echinodorus 651

Eichhornia 676

Elephant-ear 613

Eleocharis 492

Eleusine 365

Elfin-crown 708

Elodea 643

Elymus 460

Emmer . 453

Eragrostis 386

Eriochloa 224

Eriophorum 517

Erythronium 718

Euchlajna 201

Eulalia 2 5

Fairy-lily 760

Fan-palm 625

Feather-palm 624

Feather-grass 382

Fescue-grass 428

Festuca 428

Fe.stuceic (tribe) Fam. 33i

Fimbri.stylis Sp. 503

Finijer-grass 225

Fir 187

Flame-flower 729

Fleur-de-lis 771

Fox-sf dge 566

Foxtail 311

Fringed-orchis 797

Fringe-rush 503

Frilillaria 717

Frogbit 646

Frog-spit 601

Fuirena 520

Funkia 695

Galanthus 767

Gama-grass 203

Garlic Sp. 698

Ginkgo 167

Ginkgoacese Fam. 27

Ginkgoales Ord. XII

Ginkgoineae CI. VII*

Gladiolus Sp. 781

Glumifera; 01. IX*

Glumiflorae Supcl. A

Glyceria Sp. 422

Goose-grass 426

Grama 361

Grape-hyacinth 727

Grass-rush 590

Greenbriers 747

Green-dragon 611

Ground-lily 688

Guinea-corn 216

Gymnopogon 359

Gymnospermae Superph. AAA

Gynerium Sp. 370

Helianthium 650

Hemerocallis 693

Hemicarpha 521

Hemlock 189

Heteranthera 673

Hog-millet 233

Holcus 341

Homalocenchrus 269

Honey-grass 400

Hop-sedge 533

Hordeese (tribe) Fam. 33A;

Hordeum Sp. 456

Hungarian-grass 264

Hyacinthus 72a

Hydrales Ord. XXII

Hymenocallis Sp. 754

Hypoxis 766

Hystrix 470

Imperata 206

Imphee 21T

Indian corn 202

Indian-grass 214

Indian turnip 610

Iridaceae Fam. 56

Iridales Ord. XXVIII

Iris Sp. 770^

Jack-in-the-pulpit 610

Jacobaea-lily 761

Job's-tears 204

Johnson-grass 215

Jonquil 755

Juncaceae Fam. 37

Juncales Ord. XVIII

Juncus Sp. 584

Jungle-rice 255

J uniper 171

Juniperaceae Fam. 29

Juniperus Sp. 171

Kafir 216

Kentia. Sp. 624

Koeleria 344

Kaoliang 216

Kyllinga 490

Lace-grass 386

Lady-slipper 791

Lady-tresses 794

Lance-head 653

Latania 625

Lemna 904

Lemnaceae Fam. 38

Leptochloa Sp. 366

Leptoloma 230

Lepturus 359

Leucojum 763

Liliaceae Fam. 52

Liliales Ord. XXVI

Liliiflorae Subclass D

Lilium Sp. 709

Lily 713

Lily-of-the-valley 743

Limnobium 646

Livistona 625

Lolium 445

Lophotocarpus 653

Love-flower 697

Love-grass S91

Low-grass 399

Luzula 599

Lyme-grass 463

Maidenhair-tree 167

Maize 202

Biological Papers.

127

Manna-grass Sp. 422

Maran ta 786

Marantaceie Fani. 68

Maydea? (tribe) Fam. 'iZa

Meadow-grass Sp. 387

Meadow-saffron tj87

Melanthacew fam. 51

Melanthium Sp. 690

Melica, melic-grass 400

Mesquit 360

Mild-onion 707

Millet 216, 233. 259. 263

Milo (.-maize) 216

Moccasin-llower 791

Monkey-puzzle 185

Monocotyledones Subph. DD

Mountain-rice Sp. 276

Mud-plantain 675

Muhlenbergia 298

Mule-candy 392

Munroa 373

Musa 785

Musacese Fam. 57

Muscari Sp. 727

NaiadaceEB Fam. 44

Naiadales Ord. XXI

Naias Sp. 641

Naked-beard-grass 359

Narcissus Sp. 755

N elumbo 686

Nelumboideaj (tribe) Fam. 50c

Nemastylis Sp. 774

Nimble-will 303

Nothoscordum 707

Nuphar 681

N ut-graes 478

Nut-rush 530

N ut-sedsre 478

Nymph*a 681

Nymphceaceaj Fam. 50

Nymphaeales Ord. XXV

Nymphaeoidese Fam. 506

Oat-grass Sp. 345. 350

Oats 348

Oncidium 798

Onion 699

Orchard-grass 408

Orchidaceae Fam. 60

Orchidales Ord. XXX

Orchidiflorae Subcl. E

Orchis Sp. 800

Ornithogalum 725

Ory zesB (tribe) Fam. 23d

Oryzopsis Sp. 276

Palmales Ord. XX6

Pampas-grass Sp. 370

Pandanaces Fam. 42

Pandanales Ord. XX

Pandanus Sp. 620

Panicaceae Fam. 32

Paniceae (tribe) Fam. 32c

Panic-grass Sp. 235

Panicum 235

Pappophorum 369

Pardanthus 775

Parrot-feather 678

Paspalum 218

Pearl-millet 267

Penicillaria 267

Pennisetum 267

Petaliferse Class X*

Phalaridese (tribe) Fam. 33c

Phalaris . . Sp. 272

Philotria 643

Phleum 310

PhcEnicaceEB Fam. 426

PhfEni.x Sp. 621

Phragmites 372

Piaropus 676

Picea 190

Pickerel- weed 677

Pigeon-grass 262

Pinaceae Fam. 31

Finales Ord. XV

Pinus Sp. 194

Pixie-cup 707

Plume-grass 207

Poa Sp. 410

Poaceae Fam. 33

Poales Ord. XVI

Pogonia Sp. 792

Polianthes 768

Polygonatum 741

Pond-lily 681

Pontederia 677

PontederiaceaB Fam. 49

Potamogeton Sp. 626

Poverty-grass 285

Prairie-grass 342

Prairie-lily 765

Puccinellia 426

Purpletop 374

Quack-grass 447

Quaking-grass 406

Kain-lily 765

Ray-grass 445

Hedfieldia 381

Redhot-poker 728

Redtop 232

Reed 372

Reed-grass 338, 371

Reed-sedge 491

Retinospora 182

Rhomboly trum 379

Rice-grass 268

Rice-spelt 453

Richardia 614

Rush 585

Rush-grass 814

Ruppia 638

Rye 455

Rye-grass (tribe) Fam. 33A;

Rynchospora Sp. 524

Sagittaria 685

Salisburia 167

Salt-grass 323, 328

Sandbur 266

Sand-grass 380

Sand-oats 349

Sansevieria 731

Sacin-grass 303

Scheuchzeria 647

Scheuchzeriaceae Fam. 46

Scirpus 507

Scitaminales Ord. XXIX

Schedonnardus Sp. 359

Scleria 530

Scratch-grass 270

Screw-pine 620

Secale 455

Sedge 473

Shallu 216

Sieglingia 374

Sisyrinchium 776

Sitanion 468

Sleepy-grass 281

Slender-grass Sp. 366

Slough-grass 353,364

Smilacaceae Fam. 53

Smilacales Ord. XXVII

Smilacina Sp. 738

Smilax 746

Snake-mouth 792

S nowdrop 767

Snowflake 763

Solomon-seal 741

Sorghastrum 214

Sorghum 217

Sp diciflora? Subcl. B

Spanish-bayonet .Sp. 733

Sparganiaceae Fam. 41

Sparganium Sp. 617

Spartina 853

Spear grass 410

Spear-head 650

Spelt 454

128

Ka7isas Academy of Science.

Sp. 342

Sphenopholis gg3

Spiderwort 404

Spike-grass 492

Spike-rush 794

Spiranthes 608

Spirodela 76I

Sprekelia 315

Sporobolus 190

Spruce 458

Squirreltail-grass ,jg4

Star-grass..... ' 725

Star-of- Bethlehem 392

Stink-grass 280

Stipa.. , 590

Straw-sedge 74O

Streptopus pj;' j *iy*

Strobilophyta Sp. 217

Sugar-cane g09

Sweet-flag 235

Switch-grass 7gl

Sword-flag 225

Syntherisma g45

Tape-grass p^^ 28

Taxacese q^^ XIII

Taxales Sp. 181

Tax' dium Igg

Taxus 201

Teosinte 373

Thi.stle-grass 295

Three awned-grass j^^g

Thuya 230

Tickle-grass ,jgO

Tiger-flower 7^]^

Tiger-lily . 798

780
310
663
374
374
648
744
374
793
380
203
345
452
756

Tiger-orchis

Tigridia

Timothy . . . • •
Tradescantia

Tricuspis

Tridens

Triglochin . . .

Trillium

Triodia

Triphora

Triplasis.. .
Tripsacum ..
Trisetum —
Triticum

Twistfoot ; I

Typha pa^. 40

Typhaceae . . .Sp. 485

Umbrella-grass;. 43;^

Umbrella-sedge 405

Uniola 377

Uralepis 691

Uvularia 733

Vagnera g45

Vallisneria p^jj^^ 45

Vallisneriaceae g 34]^

Velvet-grass 275

Vernal-grass • • • ■ " ggg

Victoria gge

Water-chinkapm 219

Water-grass 575

Water-hyacinth gg2

Water-lily ggg

Water-lotus ^^^

Water-nymph 268

Water-oats.. g49

Water-plantain g79

Water-shield g73

Water-stargrass ggg

Water-target -q^j ^XII

Waterworts g 28O

Weather-grass 452

Wheat 447

Wheat-grass 722

Wild-hyacinth 35^

Trumpet-daffodil jgg

Tsuga

Tuberose

Tulipa

Tumble-grass

Twig-rush

Twin-grass

Twin-star-flower..

768
720
360
529
403
774

Wild-oatgrass
Wild-onion
Wild-rice..
Wild-rye

700
268
460
739

Wild-spikenard 357

Windmill-grass
Windsoria . .
Witch-grass

Wolffia

Wood-grass.
Wood-lily

375
230
601
298
709
598

Wood-rush 224

Wool-grass 5^7

Wool-r ish 752

Yam-root 355

Yard-grass jgg

Yew 733

Yucca ..^ .. 640

Zannichellia p^^ 43

Zannichelhaceae gp 202

Zea ' '759

Zephyranthes 2fi8

Zizania 729

Zulu-bayonet ggg

Zygadenus

Biological Paper's. 129

A PARTIAL KEY TO THE GENERA OF NORTH
A3IER1CAN JASSOIDEA.

S. E. Crumb.
(By permission of the Chief of the Bureau of Entomology. )

THE hemipterous group Jassoidea includes such Homoptera as
have mauy spines on the hind tibijB and also have the antennae
itiserted between the eyes.

Because of their abundance, the increasing recognition of their
economic importance, and the lack of knowledge concerning the
distribution, habits and life histories of the greater number of the
species, these interesting insects deserve more general study. The
present paper is to some degree tentative and experimental, but is
offered in the hope that it may be of use to students in arranging
their material. The subfamily Athysaninse, in the Acocephalidse,
and the family Typhlocybidee are not treated.

Literature on the genera and higher groups of America north of
Mexico has appeared as follows :

Mr. Wm. H. Ashmead (Ent. Amer., v. 5, July, 1889) and Mr.
E. P. Van Duzee (Ent. Amer., v. 5, Sept. 1889) each published a
key to the genera of Bythoscopida? from Edwards' "Synopsis of
the British Cicadinee." Prof. Chas. W. Woodworth ( Psyche, v. 5,
pp. 211-214, July, 1889) gave a synopsis of the genera of Typhlo-
cybidae (Typhlocybini). Mr. Van Duzee (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc,
v. 19, pp. 295-307, 1892), in his well-known "Synopsis," gives keys
to the families and to the genera of Acocephalidse (Jassidae).
Prof. C. F. Baker (Psyche, v. 8, p. 76, 1892) erected the family
Ka3belidtT3 (Koebeliin*). Prof. C. P. Gillette (Proc. U. S. Natl.
Museum, v. 20, pp. 709-773, 1898) monographs the Typhlocybidse
(Typhlocybina?), and Dr. E. D. Ball (Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., v. 8,
1901) has done the same for the Tettigoniellidae (Tettigonidie) in
part. Prof. Herbert Osborn (Bull. 97 N, Y. State Museum, p. 500,
1905 ) gives a key to the families.

The late Dr. F. H. Snow and Prof. S. J. Hunter of the University
of Kansas, by their kindness and cooperation made this paper pos-
sible. Much of its completeness is due to work done in the Na-
tional Museum, through the courtesy of Dr. L. O. Howard and
Messrs. J. C. Crawford, jr., Otto Heidemann, W. D. Hunter, and
A. C. Morgan. To all these, and to those who by gifts of material
-9

130 Kansas Academy of Science.

and other favors have been of assistance, the author desires to ex-
press his hearty thanks.

Several terms used in the keys may require explanation. The
term vertex is loosely applied to all the head, exclusive of the eyes^
which is visible from directly above. The width is measured at
the narrowest point between the eyes. The part extending back
of the eyes is not considered in discussing the shape of the vertex.
The face, likewise, includes all of the head, exclusive of the eyes,
which is visible from directly below. The clypeus is said to be
expanded at the apex when it is broader at or near the apex than
at some point nearer the clypeal suture. Other details are given
in plate I.

Many species, especially in the Jassidse and Acocephalidse, ore
sexually dimorphic, and occur frequently in both short- and long-
winged forms.

FAMILIES OF JASSOIDEA.

A. Ocelli on face below anterior margin of vertex.

B. With a broad, thin margin between vertex and front Kcebelid^'

BB. Without a broad, thin margin between vertex and front. Front less than three
times as long as its width between the antennse. Lorae usually enclosed below
by the margin of the cheek.

C. Vertex and front distinctly limited ParofiDjE

CO. Vertex and front not distinctly limited, but rounding into each other.
Ocelli exposed on the face in very slight impressions or none.

Bythoscopid*;
AA. Ocelli on the vertex.

B. Ocelli rarely nearer anterior margin of vertex than posterior. Inner margin of
eye not depressed below the vertex bordering it. Lateral carina of pronotum
not below center of eye (except in Bathysmatophorus) . Ocelli prominent.

C. Form narrow, cylindrical. Profile of face and vertex rounded or obtuse
Vertex usually bright colored or bearing curved or branching lines.

Tettigoniellid^

CC. Form depressed, broader. Profile of face and vertex acute, or the face
impressed immediately beneath the vertex, producing a more or less
rounding or overhanging ledge (except in BathysTnat'^phortis) . Vertex
rarely bright colored, and marked, if at all, with a few straight longitu-
dinal stripes Gyponid^

BB. Ocelli very near anterior margin of vertex ; much nearer anterior margin than
posterior.® Inner margin of eye depressed distinctly below the vertex bordering
it. Lateral carina of pronotum below center of the eye; usually abruptly descend,
ing back of eye. Ocelli often indistinct JASSID.E

AAA. Ocelli on or very near anterior margin of vertex, or wanting.©

B. Elytra often subcoriaceous. usually angulated at tip of clavus ; clavus acute,
subacute or blunt, never attenuately pointed (plate I, fig. 7). Ocelli rarely ab-
sent although often hard to distinguish Acocephalid^

BB. Elytra membranous, not angulated at tip of clavus; clavus attenuately pointed
(plate 1, fig. 5); elytra always much longer than the abdomen. Ocelli rarely
present Typhlocybid^ (Plate I, fig. 6.)

1. In such genera of Acocephalidse (Stronglylocephalus and Acocephalus) as might be con-
fused with Jassidae because of the position of the ocelli, which are placed superiorly very near
the anterior margin of the vertex, there is a strong, narrow emargipation of the eye next the
entennse. This is not found in the preceding groups.

Biological Papers. 131

GENUS OF KCEBELID^.
Front three times as long as its width between the antennae. Lorje not enclosed below by the
margin of the cheek Kcebelia ( Plate II, figs. 8 and 9.)

GENUS OF PAROPIDjE,
Each ocellus set in a broad, deep, oblique groove Paripulopa

GENERA OF BYTHOSCOPID^.
A. Pronotum without a lateral carina. Side margin of pronotum very short or absent.

B. Pronotum strongly, subangularly produced between the eyes. Extreme tip of
elytron at or below the center of elytron. Venation clean-out, elevated.

C. Vertex rounded rectangular. Indefinite striations of pronotum extend-
ing diagonally backward each side of the median line Pediopsis

CC. Vertex rounded, angle greater than a right angle. Indefinite striations
of pronotum usually transverse Bythoscopus

BB. Pronotum rarely subangularly produced between the eyes (sometimes so in
AgcUlia). Vertex transverse, obtusely angled, often parallel margined. Elytral
veins not elevated.

C. Elytra not overlapping at apex (appendix not developed). Clypeus usu-
ally parallel margined. Extreme tip of elytron above center of elytron.

® Agallia

CC. Elytra overlapping at apex (appendix strongly developed). Clypeus ex-
panded at apex Idiocerus

AA. Pronotum with a distinct lateral carina and comparatively long side margin; flaring be-
hind; anterior margin broadly, gently, curved. Elytra more or less punctured, usually
pubescent or hairy.

B. Pronotum not wider behind than the head. Clypeus strongly tapering. Front
not wider than the clypeus at the suture Straganiovsis

BB. Pronotum wider posteriorly than the head. Clypeus parallel margined. Front
distinctly wider than the clypeus at the suture Macropsis

GENERA OF TETTIGONIELLID^.
A. Lateral carina of pronotum (arising back of center of eye) present; strongly obliquely
ascending to the posterior angle of pronotum. Root of elytron, viewed from the side^
higher than the eye.

B. Margin of vertex above antennal pit, viewed from above, not emarginate in front
of eye; not exposing any basal joints of the antennae. Clypeus as long as broad
and widest beyond the base.

C. Profile of vertex rounding on to the front, from which it is not distinctly
separated. Elytra subcoriaceous, membraneous only at tip. . Oncomeiopia

CC. Profile of vertex flat and distinctly separated from the front. Elytra
usually more or less vitreous throughout Homalodieca.

BB. Margin of vertex above antennal pit, viewed from above, emarginate in front of
eye; exposing one or more basal joints of the antennae. Clypeus broader than
long and widest at base Aulacizes

AA. Lateral carina of pronotum gently ascending, subhorizontal, or absent. Root of elytron,
viewed from the side, not higher than the eye.

B. Posterior margin of pronotum long; the margin straight, or broadly gently,
emarginate.

C. Elytra not reticulate veined at apex and not punctate. Lateral carina
usually present on pronotum.

2. Kirkaldy (Bull. 3. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Ass., pp. 30-31; 1907) has divided the genus
^Oo//ia into three genera, Aceratagallia, Agalliopsis, and Agallia, representing groups AA..
A. BB.. and A. B., respectively, of Osborn and Ball's synopsis of Agallia (Proc. Dav. Acad.
Sci., V. 7, pp. 47-48, 1898). These have not been included here, as the groups do not seem to
have more than subgeneric value.

132 Kansas Academy of Science.

GENERA TETTIGONIELLID^E.-coniinwed.

D. Vertex and front, in profile, not distinctly limited but rounding
into each other. Vertex variously marked but without a dark
line on anterior margin ® Tettigoniella

DD. Vertex and front, in profile, distinctly limited. Vertex usually
\ with a dark line on anterior margin Diedrocephala

CC. Elytra reticulate veined at apex. Lateral carina of pronotum absent.

Drasculaceph ala

BB. Posterior margin of pronotum short; ' rather abruptly emarginate. Elytra closely
punctured . Lateral carina of pronotum absent Helochara

GENERA OF GYPONID^.
A. Pronotum with a distinct humeral margin (plate I, fig. 1, Hm.). Lateral carina of pro-
notum normal.

B. Humeral and posterior margins of pronotum subequal. Posterior margin nar-
rowly emarginate. Pronotum and claval areas coarsely pitted. Profile of vortex
and front acute and but very slightly depressed below the anterior margin.

Xerophloea

BB. Humeral margin of pronotum less than half as long as posterior margin. Pos-
terior margin broadly, gently, emarginate. Pronotum and claval areas neither
punctate nor pitted.

C. Clavus not truncate at tip. Frontal sutures not appearing on the ver-
tex Gypona

CC. Clavus broadly truncate at tip. Frontal sutures attaining the ocelli.

Penthimia
AA. Pronotum without a humeral margin.

B. Pronotum wider posteriorly than the head. Ocelli about midway between ante-
rior and posterior margins of vertex. Lateral carina of pronotum usually ab-
rubtly descending back of eye J Bathysmatophorua

BB. Head as wide as pronotum, Pronotum but little flaring. Ocelli nearer anterior
than posterior margin of vertex. Lateral carina of pronotum straight.

Errlwmenellus
GENERA OF JASSID^.

A. Front widest at base. Clypeus at most but gradually enlarged toward the apex ; usually
parallel margined or tapering.

B. Vertex with a median carina, which also extends down the front. Clypeus
tapering Euacavthvs

BB. Vertex and front without a median carina.

C. Clypeus tapering to a rounded apex. Vertex not distinctly or subequi-
laterally pentagonal. Anterior margin of pronotum produced far be-
tween the eyes and nearly straight. Eyes rather prominent. Vertex,
and profile of front and vertex, strongly conical. Antennae of normal
length Pagaronia

CC. Clypeus parallel margined or expanded at apex. Vertex distinctly and
subequilaterally pentagonal. Anterior margin of pronotum gently
curved. Profile of front and vertex usually obtuse. Antennae exceed-
ingly long ®Neoccelidia

AA. Front as wide at clypeus as at base. Clypeus very strongly, abruptly, enlarged at apex.

B. Vertex cuneiform. Scutellum very small.. . Tinobregmus (Plate II, figs. 1 and 2.)

BB. Vertex subquadrate. Scutellum very large JasBua (Plate I, figs. 8 and 9.)

3. Distant (Faun. Brit. India, v. 4. p. 223; 1907) has erected the genus KoUa to include such
species of Tettigoniella (tripunctata, geometrica, bifida, etc.) as have the head particularly deep
and short. Tettigoniella, as thus limited, would include such species as hieroglyphica and
gothica.

4. These last two genera appear to have no special relationship with each other, and littl«
with anything that precedes or follows.

5. Paraecelidia Baker was founded (Can. Ent., v. 30, p. 292) upon P. tuberculata from the
Atlantic coast. It differs from Neocoelidia only in having the clypeus tuberculate near the
apex, and is not included here, as this character does not seem to be of generic importance.

Biological Papers. 133

SUBFAMILIES OF ACOCEPHALID^.
A. Frontal suture arising or directed between the ocelli ( plate II, fig. 4),0i or the ocelli placed
superiorly near anterior margin of vertex. Pronotum usually with a lateral carina.
Clypeus with margins parallel or strictly subparallel (except in Platynietopius).

ACOCEPHALINiE

AA. Frontal suture arising diiectly beneath ocellus or between ocellus and eye (plate I, fig. 2).
Ocelli on anterior margin of vertex before the eye. Pronotum rarely with a lateral carina.
Clypeus parallel margined or not Athysanin^e

GENERA OF ACOCEPHALIN^.
A. Ocelli either placed superiorly near anterior margin of vertex or on the anterior margin
with the profile of face and vertex broadly rounded. Elytra longer than abdomen. Claval

suture not distinctly curved at tip Acocevhalini

B. Vertex not rectangular, including distinctly less than two-thirds the length of
the pronotum. Clavus not punctate-striate.

C. Ocelli superior. Front broad, flat. Size medium or rather small.

D. Extreme tip of elytron at center of elytron. Vertex with strise
parallel to anterior margin Slrongj/locephalus

DD. Extreme tip of elytron distinctly above center of elytron. Ante-
rior margin of vertex not striate Acocephaliis

CC. Ocelli on obtuse, rounded margin of vertex and margined with pale.
Front swollen, very convex. Size very small.

Xestocephalus (Plate II, figs. 10 and 11.)

BE. Vertex rectangular, including two-thirds the length of the pronotum. Clavus
strongly punctate-striate Goniagnathus ( Plate II, figs. 12 and 13.)

A A. Ocelli before middle of eye on anterior margin of vertex, Profile of face and vertex
usually acute and never broadly rounded. Eyes without an antennal emargination.
Elytra often shorter than abdomen. Claval suture curved at extreme tip Dorydxni

B. Vertex and face in profile not separated by a thin margin or by a line beneath
the anterior margin of vertex. Lateral carina of pronotum distinctly oblique. @

Memnonia (Plate II, figs. 5 and 6.)

BB. Vertex and face in profile, separated either by a thin margin or by a pigment line
beneath anterior margin of vertex.

C, Vertex rarely acutely angled, but broad, 'Hgulate, or roundingly produced.
Clypeus not expanded at apex. Front usually distinctly less than three
times as long as its middle breadth.

D. Without pigment lines in cells of elytra.

E. Vertex with a median carina. Claval veins' united pos-
teriorly.

F. Vertex usually ligulate; at least twice as long as
broad. Pronotum without a distinct median
carina Dorycephalus

FF. Vertex bluntly conical; less than twice as long as
broad. ': Pronotum with a distinct mediam
carina. Color black, Neoslossonia (Plate II, fig. 7.)

. EE. Vertex without a median carina. Claval veins not united
posteriorly, but running separately to the margin of
elytron (except in Spanbergiella) .

F. With but one claval vein. Vertex and pronotum
bearing converging red stripes.

Spanbergiella (Plate II, figs. 3 and 4.)

6. Be careful not to mistake a color line curving inward below the ocellus for the frontal
suture.

7. In forms under BB, likely to be confusing because of the character of the profile, the
lateral carina of pronotum is distinctly horizontal.

8. Only the male of Neosloaaonia is known. The female may more closely resemble Doryce-
Vhalus in the character of the vertex.

134 Kansas Academy of Science.

GENERA OF ACOCEPHALINiE.— cowttnwcd.

FF. With two claval veins.

G. Vertex bearing parallel longitudinal

stripes or none. Outline of vertex in

female (plate I, figs. 3 and 4) with a slight.

, abrupt emargination at anterior point of

eye Hecalus

GG. Vertex and pronotum never with more
than a median white line. Vertex with-
out an emargination at anterior point of
eye Paraholocratua

DD. With pigment lines in cells of elytra Dicyphonia

CC. Vertex acutely angled. Clypeua distinctly expanded at apex. Front
three or more times as long as its middle breadth Platymetopiua

Biological Papers.

135

136

Kansas Academy of Science.
Plate II.

\' ' \

10

Biological Papers. 137

Bibliographical data are given below on such genera included
in this paper as have appeared in our fauna or have been erected
since the publication of VanDuzee's "Catalogue of the Described
Jassoidea of North America" (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, v. 21, pp. 245-
317; 1894). Type species are included in brackets.

Koebelia Baker [californica Baker].

Psyche, v. 8, pp. 76, 77; 1892.
Paropulopa Fieber [lineata Fieber].

Neue Gattung und Arten in Homoptera. Verhandlungender k. k. Zool
Bot. Gesell., v. 16; Wien 1866.
Straganiopsis Baker [idioceroides Baker].

Invertebrata Pacifica, v. 1, p. 10.
Kolla Distant [insignis Distant].

Fauna British India, v. 4, pt. 1, p. 223; 1907.
Tettigoniella Jacobi [viridis Linn].

Tetigonia Geoffrey Hist, abregee des Ins., v. 1, p. 429; 1799. [nom.
pr^occ. ]

Tettigoniella Jacobi Zool. Jahr. Syst., v. 19; p. 778; 1904. nom. nov.]
Errhomenellus Puton [brachypterus Minck.] [Fieber.]

Errhomenus Fieber Neue Gattung und Arten in Homoptern. Verb, der
k. k. Zool-Bot. Gesell., v. 16, Wien, 1866. [nom. prseocc]

Errhomenellus Puton Catalogue des Hemipteres 1899. [nom. nov.]
Bathysmatophorus Baker [uhleri Baker] = [Uhler Mss. Lystridea conspersa] .

Psyche, Sept., 1898, pp. 260, 261.
Pagaronia Ball [13-punctata Ball].

Can. Ent., v. 34, p. 19; 1902.
Neocoelidia Gillette and Baker [tumidifrons G. & B.l.

Colorado Ag. Ex. Sta. Bull. 31, p. 103; 1895. Emended Can. Ent., v.
30, p. 289; 1898.
Memnonia Ball [consobrina Ball].

Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. for 1899 (1900), p. 66.
Neoslossonia Van Duzee [putnami Osborn] = [atra Van Duzee].

Van Duzee Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., v. 9, p. 218; 1909.

Osborn Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., v, 10, p. 163; 1907. Described
putnami.
Dicyphonia Ball [ramentosa Ball].

Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. for 1899 (1900), p. 69.

138 Kansas Academy of Science.

INSECTICIDES.

By L. E. Sayre.

SINCE the enactment of the food and drugs law there has been
a tendency toward standardization of all substances in any
way allied to drugs and poisons, as well as of foods and food acces-
sories. The federal insecticide regulation No. 16 requires the in-
gredients of insecticides to be disclosed when containing arsenic
or any of its combinations.

Insecticides, other than arsenical combinations, and fungicides
containing inert substances which do not prevent, destroy, repel
or mitigate insects or fungi, must bear a statement on the label of
the name and percentage of each inert substance therein, unless
the name and percentage of each active ingredient of the article is
plainly and correctly stated, in which case it will be sufficient to
state on the label that the article contains inert substances, giving
correct percentage thereof.

Our knowledge of insecticides and fumigants up to recent times
has been very inaccurate. Investigators having been drawn to the
subject by the attitude occasioned by the federal and state regula-
tions, more accurate information concerning them is now possible.

In the Journal of the American Public Health Association, 1911,
there is a valuable contribution to our knowledge of insecticides
by McClintock, Hamilton, and Lowe. They have in this article
ably discussed the subject, and have shown the results of their in-
vestigation, giving the relative value or cofficients of the popular
toxic agents employed for the extermination of insect pests. An
ingenuous apparatus has been devised by them, a rough diagram
of which is here reproduced.

This apparatus is so constructed as to make possible the meas-
uring of definite amounts of gases, which may be drawn from a
container for any experiment. Such gases as illuminating gas. sul-
phur dioxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, etc., have been
employed. Insects confined within the glass chamber of the ap-
paratus and subjected to the influence of various insecticides can
be watched and timed, so that the relative value of toxic action can
be readily estimated. The insects experimented upon by the above
investigators were bedbugs, cockroaches, house flies, clothes moths,
and mosquitos. It was found that the minimum quantity neces-
sary to kill the insects varied, of course, according to the toxic

Biological Papers.

139

substances. For example, stating the quantity of sulphur dioxide
necessary to kill the bedbug as 8, we have the quantity of formal-
dehyde (4:0 per cent solution) necessary to produce the same effect
as 54 plus, making the calculated coefficient of sulphur dioxide,

Apparatus used by McClintock, Hamilton, and Lowe.

for this insect, as 1, and that of formaldehyde 0.1 The authors
have tabulated in their report the coefficients of thirty-eight differ-
ent insecticides, including such articles as the above mentioned,
and, in addition, creosote, carbolic acid, naphthalene, kerosene, oil

140 Kansas Academy of Science.

of turpentine, many essentials oils, benzaldehyde, hydrocyanic acid,
such p jwdered substances as stramonium, sabadilla, and pyre-
thrum, etc.

Such investigations as the above and such regulations as made
by the federal government make it now almost impossible for a
manufacturer to delude or deceive the public by foisting upon it
any insecticide nostrum whose ingredients are kept secret unless
it bears the test which recent investigations have suggested.

Our own interest has been attracted to this subject by certain
insecticides being sent to the drug laboratory to obtain a state-
ment as to their efficiency. One such article, in particular, we
have recently investigated. The article is sold on the market un-
der a trade name, and in the advertisements it is stated that this
article is "creating consternation and mortality among the bugs
and insects in the jails, penitentiaries and public institutions in
this country. It further says that it "kills bugs instantly, and
they stay dead." This article is found to contain 6.5 per cent of
carbolic acid, with other ingredients which are claimed to enhance
the value of this popular insecticide. Applying the test of the
above-mentioned investigators in an apparatus corresponding to
theirs, which we have installed, we are able to state the following
facts:

Bell-jar experiments were carried out to determine the effect-
iveness of a few of the well-known insecticides, as well as the com-
mercial articles mentioned. Crickets ( Gryllus) were the insects
used in these experiments, their sensitiveness to toxic substances
making them particularly valuable for this kind of work. Cimici-
fuga (bug bane) has long been considered an effective insecticide.
Our experiments with cimicifuga, however, tend to show that this
drug has been greatly overestimated in its toxic properties toward
insects. Powdered cimicifuga seemed to be devoid of insecticidal
properties. Crickets kept in contact with the powdered drug for
hours showed no toxic effect.

As a fumigant cimicifuga proved unsatisfactory, acting more as
an aucesthetic than as an insecticide. One hundred times as much
powdered cimicifuga as the amount of sulphur that proved effective
was used, or the fumes from two grammes of the drug in a space
of 9000 cc. The insects were removed after a period of one hour,
apparently dead, but recovered after an hour or two hours' time.

The fluid extract of cimicifuga was tried, employing the contact
method in open jar. This preparation of the drug proved more
effective, killing the insects almost instantly, but it was also ob-

Biological Papers. 141

served that alcohol alone (which is the menstruum used in the manu-
facture of the fluid extract), would produce practically the same
result, although recovery was noted in some cases. Aqueous prep-
arations of cimicifuga were ineffective.

This is interesting, as cimicifuga is well known to be a plant
which insects invariably shun in the open field, and hence its
name — "cimic," a bug, and "fuga," to fly. This word was sug-
gested by the peculiar property of the plant, which was in early
times thought to be an insecticide.

The commercial insecticide above mentioned was tried in the
same manner. By contact method in open jar it killed almost in-
stantly. As a fumigant it had one- fiftieth of the toxic power of
sulphur. This preparation, having the trade name of "Vermingo,"
is said to contain 6| per cent of carbolic acid, among other ingre-
dients. As an insecticide, however, it is superior to 6| per cent of
solution of carbolic acid by contact method, but not equal to a 6^
per cent solution of carbolic acid used as a fumigant. The vapor
from the commercial article, containing considerable oil not very
volatile, seems to be heavy, and does not fill the space as readily as
the vapors from an aqueous solution.

Pyrethrum was tested similarly as a fumigant, and proved not
to be superior to cimicifuga, the insects recovering in every in-
stance. Employing the contact method and using the powdered
drug, the usual results were obtained that every one has experi-
euced who has used this well-known insect powder.

I am indebted to Mr. G. N. Watson for his valuable assistance
in these determinations.

142 Kansas Academy of Science.

A SYSTEM OF NOTATION APPLIED TO ENTOMO-
LOGICAL ACCESSION?.

By E. S. Tucker, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Baton Rogue, La.

THE object in presenting the following outlines for use of sym-
bols to assign insect specimens with notes, and vice ve7'sa, is
to proffer an aid such as has been utilized by the writer for the
specification of different kinds and conditions of entomological
material contained in an accession. When a collection is made of
insects affecting one host or product, or otherwise pertaining to a
certain subject, the specimens being obtained at the same time
under like circumstances are recorded as an accession. Each ac-
cession is numbered consecutively, beginning with the figure 1, in
accordance with the order of collection. Special symbols are pro-
posed for the designation of particular steps in a progressive method
of assorting the material of an accession with regard to classifica-
tory and conditional discrimination of one or more species of insects.

In practice, the method has proved very convenient for conduct-
int; breeding experiments with different species belonging in a
single accession. The procedure is especially valuable in prevent-
ing confusion or mistakes in the course of an investigation, and it
effects an assignment of the records of biological facts in corre-
sponding phases.

This plan is adapted to the expansible loose-leaf or card-filing
system of keeping records. To maintain perfect connection be-
tween specimens and notes, the proper symbols used in each case
need to be indicated with the detailed records, and the correspond-
ing specimens should be similarly designated. When a specimen
is mounted on a pin for preservation, a pin-label bearing the ac-
cession number and symbols should be given a prominent place
among the other labels on the pin. Specimens in preservative
solutions, or else mounted on slides, require the designations on an
enclosed slip or attached tag. If distinguished by the symbols, any
particular specimen, when wanted, may be readily picked out from
a general collection. In breeding tests, specimens can be tagged
in a suitable manner, but alteration of symbols is made to accord
with change of stage and isolation. Connection between records,,
with modified symbols relating to a direct series, should always be
signified by means of cross-references.

Biological Papers. 143:

OUTLINES FOR USE OF SYMBOLS.

Characters possessing a more distinctive appearance than would
be presented by a decimal arrangement, even if such could be con-
veniently applied, have been selected for the symbols. The acces-
sion number, in Arabic figures, must precede everything for
designation of and reference to the original record, together with
its specific notes and detailed additions.

First. For the first series of symbols, to indicate nature or gen-
eral classification of specimens, use Roman numerals as assigned
below. Consistency in the use of these symbols relates to all ac-
cessions alike.

I. Mixed collection if not specified further, and to include invertebrates

other than insects or their associated allies.
II. Dipteroidea: the flies and fleas.

III. Lepidopteroidea: the butterflies and moths.

IV. Hymenopteroidea: bees, wasps, ants, stinging parasites, and saw-

flies.

V. Coleopteroidea: beetles, weevils, and twisted- winged parasites.

VI. Neuropteroidea: the inactive metomorphic nerve-winged insects.

VII. Hemipteroidea: the true sucking bugs and lice.

VIII. Orthopteroidea: the leathery-winged insects.

IX. Platyptera: termites and mandibulate lice.

X. Archiptera: the active metamorphic nerve-winged insects.

XI. Aptera: wingless and nonmetamorphic insects.

XII. Myriapoda: centipedes and thousand-legged worms.

XIII. Arachnida: spiders, ticks, mites, and their near relatives.

Second. For the second series of symbols to denote the separa-
tion of species for determination and investigation, use capital
letters. Species should be recorded by scientific names if known
at the time of assignment, but names may be learned later, since
they are not required for conducting observations when symbols
are need.

The necessity of a considerable latitude in the application of
symbols in this series requires a different degree of fitness in com-
parison with the preceding and succeeding series, in so far that
the assignment of a letter to a species in one of the groups as deb-
ignated in the first series is made independent of the use of an
identical letter in another group, either in the same or separate ac-
cession. The letters can therefore be used in any group without
regard to another, but each character mast not be applied td more
than one species in the same accessional group.

In case more characters than are offered in the alphabi^t
are needed for the designation of species in a group, the surplus
material may be assigned to a separate accession, and then as-

144 Kansas Academy of Science.

sorted independently. But if a continuation of specific assign-
ments were desired, without resorting to a division of the material
into limited accessions, letters can be used in double standing, and
for further need use treble, and so forth. Such extensive demands
for any group, however, is a very remote possibility.

Third. For the third series of symbols, to denote the stage or
inseparable stages of a species, with or without host or enemy,
either for rearing or preservation, use small letters as assigned
herewith.

a. For adult, or mature stage.

h. For pupa or nymph, or metamorphic stage.

c. For larva or young, or larval stage.

d. For egg or ovum stage.

e. For inseparable stages, as in colonies.

Fourth. For the fourth series of symbols, to specify a separate
specimen, pair or colony of any previously designated species,with
regard to particular or collective stages, either to be preserved or
else isolated for observational purposes, use Arabic figures in con-
secutive order.

SUMMARY.

An explanation of the entire plan for use of symbols may be
summarized by steps composing the following course of procedure:

All insects contained in an accession are first sorted into super-
ordinal groups as a basis of classification. Each group is then
designated by a Roman numeral according to the assignment
given.

The second step consists in separating the species in each group
and indicating each species by a capital letter.

In the third step the separate or collective stages of each species
are determined, and designated by a small letter, as per assign-
ment.

Finally, each specimen or pair with respect to one stage, or
colony with respect to collective stages, is numbered in consecu-
tive order as desired for special designation. Arabic figures are
used for numbering.

Example explained : l.V.A.a.l.
1. Denotes first accession.

l.V. Indicates an assortment of insects belonging in the superordinal

group Coleopteroidea, as found in the first accession.
l.V. A. Indicates the first specification of species sorted out from the

previously designated group.
l.V.A.a. This refers the designated species to the adult stage, should

such be the case.
l.V.A.a.l. Denotes first isolation or particular specification of one or a pair
of adults as previously designated.

Biological Papers. 14g

RECORD SHEETS.

The size of record sheets preferred by the writer is 5 by 8 inobes.
Its chief advantages are that it allows ample space for writing
records, and is easily managed on a typewriter with which two
forms are used, one being for accessions and experimental notes,
and the other for references and bibliographies. Another specially
prepared form of same size, however, is used for entering meteoro-
logical observations. Experimental data may first be written by
hand on small temporary cards, but after being brought to a ter-
mination in respect to a degree of advancement, they should be
copied onto the regular form for permanent filing.

-10

146 Kansas Academy of Science.

BIOTROPISM.

By Lyman C. Wooster, Ph. D.

WHEN Lamarck declared, in 1801 and 1809, that the efifects of
use and disuse on cells and organs are inherited, he raised
Buch a storm of opposition that followers of Lamarck have been
few from that time to the present. Indeed, Lamarck's theory has
been killed many times, but always there have been a few faithful
disciples ready to assist in its resurrection. Paleontologists have
found Lamarck's theory so perfectly in accord with what they find
in the crust of the earth that they, as a class, have followed his
leadership in most things, styling themselves Neo-Lamarckians.

An increasing number of biologists in this twentieth century fol-
low Lamarck in his contention respecting the inheritance of the ef-
fects of use and disuse of cells, organs and the individual ; and declare,
with him, that it is life (Aristotle's entelechy) that is the efficient
agent in the modification of species to meet a changing environ-
ment, and that life is the bearer of such modifications, making
possible their continued inheritance.

But the larger number of biologists (it is strange that they class
themselves as biologists) maintain that the entelechies are the
products of the chemist's crucible, and that environment, including
the physical forces, is the chief agent in the development of the
life powers. College textbooks on plant and animal physiology are
loaded with discussions of geotropism, heliotropism, phototropism^
thigmotropism, traumatropism, rheotropism, chemotropism, hydro-
tropism, aerotropism, thermotropism, and several other external
influences, while not in a single textbook, not even in the latest
dictionary, will be found biotropism, a perfectly legitimate word.

When a root pushes through the soil toward the center of the
earth, this movement is said to be an example of geotropism, not
biotropism; when a house plant bends toward a sunny window^
the textbook makers say that it does so because of phototropism,
and do not hint of biotropism, though the more careful ones admit
that there is an inexplicable element in the problem.

This mechanistic tendency of so many human minds is probably
due to the great preponderance of culture subjects in school and
college curricula of the past several hundred years. The mathe-
matical formulae, especially, apply so readily in the explanation of
the action of the physical forces, and the atomic theory serves the

Biological Papers. 147

chemist so beautifully in the working out of his chemical reactions,
that many old-time college-made biologists very naturally turn to
these chemical and physical forces for the causes of vital phenom-
ena. Hence we have the germ-plasm theory of Weismann, the
laws of Mendel, and the attempts to find life in the crucible made
by Loeb and Schaefer. The chemical and physical forces can be
measured and expressed in terras of standard units, while life, a
variable, does not lend itself so readily to the mathematically
minded for expression.

Chemists, physicists and astronomers know that chemism, cohe-
sion and adhesion, gravitation, all forms of radiant energy, and the
influence that controls the arrangement of molecules in crystals,
all obey laws that have not varied since the beginning of exact
human observation. Everyone,on the other hand, who has Aristotle's
entelechy within him, knows that life is a variable which may do
things differently to-morrow from what it does them to-day, in
both instances under precisely the same external conditions.

This variability of life is worrying some of our modern biolo-
gists. Doctor Driesch, the great German vitalist, in a letter to
Lovejoy, of Johns Hopkins University, says, in an excerpt quoted
by Jennings, also of Johns Hopkins, and published in /Science for
October 4, 1912: "You are quite right in saying 'the biologist can
not from the kowledge of total physical configuration predict what
will happen even after he ha sobserved it.' This is, indeed, a con-
sequence of my vitalism, and I am glad that you appreciate it. I
reject absolute indeterminism, but accept experimental indeter-
minism." In their published correspondence in Science, continued
for two or three years, neither Jennings nor Lovejoy gives any
reasons for the fact that experiments on living organisms do give
results of high certainty.

In several papers^ read before this Academy during the past eight
years I have reiterated the belief that the first activities of the first
cell of protoplasm on earth must have been performed consciously;
Uter, when these activities have been performed consciously many
times, they became in part habitual in the individual, and by con-
tined repetition through many generations they became largely
subconscious and instinctive tendencies in the species.^ We can

1. Volume XIX. The Genesis and Development of Human Instincts. Volume XXI, Part I,
Anti(iuity of Man's Body-building- Instincts. Volume XXII, Weismann's Germ-plasm' Theory
Untenable. Volume XXIV. Origin and Development of Plant and Animal InstinctB.

2. Dr. Charles S. Minot. of Harvard, in his presidential address before the American Abso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science, in 1902. at Pittsburjr. says, as a probable hypothesis,
■ that conscious actions are primary: reflex or instinctive actions secondary; or, in other words',
thit for the benefit of the organism, conscious actions have b;en transformed into instincts and
reflexes."

148 Kansas Academy of Science.

merely prophesy as to the course of conscious activities in others;
we can be fairly sure as to the form of movement of the subcon-
scious activities; and can be nearly certain as to the ends that will
be reached by the instinctive activities. The uncertainties in the
second and third forms of activities are due to slow modifications
of subconscious and instinctive powers by repeated additions and
subtractions. Man shows in his body nearly one hundred and
twenty vestigial parts, according to Wiedersheim, and sixty others
whose functions are changing. But these slight daily variations
in the subconscious and instinctive activities of plants and animals,
with corresponding changes in the body parts, do not prevent suc-
cessful experimentation with these organisms. This is common
experience, and the fact that Jennings himself has been exceed-
ingly successful in his experiments with lower organisms empha-
sizes this conclusion without in the least impairing the validity of
indeterminate vitalism.

The conscious additions and subtractions to the various subcon-
scious and instinctive forms of activity have another, though re-
lated, effect which is highly important in biology. These changes
in the ego following the conscious use or disuse of parts finally re-
sult in the evolution of many new varieties, subspecies and species
of plants and animals. These new forms are preserved through
the inheritance of instincts modified consciously in the direction
of greater efficiency, through isolation by means of barriers, and
by the greater success of these organism, in their struggles for ex-
istence.

Many biologists deny the efficiency of consciousness in bringing
about the evolution of new species, because they forget that con-
sciousness, according to Doctor Minot, has the power to change
the form of energy without itself being a form of energy or a state
of protoplasm. From the simplest organisms, whether plant or
animal, to most complex, consciousness is the directing influence.
In organisms along the lines of ascent up to but not including
man, with his powers of speech, and in the living protoplasmic
cells of all organisms, including those of man's body, needs are
felt, and met, not by a course of reasoning requiring language, but
by a somewhat blind feeling that the action felt to be best is the
one to be taken.

If consciousness did not have this power with race and individ-
ual memory to direct race and individual development, there could
be no orthogenetic evolution. The bodies of organisms, however
complex, could not be built from the simple fertilized egg cell, and

Biological Papers. 149

cells of complex organisms could not modify their internal struc-
ture and multiply in number to meet increased needs nor fail to do
so when disused. All our notions of efficiency compel us to be-
lieve that there are cell egos as well as individual egos to con-
sciously superintend the multiform activities of every organism
composed of many cells.

Man in some respects is in a class by himself. Language, with
its rich supplies of concepts, is such a help to the conscious pow-
ers that this lord of creation can determine by a course of reason-
ing what is best to be done long before his body can evolve parts
with which to doit. So he makes external provisions for hisneeds,
and many of his body cells and organs, except those of his brain,
stop evolving higher powers. It is for this reason that man's body
is on a level with the world of animals, while his mind has kinship
with the God of the universe.

i;

V.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

"On the Immunity of the Kansas Bottom Ground Waters to
Changes in the Composition of the Kansas River Water."

By Prof. C. C. Young.

"The Common Mole— Runway Studies."

By Theo. H. Scheffer, U. S. Biological Survey.

"The Longevity of Yale Graduates."

By J. T. Lovewell.

"Has the Quality of Drugs Improved Since the Enactment op
the Food and Drugs Law?"

By M. N. Wedel and L. D. Havenhill.

"A Further Discussion of Municipal Ownership of Water and
Light Plants."

By J. A. G. Shirk.
(151)

ON THE IMMINITY OF THE KANSAS BOTTOM GROUND

WATERS TO CHANGES IN THE COMPOSITION

OF THE KANSAS RIVER WATER.

By Prof. C. C. Young.

THE extended period of dry weather during the three years pre-
vious to the series of analyses following led to a shortage of
ground water in the bottoms where the Lawrence Water Company
obtains the supply furnished the city. It was deemed advisable to
liave some check on the water company, so that we would be able
to tell when Kaw river water was used to reinforce the insufficient
ground-water supply.

From time to time during the years 1909, 1910 and 1911 sufBcient
analyses of the Kaw and the Lawrence city supply had been made
so that it was certain that the ground water was very nearly con-
Btant in composition, while the river varied over wide limits.

Collection of samples for comparative analyses from the Kaw
and city supply was commenced on January 9, 1912. The chlo-
rine content of the city supply at that time was 60 parts per mil-
lion, which is about normal for that time of year. The river
showed 168 parts per million. On January 10 the tap water con-
tained 88 parts per million and the river 142. A trip to the pump
house revealed the fact that the water company had the suction
line to the river wide open and were pumping river water. The
use of varying amounts of river water continued until February 9,
when its use was discontinued until the period from November
22 to December 16.

The breaks in the chlorine content for the city water are very-
marked, and show readily the admixture of river water with the
ground supply. A simple calculation will give almost the exact
amount of river water that had been added at any one time.

The statement is often made by the layman, and, I am sorry to
say, by some engineers, that the water pumped from the Kaw bot-
toms ie nothing more than river water that filters back through
the sand into the wells, but a study of the curve will show that the
composition of the ground water is affected only slightly by season
changes, and not at all by the composition of the Kaw. For in-
stance, the time between February 15 and June 1 is the highest
period of chlorine in the ground water and the lowest in the river.

(153)

154

Kansas Academy of Science.

The lowest values for chlorine in the city supply are during high
time of chlorine in the river. It will be seen that the low values
for chlorine in the river is during the period of greatest precipita-
tion, and the opposite is true of the city supply. If the river had
the slightest effect on the ground-water composition it would un-
questionably show up on this supply, for, as may be seen by a

Plate I,

LAWRErpCE WATER CO.

LAWREIJCC

PUMPING STATllON/ WELLS,

'ik'
■11/ 1

Miscellaneous Papers.

155

156

Kansas Academy of Science.

.....^....Ti.p-rriim-rrnTTTTr-^TI'nTTini

Miscellaneous Papen

167

158

Kansas Academy of Science.

glance at the map, a very large portion of the supply is obtained
within 150 feet of the river banks. The plan of the Lawrence
Water Company's collection system is shown herewith.

The one effect that the river has on the ground water is to cause
it to raise or lower according to the height of the river. The river
does not filter back through the sand to raise the water in the
wells, however, but its effect is explained by the geologist in a
similar way to that portrayed in the accompanying sketches.

No. 1 shows the normal condition of the river when it is flowing
with the bed well filled and the ground water at sufficient height
and working under just enough head to pass into the river against
the back pressure of the water in the stream. That this CDudition
exists ordinarily is illustrated by the fact that the flow over the
dam at Lawrence is one-fourth greater than the combined flow of

Plate V.

Miscellaneous Papers. . 159

the Kaw at Manhattan and all streams tributary to the Kaw be-
tween Lawrence and Manhattan. This reinforcement could have
come only from the ground water.

No. 2 shows the condition during a dry time, when if it were
not for the stored ground water reinforcing the Kaw it would go
dry in a few days.

No. 3 shows the condition that exists when there is a suddin
rise in the river sufficient to make the water level much higher in
the stream than in the wells. It is this condition that gives the
appearance of the river flowing back through the sand into the
ground, for the water commences at once to rise in the wells. From
the opinion of many eminent geologists, and from a study of the
chlorine curve of the river during March, 1912, when this condition
existed, I can but conclude that the river does not flow back to the
wells, but the raise in the bed is sufficient to create enough head
so that the ground water can not enter the river, so must back up
in the water-bearing sand and gravel, exactly like any large stream
will back up a smaller when the rise comes quickly in the large
stream.

No. 4 represents the condition that existed after the floods of
1903, 1904 and 1908, when the river receded rapidly after an ex-
tended period of high water, and the ground-water level had risen
with the heavy rains and been held in the ground by the flooded
streams. At the times mentioned water could be obtained easily
by removing the surface soil and scooping out a few inches of sand
or gravel.

A few days after the river went down the ground- water level
commenced to lower, and continued to do so slowly until the con-
dition shown by the first sketch was again established.

These facts, stated as briefly as possible, seem to prove to the
writer, at least, that the Kaw can not affect the ground water in the
b jttoms.

160

Kansas Academy of Science.

THE COMMON MOLE.

Runway Studies ; Hours of Activity.

By Theo. H. Scheffer, U. S. Biological Survey.
RUNWAY STUDIES.

THE central part of a mole's system of runways can usually be
located by the little piles of earth thrust up from the deeper
tunnels. These are easily distinguishable from any elevations of
the surface ridging due to the mole's burrowing just beneath the
sod. They may be looked for on the higher spots of an open field
or where natural objects offer some concealment and shelter.
There are no "mole hills" in this country, such as those referred
to in discussions of the European mole. The deeper tunnels con-
stitute the real living quarters of the mole, the surface ridges be-
ing merely the paths ranging over his hunting grounds.

I have at various times spent many hours in digging out mole
runways in places that promised interesting results. In all I have
thus excavated parts of six central systems and prepared several
diagrams, one of which accompanies this paper. In mapping out
the runway of any burrowing animal my plan for securing accu-
racy of detail is to divide all the ground covered by the excavation
into small squares by stakes and cross lines. Corresponding
squares, on a smaller scale, are then drawn on the sheets of paper
to be used for the map.

Runways of the common mole.

The galleries and highways of the central system of a mole's
habitation run at depths of from eight or ten inches in some places
to twelve or fifteen in others, rarely deeper. In several instances,
however, I have found the blind runs, or "bolt runs" as the Eng-
lish call them, descending to a depth of two feet or even more.

Miscellaneous Papers. 161

There can be no question but that these branches of tlie deep run-
way system actually end each in a cul-de-sac, for in nearly a dozen
cases they were carefully followed with spade and trowel to an
abrupt termination. Usually the blind end was slightly enlarged
on one side of the axis, as though the burrowing animal had scooped
out a little leeway for turning to right or left.

Occasionally at any point on the surface ridge a mole's burrow
will drop down abruptly and follow along in the subsoil for several
feet before reappearing again at the surface. This is probably a
provision for escaping the attacks of an enemy above ground, as
these retreats are often at points remote from the main central
system.

In my excavations I have unearthed at least a half-dozen nests,
each in a chamber four to six inches in diameter and about a foot
beneath the surface of the ground. In all cases the nesting ma-
terial consisted mainly of closely cropped pasture grasses with the
tine fibrous roots attached. It. is probable that this grass stubble
had been pulled down by the roots into the shallow surface bur-
rows and carried from those to the nesting chambers. That the
mole seeks some mateiial ab ve ground for its nests, however, is
evident from the fact that there was a large admixture of leaves in
the only two nests that were near trees.

But two of the six nests discovered were in a condition to indi-
cate that they might be in use at the time (late fall months). The
others were somewhat dilapidated, mixed with earth and infested
with vermin. It is likely that these were occupied when the young
were being reared in the spring.

In sifting the material of these old nests, hundreds of small,
light-brown beetles {Leptinus testaceus) were secured. Their
larva? were also very plentiful, and in addition the material yielded
mites in all stages, and some fleas. Specimens of all these para-
sites were also found on some of the moles trapped during the fall.

There is little doubt but that the mole is strictly a hermit in its
relations to others of its kind, particularly in the fall season of the
year. During the progress of my excavations one mole, and only
one, showed up in each case to make repairs in the ruined gal-
leries. When this m(jle was caught the place always remained in
a state of desolation for some days at least. In a field well popu-
lated by moles the intersection of branch runs belonging to dif-
ferent systems is inevitable. Sooner or later, therefore, almost
-11

162 Kansas Academy of Science.

every spot where I have once captured a mole, by hand or by trap,
has been visited by other moles and the deserted runways again
occupied.

HOURS OF ACTIVITY.

It is commonly believed that moles work only at periods recur-
ring regularly each day; that in the morning, at noon, and again in
the evening the little animals are impelled by hunger to extend
their surface runways in search of food. Between times they are
supposed to sleep or rest quietly in their underground nests. It is
possible that this idea may have gained popular credence through
a course of reasoning from our own regularity of meal times. My
observations go to show that during the fall season, at least, there
is no stated time of day when the animal is more or less active
than at other times. The results of these observations are given
below.

It has been found that if a breach is made into the runway of a
mole, the little animal will invariably repair the breach when he
comes that way on his rounds. By taking advantage of this fact
one can gain much information if he will visit, at short, regular in-
tervals throughout the day, each of a circuit of runs in which a
slight breach has been made. The following are the results of such
an investigation :

Fifty runs were marked by stakes and a breach made in each as
late in the evening as it was possible to see the marks. The first
round of inspection was made between sjx and seven o'clock the
next morning, and other rounds at intervals of one hour during
that day and the following day. To the records of these two days
were added those of two other nonconsecutive days, selected so as
to include various kinds of weather

Number of places in which breaches were repaired during the night . . . 135

Number of places in which repairs were made during the day 116

Breaks repaired in the forenoon 109

Breaks repaired in the afternoon 89

Breaks found repaired at—

8 a. m 19

9 A. M 18

10 A. M 22

11 A. M 26

12 M 24

1 P. M 27

2 P. M 17

3 P. M 12

4 P. M 20

5 P. M 13

Miscellaneous Papers. 163

Another experiment, in which thirty-six runs were kept under
observation, gives us the following results for a period of twenty-
four hours, the original breaks having been made late in the
evening :

Breaks found repaired at—

9-10 P. M 15

3-4 A. M 16

9-10 A. M 9

1- 2 P. M 11

5- 6 P. M 8

From a study of these figures it is very evident that the mole is
not a creature of the periodical feeding habits commonly ascribed
to him; moreover, that in his daily activities he may not be classed
as diurnal, nocturnal, or crepuscular. To what extent, if any, he
may vary from these observed habits in the summer season remains
to be determined by further investigation.

164 Kansas Academy of Science.

THE LONGEVITY OF YALE GRADUATES,

As Shown by the Publication of Living Graduates of Yale University, 1912.

By J. T. LOVEWELL.

A DIRECTORY of living graduates has been issued in the last
year from Yale University, and from it may be gleaned some
facts which are of interest as showing the duration of life among
college graduates.

The history of Yale goes back far enough to show the extinction
of early classes, and we tind up to the class of 1839 all are gone;
and this class is represented by a single member. Dr. David F. At-
water, of Springfield, Mass., who at present has the distinction of
being the oldest living Yale graduate. His class graduated 95,
seventy-four years ago. The classes of '41 and '42 have each a sin-
gle member remaining, and the class of '40 has only two, but com-
ing to later dates the number increases.

In this paper only graduates in the arts course are considered.
It is an interesting fact that those enrolled as graduates of Yale
College (bachelors of arts) number 16,812, and of these there are
living 8647, and deceased 8165, thus dividing the living and the
dead graduates of Yale into two very nearly equal numbers.

So far the greater number is on the side of the living, but as
the years go on these figures are bound to shift, and most of the
graduates of Yale, as of all other people, will have gone to join the
"great majority." This condition would have been reached sooner
in Yale only owing to the fact that the later classes of Yale far
outnumber the earlier. Thus the class of '39 enrolled only 95
members, while the average enrollment of the last five classes is
over 316.

In the accompanying table is shown opposite the date of classes,
beginning with 1839, the total enrollment, the number living, and
the percentage of the latter to the former. By making these per-
centages the ordinates to a curve whose abscissas mark the years
of graduation, we have a sort of curve which shows at a glance how
the expectation of life diminishes as the years roll on, and we reach
the ground in about seventy-five years at the farthest. At this
limit the graduates have attained a longevity of more than ninety
years.

Miscellaneous Papers.

165

Class.

Total
enrolled.

Living.

Per

cent.

Class.

Total
enrolled.

Living.

Per

cent.

1839

95

106

79

110

96

105

75

83

124

88

96

86

93

96

110

102

92

97

107

105

107

112

97

loo

129
112
102
98
106

no

116
120
105
133
114
124
97

1

2

1

1

2

5

4

2

7

8

10

11

13

10

20

16

17

23

27

28

30

36

35

42

52

59

57

53

65

53

61

69

66

84

82

95

57

1.05

1.90

1.27

0.9

2.1

4.8 ;

5.3

2.4

5.6

9.1
10.6 1
13.7
14.0
10.5
11.8 !
16.7
17.4
23.6
24.2
26.2
28.0
32.1
36.0
42.0
40.3
50.2
50.0
54.0
60.2
48.2
54.3
57.9
63.0
63.1
71.9
76.6
58.7

1876

126

120

132

138

122

130

122

152

152

126

139

160

125

124

146

185

181

184

238

250

278

275

300

298

320

253

291

316

286

288

295

356

339

310

309?

296

284

80
96
92
104
95
100
98
123
126
109
113
123
108
108
139
166
163
160
213
229
257
253
381
274
304
236
286
300
282
281
279
345
333
308
?

295
284

63.5

1840

1877

80.0

1841

1878

70.0

1842

1879

75.3

1843

1880

77.8

1844

1881

1882

76.9

1845

80.0

1846

1883

80.9

1847

1884

82.2

1848

1885

80.7

1849

1886

81.3

1850

1887

82.0

1861

1888

86.1

1852

1889

87.1

1853

1890

95.0

1891

89.2

1855

1892

90.1

1893

87.0

1857

1894

89.5

1895

91.0

1859

1896

92.4

1897

92.0

1861

1898

93.6

1899

91.9

1863

1900

95.0

1864

1901

93.2

1865

1902

98.4

1866

1903

94.9

1867

1904

98.4

1868

1905

97.5

1869

1906

94.5

1870

1907

96.9

1871

1908

98.2

1872

1909

1910

99.3

1873

?

1874

1911

99.6

1875

1912

100.0

The death rate is low for a few years succeeding graduation, as
might be expected of young men in the prime of life. As the
years go on the curve drops down and shows that about 50 per
cent survive forty to forty-five years after graduation. It takes
about twenty years to cut down the first 10 per cent of a class.
Ten per cent more will be gone in about fourteen years more. An
equal period will now remove as many as 20 percent, while, as said
above, 50 per cent will be dead in another ten years. As we ap-
proach the limit of seventy-five years the percentage of loss grows
less, for at this period there are generally a few cases of extreme
longevity, and these withered leaves drop off more slowly.

From thirty-five to fifty years after graduation there is wit-
nessed a period of great irregularity, as if the vital forces of men's
lives were often exhausted, and we might conclude that frequently
they live too fast and the decay is not steady and normal. Prob-
ab y we could with a more complete record and with similar sta-
tistics from other colleges draw other interesting conclusions.

166

Kansas Academy of Science.

^i ti ^

O ^ W\ '^^

"> "^ <-♦ <-i -^ -t "ol

Miscellaneoiis Papers. 167

HAS THE QU ^ LITY OF DRUGS IMPROVED SINCE THE
ENACTMENT OF THE FOOD AND DRUGS LAW?

By M. N. Wedel and L. D. Havknhill.

TO ANSWER tliis would require accurate data pertaining to
the quality of drugs both before and after the passage of this
law. Unfortunately there is but little suitable data upon which to
base a reply. It would seem that the careful supervision exercised
by the federal and state governments must have a salutary eifect,
but to offset this there are the published results of the various
oflScial laboratories, which show but little decrease in the percent-
age of adulteration. In this connection, however, it must be re-
membered that these official reports are upon substances which
were collected mainly because they were thought to be adulterated.
Practically no record is kept of the total number of samples ex-
amined and passed by the inspectors, and, therefore, conclusions
other than that adulterated drugs still exist should not be drawn
from sucli reports.

Nine years ago one of us, L D. Havenhill, reported upon the
quality of commercial cream of tartar to this Academy (1904 Kan-
sas Academy of Science, vol. XIX, pages 66-68). At that time a
complete canvass was made of the grocers and druggists in one
Kansas town and the exact condition of the quality of this drug
ascertained. This year we have canvassed the same town again,
obtaining the results as are set forth in the subjoined table.

The columns have the following significance: I is the serial
number of the sample; II, the source of the sample; III, the acid-
ity in terms of pure potassium bi tartrate; IV, the retail price per
pound; V, the kind of goods, whether bulk or package; VI, the
calculated price per pound based upon the amount of the purchase;
VII, the measure delivered in terms of 100 per cent, as, for ex-
iraple, if the quantity was 1 oz. and the weight, as subsequently
determined, was found to be V^ oz., the measure delivered was 125
per cent; VIII, general observations.

168

Kansas Academy of Science.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V. .

VI.

VII.

VIII.

1

Drug store

99%

$0.50

Bulk

$0.80

101%

Considered standard quality.

2

99

.50

.80

' ' '

8

99

.50

.80

4 « • < <

4

99

.50

.80

* * * * '

6

99

.80

112

** 4 * 4

6

99

.80

111

" ' ' '

7

99

.50

.80

111

4 4 4 4 1

8

99

.50

.80

4 4 4 4 4

9

99

.60

.80

114

4 4 4 4 4

10

99

.50

.80

4 4 4 4 4

11

99

.50

.80

4 4 4 4 4

12

Grocers

99

Package . .

1.20

13

"

99

• *

.80

4 4 4 4 4

14

'.

99
99

.50

.4

15

Package . .

1.60

16

99

1.20

110

Considered standard quality,
although it contained a trace
of calcium compounds.

17

99

.40

Considered standard quality.

18

99

Package . .

.80

103

19

99

* *

.80

99

4 4 4 4 4 4

20

99

1.60

4 4 4 4 4 4

'?.\

99
99

.50

B
P

ulk

4 4 4 4 4 4

22

ickage . .

.80

109

.4

v:a

99
99

.60

B
P

ulk

115

4 4 4 4 4 4

24

ickage . .

.80

"

2b

99

.80

44 44 4 4

2fi

99
99

.40

109
109

4 4 4 4 4 4

27

Package . .

.80

44

28

99

* *

.80

4 4 4 4 4

29

99

* *

.80

156

4 4 4 4 4 4

•M)

99
99

.40

B
P

ulk

4 4 4 4 4 4

31

ackage . .

1.60

124

4 4 4 4 44

K'^

99
99

.60

B
P

ulk

96
99

4 4 4 4 4 4

33

ackage . .

.80

44 44 4 4

34

99

* *

.80

4 4 4 4 4 4

85

99
99

.50

B
P

ulk

4 4 4 4 4 4

36

ackage . .

.80

44

37

99

' *

.80

44 44 4 4

3S

99
99
99
99
99

.65
.65
.60
.75

B
P

ulk

4 4 4 4 4 4

39

44 4 4 44

40

•

4 4 4 4 4 4

41

<

4 4 44 44

42

ackage . .

.80

4 4 4 4 44

43

Trace.

.60

Bulk

of calcium sulphate.

Summing the results from the table, it is found :
First. That eleven, or 100 per cent, of the druggists are selling
high grade cream of tartar, fully up to the standard demanded by
law, at a uniform price of five cents per single ounce.

Second. That 33 of the 34 grocers are selling cream of tartar
that meets the legal requirements, at a price ranging from 5 cents
to 10 cents per single ounce.

These samples, when treated with water, all have a minute quan-
tity of insoluble woody matter. This indicates that the grocers
are supplying a very slightly lower grade article than that supplied
by the druggists.

Third That but one adulterated sample was found in the town-
Comparing this investigation with the one eight years previous,
the following important points are noted :

Miscellaneous Papers. 169

First. That the number of drug stores has increased from 8
11. That the quality of the drug supplied is of the same high
grade, and that the average price per pound has slightly decreased.

Second. That the number of grocers has increased from 28 to
34, while the percentage of them selling an adulterated article has
decreased from nearly 50 per cent to less than 3 per cent That
the price has been slightly advanced. Of the 28 former grocers
only one sold package goods. Now 19 of the 34 handle this chem-
ical in packages only.

Third. That the commercial quality of this chemical has very
materially improved within the past eight years, while the average
price of the pure article has not been materially affected either
way.

170 Kansas Academy of Science.

FURTHER DISCUSSION OF MUNICIPAL OWNERSHIP
OF WATER AND LIGHT PLANTS.

By J. A. G. Shirk, A. M.. M. S.

rilHIS paper embodies the results of the observations of the
-'- author for four years, three of which were spent as a member
of the water and light board of the city of Ottawa, Kan. In this
particular city the results of municipal ownership have been quite
satisfactory, as it has also been in a considerable number of other
cities which have adopted this plan of securing the desired water
and light service. In a few places, however, the plan has not been
a success, and in some of these there has been a return to the pri-
vately owned plants. The author of this paper has endeavored to
ascertain in a number of cases what the causes of the failure of
municipal ownership were, so as to be able to present both sides of
the question.

In any question of this kind it is almost impossible to secure
unbiased information, as there are always staunch friends and also
bitter enemies of any existing system. The aim has been to secure
such information from reliable men outside the immediate group
who were active in making changes or in maintaining present sys-
tems of management. Information obtained from those in charge
of the plants is generally in favor of the system then in use. as
these men wish to make the business management appear suc-
cessful.

In the paper read last year before the Academy only the argu-
ments in favor of municipal ownership were discussed. This time,
however, both sides of the question will be given as impartially as
possible. The reasons for and against are briefly given below, and
then are considered more in detail.

Reasons For Municipal Ownership.

1. Better service at same rates, or at equitable rates.

2. Better rates for same service.

3. Ease of extending the service.

4. Ease of changing the character of the service when occasion de-
mands it.

Reasons Against Municipal Ownership.

1. Usually better superintendents and managers under private owner-
ship.

2. Usually better managing boards under private ownership.

3. Hard to get additional capital for extensive improvements or repairs.

Miscellaneous Papers. 171

Now let us consider in detail the arguments for municipal
ownership. The first two reasons are not distinctive arguments
for municipal ownership, because privately owned companies may,
and generally do, give as good service and at as reasonable rates as
could be secured through municipal ownership. But in many
cities it has been found Impossible to secure the desired service or
reasonable rates as long as the plants were privately owned, and
consequently the municipalities have been forced to take charge
of these utilities. In a few towns which derive their supply of
water from small rivers, which are at times quite muddy, the men
who owned the water plants were petitioned to substitute 'filtered
or treated water for the regular river water, and they could not be
induced to do so, even when a fair rate was offered for the service.
Again, in other places there has been difficulty in securing the
necessary water pressure to maintain satisfactory domestic service
in the suburbs of the town. Also the paeseure was quite often in-
adequate in time of fires. Such things as these have driven many
towns to municipal ownership, although the desired service could
have been just as well rendered by the men who owned the plants
had they been disposed to render the community good service at a
reasonable rate.

There are, however, a few good reasons for municipal' ownership
in any locality. The two most prominent are: the ease of extend-
ing the service, and the ease of changing the character of the
service. In many cities the business management of privately
owned plants is not progressive, and often many citizens are forced
to wait a long time before water or electric service is extended to
their section of the town. Private corporations do not care to ex-
tend the service until there is plenty of business in sight to pay
dividends on the investment. A municipality may, on the other
hand, look farther into the future and extend service to a certain
part of the town because they believe it will develop in the future.
This matter, however, would depend on the character of the men
operating the plant, whether the plant be privately or municipally
owned. In general, however, there seems to be a great desire on
the part of the municipal plants to supply all the people who wish
the service.

In many cities the privately owned plants fully meet the needs
of the people in this respect, and consequently there would need
be no change as far as the character of the service is concerned.

There is one strong reason for municipal ownership, however,
which holds in almost every community, and that is the ease of

172 Kansas Academy of Science.

changing the character of the service. Under private ownership,
whenever any change is desired the owners generally wish to make
it appear that at the old rate they were just barely naaking interest
on the investment, and consequently the rates must always be
raised every time any changes are suggested which involve any
outlay of money; hence there is generally a period of friction
between the members of the city councils and the owners of the
utilities. Under municipal ownership the people own the plants,
and consequently there is not, or at least should not be, any clash-
ing of interests, but the proposed change can be investigated as to
its cost and desirability, and either adopted or rejected as seems
best to the majority of those interested.

Now let us consider the objections of municipal ownership.
First, the superintendents and managers are generally better men
under private ownership, since their tenure of office does not de-
pend upon the outcome of political elections. Consequently better
men can be secured for these positions when the tenure of office
is more certain. Also, in private ownership the managers usually
own stock in the plant, and this fact makes such officers take a
more vital interest in the welfare of the plant.

For the same reason the managing boards are better for a private
plant than for a municipal one. In municipal ownership there is
no direct investment in the plant, and the interest and attention of
those who are in the responsible position of managers or directors
is not so strong as when the investment feature is involved.

The last reason against municipal ownership which will be con-
sidered is that of securing additional capital for extensive im-
provements or r,epairs. After the people have once voted an issue
of bonds to build or buy a water or light plant, it is a very difficult
thing to get their consent to an additional issue of bonds for the
purposes mentioned. Consequently such improvements and re-
pairs must be made out of the earnings of the plants, and as long
as there are bonds outstanding it is impossible to lay by money for
future use without incurring the censure of many of the citizens.

They say it is not good business to have funds in the banks
drawing only three per cent, while at the same time five per cent
is being paid on bonds. In that one particular they are right, but
they forget the impossibility of getting a new bond issue when the
money is needed, even though much more in bonds has been paid.
Small items of repairs or improvements can easily be allowed, but
the author has not yet seen any town where the citizens have al-
lowed a general overhauling of a plant.

Miscellaneous Papers. 173

Tlius we see that the reasons for and against municipal owner-
ship are quite evenly balanced, and any community will do well to
investigate their present plans quite carefully before deciding on
a change, and they should not assume that just because municipal
ownership has been a success in some other town that it will be so
in their own, or even that it would do as well as private ownership.
The general observation is that the operation of privately owned
plants is more economical, and the success of municipal owner-
ship in any town will depend upon the character of the men who
can be secured to operate the plants, and also upon whether poli-
tics will likely enter too strongly into the selection of the man-
agers and directors.

VI.

NECROLOGY.

1. Robert J. Brown.

2. John J. Jewett.

3. James C. Cooper.

4. Mary Burgess Savage.

5. Bernard Bryan Smyth.

(175)

ROBERT J. BROWN.

DR. ROBERT J. BROWN was one of the earliest members of
the Academy, and was enrolled in its first list in 1868. He
was chosen president, and served in this office in 1884 and 1885.
His retiring address had for its theme "Natural Gas." He was an

ROBERT J. BROWN.

enthusiastic friend and supporter of the Academy, took great in-
terest in its meetings, and contributed papers. He also belonged
to the American and the Kansas Pharmaceutical Associations, and
was an active member of the Congregational church. He was born
in Beaver county, Pennsylvania, September 5, 1834, and died in
Leavenworth, Kan., August 19, 18U7.

(177)

—12

178

Kansas Academy of Science.

JOHN J. JEWETT.

TOHN J. JEWETT, was elected a member of the Academy in
^ 1902. At that time he resided in Oakland, Kan., but later re-
moved to New Mexico, and later was a resident of San Bernardino,
Cal., until his death, about 1910. He was interested in physical
problems concerning gravitation, and proposed some novel theo-
ries to account for tides.

I

JOHN J. JEWETT.

Necrology.

179

JAMES C. COOPER.

By J. T. LOVEWELL.

IN the past year our Academy has lost another valued member,
James 0. Cooper, who died at the home of his daughter, in
Los Angeles, Cal., September 15, 1911.

Mr. Cooper was born near the city of Baltimore, Md., June 16,.
1S32. His early education was very rudimentary, consisting of
four winters in the common schools of Maryland in the early for-
ties of the last century. At an early age he went to sea on a mer-
chant ship and spent five years before the mast. He went around

Cape Horn to California in 1849, and there the lure of gold dis-
covery led him to give fourteen months to placer mining on the
North Fork of the American river. He returned to Baltimore in
1851, and was for a while reporter on the Daily A7'gus of Balti-
more, and later on Forney's Philadelphia Press. Subsequently he
was connected with an engineer corps in the ^location survey of a
railroad up the Shenandoah valley in Virginia.

On invitation of his uncle, Peter Cooper, who had a glue factory
in Brooklyn, N. Y., he went there and worked three years in tha
factory of his uncle. This uncle was the builder of the first locj-
motive in America, but is better known as the philanthropist who
founded Cooper Institute in New York city. In 1855 our Mr.
Cooper married Miss Virginia V. V. F. Porter, of Brooklyn, and

180 Kansas Academy of Science.

the young couple the same year moved to Iowa, where they spent
five years in farming. Evidently this life did not suit him, for on
January 1, 1860, he entered railway service, which was to be his
occupation for half a century. His first engagement was with the
Illinois Central Railroad, and while in that service he found time
to publish for several years a newspaper in Centralia, 111.

When the land department of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa
Fe Railway was organized he was employed as its secretary, and re-
mained with the banta Fe in different positions until July 1, 1886,
when he entered the service of the Rock Island as right of way
agent, and after one year took charge of the tax business of this
road, where he remained till he had, on his retirement, rounded
out fifty years of railroad service. At the end of this period the
tax business of the road was moved to Chicago, and Mr. Cooper
was retired on a pension.

During all his eventful life he kept up a keen interest in scien-
tific knowledge, and was especially well read in geology and min-
eralogy. Having unusual facilities in his railway employment for
visiting many localities he bacame a collector of minerals, especially
of crystalline forms, of which he gathered, named and classified
36,000 specimens. Mineral dealers and colleges became interested
in his cabinets, and he sold valuable collections to Washburn Col-
lege and to the Kansas State University. Besides these, he left a
large private collection here in Topeka, which he contemplated
moving to California had his life and health been prolonged.

About a year ago it seemed necessary for him to go to a hospital
■and undergo an operation for stomach trouble. He bore it well,
and it was hoped for a time that he had obtained permanent relief,
but he did not fully recover, and then, with the thought that he
might be benefited by the milder climate of California, he decided
to go there. His wife had died the February before his decease,
and the bereavement and the long hot summer proved too great a
strain for his low vitality, and after suffering for eleven days from
his arrival in Los Angeles he sank to his long sleep in the home
of his daughter, Mrs. Virginia C. Hartzell. Besides this daughter
his only near surviving relatives are a granddaughter and his twin
sister, Mrs. H. A. Merrill, of Grand Rapids, Neb

Mr. Cooper was a member of the A. A. A. S., a member of the
Academy of Science, of which he had been president, a member
of the National Geographical Society, and of several fraternal
orders.

Necrology. 181

His long continuance in railroad employ shows the esteem in
which he was held by his business associates, and this Academy
will miss the enthusiasm with which a new mineral would always
excite him. As a "forty-niner" from California it was interesting
to hear him recount his experiences of those stormy times of which
so few are now left who can bear personal testimony. His face
was so alert and youthful that it was hard to realize that he could
have been an actor in those far-off events.

Mr. Cooper illustrated in his life the possibilities of scientific
culture open to a man while engaged in business pursuits. With-
out the advantages of early school training, he became an expert in
mineralogy and made valuable contributions to this branch of
science.

182

Kansas Academy of Science.

MARY BURGESS SAVAGE -1834-1912.

THE news that "Grrandma Savage," "Aunt Mary," had passed
away on Tuesday morning, February 7, 1912, meant for a
large circle of the older residents of Lawrence the present extinc-
tion of a kindly light which has shown for them a great many years.
Mary Williston Burgess was born in Stirling, Scotland, March
5, 1834, within sight of the field of Bannockburn and the monu-
ment to William Wallace. At the age of fifteen she came with her

MARY BURGESS SAVAGE.

parents to New York, then to Massachusetts, whence later they re-
moved to Lawrence with her husband, the late Joseph Savage, here
to take charge of his home and four motherless children, the
youngest an infant. The only one of these surviving her is Mrs.
Susan D. Alford. Mr. Savage died in 1891. Two brothers and a
sister survive Mrs. Savage, also her adopted daughter, Margaret
Comrie.

Mrs. Savage was an ideal companion to her husband, as well as
an ideal mother. She shared Mr. Savage's fondness for the study
of natural history, and accompanied him on many of his collecting

Necrology. 183

expeditions. Older residents and friends of the University of
Kansas will recall that Mr. and Mrs. Savage were among the
first of the amateur scientists who did much to support the work
of Prof. F. H. Snow in building up the collections of the Univer-
sity, They were both among the early members of the Kansas
Academy of Science, Mrs. Savage being, perhaps, the only woman
member, and she enlivened many a banquet of the Academy with
her quaint and gentle rhymes.

As her daughter was one of the very first students of the Uni-
versity, so Mrs. Savage continued to the last her interest in the
institution, attending almost every commencement for forty years.
The Savage home, southwest of Lawrence, was a favorite resort of
scientific students — Gaumer, Dyohe, Franklin, Kellogg, and many
others — who easily dropped into the pleasant habit of calling Mrs.
Savage "Aunt Mary."

184

Kansas Academy of Science.

BERNARD BRYAN SMYTH.

BERNARD BRYAN SMYTH was born in County Cavan, Ire-
land, March 8, 1843, and died in Topeka, Kan., August 12,
1913. His father, John Smyth, was an English schoolmaster, and
while very young the boy became familiar with the life of the
school room and acquired the studious habits that endured through-
out his entire life. The sudden death of the father broke up the
family, and the mother went to America, leaving three children, of
whom Bernard was the oldest, in charge of her sister in Dublin.
The lad had the advantages of the schools in Dublin until he was

BERNARD BRYAN SMYTH.

ten years of age, when he came to America in care of an uncle.
The youngest brother, John, was with him, and they went to their
mother in Norwalk, Ohio, From that time his school days were
rather broken in upon, but he made the most of every chance to
acquire knowledge. When he enlisted in the army he carried his
little packet of books, adding to the number from time to time,
and when the ordinary soldier was loafing or playing cards he was

Necrology, 18&

poring over his self-imposed lessons. He spent four and a half
years in the army, and was discharged in November, 1865. He
reentered school after returning from the war, and finally spent
one year in the Michigan Normal at Ypsilanti before beginning
his career as a teacher.

On January 1, 1872, he married Mary Adams, and came to Kan-
sas soon after. He and his brother John started a nursery in Bar-
ton county, but adverse weather conditions and the grasshoppers
destroyed their stock entirely, so both brothers secured schools
and began teaching. In 1880 he became a member of the Kansas
Academy of Science, and was actively interested in the Society
until his death. He served as librarian from 1886 to 1902. He
was made curator of the Goss Collection in 1893, and has held the
position through all the various political changes that occurred
during the twenty years. He was well posted on such a variety of
subjects that he was constantly consulted by others in the building,
who knew and appreciated his ability to give a satisfactory reply
to their questions. He was also professor of botany in the Kansas
Medical College from 1890 to 1895.

Botany, geology and mathematics were all of absorbing interest
to him, and at thejtime of his death he was working on manuscripts
in each of these subjects. The most important of his later papers,
"A Provisional List of Kansas Plants," is now being published in
the Academy reports. In this he was assisted by Mrs. L. O. R.
Smyth, to whom he was married June 12, 1906. His first wife and
the mother of his three children had died in 1893. The youngest son,
Eugene, is a member of the Academy, and is engaged in scientific
work in government employ, and bids fair to be a worthy son of
his father, from whom he had his early training.

Professor Smyth was a man of retiring manners, gentle and
kindly, especially with children, many of whom have a lasting
memory of him. "He was my friend," said a ragged little urchin
in the Museum as his eyes filled with tears on learning of his
death. "I used to come in to see him lots of times, and he told
me all about things." Dumb animals loved him, and he taught
others to be kind to the lower forms of life, for they too have their
place in the great world as well as man. He was tolerant of the
opinions of others, but held himself rigidly to the ideals of manly
virtue and clean living that had been taught him by his good
mother in early childhood. He is missed in his home and among
his associates, and his memory will endure as a man worthy of love
and esteem.

186

Kansas Academy of Science.

PROF. EDWIN A. POPENOE

WAS born at Centerville, near Dayton, Ohio, July 1, 1853, on
the ancestral farm. He was of French (Huguenot) ex-
traction for several generations back on his father's side, while his
maternal ancestors were English.

In 1860 he removed, with his parents, to McLean county, Illi-
nois, where he acquired a common-school education. Upon mov-
ing to Topeka, Kan., in 1869, he entered Lincoln Academy.

PROF. EDWIN A. POPENOE.

Having completed the course at the latter institution, he in due
season entered Washburn college, where he graduated in his twenty-
third year, with the degree of B. A., from the classical literary
course. Even during his student days Professor Popenoe showed
that energy and ability which was to make his career a successful
one. In his freshman and junior years at Washburn he taught
classes in botany and zoology as a partial means of assisting him
to pay his college expenses. In 1880 his Alma Mater conferred
upon him the degree of M. A.

Necrology. 187

For three years subsequent to his graduation Professor Popenoe
taught in the common schools of Shawnee county. At the ex-
piration of that time, in June, 1879, when he was acting as princi-
pal of Quincy school, Topeka, he was elected to the chair of
horticulture and entomology of K. S. A. C This position he held,
with the exception of the two years of populist administration, for
twenty-two years, his work doing credit to both the institution
and himself. His professorship was the most extended in the
history of that college to date..

The professor's official connections have been numerous and ar-
<iuous enough to have occupied fully the life of an ordinary indi-
vidual. For ten years he was secretary and for one term president
of the Kansas Academy of Science; he was for two terms secretary
of the American Horticultural Society; special agent of the United
States Department of Agriculture for the formation of an entomo-
logical exhibit for the division of experiment stations, World's
Columbian Exposition, and for one term he was chairman of the
section of horticulture, American Association of Agricultural Col-
leges and Experiment Stations, Washington meeting Besides the
above connections, since 1876 he had been entomologist for the
Kansas State Board of Agriculture, and by the governor's appoint-
ment he was state inspector of nurseries. He was a member in
good standing of the Kansas State Horticultural Society, and of
the Kansas Academy of Sciences, while the following other socie-
ties, of broader extent, claimed him as a member: American
Pomological Society (life member); Washington Entomological
Society; New York Entomological Society; American Association
of Economic Entomologists; and the American Association for the
Advancement of Agricultural Science. Such a wide social con-
nection indicates not only an appreciation of the professor on the
part of the various associations, but it also shows that Professor
Popenoe was a wide-awake scientist who kept intimately in touch
with the work of his contemporaries. His numerous and exten-
sive scientific expeditions, which took him the length and breadth
of the United States, were but another evidence of his intense and
absorbing interest in his chosen profession.

During his professorship, as superintendent of the college
grounds he had the responsibility of planning and planting the
campus and college orchards. He personally set the stakes which
mark the position of nearly every ornamental tree and group of
shrubs now occupying the lawns and their borders. He, with the
valued aid of his assistants, succeeded in changing the grounds

188 Kansas Academy of Science.

from a cornfield to their present highly artistic state. He virtually
founded the department of horticulture and entomology in this in-
stitution, and he will be remembered likewise as the one who
formed the present entomological museum entirely, and chiefly
that in geology.

Professor Popenoe was a man of greet strength of character,
whose sense of right was never warped by objects of policy.
While never effusive in word or action, he was ever kind, gentle
and helpful to those who sought his friendship or asked his advice.

In 1877 he was married to Florence Eleanor Hyde, of Topeka,
who died in 1881. In 1883 he married Miss Carrie G. Holcomb,
of Topeka. After a lingering sickness he died at his home Novem-
ber 17, 1913.

He is survived by his widow and by four sons, Charles H., an en-
tomologist of the United States Dej)artment of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C; Hubert L., professor of agriculture in the high
school of Alexandria, Minn.; and Edwin A., jr., and Willis P., who
are yet at their beautiful home on the outskirts of Topeka.

General Index. 189

GENERAL INDEX.

Page.
Address of retiring president, J. M. McWharf, forty-fourth annual

meeting 6

Address of retiring president, F. W. Bushong, forty-fifth annual

meeting 16

Affiliation with engineers — report of committee 3

Alphabetical list of members iv

Bailey, E. H. S. Paper on European food stuffs 2

Elected to executive council 4

On the powdered sugar of commerce 27

Biotropism. L. C. Wooster 146

Bushong, F. W. Elected life member 3

Common Mole, The. T. H. Scheffer 160

Crumb. S. J. Elected to membership 3

Partial list of Jassoidea 129

Dains, F. B. Elected to executive council 4

Dean, George A. Elected to membership 4

Dains, F. B., and Griffin, E. L. Reactions of Formamidenes 35

Expedition to the Miocene of Wyoming. C. S. Sternberg 45

Flora of Kansas. B. B. and L. C. R. Smyth 63

Formaldehyde as not effective on fliesv E. S. Tucker 53

Further discussion of municipal ownership, of water and light plants.

J. A. G. Shirk 170

Further records of insects collected in Kansas. E. S. Tucker 54

Glacial Moraine southwest of Topeka. L. C. Wooster 43

Has the quality of drugs improved since the passage of the food and

drugs law? M. M. Wedel and L. D. Havenhill 167

Havenhill, L. D. Elected treasurer 4

Harshbarger, Wm. A. Elected vice president 4

Harman, M. A. Elected to membership 3

Humphrey, I. W. Elected to membership 3

Immunity of Kansas bottom ground waters to changes in the composi-
tion of Kansas river water. C. C. Young 153

Longevity of Yale graduates. J. T. Love well 164

Lovewell, J. T. Elected secretary 4

McWharf, J. M. Worth and dignity of the teachers' vocation 6

Minutes of forty-fifth annual meeting. By the secretary 1

Mory, A. V. H. Chemist in a mail-order house 4

Necrology :

R. J. Brown. Sketch by secretary I77

J. C. Cooper. Sketch by secretary I79

J. J. Jewett. Sketch by secretary 178

Mary B. Savage 182

Bernard B. Smyth 184

Edwin A. Popenoe 186

190 General hidex.

Nostrums. L. E. Sayre 29^

Oldendick, H. H. Elected to membership 3

Optical activity of petroleum and its significance. F. W. Bushong 16

Powdered sugar of commerce. E. H. S. Bailey and H. L. Jackson 27

Sayre, L. E. Nostrums 29

Standardization of insecticides and disinfectants 37

Scheffer, T. H. The common mole 160

Scott, J. W. Elected to membership 3

Shirk, J. A. G. Municipal ownership of light and water plants 170

Elected vice president 4

Smith, A. J. Elected president 4

Smyth, Mrs. L. C. R. Flora of Kansas 65

Elected to life membership 3

Standardization of insecticides and disinfectants. L. E. Sayre 37

Sternberg, C. H. Expeditions to the Miocene of Wyoming and the

chalk beds of Kansas 45

Tague, E. L. Elected to membership 3

Tanquary, M. C. Elected to membership 3

Wooster, L. C. Biotropism 146

Glacial Moraine southwest of Topeka 43

Young, C. C. On the immunity of Kansas bottom ground water to

changes in the composition of the Kansas river water 153

Worth and dignity of the teacher's vocation. J. M. McWharf 6

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