UMASS/AMHERST O 3iaDbbD0S3TTSbl :/;>;^.^.|^> ,' T. •* ^*:>"^--.^ ,. * V > rr '^. .v*^ ;■>?•%: ^- ''Vt ?H^«f: *^(» -;. ^.5'' ^^^- LIBRARY OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE N o ..2.4_9_13..__ D ATE . .5-'. J510.4 SOURCE "f \^ CHAPEL l9oo-0( JAft!2?1930 DEC 4 1M0 1 TRANSACTIONS passaclusctts horticultural ^adt% FOR THE YEAR 1900. PART I. BOSTON : PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY 1000. )>*>' CHAPEL iqrr,"-ci The following lectures liave been circulated to some extent in the foim of slips reprinted from the reports made by the Secre- tary of the Society in the "Boston P2vening Transcript." As here presented, the lectures are, as far as possible, printed in full, and reports of the discussions following the lectures are added, these, where it appeared neci'ssarv, linving been carefully revised by the speakers. The Committee on Lectures and Publication take this <)i»i)()rtu- nity to repeat what they have before stated, that the Society is not to be held responsible for the certainty of the statements, the correctness of the opinions, or the accuracy of the nomen- clature, in the lectures and discussions now or heretofore pub- lished, all of which must rest on the credit or judgment of the respective writers or speakers, the Society luidertaking only to present these papers and discussions, or the substance of them, correctly. Aaron Low, ) Committee on J. H. BowDiTCH,) Lectures and E. W. Wood, ) Publication. TRANSACTIONS ^kssaduisetts govticulttttal ^mtUj* BUSINESS MEETING. Sath!1>.vv. .laniKirv (!. I'.KH). A duly iiotificcl stated nu'ctiiio- of the Soeiety was lioldcu today at eleven (/elock, the PicsidiMit. Fi!AN( is II, AriM.KmN, in the chair. The foUowiuii- ai)i)r()piiati()ns. reconiineuded liy the Executive Committee on the 4th of Xovenil»er. l.S'.l'J. came up for linal action : For Prizes and (iratuities for the year IIMK) : For Plants ...... . S2. (»(»(). 00 For FloAvers ...... . 2,;j;31.50 For Native Plants ..... lKf).50 For F'rults ...... l,7;i2.00 For ^'eo;etal)Ie.s ..... 1,200.00 For (iardens ...... TtOO.OO Total . S.s, 150.00 The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, reported that at a meeting of that Committee, held December 23, 1899, it was voted to recommend further a^jpropriations for the year 1900 as follows : For the Library Committee for the increase and i)re- servation of the Lil)rary* $700.00 For the Committee on Lectures and Discussions, this . simi to include the income of SoO from the John Lewis Russell Fund 2.^0.00 :iH']^3 125.00 75.00 150.00 ,000.00 6 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. For the Coinmittoe of AiTangements, this sum to cover all extraordinary exi)enses of said Committee . 1300.00 For tlie Committee on School Gardens and Children's Herltarinms, for Prizes ..... For the same Committee for incidental ex})enses For the Committee on Forestry and Roadside Im|)rove- ment . . . . . For Salaries ........ The al)Ove report was accepted and the ai)proi)riations recom- mended were unanimously voted. The President further rei)orted that at the same meeting the Executive Committee api)ointed Charles E. Richardson to be Treasurer and Superintendent of the Buildino-, and Robert Man- ning to be Secretary and Librarian, for the year I'JOO. The President then delivered his annual address, as follows : Massachusetts Hoktiolltlre. It is well that we should occasionally look backwards from the several periods of success, in the progress forwards of citizens of this educational Commonwealth of 3Iassachusetts in advancing horticulture. We can too easily forget the wisely chosen words in our Charter, which forms the l)asis for our Constitution and By-Laws, and a motive for our General Rules and Regulations. During the latter part of the year 1)S2e said that the rusts include about iifteen hundred species, arranged in twenty-tive genera. AVhile there may be some striking differences as seen 1>y the naked eye the rusts are in all their details strictly microscopic. They infest nearly all groujjs of plants and are met with upon stem, leaf, flower, and fruit, although seldom showing their pres- ence on any subterranean portions of the host. Structurally, like most oi the fungi, the rusts consist of slender threads called the mycelium, which is the vegetative portion, and the reproductive l)odies known as the si)ores. An interesting feature of the Uredineae is that of the different forms of spores produced by the same s})ecies, and these are so unlike that it was only after full demonstration that they have been associated as stages in the life cycle of the same rust. Furthermore these different forms may grow only upon widely unrelated host plants. This Polymorphism is the foundation of some of the relationships between i)lants observed l)y farmers and others centuries ago. Permit me to quote a few lines from the Province Laws of Massachusetts for 1 786-1 7 (U. "An act to prevent damage to Flnglish grains arising from ])arl)errv bushes. " Whereas it has been found by experience, that the Blasting of Wheat and other English Grain is often occasioned by Bar- l)erry bushes, to the great loss and damage of the inhabitants of this j)rovince : — THE RUSTS OF HORTICULTURAL PLANTS. 13 "Be it therefore enaeted l)y the Governor, Council, and House of Representatives, that whoever, whether community or private person, hath any barberry Bushes standing or orowing in his or their Land, within any of the Towns in this Province, he or they shall cause the same to be extirpated or destroyed on or before the thirteenth day of June, Anno Domini One Tiiousand Seven Hundred and Sixty. "Be it further enacted that if there shall be any Barberry Bushes standing or orowing in any land within this Province, after the said i;')th day of .lune, it shall })e lawful, by Virtue of this Act, for any Person whosoever to enter the Lands within which such Itarbei-ry Bushes are, first giving one month's notice of his intention so to do to the Owner or Occupant thereof, and to cut them down, or i»ull tlieni up by the root, and then to present a fair account of his labour and charge therein to the owner or occupant of the said land and if such owner or occuj)ant shall neglect or refuse by the space of two months next after the pie- senting of said account, to nuike to such person reasonable i)ay- ment as aforesaid, tlien the person who cut down or pulled up such bushes, may bring the action against such owner or occupant. owners or occupants, before any .Justice of the Peace, if under forty shillings, or otherwise before the Inferior Court of Conuiion Pleas in the County where such liushes grcAv. wiio upon ju-oof of the cutting down or ])ulling up of such bushes l)y the ]»erson who brings the action, or such as were euii)loyed by him, shall and is hereby respectively empowered to enter up judgment for him to recover double the value of the reasonable expense and labour in such service and award execution accordingly." At the time of the al)Ove enactment the nature of the influence of the barlierry u[)on the grain was not known. It was often observed that the grain was more rusted in the vicinity of the bushes than elsewhere and many theories arose as to the cause of this. It seemed evident that there was something given off by the barberry and some supposed it was the fragrance of the blos- soms or possibly the pollen that spread the disease. Marshall in his "Rural Economy" written in 1781 says: "It has long been considered as one of the first vulgar errors among husl)andmen that the barberry plant has a i)ernicious quality (or rather a mys- terious power) of blighting wheat which grows near it." Here is 14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. another observation made in Enoland more than a centnry ago ; ''The part (of the grain field) affected resembled the tail of a comet, the bush itself representing the nucleus, on one side of which the sensible effect reached about twelve yards, the tail pointing towards the soutli-west so that probably the effect took place during a north-east wind." It was in LSOo that Sir Josei)h Banks in his paper upon ••' Wheat Mildew," in considering the relationship above men- tioned, believed by farmers but discredited by botanists, wrote as follows : '■'■It is not more than possil)le that the parasitic fungus of tlie barberry and that of wheat are one and the same species, and that the seed is transferred from the barberry to the wheat." A Danish schoolmaster, Schoeler by name, holds the honor of first demonstrating the connection between the barberry rust and that upon the wheat. Schoeler's experiments began in 1807 and in 1816 he performed the following interesting work of inoculation. *■'• Some fresh branches of the barberry 1>ush having rusty leaves upon them were cut off, put into a box, and carried to a rye-field, where the rye was still moist with dew. The rusty barberry leaves were applied to some of the rye plants — to the straw as well as to the leaves — by rultbing them with the underside of the affected barberry leaves, until he could see some of the ' yellow dust ' (spores) of the fungus adhered to the rye plants." The infected rye plants were then marked by tying them to sticks driven into the ground. In five days' time these plants were badly affected with rust, ''while at the same time," says Schoeler, "Not one rusty plant could be found anywhere else in the whole rye-field." In our present consideration of the subject we have gone far enough so that the four forms, or kinds, of spores in the life cycle of the common wheat rust {FKcri'tiia gramiuift Pers.) need to be mentioned by their botanical names. First we find upon the wheat stubble, left standing in the field, dark streaks composed of the final spores (Teleutospores) of the previous year's production. These carry the rust fungus through the winter and germinate when the warm moist weather of spring comes, either upon the stubble or elsewhere as they may have fallen, but not necessarily upon any living host. These teleutospores produce first a slender colorless filament which soon bears a few small oval l)odies into THE RUSTS OF HORTICULTURAL PLANTS. 15 which the protoplasm of the orioinal brown thick-walled spore is gathered. These sporidia fall easily from their attachment and are carried far and wide by the winds. When they fall upon the young unfolding leaves of tlie barberry they germinate and send their slender filaments into the leaf, there to multiply, pilfer from the tissue of the host, and soon produce a thickening of the infested i)ortion of the leaf. Shortly the epidermis upon the luiderside of the leaf is rui)tured and a cluster of beautiful cups api)ears, each tiny cup being tilled with orange angular spores. This is the barberry cluster cup, the old ^Ecidiuiu herhcridix Pers., of earlier botanists, liy tliis time spring is advancing and the grain fields are reaching a period of rapid growth. The breezes whirl the dry spores out of the cu])s ui)on the barberry leaves and carry them in all directions ;uid in countless numl)ers. Some will chance to fall u])on the moist surface of the wheat plants, where they (piickly germinate, produce infection, and, after vege- tating for a lirief period witliin the succulent tissue of the host, a geiuiine rust sj)ot is produced with its nndtitudes of oval orange- colored spores, — the Uredo (/nan hi is Pers. of earlier days. This rust, so destructive to the summer grains, repeats its own form with great rai)idity and for a time, depending ui)on the kind of climatic conditions that prevail ; l)nt with us in Xew England it is followed near the close of the season with the dark form of spore pro- duced in the same rifts of the skin and forming the " weather stains " so called of the stubble with which this outline of the life cycle was begun. As this is the final form its botanical name Pinrinia gram in is Pers., is retained, and it includes the ^Ecidimn herheridis Pers., and the Credo yra minis Pers., as forms of its own. In other words the representatives of thi-ee different genera are all brought together as forms of a single species. This Poly- morphism is not very inilike the three stages of lai-va, pupa, and imago of the butterfly or beetle and the teleutospore stage cor- responds in a measiu'e with the final form attained by the insect. We are now ready to consider the experiments of De Bary, the famous Geraian botanist, who, in 1rea(l of this disease has been phe- nomenally rai)id, but on aeeoiuit of its first coming into the country at this late date when the ILxperunent Stations are estab- lished and si)ies, so to say, may be set upon its movements, it becomes possible to note its progress both in direction of the inva- sion and the rate of its advance. In order to offer some clue as to the method of the dispersion of this rust it may be interesting to mention in passing some recent personal observations in the field. For example, there were two asparagus beds standing at right angles to each other and separated by a small place containing a house and l)arn. In i)osition it was like the letter T, but with the horizontal top piece somewhat removed from the upright. One bed, represented by the upright of the T, had not been cut late and was very badly rusted at the time of my inspection. The other bed had its cutting continued late for market and a young vigorous growth of brush stood about hip high. Looked at from one side all the main stems and branches were showing the rust just breaking through the skin. ()n the opposite side the same stems had very little of the rust in sight. The rusted side was toward the old bed and it was further observed that the sides of greatest rustiness made an arc the radii of which centered in the old bed. The observation told much, for it demonstrated that the infection was aerial and not through the roots. It showed that the old bed was the source of the contagion and tiiat the wind Avas the vehicle of transfer. Tlie asparagus jilants of the later l)ed that stood in the line of the house were protected by it and showed much less rust, and the same was true of the baiii. There was a narrow belt between the two buildings where the disease was abundant and here the spores had \niinterrupted access to the young asparagus plants. This complete demonstration of the method of inoculation leaves it easy to see how the disease may be carried for long distances by the same agency. It has been frequently observed that beds of asparagus standing alone, and surroiuided by forests, are much less likely to be badly rusted than those in the full o})en. If the barberry-covered rocky hillsides of New England can furnish the spores to inoculate with rust all wheat fields within the sweep of New England winds, it goes without further aronment that the THE RUSTS OF HORTICULTURAL PLANTS. 19 rust of the asparagus ma}- have its sjiores carried as far as the breezes go that blow across an infected field. The asparagus rust fungus (Piicciiiia a.sjianij/i D. C.) intro- duces us to a species of rust which, while having its full list of forms, namely teleuto, jecidial, and m-edo stages, has them all upon the same kind of plant and therefore its spread is in no sense dependent upon any other host. The cluster cup stage has not been at all common in America, ]»ut wherever occurring has been upon early plants in the fence row or upon uncut l)eds. When an ordinary plant is first attacked the genuine yellow rust is only in evidence, but shortly after in the same pustules the darker final spores are develoj^ed and in this stage the fungus hil)ernates. AVith the wheat rust one scarcely needs to remark that a reme- dial measiu'C is the destruction of the l)arl)erry bushes, or in like manner for apple rust the removal of all cedar trees near apple or quince orchards that are troul)led witli their respective rust. But there is no such hope in case of the rust of the as})aragus. From what has been said i)reviously concerning the deep-seated nature of the rusts it might l)e expected that they are not very amenable to such treatments as ])rove effective witli the more superficial fungi like the mildew. The farmer, orchardist, trucker, and fiorist, while not i>r()scril»ing spraying, need to be active along othei- lines as well. The con- sideration of the asparagus rust brings this very practical subject for^'ard at this time. Jt has been the speaker's privilege to make a test of spraying upon a scale and over a sufficient period to teach him that the gain does not greatly exceed the loss. There are many sides to a question like that of spraying with fungicides. The asparagus has :i different foliage from ordinary plants ; in fact, the brush is made up of needle-shaped branches with a very smooth surface to which the Bordeaux mixture does not closely adhere. More than this the tips of the branches are so fine and delicate that they are burned to some extent by the ordinary mixtures. It may be well for us here to go a step fui-ther in this matter of spraying to check the as])aragus rust. The experiment began on June 16th, 1897 and after ten sprayings closed on October 5th. If we assume the rustiness of the imtreated plants as one hundred it is calculated that the fungicide reduced the disease fullv one 20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. quarter. The Bordeaux mixture was applied with a knapsack sprayer and the cost per acre was $21.76 for the ten applications. In 1898 the experiment was repeated but the rust was not abundant upon the imtreated plants. It was shown, however, that the fungicide materially reduced the amount of the disease, but the "brush "'was somewhat injured. Similar results have been obtained for 1899 upon the same asparagus bed, the rust being- reduced from sixty-six per cent to forty-nine per cent, and the conclusion seems warranted that spraying with the standard Bordeaux is not entirely satisfactory. The bed under experimentation consists chiefly of six varieties of asparagus, namely Barr's Mammoth, Elmira, Columbian White, Palmetto, Conover's Colossal, and Giant Brunswick with a little of Moore's Cross-bred and Giant Argenteuil ; the latter are' younger plants and not fully comparable with the others. During the first year it was strikingly evident that the single rows of Palmetto as they stood with other sorts upon either side were the least rusted of all. This fact has been observed during all the three years that we have had the rust, not only in the experi- ment grounds, but in all parts of the State where the Palmetto is grown. In fact, to my mind, the chief information of value in connection with the study of the asparagus rust in New Jersey has been the determination of the greater resistance of the Pal- metto, and also of a " French stock " grown as yet only to a very limited extent. Two years ago the asparagus growers were very much discour- aged and a large fraction of the beds in the State were abandoned or torn out, but the determination of the resistant qualities of the Palmetto has effected a change and now new beds are being set in large numbers — in fact, to the full extent of the Palmetto stock, no other being used excepting the "French" variety. In short the advent of the rust has not been so haimful as was at first feared, for the threatening enemy has led to a more careful con- sideration of their fields by the better growers, while the careless have in many cases turned their attention to less exacting crops. Growers are noting the good effect of clean, high culture upon the vigor of the plants and are using considerable quantities of com- mercial fertilizers, particularly nitrate of soda, to produce a strong growth of top that insures a crop when the absence of it might 0 o o o PLATE II. Natural Enemies of the Asparagus Rust. THE RUSTS OF HORTICULTURAL PLANTS. 21 result iu a failure. Asparagus growers are working for a more vigorous, but a shorter life of the bed and a better rational treatment generally. There is a ho})e of a natural enemy coming upon the rusts and checking them. There are insects that feed freely upon the spores and sometimes clean out the minute ])ustules of their dusty spores. Certain species of fungi are parasitic upon the rusts, and in the study of the asparagus rust two were met with, one of which {Darlncd p'hmi Cast.) was so abundiuit as to make it pos- sible that it will prove a material check to its fungous host and })OSsibly remove any anxiety connected with the ravages of the rust. The recommendation to l)urn the rusted brush in autumn as soon as it loses its deep green color has. been heeded l)y many with vaiyiug results, some claiming that it was an advantage, while others consider it of little use. Theoretically it is the proper thing to do, as it removes the brush after it is no longer of any particular vahic in making food for the new spring shoots, and the myriads of spores are thereby destroyed before they spread the disease, as they would l)e quite ai)t to do the coming spring. Please observe the language used — "quite apt" — for there is a lack of certainty in it all. AVith rusts as with fvnigi generallj' the surrounding conditions play so very important a role that one cannot predict an outbreak simply because the spores are at hand. This sultject of favoring circumstances may come up later, and here let us consider one or two rusts that trouble the florist. To go into the field and talk of the grain rust, into the orchard and consider the apple rust, and into the vegetable held and speak of the asparagus rust, and omit the flower garden and greenhouse would be showing a partiality not at all in keeping with the com- position of this audience and the venerable Society it represents. There are at least three rusts that have made themselves promi- nent among ornamental plants during the past few years. A leading trouble in the flower garden is the Hollyhock Rust (Pi(cci- nia malvacearum Mont. ) wliich came into this country from Chili in 1890, and spread with remarkable rapidity and fatality. It develops upon all portions of the hollyhocks, as the leaves, stem, and floi'al parts, causing them all to sicken and die. This rust is 22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. a good illustration of those that have only the teleuto form of the spore and the sporidia that grow directly from it. In other woixls the cluster cuj) and uredo stages are omitted and the first state becomes the last, so far as spore develo})ment upon the host is concerned. The great rate at which the fungus s})reads is to he accounted for largely because it hibernates as the living mycelium in the hollyhock, the young leaves of which exist as a rosette throngh the winter. As the warm moist weather comes the orange patches upon the foliage enlarge and quickly develo)) spores that almost at once form the sporidia which rapidly spi-ead the rust to other parts of the hollyhock. There is no resting period in the teleutospore condition, which is reason enough for a rapid propagation of the rust, but when added to this is the absence of two stages in the life cycle there is no wonder that when a hollyhock is once affected the doomed i)lant is quickly ruined provided that the conditions are favorable. This last clause is one of no small eonse({uence, and this rust becomes a good illustration of a general fact that unless warmth and moist- ure as well as spores abound the rust will not thrive. It is not miusual to find the upper surface of a leaf stalk rusted some days in advance of the lower side, due to the dropping there of spores from a diseased leaf above. This observation bi-ings out the idea that water is one of the common carriers of rust sjiores and that it furnishes the requisite moisture for their germination. Another observation that may be made in connection with the hollyhock rust is its scai'city at certain times. For example, in 1898 there was an abundance of hollyhock rust, while a year later there was almost none upon plants l)adly rusted the year l)efore. It may be said in explanation that the conditions were unfavorable for the disease and the health of the plants was restored. Good growing weather with no excess of moisture is the Ijest ally of the victim, and if it comes in time many kinds of plants will recover from an attack that might otheiTV'ise be disastrous. Another new fungous enemy that has troul)led the American florists seriously is that of the Carnation Rust (LTromijces Ceen made with this disease are somewhat limitecl, but they go to show that preventive measures are better than atteni[)ted cures. From the fact that the carnation is largely an indoor plant and propagated by cuttings it goes with- out saying that the stock should Ite healthy from which the cuttings are taken, and no rusted plants should be introduced into a house previously free frv a Mr. Hastings of Fitchburg, Mass., and reported by Dr. Stone in the Ninth Annual Report of your lixperiment Station. From foreign correspondence it is gathered that it was rampant in France and then spread tliroughout England, where it was very destructive, particularly in 1898. AVith us it has increased quite rapidly during the past three years and during the last one it has become decidedly troul)lesome. The plants when affected remain small and the foliage is l)lotehed with large circular 24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. rust spots. Up to the present time only the nredo form has been met with upon American plants and therefore it is impossible to be sure of the species. While this is interesting from the standpoint of the botanist it may be of no great economic importance. How- ever, if the other forms are associated with the dandelion, or sim- ilarly related common wild species, the bearing of this knowledge upon the checking of the rust is at once apparent. This disease is so recent that with us there is very little in the line of remedies that has been determined experimentally. It being a greenhouse plant, propagated by cuttings, the precautionary measures are practically the same as with the carnation. The two rusts are, however, very distinct, belonging to different genera of fungi and not transmissible from one of these host plants to the other. In other words, the Daybreak carnation, so susceptible to rust, may be tolerated, in its worst diseased condition, close by the chrysanthemums without any risk of infecting the latter, or contrariwise the (lolden Wedding chrysanthemum, loaded with rust, may he placed in the midst of a healthy bed of carnations without any danger of introducing the rust to the pinks. In the treatment of our subject we have made a few selections of typical rusts from widely separated host plants, and have endeavored to bring before the hearers some of the more important points connected with one of the leading groups of destructive fiuigi. AVe have seen that the rusts infest herbs, shrul»s, and trees. The forests are not exempt from them and even the giant pines are destroyed by rusts. May I be permitted to say that only last summer I saw in British Columbia almost endless amounts of a rust (^Chri/sonn/.va Ledi Alb. & Sacs.) upon Ledum Gi'witldudiruin Oeder, and associated with it were great "witches' brooms" or "crows' nests" in the fir trees {Abies balsa mea L.), caused by a form of the Ledum rust. Here, in an ahnost untrodden wilderness, where for half the year all is shrouded in snow and ice, this very destructive rust had established itself long centuries ago, and the human mind is left to speculate as to the precise reason why this particular association of fungus and its two hosts had been per- fected. If we could answer for this instance in the wilderness, the clue Avould doul)tless be found for combinations between wheat and barberry, the a])p]e and cedar, and the many other known associa- THE RUSTS OF HORTICULTURAL PLANTS. 25 tions, to say nothino- of the greater number whose life cycles have not been even studied. From the instance of the " witches' broom " above mentioned it is evident that the rusts may not only greatly distort the host, l)ut are often perennial when upon plants that Live on through the years. Similar " crows' iiests " are to be met with in our own cedar trees, and these are due to rusts that live in other forms upon various forest and orchard trees. This perennial nature of the rusts has its very practical bearing upon their destruction when upon culti- vated plants. The blackberry and raspberry' rust is oni' of the most serious pests to growers of Imsh fruits. It shows itself in early si)ring, dwarfing the cane and ruining the foliage. \\ lu'u such an infected plant is cut to the ground the new shoots, spring- ing from the stock, will also become rusted like the first growth of the year. Actual microscopic examination of the tissue of the root demonstrates the presence of the perennial mycelium. With these facts before us it is not strange that the nniltitudes of experiments made to eradicate the disease by spraying the phuits result in failure. The Bordeaux or other mixture when upon healthy plants may help to i)revent the si)read of the disease ; but wlicn once within the tissue of root and stem it is out of reach of spraying compounds. It goes without any argument that all such rusted plants need to be dug up and destroyed root and l)ranch, and the earlier this is done the less likelihood there will l)e of the infection spreading l)y means of the spores. The burn heap is one of the best adjuncts of a well equipped horticultural establish- ment. It excels greatly the rubl)ish pile. Ashes may be Idown al)Out by the winds and no serious inoculations follow from them. The "seed-treatment," so called, for the prevention of diseases in grain fields, while of great value with the smuts is not effective with the rusts, and for reasons that are not far to seek. The oat or wheat smut spores are produced in the grain itself and healthy grains become smeared and dusted with the spores. The smut fungus infests the grain plant when it is a small seedling and at or near the surface of the ground. When this young stage is past the j)lant is exempt. The adhering spores are therefore well situated to inoculate the seedling as it unfolds. On the other hand the rust is not produced in the grains, and infests the })lant directly through the leaves and by means of 2G MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. spores that come to them iu the winds directly from some diseased plant. The only way to check the I'list by treatment with a fini- oicide is to spray the plants l)odily when the spores are ready to alight and prodnce infection, or the plants that are furnishing the virus, or Itoth. 'J'his treatment is not considered practicable for field culture and is usually not very effective in the orchard or fruit garden. The spraying for the rust upon stone fruits (prunes) in California is somewhat exceptional. Xo treatment of the seed, the soil, or even the growing plant itself can be generally relied upon, and consequently while not discarding the spray pumps other means should be considered. AVith out-of-door plants but little can be done to modify the conditions under which the rusts floiuish. Certain seasons will provide the humidity and warmth at just the right time to induce infection while others may furnish the opposite and the crop is comijaratively exempt. lentil the weather is under man's control we may not hoi)e to be rid of the army of rusts that prey upon our crops. The question is somewhat different with the green- house where heat and moisture are more within man's hands. But even here the conditions that favor the most profitable growth of the desired product are the ones that conduce to the spivad and propagation of the diseases of the same. However, there is much in the way that the house is ventilated and the water applied that will help to keep down the rusts. AN'e all know that close attention to all the minor details of health for the plants will go far towards success in the face of contagious diseases to which the plants may have been exposed. There still remains the resort to varieties that are least suscep- tible. The importance of this has been shown iu a practical way in the body of this paper when considering the rust of the aspara- gus. The Palmetto variety is so far ahead of the ordinary sorts, probably due to a greater deposit of wax upon the surface of the stems, that it is already accepted as the best variety to l)e set. Time may show us the way to rust-resistant grains — already talked of but doubtfully obtained — and to orchard trees and bushes that are rust proof. They may come by observations, for it is a well established fact that there are great differences, — or by the breeding in of a blood that will bring exemption. So long as differences of susceptibility to rusts exist in })lants capable of THE RUSTS OF HORTICULTURAL PLANTS. 2/ breeding there remains the grand p<)ssil:>ilitv of vaniiuishing the enemy by fortitleations made by the hybridizer's art. As pre^^iously mentioned there is hope that natural enemies may assist the crop grower. The last resort in all cases when rust is suspected is to furnish the best possible conditions for growth of the crop, bearing in mind that vigilance is especially demanded when the foe is at hand. Any neglect — as lack of light, air, food, or water, or a surplus of the same — maj' engender a weakness tliat will causi' the plants to fall a victim at the first opportunity. As when some contagious disease has invaded the human ilwell- ing and is followed by a thorough cleansing of the rooms, even to a change of carpets, and paper \ipon the walls, so when there is an outbreak (^f a rust in a plant-house there needs to be a renova- tion as thorough, because the germs are as insidious and lasting. In connection with the sul)ject that has been considered at the present hour there is no point that is made with greater earnest- ness than that which is covered by the word sanitation. In this closing year of the nineteenth century we have come to such a full knowledge of the germ diseases that, whether in city, camp, or college, we are wilHng to comply with the rules of the boards of health even when they exact of us seeming infringements upon our old-time rights. We miist cany the same idea into the conmiercial greenhouse and orchard and the public garden. If we would have healthy plants the germs of disease must be kept out, or if once introduced they need to be speedily exterminated. AVe admire perfect health in the roljust and rosy youth ; and the contrast between sickly plants and those in the full vigor of fruitage is entirely in favor of the latter. A short time ago I visited two chrysanthemum greenhouses only a mile apart : and one was filled wi^h rusted plants without a fair-sized bloom or the possibility of one, while the other had not a sign of the rust and the plants and blooms were wonderfully fine. Pvu-posely some days intervened between the visits that my skirts might be clean of the possible charge, upon my own conscience at least, of carrying the germs of the disease into the house where they were not before. The owner of the rusted stock introduced the infection in a few plants from a neighboring city and will destroy his present entire 28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. stock, cleanse the houses even to the removal of his gravel paths, fumigate for the germs lodged in the crevices of the structm-e, and start again with stock that he is reasonably certain is free from rust. "It may be that fewer precautions would suffice, but the ruin was so complete that humiliation has blossomed into heroic resolu- tions and no quarter will be given the rust-brown foe. This is a case where no reasonable amount of attention might have averted the calamity. Possibly if the rust had been observed as it first came to sight, and the introduced plants destroyed, the result might have been different, Init this is too much to ask of mortal gardeners. However, a plea is made for an observance of rules of sanitation with ])lants subject to contagious diseases, that is, in some measure, comparable with that demanded of the human subject and his domesticated animals. Desckiption of Plates of Asi\\kagus Rust. Plate I. Hg. a. An asparagus stem showing Uredo form of the rust ; natural size. Fig. h. An asparagus stem showing Teleutospore form of the rust ; natural size. Fig. c. A portion of a section of an ^Ecidium cup showing the rows of spores and the Mycelium of the fungus and cells of the asparagus stem ; magnified 175 times, ^cidial spores; magnified 300 times. Portion of Uredo sorus ; 'magnified 25 times. Portion of a section of a Uredo sonis ; magnified 1 75 times. Uredo spores; magnified ;500 times. Portion of teleutospore sorus ; magnified 25 times. Portion of a section of teleutospore sorus ; magnified 1 75 times. Fig. J. Two teleutospores ; magnified 300 times. Fig. d. Fig. e. Fig. f. Fig. '.I- Fig. h. Fig. i. THE RUSTS OF HORTICULTURAL PLANTS. 29 Plate II. Fig. a. A Uredo sorus infested l>y the Darluca ; magnified 2') times. Fig. h. A section of Uredo sorus infested l)v the Darhiea ; mag- nified 70 times. Fig. c. Spores of the Darkiea — three of them germinated ; mag- nified 590 times. Fig- d. A chister of ^Ecidium eui)s infested by the Tuberculina — the cups are in the center and the Tuberculina marginal near the s])ermagonia ; magnified lo times. Fig. e. Portion of a section of the Tuberculina ; magnified 17.") times. Fig. /. Spores of the Tuberculhia ; magnified o'.IO times. Discussion. Thomas Harrison asked whether there is any possibility of trans- mitting these rusts l)y mulching. He had lost more after covering than before. He had a small bed of Downer's Prolific straw- berries which was much injured by rust, and asked if this could have been caused by the oak and other leaves used for covering. Professor Ilalsted replied that the winter form of spore does not require any living plant, but in the case cited, or in the straw- berry rust there would be no harm in covering with oak leaves or pine needles. Samuel H. Warren said that the AVilliam Belt and Hunn straw- berries are troubled with rust almost everywhere. The Clyde is a stronger variety, and is free from rust even when growing within two feet of those most badly affected. Most applications to pre- vent rust must be made before the rust shows. Professor Halsted said that when the fungus is once within the tissue of blackberry and other plants, spraying is ineffectual. Strong, vigorous strawberry plants are less susceptible than weaker ones, and it is important to keep plants in good heart. In answer to an inquiry he said that in a chrysanthemum house, where there were almost twenty-five varieties, only one was to any extent proof against rust. This was Inter Ocean, which was about half proof. 30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY MEETINC; FOK LECTURE AND DISCUSSION. Saturday, January 20, 1900. A meetino; tor Lecture and Discussion was holden today at eleven o'clock, the President, Francis H. Appleton, in the chair. The foUowino- lecture was delivered : A Half-Century's Experience with Orxajiental Tree Planting. By O. B. Hadwen, Worcester. It is more than half a century since I purchased some laud, the major portion of which was for many years used for pasture. It was not embellished with either tree or shrub excepting a few of Nature's planting, indigenous to the soil and climate, that had escaped the woodman's axe in the early clearing. Some were even three score years and ten, and accustomed landmarks. At that period l)ut few thought of beautifying their homes or the landscai^e, or enhancing the value of landed property, either immediately or i)rospectively, with trees. AMth the progress of Arboricidture in embellishing grounds, either private or public, trees can be so arranged as to form a conspicuous and enduring feature, and planting l»e made to grace and adorn eveiy situa- tion . Tree jilantiug is a science and art nearly as old as the hills upon which trees of Nature's jjlanting have grown for all time, and l)een nurtured with the natural conditions of climate and soil suited to the great variety indigenous to all sections. Uut the art of tree planting by man seems to differ with each sort. So many conditions are involved relating to soil, climate, and exi)Osure, that there will always remain something to be learned regarding the requirements of every sort. If we could look under ground and discover the conditions which each plant requires and which are necessary for its nourishment and growth, it would l>e a vast help to successful tree planting. If we could measure the wind and the extreme heat and cold of all exi)0sures we could better determine what sorts to jjlant and where to i)lant them, before time and money are wasted. A HALF-CENTURY OF ORNAMENTAL TREE PLANTING. 31 But it seems to require a lifetime to discover the most favoralde conditions, for eaoli and every sort, as every tree, either deciduous or evergreen, seems to differ in the treatment most suitable for its habit, in its soil, exposure, space, pruning, and general treatment. Some trees refuse to grow near other kinds, and will lean from them. The exudations from the roots of some are ai)])arently detrimental to the growth of others. There is a natural, and at the same time a mysterious force which seems to govern the development of each tree or plant, and directs each tree to procure its sustenance by the inherent forces of both root and top, and these mysterious and natiual forces seem to be the governing }n"incii)le with each and every plant, all differing to a greater or less extent, as is a])])arent to the grower l)ut cannot be explained. The past fifty years have wrought a wonderful change in oiiia- mental tree planting. 'Hie increasing taste lias kept even pace with the increased vai'iety, Itotli of indigenous and exotic trees. Fifty years ago the value of tree planting to rural homes or ornamental scenery was but beginning to be understood, and the kinds used foi- ornamental ])hintnig wci'c hirgely the Elm and the Maple. The importance of trees to lunil tasic mikI comfoit was almost entirely overlooked. Their influence upon climate and upon the landsca]K' lind not enlisted the time or the attention of citizens generally. The affirmation of their value in ornamental scenery', now so apparent, and sought for. has come l)y slow but sure advancement, and the selection of those which add so much by their stateliness, grandeur, and ])icturesque beauty and elegance ; by gracefulness of form, both of branches and foliage, the Inil- liancy of the varied tints of autumn, and the beauty and fragrance of their flowers combined, ha\e ])roved strong inducements to tree planting. With the i)rogress of arboreal ])lanting and natural as well as cultivated taste in embellishing grounds, both public and private, trees termed ornamental can be made to form a conspicuous fea- ture in the suburbs of towns and cities on farms and roadsides. Trees also exert a most decided influence upon the climate : they break the force of gales of wind ; they tend to maintain an equa- l)ihty in the temperature, modifying the intensity of extreme 32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. beat or cold. The variety at our command increases every sea- son, and since the Arnold Arboretnm was established trees and plants come to ns from every country of the temperate zone. But my farm is only a plain Massachusetts farm, where no attempt is made at the higher order of embellishment, but where more than a hundred different kinds of ornamental trees, and nearly if not quite a thousand individual trees have l;)een planted to test their habits of growth and hardiness and improve the farm land- scape. Some of them have already contributed to the construction of farm buildings, while others have been made into household furniture, and a plenty yet remain of ample size and dimensions, suitable for any purpose for which wood or lumlier is used. These trees have been planted with my own hands, have l)een nurtured under my care and suj)ervision, and some of them will outlive generations of men, and remain prominent landmarks as time goes on. The farm is al)out six hundred feet above tide water. The better time to plant trees, either spring or autunui, is a question on which there is a wide difference of opinion. Having planted many trees at both seasons with good success, I have come to the conclusion that when climatic and other conditions which should be duly considered l)y the planter are favoral)le, the autuuui is a proi)itious season for planting either deciduous or coniferous trees, i)r()vided it is accomplished early, when the ground is warm, and root growth is thereby encouraged. For planting deciduous trees, early in ()ctol)er is the l)etter time. The foliage should be removed ; the leaves will then cease to draw upon the roots' for nourishuient, leaving them in condition to make new growth, which they readily do when the ground is warm, and sufflciently moist. Both heat and moisture are essential to i)romote root growth at any season. In the spring, conditions are changed ; the atmos- phere is warm and the ground is cold, and while the leaves will start the roots remain dormant, and cannot promptly supply the nourishment required by the top. Coniferous trees may be planted early in the month of September with advantage, provided the ground is kept moist to insure root growth. When these conditions can be carried out, autumn plant- ing proves of decided advantage. If trees are to be transported long distances spring planting has some advantages. Even spring planting is facilitated by the holes being dug in the autumn; the A HALF- CENTURY OF ORNAMENTAL TREE PLANTING. 33 action of the frost upon the earth renders it more friable and more easily incoiporated among the roots. Thoroughness in filling the spaces among the roots is of essential importance to successful tree planting. The constantly increasing variety of Ornamental Trees that thrive in the central part of . the state is so large that I can but briefly allude to even the most prominent — those that are approved by long experience, and those of newer sorts that promise well. Many trees that were considered l)ut half hardy years ago have seemingly become acclimated, and now withstand our extremes of temperature, adding very much to the landscape in their variety and effect. Of the hardy sorts there are quite enough properly to embellish rural homes with a most agreeable and pleasing variety. The ]Maples {Acer) have been for a long time and are now prominent in their variety and conspicuous both in landscape and streets — a favorite tree which well repays the attention it receives. 1 have growing more than twenty sorts ; most i>rouiinent are the Sugar, Norway, Schwedleri, Reitenbachi, Geneva, Wier's Cut Leaved, Sycamore, and Purple Leaved, Tataricum, (iinnale, Pennsylvanicum, Negundo, and the Japanese Maples and others which I will omit to mention. In fact the whole family is one of great beauty, and its members are in the front rank of decidu- ous trees ; as ornamental trees some of them will fit any soil or situation. I have many large trees planted near the streets and roads which give abundance of shade and are the glory of the autumn. The Magnolias are among the most magnificent trees for orna- mental planting. Fifty years ago but few were considered hardy. The varied forms of the trees, with the size and verdiu-e of their foliage and the beauty and fragrance of their flowers, place them in the front as ornamental trees where the soil and exposure prove favorable. I have some fifteen varieties, all proving hardy save one. They are M. acuminata^ M. glauca, M. macrojjhylla., M. tripetala^ M. Alexandn'na^ M. coufipicua^ M. Kobus, M. Lennei, M. purpurea, M. parvijlora,, M. hypoleuca, M. Soulan- (jiana, M. speciosa, M. steUatUy and M. Thomsoniana. Some of these trees are thirty feet high and their season of flowering 3 34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. covers two niouth.s, and the foliaoe in its variety is fully as inter- esting as the flowers. The Tulip tree is proving a great favorite on extensive grounds, and being of rapid growth soon becomes a stately tree. I have one less than forty years planted now over eighty feet high. The flowers, which are abundant and open in .Tune, are of fine tulip shape, of greenish-yellow tint. The only objection is its liability to break in severe storms of ice, but with its rapid growth it soon recovers its form. Its lumber is known as whitewood, now so extensively used in inside finish. It is one of the noblest trees in good soil. It is a difficult tree to transplant unless quite small, but when once established and well nourished it well repays the care given to it. It should be transplanted in spring. Nursery- men have got into the way of growing tulip trees with planks underneath, so as to prevent them from sending down tap roots. The Beech (Far/x.s) in its variety forms a class of ornamental trees worthy of more elaborate consideration than time will permit. The American Beech, foiuid growing over our northern regions, is much esteemed for its neat and airy foliage which remains on the branches during the winter. When planted in groups with other beeches they give a ])leasing variety, both summer and winter. There are no trees that withstand ice storms with less iniiuy. The Fern-Leaved beech is perhaps the most shapely in its growth of any of the family. I have several, one of which is thii-ty feet high and thirty feet in spread and without question the most beautiful and symmetrical tree in my collection. The foliage is flnely cut and very dense, making it a marked tree in any collection. All the Birches are graceful trees ; they have a graceful sweep and peculiar flutter in the breeze. Many are indigenous to New- England, and thrive in northern latitudes. The most common are the Gray, Black, Yellow, Red, Purple, Canoe, and the Cut- Leaved Birches. The Canoe birch attains the largest size. I have one forty feet high and two feet in diameter. The Cut-Leaved birches also ■attain large size and are perhaps the most beautiful of the family. They should not be planted near the house as they continue to shed both leaf and flower for a long time. The Sweet Gum Tree, {Liqnidamhar stj/rac{fli(a) now being A HALF-CENTURY OF ORNAMENTAL TREE PLANTING. 35 considerably planted, is not, so far as I can learn, indigenous to the New England States but seems to thrive here where the situa- tion is favorable. In the Southern and some of the "Western States it grows to a large size. My trees of this variety are twenty feet in height, finely formed and of shapely growth. As an ornamental tree it has few equals, the exquisite gloss of the foliage in the summer, changing with varying autumn tints to a beautiful bronze, and the exquisite form of the leaves, combine to give it a distinctive character and to render it an ornamental tree of the first class. The Virgilia lutea or Yellow-Wood ranks among the finest of ornamental trees, with graceful foliage and clusters or racemes of white flowers in June. It forms a shapely head and grows freely in good ground. It is especially adapted to moderate sized grounds where but few trees are grown, but it is an admirable tree in any collection. Many species of the Oak (QiK^rcus) are indigenous. I have some of Nature's planting four feet in diameter and sixty feet spread of limbs. They too rarely adorn private grounds, being difficult to transplant. When planted they should be young and pruned to the i)ole. When the Oak is given ample si)ace to develop and time to mature, l)ut few trees can be compared 'to it in its variety of beauty changing with the seasons from the deli- cate form and color of the o])eniug leaf, to the deej) and glossy green of the summer and the gorgeous colored tints of the autumn. The AYalnut (Jughnis) is readily grown from seed and trans- planted when young, or when large with a frozen ball of earth. There are several sorts that are desirable both as nut and orna- mental trees. The Black Walnut makes a fine vigorous tree ; tall, with a spreading habit ; its leaves are long, swaying gracefully in the breeze. The black walnut from Japan seems very much like ours both in leaf and fruit : there is one from Japan producing fruit in clusters. The Hickory (^Carya) makes a statel}^ tree and is long-lived, bearing nuts which are esteemed. The Shellbark with its luxu- riant leaves and shaggy bark has a distinct habit differing from other trees. Its fruit is abundant, of delicate flavor and promi- nent in the markets. 36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The American Linden or Bass ( Tilia Americana) is coming to be esteemed a popular ornamental tree, by far superior to the European sorts. It surpasses all others in size and foliage and the abundance of its flowers, whose fragrance fills the atmosphere. I have some more than eighty feet in height, and ver}' stately trees. There are many other deciduous trees growing on my farm, well worthy of planting, which I can only attempt to designate by name. Among these are the Mountain Ash, Oak-Leaved Ash, Catalpa speciosa, Double Flowering Horse Chestnut, Kentucky Coffee tree. Ginkgo, Koelreuteria, AraJia s2yinosa, Cercidiphyllum, Tupelo ; Poplars — Bolleana, Carolina, and Lombardy ; Sophora Japonica^ Sassafras, Syringa Japo7iica; Elms — American, English, and Scotch; and the Nettle tree (Celtis). Coniferous trees, for their symmetry of form and varying shades of everlasting green, and the beauty and grandeiu* of indi- vidual trees are enlisting increasing attention. My first planting of the AYliite Pine (Finns SfA-obus) was in 1846. They were planted more with the purpose of shelter than for ornamental effect, and for the first thirty years they furnished both, but in later years they have been much broken by storms and ice, and now, while they would furnish good saw logs, they are not very ornamental. I early planted the Scotch and Austrian pines and both proved inferior to the white pine. The Swiss pine (Pin us Cemhra) proves the best of the pines, retaining its sjmimetry of form and its beautiful shade of green. It is well furnished with branches, which are of tougher fibre than others, and resist the storms of ice. The NoiTvay Spruce, now so well known, w^as a favorite tree. I planted them quite extensively and they have attained a height of from sixty to eighty feet and are prominent in the landscape. They form a splendid pyramidal head and the branches are flexible and remain unbroken even in old age. The Silver Fir has proved a rapid grower after the first few years ; the foliage is conspicuous with its shiny green and silver lines. It attains a height of sixty feet. The Oriental Spruce is a charming tree, differing from the other spruces in its compact form and short, dark, and attractive foliage. A HALF-CENTURY OF ORNAMENTAL TREE PLANTING. 37 The Hemlock Spruce, indigenous to the New England States, is perhaps the best of the. coniferous trees. I have some planted thirty-five years, which now are fifty feet high. "WTien standing alone it forms a shapely and graceful tree ; the marked and dis- tinct contrast in color of the new and old foliage is always pleas- ing, and when it is covered with light snow it forms an object of beauty unequalled in winter scenery. It withstands the storms of ice, for its branches are so flexible they rarely break. For this climate it may be justly called the queen of the evergreens. The AVhite Spruce is the most shapely of the spruces, with its light green leaf, sometimes shading to blue. Its compact form and slow growth render it adapted to small areas where primness is desii'ed. The Picea punyens^ a Colorado blue spruce (sometimes green), is proving an attractive and desirable sort. I have some thirty feet high and they form fine pyramidal trees, many with a liluish silver sheen. The foliage is stift" and strong and they seem espec- ially adapted to high altitudes, and withstand the force of the winds uninjured. The Allies concolor is proving one of the most attractive ever- greens, being of fine symmetry. The foliage is very long, with a silvery sheen. They thrive in the higher grounds, and should be transplanted when small, or with a ball adhering to the roots. I will only designate ])v name the other conifers that I have growing on my premises. Abies Veitchii from Japan makes a beautiful tree; A. Doxg- lasii^ Picea Alcoquiana from Japan ; Picea Engelmanni, P. Xordmcuiniana^ P. Omoriku, and P. Fmseri are the most promi- nent. Then there are Arbor Vitaes and Junipers, of both of which there are a number of desirable and pleasing sorts from China and Japan, and new ones grown from seeds are adding to the number every year. The increasing importance to residential grounds, of evergreen trees combining both shade and shelter is manifest every season. The comparatively new varieties also are adding interest every season to the charm of homesteads and landscapes. The earlier tree planting was not pursued so much with a view to landscape effect as to give shelter to buildings and orchards and fields with northerly slopes, from fierce winds. Those indige- nous were commonlv used ; exotics were few and looked upon with 38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. doubtful forebodings and were regarded as more experimental than practical. But time has changed tree planting ; with later years exotics are sought for the variety and novelty they furnish, to- gether with the pleasing effect of both trees and leaves. A tree must break the force of the wind, must drink of the dew and the moisture of the earth, must eat of the food that will nourish and strengthen its fibre, and lives and grows in accordance with, — is it instinct or knowledge? I know not. In tree planting no one rule can be applied to all kinds, but general rules are essential to success. In early life I made many mistakes ; then I had not learned the importance of digging gen- erous holes, deep in well drained land, and shallow in wet places. I have learned to use an adequate supply of well composted material about the roots, and also have learned that an annual dressing should be applied to produce the finest effect both in tree and leaf, as years roll on. The marvelous instincts of tree roots, where they run long distances in quest of food and moisture, are unexplainable ; what forces direct them is far beyond my compre- hension. I often see in the roots conditions I am powerless to explain. Roots seem to seek their food and drink with the same knowledge that man and annuals seek them, and when a tree suf- fers from want either of food or drink, the roots will make the most strenuous exertions to sustain the trunk and foliage. By what power do trees select, each its distinct form, each its distinct leaf, which is endowed with distinct shades of color, which with their man^elous tints and unnumbered forms must ever remain surprising to all lovers of trees. Nature's most wondrous plants. But we now enjoy greater advantages in tree planting than ever before in our time. There are gentlemen within this Common- wealth and members of this Society', who have devoted long lives to the embellishment of fine estates, and have planted them with every variety of deciduous and evergreen trees which will thrive here. These trees receive every care to promote symmetry of form and perfection that science and art and common sense can contribute. Many of these finely embellished estates are open to lovers of trees and are veritable object lessons in an arboreal or horticnl- tural sense, diffusing arboreal knowledge to the present and coming generations and the owners are justly esteemed great public benefactors. A HALF-CENTURY OF ORNAMENTAL TREE PLANTING. 39 Discission. Ex -President William C Strong said he had been much inter- ested in the lecture, as had all who heard it, and spoke of the Ailanthus, which the lecturer had omitted to mention. He was very much surprised and delighted with a group of Aihinthns glandidosa planted on the slope of "Wissahickon Heights, at Phila- delphia. The trees were loaded with large clusters of fruit. The disagreeable odor when in blossom early in the season has made this tree objectionable. It used to be coimnon in Brooklyn. The lecturer, he said, had spoken of the maple as one of the first, as an ornamental tree. It is the first when we consider all the si^ecies. The speaker wished to protest against the universal use of the Rock Maple. He considered it too formal and as making too dense a shade for the street. Sehwedler's maple, first imported by him some time in the seventies, he thought a very ornamental tree. He imported it as a pot plant and was so delighted with it that he repeated his order for a jjot plant at five dollars. He recommended the Wier's Cut-Leaved Weeping maple although it is slender and likely to be broken by ice. It is a hght airy tree and very graceful. It ranks with the elm, and he considers it very desirable for street planting. Jacob W. Manning had known ]Mr. Wier, who introduced this tree. The finest specimens that he had ever seen are at Arlington Heights. The call for oaks to i)lant in parks, the speaker said, is increasing. He thought he had done more than anyone else to make the Wliite Spruce popular. It retains its lower limbs and he thinks it one of the best of evergreens. He had seen the Blue Rocky Mountain Spruce in the Platte Valley five feet in diameter and fifty feet in spread, and with cones five inches long. Only a small part of the trees are blue. Mr. Manning spoke of the fall of the Batchelder pine in North Reading, in December, 181111. It was dead excepting one limb which rose to the height of one hundred and twelve feet. The diameter of the log at the butt was ten feet, but there was three feet of rotten wood inside. At fifty feet high it was nine feet in circumference. It was probably two hundred years old. He first saw it fifty-two years ago. It was broken by ice in 1886. Ex-President Wilham H. Spooner wanted to caution people 40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. against planting the elm. He had suffered all kinds of torments from some on his street. He had found his drain filled sohd with their roots. He spoke of the terrible methods of the electric com- panies, who come along and saw off limbs with no regard for the effect on the beauty of the tree. The City Forester, he said, takes no pains to protect the trees. He asked Mr. Hadwen for a little information as to the best tree to plant on the seashore, — something tough enough to stand our winds. Beyond Tremont on Cape Cod the White pine is not hardy ; the Scotch and Austrian pines do better. Mr. Hadwen said that in Nantucket they plant the Yellow pine. He favors planting street trees inside of premises ; the owners can then control them. He has planted many trees in the streets of Worcester and has come to the conclusion that it is not best to plant in the business portion of the city. If sidewalks were ten feet wide it might do to plant on the edge of the sidewalk. Benjamin P. Ware spoke of the modesty of the lecturer, who had called his farm a plain Massachusetts farm where no attempt had been made at adornment, yet he did not know of any private grounds more beautifully ornamented. Mr, Ware had planted many trees and found the Sycamore Leaved maple very desiralde. The Norway mai)le also is desir- able but care should be taken in pruning as it is likely to split. He has the Norway pine growing very successfully directly on the seashore. He finds the Red cedars indigenous there, and has been interested in watching the different forms taken by them, — some straggling, and some as upright as Lombardy Poplars. Mr. Ware said that the elm had always been considered a i)retty good tree, and wondered what they would say in New Haven if they were to hear it condemned. He recalled Lafayette Street in Salem with its magnificent elms on either side meeting overhead, the branches so high that the electric wires are underneath. He spoke of a magnificent White oak on the Treadwell Farm in Tops- field, with from one Inuidred and twenty -five to one hundred and fifty feet spread. If it had not been for the demand for ship timber there would be many more now standing in Fssex County. He wished to emphasize the enjoyment and delight of tree planting. President Appleton sjioke of a very exposed lot of land at Gloucester, owned by T. Jefferson Coolidge, who had had it laid A HALF-CENTURY OF ORNAMENTAL TREE PLANTING. 41 out and planted with Scotch pines. They had grown wonderfully well and as houses took the place of the trees they were well protected. Leverett M. Chase said he was greatly interested in the subject before the Society. In walking two hundred and six miles from Liverpool to London he had been struck with the beautiful trees, especially the great oaks on the college grounds. He commended Evelyn's Silva, in which we find an account of the beautiful for- ests of England. The planting of oaks, he said, was the founda- tion of the naval j)ower of England. Mr. Chase told how John M. Way of Roxbury had prosecuted line men for injuries to his trees and received damages. The same man had prosecuted a physician whose horse had injured his trees. In answer to a question by Mr. Spooner, Mr. Chase said he was not sure that the law as to trees being injured by electric companies is still in existence. Rev. Calvin Terry thought no special law was required. Trees are private property, and persons injuring them are liable. Roots will go a long distance seeking food. They will steer for food and water and find them. There is a divinity in their instinct. He likes the sugar maple. Mr. Chase said that he lulmires the elm ; there is nothing more beautiful than a perfect elm. He spoke of the Whittemore elm in Arlington, said to have been set out by Samuel Whittemore in 1724. Fifty -one years later, when eighty years old, he took part in the Battle of Lexington, and was left for dead by the wayside, but he recovered and lived to sit in the shade of this elm till the age of one hundred and one. The President called attention to a statement b}- Dr. Schenk, who is at the head of the Biltmore School of Forestry and an expert in forestry matters, in ' ' The Capitalist and Economic Forestry," that in Europe investments in forests are considered safer than investments in government bonds. James H. Bowditch invited all who are interested in the subject to attend the first lecture to be given under the auspices of the Massachusetts Forestry Association, on Thursday evening, Janu- ary 25, in Horticultural Hall, on " Forests and Roadsides in Massachusetts . " 42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. MEETING FOR LECTURE AND DISCUSSION. Saturday, January 27, 1900. A meeting for Lecture and Discussion was holden today at eleven o'clock, the President, Francis H. Appleton, in the chair. The following ilhistrated lecture was delivered : The Procession of Flowers in Pennsylvania. By Miss MiKA Lloyd Dock, Harrisburg, Pa. Prologue^ a-ithout .slides. The title is adapted from Helen Hunt's " Procession of Flowers in Colorado," one of the most sympathetic sketches of the varied plant life in the home of her adoption. Her vivid sketches have left their impress in all portions of Colorado, where her flowers and her words are held in such loving remembrance that even the little pressed specimens acquire an interest from the quotations accompanying them. Mrs. Jackson's title was adapted, with his consent, from Colonel Higginson's ' ' The Procession of the Flowers." With few exceptions, the subjects chosen for illustration have been gathered in several very small areas, all lying within a radius of one hundred miles, and ranging from tidewater to an altitude of one thousand feet. About one-third are from the immediate vicinity of Harrisburg, on clay and limestone soils, and also from rich woodlands on the mountains near ; a few are from shaly soil, but the most interesting ones are from two very rich botanical hunting grounds, one on the Lower Susquehanna, the other in the South Mountain, both on sandstone and quartz rocks, and both about fifty miles from Harrisburg. The species selected have been somewhat restricted to those that are purely American or Asiatic-American in distribution. The arrangement has been l>ased upon Asa Gray's writings on "The Flora of Japan," ''The Flora of North America," and " Forest Geography and Archaeology." This arrangement would be of value in rural school gardens where the monotypic forms of THE PROCESSION OF FLOWERS IN PENNSYLVANIA. 43 America, (such as Medeola and Sangiiinaria, ) could be planted together, associating the species represented in both hemispheres, a juxtai)osition which nuist he interesting to true plant lovers. Even this small study of distribution would be of great value in showing the habit of our native plants, their method of growth and dispersion of seeds, in comparison with many of the intro- duced plants that we know as weeds, which latter often gain a tremendous ascendancy through the favorable conditions we pro- vide for them, in removing the shrubbery and trees which sheltered our own less aggressive species. Botanical nomenclature is the path along which many plant lovers have fallen by the wayside, dismayed and discouraged by the scientific names, which are frankly a hopeless impossibility to those who try to know names, without really knowing plants. For some inexplicable reason it is considered rather clever to rejoice in a large-hearted ignorance on the subject of botanical terminology, and this by the very persons who would be wretched if they were supposed incapable of talking on literary, musical, or art topics in technical tenns. No one ever refers to a canary bird or parrot as a " biped," or to a collie or teirier as a " quad- ruped," yet really delightful, travelled persons will all the days of their lives speak of a familiar species of tree as "that tree!" Nothing is easier than to know the trees of one's own home, if one remembers John Burrough's advice and "■ takes his plants slowly," one at a time. Nowadays, the many chaiming l)ooks on plant topics make it an easy matter to have at least a speaking acquaintance with one's outdoor neighbors. Quite apart from the common meeting-ground that botanical terms afford to those speaking different languages, very much of human interest and history is contained in the old tomes that throw light on this subject. In some names we have terms that reach back to the tn-ilight of history, as in Lily and in Lilac, both derived from the same Aryan root, which means " a flower." How many explorations and discoveries are celebrated, as in the Claytonia Virginica and the Cercis Canadensis ! How many friendships are commemorated, as in Magnolia, Kahnia, Mitchella, and Gaultheria ! The names of our own common plants date back to those times iii the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries when 44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. new and unknown plants by hundreds were being sent by the Jesuit Fathers, from Canada to Tournefort in Paris ; from Bannis- ter, Clayton, and Mitchell in Virginia, to Ray and Dillenius at Oxford, and to (Ironovius at Leyden ; from Alexander Garden at Charleston to Ellis in London ; from Cadwallader Colden at New York to Linnjiius at Upsala ; and from John Bartram in Philadelphia to all these centres of learning, but more especially to Peter Collinson of London, whose garden at Mill Hill, and Bartram's own garden at Kingsessing, were the points of depart- ure for plants of both countries. In Bartram's garden, still hap- pily preserved to us as one of the parks of Philadelphia, were planted the first China Asters, Oriental Poppies, Gladiolus, Noi-way Maples and Horse Chestnuts, noted in Colonial literature. In Collinson's grounds were planted the first Hepaticas, Cypripe- diums, Azaleas, Trilliums, Orchids, Kalmias, and Rhododendrons known in England. The procession begins with the period of work, preparation, and rest, which, as in all processions, precedes the great massing of forces and vnifurling of banners. It endeavors to show plants at home, their special friends, allies, and neighbors ; their natural growth, and their change of habit due to change of environment. We study them comparatively, as we do other subjects, and as a picture reminds us of the school or period to which it belongs, so a [jlant may suggest to us its home ties, its far-off tropical, Alpine, f)r antipodal'relations, the extinct members of its race, the great })art that members of its family have played in the human drama. Thus we learn to think of our plant not as a mere rose or geranium, but as one of the links of the great world-chain. Th(' Procession. In late autumn the procession is waiting orders. Banners are furled, buds folded close, and when the leaf curtain falls there is opportunity to see the massive boles and boughs of Chestnut and Oak, the tracery of weeds upon the snow, of the delicate articula- tion of Elm and Bia-ch against the sky. Pushing aside the snow the Mayflower is ready to unfold, and in sheltered nooks Hepaticas and Dandelions open to the touch of the south wind. These are only marshals i)rancing up ;\nd down the line to announce that all THE PROCESSION OF FLOWERS IN PENNSYLVANIA. 45 is ready ; the true procession begins with the plant police, the Skunk Cabbages, who in March lead the way with helmet and club. Then the White Maple unfurls the first tree Ijanner, followed closely by the Red Maple, whose crunson buds are an old story to us, but two hundred years ago were the i)ride of Bisliop Compton, when his new American Maple oi)ened its strange red l)lossoms in Fulham Garden. Then follows the Pussy Willow, a signal to look for the Mayflower in early April, one of the ])lants not known in Europe. With it and following after are Hepatica and Bloodroot, the latter growing only in Eastern America ; the Hepatica with cousins in Europe but not clad in chincliilla, as Helen Hunt calls its protective fur. Both of these were named at Oxford about 1735 by Dr. Dillenius, in the Botanic Garden across from Magda- len College. The Frog and Bird bands have long ])egun their music, and when the glens show the golden mist of Since Bush, and the white tassels of Sei-vice Berry, the first great battalion of spring flowers reaches from curb to curb. Spring Beauty was sent by its findei', John Clayton, from \'irgiiiia to Dr. Gronovius, at Leyden, who named it after the sender, and it has a still closer association for us when we think of that young- medical student in 1828, taking it home in a New- York village and analyzing the first of thousands of blossoms to pass through the hands of Asa Gray, 'I'he forest floor is carpeted now with Toothwort, Saxifrage, Dogtooth Violet and the great Chickweed called^after Michaux ; with Anemones and the beautiful lustrous leaves of the Wild Ginger, blue Gill-over-the-G round, and pink Lamium in attendance. When Wild Cherry powders woodlands and fields, and the sun filters through the delicate green of Birch catkins in late April, we look for the most l)eautiful of our si)ring blossoms, the great White Trillium, known these two centuries in p]ngiish gardens as the American^Wood Lily. It reaches its fulness of l)loom when Anemones are at their height ; and surely a hillside starred with these is worthy of protection ! All this^time Fern Croziers are uncoiling ; on the stipes of the Cinnamon'Eern we see the down gathered for their nests by Hum- ming Birds. Follow the croziers down to the massive rhizomes of the Osmundas that hold and buttress swampy soil or hill- 46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. wide ; see the root-tips of Rock ■ Polypody as they slowly wear uway the rock to form soil ! See the folded buds of next year's fronds, the fronds that are to follow them even now blocked out, and consider the destruction of beauty when thousands of these are rudely plucked from their anchorage ! A\^hen woodland borders and roadsides are flushed with the pink of Redbud blossoms in early May, the second spring battalion has arrived. On rocky banks Wild Pink makes a brave show, Mitella holds its spears upright, on dry banks the Bird-foot Violet is set in gray Reindeer Moss ; in dry grass are the invisible spears of Blue-eyed Grass, the orange plumes of Puccoon, and everywhere sweet Quaker Ladies. In rich woods lavender Phlox and dark Trillium mark time for the showy Orchis to rise from its green sheaths. The flaming leaf sheaths of young Hickories unfold, and woods are starred with red-bei'ded Elder, ^^iburnlnns, and Dogwoods. (See the admirable suggestions made by Professor Shaler as to Roadside Parks, in his " American Highways" ). As Mitella fades, Columbine nods from the same cliffs, and sometimes on the cold damp side of these we find great masses of Meadia, the American Cowslii) of English gardens. With these the pink Azalea with its color and grace, and Wild Crab with its loveliness and perfume challenge the new stars of the woods, the Moccasin Flowers. These were among the earliest foreign Orchids introduced into England, and whether the glorious Cijpripedinni apertaltilc with white li[)s tinged with pink, or the yellow pHhescens was first, we do not know, but the i)ink araule was sent l)y John Barti-am to Collinson, l)loomed in 1738, and was figured from that plant by Catesby. [T\n.' jtnbe.sceits attains great age, one plant shown having the scars of twenty-seven years, — first bloomed during the Franco-Prussian War. (rcrard figured the English species three hundred years ago). With these aristocrats of the plant world, the humbler Jack-in- the-Pulpit and Solomon's Seals are marching along, and the curious dark cinnamon l)lossoms of the Papaw are stiffly set on their angular stems. When May- Apples bloom, the high-water mark of spring is reached, and late in May the drooping white racemes of Locust mark the ai)proach of summer. A true plant shrine is that corner of the Jardin des Plantes in Paris, where the flrst locust ever seen in the Old World Ijravely holds its own, THE PROCESSION OF FLOAVERS IN PENNSYLVANIA. 47 though planted in 1G36. Following the Locust are the green and orange cups of the Tulip Tree, the Virginia Lily Tree of early explorers. Then comes the great glory of our Ai)palachiaii hillsides, the Kalmia or Mountain Laurel, found nowhere in the world but in Eastern North America. In his gai-den at Ui)sala we can fancy Linnjeus watching the growth of the American plants brought by his returned student, Peter Kalm, and listening to the tales of the vast thickets of the shrub he named after his student. "While Laurel crowns the hills Pentstemons are nodding on banks, and everywhere Roses shedding their petals, reminding us that spring has passed : " Alas that Spring should vanish with the Rose ! " Other plants of that race api)ear throughout the summei-, hut except the Swamp Pose, they are not true roses of bank and Held. Summer brings the Sweet Bay, the plant of long coastal range, ancient history and many memories of Raleigh's Virginia expedi- tion, of Cotton Mather, and of the French Botanist Magnol, after whom it is named. The fragrant white Azalea of C'raddock's pages is passing now, and swaniin- meadows arc tinted with the pale pink of Pogonia, the deeper pink of Calopogon, and the stately spikes of purple and white Habenarias. Our American Calopogon was the first Orchid figured in Curtis' Botanical Maga- zine (in 1790) and no i)lant will better repay microscopic study. When Catalpas bloom and Chestnut tassels powder the woods with gold, the " Midsimimer pomps" of Arnold have come, and the Appalachian AVoods are in full panoply, marshalling theii- stateliest flower, the great Rhododendron. It ranges from Berk- shire to Georgia, has relatives on the Alps, the Pacific coast. Eastern Asia and the Himalayas, but the Mountain Rhododendron belongs to Pennsylvania by priority of discovery and description. In 1734 John Bartram made a journey up the Schuylkill beyond the Blue Mountains, and at some point near where Reading now stands found a plant whose seeds he sent to Collinson, packet No. 102, with a description that must have been somewhat enthu- siastic, for ever after Collinson spoke of it as " that Noble Laurel thee discovered beyond the Blue Mountains," and said "this 48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. seems to be the most elegant tree discovered in yonr province." For several years hopes and fears rose and fell over specimens of this plant sent to CoUinson and Lord Petre. For several years there was only wonder and admiration for the "noble Laurel" that grew, but would not bloom, and until it bloomed the botanists could not name it, so from descriptions of its rose-colored flowers it was called the "Rock-rose of Pennsylvania." In 1739 Mr. Hamilton sent over blossoms of the plant, which enabled the botanists to classify it, as the Rhododendron maximnm, (the Great Rose-tree). Prior to this discovery the low Alpine forms had the prefix " chamae " (Crround Rose-tree) attached. Within the next two years the Pontic and Siberian Rhododendrons were received by Collinsoh, l)ut not until after the inaximuni was well known to collectors of that period.* Hosts of lovely small l)looms carpet the ground — Wintergreen, Veronica, Hoj) Clovers — but in July the meadow flowers draw us to feathery plumes of Meadow Rue, the golden disks of Rudbeckia, and the splendid bells of Turk's Cap Lily, close cousin of the "Lily of the Field" of Palestine. A fascinating study can be made of their habit of inflorescence, the pendulous buds responsive to but not disturbed by every breeze ; the slow movement of the peduncle as the flower expands ; the gradual upward movement of the pistil, until within ten days from the opening of the flower the capsule has passed through more than one hundred and eighty degrees, and placed itself in a position of safety, its now rigid peduncle turned slightly in towards the stem. In sultry August the deep rose of the Swamp IVIallow enriches every swamp where it l)looms, and pink is everywhere rampant, from the Milkweed along streams to the damj) fields where great tufts of Joe-Pye Weed hold sway, and thickets lovely with Mea- dow Sweet are reached through beds where Deer Grass opens its curious stamens, and pink Gerardia bells hang for a day, all these intermixed with the ivory l)alls of Button Bush, this jjlant ha^dng the odd distinction of being the last plant noted by Humboldt and Bonpland, as they embarked at Wilmington for France in 1814. While all these swamp friends aie hastening by, in dry fence corners we find AVhite Spurge, insignificant C(^usin of the splendid * Address on Bi-centennial of John Bartram's birth, before Pennsylvania Histor- ical Society, Philadelphia, March 23, 1899. THE PROCESSION OF FLOAVERS IN PENNSYLVANIA. 49 Poinsettia, iu Oak Avoods the delicate fringed bells of starry Campion nodding above ghastly Indian Pipes, the still whitei- Amanita, and in odd nooks the ecru and tan C'hantarelle lifts its trumpet ; and with all of these, the loveliest of the Figworts, yellow Gerardia, named after our old friend the Herbalist, whose portrait painted three hundred years ago, shows him proudly holding a sprig of the latest floral novelty, the American Potato I Just as the procession seems to have reached a sameness of sound and color, there come iu August ucav and stirring notes, the splendid blues and scarlets of Lobelias, the pu)-ple and gold of the great army of ("omposit;e, the scarlet sjiikes of the Cardinal Flower heralding the beginning of the end. '' Hail and farewell, prince, prelate of the August wilderness. That in the dell hearest a mass said for the soul of summer by the birds." (Griswold Dichtek, " A Floral Calendar.") Futer Aiituuiu with foi'ces thickly massed : the white of AVood Asters, the lavender of Swainj) Asters, the deep purple of the New England Asters in lields, great clumps of white IJoneset close to the rose-pnrple Vernonia — an enchanting combination of color — and high above all the pale gold of giant Sunflowers, while (4 olden-rod has marched with all of these and earlier blooms. In September we find the Turtle-head and the Closed Gentian with its metallic lustre shining by blanched Dicksouias. The trees now monopolize crimson and gold, as the Fringed Gentian opens its eyes ; and as leaves ciisp, the belated golden filaments of Witch Hazel stream forth. Then the noiseless feathered seeds of Clematis and ]\Iilkweed flutter through the air, the color fades from Maple and Oak. Now comes the stillness of the " beautiful Summer of All Saints," then the "volleying rain;" the leaf falls, the procession has passed ! 50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. r.rsiNESS MEETING. Satukday, Fel)ruary o, IKOO. An adjourned meeting of the Society was h(j]den today at eleven o'clock, the President in the chair. Charles E. Richardson read his Annual Report as Treasurer, which had been approved hy the Finance Committee. The rei^ort was accepted and refei-red to the Committee on Publication. The President repoiled to the Society the disposition, stated in the following letter from the President of Harvard Universiiy, made by the Corporation, of the Stickney Fund, which was held by this Society for thirty years, and, agreeably to the terais of the indenture between the Society and Mr. Stickney, was i)aid over to Harvard University on the first day of February, 1899. Hakvakd UMVKHsrrv, CAMBKiD(iE, .lanuary 9, 1900. Dkak Mr. a PPL ETON : [ wish to report to you at once that the .losiah Stickney Fund of $12,000, which was for thirty years in the keeping of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, was yesterday assigned by the Corporation to the support of a course to be given at the Lawrence vScientilic Scho(^l of Landscape Architecture. Mr. Frederick L. Olmsted, Jr., is to be the Lecturer, and lie will have an assistant, Mr. Shurtleff of the Olmsted ottice. Of course only the income of the Stickney Fund will l)e used. I am sure you will find this application of the fund highly M[»i)i-opriate. Very truly yours, CiiAKi.Ks AV. Eliot. (Jenekal Fkancis H. Appleton. GARDENS, FIELDS, AND WILDS OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 51 The following named persons, having been recommended by the Executive Committee as members of the Society, were on ballot ■s. ,By John K. M. L. Fauquhak, Boston. The trans-Pacific tourist who spends only a few liouis at Honolulu, while a steamer is discharging and receiving passengers iind cargo, can get Uttle idea of the fertihty of the Hawaiian Islands. Approaching Honolulu one sees the blue outlines of extinct volcanoes, and, drawing nearer, the sun reveals barren mountains of crimililing lava, with occasional patches or fissures of vegetation. It is not until one actually travels among these volcanic masses that any conception of the marvellous fertility of the valleys which intersect them is had. Formerly many of these mountains were covered with timber, chiefly sandalwood, the sale of which formed a source of revenue 52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. to the kings of the islands until it became exhausted. The Bureau of Agrienltiu-e is now making efforts to replant them. Certain varieties of eucalyptus and acacia have been found most success- ful. The Algaroba, which was introduced about thirty years ago, is of great value for planting on arid lands, and on Oahu we lind more of this tree than of all others combined. Its delicate pin- nate foliage is always green, and in periods of extreme drought furnishes excellent fodder for cattle and horses, while its sweet seed-pods, which resemble wax -podded string beans, and have the flavor of St. John's bread, may be ground, and the tlour made into wholesome bread for man. The best shade tree in the vicinity of Honolulu is the monkey- pod, Albizzia hirolor ; a tree of very dense and spreading habit and bearing beautiful purphsh lilac flowers, which remind one of giant Sweet Sultans. The tamarind thrives here, attaining :\ greater height than the monkey -pod, and although the fohage is much finer, it is dense and gives ample shade. Splendid speci- mens of banyan are also met with, one of the best being in the grounds of the late Princes Kaiulani, and nearly overgrowing hei- beautiful residence. There are several trees bearing remarkably showy flowers ; among them Cfesalj)! n ia regia becomes when in bloom a mass of flaming scarlet ; Ca'salpinia sepia ria bears large deep yellow blossoms, and Cassia fistula^ commonly called Golden Shower, bears enormous golden yellow flower clusters. The seed pods of these trees are usualy from fifteen to eighteen inches in length. The Royal palm, Oreodoxa regia, is employed to line avenues. It grows about two-thirds as high as the cocoa nut, the trunk being perfectly perpendicular, while that of the cocoa nut is always bent. The Date palm is similarly used and affords more shade ; an objection to it is the fact that the fruit when ripe drops freely and litters the roadways. A tree photographed near Honolulu had eight clusters of fruit, each of which would have filled a half a bushel measure or more. The dates are of fair quality, but as the climate suits them, the finest sorts should be introduced. Caryota •sirens known as the Wine or Fish-tail palm is exten- sively employed for landscape decoration. The specimens seen are usually about thirty feet in height, generally bearing two or more bunches of fruit. The erect, bipinnate leaves of this palm GARDENS, FIELDS, AND WILDS OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 53 are of light and graceful appearance, and form a pleasing contrast with the heavier foliage of other tall sorts. More than one hundred and fifty varieties of palms are now grown on the islands. The httle Otaheite orange, Avhich is now seen here in pots in florists' windows attains in Oahu a height of forty feet and bears abundantly. Notwithstanding the fact that citrus fmits luxuriate on the islands, more than tive thousand dollars worth of lemons and oranges are annually imported from California. DeUcious figs, much superior to those sold in CaUfornia, are sold ))y native children on the roadsides at five cents a dozen. IJananas may be grown on all the islands. In the vicinity of Hilo they do particu- larly well, and there irrigation is unnecessary. I'nfoi-tunately the varieties grown are not the ])est for market or expoit. . The mag- nificent yellow bananas which are brought to Boston from (J olden Yale and other plantations in .Jamaica are much superior. The best Jamaica variety of Mk.so sapiditnm should replace the small M. Cavendishti , now grown. The islands would then be able to supply cities west of Chicago with such fruit as is received on the east coast from the West Indies, the distance by sea l)eing about the same. Cocoa nuts may be grown on any of the islands near tlie coast ; they receive little attention however. The only extensive grove seen was near Waikiki in Oahu. (Uiavas grow wild in all the islands, from the sea level to an altitude of about three thousand feet. They are chietiy useful for preserves. The ground cherry is found in abundance within the same limits, and at about two thousand feet a red rasplieiiv (^Mxbus Ilaicuiiensis), of rather insipid flavor, bears profusely. Strawberries and raspberries have been introduced and yield fruit the year around at from two thousand to three thousand feet elevation. The Papaw {Carica Papaya) is a very singular fruit, borne on a tree somewhat resembling the castor-oil plant. The fruit is very rich in sugar and is used to feed chickens and pigs. It contains a milky juice which has the property of rendering tough meat or fish quite tender. Sometimes a piece of the fruit is boiled with tough chickens, making them tender and easily digested. Fresh meats and fish are similarly improved by being wrapped in the leaves of the papaw for a few hours, and the natives make this a 54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. practice. The leaves of I)racwi}(( hftai^ which is indigenous, take the place of wrapping paper in the mai'kets. In broiling fish the natives invariably place it lietween two of these leaves for the pleasant flavor which they imi)art. Formerly the natives made a distilled liquor from the roots of this Dracjiena ; of recent years its manufacture has been prohibited by law and the natives who were addicted to its use now take gin instead, with which it was almost identical in flavor and appearance. The success of the sugar planter has l)een detrimental to the development of other lines of agricultural industry. One finds on the islands, century plants with leaves from eight to ten feet in height, yet the Sisal plant, which is a variety of the century plant, is not grown. Cocoa, olives, mangos, limes, lemons, oranges, figs, and finer grapes should become profitable crops for mountain slopes and other lands not adapted to sugar cultivation. Progress in this direction can hardly be made, however, until better varieties of these fruits shall have been introduced. Most of the improved sorts needed could be obtained in Jamaica. When it is learned, however, that the sugar plantations have yielded as high as sixty tons of cane per acre, giving when crushed twelve tons of sugar, or more than double the average crop on the West Indies, and making possil)le annual dividends of from fifty to seventy-five per cent, it is not surprising that other branches of agriculture have been overlooked. The most productive sugar plantations of Oahu are reclaimed arid lands com])osed chiefly of pulverized lava, which were more or less occupied with OpHutia truncation. Dense masses of this cactus are to be met with, each mass extending over several aci-es and attaining a height of from twelve to eighteen feet. The Opuntias on the dry lands and the tree ferns in the moist regions have been valuable agents in the foi-mation of loam deposits. On the beaches of Oahu, the loose sands are frequently covered witli the ivy 'like foliage and brilliant rosy red blossoms of Ipomoea Turpethum ; a little farther l)ack may be seen Arc/emone grandi- ^ffora, Ipomoea Batatas and /. in,sidari.s, the last having beautiful light blue flowers of large size.! Laiitana hybrida and Acacia Arahlca, have become troublesome, weedy shrubs. Hundreds of acres are invested with these pests; GARDENS, FIELDS, AND WILDS OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 55 the vast crater of the extinct volcaix), Punch liowl, overiookinsx Honohihi, is completely overrun by them. Many beautiful wild shrul>s are to l)e seen on the mountain slopes or in protected valleys, amono; which may be mentioned Sesbauia toinentosa, Go,ss}/pii(iii toiKciifosiini, Ifishisciis Amofti- anus, H. tiliaccux and H. YoiiiKjiainis. An enterprising (rreek fruit dealer named ("aniaiinus intro(luce'.( for twelve cents |)er pound. It may be included in the list of money makers in all localities where any sweet cherry can be grown with success. A few years ago I had sent to me from Oregon for test pur- poses a variety then known as the Bing. After fruiting it for two seasons I am inclined to regard it as an acquisition tind worthy of a test by all interested in growing the cherry. It is large, of good quality, in color resembling the Windsor but ripen- ing a trifle later, and pi'oductive l)eyond anytliing hi the shape of a cherry I have ever grown, its size and fine appearance should make it very desirable for nuirket. I measured many specimens that had a circumfei'cnce of from three to tln-ee and one-half inches, and referring to the Annual Horticultural Ke})ort of the State of Oregon find it very highly ct)mmended, and rejjorted as the most promising cherry yet introduced there. As for sour cherries, 1 know of nothing su|)erior to the .Montmorency :nid English Morello. It seems to be stronolv in evidence that we h:ive little to fenr in THE FUTURE OUILOOK FOU THE FRUIT (iROWER. 63 the future froui the couipetitiou of ^Marvhmd and Dehiware in peach orowin>>'. while on the other liand ureat pn^oivss is l)eino- made in tlie development of varieties of such hardiness in fruit bud as to be adapted to our soU and climate, and we l)elieve we are justified in assuming' that here is a field for the progressive fruit o-n)wei- full of pi-oniise that has yet been scarcely considered. The very rai)id increase of insect life of an injurious character has necessitated knowlediie in relation to their life work and hal)its that years ago were not recjuired, and the spraying pump has come to be reganhnl as a necessary appendage to all well regulated fruit farms. • Indeed systematic spraying at proper intervals from early spi-ing until after the fruit is well formed is claimed as the chea))est insuranc-e that can be provided for nearh' everything grown, 'i'lie wise up-to-date orchardist finds it an economical method in making a su|)erior croj). Avhile his careless neighbor, furnishing a feeding ground for all of the pests that abound in the vicinity, produces a cro)> of knotty, worthless fruit, denounces the party to whom he has consigned it for sale as a fraud, and argues that the business is overdone. This is no exaggeration but is in evidence annually. For the past two years the increase of the tent caterpillar and forest tree caterpillar has been quite j)henomenal over a large part of the State where I reside, and. when neglected, thousands of trees have been entirely strijtped of theii- foliage, the growing crop ruined, and no opportunity given for the formation of fruit buds for the next year. Ipon my own grounds more than three thousand nests of the foinici' were desti'oyed upon our apple trees as soon as they were foi'med. and the foliage was left uninjured to perfect the buds for a future crop. This, however, was scarcely done before we discovered an innumerable number of forest tree caterinllai's clustered u])on the bodies of plum, cherry, and peach trees. These were likewise destroyed before injury had been done, lint tlie roadside trees, trees on rented lands, and neighl)ors less careful, provided the seed bed from wliich emanated a crojj that has enabled us to destroy during our AVinter trimming between four and live thousand of the little egg clusters or bands that hatching in early spring would furnish another army to feed upon the fresh foliage. Our agricultural colleges and experiment stations have taught 64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, US bow to contend siiceessfully with most of these insect foes. The San .lose scale, however, is an exception. So minute as to be scarcely discernible excei)t ])y the educated eye, and even then often requiring the aid of a microscope, this most dangerous of all insects is spreading at a I'ate that renders its extinction by no means probable. Jt has today a strong footing in most of the fruit-growing States and so far has resisted such treatment as has been effective in destroying or holding in check most other insect pests. If left imdisturbed for a period of five or six years, the infested tree or plant is of little value and should be dug out and burned ui)on the ground where it stood. If not too large to be covered, fumigation as practised in Maryland and Virginia maybe effective. An effort is l)eing made in the Legislature now in ses- sion at Albany, for the passage of a law requirhig all nurserymen in the State to fumigate all trees or })lants shipped into or out of the State, which I lielieve to be the most effective measure yet suggested for the protection of the planter, and [ believe the pur- chaser fully justified in insisting that such a certificate should accompany evei-y i)ackage of trees purchased, wherever bought. If time would })ermit, a further discussion of this subject might be followed I believe, with interest to the growei' of all fruits, and it is in the line of my topic "The future outlook for the fruit grower." Indeed I believe I should be recreant to the trust you have reposed in me, did 1 not sound the word of warning, and 1 say beware of the danger of introducing into your orchards this most serious menace to the fruit grower's interests, the San Jose scale. Mr. AVillard added that he could not understand why with all the cheap reading matter so abundantly disseminated so little is found in our farm homes. It is the iirst thing that he looks for in the morning, and the last thing at night, yet in many houses there is a dearth of it. He recently visited one man who has one hundred and thirty acres of land, nearly all orchard, and six hundred chickens but not a particle of reading matter. The land on which our fruit orchards have hitherto been located are high-priced lands — SlTjO per acre, besides the cost of di'ain- ing, which brings it up to S200. Every particle of land must be utilized. He planted a row of Wintlsor cherry trees alongside of THE FUTURE OUTLOOK FOR THE FRUIT GROWER. 6.'> n road, and told his wife that the revenue from these trees would l)ay the taxes when they were too old to do it. Last year they did pay the taxes. His eroj) of ten tons of Enulish Morello cherries went chiefly to persons in New York, who exinvssed the juice. Probably we shall not have as much comjjetition from Delaware and Maryland as heretofore. One orchard of twenty-eiuht thou- sand trees was blotted out by the San Jose scale. In Michigan, not far from Benton Harbor, is the l)est jjeach grower he knows of. His orchard is one hundred acres in extent and last year the crop sold for $3."), 000. He thins his fruit to six inches apart. He begins spraying at this season and follows it up. In growing })lums, ]\Ir. Willard advised to i)rotect from the cnrculio by jarring : he uses machines for this purpose. His foreman, in the spring of 1(S91), thought there was no need of jarring, for few cui'culios were being found, but they found great numbers of forest caterpillars feeding ravenously and in clusteis on the bodies of the trees. He had known repeated instances where trees had been dug up and the parts of roots left in the ground had sent up shoots which in two years had been covered with the San .lose scale. At the date of the introduction of the Japan Plimis, he obtained several lots of scions from California marked Botan. Observing what seemed to be a difference among them, they were grafted and recorded under numbers, one of them as Xivmber 26. And from this trees were grown and sold to Mr. Heikes, of Huntsville, Ala., who renamed the variety the Willard plum. Its chief value was the early ripening of its fruit, but it has since been superseded by the Red June, which is earlier and in all respects more valuable. Discussion. William C. Strong asked about the President Wilder currant. Mr. Willard said that it had its origin in Indiana and is said to be a seedling of the Versaillaise. You may feed it all you please yet the wood will be strong, and the bushes will not break down, which cannot be done with Fay's. The berries are as large as those of the Cherry currant but the bunches are twice as long. Cherry ciu'rants must be mai'keted as soon as ripe whereas the President Wilder may be left for a long time on the bushes after It is ripe. No other will keep as long. Bushes four or five years (51) MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. old yield from ten to twelve (juarts of fruit. The first which he grew sold for twelve cents ;i quart in Boston market. When asked idiout tlie North Star currant .Air. Willard said he would releoate it to the North Pole. 'J'lie Red Cross has fruit of excellent (luality hut has failed to come u]) to the standard of a market fruit. For family use he considers the White lm])erial best. No white currant is of value for market. In answer to a question by William H. Spooner as to the Pomona currant the lecturer stiid if you want to oet a good crop of the San ,Iose scale you can get it on the Pomona currant. T. (t. Yeomans of Walworth, N. Y., bought some of them and soon found them coveivd with the San dose scale. Instead of digging u\) and burning them he had them sprayed with one hun- dred i)er cent keroseiu^ when they were l)eginning to develo]). In September he found that the bushes though not killed were injnred and still loaded with the San Jose scale. Mr. Willard said that he has all })ackages shipped marked with certificates of inspection, lie recommended Bulletin No. T)? of the ^Maryland Agricultural Kxi)eriment .Station, on the San dose scale in Mary- land and remedies for its su])j)ression and control, by Professor W. O. .lohnson. as the most jji'actical treatise on the suljject he had ever read. The Chairman asked how to pre\ent the vSan .lose scale and Mr. Willard advised fumigating all trees as soon as received. The first thing he would do would be to ))ut uj) a little box of his own for that purpose. No nurseryman raises all the trees he sells, and those he Iniys from someltody else are often infested. He considers inspection only partial protection to the orchardist and would urge the i)assage of a law conq)elling the fumigation of everything sold. He was Chaimnan of a C'onuuittee of the Western New York Horticultural Society to urge the passage of such a law. The l>ill [)roi)osed in the National legislature Avould be no ])rotection. Fumigation is inexpensive when once you have the fa(^ilities. It takes about half an hour. The tvverage cost, outside of la1)or, for the best ai)ple. ])ear, ])e:\ch. plum, and cherry trees is about twelve and a half cents for a thousand trees ; labor would be as much more. In 3Inryland Professor dohnson says they have been al)solutely extermiiuited by fumigation. F'ew are found in old oicliai'ds ; they have only l)een introduced within a few vears. THE FUTURE OUTLOOK FOR THE FRUIT GROWER. 67 J, W. Manning asked whether it is known that this process kills the insect, and the lecturer again referred to Bulletin 57 of the Maryland Experiment Station, in which Professor Johnson says they were so thoroughly killed that none were seen for two years. Mr. Manning (pioted Professor Alwood, who thinks the process does not kill all the insects. He says ten per cent will he left. Mr. Manning had had his nui'sery inspected by Professor Kirkland and had never found any of the insects until a year ago hist spring, when he fovuid a few. Professor Kirkland then said that he must make a fumigator, which he did at a cost of about five hundred dollars. He puts everything thi-ough the fumigator, but they are getting into forest trees and he fepls that the case is almost hopeless. He wished to know if there are any trees which the San Jose scale does not work on. Mr. AVillard said they will not get on evergreens, sour cherries, or ihe Keiffer pear. Thomas Hjirrison asked if tlie (iovernor Wood cherry was of any value ns a market clicriy, hut the lecturer had found it of no great value. It is not a good shipi)er and not the right color. Light colored cherries are more likely to decay. Ill answer to a (|iiestion as to plums, Mr. Willard said that he had tried to test them all. He found the Burbank and Red June most valuable for market. The Reine Claude de Bavay although the standard of quality is not so good for market. The \Nickson, he thinks, has not yet been sufficiently tested. On motion of Benjamin P. Ware a vote of thanks to tlie lecturer was unanimously passed. MEETING FOR LECTURE AND DlSCl'SSIOX. SATUi.'it.w, February 24. IHUU. A meethig for Lecture and Discussion was holden today at eleven o'clock, the President, Fkancis H. AcrLEXox, in the chair. The following lecture, illustrated with lantern slides, was deliv- ered under the auspices of the American Forestry Association. 68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. FoKESTKV IX MASSA0HLSETT8. I. Forestry. II. Jioads/'dcs. liy Mrs. MARY Lathrop Tdcker, Newton. I. Foresfr//. In the part of this lecture dealing with forestry proper I shall endeavor to set forth a few of the considerations which should induce farmers in ]VIassachusetts to cultivate timber, and to state as plainly as possible some of the most important principles underlying the jjrojjer treatment of woodlands, especially White Pine. Many important points have of course been omitted, as one lecture could not be exhaustive on even the simplest elements of forestry. Yet with these principles as a starting i)oint, common sense and a little experience should enable a small farmer to improve and increase his woodland so much in a few years as to convince him beyond doubt of the profitableness of timber culture. One of the most common and most vital of all mistaken notions about tree growth is that trees need no cultivation — that nature let alone will always ])roduce the best possible results, both economic and aesthetic. Farmers would be astonished at the suggestion that wild cherries, ai)ples, potatoes, or corn are as good as the cultivated species, or that weeds do no harm growing freely among their valuable croi)s. But many of these same farmers are hard to convince that large numbers of trees in their wood lots are mere weeds of no worth in themselves and injurious to the growth of the vahialile timber, and that the value of their timber might be easily doubled or trebled by a little rational management. It is a fact which lies at the foundation of all jn'oper forestr}^ that natural, uncared-for woodlands do not produce the most or the l)est timl)er. I'naided nature does often produce magnificent results, and up to the jn-esent time we have in this country been able to depeud for our timber supply almost wholly upon the wild natural product. So when people are urged to practise s^^stematic forestry — that is, to cultivate trees as civilized man cultivates FORESTRY IN MASSACHUSETTS. 69 other crops instead of triistiiiii' like savnoes to the chance ])ro(hic- tions of nature, they are apt to point to the Pines of ]\raine or (ieorgia, to the New Hampshire Spruces, or the Secjuoias of tlie Pacific coast as conclusive evidence that whatever assistance nature may require in producing the best and the most potatoes she is perfectly com])etent to raise trees without human interference. But granted the best that nature can do, we are still confronted by conditions that will compel us to cultivate trees or soon to buy our timber of other countries more provident than ourselves. In the first place we have cut off oi- bnined or allowed to burn nearly all our finest tind)er and cannot aft'onl to wait for more to grow wild. For while unaided nature does, as we admit, produce won- derful results, it is only through a slow |)rocess of selection and elimination and a long, fierce struggle, often to be counted l>y centuries rather than by years or decades, that such results are evolved, and they are nevei- sure in advance. Left by herself fifty or one hvmdred years natuic is much more apt to give us timber .stunted or worthless, with only here and there a good tree, and even with unlimited time she may do no better. Let anyone who doubts these statements visit a Massachusetts forest of natural mixed timber a hundn'd years old and in all but excejjtional cases he will find most of the trees sur])risingly small, comparatively few of even the oldest trees having a diameter over ten or twelve inches. Crowded by one another all their lives out of needed light, space, and aii-, they have grown in height with only slow increase in volume. Then the few trees that have managed to outstrip their neighbors have likewise been so ham])ered during nuich of their growth as to make their timber of comparatively little worth, and all ha\e grown so slowly, as evidenced by the closely-packed annual rings, that the heart wood is often decayed before the tree has attahied a third of its normal size. Moreover much of the ground is occupied by less valuable species ; indeed, it is sometimes these very weed trees which overto]* and croAvd out the valuable timber, for the fittest, especially the temj)orarily fittest, is not always the best. Given a few thousand years more or less and nature might turn this forest into one of those marvel- ous productions which give us such confidence in her unassisted operations, or it might remain about as we see it today. But even supposing that with time the l)est results were sure, can we 70 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY. aft'oid .such an enormous waste of time and material as unaided nature requires for her best work? The hot-headed American, when lu'ged to raise timber scientifically as an investment, looks at you in surprise as an unpractical theorist and asks how you suppose he can wait fifty or seventy-five years for a return on his outlay. Such a man will not be likely to let his land remain in forest and leave it to his children to do the same waiting by the century for nature's slow processes that his posterity in some remote generation may reap the same magnificent timber harvest that we and our forefathers have been squandering. No, he will strip his woodland of its poor sprout Oak or scraggy Pine as fast as it is large enough for firewood or any other salable purpose, buying meanwhile the best timber elsewhere. But nature's most successful efforts have probably never produced, even with unlim- ited time so large a crop of the best timber as might have been raised on the same area with scientific cultivation — that is by assisting and hastening nature's own processes. In other words man can raise more and better timber on a given piece of land in* from fifty to one hundred years than will be likely to grow wild in a thousand. And if in a century or half a century we can by cultivation raise a forest where every tree shall be a good tree why are we content with anything less? The practical question is, just how much cultivation it is profitable or desirable to give, for there is eveiy possible degree of forest management from the most elementary to the most elaborate application of the principles of forestry. Just where for the New England farmer is the divid- ing line between profit and loss ? We know that timber culture l)ays because many States and towns abroad derive very large revenues from this source. But will it ]jay on a small farm in Massachusetts? If so, what timber is it best to raise and by what processes, and how much lal)or and capital is it worth while to put into it? There seems to me little doubt that, for the present at least/ White Pine is the best timber crop for the average Massachusetts farmer. The wood is always hi demand, having no substitute at all comparable to it, and our supply of the first-class article is in this State, as largely elsewhere, nearly exhausted. White Pine springs up readily almost everywhere on worthless pasture land or sandy wastes where hardly anything else of value can grow. FORESTRY IN MASSACHUSETTS. 71 Among the Herkshiiv Hills it appears to be the only antidote for the all-encroaching shrubby cinquefoil, crowding out the i)est when notliing else avails. Everywhere it seems begging to show what it could do with only a chance if man were not too obtuse to take the hint. There are thousands of acres of this poor cheaj) land in Massachusetts lying idle or growing up with young Pine which farmers often take more ])ains to destroy than all the labor they would need to put into its cultivation, cutting and burning it over to get for their cattle a barren pasturage not fit for goats. With a small investment of labor and cajutal all this land might soon yield a good revenue l)otli to its owners and to the State, except by the seashore, where, affected by the salt watei-, AVhite Pine will not giow, and there its |)lace is taken by Pitch Pine, which also might be turned to better account than it is. White Pine, too, yields i)erhaps the (luickest and largest retiu-us of any valuable timber tree in this State, and there is little risk in its cultivation except from fire. But when land owners all over the State are raising high-priced timl)er pul»lic sentiment will demand more stringent laws for the prevention of forest hres and will see that they are executed. The successful cultivation of White Pine depends ujjon very simple princi])les, which maybe api)lied with any degree of elabor- ation. To gain the best growth seedlings siiould come u]j veiy thickly at first and then be thinned and pruned as they need more light, air, and space. S|»ots where they do not come uj) thickly enough should be reseeded. The seedlings need ]>rotection from sun and storm. This i)rotection is often furnished naturally l»y small bushes like bluel>erry or sweet fern, or by herbaceous i>lants such as hardback or golden-rod, or l)y other seedlings or sprout growth, as l)irch or oak, which should be removed when no longer needed. In seeding bare ground some cheap, (piickly-growing crojj like rye may be sown with the Piue seed to shade the seedlings the first year. Close i)lanting is necessary to secure both vertical growth and clear timber free from knots. A Pine or other ever- green commg up in the open grows with large spreading branches close to the ground, more like an enormous bush than like a tree. But when the trees are crowded closely, the lower branches not having room to develop soon die and the noiu'ishment that would have been wasted uj^on them, speaking from a timber-producino- 72 MASSACriUSP:TTS IIORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY. staiul})<)int, goes to feed the ti-uiik, forcing it upward and making it tall and large. If we wish, therefore, to jwoduce the largest amount of timl)er we must have the fewest possible side branches. Killing off side branches by close crowding is called natural prun- ing, but with many trees this natural process needs to be supple- mented with artificial aid. This is especially true of the White Pine, on which the dead branches are very persistent. One some- times sees thick Pine woods fifty years old or more with dead limbs clinging to the trunk nearly to the ground, thus showing that they have never shed many even of their first little branches. Kveiy Pine l)]-anch starts a mere point from the heart of the tree and makes, as long as it lives, a fast red knot of increashig size in the timber through which it grows. But when a limb dies its annual increase of course stops, while that of the trunk around it goes on, so year by year the wood of the trunk grows out over the dead liud), often leaving a s])ace between the live wood and the dead, thus making from the point where it died a loose black knot set in a constantly deej)ening hole. Dead limbs, therefore, even more than live ones, si)oil the (juality of timber, and su])erfluous branches should accordingly lie ]»runed ofT as soon as they die, if not before. Then if the cutting be [)roperly done the bark will soon close smoothly over the wound, leaving only a small knot near the lieart of the tree and clear timber outside. Pi'uning, indeed, Itoth natural and artificial, is jierhajis the most ini|)oi'tant factoi' in the production of a good, as well as a large, tiHd)er cro|), since every side branch means a knot of corresponding size in the trunk from which it springs, and the earlier the branch is removed the smallei- will be the knot and the less the amount of timber aft'ected by it. Close planting is valual)le also for the protection and sujiport thus afforded by the trees to one another as well as for economy of space. But as the trees grow larger they interfere so nuicli with one another's light, air. and space that the seedlings die in great numbers. Then as the survivoi\s increase in size the weaker trees continue to be killecl by the encroachments of the stronger or more rapid growing, 'i'his killing out of weaker trees by close crowding is called natural thinning and like natural pruning plays a most im|)ortant pait in the development of a timber forest. But the struggle is so gi'eat that ail the ti'ces suffer moi-e oi' less and the urowtli of even the FORESTRY IN MASSACHUSETTS. id stnniovst is retarded, and souietimes the whole woocUaiid Itecoiiies stunted and siekly. since rai)id orowtli is necessary to make tlie Itest timber. So here a<>ain man must lend a hand, ]iel})ino; to thin out the Tveaker trees and removino; everything that can inter- fere with the develoj)ment of the l)est. The process of thinnino calls for some deoiee of care and judgment, but intelligent obser- vation and ex])erimental ])ractice will (juickly educate even the inexperienced. These same jninciples underlie the treatment of old uncared-for woodland. Su])pose a fainier wishes to imju-ove his wood lot, (■(jntaining White Pine of different ages with a mixture of other ui-owth. First, the other wood should be removed, as fast as no longer needed foi' support or protection to the young Pines, thoiigh sometimes in the case of valuable species mixi'd tind)er may be grown very successfully. But every inferior tiee should be weeded out as carefully as one would weed potatoes or corn. Then most of the old Pines should also be removed, unless these too are needed awhile for protection, for if Pines have not been thinned and pruned while small it hardly ])ays to si)end time and labor upon them as so much timlicr is likely to l)e already knotty and poor. But care should l»e taken to leave seed trees here and there in order to secure natural reproduction, for it is cheaper and better to depend as far as possible upon natural reseeding rather than planting. Only the best trees should i>e left for this |)uri)ose since good stock to seed from is as important as good pedigree for calves and colts. Planting should be necessaiy only in foresting waste land or in filling gaps in the natural growth. ^^'hile clearing out the old and inferior growth from the wood lot the remaining trees, the crop to be cultivated, should be thinned and i)runed and all thin or bare sjjots tilled in by planting or natural seeding. A natural woodland ])roi)erly managed should more than doul)le its value in twenty years, when many of the largest trees will be ready to cut at a good profit, while the wood taken out meanwhile l)y Aveeding. thhming, and i)nunng yields just as good a return as thougli cut in the ordinary way, merely for its own value. To sum u}) : — Rapid, healthy, vertical gi'owth makes the best and the most timbei'. To this end trees should come up very thickly and then be tliinned and pruned as they need more light. 74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. air, and sjiaci'. If, on the contrary, they come up too far apart, they grow branching and bushy, making tlie timber short, small, and full of knots. Some trees need or bear more shade than others and all need more in their early growth than later. Close crowding during the first forty or fifty years kills off side branches producing tall, clean trunks and clear straight-grained timber fx'ee from knots, and it also kills out the weaker, poorer trees ; but too close and long-continued crowding stunts and injures the whole forest. Killing side liranches by crowding is called natural pruning. Killing out the weaker trees by crowding is called imtural tiiinning. The main i)roblem of forestry is so to balance these processes and to supplement them with artificial thinning and jn'uning, natural reseeding and |)lanting — in other words, so to direct and assist nature, "as to ])roduce and reproduce the largest amount of the most useful wood on the smallest ijossible area Avith the least exi)enditure of labor and money and the least interference with natural conditions." Timber should not be harvested too soon or remain standing too long. Every tree has its period of growth, maturity, and decay. From an icsthetic ])oint of view maturity may mark only the beginning of a tree's highest value, Itut as timber it ought not to stand beyond that i)eriod and would i)robably be better cut before. For some purposes young timber is desirable or neces- • sary, Avhile for others it should attain its utmost growth. P'or instance, AVillow sprouts for gunpowder can be cut once in eight or nine years ; AVhite Pine is best for match wood about eight or ten inches in diameter; and Chestnut will grow good telegi'aph ])oles in thirty years; but for construction timber the largest trees are almost always the best. Other things being equal, there is much more profit in large trees than in small ones. A man of long experience and ol)servation in timber raising tells me that lie once asked a careful and experienced lumberman who had been cutting down a lot of trees, large and small, to estimate the cost of taking from the standing trees enough of his smaller logs to make one thousand feet of manufactured lumber and {nitting it upon the market. The lumberman was greatly surprised to find by his own figuring that his small logs would not, when put ui)ou the market as manufactured lumber, bring what he would have paid out upon them. lie had not only lost his young trees, each FORESTRY IN MASSACHUSETTS. 75 oue of which, l)y standhig lunger, might have produced more than a thousand feet, but it cost him good money to get rid of them. It costs comparatively httle to put one thousand feet of kimber on the market if it comes out of one tree, and it brings a high price, but it costs a great deal moie i)er thousand feet when it takes thirty, forty, or fifty trees to make that amount, and this small limnber sells for a very low price. Indeed, the simplest and most elementary forest management consists in cutting only the trees of sufficient size, leaving the smaller ones to mature in Iheir turn, instead of clearing the land and perha})s letting it be bui'nt over and sold for taxes. After woodland has l)een brought under ]»roper cultivation as exact an estimate can be made of the aniuial or periodic crop of wood to be expectetl from one jjiece of land as of potatoes or wheat from another, — more exact, indeed, as trees are of course far less dependent on one season's weather. In the United States compai'atively little has yet ]»een done in the line of thorough, systematic forestry, though many good begin- nings have l)een made in almost every section of the country. Even lumbermen are waking up to the necessity of harvesting their timber with an eye to the future. Small farmers are per- haps the last to lealize the advantage of cultivating the timber they have and |)lanting more, but an increasingly large number are beginning to do it oi' to seek information on the subject : still others are open to conviction, while a few have already managed their woodland on common sense principles long enough to prove the superiority of such methods. Of these last ]\rr. Fred A. Cutter of Pelham, New Hampshire, is an excellent example. I go out of our own State because 1 do not know where to find just the same work in ^Massachusetts and my object is to show not merely what is done at home but also what might and ought to l)e done here. Pelham l)eing just over the ^Massachusetts bordt-r presents conditions identical with our own. The most valuable feature in Mr. Cutter's operations seems t(j me to be their com- bhied simplicit}^ and effectiveness. They require no long ti'ahiing nor even much exi)erience, and l)ut the smallest outlay of capital and labor. There is nothing in them that any farmer cannot put into iumiediate practice on his own wood lot with the j)rospect of eventually doubling his ]m)fits and even in many cases beginning to get consideral)le returns in from ten to twenty years. 76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. Cutter's woodland is n part of uiiiety acres tukeu up l)y his orandfather in 171)2. It was then covered by a heavy growtli of Oak with a few stray Pines here and there. About 1816 this timber was all blown down in a gale. Sixty-six years ago Mr. Cutter's father moved from Brookline, Massachusetts, back to his native home, where he put up a large set of l)uildings for which he had to buy the timber, as there was no Pine on the place except a few trees mixed with the Oak which had grown up after the blow-down. The Oak was cut down and from those scattering- Pines a tract of forty acres was thickly seeded, nearly all of which has been thinned and pruned. Fifty years ago they began prun- ing perhaps an acre a year and thinning as needed, and now from the forty acres have been already cut 700,000 feet of timber, while about 300,000 feet are still standing. It is estimated that the timber already cut has netted more than ten thousand dollars clear profit and that two thousand dollars' worth remains which is increasing in value every year. Mr. Cutter harvested his best timl)er, which brought from $150 to $200 the acre standing, five years ago. From one square rod he cut 2800 feet, for which he received twenty-eight dollars delivered in logs. On one lot con- taining trees fifty -five years old seven-eighths of the trees made logs sixty-four feet long, the timber completely free from knots outside a small space near the heart where the limbs were sawn off and many of the trees sawed one thousand feet and upwards of clear timber. Upon the ground cut over five years ago Pines are thickly seeding in from the seed trees left for rei)roduction. To illustrate how closely Pines may come up to advantage, on one lot now covered with fine young trees ready for the second thin- ning and pruning the saplings were so thick before the first thinuuig that by actual experiment among them one person coidd not see another at a distance of eight feet. Mr. Cutter's large Pine now standing is worth from $75 to $125 the acre, according to size and to the attention that has been bestowed upon it, and will l)e worth more when ready to cut some years hence. He thinks that Pines should not be thinned and i)runed until fifteen or twenty feet high, believing that not until that time will nature have fully shown which are the fittest to survive, and that up to tliat size no knots develop sufficiently to injure seriously the gen- eral (juality of the timber. lie always ])runes with a saw, never FORESTRY IN MASSACHUSETTS. 77 with an axe. I call special attention to these points because later 1 shaU describe successful tim))er culture by quite different methods. At the first pruning Mr. Cutter trims onlywithin reach standing on the ground, or as far up as there are any dead linil)s, and thins by selecting the jjoorest and weakest to cut out. The remaining trees then shoot up and make much more rapid increase in height and voluuie than before. The second thinning and pruning are done ten or fifteen years later. This time the prun- ing is done from a la(hler and in thinning only the dead or dying trees are cut out. Mi-. Cutter estimates that the first thinning and pruning costs about live dollars per acre and that the second pays for itself in the wood taken out. So all that is made by the operation over five doUars an acre is clear profit. One who deals with trees always with an eye to their best development acquires a keenness in seeing the possibilities, iesthetic or economic, of even a single tree, utterly lacking in the man who lets his wood grow up haphazard, with no love for the trees and without a serious thought for their welfare, and han'csts it in the same way. AVhile cutting off a heavy growth of Pine ^Ir. Cutter came across a fine little Oak which the woodman was about to cut down and which would have been good for nothing but a few sticks of fire- wood. But jMr. Cutter told him to let it stand as it could do no harm and might be wanted sometime. Freed from the shade of the Pines it grew rapidly and twelve years after when the Pine saplings were growing up thick around it, a man came along Avho said, " There is just the tree I have been looking for to make a post for my cider mill 1 " He paid Mr. Cutter twelve dollars for ten feet of the trunk and cut it himself, while the rest of the tree netted ten dollars for cord wood. There was twenty dollars clear gain from a tree that would otheiTvise have been thought- lessly cut down and which cost absolutely nothing to grow. The great advantage of tree culture on a farm is that trees grow and flourish, silently rolling up the profits, not only while the farmer is sleeping but while he is doing and earning quite as much in other lines, for land can be utilized for trees which is worth little or nothing for anything else, and the work of planting, thinning, and pruning can be got in at odd times that hardly count at all. About thirty years ago a man and his young son went out one rainv morning and set out on a sandv knoll of half an acre or so 78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. some White Pine seedlings taken from an adjoining pieee of land. The gronnd i>lanted was worth about three dollars ; the labor of setting out, thinning, and pruning might be four dollars, the whole amounting, with interest in thirty years, to perhaps sixteen dollars. The trees are now valued at forty dollars on the stump, which would seem a {pretty good return on so small an investment. Given twenty years longer they will be worth much more and with a larger outlay of labor their value might probably have been still further increased. The land from which this man took his seed- lings was at that time covered with a heavy growth of young Pine. This has now been cut off, the last cutting having been tinished about four years ago. There were taken off 700,000 feet of timber bringing $3,500 on an investment of $300, and the land still left. It is now covered with a thick growth of seedling Oiik whicb with suitable care would make fine timber for some uses in twenty to thirty years, while with more time its value would increase proportionately . The White Pine land of Mi'. Xathanicl Moiton. of Plymouth, Massachusetts, affords an excellent example of good forestry based on the same general ])rincii)les as Mr. Cutter's, but carried out in detail by different methods. Nine years ago Mr. Morton bought for four hundred dollars fifty acres of woodland near Ply- mouth. The sandy soil was then covered with a mixed growth of White Pine and sprout Oak, the Oak being usually the more abundant. From this tract the jn-evious owner had almost yearly for many years been cutting out thv l)est lircwood. lUit Mr. Morton Avnuted to raise Pine, so he l)egan at once to j-emove all the Oak that interfered with or shaded too much tlie young Pine, while yet leaving enough to i)rotect the ground, and so encourage the si)routing of the Pine seed witli wliicli tlie soil was well su])- plied, and also to shade the seedlings as long as needed. 'I'he Pines, however, after passing the seedling stage, have seemed to to do best on ground from which all the ti-ecs had lieen removed and Mr. ]\[orton now questions whether the hucklel»erry and other low growth would not have furnished enough shade for seeds and seedlings if all the Oak had been cut oft' at once. Mr. Morton's pruning differs from that of most Pine growej-s in several particu- lars and he has by indei)endent experimentation reached many of the same conclusions as Ues Cars and other eminent authorities. FORESTRY IN IMASSACHUSETTS. 79 In describing his methods 1 shall make large nse of his own words but as these will be connected and snp])lemented })y my own, quotation marks will Itc omitted. In dealing with his I'iiie Mr. .Morton liegan bv trimming off all dead branches as high as cotdd l)e i-eached from the ground with an axe, and occasionally cutting live limbs also to the same height. His method for the first four years was to prune the limbs as closely as could be done without injury to the bark of the trunk, but sometimes the cut would accidentally extend into the trunk, and in smoothing the wound some bark would be reuioved all around the cut. In a few years it Avas found tiiat the scars made by limbs thus c\it otf iiad become partly or wholly covered with new^ bark while tlu' scars made without cutting into the bark of the trunk had not healed over and showed little or no signs of doing so. Most of 31 r. Morton's pruiung for the last four or five years has been done on tlie plan of <-utting into the trunk enough to make a scar al)Out twice tlie diameter of the limb taken off and "cutting deejt enough on all sides of tiie liml) to lie sure to cut through the inner bark of the ti'unU. for if the bark on any part is left unbroken it will not close in upon that side and longer time will be needed to covei- the wouml with new bai'k. Live lind)s of all sizes up to three inches in diameter an«l some even laiger ones have been cut oft" in this way and the scars give ])romise of becom- ing entirely covered with new bai-k. All his trees tivt' feet high and over have had one or niore rows of the lowei- lind)s pruned oft', the plan bemg to continue such trimming yearly until all limbs have been removed to the height of twenty feet or more, always leaving enough top liud)s to promote the best growth of the tree. It will be seen that the chief peculiarities of Mr. Morton's treat- ment as he has worked it out up to the present time consist, first, in pruning branches elose to and even with the trunk and then smoothing the wound by cutting all arountl well into the trunk bark, and, second, not onlv in pruning oft" live limbs as well as dead ones, as he has done upon the older Pines, but also in inuning trees so young that there are oidy oi- nniiidy live limbs to i)rune : in other words he forestalls the process of natural i)run- ing by iiruning himself before nature has a chance to get in her work at all. We shall have occasion to return to these points later in speaking of the pruning of shade trees. 3Ir. Morton's Pines, 80 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY. as he is hiinsolf cnieful to state, are too young for one to speak with absohite eertaiutv of final results but everything promises remarkable success. Experiments show that wounds made by l)runing small branches as carefully as possible in the usual way have not nearly healed in five years and the tree has in some cases grown outward around the sear, leaving holes in the fi'unk, while other wounds made on the same tree in pruning similar branches by cutting into the l»ark on all sides even with the trunk have closed smoothly over in three years. Also trees pruned before the branches begin to die naturally show better growth than those on which artificial pruning is used only to aid or supplement the natural process. As to general results thus far one has but to compare Mr. Morton's Pines with woodland across the road exactly similar to his own w^hen he began work upon it nine years ago. The one tract is covered by sprout Oak with a few poor Pines and sickly young seedlings, dying for lack of chance to grow. On the other is a sturdy growth of vigorous young Pine of vai'ious sizes with clean straight trunks and healthy tops, and on this piece the wood bulk has increased fifty per cent in seven years, that is, since clearing out the Oak and giving it a fair start. Mr. Morton l)runes almost wholly with axe and knife — a large knife for cutting- live branches up to about an inch in diameter and a thin sharp axe for cutting and smoothing all other limbs. For working on or near the ground he uses a long handled axe and for trimming upper limbs one with a short handle. The pruner should carry a whet- stone to use many times a day, as a dull tool is likely to injui'e the tree. Mr. Morton is doing a variety of experimental and obser- vational work with trees, both individually and in the mass, the results of which are watched with interest by experts. Both jNIr. Morton and Mr. Cutter are very glad to show their woodland to visitors and to answer any questions as to methods or results. II. Hoiiihiih's. We have thus far been discussing trees only in woodlands and from a pecuniary standpoint. Forests of course possess also as great economic importance in other directions, as in their products and the profits to be derived from them, while to many of us tlieir sph'itual values of beauty and suhliniitv and inspiration FORESTRY IN MASSACHUSETTS. 81 make the strongest appeal of all. Bnt I have held myself strictly to a basis of dollars and cents, because under our present organ- ization of society few can or will cultivate woodland, or even let it stand very long, without assurance of a sufficient tangible return. It has been truly said that ' ' if the forests should disappear civilization would become extinguished on the earth." The same could perhaps hardly be said of street and roadside trees and other growth, and yet a state of society which desti'oyed or deliberately discouraged or even failed to encourage all such adornment would certainly need civilizing. In the consideration of forests, however we may value their beauty, economic factors must, as we have intimated, receive the main stress, l)ut we cannot deal with road- sides without coml)ining the two values, testhetic and economic, and here the aesthetic must preponderate. The practical values are just as truly there as in the timber forest, in the health, com- fort, convenience, and pleasure that all may enjoy from well shaded and adorned streets and roads ; and health, comfort, con- venience, and pleasure are just what above all else we want, if we can, to buy for ourselves with the ];)rofits of timljer raising. The moment we look upon beautiful streets and roads as one of the comforts of life necessary to be i)i-ovided for everyl)ody the problem will be solved and our civilization will have made a large advance. We have time merely to touch upon a few points of roadside treatment, some of which might easily furnish the sul)ject of an entire lecture. For convenience, since they require different treat- ment, I will speak separately of city or village streets and country roads, and shall confine myself almost wholly to the question of protecting and fostering the growth that we already have or that nature supphes when we let her do so. The most obvious protection needed by street trees is from external injuries. It is almost worse than useless to plant fine trees only to allow them to be killed or injured h\ the gnawing of horses, the grazing of wheels, or the assaults of thoughtless boys and other persons. Every small tree and all large trees in exposed positions should be guarded, though large trees usually need guarding only on the side toward the street. Guards should be of strong-meshed wire, not "chicken wire;" be fastened securely, but not tightl}'^ enough to bind, and be 6 82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. enlarged with or in advance of the growth of the tree. It is poor economy to pnt on a gnard low enough for horses to reach over ; the guard should be six feet high unless the tree is so small that this would interfere with the lower branches, in which case the tree should have, if possible, a protection wide and strong enough to keep enemies at a respectful distance. Sometimes a tree, especially a Rock Maple, is liable in swaying to chafe against the top of the tree guard. This is easily and most effectively prevented by tying two soft stout strings at right angles to each other near the top of the guard, which should be considerably larger than the trunk, then passing the strings on either side of the stem through the wires opposite and returning to the points of starting and there fastening. This stringing will usually last a whole season and may not be needed the following year when the tree has become firmly established. Many devices have been tried by the Brookline Town Forester but this has proved in every way the best. The wire for tree guards recommended by the Massachusetts Forestry Association is called No. 1-16, the best widths thirty-two and seventy-two inches, net price at wholesale about four cents a square foot, and should be attached by copper wire which stretches as the tree expands. Through the influence of the public spirited Roxburghe (Woman's) Club in Roxbury, nine thousand street trees have recently been guarded and Mr. Doogue will soon begin work on the smaller trees. Mr, Doogue has also promised to give one thousand trees to the Roxburghe Club this spring to be distributed by them among those persons who will plant and care for them. This Club had about two hundred trees planted two years ago and sets an excellent example in taking quite as much interest in guarding and othei-wise caring for trees as in planting them. From injuries by electric wires there seems to be little hope of complete protection until all wires are buried, but something can even now be done by strict supervision and by holding corporations owning the wires responsible for all maltreatment. Damages have been and can be recovered for injuries of this kind. Of protection from insect pests and from disease there is here no time to speak except to give an incidental hint here and there in connection with other matters. There are few ways in which shade trees receive more serious FORESTRY IN MASSACHUSETTS. 83 injury than from bad jinining or the lack of i)runino;. We have seen that the pruning of all forest trees, beginning when they are saplings, is a most important factor in the production of good timber. The pruning of every shade tree is not in the same way a matter of course necessity at any particular period of its life, yet every shade tree is practically sure at some time to stand in greater or less need of surgical treatment. The prun- ing of timber trees consists mainly in taking the lower limbs off successively as the tree develops, in order to increase growth at the top, thus producing tall straight -grained trunks. Street trees may need pruning at any time from early youth to extreme old age and for a variety of causes which can be summed up under two heads : — First, in order to imi)rove or modify the shape of a tree for the sake of greater beauty or convenience or for a more healthy growth. Second, to guard against or to cure decay, disease, or deformity. The first object of pruning, to improve the shape of a tree, is not intended to mean the production of any stiff, foraial effects but only to restore or train a tree to its normal outline l)y correcting tendencies toward exaggeration or by repressing or shortening sportively inclined branches that injure its natural symmetry. For instance, the sj)reading ( )ak may spread so far that the lower branches become disproportionately large at the expense of the upper ones, which may consequently decay, while the 'heavy lower limbs are apt to be broken by wind or by snow and ice and the whole tree thus loses not only beauty but also health and per- haps life. Or one or two branches may protrude so far beyond the outline of a round or pyramidal tree as to mar greatly the general effect. Such branches need cutting back enough to con- form to the natural shape of the tree. Besides the disfigurement they cause, these unruly branches are also apt to be l)roken by wind or storm, thus endangering health as well as beauty. Many street trees need higher trimming for the convenience of passers by and of vehicles, and for the sake of more light and air and a higher view. Second, how, taking our trees as they are, shall we by right pruning guard against or cure disease and decay ? To begin with, cut oft' all dead or dying limbs, which carrj^ death back into the tree itself. All branches, too, which chafe or cross should be 84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. removed, for their bark becomes broken and they cannot remain sound. Broken branches and stubs, remnants of limbs of any sort, and all sprouts upon the trunk and unsightly protuberances should be pruned oft'. Wounds, cavities, and loosened bark all invite disease and insect pests, and need immediate treatment. But if we stop here half the story has not been told. More really depends upon the manner in which it is done than upon the pruning itself. Indeed many persons interested in trees object to pruning for the very reason that it causes decay and disease. Lumber dealers especially are often opposed to pruning and are inclined to reject pruned logs. But it is the method and not the fact of pruning which is at fault. Go through almost any town or village in Massachusetts, even where some pains are taken to preserve the trees, observe the pruning and its results and you cannot fail to be convinced that bad pruning is responsible for the deformity, decay, disease, and death of large numbers of our street and roadside trees. Ugly protuberances, scars left by old wounds never or badly healed, dark cavities lined with fungous growth and rotting into the trunk, stumps of branches cut off anywhere from two or three inches to as many feet from the trunk or limb to which they belong, and shrunken and decayed accord- ing to the length of time they have been cut, loosened bark fur- nishing breeding places for insect enemies — some or all these and other forms of evil will one be likely to tind on most trees of any size, especially on mature trees which ought instead to be in the prime of perfection and beauty. Nearly all such evils are the con- sequence of bad pruning, and it is bad pruning which has brought all pruning into disrepute and is really almost worse than none at all. But what makes any pruning good or bad and why ? The main principle on which the whole result depends is the same that Mr. Morton discovered by accident and careful observation and con- firmed by experiment, and can be expressed in a single rule, namely : — In pruning remove every branch, large or small, living or dead, by cutting it off close to and perfectly even with the trunk or limb from which it springs. This necessarily involves cutting into the live bark around the wound and in this way only, especially on deciduous trees, can rapid and complete healing be effected. The reason for this will be at once obvious to one who FORESTRY IN MASSACHUSETTS. 85 understands the process of wood formation. Sap forms wood or bark only on its return journey from leaves to roots. Therefore, no wound can heal unless its edges — that is the live bark around its edges — are in direct communication with leaves thi-ough the returning sap. But when a limlj is cut off at any distance from the tnink the wound cannot be reached by sap because there are no leaves beyond to lift the ascending sap in that direction or to elaborate it into wood and bark-producing material and send it back to repair damages. The stub therefore dies and gradually decays down into the tree, producing eventually one of those dan- gerous cavities which I have mentioned. AVh'en properly done trees bear a surprisingly large amount of cutting without injur}'. It is perfectly safe to cut off at least one-half of the trunk circum- ference in bark and sometimes two-thirds when the tree is thrifty. As to the best season for pruning, authorities differ except in the case of Maples and coniferous trees, which should never be cut while the sa]) is running. Summer is the best season for these. Besides the pruning of branches, protuberances on the trunk, offer caused by trimming near to but not even with the trunk, should be cut off smooth in the same way as pruned limbs, and all cavities should be thoroughly cleaned out and filled with elastic cement or with small stones and then covered with the cement. There are many very important but simple and common sense i>. 11 -2S; Description of Plates, '28, 211 ; Discussion 29 ilEETisG FOK LECTURE AND Disci'SsioN, Jan. 20; A Half Century's Kxperi- ence with Ornamental Tree Planting, by O. H. Hadwen, pp. 30-:!s; Dis- cussion, ;)9-41 ; Invitation 41 Meeting foii Lecture and Discussion, Jan. -.'7; The Procession of Flowers in Pennsylvania, by Miss M. L. Dock 4'J-49 Business Meeting, Feb. 3; Treasurer's Report read, p. ."lO; Letter from President of Harvard University, 50; Eight members elected . 51 Meeting for Lecture and Dlscussion, Feb. 10; Gardens, Fields, and Wilds of the Hawaiian Islands, by J. K. M. L. Farquhar .51-57 Meeting for Lecture and Discussion, Feb. 17; The Future Outlook for the Fruit Grower, by S. D. Wdlard, pp. ')7-65; Discussion . . 05-67 Meeting for Lecture and Discussion, Feb. 24; Forestry in JIassachusetts, by Mrs. Mary L. Tucker 6>!-><9 Business Meeting, March 3; Carnation Show at Flower Market, p. 90; Pho- tographs and Biographies in Transactions, 90; Six members elected 90 .Meeting for Lecture and Discussion, March 10; The Improvement of the Carnation in America (Illustrated), by C. W. Ward 91-101 -Meeting FOR Lecture AND Discussion, March 17; Japanese Plums, by George S. Butler, pp. 102-lOS; Discussion 109,110 Meeting for Lectcce and Discussion, March -'4; Apple Culture for I'roflt, by J. H. Hale, pp. 111-115; Discussion . ' 115,116 Meeting for Lecture and Discussion, March :;i; Fungus Diseases of Cu- cumbers, Tomatoes, and Lettuce under Glass, by Prof. George E. Stone, ))p. 117-12-'; Discussion, 12-'-12."); Closing Proceedings .... r.'5,126 TRANSACTIONS asMcjjiisetts JorticiiUural ^ocietg, FOR THE YEAR 1900. PART II. BOSTON : PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY. 1901. TRANSACTIONS OK TIIK insiXESS MEETING. Satludav, April 7, 1900. A duly notified st;ited ineetiiio; of the Society was holden today at eleven o'clock, the President, Fhancis II. Aim'i.eion', in the chair. Ex-President Williaui C. .Stront>-, C'haii'nian of the C'onuiiittee aj^pointed at the last meeting to confer with the Boston Co-oper- ative Flower (i rowers' Association in regard to holding their exhibition of carnations in Horticultural Hall, reported that the Committee were very cordiall}' received by the Association, and that the latter were very desirous to act in concert with the Horticultural Society, but that no arrangement could be made at present, as the exhibition does not occur again until February next, and the present officers were elected only for the jjresent year. The rei)ort was accepted and it was voted that the Committee be continued and that they endeavor to make the desired arrange- ments for the next year. The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, made the following report for that Committee : At the regular meeting of the Executive Committee, on the :Ust of March, a letter was received from the Chairman of the Committee on Plants stating that his Committee had made awards the past year to an amount exceeding the appropriation by $75. He gave as an explanation of this, that he assumed office after the beginning of the year, upon the death of his predecessor, and the duties of the office were new to him. Considering the cir- cumstances the Executive Committee recommends to the Society an additional appropriation of $75 to cover the awards of the Committee on Plants for the year 1899. In making this exception 130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. to our rules the Executive Committee wishes to emphasize the imperative necessity that the various Committees of the Society should keep within the limits of their appropriations. These are on a liberal scale, and considering the present condition of our finances it is important that there be no deviation from the rule. The report was accepted and the appropriation was voted. A question in regard to the property of the Society in the lectures delivered before it was referred to the Committee on Lectures and PubUcation with full power. The following named persons, having been recommended by the Executive Committee for membership in the Society, were on ballot duly elected : Samuel H. Colton, of Worcester. Peter Murray, of Fairhaven. Mrs. Henrietta Page, of Boston. Bayard Thayer, of Boston and Lancaster. Mrs. Bayard Thayer, of Boston and Lancaster. On recommendation of the Executive Committee Clarence H. Clark, Ex-President of the Penn- sylvania Horticultural Society, Philadelphia, and • Albert Viger, President of the National Society of Horticulture of France, Paris, were elected Honorary Members of the Society, and Col. Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist to the United States Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C, and Professor Carl Hansen, of the Royal College of Agriculture, Copenhagen, Denmark, were elected Corresponding Members. Adjourned to Saturday, May 5. BUSINESS MEETING. Saturday, May 5, 1900. An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden today at eleven o'clock, the President in the chair. The President announced the decease, on the second instant, of John Davis Wilhams French. The President, with Charles W. NEW BUILDING. 131 Jenks and Benjamin M. Watson, were appointed a Committee to prepare a memorial of Mr. French. The following named persons, having Ijeen recommended by the P^xecutive Committee for ^membership in the Society, were on ballot duly elected : Irving B. P^kc^st, of Belmont. Elisiia N. Piekck, of Waltham. Adjourned to Saturday, June 2. BUSINESS MEETING. Saturday, May 26, 1900. A special meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society was holden today at ten o'clock, in accordance with a request from twelve members. In compliance with this recpiest, agreeably to Sections VIII and XII of the Constitution and By-Laws, the following notice was sent to every member of the Society : Massachusetts Hortkiltukal SoriKTv. Boston, May 1!), 1900. Pursuant to the Provisions of the Constitution and By-Laws of this Society, at the request of twelve members, I herel)y call a special meeting of the Society, to l»e held at Horticultural Hall, 101 Tremont Street, Boston, on Saturday, the twenty-sixth day of May, 1900, at ten o'clock in the morning, to listen to a report of the Building Committee a[)poiuted under a vote of the Society, passed at its meeting on April 22d, 1899 ; and to see whether the Society will approve and adopt the plans presented by the said Building Committee, and will api)ropriate the sum of 860,000, in addition to the sum heretofore appropriated, for the erection of a building by said Building Committee in accordance with said plans. Francis H. Ai'pleton, President. Robert Manning, Secretarj/. 132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. At this meeting thelPresident was in the chair. The call for the meeting was read l)v the Secretary. Augustus P. Loring moved the following votes : Voted : To ai)prove and adopt the })lans for a new building presented by the Building Committee at this meeting. Voted : To appro})riate the sum of Sixty Thousand Dollars in addition to the sum heretofore a|)proi)riated for the erection of a building by the said Building Coumiittee, in accordance with said j)lans. Benjamin C. Clark spoke in favor of the motion and William C. Strong urged caution in taking so important a step. There appearing to he a misunderstanding in regard to the time for which the meeting ^was called, an unofficial circular having stated it as eleven o'clock, it was voted, 25 to 6, to adjourn until eleven o'clock. On reassembling the President stated that since the adjournment the Executive Committee had held a meeting, and that they had approved the additional appropriation of ST)!), 000 asked for by the Building Committee, one member not voting. The President again i-ead the votes offered by ]\Ir. Loring. Joseph n. Woodford moved that the matter l)e divided and the two votes taken up separately. This motion was negatived. Benjamin P. Ware sjioke 'against the votes. Mr. Loring moved that after the polls are oi)ened they be closed at two o'clock. This motion was carried. Henry L. Clapp asked what provision liad l)een made for a Herbarium, and a motion was carried that the Building Committee be requested to consider this subject and provide a ])lace for a Herbarium if possible. George B. Dorr moved that a ballot now l)e taken on the votes moved by Mr. Loring and this vote was carried. It was voted that the Chair appoint a Committee of five to receive, assort, and count the ballots given and rei)ort the number. The Chair ai)pointed as this Committee Henry S. Adams, Patrick Norton, Edwin A. Hall, Miss C. M. Endicott, and Miss Mary C. Hewett. The polls were closed at two o'clock, and the Committee made the following report : The Committee appointed to receive, sort and count the ballots MEMORIAL OF J. D. W. FRENCH. 133 cast at the sijecial meetiiiu' on the'-iiitli of May, IIMIO. upon tlie following votes : — Voted, To appi'ove and adoijt the i)lans for a new huildinsJi; pre- sented hy the IJuilding Committee at this meeting, — Voted, To ai)propriate the sum of Sixty Thousand Dollars in addition to the sum heretofore appropriated for the erection of a building by the said Building Committee in accordance with said plans, re))ort the total number of votes east to be IHG, of which 182 were yes and 14 no. ,, .- IIkmiv S. Ai>A.\rs, Clini rntdu . Mai;v C. IIkwktt. Edwin A. Ham.. CllAIM.OTTK M. KM>l(Oir. Common WKAi. Ill m M \>'« \( in sktts. ^^■'■''■■'•'•'"^- ^•"'- Hosn.N. .May 2<;. IIHIO. Then personally appeared the ai)ove named Henry S. Adams. Mary C. Ilewett, Cliarlotte M. Endicott, and Edwin A. Hall, and made oath that the al)ove i-i'turn is correct. (signed) ('iiai;i.i> E. Kk n ai;i)>o\. Xnlnri/ /'ulilir. Tlie ivporl was acccptccl and the meeting was then dissolved. lU" SI NESS :\IEETIX(;. S\ni;i)AV. .Iiiiic -2. r.MlO. An adjourned meeting of the Society was holdcii at eleven o'clock today, the President, Ei;an( rs II. Aimt.ktox. in the chair. The President, as Chairman of the Committee to i)repare a memorial of tlie late John Davis AVilliams French, presented the following, which was accepted and referred to the Connnittee on Publication : John Davis Williams French, the son of Jonathan French, who is onr oldest member, died at Atlantic City. X. J.. :\Iay 2. 1I»00, and we mourn his loss. His early home was in Koxbury, where, amid the productive and beautiful horticultural surroundings of those days he acquired his fondness for all out-of-door occupations. 134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mv. French obtained his early training at the schools of Roxbury or Boston, and graduated at Harvard College in the Class of 1863. After graduating he served as a valued member of the Christian Conunission, with our army at the front. In his agricultural work, results upon his lands at North Andover, Essex County, have proved him to have been a skillful farmer, horticulturist, and forester. He knew the value in agri- culture of the wise application of intelligence thereto, and it was his earnest endeavor to impart and have imparted, such ideas to all those who could or would be Ijenefited by such application and knowledge. He has been an exhibitor and officer in this Society. On our Library Committee, and on our Committee on Lectures and Pub- hcation, it was his aim always to advance the quality and value of our Library and Lectures, in proi)ortion as our funds would allow, and to bring our volumes before our members and students in horticulture as prominently as possible. He was a strong advocate of better accommodations for our valuable library, both in shelf room, and in the conveniences for examining our books, but equally eager was he that the Hall accommodations should l)e improved so that the greatest possible number of our citizens should enjoy and profit by the beauty of such exhibitions as we were able to present. This Society has been distinctly honored and benefited by a iKvpiest of five thousand dollars for the increase of the Library, iind of such books from his library as the Society shall select. vSuch an act shows a spirit of interest in the work assigned to this Society that is to be commended and encouraged. His interest in all branches of Forestry and his activity in " Village Improvements " have made him useful and influential in National, as well as local, forestry matters. His last effort in the cause of tree-culture was shown in his earnestness to complete the organization of the new Boston Common Society, with the object of aiding in the maintenance of our ancient Common in the best possible condition. He was fond of high-class live-stock of all kinds, although his attention has been chiefly directed to Ayrshires, and in lesser degree to Guernsey breeds of cattle. He was an earnest and active woi'kei' with mind, bodv, and SALE OF HORTICULTURAL HALL ESTATE. 135 l^iirse in the cause of Clinsliaiiity within the Episcopal Church and outside of it, and in many places will he be greatly missed, and his place will be hard to fill. Mr. French was at one time a member of the Boston Common Council from AVard 1 1 , and at the time of his death was a Trustee of the State Agricultural College, President of the Bay State Agricultural Society, Vice-President of the American Forestry Association, and Vice-President of the Essex Agricultural Society. We extend to his aged father, and other members of the family, our sincere sympathy. Francis H. Appleton, ) Charles "VV. Jexks, > Committee. Benjamin M. Watson, 3 A deed conveying to Charles E. Cotting, etnl., trustees, the old " Horticultural Hall instate," so-called, on Tremont, Bosworth, and Bromfield Streets, Boston, was then read and considered, and upon motion it was Voted^ That the President, Francis H. Appleton, be, and he hereby is, authorized and instructed to execute, acknowledge and deliver in the name and l)ehalf of the Corporation the deed which has just been read ; also to execute and accept a lease of the con- veyed premises on such terms as lie may consider i)roper. The Secretary announced the receipt of letters from Clarence H. Clark, Ex-President of tlie Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, and Albert Viger, President of the National Horticultural Society of France, acknowledging with thanks, the Honorary Member- ships to which ihey had been elected. The following named persons, having been recommended Ity the Executive Committee for membership in the Society, were on ballot duly elected : Mrs. George Francis Arnold, of Brookliae. Abraham B. Coffin, of Winchester. Theodore Dwight, of Weston. Miss Mary Coffin Jacobs, of Dorchester. James S. Russell, of Milton. The meeting was then dissolved. 13(5 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. BUSINESS M KKTING. Satirday, July 7, 1900. A duly Motilied stated meeting of the Society was hoklen today at eleven o'eloek, the President, Francis H. Appleton, in the- chair. In the absence of the Secretary, by reason of illness, the Presi- dent appointed Miss Mary C. Hewett Secretary pro tern. The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, pre- sented a report from that Committee, recommending an additional appropriation of $3 for the Committee o\\ fSchool Gardens and Children's Herbariums, for prizes awarded in 189!), agreeably to the request of that Committee. The ap|)ropriation was unani- mously voted. The President also presented a report from the Executive Com- mittee, recommending an additional api)roi)riation of S60,000 asked for by the Building Committee, which was voted at a special meeting of the Society on the 26th of May, and now came up for final action. It was unanimously voted. The following named persons, having been reconnnended by the Executive Connnittee for membership in the Society, were on ballot duly elected : Ekedehick C. Moselev, of Dorchester. George J. Pltxa.a[, of Brookline. Dr. Wilmam L. Riciiardsox, of Boston. Adjourned to Saturday, August 4. BUSINESS MEETING. Satirday, August 4, 1900. An a(lj()urui>(l meeting of the Society was hoklen at eleven o'clock today. In the al)scnce of the President and Vice-Presi- dents, Ex-President William H. Spooner was called to the chaii'. The Chair announced the following Conuuittccs ap[)ointed by the President : DECEASE OF CHARLES H. B. HRECK. 187 On the Revision of the Constitution and By-Laws, provided for at the January meeting, President Francis U. Appleton, Chairman. William J. Steavart, Arfusxus P. Lorlng, Charles S. Sargent, Dr. H?:nry P. Walcott. On School Gardens, School Herliariums. and Children's Herbariums, Henry L. Clarp, CJininiKin, Miss Katharine W. Histon, Mrs. II. L. T. Wolcott. Charles W. Jenks, Henry S. Adams, William P. Rich, William K. C. Rich, Set-Ma nj. On the Nomination of Oliiccrs and Standiiio- Committees for the year 1!)01, C. Minot Weld, ('/i(iiriiiVELL. 141 For School Gardens and Children's Herbariums . $120 " Incidental P^xi)enses of the last named Committee 7;") The report was accepted, and, agreealjly to the Constitution and By-I^aws, laid over for final action on tlie first Saturday in January. The P^xecutive Committee also lecouniiended that Fi-esidiMit elect O. B. Hadwen be added to Ihe liuildinu- Committee, which was accordingly done. A recommendation fioui the Kxecutive Committee, that the Society take into favorable consideration the offer of Mr. Charles S. Sargent to arrange an exhibition at the o|)ening of the S(K*iety's New Hall, was referred to the Conniiittee of Arrangements. On recommendation of the Finance Conujiittee it was Voted, That the becpiest of .lohn S. Farlow of S2, /)()() be used as a fund, and that the interest, at the rate of four per cent per an- num, be used only for the purchase of books for the Lil»rary. The Secretary read the following letter from II. 11. Huniiewcll : Wki.i.ksi.kv. 27 October. 1!»()0. Mr. E. jManning, Si^cn'tar;/, Dear Sir: — I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter informing me of my election as Chairman of the Finance Committee and a member of the Fxecutive Conmiittee of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. In exi)ressing my thanks for the comi»liment, I feel obliged to add that having arrived at an age when one realizes the necessity of some relief from his cares and responsibihties. I am compelled to tender my resignation as a member of these two Committees and to beg to be excused from further service. Truly yours, , H. H. HUXXEWKLI.. On motion, P^x-Presidents William C. Strong, William H. Spooner, and Nathaniel T. Kidder were appointed a Committee to take into consideraticjn the long continued and eminent sendees of Mr. Huunewell to the Society and to prepare an expression of the feelings of the Society on his retirement, and also to nominate a candidate to fill the vacancies caused bv his resignation. 142 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. William C. Strong moved as the sense of the Society that Presi- dent Appleton be requested to retain the position of Chairman of the Building Committee until the New Hall shall be completed. The motion was imanimously carried. The following named persons, having been recommended by the Executive Coumiittee for membership in the Society, were on ballot duly elected : Samuel H. Colton, of Worcester. Joseph Francis Breck, of AUston. Archibald Smith, of West Somerville. Adjourned to Saturday, December 1. BUSINESS MEETING. Satltiday, December 1, 1900. An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven o'clock today, the President, Francis H. ArrLETON, in the chair. Ex-President William C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee appointed at the last meeting, on the occasion of the resignation by H. II. Ilunuewell of the Chairmanship of the Finance Com- mittee, to take into consideration his long continued and eminent services to the Society, and to prepare an expression of the feel- ings of the Society on his retii-ement, presented the following report : The Committee to whom was referred the resignation of Mr. H. H. Hunnewell from the offices of Finance and Executive Com- mittees have to report as follows : For nearly fifty years it has been the good fortune of this So- ciety to have had the active and liberal support of one of the foremost cultivators and patrons of landscape art in the country. Mr. Hunnewell's estate at AYellesley has for a long time been the Mecca for lovers of sylvan and floral beauty, where they were sure to find the rarest and most perfect specimens of every desir- able tree or plant which money and skill could procure. In extent, variety, and perfection of culture it is l)elieved that this place is unsurpassed, in this or in any other country. The exhibitions of SCHEDULE OF PRIZES PRESENTED. 143 this Society have been regularly and largely supported by generous contributions from these collections. In addition to this support, Mr. Hunnewell has given his services on the Finance Committee for the past thirty -four years, and for the past nineteen years he has been its Chairman, at a time when many changes, investments, and transfers have taken place, thus making his clear judgment, large experience, and superior facilities, of great advantage to the Society. It is therefore with much regret that we receive his recjuest that he be released from further sei-vice on the Finance and Executive Committees. But we recognize his right to a well-earned release from this res2)onsibility, and while we must accede to his request and xiccept his resignation, we can assure him that his past services are highly appreciated, and will ever be held in grateful remem- brance by the Society. And it is our earnest hope that he may yet continue to witness and enjoy the enlarged influence of the So- ciety, so successfully promoted by his skill and labors. In further recognition of our indebtedness, and the appropriate- ness and felicity of continuing this ser\'ice in the same line, your Committee would nominate Mr, Walter Hunnewell to the Chair- manship of the Finance Committee to fill flic vacancy caused by the resignation of his honored father. All of which is respectfully submitted by William C. Strong, 'J William H. Spooner, V Committee. Nathaniel T. Kidder, J Boston, December 1, 1900. The report was unanimously accepted, and AV alter Hunne- well was unanimously chosen to the Chairmanship of the Finance Committee. Francis H. Appleton was unanimously chosen to fill the vacancy on the Executive Committee caused by the election of Walter Hunnewell to the Chairmanship of the Finance Committee. William J. Stewart, Chairman of the Committee on Establishing Prizes, presented the Schedule of Prizes for 1901, which was ac- cepted and referred to the Committee on Publication. A printed statement of the changes made from the Schedule of 1900 was also presented. 2 144 MASSACHUSETTS hoktk;ultural society. The Annual Re})()rt of the Committee on Plants was presented by William Wallace Lunt, Chairman. The Annual Re[)ort of the Committee on Flowers was presented by •!. Woodward Manning, Chairman. The Annual Report of the Committee on Fruits was presented by E. W. Wood, Chairman. The Annual Report of the Committee on N'egetables was pre- sented by Warren Howard Ileustis, Chairman. The Annual Report of the Committee on Gardens was presented by Patrick Norton, Chairman. The Annual Report of the Committee of Arranoements was presented by .loseph H. Woodford, Chairman. The Annual Report of the Committee on the Library was pre- sented by William F. Endicott, Chairman. William II. Spooncr i)resented his Annual Report as Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture. These eight reports were severally accepted and referred to the Committee on Publication. The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, re- ])orted a recommendation that the Society appropriate the same sum as the present year, $250, for the use of the Committee on Lectures and Publication for the year liHIl. The report was ac- cepted, and, agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, was laid over until the first Saturday in .lanuaiy for final action. After some discussion of a proposition to celebrate the opening of the New Hall by an exhil)ition of plants, etc., the following vote was }»as«ed : That the Building Committee be authorized to hold a Special ILxhibition to open the New Hall of the Society at such time as shall be possible, i)rovided the Society is involved in no financial expense thereby. The President read the following letter from Sir Trevor Lawrence, President of the Royal Horticultural Sot-iety, London: LETTER FROM SIR TREVOR LAWRENCE. 145 BuRFOKD, Dorking, Nov, 3, 1900. Dear Sir : — I have delayed acknowledging your esteemed letter of the ()th ult. in the hope that I might have the photograph you so kindly asked for to send with my response. I fear, however that it must follow later. Will you, therefore, he so kind now as to accept for yourself and to convey to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, my grateful thanks for the honor the Scxuety has conferred upon me. I accei)t it in the spirit of kindly good fellowship ever prevalent among gardeners, and as a token that in the States a cordial good feeling to the mother country prevails among her children, as does an affection for our kith and kin aci'oss the Atlantic here. I am yours truly and faithfully, Thkvok Lawrence, President lioyal Horticultural Society. P. S. I rejoice to say that several young men educated in my garden have found hai)i)y and prosperous homes with you. Accei)tances and thanks were also received from Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, President of the Massachustts Institute of Technology, Honorary Member, and Henry H. Goodell, President of the Mass- achusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, and B. T. Galloway, Chief of the Horticultural Division of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., Corresponding Members. The decease of William Saundeis, late Horticulturist and Sup- erintendent of Gardens and Grounds of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, AN^ashington, D. C, was announced, and Benjamin P. Ware, Hon. Aaron Low, and J. Woodward Manning were appointed a Committee to prepare a memorial. The following named persons, having been recommended by the Executive Committee for membership in the Society, were on ballot duly elected : George C. Waltham, of Dorchester. Andrew Robeson Sargent, of Brookline. Natha>' Matthews, Jr., of Boston. The meetina; was then dissolved. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PLANTS FOR THE YEAR 190O. By WILLIAM WALLACE LUNT, Chairman. The Committee on Plants herewith present to the Society their report for the year 1900. At the beginning of the year your Committee received from President Appleton a communication suggesting that strict ecom- omy be kept to the fore in awarding prizes and that certain rules be more closely followed regarding the same. It has therefore been something of an experimental year, and while a higher standard has been established we regret that frankness compels us to state that it has not been as successful as we could wish. The well nigh universal custom of awarding a Silver Medal to the firfit exhibitor of any new or rare plant, has been departed from in some cases, it being thought that where such plants were acquired by purchase it was an injustice to the party who origi- nated it to award such high honor to one whose skiU had not entered into its creation, and it has been deemed advisable in such cases to award a First Class Certificate of Merit. Another problem which your Committee have endeavored to solve, is that of awarding prizes for Superior Cultivation, the question being, as to who is responsible for such cultivation, the owner of the plant, who has nothing whatever to do with its culture, or the gardener who cares for it daily and to whose skill and watchfulness is due its superior condition. As the watchword has been eeonomi/ for the past year, can we honestly state it has been a success ? Have our exhibitions been 148 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. as large and of such excellence as of former years? To the first question we may reply yes and no. We certainly have had the exhibits presented in better condition, only two having been disqualified, and these for good and sufficient reasons, the re- maining ones being of such excellence that they easily surpassed the new standard established. On the other hand, there have been exhibits of exceedingly rare and finely cultivated plants, which have been shown previously, though in smaller specimens, and these being judged by the new standard, have been awarded prizes for superior cultivation, which has been in accordance with the rules, but has resulted in two instances in the >/ardeners of the exhibitors declining to continue to exhibit. It is also to be regretted that our exhibitions the past year have not been as large as formerly, and this brings us face to face with the question : Do our exhibitors show for prizes or for the love, encouragement, and advancement of horticulture? The advocates of that class whose aim is chiefly the advancement of horticulture, are, we regret to say, altogether out of proportion to those who exhibit for what they can get out of it in dollars and cents, and when the expense of carriage to and from the hall of large collec- tions is taken into consideration, it is not to be wondered at, that the item of cost has to be considered. As the exhibitions the coming year will be more or less inter- rupted owing to our removal to our new quarters, and as the expenditures in all departments will call for more or less extra expense — your Committee would ask that if deemed advisable in 1902, a prize or prizes be offered to the gardener or gardeners who during that year receive the greatest number of First Prizes. It is a matter of congratulation that our exhibitors are endeav- oring to make their exhibits instructive as well as pleasing to those who visit our Halls, and in this connection we would cite as examples the exhibits of the following : — James E. Rothwell (John Mutch, gardener) on January 6 exhibited six varieties of the, so-called, yellow Cyj^ripedium iasigne^ viz : Ernestii, Laura Kimball^ San de rce , Sa nde via num^ Willie Millie JJoir, Younc/iannm. o a 3 5 g c < REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS. 149 E. V. R. Thayer (K. O. Orpet, gardener) on Oct. 6 : Cattleya X Thaf/eriana (C. intermedia X C. labiatu iScJiran is. — (iroup, named, arranged for effect, cover- ering seven ty-flve s(iuare feet : First, J. S. Bailey \ 80 00 Second, Mrs. John L. Gardner 25 00 Third, E. S. Converse 20 00 Okchids. — Six plants, of six named varieties, in bloom : First, J. E. Kothwell .... ... 15 00 Three plants, of three named varieties, in bloom : First, J. E. Kothwell 10 00 TuuKKors Be(;onias. — Six pots of six varieties : First, E. S. Converse . 8 00 June 30. Gratuity : — E. J. Mitton, Cattleya gigas 1 00 July 14. Hydrangeas. — Pair in tubs : First, H. Diimaresq 15 00 Second, H. Dumaresq • . 10 00 Single plant in tub or pot : First, H. Dumaresq 5 00 3 160 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. AcHiMKNES. — Six. in not over ten-inch pans or pots, of six varieties : First. H. Dumaresq ......... 5 00 Uratait)/ : — H. Dumaresq, Specimen Hydrangea 3 00 August II. (hvtuitic's : — Edward Whltin. CiilHri/a X IL(nl>jini am> (I. l>^i,^is. — I'air. ill i)()ls ())• tiil)s not more tliaii twenty-four inches in diameter : First, ,T. S. IJailey 12 00 Pair, in pots not more than I'oiirtceii inches in dhinieter : First, Dr. ('. (i. Weld M OO Second. Mrs. John !,. (iardner . . G 00 (Jui'.KNHousK I'l.AMs. — Collection containini; foliaife plants of all descriptions, not to exceed forty plants, in pots or tubs : First. Mrs. ,Iohn I>. Cardner ... .4000 Second. .1. S. liailey 30 00 Six Greenhouse antl Stove plants of dlll'ereiit named varieties, two Crotons admissible : First, Dr. C. (i. Weld 2,") oo Second, Mrs. .John L. (lardner 2o do Third, .1. S. Bailey I.") 00 'rAHi.K DKi'oit.vnoN. — For fifteen covers, livinu' plants, in one receptacle, only one enti'y adnnssible : First. E. J. Mitton 10 OO PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS. 161 FLowKi!iN(i GKKKNHorsK PLANT. — Single Specimen, named: First, J. S. Bailey « 00 Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 6 00 <.'aladiums. — Six named varieties : First, Col. Charles Pfatt" 8 00 Second, Col. Charles I'faft" C 00 Fkkns. — Specimen, other than Tree Fern : First, J. S. Bailey 4 00 Second, W. H. Lincoln a 00 Lyc"<)P(ids. — Fonr named varieties : First, Dr. C. G. Weld 5 00 DuAC.KNAs. — Six namefl varieties : First, J. S. Bailey 8 00 Second, Dr. C. (J. Weld 6 00 Crotons. — Twenty-tive plants, not less than eighteen named varieties, in not less than six-inch pots : First, J. S. Bailey 12 00 Second, E. .1. Mittoii 10 00 Third. W. 11. Lincoln 8 00 Six named varieties, in not less than eigiit-incii pots : First, W. H. Lincoln 10 00 Cycad. — Single plant, named: Second. Dr. ('. (i. Weld 8 00 Third. ,1. S. Bailey G 00 (IriilnilK's : — Mrs. John L. (iardner. Display of Gesneria hulhnm 3 00 .\rtlnir F. Estain-ook. Dis])lay of .\diantnms and Begonias 3 00 SKI'TK-MUKU 1."). 11. Carstens. OtirUJiion (>niiHinrli>/iiclni)n . . . . . 1 00 ANNIAL EXHIBITION OF FRUITS AND VK(iFTABLES. Si riKMiiKi! 27 A\i> 28. Dkcukativk Plants. — Display, not less than forty, not to exceed three feet in height, to be arranged by the ( ommittee : First, Mrs. John L. Gardner 20 00 Second, E. S. Converse 15 00 OcTOBKU r>. (Tratiiitiefi : — Oakes Ames, Display of Orchids 3 00 H. A. Wheeler. 2 00 162 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. chrysanthp:mum e:xhibition. Novp;mbek 6, 7, 8, and 9. Chrysanthemums. — Display of twelve named plants, any or all classes, distinct varieties : First, Mrs. B. P. Cheney Third, E. S. Converse ........ Display of ten named plants, any or all classes, distinct varie- ties, in not exceeding nine-inch pots : Second, E. S. Converse Three Japanese Incurved : First, Mrs. B. P. Cheney . Three Reflexed, distinct named varieties : First, Mrs. B. P. Cheney . Second, Mrs. B. P. Cheney Four Anemone Flowered, distinct named varieties First, E. S. Converse Specimen Incurved, named variety : First, Mrs. B. P. Cheney . Second, Mrs. B. P. Cheney Third, Mrs. B. P. Cheney. Specimen Reflexed, named variety : First, Mrs. B. P. Cheney . Second, H. H. Rogers Third, Mrs. B. P. Cheney Specimen Anemone Flowered, named variety : Second, E. S. Converse Specimen Pompon, named variety : First, Mrs. B. P. Cheney . Twelve plants, of twelve ditferent varieties, grown to one stem and bloom, in not over six-inch pots, preference being given to plants not over three feet in height First, Dr. C. G. Weld Second, E. S. Converse Third, H. Dumaresq . Six plants grown as above, but all of one color. First, H. Dumaresq . Second, J. Nicol Third, E. S. Converse White : First, Dr. C. G. Weld Second, J. Nicol Third, E. S. Converse Pink: First, H. Dumaresq . Second, Dr. C. G. Weld . Third, Dr. C. G. Weld Red: 60 00 40 00 25 00 12 00 12 00 10 00 8 00 6 00 5 00 4 00 6 00 5 00 4 00 5 00 4 00 8 00 6 00 4 00 4 00 3 00 2 00 4 00 3 00 2 00 4 00 3 00 2 00 PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS. 163 Yellow : First, J. Nicol 4 00 ■ Second, J. Nicol 3 00 Third, Dr. C. G. Weld . . . . . 2 00 Any other color : First, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00 Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 3 00 Third, Dr. C. G. Weld 2 00 Six plants grown to bush form, in not over eight-inch pots, without stakes : First, Francis Blake 8 00 Second, H. H. Rogers 6 00 Group arranged for eftect, with palms and decoi-ative foliage plants, limited to one hundred square feet : First, Mrs. John L. Gardner 25 00 Gratuities : — Dr. C G. Weld. Displa.v of Chrysanthemums grown to single stem 7 00 Dr. C G. Weld. Display of Erica Wihnoreanu . . 5 00 Lager & Hurrell, Summit, N. J., Display of Orchids . 25 00 William W. Edgar, Display of Ferns, Crotons, etc. . . . y 00 NOVEMBKU 17. frratTiities : — Mrs. F. L. Ames,. Display of Orchids 3 00 H. Carstens, Stanhopm. orulata 1 00 NOVK.MBKR 24. Gratuity : — H. A. Wheeler, Zijgopetahun Miich-ayi var. aerulescens . . . 2 00 I)KrK:M15ER 8. » Okciitds. ^ — Six plants, named varieties, in bloom: First, H. A. Wheeler ' . 15 00 Three plants, named varieties, in bloom : First, H. A. Wheeler 10 00 Second, Mrs. John L. Gardner 8 00 Single plant, in bloom : First, H. A. Wheeler 5 00 Second, Mrs. John L. Gardner 4 00 (Tratiiitics :■ — W. J. Clemson. Oncidium tii/rinnm . . ■ ■ 1 00 F. S. Converse. Display of I'oinsettias ...... 6 00 1(54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SOCIETY'S GOLD MEDALS. May 26. E. O. Orpet, for the best Aiiiei'ican Seedlinj; Orchid, other tlian Cypripedhnii. exhil)ited durinii the year, Snj thru- Led ia laeta var. Orpi'tiioKi ( L. I'ltmila X -V- i/rffiidiifDnt). October ti. K. V . 11. Thayer, Display of Cattleyas and Laelio-Cattleyas- (American seedlings). CtMkya X Tin ojcr tana (C. intermedia X C. Inhiata. S<-li nedene (dlia). two plants. Cattleya X Thayeriana var. superha (C. intermedia X C. hdiiata Schnedene idbaj, one plant. lAielia X nii/rescens (L. ptimila X L. tenehrosa), two plants. Laelia X juvenilis, var. fiitperha (L. pinnila ya.r. prnesdins X L. Perrinii), three plants. Laelio-CattJeya X C. G. lioeljling fC. lidtiataxav. UaiikelUana X L.ptirpi(rata), three plants. Laelio-CaUleya X Bletchleyensis (L.tenebrom X C. Warsceiciczii, syn., gigasj, one plant. SOCIETY'S SILVER MEDALS. January 0. J. E. Hothwell, Display of yellow varieties of Cypripedimn insirpte : C. insiyne var. Sanderce. '• '• •• Sanderiammi. " •' " Y(>iui(/iannm. ■ " '■ " Willie MiUie Duu: " " " Ernentii. " " " Laura Kimball. .lanuary 13. Oakes Ames, for Cypripedinm X Miss Evelyn Ames ft'. X Calypso var. superha X C. X Lee.amim var. snperba) (Ameri- can Seedling). February 17. Oakes Ames, for Cattleya Sdircederm var. alba. '• 24. J. E. Hothwell, for Cypripedimn X Leander (C. villosum var. auremn X C. Leeanum var. LoiriiJ. April 21. J. E. Kothwell, fov Laelia Jo ngheana. May o. J. S. Bailey, for Kentia Sanderiana (new palm). " 12. ,J. E. Hothwell, for Cattleya X SchiUeriana (C. Aclandia' X C. (juttata). " 19. H. H. Hunnewell, for Superior Cultivation of Cattleya Mossix X and C. Skinner i. Hhododendron Exhibition. June 12 and 13. H. H. Hunnewell, for Miltonia re.fillaria var. //. H. Hunnen-ell. '• " •' " Bayard Thayer, for superior cultivation of Cattleya (/iijas (thirty-five flowers). Sophro-Laelia laeta varOrpeTiana By E. O. Orpet. PUIZKS AND OltATUlTIES VOll I'LAXTS, 165 July 14. Oakes Ames for Cuprijx'dinm X 11'. 7.'. Lee (C. i^iipcrbipiis X C. EUltMiannmj. September 22. Oakes Ames, for ('ypripcdiinn X Chikes Ames (C Itoth^ddhli- anum X C- cilioJare). November H. Mrs. F. L. .\mes, for Display of .Vmerican Hybrid Cypri- pediums . Cypri/ii-'finm X Olindyar. Miss .l/('»«/V .l»u^s( Laiiirwater var. C. iiiri'inn X ('■ toiisiimj. Cypripeilium X Olivin var. Mi.ss Miiniic Amcx (Sander var. C. Innsum X C'. niveumj. Cypripedium X KriKlni(( var. (C. tonsiim X C. insiipic var. Sdiidcm) seven plants. Cypripcduon X l'onsi(m-< 'lidHesiritrlli ii . (C. tonsrnn X < '. Clutrhmrarthii) two plants. Cypripedium X Leeaniim, \ar. fC. iim(jne. var. Soiidenr X ('. Spirerianum). November 24. (Jakes .Ames, for Display of varieties of Cypripedium inxifine : Cyprijii'diion iiisit/ii( var. unrenm. '• •' •■ AtiU'siiiiium. " Ii(dla'. " " " citri)ii()H. '^ ' " •• Dorothy. " •' •' Ernextii. " " " Gihnoreianiim. " " JlaretiehlJIaU (t\i>G) . '* " " '• " var. Baron Schroder. '• " •' LKtwirhidHitm. " " " Ldurti Kimhall. '• " " Sanderce. " " " " (Hardy's var.) " Willie MiUie Dov. November 24. Oakes .Vmes, for Cypripediinn inxieine Ilarejield ILill var. liitron Schro'der. E. V. K. Thayer, second i)rize for best American Seedlinij Orchid, other than rypripedium, exhibited dnrinir the year, Cattleya X llmyeriana ( C. Ddermedin X C Sc/iro'dene var. . -f. E llothwell, for Cypripedium insigne var. Smiderianum. " " J. E. Rothwell, for " " " Youngianum. " •" J. E. Rothwell, for " '• " Willie Millie Dow. " " Oakes Ames, for " " " Sandfirianum. " 13. Oakes Ames, for Cypripedium X Marwondi (C. niveum X C. X Jl(irrisianum). .Taniiary 20. J. E. Rothwell, for Cypritx'dium X Koffmanianum (C. insigne X C. Bomllii). February 10. Bayard Thayer, for superior cultivation of Cattleya Triance. " " Edward Whitin, for Cattleya Triance var. Amesiana. " 24. Walter V. Winsor, for Dendrohium nobile, Burff)rd var. March 10. Oakes Ames, for Cattleya intermedia var. alba. Sprino^ Exhilntion, March 20-23. Jackson Dawson, for hybrid Polyantha Rose Little Tot. March 31. Col. Charles Pfart", for Dendrohium flmhriatum var. oculatum. May 5. C. H. Souther, for Chryi^anthemum Leitninthcmnm. " 19. .Vrthur Hunnewell, for superior cultivation of Schizanthus. Annual Exhibition of Plants and Flowers, September 5 and 6. Oakes Ames, for Cypripedium X Thorntonii (C. superbiens X C. insigne). September 15. H. A. Wheeler, for Stanhnpea Bucephalus var. guttata. " 22. Oakes Ames, for superior cultivation of Epidrndrum God- seffianum (E. Cupartianum.). " " Oakes Ames for superior cultivation of Stelis Rodriguesii. October 20, James E. Rothwell. tor Cattleya X Maroni (C. n-lutina X C. aurea). Chrysanthemum Exhibition. November (5, 7, 8, and i». R. & J. Far ruoM Jink H and 7). //. //. Ilnmu'in'U Fund. Rhoi>odi:ni)R(>xs. — Twelve distinct varieties of lUKiuestioneii hardiness, named : First, Mrs. John L. (iardner ....... Six distinct varieties, of unquestioned hardiness, named: First, Mrs. H. P. Cheney, Sr. . . . ... Six tender varieties, named : Second, Mrs. John L. (Gardner Single Truss of any tender variety, named : Urst, Mrs. John' L. Gardner IIakdy Azalkas kkom Any oh Ai.i, Ci.assks. — Fifteen varieties, one vase of each : First, T. C. Thurlow Twelve varieties, one vase of each : First, T. C. Thurlow Six varieties, one vase of each : First, Mrs. John L. (iardner Cluster of trusses : First, T. C. Thurlow Suciety'ti Prizes. P.konia oi'iuiXALis. — Collection of named varieties: Second, T. C. Thurlow Trer P.eoniks. — Collection of sinijle and double varieties, named: First, W. A. Jeft'ries German Irises. — Thirt.v-six vases of three trusses each, of not less than twelve varieties : First, Mrs. John L. Gardner ....... Third, Kea Brothers Hardy Pyrethklms. — Collection of not less than six double varieties : First, Dr. C. G. Weld Display of thirty bottles. Single and Anemone Flowered : First, Dr. C. G. Weld Second, Rea Brothers ........ 4 20 00 10 00 4 00 2 00 8 00 4 00 3 00 2 00 4 00 G 00 4 00 2 00 f) 00 3 00 2 00 17<; MASSACHl SKTTS MOKTICLLTL'KAL SOCIETY, ( )1{iI':ntal Porpiios. — Display : First, Harry Seaton Rand Second, Walter J. Clerason Third. Dr. C. (i. Weld AijriLKcJiAS. — Collection, twenty-tive vases Second, William C". Winter Third, W. A. Jeffries A'.vsF, OK Floweus: First, Mrs. E. M. Gill Second. Miss Hattie B. Winter . 1 00 a 00 2 00 5 00 S 00 1 OO 2 00 AcGTST 2.-.. SkI'TKMHKH 1. 5 00 2 00 3 00 1 00 .••) 00 4 00 8 00 2 00 ANNUAL EXIUBI'IION OF PLANTS AND FLOWKHS. Skptembek T) and 0. Dahlias. — Show, eighteen blooms, named varieties: First, William C. Winter . Second, Lothrop & Higgins Fancy, eighteen blooms, named \arieties : First, H. F. Burt .... Second, Lothrop >,<: Higgins Cactus, twelve blooms, named varieties : First, H. F. Burt .... Second, H. F. Burt .... Third, William (i. Winsor Decorative, twelve blooms, named varieties First, William G. Winsor . Second, II. F. Burt .... Third, Lothrop i.^ Higgins Show', six blooms, named varieties : First, H F. Burt .... Second, William (i. Winsor Fancy, six varieties : First. H. F. Burt .... Second. H. F. P.nrt .... 4 00 3 00 4 (to 3 (HI 4 00 3 oa 2 oo 4 00 3 00 2 00 2 (HI 1 (10 2 00 1 00 PRIZES AND (iRATLITlES FOR FLOWERS. li>5 Best single bloom, of any class, introduction of 18!)8 or later: First. H. F. Burt Pompon, twelve vases of three blooms each, named varieties : First, William C. Winter Second, William H. Synionds ....... Third, Lothrop & Hififfins Single, twelve vases of three blooms each, named varieties : First, William ('. Winter ........ General Display, all classes admissible, one hundred or more bottles : First, William ('. Winter .... Second. Lothrop ^^ Higgins Third. ('. S. Pratt Fourth, Mrs. ,1. B. Lawrence PMfth, William IL Symonds Tiior.KoMMs. — Display with their own foliage, filling twentj'-tive vases, not over eighteen blooms of one variety in each: First, -L .\. Cain Second, E. ('. Lewis M.\i{i(i()i.i)s. — Dis])]ay of Frciicli and African, tillinii twenty-five vases : First. K. ( '. Lewis ..... Second, .Mi's. A. V. I'ero .... Donu.K ZiNM.ss.^ — Fifty flowers, not less tiian twelve varieties Second, K. ('. Lewis ..... Third, Norris F. Comley .... FoMi'ON ZiNNi.vs. — Fifty flowers, not less than twelve varieties: First, A. B. Howard .... Third. W. .\. Jetfries .... DT.VNriifSKS. — Collection of .Viinual and Biennial varieties, tilling thirty bottles : First, Mrs. J. B. Lawrence Second, E. C. Lewis V.vsK OK F'l.owK.HS.— For tal)le decoration, on the last day of the exhibition : First, Miss Hattie B. Winter Second, Mrs. E. M. (iill (Tniluilics : — Blue Hill Nursery, LiJiiim .sprniiNnrit . James Comley. I)isi)lay of Asters Hea Brothers, Phlox ..... J. Warren Clark, (iladioli .... A. B. Howard «.<: Son, Petunias and \eibenas . Blue Hill Nursery, Display .... W^ J. Clemson, •■ Mrs. E. M. Gill, •• Schlegel & Fottler. •• 1 00 H 00 2 00 1 00 2 00 12 00 10 00 8 00 a 00 4 00 S 00 2 00 ;5 00 2 00 2 00 1 00 .•5 00 1 00 'A 00 2 00 4 00 :5 00 2 00 ,T 00 a 00 8 00 2 00 (j (HI 2 00 2 00 2 00 18() MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Ski'tkmhkk S. (iratnitij : — ('. S. Pratt, Dahlias . Skptembeu If). D.viiJ.iAs. — Cactus, iwdve blooms, named varieties : First, II. F. IJurt . . Second, II. K. Burt . . Third, W. (;. Winsor Perkxnial AsTKiis. — Collection of Native or Introduced sjjecies and varieties .- First, Misses Eleanor A. and Mollie S. Doran .... Second, Blue Hill Nursery ....... . Third, Miss Alice L. Grinnell . . . Haudy Hekbaceous Plants. — Thirty bottles: First, Blue HiU Nursery Second, Carl Blomberg ........ Third, AV. J. Clemson (rraiuitii's : — William G. Winsor, Dahlias William C. Winter. H. F. Burt, •• . . James Comley. Asters .... Rea Brothers, Phlox .... Rea Brothers, DeJpIn)iinmfonn(isnin . W. J. Clemson, Allamanda Francis Skinner. .Ir.. Dis])!ay . Septkmhkh 22. (iratuitij : — C. S. Pratt. Display of Dahlias SEITEMHEI! 27 AM) 28. (iratiiitu's : — F. A. Blake, Geraniums, named varieties H. F. Burt, Dahlias E. C. Lewis, Display , . . . . OcToisEi: 20. Grattutips : — Mrs. E. M. (iill. Chrysanthemums . James Comlev, •■ . . 2 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 t") 00 4 00 •6 00 6 00 5 00 4 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 1 00 2 00 1 00 1 00 2 00 (irdtttittj : — Mrs. E. M. (iill. Display ()( loiucH 27. 2 00 3 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS. CHRYSANTII EM r M SHOW. \(»VKM15ER (!, 7, 8, .VXD !>. Josiah Bradh'P Fund. CiiKYSANTHEMrMs. — Tweiity-Hve blooms of twenty-five distinct varieties, named : First, Mrs. B. P. Cheney ... . . . . Second, Miss E. J. Clark. Poinfret. Conn. Third, Col. Charles I'faft . Six vases of six named varieties, ten blooms each : First, Mrs. A. W. Spencer Second, Mrs. B. Y. Cheney Third, Norris F. Comley . Ifciiry A. (iduc M('}ii<>ris oi- N<)Vi;mhkk i). Chrysaxthemims. — Vase of blooms, on long stems, arranged in the Society's large China yases : First, Col. Charles Pfatf . . ' Second. Estate of John Simpkins ...... Third. ^Hss E. J. Clark Fourth. Mrs. A. W. Spencer 10 01 » 9 00 8 00 7 00 5 00 ;> 00 1 00 ."( 00 .") 00 10 00 it 00 s 00 7 00 5 00 4 00 o 00 4 00 10 00 9 00 8 00 7 00 SOCIETY'S SILVER MEDALS. April .5. Dayid Monteith, for Carnation Beulah. May ."). The Floral Exchange, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa., for New Rose Queen of Ediiely. 190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Rose Exhibition, June 22 and 2:3. Jackson Dawson, for Rose Lady Duncan. July 7. Michael H. Walsh, for Rose Sweetheart, llnsa Widutrttiand X Bridesmaid. Chrysanthemum Show. Noveml)er 6-9. Col. Charles Pfaft for largest number of lirst prizes for Vase of Chrysanthemums. SOCIETY'S BRONZE MEDALS. Chrysanthemum Show, November fi-9. Robert Montgomery, for Rose Mrs. Oliver Ames. •' •• " " Estateof John Simpkins, for largest number of second prizes for Vase of Chrysanthemums. KELWAY SILVER GILT MEDAL. June 10. Kenneth Finlayson, for Pa'ania dlhijlora. FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATES OF MERIT. March 10. C. W . Ward, Queens, N. Y., for Carnation G. H. Crane. " " C. W. Ward, for Carnation Governor Roosevelt. March 31. Hicks Arnold, for La-lid Joiighmna. April 7. Thomas J. Grey & Co., for Grey's Mammoth White Column Stock. May in. William Sim, for Candytuft Sim's Improved. " 2G. R . & J. Farquhar & Co., for Begonia semperflor'ens, new named varie- ties. Rhododendron P^xhibition, June 12 and i;5. II. H. Ilunnewell. Vihuninm macrorephalnm. Rose Exhibition, June 22 and 2.S. Rea Brothers, for Campannln pcrsinvioUd " " '• " •• •• W. A. :Manda. South Orange, X. J., for Rose Pink Pearl. July 14. Dr. C. G. Weld, for Gerherd Jamesonii. " 21. Oakes Ames, for Nympha-a X Diana. August 4, Henry T. Clinkaberry, Trenton, N. J., for Cypripediiim Clinka- hcrrydnum, C. Curtixii X C. Philippinensis. HONOR A BLE M E N T I ON . February 24. David Monteith, for Carnation Beulah. March 10. Dailledouze Brothers, Flatbush, N. Y., for Carnation No. (KJG. " .31. .\lf red J. Lovelace, for Antirrhinum Wyndhurst. " '• Hicliii Arnold, fov Dendrobium dtro-violdceum. May 5. D. Carmichael, for Carnation Eleanor Ames. " 19. Dr. C. G. Weld, for diorphixid l(,v(n[fforringing satisfactory prices. Pears shown at the exhibitions have not been equal to the aver- age of past years in size or quantity. About the usual quantity of the earlier varieties were shown but the gale blew many of the best specimens of the later varieties from the trees. The Anjou pear seems to be losing its former high reputation as a commer- cial fruit. While with some growers it apparently sustains its 192 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. former standard, in many places the past few years and especially the past season it has been so badly spotted as to be almost worthless. Peaches have been shown in larger qnantities than nsual. The Elberta was shown by several growers. It is of large size, good qnahty, and excei)tionally good color. This variety is largely orown in the Sonthern States ; if it proves as hardy here as other varieties it will be a valuable acquisition. Plums continue to increase in quantity and in the number of varieties, the increase being due to the more general cultivation of the Japanese varieties. Of these recent additions most of those shown were of good size and quality. Cherries have been almost a complete failure ; there was an unusually full bloom, but a freeze killed the fruit germs and only in exceptionally favoral^le locations was there any fruit. Grapes have been shown in more than the usual quantity and of excellent quality ; the warm, dry weather late in the season was favorable for their full maturity. The exhibition of small fruits has been fully up to the average of past years. The exhibitions through the season compared favorably with those of previous years. At the Strawberry Exhibition the Mar- shall sustained its former reputation as an exhibition variety, and where grown on a strong soil under high cultivation and the vines properly thinned, it proved a profitable market variety. At the Saturday exhibition the following week there were shown two seedling varieties that are very promising for late kinds. With the exception of these two seedling strawberries there were no new fruits shown deserving special mention. The appropriation for Fruits was seventeen hundred and thirty- two dollars ; there have been awarded in prizes and gratuities tifteen hundred and eighty-nine dollars, leaving an unexpended balance of one hundred and forty-three dollars. For the Committee, E. W. WOOD, Chairman. PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 193 PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS. lliOO. SPRING EXHIBITION. March 20, 21, 22, and 23. WiNTEK Ai'PLKs. — Baldwin: First, C. F. Boy den . Second, A. E. Hartshorn Third, E. M. Bruce Northern Spy : First, C. F. Boyden Roxbury llusset : First, Miss E. J. Cutter .... Second, C. F. Boyden Third, A. ¥,. Hartshorn Tompkins King : First, George C. Rice Any other variety : First, A. E. Hartshorn, Sutton .... Second, George V. Fletcher, Rhode Island Greening Third, Mrs. A. E. Underwood, " " " Winter Peaks. — Any variety : First, George V. Fletcher. Anjou .... Second, George V. Fletcher, Dana's Hovey SxRAWBERinES. — One pint : First, Francis Blake, Marshall Gratuity : — John L. Bird, Oranges 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 1 00 April 7. Gratuity : — William C. Winter, Peaches 1 00 June 16. (rratuity : — William C. Winter, Grapes and Peaches . 2 00 194 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION. June 22 and 23. Special Prizes from the Theodore Lyman Fund. Strawbekries. — Four quarts of any varietj' : First, Warren Heustis & Son, Marshall Second, Sumner Coolidge, '• Third, Warren Heustis & Son, Bubach Fourth, George V. Fletcher, Marshall Speci(d Prizes offered by the Society. Two quarts of any variety best adapted for garden cultivation for home use to be judged by points : First, I. E. Coburn, Marshall Second, Warren Heustis & Son, Marshall .... Third, Warren Heustis & Son, Nick Ohmer .... Fourth, George McWilliam, Seedling ..... Eegidnr Prizes. For the largest and best collection, not less than fifteen baskets of two quarts each, and not less than five varieties : Second, George F. Wheeler Ten baskets, two quarts each, not less than three varieties : First, Warren Heustis & Son . Second, George V. Fletcher Third, George F. Wheeler Five baskets, one variety, two quarts each : First, Warren Heustis & Son . Second, George F. Wheeler, Sample . Third, George F. Wheeler, Seedling . Two quarts of Belmont : First, Warren Heustis & Son . Second, George V. Fletcher Brandywine : Third, (xeorge F. Wheeler Bubach : First, George V. Fletcher .... Second, I. E. Coburn .... Third, Warren Heustis & Son . Charles Downing : Second, Miss M. S. Walker Clyde : First, I. E. Coburn Third, George F. Wheeler . Crescent : Second, I. E. Coburn .... 20 00 16 00 12 00 10 00 6 00 5 00 4 00 3 00 15 00 15 00 12 00 10 00 8 00 6 00 5 00 4 00 3 00 2 00 4 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 4 00 2 00 3 00 PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 195 Enormous : First, George V. Fletcher Haverland : First, I. E. Coburn Second, George F. Wheeler ...... Third, Miss E. J. Clark Jessie : First, George V. Fletcher ...... Margaret : First, B. M. Smith Second, George F. Wheeler Marshall : First, Warren Heustis & Son Second, Herbert Dumaresq Third, George V. P'letcher Miner's Prolific : Second, George F. Wheeler ...... Any other variety : First, I. E. Coburn. Sample Second, I. E. Coburn, Nick Ohmer Third, George F. Wheeler. Sample Collection, not less than six varieties, one quart of each : First, George V. Fletcher . . . • . Second, George F. Wheeler One quart of any new variety not previously exhibited : First, S. II. Warren, Seedling FoRKKJN Gu.\PEs. — Two bunches of any varietv : First, Miss E. J. Clark, Pomfret, Conn., Black Hamburg Second, E. S. Converse, White Sweetwater FoucKD Peaches. — Six specimens of any variety: First, Miss E. J. Clark, Hale's Early .... Second, Miss M. S. Walker, " " Jl-NE 30. Strawberries. — Two quarts of any variety : First, Warren Heustis & Son, Marshall . Second, William H. Monroe, Seedling Third, Geoi'ge V. Fletcher, Marshall Cherries. — Two quarts of Black Tartarian : First, James L. Duncan Second, George V. P'letcher .... Coe's Transparent : First, John L. Bird . . . *. Downer : First, M. W. Chadbourne . . Any other variety : First, J. H. Fletcher, Napoleon Second, Miss Vera ChapeUe, Napoleon 4 00 '4 00 5 00 2 00 4 00 4 00 3 00 4 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 4 00 3 00 2 00 8 00 6 00 5 00 6 00 4 00 3 00 2 00 4 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 2 00 196 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY G rut nit II : — E. 0. Orpet. Nectarines 2 (10 JX'LY 7 Currants. — Two quarts of auy Ked variety First, W. J. Clemsou, Versaillaise Second, W. J. Clemson, Fay's . Third, W. J. Clemson Fourth, William C. Winter, Fay's Two quarts of any White variety ; First, W. J. Clemson, White Grape Second, Joseph S. Chase, •' " Third, William C. Winter. •• " Gooseberries. — Two quarts of any variety of American origin First, J. S. Chase, Triumph Second, W. J. Clemson, Columbia Third, G. L. Brown, Triumph Fourth, W. J. Clemson, •• Gratuities : — W. H. Monroe, SeecUing Strawberries Warren Heustis vt Son, Marshall Strawberries Miss Vera Chapelle. Cherries ..... M. W. Chadbourne. Cherries and Currants July 14. Raspberries. — Two quarts of any variety : First, E. S. Converse. Columbia . . Currants." — One quart of any Red variety .- First, W. J. Clemson, VersaUlaise . Second, W. J. Clemson, Fay's .... Third, Mrs. E. M. GiU, VersaUlaise . One quart of any White variety : First, W. A. Jetlries, White Grape Second, W. J. Clemson, " " Gooseberries. — Two quarts of any P'oreign variety First, W^. J. Clemson, Whitesmith Second, W. J. Clemson, Industry Third, Dr. W. G. Kendall, " ... Fourth, William O'Connell, " ... Grntnities : — E. O. Orpet, Nectarines W. J. Clemson, Collection July 21. Blackberries.— Two quarts of any variety : First, M. AV. Chadbourne 4 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 4 00 3 00 2 Oo 1 00 2 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 3 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 2 00 1 00 4 00 3 00 2 oo 1 00 1 00 2 00 S 00 PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 197 Applks. — Tetofsky : First, Varnum Frost .... Second, William C. AVinter Tliird. David L. Fiske .... Pears. — Summer Doyenne: First, E. S. Converse .... Second, Warren I^'enno .... Third, L. M. Chase Peachks. — Six of any variety : First, William C. Winter, Early Crawford 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 (Tnituidpn: — Mrs. E. M. (iill. Currants . . . . W. J. Clemson. Collection . . . . Jri.Y 2H. Apples. — Red Astrachan : First, W. H. Hunt Second, K. W. Damon . . . . Third, John L. Bird Sweet Boufih : First, Sumner Coolidjje . . . . Second, Geor^re V. Fletcher Third, Warren Ileustis i<: Son . Any other variety : First. David L. Fiske, Early Harvest Second, Sumner Coolidjie, Oldenburi; Third, (i. L. Brown, Yellow Transparent Pears. — (iiftard : First, A. T. Brown . . . . . Second, Warren Fenno . . . . Third, John L. Bird . . . . A ny other variety : First. Sumner Coolidge. Clapp's Favorite Second, John L. Bird, Wilder Third, Warren Fenno, Summer Doyenne . Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety : First, E. W. Wood Second, E. C. Lewis . . . . . Third, Francis Blake . . . . Peaches. — C)pen culture, any variety : First. George H. Sherwin. Hale's Early . Second. W. D. Hinds, Blush Third, Francis Blake. Hale's Early . 1 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 August 4. Apples. — Oldenburg : First, Arthur ¥. Estal)rook 3 00 198 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Second. Mrs. H. A. Clark . . Third, W. H. Hunt Any other variety : First, Sumner C'oolidge .... Second, A. E. May ell .... Third, W. H. Hunt Pe.vus. — Clapp's Favorite : First, Sumner Coolidge .... Second, George V. Fletcher . . . Third, A. T. Brown ..... Any other variety : First, A. T. Brown. GifTard Second, Warren Fenno, " Teaches. — Out door culture : First, George H. Sherwin, Hale's Early . Second, W. J. Clemson, Alexander . Third, W. D. Hinds, Six specimens of cold house or pot culture : First, William C. Winter, Late Crawford Blackbekhies. — Two quarts of any variety : First, Sumner Coolidge .... Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder Third, E. W. Wood Fi.TMs. — Japanese, any variety: First. W. D. Hinds, lied June . Second, W. J. Clemson, Kelsey Foreign Gkapes. — Two bunches of any variety : First, Miss E. J. Clark, Pomfret, Conn., Black Hambur Second. Miss E. J. Clark. Madrestield Court . 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 3 00 2 00. 1 00 3 00 2 00 5 00 4 00 (iralKi'tu'ft : — M. W. Chadbourne. Collection W. J. Clemson, " 1 00 1 00 AtTGU.ST 11. Ai'iM.ES. — Chenango : First, Sumner Coolidge 3 00 Second, Charles F. Curtis . . . . . 2 00 Summer Pippin : First, O. B. Hadwen 3 00 Second. AVarren P>nno 2 00 Williams : First, Sumner Coolidge 3 00 Second, Varnum Frost 2 00 Third, Joshua C. Stone 1 00 Any other variety : First, W. H. Hunt. IJed .Vstraclian . . . . 3 00 PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 199 Second, George V. Fletcher, Sweet Bough Third, David L. Fiske, 01denl)urg . Pkaks. — Rostiezer : First, E. S. Converse . . . . Second, M. W. Chadl)ourne Third, Sumner Coolidge . . . . Tyson : First, John L. IMrd Second, A. T. Brown . . . . Third, L. M. Chase . . . . . Any other variety : First, Sumner Coolidge, Clapp's Favorite Second, James L. Duncan, " " Third, A. T. Brown, - " Fkachks. — Any variety : First, W. D Hinds, Alexander . Second, George H. Sherwin, Alexander Third, Sumner Coolidge, Hale's Early Fmms, Jai'axkse. — Abundance : First, E. C. Lewis .... Second, W. D. Hinds Third, David L. Fiske Bur])ank : First, Sumner Coolidgi' Second, David L. Fiske Third, W. D. Hinds .... .Vny other variety : First, E. C. Lewis. Moore's Arctic Second, W. J. Clemson, •• " Third, AV. 1). Hinds. Hed June . 2 00 1 00 :5 00 2 00 1 00 8 00 2 00 1 00 8 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 Gratuity : — E. J. Beswind, Italian (irapes . 1 00 ArorsT 18. ArPLKs. — Foundling : Fir.st, O. B. Hadwen Second, C. M. Handley Gravenstein : First, Warren Heustis ,jc Son . Second, J. C. Stone .... Third, W. H. Hunt .... Maiden's Blush : First, William C. Winter . Second, J. C. Stone .... Third, Warren Fenno 3 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 200 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Tortei' : First. Suiniifr ('()()li(lnc Second, V. M. Ilaiulley Third, M. W. ChadhouriU' Any other variety : . First, J. C. Stone. Williams Second, 0. \i. Madwen, Somerset Third, Varnum Frost. Williams rEAHs. — Andrews : First, E. S. Converse Third, J. C. Stone .... Bartlett : First, William Milnian ... Second, A. T. Ik-own Third, Sumner Coolidije Any other variety : First, Sumner Coolidge, Clapp's Favorite Second, A. T. Brown, - •• Third, Warren Fennn •' Pkachks. — Collection : First, Sumner Coolidge Second. W. D. Hinds Single dish of any variety : First, Sumner Coolidge, Early liivers Second, Sumner Coolidge, Alexander Third, W. D. Hinds, Early Rivers . Plums. — Bradshaw : First, Francis Blake .... Second, M. W. Chadbourne Third, George V. Fletcher Any other variety : First, E. C. Lewis, Abundance . Second, Sumner Coolidge, Burbank . Third, W. 1). Hinds, Abundance 8 00 2 00 1 00 8 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 1 8 00 00 2 00 1 00 ■A 00 2 00 1 OO 4 ■A on ( »o A 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 (Aratuity: — William C. Winter, Peaches 1 00 GrdtuUiex : — C. O. Johnson, Apples Hon. Aaron Low, Plum^ J. S. Chase, Grapes . August 25. 1 00 1 00 1 00 Septembkr 1. (iratuity : — Hon. Aaron Low. Collection of Plums . 1 00 PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 201 ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF PLANTS AND FLOWERS. SkITKMHKIJ ~> AND 0. Special Prizes from the Theodore Lynuoi Fund. FORKKJX (iKAPK.s. — For the heaviest and best ripened bunch of any P'oreign Black (irape : First, Miss E. .J. Clark, Pumfret, Conn., Barbarossa 15 00 Second, Miss E. J. Clark, Black .Alicante . . . 10 Oo Society's Prises. FoRKKix Chai'Ks. — Two bunches of Black .Vlicaute: First, Miss Iv J. Clark Black Haniburi; : Second, Daniel Brown ..... Golden IIanibur. Applks. — Foundlins; : First, C. M. Ilandley 8 00 Second, (). B. I lad wen ...... 2 00 Garden Royal : First, a'. C. McNeil 8 00 Second, C. B. Travis ...... 2 00 Third, C. M. Handley 1 00 Graven stein : First, Sumner Coolidge a 00 Second, David L. Fiske ..... 2 00 Third, I. A. Boston 1 00 Maiden's Blush : First, O. B. Hadwen 8 00 Second, E. S. Converse 2 00 Third, H. R. Ivinney 1 00 Porter : First, George W. Stevens 3 00 Second, Thomas L. Perkins 2 00 Third, M. W. Chadbourne 1 O.J 202 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Hietigheimer : First, Sumner Coolidii-e Pximpkin Sweet : First, G. W. Stevens Second, O. B. Hadwen Third, John Parker ... Washington Strawberry : First, J. C. Stone ... Second, Sumner Coolido;e . Third, A. E. Hartshorn . Any other variety : First, C. M. Handley, Wealthy . Second, CM. Handley, Fall Orange Third, W. H. Hunt, Mackintosh CiJAB Apples. — Transcendent, twenty-four s First, L. J. Fosdick .... Second, George W. Stevens Any other variety : First, M. W. Chadbourne, Hyslop . Second, ¥. J. Kinney, Montreal Beauty Peaks. — Bartlett : First, William Milman Second, A. T. Brown Third, George F. Freeman Belle Lucrative : First, E. S. ('on verse Second, A. T. Brown Third, L. M: Chase . Boussock : First, Sumner Coolidge Second, Charles E. Swain . Third, E. W. Wood . Hardy : First, E. S Converse Second, Charles F. Curtis Third, L. M. Chase . Paradise of Autumn : First, William Milman Second, L. M. Chase Third, Warren Fenno Souvenir du Congres : First, Sumner Coolidge Second, Miss Ellen M. Hersey Third, Warren Fenno Any other variety : First, George E. Freeman, Sheldon Second, A. T. Brown, Seckel Third. Mrs. James McCormick S 00 pecimens •^ 00 2 00 1 00 8 00 2 00 1 00 ;•, 00 2 00 1 00 2 00 1 00 2 00 1 00 .5 00 2 00 1 00 ;{ 00 2 00 1 00 .i 00 2 00 1 00 ;J 00 2 00 I 00 :? 00 2 00 1 00 :i 00 2 00 1 00 :{ 00 2 00 1 00 PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 203 Peaciiks. — Coolidge's Favorite First, Sumner Coolidge Second, David L. Fiski' Early Crawford : First, Sumner Coolidge Second, Francis Blake Third. Charles E. Swain Crosby : First, C. F. Hayward Second, F. J. Kinney Third, W. 1). Hinds . Foster : First, Sumner Coolidge Second, David L. Fiskc Third, Charles E. Swain Oldraixon Freestone : First, Francis Blake . Second, Sumner Coolidge Third, Charles S. Smith Stump the World : First, Sumner Coolidge Second, L. M. Chase . Third, George L. Brown Any other variety : First, A. T. Brown, Champion . Second, Charles E. Swain,' Champion Third, Sumner Coolidge, Elberta Nectaiunes. — Any variety of outdoor culture: First, Francis Blake . Second, Warren Fenno Plums. — Imperial Gage : Third, George V. Fletchei- Lombard : First, I. A. Boston Second, H. R. Kinney Third, George A. W^alker . McLaughlin : First, W. D. Hinds . Washington : First, F. J. Kinney Any other variety : First, Hittinger Brothers, Pond's Seedling Second, George V. Fletcher, Yellow Egg Third, H. K. Kinney, Bradshaw Japanese Plums. — Any variety: First, W. D. Hinds, Satsuma . ■A 00 2 0(J 8 00 2 00 I 00 ;^ 00 2 00 1 00 •A 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 •A oo 2 00 1 00 2 00 1 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 204 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Native Gkapks. — Six huncbes of Campbell's Second, F. J. Kinne}' Third, J. S. Chase .... Massasoit : First, Joseph S. Chase Second, George Lincoln Third. H. R. Kinney .... Moore's Early : First, H. R. Kinney .... Second, F. W. Damon Third, J. S. Chase . . . . Any other variety : First, J. S. Chase, Ik-ighton Second, F. J. Kinney, ^Yorden . Third, F. W. Damon. Delaware Any variety from iiirdled vines : First, F. J. Kinney, Worden Second, H. R. Kinne,y Agawam Third. H. R. Kinney, Delaware Early 2 00 1 00 .'5 00 2 00 1 00 :5 00 2 00 1 00 8 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 Septembi'^h 22. Gratuity : — J. S. Chase, Collection of grapes 2 00 ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. September 27 and 28. Special Prizes. Samuel Appleton Fund. Apples. — Baldwin, Joshua C. Stone Hubbardston, W. H. Boyden Pears. — Bosc, Sumner Coolidge Sheldon, Sumner Coolidge . Benjamin V. French Fund. Apples. — Gravenstein, i;. M. Bruce Rhode Island Greening, Sumner Coolidge . Marshall P. Wihk-r Fund. Pears. — Anjou : First, William Milman .... Second, A. T. Brown .... Third, Charles Whittier . . • . Fourth, F. W. Damon 5 00 5 00 5 00 5 00 .'■) 00 5 00 4 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 205 liartlett : First, Varnum Frost Second, William Milmaii . Third, A. T. Brown . Fonrtli, Sumner C'oolid<;e . . M. Chase . Dana's Hovey : First. A. T. Brown . Second. F. W. Damon Third, Mrs. Charles Whittier Fourth, M. W. Chadhourne Die! : First, A. T. Brown Second, Charles E. Swain . Third. Sumner Coolidge Fulton : First, E. S. Converse Second. F. L. Weston Third, Warren Fenno Hardy : First, Charles F. Curtis . Second, Warren Fenno Third, E. S. Converse .Howell : First, Sumner Coolidtje ;Second, ,1. E. Fuller . Third, Warren Fenno Josephine of Malines : First. Warren Fenno Lawrence : First, L. M. Chase Second. Charles E. Swain Third. A. T. Brown . Louise Boiuie of Jersey : First, L. M. Chase Second, A. T. Brown Third, Edwin A. Hall JMarie Louise : First. Elbridge Torrey Second, Charles E. Swain Third. Warren Fenno Merriam : First, F. W. Damon . Second. Sumner Coolidsiie . 'I'hird. Charles F. Curtis . 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 4 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 209 ( )nondaga : First, Matthew Binney Second, Sumner Coolidjjje . Third, John L. Bird . Seckel : First, Miss Elizabeth Miller Second, E. S. Converse Third, E. E. Doran Fourth, Charles Whittier . Sheldon : First, Geor§;e V. Fletcher . Second, Mrs. A. C Wiggin Third. William Patterson . P'ourth, Sumner Coolidge . St. Michael .Irchangel : First, Warren Fenno Second, Warren lleustis i.*i Son Supertin : First, F. W. Damon . Second, Sumner Coolidge Third, Warren Fenno Crbaniste : First, E. S. Converse Second, John L. Bird Third, A. T. Brown . Vicar : First, Pi. S. Converse Second, A. T. Brown Third, George E. Freeman Winter Nells : First, A. T. Brown Second. William Barton Third. Edwin A. Hall Any other variety : First. Warren Heustis ^^s: Son, Bonne d'Ez Second, Warren Fenno. Adams Third, E. W. Green, Washington QuixcKS. — Champion : First, Charles S. Smith Second, George V. Fletcher Orange : First, George V. Fletcher . Second, Ira A. Nay . Third. J. S. Chase . Pear : ' First, George V. Fletcher . Second, Ira A. Nay . Third. George L. Brown . 3 00 2 00 1 00 4 00 ;5 00 2 00 1 00 4 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 8 00 2 00 •A 00 2 00 1 00 a 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 210 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY liea : First, Warren Feniio Any other variety : First, J. 8. Cliase, Meecli Peaches. — Late Crawford : First, Sumner Coolidge Second, Walter A. Robinson Third, E. M. Bruce .... Any otlier variety : First, W. ]^. Hinds, Crosby Second, William Milman, Hind Third, Sumner Coolidge, Crosby Plums. — Yellow Egg: First, George V. Fletcher . ... Any other variety : First, W. D. Hinds. Satsuma . Second, 11. II. Kinney, Lombard Native Guapes. — Six bunches of Brighton First, J. S. Chase Second, F. W. Damon Third, Charles W. Libby . Delaware : First, Charles W. Libby Second, J. S. Chase . Third, F. W. Damon Fourth, H. R. Kinney Eumelan : First, J. S. Chase Herbert : First, Charles W. riil)hy Second, J. S. Chase . lona : First, F. W. Damon . Second, Thomas H. Talbot Third, J. S. Chase Lindley : First, Charles W. Libby . Second, F. W. Damon Niagara : First, E. A. Adams . Second, George V. Fletcher Third, J. S. Chase Pocklington : First, F. W. Damon . Second, Charles W. Libby Third, J. S. Chase . Fourth, H. R. Kinney 3 00 3 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 2 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 4 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 4 00 3 00 2 GO 1 00 PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 211 Prentiss : First, F. W. Damon .... Second, A. T. Brown Third, J. S. Chase .... Wilder : First, E. A. Adams .... Any other variet.v : First, J. S. Chase, Vergennes . Second, J. S. Chase, Diana Third, F. W. Damon, Moore's Diamond Any variety from sinUed vines : First, H. K. Kinney, Concord . Second, H. R. Kinney, Agawam Ckanbrkries. — Half peck : First, L. J. Fosdick, McFarlin's Second, L. J. Fosdick. Gloriana Third, L. J. Fosdick, Early Black 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 Gratuities: — M. W. Chadbonrne, Apples and I'ears Hon. Aaron Low, Plums . J. S. Chase, Grapes .... 1 00 1 00 1 00 Gratuities: — J. T. Oilman, Peaches Hon. Aaron Low, Grapes J. S. Chase OCTOBKR 13. 1 00 1 00 1 00 EXHIBITION OF WINTER FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. NOVEMBKR 17. Benjamin V. French Fund. Apples. — Baldwin, E. F. Locke Rhode Island Greening. C. F. Bovden 5 00 5 00 Society's Prizes. Apples. — Baldwin : First, E. M. Bruce .... Second, C. F. Boyden Third. J. C. Stone .... 3 00 2 00 1 00 212 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, Danvers Sweet : First, W. H. Boydeii . Second, Warren Fenno Third, CM. HantUey Fletcher Russet : First, (xeorse V. Fletcher . Hubbardston : First, Artemas Frost . Second, M. W. Chadbourne Third, W. R Boyden Hunt Russet : First, W. H. Boyden . Second, C. Terry Lady's Sweet : Second, William (". Winter Northern Spy : First, A. E. Hartshorn Second, E. M. Bruce . Third, George V. Fletcher Rhode Island Greening : First. E. M. Bruce Second. ('. F. Boyden Third, A. E. Hartshorn Roxbury Russet : First, W. H. Boyden . Second, Miss E. J. Cutter . Third, A. E. Hartshorn Tolnian Sweet : First. George V. Fletcher . Second, W. V. Plimpton Third, Mrs. A. E. Underwood . Tompkins King : First, C. ¥. Boyden . Second, J. G. Drew . Third, George C. Rice Any other variety : First, A. E. Hartshorn, Sutton . Second, (xeorge C. Rice. Mackintosh Third, William H. Spooner, Wagener Pkars. — Angouleme : First, A. T. Brown . . . . Second, Warren Fenno Third, F. W. Damon . . . . Fourth, William Milman Anjou : First, William Milman Second, F. W. Damon 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 3 00 2 OO 1 00 3 00 2 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 1 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 4 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 4 00 3 00 PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 2ia Third, A. K. (ioukl . Fourth, E. M. Bruce . C'lairgeau : First, F. W. Damon . Second, A. K. (rould . Third, M. W . Chadbourm- Cornice : First, Warren Fenno . Dana's Hovey : First, A. T. IJrown Second, F. W. Damon Third, Charles Whlttier Fourth, Warren Fenno Diel : First, A. T. Brown Second, Edwin A. Hall Glout Morcean : First, Edwin A. Hall . Second, Mrs. A. A. .loiinson Josephine of Malines : First, Warren P'enno . Second. J. L. 15ird Eangelier : First, William H. Spooner Second, F. W. Damon Third, A. T. Brown Lawrence : First, Warren Fenno . Second, A. T. Brown Third, M. W. Chadhoiirne . Vicar : First, A. r. Brown . Second, C. A. Jones . Third, E. S. Converse Winter Nelis : First, A. T. Brown Second, Theodore M. I'limpton Third, William Barton Any other variety : First, F. W. Damon, Supertin Second, C. B. Wigjfin, Sheldon Third, George V. Fletcher, Bosc QiUNCES. — Any variety : First, J. S. Chase, Champion Second, J. S. Chase, Meech Third, E. M. Bruce, Champion 2 00 1 00 S 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 4 OO 3 00 2 00 1 GO 3 00 2 00 3 00 2 oo 3 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 on 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 oo 2 oo 1 0(> 3 00 2 (m 1 00 3 oo 2 00 1 00 214 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. (rratnities : — J. S. Chase, Grapes 2 00 H. W. Trowbridge, Cranberries ■ 1 00 L. J. Fosdiclv " 1 00 C. Terrv " 1 00 E. W. Wood, Charles F. Curtis, O. B. Had WEN, [ Committee Wabren Fenno, ) ^" Samuel Hartwell, [ Fniits. J. Willard Hill, Sumner Coolidge, REPORT OF THK COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES FOR THE YEAR 1900. By WARREN HOWARD HEUSTIS, C'haikmax, At this time of tlie year we look backward to see where we couki have improved. Owing to an extremely dry season, we naturally looked for poor specimens, Init we were pleased to find that the vegetables came up to the usual high standard. There were more exhibits of good vegetables this year than for some time past. AVe have a few new growers and most of the old ones still favor us. The shows during the winter and in fact during the entire season were very well sustained and the competition was quite keen and for the most part good natured, and, while there were no remarkable exhibits, the tone of the whole was quite high. On July 14 some very fine specimens of new Hybrid Melons were shown by Elbridge T. Gerry of Newport, R. I., (Arthur OrifHn, gardener) and were awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit. A new Tomato, Maule's lUUO, shown for the first time, seems to be worthy of general cultivation. At the Annual Fruit and Vegetable Show, E. C. Lewis was awarded the Society's Silver Medal for about a hundred varieties of well grown vegetables. The Culinary Herbs at this show attracted a great deal of attention and inquiry and were worthy of special mention. During the year we have awarded in prizes and gratuities -SI, 177, leaving an unexpended balance of $23. For the Committee, Wakren How^akd Heustis, Chairman. 216 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. PRIZES AND aRATUlTIES AWARDED FOR VEGETABLES. 1900. Januaky 6. Radishk^. — Four bunches of any variety : First, A. E. Hartshorn .... Second, George 1). Moore Salsify. — Twelve specimens : First, Warren Heustis & Son Second, D. L. Tappan .... Third, A. E. Hartshorn .... CucuMBKRs. — Pair of any variety : First, Mrs. John L. Gardner Cauliflowers. — Four specimens : First, C. M. Handley .... Celery. — Four roots : First, Warren Heustis & Son, Boston Market Second, Warren Heustis & Son, Paris Golden Third, Warren Heustis i!e Son. (Hant Pascal Parsley. — Two quarts : First, W. N. Craig, Dobbie's Selected Second, W. N. Craig, Chappell's Matchless Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens: i First, Francis Blake, Best of All Second, Francis Blake, Conference . Third, W. C. Winter, Stone Gratuities : — C. M. Handley, Cauliflowers A. E. Hartshorn, Collection Warren Heustis & Son, '• GratuiUj :■ — Mrs. E. M. Gill. Mushrooms Gratuities : — Mrs. E. M. Gill, Tomatoes George D. Moore, Lettuce January l;^. Jan TAR V 2/ February 3. Radishes.— Four bunches of any variety : First, Varnum Frost Second, A. E. Hartshorn . Third, A. F. Coolidge $3 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 2 0(> 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 1 00 3 00 1 00 1 00' 1 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00- PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 217 Salsify. — Twelve specimens : First, Warreu Heustis & Son Second, I). L. Tappan .... Third, A. E. Hartshorn .... Celkry. — Four roots : First, Warren Heustis & Son, Boston Market Second, Warren Heustis & Son, Giant Pascal Third, A. E. Hartshorn .... Lettuck. — F'our heads of Tennisball : First, George 1). Moore .... Second, A. E. Hartshorn .... Third, A. F. Coolidge .... Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens : First, Francis Blake, Best of All Second, H. Dumaresq, '• '■ Third, S. J. Goddard, Eclipse . 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 ■A 00 2 00 1 00 Gratuities : — A. E. Hartshorn. Collection Warren Heustis ^^ Son, " Mrs. E. M. (iill. 3 OO 2 0(1 1 (10 Febriary 10. Gratuity : — Warren Heustis iv; Son, (''oUection 1 OO Febkuaky 24. Gratuities : — Hon. Aaron Low , Collection Warren Heustis v<: Son, " 1 00 1 00 Cfratuities : — Hon. Aaron Low. Spinach Warren Heustis «!i Son, Celery March 3. 1 00 1 00 (r rat ui ties : — March 10. George D. Moore, Lettuce Wyman Brothers. Mrs. E. M. Gill, Tomatoes Hon. Aaron Low, Spinach Warren Heustis & Son, Collection 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 2 00 218 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SPRING EXHIBITION. March 20, 21, 22, and 23. William J. Walker Fund. Radishks. — Four bunches of Turnip Rooted: First, Varnum Frost Second, A. E. Hartshorn . Cucumbers. — Fair of White Spine : First, E. M. Bruce . Second, Irvins; B. Frost . Third, Francis Blake Spinach.— Half-peck : First, Hon. Aaron Low, Improved Thick Leaved Second, Hon. Aaron Low, Parisian Third, Hon. Aaron Low, Victoria Dandelions. — Peck : First, J. C. Stone Second, A. E. Hartshorn Lettuce. — Four heads of Tennisball : First, Wjman Brothers . Second, A. E. Hartshorn Third, George D. Moore . Water Cress. — Two quai'ts : First, A. E. Hartshorn .... Parsley. — Two quarts : First, S. J. Goddard, Extra Triple Curled Second, S. J. Goddard, ChappeU's Matchless Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks : First, Wyman Brothers .... Second, W. H. Derby .... Third, George Sanderson Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens : First, Francis Blake .... 2 00 1 00 H 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 2 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 Gratuities : — Mrs. John L. Gardner, Cucumbers Wyman Brothers, Lettuce A. E. Hartshorn, Collection 1 00 1 00 3 00 (rj-atuity : — George D. Moore, Lettuce March 31. 1 00 April 7. Beets. — Twelve specimens of Turnip Rooted: First, A. Nixon ..... Second, W. Warburton .... 3 00 2 00 PKIZES' AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 219 Parsxips. — Twelve specimens : First, A. Nixon ..... Second, Warren Henstis 6c Son Third, W. Warbnrton .... Radishes. — P'our bunches : First, A. E. Hartshorn .... Lettuck. — Four heads : First, George 1). Moore .... Second, A. E. Hartshorn .... Third, Wyman Brothers .... Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine : First, William Proctor .... Second, Georije 1). Moore Any other variety : First, Mrs. Jolin L. (iardner. Telegraph Second. Mrs. John L. Gardner, Sion House Gratuities : — Hon. Aaron Low, Spinach W. H. Derby, Rhubarb .... Hon. Aaron Lows Collection of Potatoes Warren Henstis & Son, Collection Wyman Brothers, " A. E. Hartshorn, " George D. Moore, " April 21. Gratuity : — Warren Henstis & Son, Dandelions April 28. Gratuity : — Warren Heustis & Son, Dandelions ;^ 00 2 00 1 00 2 00 8 00 2 00 1 00 H 00 2 00 8 00 2 00 1 00 1 00 5 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 May 5. WiUiam J. Walker Fund. Asi'AKA(ius. — F'our Inmches : First, Varnum Frost Second, William H. Hunt Third, Norris F. Comley . Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine : First, George D. Moore . Second, WUliam Proctor . Third, A. F. Coolidge Any other variety : First, Mrs. John L. Gardner Second, Mrs. John L. Gardner 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 GO 3 00 2 00 220 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Spinach. — Peck : First. A. E. Hartsliorn Dandelions. — Peck : First, Varnum F^rost Second, W. H. Derby Lettuce. — Four heads : First, Edward Powell Second, W. H. Derby Third, A. li. Hartshorn llHUBARB. — Twelve stalks, open culture : First, George D. Moore . Second, A. E. Hartshorn . Third, Warren Heustis & Son . Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens : First, Edward PoweU, Frogmore Second, E. M. Bruce, Best of All Third, Francis Blake. " " Gratuities : — Mrs. E. M. Gill, Rhubarb George B. Gill, " F]dward Powell. Collection Hon. Aaron Low. " George D. Moore. " Warren Heustis & Son, " 3 00 May 12. Gratuities : — ts.. — Twelve specimens : First, Pxlward Powell, Sutton's Second, Edward PoweU, Early Horn Third, A. E. Hartshorn. Kadishks. — Four bunches of Tiiriiii) lU)()tecl : First, George 1). Moore .... Second, A. E. Hartshorn Lon<; Scarlet : First, Warren Heustis i^i Son Second, George 1). Moore AspAKAGUs. — Four bunches, twelve stalks each First, W. H. Hunt ... Second, Norris F. Comley Third, A. E. Hartshorn .... CucuMBKKS. — Pair : First, George D. Moore .... Second, J. C. Stone ..... Third, W. H. Derby LEiTUtK. — Four heads : First, Warren Heustis ^<: Son, Big Boston Second, George D. Moore, Tennisball Third, Warren Heustis & Son, " Khubahb. — Twelve stalks : First, Warren Heustis i*t Son, Victoria Second, AVarren Heustis oi Son, Seedling . Third, Edward Powell, Victoria Gratuities : — James Anderson, Parsley, Warren Heustis & Son, Collection George D. Moore, " Edward Powell, " A. E. Hartshorn, " 3 00 2 00 ;5 00 2 00 1 00 2 00 1 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 I 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 1 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 2 00 222 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. June 16. Gratm'ties :■ — W. H. Hunt, Asparagus . A. W. Crockford, Cucumbers George D. Moore, " W. C. Winter, Tomatoes . Edward Powell, Collection Mrs. John L. Gardner, " 1 OO 1 00 1 00 1 00 2 00 1 00 ROSE AND STRAWBERRY SHOW Junk 22 and 23. Beets. — Twelve Summer Turnip Uooted : First, A. E. Hartshorn Second, J. C. Stone . Third, George D. Moore Onions. — Twelve specimens : First, Edward Powell Second, Edward Powell Third, George D. Moore . Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine : First, George D. Moore Second, J. C. Stone . Third, A. W. Crockford . Any other variety : Second, Edward Powell Cabbages. — Three of any variety, trimmed First, George D. Moore . Second, George T). Moore . Third, Warren Heustis & Son . Lettuce. — Four heads of Tennisball : First, E. C. Lewis Second, George D. Moore Third, Warren Heustis & Son . Any other variety : First, E. C. Lewis Second, Edward Powell Peas. — Half-peck of Nott's Excelsior : First, J. W. Burns Second, A. E. Hartshorn . Third, Mrs. John L. Gardner Any other variety : First, Edward Powell Second, A. E. Hartshorn . Third, W. Warburton 8 00 2 00 1 00 8 00 2 oa 1 00 8 00 2 00 1 OO 2 00 3 GO 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 OO 2 00 1 00 PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 228 Gratuities: — Warren Heustis & Son, Collection George D. Moore, W. C. Winter, A. E. Hartsborn, •' W. H. Hunt. Junk 'Mu Potatoes. — Twelve specimens : First, George D. Moore Onions. — Twelve specimens : First, Edward Powell Second, George 1). Moore . Squashks. — Four Long Warted : First, J. C. Stone .... Four Scalloped : First, J. C. Stone .... Cabbages. — Three of any variety : First, George 1). Moore . Second, George D. Moore Third, Warren Heustis & Son . Beans. — Hall-peck of Wax : First, John Sheahan .... Peas. — Half-peck of American Wonder : First. A. E. Hartshorn Any other variety : First, Edward Powell, Gradus Second, E. C. Lewis, " Third. Georsre D. Moore Gratuities : — Marcellus A. Patten, Tomatoes Warren Heustis i^ Son, Collection E. C. Lewis, George D. Moore, " Edward Powell, " W. Warburton, " 5 00- 3 00 2 00 1 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 1 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 1 00 1 00 July 7. Levi Whitcomh Fund. Potatoes. — Twelve specimens : First, George D. Moore, Bovee Second, George D. Moore, Hebron Cabb.'VGi<:s. — Three Drumhead, trimmed : First, George D. Moore .... Second, George D. Moore Third, Warren Heustis & Son . 7 3 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 224 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTlCULTUItAL SOCIETY Lettuck. — Four heads : First, Miss M. S. Walker. Sutton's (iiant Second, E. C. Lewis, Salamander Third, E. C. Lewis, Deaeon Beans. — Half-peck of Wax : First, A. F. Hartshorn Second. J. C. Stone . Third. I. E. Cobnrn . Half-peck of any sj'reen variety : First. L K. Colmrn, Cranberry Second. J. C. Stone, Mohawk . Third, George 1). Moore, " Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, open culture First. E. C. Lewis . ; . . . 3 no 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 Gratuities:— George B. GiU, Peas 1 00 Warren Heustis & Son. CoIU H'tion ...... 3 00 E. C. Lewis, 2 00 George I). Moore, 2 00 A. E. Hartshorn, JlLY U. 1 00 Potatoes. — Twelve specimens : First, .L W. Burns, Bovee Second, George 1). Moore, " Third, E. C. Lewis, Bliss's Triumph Lettuce. — Four heads of Tennisball : First, A. E. Hartshorn Second, Warren Heustis ..^ Son Any other variety : First. E. C. Lewis . . . . Peas. — Half-peck of Stratagem : First, (ieorge B. Gill Second. A. E. Hartshorn Half-peck of any other variety : First. A. E. Hartshorn, Telephone Second. E. C Lewis, Carter's Daisy Third. E. C. Lewis, Gradus ToMAioKs. — Twelve specimens : First. Varnum Frost Second. .]. C. Stone . . . . Gratttitirs : — E. C. Lewis. Collection A. E. Hartshorn. " Warren Heustis ..< Son, " 3 00 2 00 1 00 2 00 1 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 225 Edward rowc-ll Collection, ...... Hon. Aaron Low. '■ ...... J. W. Hiirns. " ...... Elbridge T. (ierry, Xowi'ort, H I.. New Hybrid .Melou.- Certiflcate of Merit. JtLY 21. FoT.\r<)K.s. — Twelve specimens : First, H. II. Kinney, Somerset .... Second, K. C. Lewis Third, George 1). Moore SwKprr f'oHN.— Twelve ears of Crosby : First, George I). Moore Any other variety : First. J. C. Stone Second, (ieorge 1). Moore ..... ToMAToKs.— Twelve specimens : First, A. E. Hartshorn, .Acme Second, Varnnm Frost, Comrade .... Third. J. C. Stone. Atlantic Gratuitieti :— Edward Powell, Collection Warren Heustis & Son, '• E. C. Lewis, " J. W. Burns. Hon. Aaron Low, " .)( i.Y 28. Bekts. — Twelve specimens : First. J. C. Stone .... Second. E. C. Lewis .... Third. A. E. Hartshorn Ti'KNirs. — Twelve specimens : First. George F. Wheeler Cabbages. — Three specimens : First. Cieorge 1). Moore Second. Warren Henstis ,!i Son Third. Warren Heustis & Son Hkaxs. — Two quarts of Goddard. shelled First, I. E. Coburn .... Horticultural : First. Joseph Thori)e Second. I. E. Coburn Third, J. C. Stone ... Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens : First. A. E. Hartshorn 2 00 1 00 1 00 Fu St CI; ISS 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 1 0(J 2 00 2 00 2 00 1 00 I 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 3 00 2 GO 1 00 3 00 226 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Second, A. F. Cooliduc .... Third, J. C. Stone Egg Plant. — Fouij specimens of Konnd I'mplc First, Sumner Coolidge .... Second, A. F. Coolidge ... Gratuities: — George D. Moore, Collection E. C. Lewis, " A. E. Hartshorn, " Warren Ileustis & Son. " Hon. Aaron Low, '• 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 1 00 August 4. Cakrots. — Twelve specimens : First, W. Warburton Second, E. C. Lewis Third, A. E. Hartshorn . Salmon Fle.sh Melons. — Four sp First, George Y>. Moore . Second, Varnum Frost Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears : First, Sumner Coolidge Second, E. C. Lewis Third, George D. Moore Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens : First, W. H. Hunt . Second, Varnum Frost Third, Hon. Aaron Low Egg Plant. — Four specimens : First, Sumner Coolidge Second, Joseph Thorpe Third, A. F. Coolidge Gratuities :■ — A. E. Hartshorn, Collection . Joseph Thorpe, •' Hon. Aai'on Low, " E. C. Lewis, " 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 • 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 2 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 August 11 P0TATOE.S. — Twelve specimens : First, E. C. Lewis, Hebron Second, W. Warburton, Bovee Third, E. C. Lewis, White Elephant Onions. — Twelve specimens : First, E. C. Lewis, Prize Taker 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 227 Second, W. J. Cleinson, Prize Taker Third, W. J. Clerason, Dan vers Gkeex Flesh Melons. — Four specimens : First, A. E. Hartshorn Salmon Flesh Melons. — Four siyeciiiuiis ; First, Varnura Frost Second, George 1). Moore Third, J. C. Stone .... Celehy. — Four roots of any variety : First, A. F. Coolidge Second, Warren Ileustis i<: Son Third, W. Warburton Bi-UNS. — Two quarts of Lima : First, Sumner ("oolidge. Large Liuui Second, Sumner C'oolidge, Small Lima Two quarts of Goddard, shelled : First, A. E. Hartshorn Second, D. L. Fislce Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears of I'oiit-rs ivvce First, Mrs. E. M. Gill Second, Sumner Coolidge . Any other variety : First, A. E. Hartshorn, Moore's Second, E. C. Lewis, Crosby Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens : First, A. F. Coolidge Second, J. C. Stone .... Third, Joseph Thorpe Peppeus. — Twelve specimens of Sqiiusli : First, Hon. Aaron Low Second, N. T. Kidder Third, E. C. Lewis .... Any other variety : First, E. C. Lewis, Bull Nose . Second, E. C. Lewis, Ruby King 2 00 1 00 A 00 :! 00 2 00 1 00 :^ 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 .S 00 2 00 .{ 00 2 00 .'. 00 2 00 .5 00 2 00 1 00 i 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 Uratidties: — A. E. Hartshorn, Collection W. Warburton. Joseph Thorpe. Hon. Aaron Low, 2 00 2 00 1 00 1 00 Beets. — Twelve specimens : First, George I). Moore Second, E. C. Lewis . Third. J. C. Stone Alt; 1ST 18. 3 00 2 00 1 00 228 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY (iKKKN Klksh Melons. — Foui" specimciis : First, A. E. Hartshorn .... S.\i.MON Flksh Melons. — Four spccMuiciis : First. Varnura Frost .... Second. J. C. Stone . . . . W.vrKRMKi.oxs. — Fair : First, C. Terry ..... Second, J. C. Stone ..... C.\nBAGKS. — Three of any variety, trimmed : First, Warren Heustis & Son, Number 2 Second, Warren Heustis v<: Son. .Vll Seasons Cei-khy.^ — Four roots : First, A. F. Coolidge Second, W. Warburtou Third, Warren Heustis & Son Beans.— Two quarts of Larire Lima : First, E. C. Lewis .... Second, A. E. Hartshorn Two quarts of Small Lima : First, J. C. Stone .... Second, W. AVarburton Third, A. E. Hartshoi'n Maktynias. — Twelve specimens : First, E. S. Converse Second, E. C. Lewis Native Mushrooms. — Named collection, of not less than five edible varieties : First, Miss Alice L. (irinnell Second, Miss Ellen W. i^uuirill (TratttUies : — A. E. Hartshorn, Collection . Hon. .\aron Low. " • ■ . . . . E. C. Lewis, " Warren Heustis & Son. " ....•• 3 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 '2 DO 2 00 1 00 1 ()o 1 (HI Ar<;rsT 2.''>. GratuUieK : — A. A. Marshall, Melons . Warren Heustis & Son. Salsify Hon. Aaron Low. Collection 1 (Ml 1 (Id I (10 Si'.rir.Mr.Ki: 1. (rratuities : — (ieorjie B. Gill, Collection Mrs. E. M. Cxill, Hon .\aron Lo\\ . 1 (Id I d(i 1 (Ml PRIZES AM) <;hatuities for \k(;ktahle,^. 229 Ski'tioibkr 15. 'rrUNirs. — Twelve s|>e<'iiiieiis : First. E. ('. Lewis .... Wa iKKMKi-ON.s. — Fair : First, E. ('. Lewis .... Second, J. ('. Stone .... Third, A. E. Hartshorn . Cauliflowkrs. — Four specimens : First, C. M. Handk'V Second, W. H. Teele Third. De Souza lirothers LiriTrcE. — Four heads of any variety : First, Sumner Coolidge . Second, A. F. Coolidije Third, E. C. Lewis f'Ki.KKY. — t'our roots of any variety : First. W . Warburton Second. A. F. Coolidge Third, Joseph 'I'liorpe I'ahsi.ky. — 'Two quarts : First, W. J. Clemson Second, W.J. Clemson Bkans. — Two quarts of Larire Lima : First, Mrs. E. M. Gill Second, E. C. Lewis- Third, C. M. HantUey . SwKKT Coux. — 'Twelve ears of any variety First. (J. K Hobbins Second. E. ('. Lewis Third. A. F. Coolidjre K 00 2 00 1 00 232 MASi^ACIIl'SETTS HORTICULTUKAI. SOCIETY. Hybrid 'Puii)an : First, A. E. HartshorTi Second, E. C. Lewis Marblehead : First, E. C. Lewis Marrow : First, E. C. Lewis Second, George F. Wheeler Any other variety : First, A. E. Hartshorn, Seedlinsf Second, Hon. Aaron Low, No. 1(» Third, A. E. Hartshorn, Warren CucuMBKiJS. — Pair of Wliito Spine: First, W. A. Bruce Second, E. M. Bruce Any other variety : First, Joseph Thorpe, Emerald Second, D. T. Curtis, Japan Tree Watermelons. — Two specimens : First, E. C. Lewis . . Second, E. C. Lewis Third, Elliott Moore BiUTSSKLS Si'KoiTS. — Half-peck : First, A. E. Hartshorn Second, A. E. Hartshorn . Third, George F. Wheeler . Cakbages. — Three Drumhead, trimmed First, A. Nixon Second, Hon. Aaron Low Third, E. ('. I>ewis Ked : First, W. Warburtoii Second, E. ('. Lewis Third. .\. Nixon Savoy : First. Hon. Aaron Lov\ Second, W. Warl)Mr1on Third, A. Nixon Cattuklowehs. — Four specimens : First, ('. M. Hundley Second. W. H. I'eele Thii'd, I)e Sou/.a Brothers Celehy. — Four roots of I'aris (iolden exhibition : First, A. F. Coolidge Second, W. Warburton '{"bird. A. Nixon . . . . t kept (hirin S (10 2 (lo the ;? ()(» 2 00 H 00 2 00 1 00 M (10 2 (M) :{ 00 2 00 8 00 2 00 1 (M> 8 (lO •> ()(» 1 oo 8 00 2 oo 1 0(» •A oo 2 oo 1 oo 8 00 2 oo 1 oo r, oo 4 oo ;i (10 5 00 4 OO ;{ oo PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 238 Any other variety : First. A. Nixon. W'liite I'liiiiif . Endivk. — Four speeiiiicjis : First. E. C. Lewis Second, C. F. Curtis Third, A. E. Hartslioni . Lkttitck. — Four heads : First, A. F. Coolidiif Second. J. ('. Stone Third. E. M. Bruce . Parsley. — Two quarts : First, W. .). ("lenisoii Second. J. S. Bailey . HoRSKKADisH. — Six roots, pic-iciit year' PMrst. H. H. Kinney Second. .\. Nixon FiKLn C'OKX. — Twenty-live cars, traced First. B. V. Winch ... Second, Elliott Moore Third, Elliott Moore SwKKT CouN. — Twelve ears : First, A. E. Hartshorn Second, E. C. Lewis Third, A. Xixon ... E«G Pl.vnts. — Four Hound I'lirple: First, A. W. Crockford Second, A. F. Coolidije Third. Joseph Thorpe Tomatoes. — Twelve Aristo( raj : First. Joseph Thorpe Second, Hon. Aaron Low Third, Varnum Frost May's Favorite : First, Hon. Aaron Low Second. Varnum Frost Third. Mrs. A. \V. Spencer Stone : First. Varnum Frost Second, W. Warburton Third, Warren Heustis >.vi Son Any other variety : First, Hon. Aaron' Low, Maule's 100 1 (lO H 00 2 (»o 1 ()(> 3 oo 2 00 1 (10 ;{ oo 2 on 1 tl(V 3 oo 2 no 1 no A on 2 (!(» 1 no 3 no •> (lO 1 on 3 no 2 no 1 no 3 no 2 (Kt 1 III) -234 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. An\' other variety : First, W. Warburton, Giant Second, E. C. Lewis, Bull Nose Third, A. Nixon, Ruby King <"ri>iN.utY Herbs. — Collection, named: First, W. J. Clemson Second, A. E. Hartshorn . Third, W. \Yarburton (Tratuities : — Mrs. E. M. GiU. Beans . L. Ciieci, Gourd J. W. Burns, Collection of Fotatoes W. II Burlin, Collection of Tomatoes James Comley, Collection . Wai-ren Heustis vS: Son, '• W. J. Clemson, '• W. Warburton, E. C. Lewis 3 00 2 00 1 00 5 00 4 00 3 00 I 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 5 00 5 00 3 00 3 00 Silver Medal. Gratuity : — Mrs. E. M. Gill. Beans OCTOBKK 20. 1 00 EXHIBITION OF WINTER FRUITvS AND VEGETABLES. NovnoiBER 17 r AHSNii's. — Twelve specimens : First, A. Nixon Second. W. Heustis & Sou Third, George I). Moore . Salsify. — Twelve specimens : First, George D. Moore Second, Warren Heustis & Son Third, A. E. Hartshorn < "ucuMBERS. — Pair : First, Francis Blake Second, E. M. Bruce Third, Mrs. John L. Gardner <'abb.vgks. — Three Red. trimmed : First, A. E. Hartshorn Second, Hon. Aaron Low Third, Hon. Aaron Low Savoy : First, A. E. Hartshorn Second. A. Nixon 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 :> 00 1 00 PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 235 BuissKXS SpRons. — Half-peck : First, A. p]. Hartshorn Second, A. E. Hartshorn Third, E. S. Converse Cauliklowkrs. — Four specimens : First, CM. Handley Second, De Souza Brothers Third, W. H. Teele . Cklery. — Four roots : First, A. Nixon Second, Warren Heustis >»; Son Third, W. Warburton Lettuce. — Four heads : First, J. C. Stone Second, (leorge 1). Moore Third, Varnum Frost Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, jjrown First, W. C. Winter, Essex Second, W. C. Winter, Best of All Third. W. C. Winter. Mav's under srlass 3 00 2 00 1 00 3 0(> 2 00 1 (10 3 (m 2 00 1 00 .'; (1(1 '2 (Id 1 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 Gratuities : — A. E Hartshorn, Collection E. C. Lewis, " W. Warburton, " A. Nixon, " George D. Moore, '' Hon. Aaron Low, Warren Heustis & Son, 4 00 2 00 2 OO 2 00 2 00 1 00 1 OO Warren Howard Heustis, Chairman^\ Cephas H. Brackett, Varnum Frost, Walter Russell, Aaron Low, George D. Moore, Joshua C. Stone, Committee on, Vegetables^ REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. FOB THE YEAR 1900. By PATRICK xXORTON, Chairman. Your Committee during the past season has been called upon to visit more places than ever before, and it would seem that the <'ompetition among the various exhibitors was as unflagging as ever. The unbiassed scrutiny by your Committee of the different methods adopted to attain a certain degree of excellence, is an incentive to parties having estates in charge to excel each other in all their inidertakings, and is of the utmost importance to the landscape, the greenhouse, and the garden. The places vdsited will be treated in rotation in as brief a manner as possible, and at the end of tins report we will ai)])end a list of our awards. (1eoh(;k 1). Moohk's Lettuce House, AuLixiiToN. The tlrst ])hice for us to visit was (4eorge 1). Moore's at Arlington, to inspect a house of lettuce. 'I'he greenhouse was two hundred and forty feet long by thirty-five feet wide, antl con- tained fourteen thousand fourhvuidred lieads of lettuce, of remark- ably even growth, very compact, and completely covering the ground. The plants were set eight inches apart all over the house, leaving paths on each side and one in the middle of the house. The lettuce would be in good condition to send to market in a week from the time of our visit. REPORT or COMMITTEE ON (iARDENS. 237 ])i;. .l.vr.KZ FrsiiEu's New Method ok (iuowiNG Plants I'.y Si r.-IijHiGATiox, Fitchblkg. On the 5th of April we visited Dr. Jabez Fisher, at Fitchl)ur<);, to inspect a new method of growing phiiits of all sorts, by sub- iD'igation. This greenhouse was principally devoted to growing tomatoes. The house was one hundred an. David Nevin>?'s E.statk, Mktulen. On June 2 0th we visited Mrs. David Nevins, at Methuen. where we were received in a new house adjoinhia- tli« Memorial JJhrary orounds. It is the intention of Mrs. Nevins to remove this house and i)ut tlie tlien vacant land into the Lil)rary donnun. thereby enlariiiuii- those surrouudinos. Tlie old homestead, on the oi)i)osite side of the street, was l)eino; overhauled and repaiied, and when transformed would be re-occupied later in the season. The "ener- ous hospitality of Mrs. Nevins was rejjeated on this occasion just the same as was always exercised by the late Mr. Xevins when- ever we visited their elegant estate at South Framinghnni. It was an enjoyable day. long to be rememl)ered. Wahhkn II. IIi:i sTis's Sri; AW i;i;i;i;v (i\i;i)KN, Hki.mont. The seventh place visited was tiiat of Warren II. Ileustis, at Belmont, on the 25th of June, to inspect and sample strawberries. The two parcels consisted of about a half-acre each. The first parcel was the ]\Iarsliall, and it was wonderfully well fruited with ■exceedingly large, highly colored berries in very fine condition. Expert growers from Arlington made the statement that it was the best half -acre of strawberries they ever saw, and this was endorsed by your Committee. The othei- bed was made up of a number of varieties, planted with a view to test their quaUty and pi'oductiveness as compared with the Marshall and Belmont. Mr. Heustis's vegetable garden was in fine condition, and he was sending to market daily very large loads of the choicest kinds, which commanded a ready sale at good prices. (). B. IIadwen's Estate. Wohcestek On July IDth we visited the estate of O. B. Hadwen, at Worcester. The farm consists of about sixty acres of land, and is mostly in grass and fruit. A great many of the apple trees were grown from seed planted by him many years ago. Nearly all the other trees were set out by him and have attained great size ; some of them we measured and foimd them from nine to ten feet in circumference. Many of the trees and shrubs were of unusual rarity and beauty — very choice specimens, not often seen on any place. The planting was not to be com- 242 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. mended, as some of the rare trees and shrubs had not room enough to permit them to develop into handsome specimens. In consequence the grounds had rather a crowded appearance, which might have been obviated by giving each shrub or tree plenty of room to develop. E. S. Coxvekse's Yinery, Malden. We visited on July 26th the estate of IC. 8. Converse, at Maiden, to inspect a vinery which consisted of a span roof house containing sixteen vines averaging fourteen bunches of grapes to the vine. The fruit was in very large bunches, liighly colored, with a fine bloom, and of the first quality. There were several other houses of grapes in all stages of growth and ripening, but our attention was directed to that above described, for the fruit was in the best condition for the table. The place was kept by Mr. D. F. Roy, the gardener, in fine condition, and the judicious arrangement of greenhouse plants about the grounds gave it a sumptuous appearance seldom seen on suburban estates. Arthur F. Estahrook's Grounds, Beach Bluff. The tenth visit was to the summer residence of A. F. Estabrook, at Beach Bluff, on August 15th. The Committee was very much pleased with Barberry Lodge, and with the work j^erformed by Mr. Barker, the gardener. The grounds were in fine condition, and the various specimens of "bedding out" were a credit to the gardener. The border of sweet alyssum around the house was very fine and finished off the background of trailing and other plants most completely. The hospitality of Mr. Estabrook was only equalled by the fine appearance of his estate. The Oliver Ames Estate, North Easton. On September 7th the Committee visited Mr. Oakes Ames, at North Easton. This estate is entered for the Hunnewell Triennial Premium, and this is the second year of entry. It presented a much finer appearance than last year. The lily ponds were full of water and all the aquatics were in splendid bloom. The green- houses were full of magnificent plants, and Mr. Ames's experi- ence in crossing species and raising seedlings seemed to.be very REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 243 successful. It is a orient i)l('asuie to visit a jjlace where the owner is so deeply interested in eviMvthino; i)ertaining to the beautifying of nature. LoTHKOi' & HiGCiixs's Dahlia (Iakdens. Kast I)UI1)<;kwater. The twelfth visit this year was made to the dahlia gardens of Lothrop & Higgins, at p]ast Bridgewater. These consisted of four acres, where over four hundred kinds of the best varieties procur- able were grown. The disj)lav was veiy line :ni(l well Avorthy of the visit. Generous culture and dwarf phuits, requiring no stakes, were prominent features to be commended. Some of the cactus varieties were remarkable l)oth for color and shape. One variety was grown more particulai'ly for its beautiful fern-like foliage, for cutting to place with the flowers of the more formal varieties. CoL. P^REDEHicK Mason's \' e(;eta i'.i.e (Jakdex, Talnton. September I'Uli a visit Avas made to Taunton to inspect the A^egetable garden of Col. Frederick Mason. 'i'he gardener, Mr. E. C. Lewis, com})lained of a very dry season and that the crops suffered in conserd, I'.IOO. Mr. Patrick Norton. Dear Sn; : — We propagated sixty-five plants in November, 1899, in forty-five varieties ; as soon as roott'd, potted into two and KEPOirr OF rOMMFTTEK 0\ GARDENS. 245 a half inch pots, mid sliit'ti'd nloiio- into four inch, and so on as they required it. About the lirst of .June they oot the linnl sliift into twelve inch pots. Durinjj- the summer we discarded such varieties as did not seem suitable for that way of growing; we finished twenty-eight jilants and they filled one house tnenty feet by seventy. I pinch every second leaf from the time they are rooted till tiic middle of .Inly; it nuist be done regularly to get a well balanced specimen. In potting 1 use a mixture of sod, loam, old cow manure, and a good share of bone tiour ; we allow the flowering j)Ots to be well idled with roots before we start feeding, and for the last two years I have used Imperial Li(iuid Food for that purpose entii'ely. ap])lying it twice a week and increasing the strength as the plants r<'(jiiirc(l it: as the plants conuncnce to show color I gradnaiiy withhold it. Hoping yon arc well, Vouis truly. .loiiN I)Ai;i;. List of names of specimens : Arethusa, Mrs. F. \. Constable, Black Hawk. Mrs. II. AVeeks, Dr. Hope. Mrs. J. (i. IJreer. Edith Smith. Mrs. J. Lewis, (ieorgiana Pitcher. Mrs. X. Molineaux. Georgienne IJianihall. Mutual Friend, frolden Trophy, Feter Kay, Kate Broomhead, Phoebus. Lady Hanham, Hed Wariior. Lady Isaliel. Savannah. Louis Boehmer (two plants). Shilowa, JMarion Ilendei'son. Silver Cloud. Mongolian Prince, Fhe Baid. Mrs. E. B. Freeman, Edwako IIat( n's Estatk. Wkmiam. On the third of Xovcndier the Committee visited "The Wind- mill," the hospital)le abode of Edward ILitch, Es(j., situated on Lake Wenham. Mr. Hatch's aim is so to lieautify this place by the judicious ])lanting of trees and shrubs as to make it pleasant and agreeable to his mmierous friends when thev visit him in his 246 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. own domain. The house is prettily placed on an eminence over- looking Lake Weuham. one of the most picturesque bodies of water in this section of the country, where sailing and Mshing are enjoyed by all the lovers of those sports. Thirty-five new trees were planted this Fall, and the advice of this Committee will be taken in all future ojierations. EoMiND M. Wool) & C'o.'s Waijan Rose Houses, Natick. The last visit made this year was on the loth, of November to the Waban rose houses of Edmund M. Wood & Co., at Natick. Our object was to Inspect a house of roses. The house was three hundred and tifty-li\'e feet long l)y twenty feet wide, and contained about twenty -five hundred plants, which were planted in solid beds on .lune 2'.)tli last. The i)lants were very vigorous, remark- ably healthy, and splendidly flowered, and consisted of Brides and Bridesmaids with very large well finished l)looms. The other houses were in the same good condition, and reflected great credit on Mr. Alexander Montgomery, who has charge of the whole plant. Two new houses, erected this summer, each seven hundred feet long, were planted to American Beauty and Liberty roses, and were well worth looking at, as they are the longest houses ever visited by your Committee. The prizes awarded this year are as follows : Special Friic from the John A. Lovcll Fund: Vox the best House of Chrysanthemums urowii on benches : First, Mrs. A. W. Spencer $30 00 Society's Prizes. For the best House of Hoses : First, E. M. WoocK<: ("o 30 00 For the best House of Carnations : First, M. A. Patten 30 00 For the best House of Foreiun (irapes : First, E. S. Converse 30 00 For the l)est Strawberry (Jardeii : First, W. H. Heustis 30 00 P'or the best House of Ciu-uniliers : First. William ] 'rod or 30 00 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 247 For tlie bt'st House of Lettuce: First, George 1). Moore . For the best Vesi;etal)le (iarden : First. W. II. Ileustis 30 Of) 'M 00 (rratniti/'K. Mrs. B. F. C'lieney, House of Chrysanthcmuiiis irrowii on beuebes Lothrop & Hisi'iiins, l^alilia Garden Dr. Jabez Fisher, House of Tomatoes, irrown by sul)-irri!iation Arthur F. Estabrook, Estate O. B Hadweii. •' . . Edward Hatch, " Mrs. David Nevins. Col. Charles Pfatt". Chrysauthcnuuns on bcnclK Mrs. B. P. Cheney. House of Chrysanthenuinis in for effect Col. Frederick Mason. W'uotable (iarden s 20 00 25 00 30 00 25 00 25 00 25 00 25 00 Jilt Medal. ,1 . Silver (J pots, arranged . Silver Gilt Medal. Silver Gilt Medal. Hespt'ctfully suhinitti'd. Patuk'k XoiM'oN, Boston, (Jhairin(i)i, WlI.I.IAM AVALL.A.CE LUNT, .1. \\'o(H)\vARi> Man\in(;, E. W. Wooi>, Waruen Howaru Hki stis, Joseph H. Woodkokd, Jackson T. Dawson, Henry W. Wilson, Committee on Gardens. REPORT OF THK Committee on School Gardens and Children's Herbariums. FOR THE YEAR 19O0. Bv HENRY LINCOLN CLAPP. Chairman. In the spring of 1900 a kitchen garden was estabUshed on the grounds of the George Putnam School, Roxbnry, for reasons that have long been understood and appreciated by various authorities, educational, horticultural, and agricultural, in Europe. No influence, encouragement, or financial aid of any society, or coterie of interested neighbors was concerned in its estal)lishment. The first suggestion of using the land for a garden came from the Superintendent of Schools, Mr. K. P. Seaver. The model for planning and managing it came from Germany. 'Iliere are no models of complete school gardens in this country. The local preacher. Rev, Seth Carey, observed the children at work in the garden, back of his residence, and came to the con- clusion that the enterprise contained a lesson imixirtant enough to w^arrant him in devoting a part of his Sunday sermon to its pres- entation. Garden work woidd keep children off the streets, cul- tivate habits of industry and i-esi)eet for other peo[)le's gardens^ improve tlieir observational powers, give tliem a love for plant growth, incline them to better manners and morals, and turn their attention towards the blessings of outdoor life as an offset to the strong current tow^ard sjiop life. UEI'ORT OF COMMITTEE ON SCHOOL OARDKNS, ETC. 24!) Straightening and planting tlie ViPds. A piece of rouah. urnssy hind, four lods scumrc. \v;is ploiiahed by a friend free of eharue : the diivctor of ihc anidcn \k\u\ for manurino it, eiuhty-fonr jKipils made eiohty-fonr beds, eacli leu feet lono- and tlnee and a half feet wide, and surronnded them on all sides with walks fonrteen inches wide, and lionulit tools, seeds, and plants for carryino- out their work. The size of the l)eds is ahont the same as that of the l)eds