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SSACHUSETTS
SRICULTURAL
COLLEGE

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This book may be kept out

TWO WEEKS

only, and is subject to a fine of TWO
CENTS a day thereafter. It will be due on

the day indicated below.

Hi

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

!PasSiic|iisctts porticiiltiinil ^Bcietj),

FOE THE YEAR 1882.

PART I.

BOSTON :
POINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

18 8 2.

CHAPEL

/S^ 2.-83

The Committee on Publication and Discussion take this oppor-
tunity to repeat what they have heretofore stated, tliat the Society
is not to be, held responsible for the certainty of the statements,
the correctness of the opinions, or the accuracy of the nomenclature,
in the papers and discussions now or before published, all of
which must rest on the credit or judgment of the respective writers
or speakers, the Society undertaking only to present these papers
and discussions, or the substance of them, correctly. The
award of a prize or gratuity for an Essay is not to be understood
as implying that the Couimittee approve it in ever^' particular, but
only that they believe it calculated, on the ivJiole, to promote the
science or art of Horticulture.

Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

Hassarljusttts iorticiiltuval Socicti).

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 7, 1882.
A duly notified stated meeting was holdeu at 11 o'clock,
President Hayes in the chair.

The President delivered his annual address, as follows : —

Address of President Hayes.

Ladies and Gentlemen of the Massachusetts Hoi't I cultural Socie'y : —
From our different vocations in life we come to this meeting,
drawn together by a common interest in the charming and instruc-
tive pursuit of horticulture. We feel that it is both pleasant and
advantageous to study the developments of nature ; that it
elevates the intellectual, moral, and religious character of man to
do so ; that by association as members of this Society our work
is much lightened and our progress made more rapid and sure ;
that each one is benefited by the experience of his associates ;
and that, being, from our tastes, in close sympathy, we are cul-
tivating friendly relations with each other, thereby rendering our
intercourse the more improving, and life more agreeable. At this
opening of the year let me extend to you the most cordial greet-
ing, and best wishes for your continued prosperity and happin( ss.
In looking upon tlie work of the Society for the past year we

6 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

can see that it has made hnportaut progress. Our discussions and
discourses upon horticultural topics, and our beautiful exhibitions
of flowers, fruits, and vegetables, have never been more interest-
ing than during this period, and we are conscious that there is a
growing taste for our loved pursuit iji this community. It is ex-
tending throughout our whole land. In the autumn we received
as our guests the members of the American Pomological Society,
which has had at its head, for more than a generation, an honored
and venerable ex-president of our Societ3^ It was gratifying to
us that it was universally admitted by our guests, from the different
sections of the country, that our institution had exerted a most
important influence in the foundation, establishment, and growth
of the American Pomological Society, which ranks among tlie
first, if it is not the first, of the Pomological Societies of the world.
We had the pleasure of welcoming in these guests, gentlemen who
are distinguished horticulturists, and well known as such both at
home and abroad. We are pleased to know that the exhibition
our Societ}' made, and the hospitalities extended by us, on this
occasion, were creditable to our Societj'^, and were appreciated by
our visitors.

During the past j'ear the Executive and Finance Committees
have carried out your wishes in respect to altering, repairing, and
improving our building. I am happy to report that the entire cost
attending this work, amounting to about five thousand dollars, has
been paid without addiug to the debt of this institution. We have
now put in good repair, and improved in many respects, our halls,
besides tastefully decorating them, so that now no halls in the city
are superior to ours in convenience and beauty. By doing this we
have augmented our financial ability, as, without these repairs,
we could not let our halls at remunerative prices, competing, as we
are now obliged to do, with other proprietors of similar accommo-
dations. We canuot expect in future so large a revenue from our
halls as we received when there were not so manj' in our vicinity
competing with us.

By the rei)airs which have been made, and by the new arrange-
ments of our busiuess, our library is now an attractive room, well
adapted to our wants, aud a quiet and agreeable resort for all who
wish to use it. Those who frequent it are now no longer inter-

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT HAYES. 7

rupted by the noise and confusion attending the business opera-
tions of the Society', or by the occupants of the halls, who, not
having had, as they do now, a private office for their use,
were obliged to transact much of their business in our li-
brary room, to the great annoyance of those who were pursuing in it
their horticultural investigations. Convenient offices have been
arranged for the Treasurer and Superintendent of the building and
for the tenants of the halls, outside the library rooms. Other im-
portant improvements have been made in the building for the
comfort and convenience of the members of the Society and our
tenants.

The Society having thus provided for its immediate wants, I
invite your cooperation in the further improvement and enlarge-
ment of the business accommodations of the building, especially
that portion,below the halls, by which the revenue of the Society
may be largely increased without any expenditure of the Society's
funds. This can only be done through the labors and liberality
of our members, and others interested in our work, and I trust
that some means may be procured and methods devised for per-
manent improvements, which will add several thousands of dollars
annuallj' to our income, and increase the value and architectural
beauty of our structure.

The financial affairs of our Society and the care of our building
have been since May last faithfully attended to by our present
Treasurer, Mr. Fowle. As usual heretofore, the Treasurer is
obliged to defer his report to the next meeting, the returns from
the Mount Auburn Cemetery Corporation not being received in
season to allow him to make up his accounts for presentation at
this meeting. I learn, however, that we shall receive an income of
about twenty-two hundred dollars from Mount Auburn on account
of the last year's operations, being about one thousand dollars less
than the previous year. It is to be hoped that we may receive a
larger income in future years from this source.

We shall show, after paying the large amounts we have ex-
pended for repairs and improvements of the building, both outside
and inside, and the charges attending the care and administration
of our property, as well as all other claims against the Society,
that we had at the commencement of this year a balance of

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

between eight and nine hundred dollars in cash in our treasury.
To this will be added what we shall receive from Mount Auburn
and other sources of revenue, so that we shall have sufficient,
probably, to meet the wants of the Society for the coming year
without making any increase of our debt. We are, however, much
cramped in our proper work for want of means, and I trust meas-
ures will be adopted which shall furnish the additional income so
much needed by the Society.

I cannot speak too highly of the efficiency of your Committees
during the past year. The Committee of Ai-rangements have de-
voted much time to make our exhibitions what they should be
and have been — a credit to the Society ; and especially was the
success of the festival given in honor of the American Pomological
Society largely promoted by this Committee. The Garden, Floral,
Fruit, and Vegetable Committees have admirably done their work,
as their excellent reports fully demonstrate. The great interest
which has been excited by the Society's discussions and the essays
read at our meetings is mainly owing to the judicious and able
management of the Committee on Discussions. We are much in-
debted to the Library Committee for selecting with care and
wisdom the sterling works to be found upon our shelves, and I
feel that perhaps we have not duly appreciated how much has
been done by former as well as the present members of this Com-
mittee in so intelligentl3' and faithfully discharging their trust as
they have, by which the Society not only has been well supplied
with what was required for the daily and immediate wants of a prac-
tical, working horticultural library and reading-room, but, by a
wise appropriation of a portion of its income, costly works of
great permanent value have been obtained, so that students of
horticulture can find in our rooms the rarest and choicest works
needed by them in their investigations, which cannot be found
elsewhere in this country.

AYe are fortunate in having in our Secretary and Librarian a
gentleman devoted to horticulture, who discharges his duties in
a most satisfactory manner. Though he has already done much,
yet there are many more things to be performed, especially in
cataloguing the treasures of the library ; and no one feels the
necessity of this work more than himself. It is to be hoped that

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT HAYES. >)

as he has completed the History of the Society, and been able to
bring up the publicatiou of its Transactions nearly to the present
date, he will find time during the coming year to devise and carry
into execution measures for better opening to all, the literary and
scientific acquisitions of the Society which are under his charge.

It is of great importance that the Society should husband its
means, and have its revenue expended with discretion ; otherwise
we cannot accomplish what we should to promote in the best man-
ner its objects. To this end it is desirable that the committees, in
awarding prizes and gratuities, should strictly adhere to the
Society's rules, and give nothing except for that which is really
meritorious. If what is presented for a prize is not superior in
itself, it should receive no recognition, though it may be the best
specimen exhibited. A high standard of excellence should be
reached by the exhibitor ; otherwise the rewards of the Society
should be withheld. In this wa^' only can the funds entrusted to
the committees be judiciously expended.

A marked feature of the exhibition for the year just closed was
the Rose Show, which never was surpassed in the exhibitions of our
Society. Though the season was not propitious for many of the
growers of this lovel}^ flower, yet, in consequence of the great
competition, the best efforts of all were called out, and the result
was that most beautiful collections were presented on our tables.

The surpassing excellence of this exhibition was, in a great
measure, owing to the stimulus of special prizes of silver cups being
offered, the cost of which was defrayed by subscriptions of several
of our members. Other special prizes were offered by the gen-
erous friends of the Society ; and it is to be hoped that such prizes
may be continued this year, not only for roses, but for many other
specialties of horticulture.

Ladies and Gentlemen : In the retrospect of the year, while we are
pleased to mark the progress of the Society in its career of useful-
ness, yet it never was more evident than now that it demands of its
members their constant efforts to forward its interests. Its stand-
ard and aims are high, and ever continuing advancement in the art
and science of horticulture is expected of it. We must have an
increase of income to meet the Society's proper demands. We
cannot ask a few persons to supply our wants, but we must unit-

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

eclly work to accomplish the desh-ecl object. Each one can do some-
thing ; if not by contributions of money, he can give his intelligence,
influence, and time to accomplish the object, and assist and sustain
those who are endeavoring to help the Society by a watchful care
of its interests. We must all cooperate to improve the condition
of the Society, as the means and strength are given us ; and,
while grateful for what has been done in the past, we must not
rest satisfied with what has been achieved, but push forward in
our work, diligently and fearlessly, and ever with prudence, hav-
ing no private ends to gain, nor personal wishes to gratify ; but
at heart always and only the promotion of the welfare and ex-
tended usefulness of the Society.

On motion of C. M. Hovey, the thanks of the Society were
unanimously presented to the President for his interesting address,
and a copy was requested for publication.

On motion of Mr. Hovey, it was

Voted, Tliat the Executive and Finance Committees, together,
be a Committee to carry out the improvements in the Society's
building referred to in the President's address.

The President read a letter from Dr. E. Lewis Sturtevant, re-
signing his position on the Committee on Publication and Discus-
sion, as he had been elected Director of the New York State
Agricultural Experiment Station.

John B. Sloore, a member of the Committee, and William C.
Strong, the former Chairman, expressed their high estimation of
the services of Dr. Sturtevant, and their regret at losing him from
the Committee ; and, on their motion, the thanks of the Society
were \inanimously presented to Dr. Sturtevant for his able and
valuable services on the Committee on Publication and Discussion
and elsewhere.

On motion of E. W. Wood, seconded by AVilliam C. Strong,
William H. Hunt, of Concord, was unanimously chosen to fill the
vacancy caused by the resignation of Dr. Sturtevant.

The following approi)riations, recommended by tlie Executive
Committee at the meeting on the 5th of November, 1881, and
then laid over to this meeting, were taken up, and unanimously
passed : —

APPROPRIATIONS . 1 1

For Prizes $3,050 00

For the Library Committee, for the purchase of
magazines and newspapers, binding of books, and

incidental expenses of the Committee . . . $200 00

For the Committee on Publication and Discussion . $150 00

For the expenses of the Committee of Arrangements $250 00

The President announced that the Executive Committee had
appointed George W. Fowle, Treasurer of the Society and Super-
intendent of the Building, and Robert Manning, Secretary and
Librarian.

-John 0. Sargent, of Lenox, and
Mrs. Maria West, of Dorchester,
having been recommended by the Executive Committee, were on
ballot duly elected Life Members of the Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, Januar3- 1-4.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Ornamental Arboriculture.

Charles M. Hovey wished to make a few remarks on the general
subject. It is much deeper than the mention of particular trees.
He admired the enthusiasm of the essayist on this subject,' but
thought that he had not read up upon the subject, consulted good
authorities, or given sufficient credit to the pioneers of horticulture
in this State for their attention to arboriculture. Mr. Hove}'
quoted, from the published abstract of Professor Robinson's paper,
some statements which he thought needed a reply, and said John
Lowell wrote, in 1817, an article on native trees similar to Profes-
sor Robinson's, and seventeen years later the speaker visited Mr.
Lowell's grounds, and saw the fine specimens of native forest
trees which he had planted. General Dearborn wrote on the
subject in the " New England Farmer," year after year, and sowed

'See Transactions, Part II., 1881, page 155.

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the seeds of rock maples at his grounds iu Roxbury ; and some of
the trees raised from these seeds he transplanted to Mount Au-
burn, soon after that cemetery^ was established by this Society,
where they are now among the most beautiful ornaments of the
place. The trees planted by Governor Gore, at Waltham, are
still standing. About 1750 Ralph Inman planted an avenue
of American elms, leading to his residence in Cambridge, and four
European lindens, two of which, nearly a hundred feet high, and
a horse-chestnut tree, planted about the same time, are still
standing. There are horse-chestnuts on Brattle street, in Cam-
bridge, from a hundred to a hundred and fifty years old, in fine
condition. The Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture
(formed in 1792) offered prizes for the best plantations of forest
trees. Altliough much was done at Philadelphia iu this direction
by John Bartram, "William Hamilton, and others, a great deal
more was done on the sterile soils of this State. The trees planted
were nearly all American, and mostly elms and rock maples.
The foreign trees were confined to a few limes, horse-chestnuts,
English elms, and Norway maples. In later years, not so many
native trees were planted. The pioneers of horticulture here
were men of broad views, and interested not onh' in the cultiva-
tion of fruits and flowers, but in arboriculture, and they did every-
thing they could to extend it.

Mr. Hovey thought that Professor Robinson had not given nur-
serymen sufficient credit for what they have done to promote
arboriculture. Early in the present century Prince's nursery at
Flushing, Long Island, contained almost every native and foreign
tree then known, and they were soon after introduced here by
Ken rick and Win ship. Parmentier, whom the essayist alluded to
as having done so much, came to tliis country about 1820. The
speaker introduced the silver maple into this vicinity. In his
view nurserymen have done a great deal for arboriculture. Lists
of new trees are suggestive ; but it will not do to urge i)lanting
them generally, without some experience. Many trees from
Japan have proved hardy, but others have not, and we shall know
better about them after the test of a severe winter. In 1843 there
were not a hundred rhododendrons around Boston except the na-
tive Rhododendron maximum; soon after that time the speaker

ORNAMENTAL ARBORICULTITRE. 13

first introduced them, and began to direct attention in the " Mag"
azine of Horticulture," which he tlien edited, to the importance of
planting these beautiful shrubs, and the result is seen in the
grounds of Mr. Hunnewell, President Hayes, and others, to-day.

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner spoke of the common chestnut as suc-
ceeding under cultivation. She knew several instances where they
had been successfull}' transplanted from the woods. It grows rap-
idly. An avenue of chestnuts on one side, and locusts on the
other, was planted in Georgetown, in 1735, by the first clergyman
of the place. One of the chestnuts, now standing, measures thirteen
feet and ten inches in circumference at the smallest point of the
trunk, and though broken by storms is still stately.

Aaron D. Capen mentioned a case where one of the most valua-
ble elms in Dorchester was destroyed because a street happened to
come within six feet of it. The street was opened on condition
that the tree should be preserved ; but the next proprietor destroyed
it. Mr. Capen also spoke of the deplorable manner in which trees
are hacked and mutilated by unskilful persons, who call it pruning ;
but it is rather butchering. There is on a hill-side in Dorchester a
white oak eighteen feet in circumference at the ground and four-
teen feet and nine inches at four feet from the ground. A limb
sixty feet long, and containing a cord of wood, was blown from it
a few years ago. There are in the same town two other fine oaks,
for the safety of which he trembles ; they are all pasture oaks. The
influence of this Society should be exerted to save such trees from
destruction.

Warren H. Manning had noticed that the Scotch elms in the nurs-
ery rows are not troubled by canker-worms, while the English and
American elms in the same rows are. The European linden is
eateu by borers here, but not in its native country, while the Ameri-
can linden is free from them here. He thought that, as a general
rule, native trees are less troubled by insects here than foreign
species, and that insect enemies have more to do with their failure
here than the influence of climate.

William C. Strong was surprised to hear how much could be
said of arboriculture in this country in former daj's, and he agreed
with Mr. Hovey, that it is greatly to the credit of early horticultur-
ists that so much was done. Yet Professor Robinson's position

14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that we are still in the infancy of arboriculture remains true. One
who goes to Europe will think this is a great country, with great
capacities, 3'et to be developed.

Mr. Strong did not agree with Professor Robinson's commen-
dation of the rock maple ; but thought it was planted too much.
He placed the American elm at the head of all avenue trees. The
rock maple is too dense, while the elm has the right degree of
density, and arches gracefully over the highways. He wished to
emphasize the value of the black walnut, which is not surpassed
by any tree on the list. The finest one he ever knew was in
Newton, and was blown over b}- a gale. It is not a popular tree ;
its form is not such as to commend it in autumn or winter. Allud-
ing to Professor Robinson's opinion, that foreign trees are not
generally adapted to our soils, Mr. Strong mentioned one excep-
tion, — the Norway maple ; and said that no tree is more desirable
for cultivation here. It does not grow so straight when young as
the rock maple, but thrives better under neglect, or in grass.
There are two or three types ; the Scheidweiler's, or purple, is richer
than the purple beech, and instead of changing to a dull green
late in the season like that, it takes a fine dark green. Reitenbach's
is not so fine in spring ; it comes out variegated and changes to
very rich dark purple in the autumn. It is new and the specimens
are not large, but it promises well.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey thought Mr. Hovey's view correct, tliatraore
was done in arboriculture in former days than is generally sup-
posed. Nurserymen have attempted to introduce new varieties
of trees, but the public taste has not sustained them. Compared
with the interest felt when he was young, he thought there is now
less taste for tree culture and less regard for old trees, which he
attributed to a general decay of veneration. This marked ten-
dency to a decline in reverence he regarded as a great defect in indi-
vidual or national character. AVhat can be more improving to a
family than to have beautiful trees to look upon? He had lived
to see many beautiful trees cut down ruthlessly, and he thought
the Society should form a solid opposition to such destructive
acts ; and he asked whether it could not, by lectures or other-
wise, do something practical to create a better feeling. In his
view arboricide should be ranked with other crimes.

ORNAMENTAL ARBORICULTUEE. 15

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder spoke of the teudeucy to run after
new things, and said that while giving all honor to those who are
seeking to introdnce new and beautiful trees, we should not for-
get the pioneers in arboriculture, or the principles instilled by
Dearborn, Lowell, and Preble. They corresponded with Frangois
Andre Michaux, the author of the " North American Sylva," and
this led to his bequest to the Massachusetts Societ}' for Promoting
Agriculture, for the encouragement of the growth of American trees
and shrubs. They were in advance of their time, and had written
on arboriculture, and hence the planting of L3man and Gore at
Waltham (all American trees except a few European elms and
limes), instanced by Downing as examples of estates in the mod-
ern English style. Nathaniel Amory, in 1800, and Eben Preble,
in 1808, on the estate afterwards owned by John P. Gushing, and
now by Samuel R. Payson, planted trees on the principles of mod-
ern landscape gardening. Afterwards there was an interval which
might have led Professor Robinson to suppose that arboriculture
was neglected ; but it was one of the first things to be attended
to. The Hon. James Arnold, of New Bedford, was practically
interested in arboriculture and landscape gardening, and hence
his bequest for the promotion of arboriculture, which he entrusted
to George B. Emerson, who applied it to the establishment of the
Arnold Arboretum.

"William H. Hunt spoke of a magnificent elm which forms one
of the chief features of the landscape near his house, in Concord.
Its height is eighty-eight feet, and spread one hundred and twenty-
five feet ; the circumference at a foot from the ground tweuty-five
feet, and at the smallest part of the trunk sixteen feet. The
branches are most extraordinary ; at fifteen or sixteen feet from
the ground one measures eleven feet, one ten feet eight inches,
one nine feet, and one eight feet in circumference, and they hold
this size remarkably.

Mr. Hunt thought there is a great opening for officers of rail-
roads to do something to cultivate a taste for trees. Much can
be done in this direction at small expense. In Europe there are
delightful gardens at the railroad stations, and at many of the
hotels, where it is desired to preserve a view and not to cut off
shade, trees are trained and kept at a height of about fifteen feet.

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

George Hill spoke of the white oaks in the Waverly district in
Belmont, near the Waverly depot, which Professor Agassiz said
were the largest in the United States. One of them is twenty-
five feet in circumference, and eight feet of the trunk would make
two cords of wood. Another, which was nearly a hundred feet
high, and had been burnt inside, and has since fallen over, had a
hollow so large that Mr. Hill got into it before it had fallen, and
could lie down without touching either side.

Leander Wetherell expressed his gratification with the remarks
of Messrs. Wilder, Hovey, and Muzzey. He thought there is now
less general interest in arboriculture than there was years ago. He
spoke of his first visit to Northampton and Pittsfield, and the de-
light he felt on seeing the truly magnificent elm trees. Jenny Lind,
while living at Northampton, rode daily to Hatfield to worship un-
der the elms planted by a former generation, There is also a fine
avenue of trees at Col. Russell's " Home Farm," in Milton. No
generation has done more in arboriculture than our grandfathers,
and the present generation has reason to be ashamed that it has
done so little. The first settlers were necessarily engaged in plant-
ing for a subsistence, but they did enough in tree planting to make
themselves remembered. We are apt to magnify our own doings,
and forget what has been done by our ancestors.

President Hayes spoke of the gigantic trees which he had seen
in California, one of which was so large that he and seven other
persons rode into the hollow of its trunk. He had heard of the
crime of arboricide, and agreed with Mr. Muzzey that it deserves
punislwuent. He spoke of the interesting notices and measure-
ments, by Mr. Emerson, in his Report on the Trees of Massachu-
setts, of many of the larger trees in this State, and suggested the
appointment by the Society of a committee to make a list of the
trees in New England remarkable for their size or beauty. In-
formation in regard to such trees could be procured from agricul-
tural societies and from individuals interested, b}^ correspondence.

John IJ. Moore moved that a committee of three be appointed to
ascertain the size and location of large or otherwise interesting
trees. The motion was carried, and the Chair appointed as that
Committee Rev. A. B. Muzzey, Edward Hersey, and E. H.
Hitchings.

APPLE AND PEAPt CULTURE. 17

E. H. Hitchings spoke of an elm tree at Lancaster as the finest
known to him. At three or four feet from the ground it measures
twenty-eight feet in circumference.

The President gave notice that on the next Saturday there would
be a discussion on " The Best Method of Cultivating Pears and Ap-
ples ;" to be opened by William C. Strong, and continued by Mar-
shall P. Wilder and E. W. Wood.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 14, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the vSociety was holden at 1 1 o'clock.
President Hayes in the chair. No business being brought before
the meeting, it

Adjourned to Saturday, January 21.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

This was opened b}- the reading of the following paper: —

Apple and Pear Culture.

By William C. Strong, Newton Highlands.

In compliance with the request of your Committee to open the
discussion of so broad a theme as the Culture of the Apple and
Pear, I shall feel at liberty to leave the methods of culture to
those who ma}^ follow, and who have had an extended ex-
perience, while I confine myself to a few general observations
relating to the subject. The similarity between these, our two
largest and most important fruits, would naturally incline us to
make comparisons as to their relative merits. Yet, though they
belong to the same genus, and though certain varieties of each
species approximate to a close resemblance with the other species,
they still retain their distinct characteristics, their uses remain

18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

distinct, and it is scarcely fail- to draw a comparison between the
two. The quality of some of our best varieties of the pear in
their natural state is so delicious that, in the opinion of most,
the apple could not be placed in comparison in this respect.
Even the Gravenstein, Hubbardston Nonsuch, and Northern Spy
would be neglected, if in the same dish with the Seckel, the Doy-
enne du Cornice, and the Easter Beurre. The price of dessert
varieties of the pear is decidedly in advance of that of the apple.
It is not an overstatement to sa}' that marketable varieties of
pears will sell for from two, to three and foui-, or even six times
as much per bushel, as corresponding kind of apples.

Then, again, the apple is slow in coming into bearing — it is a long
investment, and our cultivators are impatient for quick returns.
The tree is homely, and of too coarse growth for small lots, in the
vicinity of large cities ; it is often infested with canker-worms and
caterpillars, and the fruit itself is very liable to be ruined by
insects. The pear, on the other hand, is comparatively free from
such pests. With the exception of blight (concerning which
we may not yet form definite opinions) it has no serious disease,
and we expect, with a good degree of certainty, that judicious cult-
ure will insure a uniformly fair crop. It is, therefore, a natural
result, that the pear is to a great degree superseding the apple
among cultivators in the vicinity of Boston. In my own experi-
ence, as a dealer in trees, I should say that the demand for
pear trees, in this immediate vicinity, is as twenty to one for
apple trees.

But it would be a very false conclusion to infer from these facts
that the pear is of more intrinsic value, or indeed more profitable
for general cultivation, than the apple. On the contrary we
believe that the apple, though not attaining to the highest excel-
lence as a delicious dessert fruit, is, nevertheless, the most impor-
tant and valual)le of all our fruits. We have only to consider its
perfect adaptation to our soil and climate, the ease and perma-
nence of its production, its keeping and shipi)ing qualities, and its
paramount excellence as a cheap and health-giving food, to admit
that it is, indeed, the most indispensable fruit in the list. How,
then, does it happen that apple culture has so declined in this
vicinity, whilst pear planting is continually extending? We luive

APPLE AND PEAR CULTURE. 19

alluded to the local reasons, such as the suitableness of the pear
for small lots, its health and cleanliness and early productiveness,
commending it to the favor of suburban residents. And as it is
essentially a dessert fruit, comparativel}' transient when in con-
dition for eating, it is the more desirable that it should be a home
product. Apples, on the contrary, can be kept, stored, and
shipped with comparative safet}', and hence can' always be bought
at moderate rates ; so low, indeed, that it seems cheaper to buy a
few barrels as wanted than to hire help to care for the amount
required for a famil}' supply. Then, again, the apple is so slow
in coming into bearing that we are hoping our spare land will be
wanted for house-lots long before an apple orchard would be in
its prime. But all these reasons are local, and do not touch the
main question, — the profitableness of apple culture in Massachu-
setts. It is a- fact which needs to be frequently repeated, that
our State furnishes thousands of acres of hill-slopes capable of
producing the very best results in apple culture to be found on
this continent. Taking quality into account, we should say this
is not too strong language. We seem to have the desired medium
as to extremes of heat and cold, as to poverty and over-richness of
soil, and the suitable dryness of air in autumn, to secure the
highest excellence in the quality of this fruit. If we, then, admit
that we have the facilities for producing this fruit, which is ob-
viously a necessity in every family, so important that the supply
is not likely to exceed the demand, it surely follows without say-
ing that its culture must be profitable.

Why, then, is it that we see so few examples of thrifty young
apple orchards upon our hill-sides ? Why so many old orchards
apparently going to decay ? How did it happen that in our last
year of plenty, in 1880, we were told that raising apples did not
pay at one dollar per barrel, packing free? Surely, in the very
nature of things, these questions can be answered. We can
produce as cheaply as anybody, and as good as anybody, a fruit
which everybody wants. Then it follows that it is our own fault
if we do not produce it at a remunerating rate.

I apprehend that the great trouble is that our people want a
quicker way to make a livelihood. No doubt the apple is the
slowest of all our fruits to make fair returns. It requires consid-

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

erable capital to start an orchard, and wait long years for gradual
returns. Quick annual returns, from the fertile fields at the West,
are more attractive to the sons of our New England farmers. The
young blood is drawn away, and the old homestead runs down. It
is certainly true that the apple orchards of the State are far from
being what they might be. There has not Ijeen that degree of at-
tention paid to their culture that has been given to the pear, though
the latter cannot claim equal importance. And Nature's very
prodigality has been a prominent cause of this result.

How often do we hear it said that apples are so cheap it does
not pay to raise them ! Has it ever occurred to these objectors at
how surprisingly low cost Nature has provided this fruit? There
the tree stands, loaded almost to breaking, wide-spreading ; you
can stand under one tree and pick the fruit by the barrel.
With such bountiful returns it ought to be your pride to pro-
duce the largest quantities at the minimum cost, with the spirit of
our manufacturers, who are ready to compete with all the world.

In this case you have all the conditions for a successful enter-
prise. You have the very best climate without cost ; you have
most suitable land at a low cost ; you are near to markets and a
seaport ; the amount of work and of hired labor involved is not
proportionately large ; you have a solid basis of value upon which
to rely, and have ample time in which to meet all the requirements
of the business.

It is your own fault if 30U do not make a steady and consider-
able gain in the course of years. But, we admit, the beginning
of the enterprise is a wearisome process. You are inclined many
times to ask if you shall live to see those small trees come into
bearing. You tliink of the labor expended, and the interest rolling
up, before yoli can receive a dollar in return ; and when you see
so many other wa3^s opening which give promise of quick returns
it is no wonder that you hesitate about choosing this.

It is time to consider whether the State should not extend a
fostering hand to this industry ; whether some equivalent to a pro-
tective tariff — some encouragement to orchard planting, like pre-
miums for size of orchards and for culture, should be established.

There is present need of a new stimulus in apple raising.
Hundreds of decaying farms need to be rescued. Our young men

APPLE AND PEAR CULTURE. 21

should be encouraged to retain the homestead and invest in trees
which will anchor them for life. Apple orcharding is a far more
permanent and reliable investment than the cultivation of any
other fruit. Hence the importance of attracting capital in this
direction. Tiiere can be no doubt that the taxable value of our
State could be materially increased if some policj' were adopted to
cover our hill-sides with apple orchards. With the increased facil-
ities for shipment, there would be no danger of an over-supply of
fruit. If the cost is reduced to a minimum there will be no limit
to a remunerating demand. Consider, also, that our own popula-
tion doubles every twenty-five years. It is high time the trees
were started for our coming population of one hundred millions.

A few words as to varieties. Here we come upon a sore evil, and a
great source of discouragement to progress in planting. It is bad
enough to experiment with new candidates for favor among the
small fruits ; yet the trial lasts only for one season in the case of
the strawberry, and you can plough your patch and stand waiting
to be annuallj' victimized with each succeeding wonder. But it is
a long process in the case of the apple and the pear, and when
once you have a variety it is awkward to make a change, and the
chances are ten to one that it becomes a fixture. Thus the most
ordinary kinds are perpetuated, generation after generation, oc-
cupying the place of their betters and dragging down the standard
to their low level. What immense injury has been done to pear
culture, for example, by the dissemination of second, and third,
and fourth-rate kinds, which come to be only a vexation and a
nuisance to the producer ! What a revulsion of feeling must come
to one who has watched the luxuriant growth of the BufFum
pear, for example, when he finds himself loaded with a fruit which
he is distressed to see rotting on his hands, though he would have
gladly given it away if he could have found any one innocent
enough to receive it ! It is a serious misfortune that the satisfac-
tion in fine varieties is so largely counterbalanced by the incubus
of kinds which we cannot sell, but which we think are too good
to throw away. And we are forced to admit that the nurserymen
are answerable to a large extent for this sttite of things. For one
I am disposed to plead guilty. "I do remember my faults this
day." Doubtless I have contributed my share in swelling the list

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of second-rate varieties, when an intelligent firmness might have
persuaded my customers to "take only the best." But my re-
solve is to sin no more in this direction. I am persuaded that the
multiplication of varieties of fruits is a decided evil, unless some
peculiarity is developed which is clearly an advance. It is true
we are profited by exhibitions of large collections of varieties, and
we are thankful to those cultivators Avho can afford us the instruc-
tion derived from noting the descending shades of inferiority in
the long list. Mr. President, I believe in infinite variety in orna-
mental plants. The infinite Creator has placed no limit to the
diversity of his works, each having an individual excellence, pecu-
liar to itself. In the culture of plants variety is an essential
element of pleasure. The rose amateur, who notes the differing
shades and forms in a collection of several hundred varieties, has
an exquisite pleasure in studying the endless diversity of beauty.
To cultivate and develop this diversity in trees and plants is legiti-
mate and desirable.

But we test our fruits by a different standard ; the proof with
them, as with some other things, is in the eating. Taking this
very practical test, in connection with the habits of the kinds, we
may limit the amateur to a score of varieties of peais and half
that number of apples. Most cultivators for market purposes
would confine themselves to the Bartlett and Beurre d'Anjou for
pears, and Gravenstein and Baldwin for apples. The objection
to this narrow confinement is that the season of these fruits is not
covered by these two varieties of each. We must add early, in-
termediate, and late kinds, to cover the nine months when these
fruits are in perfection. But it is a noteworthy fact that ex-
perienced orchardists limit themselves to three or four, or, as an
extreme, to six kinds. In my judgment it is quite time that this
Society should assist the general, unsuspecting public in the same
direction. We have offered prizes for long lists of kinds. Now
let us publish the simple truth that there are but few kinds worthy
of general culture. We shall find an appreciative and thankful
audience, and may rest assuied that we can thereby save them
from a great amount of disappointment. In this connection, is it
not a singularly noticeable fact that in many products of the soil
the species has one leading variety at differing epochs, which for

APPLE AND PEAR CULTURE. 23

its time stands out facile princeps ? For example : we may at the
present date name tlie Early Rose among potatoes, the Crawford's
Early of peaches, the Bartlett of pears, the Baldwin of apples,
and the Concord of grapes ; though we may wince as we add this
last, and will admit that we are not satisfied with some of the rest.
Yet so the list stands today. All honor to every effort to obtain
improved varieties. No one appreciates them more than I.
Changes will come ; we are in a fair way to displace the Concord
grape, at least. Meantime we can do good service in the opposite
direction 1»y warning the public against the thousand and one com-
monplace kinds, which cannot satisfy. While we confidently look
for advances and improvements in varieties, still we are not to
forget that we have limited numbers of kinds of decided superiority,
and that it is our duty to place these prominently in front, remem-
bering tlie wise rule to " prove all things, and hold fast that
which is good."

Discussion.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder expressed admiration of Mr. Strong's
desire to reduce the list of fruits while embracing all the excel-
lences. It is what we have all been trying to do for many 3'ears.
The speaker knew no other way to ascertain the most valuable
fruits than to prove everything that comes up, and cast away
what is not good. He had pursued this course until it had cost
him twenty or thirt}' thousand dollars, and nine out of ten of the
pears tested were not desirable. Tlie late A. J. Downing re-
marked, nearly forty years ago, on the mania for pears in the
Adcinity of Boston. Every new variety was seized upon and
tested as soon as heard of. As one result of this enthusiasm we
have gained, along with many other valuable acquisitions, two
fine pears, — the Bartlett and Beurre d'Anjou, which will grow
wherever any pears will grow.

There is no difficulty in improving the apple, or in encouraging
its culture. Within a few years there has grown up a great
interest in the shipping of apples, and the exportation of pears
will follow. New Hampshire, in 1880, sent 250,000 barrels of
apples to this market. They can be grown at a profit on our hill-
sides, but not where land is worth twenty -five cents a square foot.

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUBAL SOCIETY.

It is a singular fact that New Euglaud has produced the three
best apples, taking all things into consideration, including shipping
qualities, — the Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, and Roxbury
Russet.

Of all the apples exported from Boston, ninety per cent, are
Baldwins. Red apples bring a higher price than green or yellow
kinds. The Lady apple sells at a higher price in London than
any other kind ; but the demand is limited. The speaker thought
that the cultivation of apples should be encouraged in every
proper way, but he was not ready to say that he approved of the
offer of premiums by the State. He had spoken rather disparag-
ingly of the everlasting desire for new things, because much of
it grows out of fashion, though this is less the case with fruits
than with flowers. In our desire for new things we have passed
by many very desirable fruits, among which is the Due de Brabant
pear, introduced forty years ago under the name of Merveille de
Charneux. It makes a beautiful tree, and is a large and handsome
fruit, excellent in all its characteristics, though perhaps a little too
sweet. The pear sent out by the late Francis Dana as one of his
seedlings, under the name of General "Warren, has proved identi-
cal with this. Another neglected pear is the Emile d'Heyst, a
variety of most extraordinary excellence in every way ; named for
a son of L. E. Berckmans. It makes a capital tree, which holds its
foliage until frost. It bears in great clusters of sometimes as
many as eleven pears, and must be thinned. It is one of the best
pears introduced in the last half century. The Dr. Lentier pear
is as large and beautiful as the Bartlett ; it ripens in October and
November, and has beautiful foliage, which remains dark green
until frost. The Souvenir du Conor^s was first exhibited at the
World's Fair, at Paris, in 18G7, where the speaker saw it. It is a
seedling of the Bartlett, and ripens at the same time, but is free
from the musky odor of its parent. It keeps sound at the core,
and the tree is a vigorous grower.

Mr. Strong remarked that the tree suffers in winter.

Mr. Wilder said that he had had six or seven bushels of the
fruit, and considered it a valuable acquisition, and that the tree
was as hardy with him as any tree.

Jm regard to some American pears his experience differs from

APPLE AND PEAR CULTUPvE. 25

that of some who have not had so much. Complaints are made
that the Clapp's Favorite rots at the core ; but he had found it keep
as well as any other summer pear. They must be gathered early,
— about the middle of August. In 1867 Mr. Clapp had gathered
all his by the 20th of August, some of which the speaker carried
to the meeting of the American Pomological Society at St. Louis,
where they were tested by Dr. Thurber and others, on the 13th of
September, and found sound. It is the largest and handsomest
early pear, and, if picked early, is all that can be asked for.

There is a class of pears which it is very important to secure, —
varieties which make large, robust trees. Among these is the
Buffum, the value of which is not generally understood ; but the
speaker had found his trees more profitable than any other variety
except Beurre d'Anjou and Merriam. One of them has borne
twenty bushels in one season ; last year it bore fourteen bushels.
They must be picked early, and then the}^ will color finel3^ Speci-
mens thus treated were pronounced by the late A. J. Downing
nearly equal to Seckels. The speaker has a Rartlett and a
Buffum, of the same age, standing side by side, and the latter is
two or three times the size of the former, and will bear fifteen
bushels when the Bartlett will not give five. Thej' bear as much
as an apple tree, and generally" every year ; and the fruit when sent
to maiket is just what the million want. The Beiirre Hardy,
Paradis cl'Automne, and Doj^enne Boussock, are all strong growers
and abundant bearers. He has trees of all, twenty-five feet high.
He picks a portion of his Doj'enne Boussocks in August, so as to
relieve the tree, and give it force to form fruit buds for the next
year. The Paradis d'Automne is nearly as large and handsome
as the Beurre Bosc. The Brandywine makes as large and fine a
tree as the Buffum. The Harris, one of the Messrs. Clapp's seed-
lings, is scarcely excelled in quality. The Admiral Farragut and
President, two of Dr. Shurtleff's seedlings, though not of the
highest quality, are good enough, and the fruit is of large size, and
they make excellent trees. Russet pears take the eye in the market,
when well ripened. The Buffum is a little russety ; the Brandj'wine,
Harris, and Paradis d'Automne have more russet. The Merriam is
a little russety ; to develop its quality to the highest extent it must
be picked earl}-, but for market it may be left on the tree longer.

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In coucludiug, Mr. Wilder advised all to sow the seeds of fruits
in the hope of producing improved varieties ; to keep on as long
as they live, and to teach their children to follow their example,
and future generations will bless them for it. Why, he asked,
should we not raise anotlier apple as productive and profitable as
the Baldwin, with greater refinement and delicacy, or a pear as
rich as the Dana's Hovey, but two or three times as large? John
J. Thomas has remarked on the wide field open for the production
by hybridizing of improved varieties of the pear, apple, currant,
and gooseberry.

Leander Wetherell said that the Newtown Pippin brings a higher
price in England than any other American apple, and asked why
that variety is not grown in Massachusetts.

Mr. Wilder said that the Newtown Pippins are apt to be spotted
and smutty ; but, if good specimens can be produced, they bring as
much as Lady apples.

E. W. Wood, Cliairman of the Fruit Committee, was next called
on, and said that, when asked to follow two such veterans as Mr.
Strong and Mr. Wilder, he could only give his observations. We
must divide growers into two classes : first, amateurs ; and, second,
those who grow to make money. The requirements of the former
are very different from those of the latter. The amateur can in-
dulge in all the varieties mentioned by Mr. Wilder ; the grower for
market must restrict himself. The late Josiah Stickney, Ex-
President of this Society, who cultivated two thousand pear trees,
told the speaker that if he were to plant a hundred pear trees for
profit they should all be Bartletts. This variety grows quickly,
bears young and regularly, and ripens at a time wiien j^ou can
drive your wagon into the orchard and fill it and drive to market.
The Beurre d'Anjou and other winter pears must hang on the tree
until the 10th or 15th of October, and if you have no regular fruit-
room to keep them in they are a great deal of trouble. As Mr.
Stickney said, "There is a great deal of detail in growing winter
pears." It is no advantage to amateurs to have three or four trees
of a kind; one tree will, when grown, supply all that an ordinary
family will want of one variety ; and it is very disagreeable to see
fruit wasting. Dealers will recommend very few varieties. Until
last year the speaker had classed the Clnpp's Favorite among the

APPLE AND PEAR CULTURE. 27

market pears, but last year the trees blighted more than any other
variety.

Mr. Wilder said that while Mr. Clapp had lost nearly all his
Clapp's Favorite trees, he had himself lost none of that variet3^

Mr. Wood said that Messrs Clapp's experience was that of many
others. The blight is the worst feature of pear growing, as a mat-
ter of business. He knew two or three pear orchards, of several
acres each, that have been ruined by blight. Few Bartlett,
Seckel, or Beiirre d' Aujou trees are affected by blight ; the Vicar of
Winkfield, Beurre Bosc, and Clapp's Favorite are badly affected.
We must select from the former class. The Bartlett fills the mar-
ket in its season, and some growers get as much fruit as from any
variety. It can be grown with less thinning than other varieties ;
but if one-third is picked early — before fully grown — they will
bring as much as the main crop. Large growers average from one
to three dollars per bushel for this variety ; the latter price for the
early ones. It is applicable to more uses than almost any other
kind ; it is one of the most valuable for canning : and the use of
canned fruit has become almost universal. Ex-President Stickney
said that the demand for Bartletts increases faster than the supply.

Among autumn pears, said Mr. W^ood, Mr. Wilder has men-
tioned some of the older kinds ; but newer ones are taking their
places. The speaker could not recommend either the Buffum or
Doyenne Boussock, for he could not get an average of over seven-
t^'-five cents per l)ushel for them, when Bartletts would average
a dollar and seventy-five cents. The Beurre Bosc is one of the most
profitable ; last year they brought from two dollars and a half to
two dollars and three-quarters per bushel. A ten-3'ear-old tree
bore four bushels. In dry seasons the leaves sometimes fall ; but
in moist ground it always does well. A lady who always showed
fine Beurre Boscs used to have the leaves fall, but mulched and
watered her trees, and then had no more trouble. The Dana's Hovey
comes a little later ; it is small, but that is the only objection to it.
He would plant a proportion for mai'ket, for no other variety will
command so high a price ; they brought five dollars per bushel last
year. No other pear of its season is of so fine quality for dessert.
It bears in clusters, and it is considerable work to tliin the crop ;
but this must be done, as with the Seckel, and if treated like the

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Seckel it is just as valuable. The Duchesse d'Augouleme comes
next in general estimation as a market pear ; but the speaker could
do nothing with it. The wants of standard and dwarf pears are
entirely different, and to succeed with either it is necessary to know
their wants. The quince tree grows naturally on river banks, and
grafting it with the pear does not change its nature. On gravelly
soils trees on quince roots endure but a few years ; on strong soils
they succeed and root from the callus, or if they do not they can
be made to in every instance by puncturing the callus with a
knife or gouge. In this way a perfect set of roots can be secured
instead of a single large root on one side. The Duchesse as a
standard would hardly bear for ten years, while dwarfs will bear
young and produce all exhibition specimens. The Beurre d'Anjou
conies next, and the speaker agreed with all that could be said in
its praise. The Revere cultivators would recommend Beurre
Clairgeau, which brings as high a price as the Beurre d'Anjou ; but
the market for it is limited. Nine-tenths of all that are sold go
to hotels and restaurants, where they are preferred by the keepers
— not by the guests — to pears of finer quality, because they last
longer. A dish of this variety is as handsome as a bouquet.

The apple is the fruit of New England. The speaker believed
that a change is going on in regard to the views taken of the profit
of cultivating the apple, and that we shall see this fruit more
prominent every year. When the President of the American
Poraological Society stated, a few yeai's ago, that the market for
American apples was as firmly established in Europe as that for
American wheat, few people recognized the fact; but, in 1880,
1,346,000 barrels were exported.

The apple is a farm product, and as a State Society we have a
great interest in its cultivation. Massachusetts is most favorably
situated of any of the States to satisfy the foreign demand, that
is sure to increase. Apple trees are large and spreading, and take
up too much land when it is as valuable as it is within ten miles
from Boston ; but where land is not worth over fifty dollars per
acre they can be grown profitably. Mr. Wood thought Mr.
Strong's paper was not sufficiently encouraging ; he put the re-
turns from planting apple orcliards too far in the distance. Mr.
Wood, if he had plenty of hind, would set apple trees forty feet

applp: and pear culture. 29

apart, and plant between them three times as man}' peach trees,
which would give a crop in three years, and die before the apple
trees needed the room. We have reports of apple crops in eight
years from the time of planting. It has not been the practice to
give apple trees a fair chance. The laud is not lost if j'ou plant
only apples, for crops of vegetables can be grown between the
trees. Mnny farmers have set apple trees only along the margins of
their fields, which is both ornamental and agreeable, and, while it
does not injure the fields, gives better fruit than a solid orchard.
The speaker mentioned an instance where a new road was made
through an old orchard, and below the road the trees took a new
start. With little eflfort we can get more apples and money from
our orchards in the " odd year " than we do now. In 1874 Mr.
Wood grafted two small trees with the Hiibbardston Nonsuch ; in

1878 they blossomed, and his bo3^s picked off the blossoms; in

1879 the blossoms were left on ; in 1880 they had comparatively
few blossoms, and in 1881 the}'' gave five bushels of apples each,
while the tree from which the scions were taken did not show a
blossom that j'ear.

Mr. Wood spoke of an orchard in Marshfield from which the
owner picked off the bloss^oms for three successive ^^ears, which so
fixed the habit of bearing on the odd year that he never had to
pick them off afterwards.

Charles M. Hovey said that the essayist had given us a very
excellent paper, though he had not adhered very closely to the
subject assigned. The speaker thought the great subject should
occupy us rather than details. He was glad that Mr. Strong had
recommended us to try everything and hold fast to that which is
good. We can just as well take twenty-four or forty-eight varie-
ties of roses as we can the same number of pears. Mr. Hovey
would like to have many varieties of roses and dahlias, and the
same with pears. He wants a different pear on his table every
da7", even if it will not sell in the market. We must consider the
wants of amateurs. How should we ever have arrived at a knowl-
edge of the Beurre d'Anjou, Doyenne du Cornice, and Dana's
Hove}', but for the persistent trials of every new fruit? The
Dana's Hovey was introduced in 1854, and now its merits are just
being recognized. The tree is most beautiful, and the leaf is as

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORl ICULTURAL SOCIETY.

handsome as the new leaf of the camelia. The fruit is superior to
the Seckel. He had fifty bushels of Seckels, which sold for a
dollar and a half per bushel, and a neighbor sold an extra quality
for two dollars per bushel. The dealer who bought these offered
fifty dollars for ten bushels of the best Dana's Hoveys, just as
picked.

The speaker did not wish to increase the taxes on orchard land ;
high taxes would ruin apple culture in New England. Fruit
culture ought to be protected as well as manufacturing, if the pol-
icy is the correct one. A farmer sends apples to England, and
gets three dollars and eighty-seven cents, net, per barrel for them,
and orders his agent to send him broadcloth ; but he has to pay as
much for each yard as he receives for a barrel of apples.

Mr. Hovey said that Mr. Strong had stated the price of pears at
from three to six times as much as apples. The highest price the
speaker ever received for pears was in 1870, when he sold three
bushels of Seckels for twelve dollars per bushel ; last year he re-
ceived only two dollars per bushel. Last fall Merriam pears sold
for from three and a half to four dollars per barrel, and Graven-
stein and Baldwin apples were worth as much. Mr. Strong was
thinking of old times. No other pear than the Dana's Hovey,
unless some very fancy specimens, brought over two dollars per
bushel last year. When Gravensteiu apples were worth from two
to three dollars per bushel, Beurre Superflu pears brought only
one dollar. This does not look as though pears were worth from
three to six times as much as apples. Pears are a perishable
fruit, and, moreover, the general demand for them ceases with the
coming of cool weather. Twenty thousand baskets of pears
could not be sold in Boston now at any reasonable price. Bart-
letts. come when they are wanted, and this makes them the pear of
pears. He agreed with the late Mr. Stickney as to the value of
the Bartlett. The speaker has two thousand bearing pear trees,
which bore a thousand bushels last year ; if the}' had been all
Bartletts they would have brought tweuty-five hundred dollars ;
but they averaged only about a dollar and a half per bushel. He
would not, however, cut off and graft any variety until he had
ascertained its value.

Mr. Wilder said that it takes time to learn the comparative

APPLE AND PEAR CULTURE. 31

value of pears. In October last the market-men offered him two
dollars per bushel for his crop of Beurre d'Anjous, which is
mucli less than they bring in years when there is not such a super-
abundance as there was then.

It was unanimously voted to continue the discussion on the
next Saturday.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey, chairman of the Committee appointed at
the last meeting to investigate and record all facts in regard to
trees interesting for their size, age, beauty, or historical associa-
tions, expressed the desire that all who are acquainted with such
trees, or have information in regard to them, would communicate
it to the Committee. It was voted to add two members to the
Committee, and the Chair appointed Leauder Wetherell and John
B. Moore.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, Januar}^ 21, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Hon. Francis B. Hayes, President, in the chair. No business
being brought before the meeting, it

Adjourned to Saturday, .lanuary 28th.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The subject was "Apple and Pear Culture," continued from
the last week. The following paper was read : —

New Varieties of Pears.

By J. W. Talbot, Norwood.

When a work is completed we like to know how it was done.
If only half done, we certainly need to understand the process in
order to finish it. This applies to the improvement and introduc-
tion of new varieties of pears. Van Mons, of Belgium, obtained
and introduced several new and very valuable varieties of pears ;

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

but that he did it nnderstandingly is doubted by mauy of our
best thinkers and workers. " He biiilded better than he knew."
He adopted the theory that the seed of a good pear would pro-
duce an inferior fruit, and that to improve our kinds we must
plant the seeds of wild fruit, and replant from them, and so on
for several generations. He tried this, and really improved his
fruit, and thought he had proved his theory correct ; but he was
mistaken, for he had overlooked one very important factor, which,
without his knowledge, had really changed the result. If he had
planted his wild seeds isolated from all other pears he would have
found each succeeding generation precisely the same. But, plant-
ing beside other and better pears, each succeeding generation was
improved by cross-fertilization. This was his mistake.

AVhcn Francis Dana, of Roxbury, selected seeds from the best
varieties in his little garden, — seeds that had already been crossed
only by the other choice varieties allowed to groAV there, — and from
one lot of seeds obtained more choice new varieties than Van
Mons did in a long lifetime, it was apparent that he had refuted
the theory of Van Mons. And here is where we stand now. The
decision given last Saturday, bj' such men as Col. Wilder, Messrs.
Hovey, Strong, Wood, and others, that Dana's Hovey is the best
pear extant, not only approves the manner in which it was
obtained, but demonstrates that cross-fertilizing, or hybridizing,
the best varieties, is the sure way to success, and leaves us in the
best position to go on to still higher attainments.

While it is possible that Mr. Dana also " builded better than
he knew," still he took the way to remarkable success, — obtain-
ing more good, and remarkably good, varieties from one lot of
seeds than ever before known. And the gloi-y of the thing is that
the work is still onward. While men like Mr. Dana, Mr. Clapp,
and others are crossing the best pears, Mr. Bull, Capt. Moore,
Mr. Ricketts, and others are among the grapes, Col. Wilder, Mr.
Ilovey, Mr. Strong, our worth}' president, and a host of others,
are among the flowers, surely the work is going on.

The Horticultural Society need not be ashamed of its work,
and I trust these faithful workers will not lay down their oars
wliile new fields are to be investigated, and new laurels won.
Mr. Dana's first experiment is not yet completed. Just before he

NEW VARIETIES OF PEARS. 33

laid off his liaroess he caused the last of his first lot of seedlings to
be taken up and put into the hand of Col. Eliphalet Stone, saying
to him, " I have alread}' put out several ver}'^ valuable kinds, and
there may be others among these better than any I have fruited. ' '
And if the gentlemen of the Fruit Committee, with Col. Wilder and
Mr. Charles Downing, — whose judgment everybody respects, —
have not made a decided mistake in their decision, the Seckel and
Dana's Hovey will, find a noble compeer in the President Clark,
and probably in the Student, two more of Dana's seedlings.
But while the remarkable success of Mr. Dana and Mr. Clapp
has refuted Van Mons's theory, we shall do well to have the
testimony of physiology upon the subject. It is now almost
universally admitted that good culture and favorable circum-
stances will somewhat improve the size and quality of natural
fruit, 3'et these will not essentially change its peculiar charac-
teristics. It is equally true that wild fruit, growing isolated,
does not change its character in successive generations. The
well-known laws and methods of plant growth confirm this view.
William S. Clark, when president of our Agricultural College,
in his invaluable essay, which Agassiz pronounced a revelation to
physiologists that will rank our college among the scientific insti-
tutions of the world — in that essay, which evinces a thorough ac-
quaintance with Prantl, Sachs, and all writers of note on the sub-
ject, called attention to the fact that while all plants and trees are
composed of an infinite number of cells, yet from every one of
these living cells, whether taken from the root, branch, leaf, bud,
or seed, of a natural tree, can be produced a perfect tree, and that
every tree thus reproduced will be precisely of the same kind. In-
deed, the supposition is, that every tree or plant is formed or
proceeds from a single cell. When one cell is formed, it imme-
diately divides itself and forms two. These divide again, and so
on, till from that first cell a whole tree of precisely the same nature
is formed. These little cells, though alike when first formed, soon
vary in size, shape, and function ; still all are of the same natui'c,
and all tend alike to build up the tree, and afterward to propagate
its kind by its own seed. No natural tree ever changes its nature
or its kind of fruit of its own accord. When this process of cell
building has matured a tree, the work of propagation is com-

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

menced by another kind of cells, called fruit cells, or rather fruit
buds. When these have blossomed there is found in the blossoms
still another class of cells, called male and female cells.

The pollen of the blossom is composed of independent sperm or
male cells, which detach themselves from the blossom and find
their way, or are carried, to the germ or female cells, when the
male soon disappears, and the female cell is found to contain an
embryo plant, in what we call a seed, soon to be surrounded by
the pulp of the fruit. This is the commencement of propagation
by seed, and here the yieiv varieties are formed. If the pollen or
male cell is of the same kind, the embryo plant in the seed will be
true to its kind ; but if a male cell of another kind unite with the
germ cell, the embryo plant in the cell or seed will be a hybrid or
mixed cell, partaking of the nature of both kinds, but in itself will
be a new and independent variety. It becomes a perfect embryo
cell, and one from which not only a new plant is to be formed, but a
new variety, as tenacious of its kind and peculiarities as any
natural plant. It can never essentially change, except from the
influence of some other plant, in the same way as it was itself
formed. We can now see whence come our new varieties. When
the germ or female cell in Mr. Dana's Seckel united with a pollen
or male cell from his AVinter Nelis, a new embrj-o cell or seed was
formed, and that cell was Dana's Hovey, and every particle of
that kind of wood in the world came from that one cell. Again,
when the germ cell of Mr. Dana's Seckel was united with the male
cell from the Belle Lucrative, the embryo cell of the President
Clark was originated. When the germ cell of Mr. Clapp's Bartlett
was united with the pollen or male cell of the Flemish Beautj',
Clapp's Favorite was the result.

This is cross-fertilization, and it matters not whether these male
cells were carried by the wind, by insects, or by Mr. AVilder's
camel's-hair pencil, that has done so much such work ; if the two
cells are united, the result is equally a cross.

In this way came the Bartlett, the Seckel, the Baldwin, the
Gravenstein ; indeed every seedling that differs from the parent
tree. Now, I suppose there is very little doubt in any well-in-
formed mind that this is the way in which new varieties of fruit
are obtained. But there is another matter, somewhat related.

NEW VARIETIES OF PEARS. 35

about which there will be more difference of opinion. Sometimes
nature is forced out of her regular course and produces some very
curious anomalies. When, for instance, a tree bears sweet and
sour apples united, — two halves of different apples apparently
joined together, — and the trees continue to do it for a century or
more, the quality being transmitted to other trees ; when a limb
that has always borne Baldwins, without any apparent cause sud-
denly bears russete ; in short, when we see the large class of
wonders which we call sjjorts because we cannot understand them,
we ask, when shall we understand these? I think President Clark,
in his essay before the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture, in
1870, hit upon an advanced idea, which we may sometime better
understand. Speaking of the mixing of qualities in hybrid fruits
and flowers, and of sports by grafting, he says it ma}' be possible
that a part of 'a cell of the graft may unite with a part of the cell
of the stock, and thus form a kind of mechanically crossed cell
which will produce itself with infinite variations. May not this
be the key to the mixed apple ; to Mr. Meehan's experiments
with split buds ; and to a nuiltitude of wonders that have long
perplexed the curious? But these are of little importance com-
pared with the process of hybridizing, which is giving us our
best varieties of fruits and flowers.

Discussion.

Charles M. Hovey said that, according to his observation of the
experiments which have been made in raising new pears, the essay-
ist is correct. The practice of Van Mons's method would result,
even without cross-fertilization, in the production of new varieties.
We have the Seckel, Lawrence, Pratt, Sheldon, Brandywine, and
other fine pears, of the origin of which we know nothing more
than that they were found growing wild, and are not the results
of artificial fertilization. Those who raise new fruits are often
mistaken in regard to their parentage ; for it is exceedingly diffi-
cult to keep correct records, and fruits are thought to be seedlings
which are not. Van Mons received the Fondante des Bois pear
and grafted it in his nursery, and when Mr. Braddick visited
him he extolled the Beurre Spence, which he claimed as one of
his seedlings, as the finest of all pears ; but this has finally proved,

36 ' MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

after repeated attempts to obtain the true variety, to be only the
Fondante des Bois, or, as it is commonly called here, the Flemish
Beauty. Many years ago, when the Lewis pear was introduced,
the speaker planted six or eight trees ; but it proved to be a small,
green, unprofitable fruit, and he grafted them over with Beurre
Bosc. Two or three years ago he found on some of his Beurre
Bosc trees a small green pear, which would have led some persons
to suppose that the Bosc had sported ; but it proved that the man
who was sent to cut Bosc scions, from the trees which had origi-
nally been Lewis, had cut the shoots which often spring from the
grafted branches.

The Sheldon, which is one of the finest of pears, has not been
appreciated, but, on the contrary, is not in so good demand as a
few years ago, and the speaker asked why the price of the varie-
ties of finer quality, like Sheldon and Beurre Superfin, has depre-
ciated. He read, from a memorandum of his sales of pears from
1862 to 1879 inclusive, the prices obtained for Bartletts, Merriams,
Buffuras, and Sheldons, showing that the highest price of the first
was six dollars per bushel in 1868, and the lowest one dollar and
twelve cents in 1879 ; of the Merriam, four dollars and seventy-
five cents in 1868 and 1869, and one dollar and three cents in 1879 ;
of the Buff"um five dollars in 1864, 1865, and 1866, and fifty cents
in 1878 and 1879 ; and of the Sheldon eight dollars in 1867, and
one dollar and twenty cents in 1879.

Mr. Hovey recommended the Beurre Superfin and Pratt as,
with the Sheldon, three of the finest pears. He expressed the
opinion that the Society has not done anything lately to extend
the cultivation of pears of superior quality. Premiums are now
offered simply for single varieties instead of for collections, and
the kinds selected are such as will sell best in the market. He
has sometimes thought that the fewer new pears we have the
better. The Beurre d'Anjou is valuable for its long season ; but
the Sheldon is superior to it in quality.

Mr. Talbot asked if the quickly perishing nature of the Sheldon
is not a cause of the low estimation in which it is held in the
market.

Mr. Hovey thought it was not.

Kobert Manning thought that the suddenly decaying nature of the

NEW VARIETIES OF PEARS. 37

Sheldon is the cause, and the only cause, of its unpopularity in
the market.

Leander Wetherell asked whether the tree is a good grower.

Mr. Hovey replied that no fault could be found with it iu this
respect.

William C. Strong asked whether it does not sometimes crack.

Mr. Hovey had seen a very few cracked. The Columbia is a
capital winter pear^ but it has the great fault of blowing off the
tree ; he could not get six bushels from twenty-tive trees in
exposed places. The stem is brittle, while that of the Vicar of
Winkfield gives, so that the pears seldom blow off.

He thought the Society could not do better than to encourage in
every way the orchard culture of the apple. He spoke of a
project before the Legislature to encourage the growth of timber,
and thought it* would be well for the Society to petition for the
exemption, of orchards and timber lands from taxation. In apple
culture, as in all else, the small farmers are at the mercy of the
large. Packing is of the highest importance ; the man who packs
makes the money. Purchasers of apples will not bu}' those poorly
packed, except at a very low price.

We need to bear in mind that we cannot judge of the value
of a new fruit under ten years' trial. The Doyenne du Comice is
of inestimable value, though the twigs are sometimes winter-killed.
It was brought to this country in 1851, when the late Hon. Joseph
S. Cabot, afterwards president of this Society, and the speaker,
sent to Andr<5 Leroy orders for new pears, Mr. Hovey's including
fifty trees of the Doyenne du Comice. Though introduced before
Dana's Hovey, it is even now little known, and probably not
twenty bushels are sent to Boston market annually. The speaker
agreed with Mr. Strong, that a few varieties are more profitable
for market than many. But the promotion of market culture is
only part of the purpose of this Society ; it is important to have
new pears, and to encourage tlieir introduction. The Dana's
Hovey resembles the Seckel in habit of growth.

Mr. Talbot said that a Seckel and a Winter Nelis tree were
prominent in Mr. Dana's yard.

Mr. Hovey said that Mr. Dana saved the seed of all good pears
that he ate. He produced about six good varieties, including the

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

America, Augustus Daua, and Excelsior. The Augustus Dana is
delicious, but a miserable grower. The Shawmut cracked and
rotted at the core. Out of the best six varieties originated by
Mr. Dana, the Dana's Hovey is the only one that really does him
credit.

Mr. Wetherell asked Mr. Tnlbot how, on the principles laid
down by him, he explained the production of a new variety of
fruit greatly superior to either parent.

Mr. Talbot said that Mr. Dana gave Col. Stone to understand
that the seed from which he raised his new pears came from his
own garden, — perhaps not all, but nearly all ; and INIr. Talbot
thought there was a strong probability that the Dana's Hovey
came from the union of the vSeckel and Winter Nelis.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder said that when the Columbia pear was
first brought to notice he was anxious to test every new variety,
and he got half a bushel of them from John Thorburn at an ex-
pense of fourteen dollars. He wished to bear testimony to Mr.
Dana's zeal for the truth and fairness of statement so far as he
knew ; but his trees were crowded, and it was difficult to ascertain
what his crosses really were. All honor to him ; the pear which
bears his name in conjunction with Mr. Hovey's will perpetuate
his memory. Van Mons was one of the illustrious pioneers in
fruit culture ; but the speaker in his address before the American
Pomological Society, in 1856, alluded to him as proceeding on an
incorrect theory. The essayist today has stated the fact fairly, —
no wild seedling will ever change unless fertilized by some other
variety'. Van Mons not only raised new varieties, but collected
them wherever he found good kinds, and planted them in the same
orchard with the pai'ents of his seedlings, and he could no more
prevent cross-fertilization among them than he could among corn,
or squashes, or melons. No man in his day did so much for the
production of new fruits. The speaker had visited his old garden
in Belgium, and wished to give all honor to him.

We desire to stick in a pin where we have established a fact ;
and these facts in regard to the production of new fruits by
Van Mons are well settled. So, also, are the principles respecting
the overbearing of tiees. The adv:uitage of taking off the blos-
soms of Baldwin and other apple trees in the even year is estab-

NEW VARIETIES OF PEARS. 39

lished, and needs no further discussion. Mr. Wilder quoted from
the last report of the American Pomological Society an instance
where an enthusiastic old orchardist, in this State, at an expense
of sixty dollars, removed the blossoms from his trees in 1880, and
as a result harvested six hundred barrels of apples in 1881, which
he sold at the orchard for twenty-one hundred dollars. The prin-
ciple in nature is simple : if a man or a beast is overworked it
must have rest ; and it is the same with a tree.

Pear blight is a mystery which we know nothing about. It
comes in a certain region for a time, and then disappears for fif-
teen or twenty \'ears. In Messrs. Clapp and Wood's orchards
some varieties have blighted, while in the speaker's the same
kinds have not. It may strike the same varieties again. He was
surprised to hear that the Beurre Bosc blighted. The cause may
be in the soil, or it may be in currents of air.

Mistakes will sometimes occur with the most careful cultivators.
A bud will sometimes spring out from the stock, and take the
lead of a graft. If not ascertained, scions from it may be dissemi-
nated, and in this way many varieties are sent out under wrong
names. In regard to such pears as tlie Buffum and Doyenne Bous-
sock, which he had recommended, Mr. Wilder said that iu 1879
he had a hundred and sixty bushels of Buffums, which averaged
over a dollar per bushel, and a hundred bushels or more of Merri-
ams, which brought more than the Buffums.

Mr. Hovey said that iu 1879 the crop was larger, and the sea-
son was dry.

Mr. Wilder said it was wonderful that Van Mons, with such
parents as he had, could produce such pears as Beurre d'Anjou
and Beurre Bosc. If the Seckel and Winter Nelis are crossed
they cannot produce a poor pear. He did not think that seedlings
from such kinds would ever run back ; running back is not the
law, but the exception. " Give me a good son," said he, " and I
will show you that he had a good mother."

Mr. Hovey asked Mr. Wilder whether all his seedlings from
the Beurre d'Anjou were equal to the parent.

Mr. Wilder replied that they are all good, but none superior to
the parent. He went on to speak of the progress of pomology in
this country, which he said was unsurpassed by anything on

40 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

record. When he wrote his last address for the meeting of the
American Pomological Society, he thought some might consider
his prophecies extravagant ; but every part of our country has its
fruits ; even on the line of the Northern Pacific Railroad, the
native grapes festoon the trees, and improved kinds can be grown
from them. In New Mexico figs, oranges, and other fruits are
abnndant ; indeed, fruit is reported from ever}- State and Territor}',
even the Indian Territory. Texas is larger thau the New England
and Middle States and Maryland together, and in respect to cli-
mate may be divided into three portions, in the southern of which
pear blight is unknown. In Georgia a fruit grower has planted
an orchard of six hundred acres of one variet}^ of apple, the
Shockley. The utilization of cotton seed is destined to prove the
greatest regenerator of the soil in the South. For every bale of
ginned cotton half a ton of seed is produced, worth twelve dol-
lars per ton. This yields thirty-five gallons of oil per ton, worth
forty cents per gallon in the crude state, and the cake is worth
eighteen dollars per ton for cattle food. Providence is providing
for us.

John B. Moore asked Mr. Wilder whether he had ever raised a
better strawberry than the President Wilder.

Mr. Wilder said that in former 3'ears he never could get a
better one than the Hovey, and, after repeated trials, concluded it
was useless to try. But when La Constante came, with its beauty
of form and cohir and fine quality, he made the attempt to com-
bine these new charactei-istics with those of the Hovey, and, out of
sixt^'-four seedlings, two, the President Wilder and No. 60, were
evidently superior. But there is a point be3'ond which you cannot
progress, and in quality and beauty of form and color the Wilder
is thus far unsurpassed.

Mr. Moore asked Mr. Wilder whether he had not raised a great
many poor strawberries.

Mr. Wilder said he had already stated that out of sixty-four
seedlings only two were superior.

Mr. Hovey said that his experience in raising seedling straw-
berries did not agree with IMr. Wilder's view, that it would be
impossible to produce a i)oor pear from a cross between the
Seckel and Winter Nelis. In raising cross-fertilized seedling

NEW VARIETIES OF PEARS. 41

strawberries five buudred out of a thonsaud were poorer than
either parent, and it would be the same with a cross between the
Seckel and Winter Nelis.

Mr. Wilder said that the condition of the parents when impreg-
nation takes place is most important. When the flowers are im-
perfect, as good results cannot be expected as when the pollen is
applied at the right moment of contact.

Mr. Hovey asked haw Mr. Talbot accounted for the superiority
of the Duchesse d'Augouleme pear, which was found growing wild
in a hedge, or of the Seckel.

In answer to an inquiry as to the method pursued in raising the
Hovey's seedling strawbeny, Mr. Hovey said that he had culti-
vated thirty varieties, and found that most of them suffered from
the winter. He selected six plants, one or tAvo of which were
Eai'ly Virginia?, and cultivated them carefully, and, before the
flowers are opened, pushed awa}' the petals, and cut out the sta-
mens, and applied the pollen of six different varieties. They were
then covered with gauze to prevent fertilization by any other
means.

Mr. Talbot said that Mr. Hovey took the qualities of the Early
Virginia, and, b^^ crossing them with other varieties, brought out
other qualities.

In reply to Mr. Hovey's question, how he accounted for the
excellence of the Duchesse d'Angoulerae and Seckel pears, he
said the same might be asked concerning the Bartlett and other
varieties. Every seed contains an embryo plant, made by its own
kind, or by crossing with some other. He agreed with Mr. Wilder
that the condition of the male and female cells which produced
good kinds was favorable at the moment of crossing. We cannot
know the condition of all the seedlings. In Winchester, pollen
was carried by the bees and formed the Baldwin apple. Every
seed not fertilized by a different variety' will reproduce itself. If
kept isolated it will never change.

John B. Moore, in reply to a question from Mr. Wilder, con-
cerning the Early Concord corn, said that he was obliged to keep
up the quality by selection. The idea had been held out that
in raising new fruits you have only to sow the seed of good
kinds to get all good varieties ; but his experience in raising seed-

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

liug strawberries had been the same as Mr. Hovey's. So, also,
in raising grapes ; when you put the pollen in contact with the
stigma, you are not sure of anything but that you will get many
poor ones.

Mr. Hovey said that in England he visited a dahlia grower,
who raised an acre of seedlings every year, but never saved more
than five as good as the parents. It is the same with pelargo-
niums ; Mr. Beck raised a house-full every year, but saved only
five or six better than the parents. In any fruit or flower we may
be sure of the same result. The essayist is so far right, as that
by bringing two varieties together we gain a little. Cultivation
does more, and then comes a " break." Rhododendrons were
cultivated many years without change, until the Himalayan species
were introduced and crossed with them. In a hundred pears
crossed with the best varieties, seventy-five may be poor, twenty-
four good, and perhaps one better than the parent.

Mr. Talbot said that Sachs comes to the conclusion that the
cell is never permanently changed by cultivation.

Mr. Wetherell said that Mr. Talbot had told us that if we
plant any variety of fruit, the Baldwin apple, for instance, away
from all other varieties, the seed will reproduce the parent ; but the
speaker thought that the parents of the Baldwin might crop out in
the seedlings from it. Robins and chipping squirrels, in a state of
nature, produce the same, from generation to generation, but when
domesticated they change. How can we explain the fact that a
thorough-bred animal mated with a scrub produces a larger animal
than either of the parents ; and, if a cow, one that will give more
milk than the mother? How can we account for one good factor
and one poor one producing a better result than two good ones ?
Why do Mr. Moore and Mr. Hovey, in raising seedling straw-
berries, get so many inferior results from two good factors? If
you cannot change the germ, how have we got the improved varie-
ties of fruit?

Mr. Talbot said that one of the conditions of producing an im-
proved variety is that the male and female cells must be in the
best condition ; ])ut this might hai)pen only once.

Mr. Hovey said that the largest fruited si)eeies of strawberry
were introduced into Europe from this continent. One of these

NEW VARIETIES OF PEARS. 43

is the Chili, of which a frieucl brought him some fruit from its
native country, where they are sold strung on strings. Another
species is the grandijlora, from Surinam. When the European
strawberries were fertilized with these, large varieties were the
result. All the improved garden azaleas are hybrids, between
nudijlora, Pontica, viscosa, and calendulacea. If two apples are
crossed, new varieties are produced.

Mr. Wilder said that you must take the best parents to pro-
duce the best results.

William C. Strong expressed his full sympathy with all who
were experimenting to produce improved fruits. He thought Mr.
Dana's experiments very encouraging, and that we ought not to
be discouraged by the large percentage of poor fruits. Darwin
has demonstrated that the tendency of cross-fertilization is to
improve, and that of self-fertilization is not.

J. W. Manning said that the Baldwin apple originated in Wil-
mington, and not in Winchester, as stated b}' Mr. Talbot. John
Butters, of Wilmington, in 1863, when he was eighty-three years
old, told the speaker that it originated on his grandfather's place,
and that he had eaten fruit from the original tree. It seemed to
be earlier than those grown now, and had yellower flesh. The
reason people do not find apple raising profitable is that they do
not raise all Baldwins.

It was announced that on the next Saturday Warren H. Man-
ning would read a paper on " The Best Hardy Herbaceous Plants
and their Culture," and that the discussion following would be
opened by CM. Atkinson and Joseph H. Woodford.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey, on account of other engagements, resigned
his position as chairman of the committee to collect information
in regard to trees, interesting for their size, beauty, or historical
associations, and Hon. Marshall P. Wilder was appointed in his
place. Robert Manning was added to the committee.

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 28, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
President Hayes in the chair. No business being brought before
the meeting, it

Adjourned to Saturday, February 4.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

This was opened by the reading of the two following papers by
the authors : —

The Best Harpy Herbaceous Plants and their Cultivation.

By Warren H. Manning, Reading.

It is evident that there is an increasino; interest in the cultivation
of hardy herbaceous plants.

o

The use of tender plants and annuals for bedding purposes in
summer decoration has been in vogue for about a quarter of a
century, and they have almost entirely' superseded hardy herba-
ceous plants for general cultivation. Extremely brilliant and
beautiful effects are produced by them in beds, ribbon gardening,
and mosaic worlv, — and, in many situations, it is not desirable that
they sliould be superseded by anything less show}'^ ; but that
hard}'^ herbaceous plants sliould be used more generallj' in the
place of tender plants and many annuals, and to a considerable
extent for bedding purposes, is desirable.

The 3'early renewal of tender plants requires a considerable
expense every spring, when there are no means for keeping them
through the winter. "When such means are at hand, a skill in
propagation, preparation of the soil, and after-cultivation, that
most persons are unable to give, is required to insure success.
The seeds of most annuals must be carefully gathered each fall,
planted in the spring, watched and cared ft)r during germination,
and then often transplanted or tliiuned out. Those plants seldom

HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 45

afford flowers until Jime or Jul}'^, and are killed by the first frost ;
and after this the bed is a mass of decaying vegetation or bare
earth.

Hardy herbaceous plants, the first cost of which is but little more
than tender plants, in good garden soil will live and blossom
without failure, year after 3'ear, and are continually increasing, so
that a person, with little trouble or expense, can enlarge his own
stock of plants and give to his neighbors.

With a proper selection of one or two dozen species, flowers
will be had from the time the ground is open in the spring until
it is closed b}^ the severe frosts ; and with a greater number of
species and varieties all colors can be found among the flowers
at any time during the season, and in a collection of hardy her-
baceous plants there is a never-ending variety and source of in-
vestigation, study, and experiment. For the lover of flowers there
are new beauties every day, and new flowers open for his pleas-
ure at short intervals. For the botanist a large collection of
herbaceous plants is a valuable field for study fed investigation.
For the horticulturist there is an immense field in the introduction
of new species, in the cultivation of rare and difficult species, and,
above all, in the development of this class of plants, or certain
sections of it, by hybridization, by selection of the best seeds and
seedlings, and by careful propagation of sports and curious seed-
lings.

See what has been done with the Hollyhock, Phloxes, Irises
and Delphiniums; why not improve other flowers as well? In
England the Pentstemons of our country are found to vary freely''
under cultivation ; and fine varieties have been obtained in all
shades of red, blue, and orange scarlet. Here is a broad field for
any cultivator who wishes to work up some specialty. The Anem-
ones are another promising class for cultivators ; the beautiful
European varieties of Anemone coronaria are not hardy here ; but
there are hardy species and varieties, with shades of red, blue,
white, yellow, and greenish-yellow, and double varieties. The Lilies
are a most interesting class for the hybridizer to work among, and
many other promising flowers might be mentioned ; but any person
who is sufficiently interested will find them for himself.

\Yhere room and money are limited, a hardy herbaceous bed is

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

preferable to the usual bed of tender plants or annuals. The
herbaceous bed may not be so show}^ but to the constant observer
it is many times more interesting.

The usual arrangement of a hardy herbaceous bed is with the
taller plants behind, or in the middle, descending gradually to the
low-growing species on the edge. Regard should be had to a
proper contrast of colors, and a sufficient A-ariet}' in the plants ;
but we can vary this arrangement and produce fine bedding effects
with hardy plants.

Fankia Siebolclii variegata, the Variegated Day Lily, is strongly
and beautifully marked with yellow, has a finely formed leaf, and
stands the sun. The colors in this, as well as in all variegated
herbaceous plants, can to a great extent be prcA'^ented from fading
by picking the flower buds. Tliis plant would make a fine bed,
and be effective earlier than tender plants, and the colors would
last well through the season. The other variegated varieties of
the Funkia do not stand the sun well, but would make nice beds in
shady spots, wlwe few other things would grow.

The variegated Symphytum or Comfrey has a very bright yellow
and dark green variegation, and forms a graceful tuft of large leaves
that would be fine for the centre of a bed.

Centranthus ruber, the Spurred Valerian, has a light glaucous
green foliage, and a profusion of carmine flowers through the sum-
mer.

Spircea Uimaria variegata has a cushion of pinnate leaves, marked
with a broad patch of yellow through the centre of each leaflet, and
it holds its color remarkably well, even after flowering.

A bed of Phlox amoena bordered with Phlox subulata, having
some of the choice varieties of common Phlox in it, would furnish
flowers from the first of May to the middle of October, and the
ever green leaves of the low-growing species would keep the bed
looking well the remainder of the year. If tlie fading flowers of
the common Phlox are picked, flowering side-shoots will be thrown
up that will greatly extend the season of flowering ; and I will add
here that if this Plilox is divided in the fall, just after flowering,
the pieces will form fine blooming plants for the next 3'ear.

Dicentra eximia has beautiful feru-liko, glaucous leaves, and
clusters of pink-puri>le flowers that are produced through the sum-

HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 47

mer aud into the fall. Dkentra specfabilis would make a fine
centre for a bed of the foregoing, and if it is cut back as soon as
the flowers are developed, to stimulate a new growth, it will flower
from Ma}' to September,

A bed of lilies having the surface of the ground covered with
Phlox subulala, Cerastium Biebersteinii, or other shallow rooting
plants, would no doubt be effective and successful. The foliage
of the covering plants would be pleasing through the winter, the
flowers would add their charms in the spring, while tlie lilies were
developing, and, above all, the surface plants would keep the soil
and the stems of the lilies cool in summer, and protect them in
winter, — conditions that would be very favorable to the lilies. It is
a good plan to place a handful of coal-ashes about each lily bulb
when it is planted, to prevent decay and to drive away insects.

Many other' combinations can be made, and when the same
amount of study, care, and investigation is given to the hardy
plants as lias been given to the tender ones, I believe that equally
as fine effects can be produced with them.

Hardy herbaceous plants with large ornamental foliage are not
numerous. Bocconia Japonica has a very fine foliage, and would
be more valuable if it would onl}' staj^ where it is put. Probably
many plants will be found that will make fine foliage effects.

Grass beds are very graceful, and look well from early in the
season until severe frosts.

Eidalia Japonica variegata and E. Japonica zebrina are great
additions to this class of plants. They require a little protection
in winter.

Festuca glauca, a low-growing grass, forms a mass of fine,
glaucous leaves with a distinct bluish tinge, — a ver}- striking color.
This plant is nice for a border, and would make a fine contrast
with other plants.

Panicum virgatnm is fine in foliage and flower.

Aira variegata is a pretty dwarf grass, with a bright yellow
stripe.

Arundo donax, and the variegated variety, are effective in a
grass bed, but require protection in winter.

Acorus Ccdamus variegatus, the Variegated Sweet Flag, is pretty,
and does well not only in wet land, but also in a good garden soil.

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The wild garden is a desirable feature in an estate where there
is plenty of room and a suitable place. Here fine foreign flowers
can be introduced among the already growing natural ones with
fine effect ; beautiful aquatics in the waters ; bog plants in their
places, and woodland plants among the trees, giving each plant
the place most suited to it ; and the natural beauties of a place can
be greatly added to without giving an artificial appearance.

Hardy succulents are used with a fine effect in succulent beds,
and they will no doubt have a more prominent place in the future
garden. They will grow in the most barren spots. In many of
them the arrangement of the leaves is very pretty, and others have
fine flowers.

The plants mentioned in this paper require no special cultiva-
tion ; the}' will all succeed in good garden soil, which should be
well enriched when they are planted, and whenever the roots
are divided and reset, which should be in the fall, with protec-
tion through the winter, or early in the spring, and as often as
every three or four 3'ears, or they will exhaust the soil about
them, and begin to die out in the middle, or will disappear en-
tirely.

The beds should be kept free from weeds. Many of the tall-
growing plants will require staking ; the stake should not be con-
spicuous, and care should be taken that the form of the plant is
not disfigured b}- tying.

Delphiniums, Aconites, and probably many other plants, can be
made to flower the second time by cutting down the growth as
soon as the flower fades. It is better to grow Aquilegias every
other year from seed, as they are liable to disappear after a season
of flowering.

I would name the following additional list of hardy and
desirable plants : —

Achillea tomentosa. Aquilegia crorulea.
Aconites in variety. " Canadensis.

Anemone Japonica, White and Asdepias tuberosa.

Pink. Ajuga reptaus and the varie-
" Pulsatilla. gated var.

Aquilegia chrysantha. Astilbe Japonica.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PLA2^TS.

49

Campanula Carpatica and vars.
' ' rotundif olia and

vars.
' ' Trachelium and

vars.
Clematis coccinea.

" recta.
The other beautiful clematis
are often classed among her-
baceous plants, and are all
very desirable.
Convallaria ma j alls, and the

variegated var.
Crocuses in variety.
Dianthus barbatus.

" plumarius.
Dictamnus Fraxinella.
Dodecatheon Meadia.
Erigeron bellidifolius.
Eupatorium Fraseri.
Funkia ovata.

" subcordata.
Gentiana Andrewsii.
Gladiolus, hardy species and

vars.
Gypsophila paniculata.
Helianthus decapetalus.

" multiflorus pleuus.

Helleborus niger.
Hemerocallis flava.

" graminea.

Hollyhocks in variety.
Hyacinths in variety.
Iberis corifolia.
" Gibraltarica.
" sempervirens.
Iris, the many hardy species
and varieties.

Jonquils in variety.
Liatris scariosa.

" spicata.
Lilies, the many hardy species

and varieties.
Lobelia cardinalis.
Lychnis Chalcedonica and vars.

" diurna flore pleno.
Lysimachia Nummularia.
Ly thrum roseum superb um.
Narcissus in variety.
Opuntia Rafinesquii.

" vulgaris.
Pseonia, the species and va-
rieties.
Papaver orientale.
Pentstemon barbatus ojar.Torreyi.
" Coboea.

" grandiflorus.

Platycodon grandiflorum (white

and blue).
Rudbeckia maxima.

" nitida.

Saxifraga cordifolia.
Sedum Fabaria.

Sempervivums, species and va-
rieties.
Solidago Yirgaurea var. alpina.
Spiraea Aruncus.

" Filipendula.

" lobata.

" palmata.

" Ulmaria and variegated

vars.
Tulips in variety.
Uvularia grandiflora.
Valeriana oflScinalis.
Veronica pulchella.

50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Herbaceous Plants and their Culture.

By Joseph H. Woodford, Newton.

When an extensive border for hardy herbaceous plants is to be
made, the ground should be deeply dug and well manured before
planting. The border, if possible, should be in front of evergreens
and shrubbery, avoiding nearness to large trees, as the}' send their
roots abroad and take the goodness out of the border.

In selecting plants one must carefully study their habits and
know the color of their blossoms, and then by judicious planting
the desired effect can be attained immediatel}'. Select only good
kinds of plants, because there is no scarcit}' of such, and reject
poor and weedy kinds. The best time to plant the border is in the
fall, as the flowering plants will bloom better the next season than
if set out in the spring. But I would not discourage any one from
spring planting, because it is better to do it then than not at all.
There is an endless variety' of plants to select from, so that one
can produce any effect desired, and among the most beautiful are
the Larkspurs. These grow from two to eight feet high, with
colors of every shade of blue ; and they succeed in any good gar-
den soil, but are improved by liberal manuring. They can be
increased by division of their roots or by seed. Their st^'le of
growth is bold and striking, and a succession of bloom can be
kept up by removing the centre spike of flowers, when new
flowering shoots will break from the main stalk. The next class
of plants I would recommend is the Phlox. These vary in color
from pure white to all shades of crimson, red, and purple, and
they are very beautiful. The soil and culture required are the
same as for Larkspurs, and they can be had in bloom till frost
by taking out the centre of each spike. They form beautiful
clumps from eighteen inches to four feet high. Anemone Japonica
is another splendid plant for mixed borders, growing about three
feet high and blooming in the fall; colors of bloom, white, red,
and pink. Lobelia cardinalis has a spike of very brilliant scarlet
flowers, growing to the height of from two to three feet. This,
also, can be prolonged in bloom till late in the season, by cutting
out the centre spike of flowers. This color is desirable, for it
enlivens a border amazingly.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 51

The Day Lily {Funkia) is beautiful for its bold foliage and
spikes of pure white, trumpet-shaped, sweet flowers. The beauti-
ful variegated foliage of the Funkia Japonica is most desirable for
edging.

Dielytra spectabilis is a very graceful plant, and the Pseonies
are very desirable. I call to mind a large bed of these on John
S. Farlow's place — one of the most striking beds of flowers I ever
saw. Sj)ircea palmala is a good plant. The Aquilegias, or Colum-
bines, are another desirable genus, because of their endless variety
of bloom. The Foxglove shows a beautiful variety of colors, and
the habit of the plant is good.

The Astilbe Japonica is very chaste, both in flower and fern-like
foliage.

Asclepias tuberosa is very desirable ; so are Lychnis and Cam-
panula in groups ; also Trillium granclijiorum, and Statice, and
Iris in variety. Solomon's Seal is very graceful. Eulalia Japonica,
and the variety zebrina, are two grasses from Japan, and are of
beautiful habit and make handsome specimens. The Lily of the
Valley we all know about, and I would advise growing it in
light, sandy soil, and fully exposed to the sun, and then a pro-
fusion of bloom is the result. The great family of Lilies, nearly
all of them magnificent, must not be overlooked, as they belong to
the class of plants under discussion ; also the Tulips, Hyacinths,
Crocus, and Narcissus. What is more beautiful than Narcissus
poeticus^ and the Jonquils, and Daffodils, in the early spring-time?

In fact, I might enumerate hundreds of others equally desirable
for the herbaceous border ; but I will close my remarks b}- saying,
that only those who have a love for floriculture, and the time to
devote to it, can succeed in the cultivation of plants, and justly
appreciate the beauties which a beneficent Providence has given
us so freely.

Discussion.

Robert Manning, being called on, said that few are aware of the
beauty and variety shown by hardy herbaceous plants when just
pushing out of the ground in the early spring. Sometimes we
must brave a walk in the mud to get a sight of them, for they are
the first tokens in the flower garden of the great annual resurrec-

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tiou. The Lilmm umbellahmi, with its white, fleshy shoots, like
asparagus, but soou making a green rosette, in which the spiral
arrangement of the leaves can be distinctl}' ti'aced ; the Mertensia
Virginica, almost black in color ; the red fringes of the Dielytra
spectabilis ; the Funkias, with their stiletto-like points piercing the
earth ; the Phloxes, ranging from green to dark purple ; and, most
beautiful in color of all, the despised Poke root, varying from
green to orange and bright red, are some of the most striking.
He had cultivated the Poke for its large foliage, its pretty white
flowers, and strings of dark purple berries, of which the birds are very
fond. The flowei's continue to appear until frost, so that there
are flowers and fruit, in all stages of ripeness, on the plaut at the
same time. No other herbaceous plaut produces such an ex-
traordinary quantity of organized matter in a season. It has been
recommended in "The Garden," and also by William Robinson,
the editor, in his boolc, " The Wild Garden," as a foliage plant.

Mr. Woodford said that the ground for a border of herbaceous
plants should be dug deep and well manured. If he could have
but one, he would have it deeply dug, and give up the manuring,
the former being the more important. He spoke of the beauty of
a clump of Eulalia Japonica^ four feet broad, which he saw at
John L. Gardner's place, and of most beautiful Lilies of the Valley
at Miramichi, New Brunswick, grown iu light yellow sand, but
well manured, and every root having a spike of flowers. This
plant is generally most neglected ; sand may be added to the soil
where it is planted, with benefit.

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner said that she has a variety of larkspur
which last year grew seven feet and four inches high, with flower-
spikes fourteen inches long. She has given it no extra care, but
has cut out the centre spike to prolong the bloom. She was un-
able to say what variety it is.

C. M. Ilovey said that Mrs. Horner's larkspur was probably
one of the Bee larkspurs, — a very showy and beautiful, but neg-
lected species. He was glad that the subject of herbaceous
plants had been 1)rought up. Mr. Woodford had touched on
points which need elaboration, because valuable ; among others
that of pinching out the main flower spikes of plants to prolong the
bloom. Four years ago the speaker resided on the shores of

HERBACEOUS PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 53

Buzzard's Bay from the first of July to October, and before he
left, the ground, which had been mown the latter part of June, was
covered with asters and golden rod. There were also little stocky
plants of Hibiscus palustr is, with eight or ten branches and covered
with flowers. The growth of bedding plants has encroached on
the culture of the plants under discussion, but it is a mistake to
allow foliage plants to take the place of flowers. Mr. Hovey
alluded to a discussion of the subject in "The Garden," i when
lists of the best herbaceous plants were requested, and were fur-
nished b}' the Duke of Sutherland's gardener and others, and he
was astonished to see that so little progress had been made in
this direction in forty 37ears. In 1836 the speaker gave in the
"Magazine of Horticulture" a list of the herbaceous plants in
bloom in his garden from Ma}' to October, and in the list in "The
Garden " not an additional plant was mentioned, except such as
had been introduced since that date.

The Asdepias tiiberosa, or Butterfly Weed, is probably the most
beautiful of all our native herbaceous plants. It grows naturally
in sandy soils. The Lily of the Valley is planted in out of the way
places. When the best flowers are wanted the way proposed by
Mr. AVoodford is right. If cultivated as recommended by him
they will give fat flowers, and make the prettiest carpet. The
lilies are one of the most beautiful classes of plants, but many of
the most showy, such as L. uinbellatum, L. PhilacMpMciim, and
L. Canadense, have been neglected for the White Lily. At Sand-
wich and Middleboi'ough he saw Lilium siq^erbum flourishing in
the highest perfection wild, but never cultivated, while the Tiger
Lil}^ is planted b}' the door-steps all over the cape. He could recol-
lect the Paeon}' longer than an}' other flower ; when a child he saw
the old red Pseony in Newton. Now the French, German, and
American florists have raised many magnificent varieties. He
had himself cultivated an eighth of an acre, and his collection
comprised a hundred varieties. No other flower will make such a
display, but they should be massed instead of being scattered, as
they usually are. The Phloxes are very beautiful ; not so much is
said of the early species, such as subulata and selosa, as should
be. Many pretty varieties have been produced, of varied color
and dwarf habit. We need low plants as well as tall. Sunflowers

1 Vol xvii., pages 191, 280, 418,

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

are fashionable, but we want Violets also. Tulips and Hyacinths, to
give satisfaction, should have prepared beds by themselves. One
reason why bulbs are not cultivated is that they are apt to be de-
stroyed when planted in a mixed border. He agreed with Mr.
Woodford that a deep soil without manure would be preferable to
a shallow soil with manure, but would rather have both a reason-
able depth and the manure. Herbaceous plants should be set
away from trees and hedges. Arbor Vitses do not do much harm,
but Privet and Buckthorn exhaust the soil for ten feet around,
and when the ground is dug in the spring yon can take out masses
of roots. Herbaceous plants require plenty of water to produce
the finest flowers, and should be removed as often as once in five
years, as they exhaust the soil around them.

George Webb said that he had two clumps of Pseonies which do
not floui'ish, though they have been manured, and asked the best
way to treat them.

Mr. Hovey said they should be removed to another place, and
then the flowers would be larger and of superior beauty.

John S. Martin said he had Pneonies which had not been trans-
planted for nearly twenty years, and are still flourishing.

John B. Moore thought that the cultivation of herbaceous plants
is very important, and had not been strongly enough impressed.
He enforced the necessity of frequent renewals. Phloxes alwaj^s
bloom best the first year ; large clumps, especially, cannot be well
supplied with manure without removing. They will not bloom as
finely in old soil as in new ; gardeners understand the importance
of getting rid of the old soil. There are exceptions, however, for
he knows a plant of the old red Pteony which has not been
removed since he can remember, but it gets a dressing of dust and
leaves which decay. He prefers a border largely of perennial
flowers to a ribbon or carpet bed, and thought the former should
take the place of the latter. Mr. Woodford's advice to dig deep
is correct ; he would dig deep anyhow, but it is a principle of farm-
ing, that if you have not much manure 3^ou can raise better crops
of corn or grass without stirring the soil deeply'. Jf the speaker
had not over fifteen loads of manure per acre, he would not plough
more than six inches deep for corn.

Mr. Hovey said that the needs of herbaceous plants are not
analogous to those of a crop of corn, which requires warmth, like

HERBACEOUS PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 55

grape vines. Herbaceous plants need moisture, to grow through
the season.

Mr. Moore said that he would dig deep, and manure also. If
you haven't got manure you must get it ; there should be a law to
prevent people from planting without manure. Two feet is pretty
deep digging ; if soil is moist it need not be dug so deep ; he would
not dig more than fifteen or eighteen inches deep for roses.
When younger he had an Isabella grape vine, which bore very
fiue fruit ; but he wanted better, and prepared a border, not more
than thirty feet away from the first vine, three or four feet deep,
with bones, meat, etc. ; but never could get grapes as early, or
half as good in qualit}', or half as handsome bunches, as from the
old vine. The surface of the soil should be kept constantly
stirred ; this prevents evaporation. There is no doubt that remov-
ing the centrc'Stalk of flowers from a plant will continue the bloom
later. He had had flowers cut down by a hailstorm, and they gave
a fine crop of late blooms. The principle is, prevent early bloom,
and you will get late. In dry weather herbaceous plants should
have plenty of water. He had not planted Lilies of the Valley,
but thought his whole farm would grow them.

William H. Hunt thought a display of flowers could be obtained
from hardy herbaceous plants with less trouble than in any other
way. He enforced the importance of dividing and transplanting.
His earliest recollections of flowers were of the Lil}^ of the Valley
and Paeonies ; but though he had cultivated them successfully they
had not done as well as on the old place. He has allowed them
to remain in the same position for a dozen years. The Solomon's
Seal, when transplanted to the garden, comes up earlier and grows
to twice the size that it does in the woods.

Mr. Hovey spoke of the cultivation of the Lily of the Valley by
the Germans, who prepare the ground thoroughly, and in autumn
plant young roots in rows and cultivate carefully for two years,
when they are all flowering roots ready for sale. To keep them
in fine condition they should be divided every fourth year. He
thought they would not do better in the shade, as they grow
naturally in the sun. The development of the flowers is depend-
ent on the development of the leaves.

It was announced that the discussion of the subject would be
continued on the next Saturday.

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 4, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the Societ}' was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

William E. Endicott, Chairman of the Library Committee, an-
nounced the donation to the Library, by the eminent pomologist,
Charles Downing, of Newburg, N.Y., of the rare edition, with
colored plates, of the " Fruits and Fruit Trees of America," by
A. J. Downing, brother of the donor, and also of the latest edition
of the Second Revision by the donor, of the same work, with Three
Appendixes, the whole containing descriptions of two thousand
and eighty varieties of apples, one thousand and flftj^ pears, and
fifteen hundred and seventy-five varieties of other fruits. Mr.
Downing's gilt included, also, the fourteenth edition of the
" Fruits and Fruit Trees," with manuscript notes and corrections
by him, and the " North American Pomologist," by Dr. William
D. Brinckl6. The thanks of the Society were voted to Mr.
Downing for his valuable donation, and the Secretary was directed
to communicate the same to him.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 11.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Hardy Herbaceous Plants and their Culture.

The first speaker was Joseph H. Woodford, who thought that
the argument advanced the week before by Mr. Moore against
the deep digging of borders, when little or no manure is applied,
was rather in favor of the practice. He wanted to continue the
growth of herbaceous plants through the season, and if we can do
this by deep digging, we can get flowers through the season. The
object of the plant is to perfect its seed, but we do not cultivate
it for its seed, and if we can keep it from perfecting its seed, it
will bloom all the season. This is the principle on which the
practice of cutting flowers to prolong the bloom rests.

John B. Moore said that Mr. Woodford had advi>=ied those who

• HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 57

had not manure to dig their borders deeper, but the speaker asked,
if you have a border of perennials, why let it go without manure?
The true way is to dig deep and manure well also, and not to set
out plants and expect them to grow without anything to feed on.
The statement which he made last week, as to the effect of deep
ploughing on corn and other farm crops, is correct. He had said
nothing against deep digging if the ground is manured. The object
of deep digging is- to give room for roots and provide moisture.
Herbaceous plants must have plenty of water, like roses. The
subject under discussion is not the alternative of deep digging
without manure, or shallow digging with manure, but tlie best
method of culture. Any one who can afford to plant a border of
perennials should afford to feed them. Plants are like animals :
they cannot be expected to grow without anything to feed on.

Josiah W. Talbot asked whether perennials did not need rest,
and wdiether they should not have time to ripen their buds.

J. W. Manning said that his borders are dug two feet deep, and
that the plants ripen. The Diehjtra spectahilis is one of the plants
which bloom a second time when cut back ; unless transplanted
once in two or three years, it is apt to dwindle and finally die out.

P. B. Hovej' said that deep digging is the foundation of all
good culture. He would rather have the ground trenched two
feet deep without manure than to have it dug shallow with
manure. In England gardeners trench the ground every year
for almost every crop.

John C. Hovey thought Mr. Moore was right in saying that
water is the great thing in the cultivation of herbaceous plants.
He would dig the ground eighteen inches deep, and give plenty of
water. Some plants, like the Trillium and Pseon^-, cannot be made,
to flower continuouslj', while the Phloxes and Clematis can
There are not twenty herbaceous perennials that will give late
bloom to amount to anj'thing.

John G. Barker thought that herbaceous plants have not
received the attention they deserve. The previous speakers have
been all correct in the main, but not all have the same way of
getting at the point. At Pine Grove Cemetery, in Lynn, of which
he is Superintendent, he had been compelled to give attention to
something more enduring than bedding plants, A place was

58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

selected for a border of perennials, where the}'^ did not want to put
bedding plants; the soil was a loam of fair qualit}', about tvventy
inches in depth. This was trenched and mixed with well decom-
posed manure, and covered with loam. In the back pai't, Josika
Lilacs, Deutzias, and other shrubs were planted, and in front of
them Hydrangea panicuJata grandiflora in groups. The spaces
between these were slill more enriched, and Castor-oil Beans
planted, which gave the bed a sub-tropical appearance. In front
of these were Phloxes, Japan and Tiger Lilies, LiUum superbum,
etc., and still further in front Aquilegias, and plants of similar
growth. The soil was naturall}' moist, and care was taken to give
plenty of water, especially to the Phloxes, and it was one of the
most satlsfactor}' beds on the place. Other beds prepared in the
same way, but where no water could be given, showed a vast
difference. "When the bed described was in its beaut}', the Hon.
E. R. Mudge called to confer with Mr. Barker in regard to
arranging the grounds around a church, and said that he had no
idea so- much beauty could be produced with herbaceous plants.
Mr. Barker said he meant to extend this bed, and make it more
attractive, and he thought the time would soon come when herba-
ceous plants would receive more attention generall}', and we
should see fewer bedding, and more hardy, plants, or combinations
of both. Much ma}' be done with herbaceous plants in parks and
cemeteries ; if named collections should take the place of a part,
at least, of the bedding plants in the Public Garden, they would
be more attractive and interesting. The speaker alluded to the
beautiful beds and great varietj' of herbaceous plants in the
grounds of the President of the Society.

Mr. Barker read from an article by William C. Barry, in the
"American Rural Home," as follows: '*For nearly a month our
garden borders have been enlivened with the beautiful and showy
blooms of the Herbaceous Pasony. Planted among conifers,
flowering shrubs, and ornamental trees, their gay-colored flowers
produce a chaiming eff'ect. On our ground we have a border two
hundred feet in length and fifteen feet in widlli, which contains a
clioice collection of oruiimental trees, conifers, shrubs, roses,
pa?oiii('S, and hard}' border plants. Tlie tall-growing trees form
the background ; the shrubs and trees of medium size come next,

HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 59

with the pasonies, roses, and border plants in tlie foreground.
The assortment of paeouies, when in flower, is undoubtedly the
most interesting feature of the collection. On our nursery grounds
a large circular bed, about twenty feet in diameter, planted with
the most showy and distinct varieties, has, during these beautiful
June days, attracted great attention. It is surprising that so
noble a flower, almost rivalling the rose in lirillianc}'^ of coloring
and perfection of bloom, and the rhododendron in stately growth,
should be so neglected. . . . The foliage is rich and gloss}''
and of a beautiful deep green color, thus rendering the plants
ver}' ornamental even when out of flower."

Herbaceous plants are interesting from early spring until the
frosts of Autumn, and, unlike bedding plants, always afford
flowers for cutting. If this subject were properly placed before
the people by the Societ}-, and by local horticultural and village-
improvement societies, it would inform the owners of small places
how to permanently beautif}^ them. The speaker had read of
pegging down the shoots of Phloxes, and of flowering shoots
breaking from the whole length like roses. He recommended as
among the most desirable herbaceous plants for beginners, Aqui-
legia chryscmtha and A. ccendea; the Alstroemerins, which are
grand plants ; and Anemone syluestris, very desirable for spring,
and A. Jajjonica for autumn flowering. The native Asters are very
beautiful under cultivation. Bocconia Japonica is well suited to the
back of a border. The Campanulas, Delphiniums (Larkspurs),
Dielytra sjxctablis, Gaillardia grandiflora, Hollyhocks and
Phloxes, the Double Pyrethrums, and Spircea pahnata, are all
excellent. The Fimkias are very desirable. The Fraxinellas are
old, but desirable. The markings of some of the Idses are as
rich as many of the Orchids. Iris Iherica is particularlj^ beau-
tiful. A bed of Irises and Lilies edged with Hepaticas looks well,
or Moss and Hybrid Perpetual Roses edged with MyosoHs diasiti-
Jlom, and with these spring flowering bull)s may be planted, which
bloom before the roses, and would not injure tl>e otlier plants.

Charles M. Hovey said it is important that herbaceous plants
should have rest. Corn is grown for the seed, but the plants
under consideration for their flowers. They need good culture
and a soil that will hold moisture, and particularly a moderately

60 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

deep soil. If the soil is too rich the buds at the base of the
stalks, Avhich are to produce the next year's growth, will be
immature. Mr. Hovey said that he was glad to know that Mr.
Barker's estimation of the Paeon}' agreed with his own, and also
to hear Mr. Barry's opinion. It is only since the introduction of
the Coleus, Alteriianthera, and Variegated Pelargoniums that
ribbon gardening has grown up, but we must rely on herbaceous
plants as much as ever if we want flowers earl}^ in the season.
He had endeavored to impress on the public the importance of
planting them, and he hoped the public would appreciate them.
They are especially adapted for cemeteries. He would not do
away with bedding plants altogether, but would have them in
a place b\^ themselves. There is no time when you cannot cut a
bouquet from a perennial border. Herbaceous plants can be raised
with little expense ; two dollars worth of seeds will give a mass of
bloom in two 3'ears. Some are so hardy as not to need protection,
but for others a little covering, such as leaves or strawy manure,
is necessary, especially for those newly planted, which might
otherwise be thrown out of the ground b}' tlie frost. Among
native plants the Trillium and Sanguinaria are particularly
desirable.

Mr. Barker said that he protects his borders with compost in
autumn, and forks it in in the spring. He spoke of the fine effect on
a wall about sixteen feet high, covered with Ampelopsis qninquefoUa
and A. Veitchii, and of the contrast of the deep blue flowers of
Clematis Jackmanui with the foliage of tlie Ampelopsis. It has
been objected to herbaceous plants that they are not as easily
arranged as some others ; but if thought is given to the matter,
good effects can be produced.

John C. Hovey said that the vitality of herbaceous plants is so
great that people think when they are once planted they need no
further care ; but he had found, and Mr. Parkinan's experience had
been the same, that they must be constantly divided. He had taken
up Delphiniums, and, after dividing them, had replanted them in
the same soil, and tlicy had done well.

E. H. Hitchings oxpressod suri)rise thai more attention was not
given to the cultivation of native plants. Like Mr. C. M. Hovey,
he had noticed the tiger lily planted to the neglect of the fiir

HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 61

more beaiUifnl Liliuni superbum. He had seen the latter grow-
ing wild, eight feet high, with from fifteen to twenty flowers on a
plant. He agreed with Mr. Hovey that the Asdepias tuberosa
is one of the most desirable of all our native plants. Some of the
Golden Rods are very liandsome when cultivated ; sjieciosum, sem-
pervirens^ and rigida, are among the most eligible species. The
native asters — undulata^ longifolia, and others — are also desir-
able. Claytonia Virginica and O. Caroliniana flower from
the middle of April to the last of Ma}' ; both were cultivated by
the late Minot Pratt. Silene Fennsylvanica is very handsome ;
the speaker once found a plant with seventj' blossoms and one
hundred and seventy-three buds. It was admired so much by Dr.
Bigelow that he requested Mr. Hitchings to set out some plants
around his lot at Mount Auburn. Cypripedium spectabile is one
of the handsomest native orchids, and succeeds under cultivation
with very little trouble.

A lad}' inquired the scientific name of a flower which she had
seen under the name of " Evening Glory." From her description
it was recognized by John C. Hovey and Mr. Barker as fyo-
mcea grandijlora. Mr. Woodford had seen it in Bombay, and
brought home the seed ; it is very fragrant and very desirable,
but hard to keep over winter. Mrs. E. M. Gill had received
seeds from Georgia, which would not vegetate until scalded.
John C. Hovey said that when planted one corner of the seed
should be cut off" and the cut placed downward. President Hayes
had seen masses of it in Texas, covering the negro shanties, and
brought home seed, but lost it.

A gentleman, whose name was not ascertained, spoke of the
different treatment required b}- soils of different character. The
great point is to provide a supply of water, which is tbe life-blood
of plants. Water comes both ways, b}' rain from above and by
capillary attraction from below ; and, if we understand this
principle, we can judge whether a soil will be benefited b}^ trench-
ing. If the natural supply of water is small, and the subsoil is
chiyey or hard, so that it is diflScult to draw water from it, then it
needs to be deeply pulverized ; but if it is loose and gravelly, it
should not be. If tlie surface is kept loose in dry weather, it not
only acts as a mulch to the portion below, and prevents the escape

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of moisture, but, if stirred towards night, the light and porous
portion absorbs air, which gives off its moisture to that below.
All soils should be kept porous on the surface. VVlien plants get
plenty of water, it is easy to snppl}' everything else, but without
water you can get nothing.

Notice was given by the President that the subject for the next
Saturday would be the " Cultivation of Garden Vegetables."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 11, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Chairman of the Committee, appointed
October 1, 1881, to consider what acknowledgment should be
made to Charles O. Whitmore, for his valuable services to the
Societ}', reported as follows : —

The Committee to whom was referred the recognition of Mr.
Charles O. Whitmore's services on the Finance Committee of this
Society, report the following Resolves : —

Resolved, That in consideration of the eminent services of
Charles O. Whitmoie, Esq., as Chairman of the Finance Com-
mittee for Fifteen Years, from which position he has retired at his
own request, the tlianks of this Society are due, and are hereby
gratefully tendered to him.

Resolved, That these proceedings be suitably engrossed, signed
by this Committee, countersigned by tlie President and Secretary,
framed, and presented to Mr. Whitmore as a testimonial of the
regard entertained for him by tlie members of this Society.

Marshall P. Wilder,

William Gray, Jr., ^ Committee.

Charles H. B. Bkeck,

The report was unanimousl}' accepted.
Adjourned to Saturday, February 18.

VEGETABLE CULTURE. 63

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The following paper was read by the author : —

Vegetable Culture.

By William D. Philbrick, Newton Centre.

Mr. President, Ladies, and Oentlemen : —

It is only a few days since that I received a request from our
worthy Secretai-y, in behalf of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, to open this meeting with a few remarks on the culture
of garden vegetables ; and I trust that you will pardon me if I
have found time to gather up, at this short notice, very little that is
worthy of your attention. Indeed there is, as Solomon said, " noth-
ing new under the sun."

The routine of market gardening has made few changes lately ;
one of these, however, is worthy of notice. I refer to the recent
use of greenhouses at Arlington and Providence, R.I., for raising
lettuce plants, which are transplanted to hot-beds for heading up.
The lettuce does not head so well in the greenhouse as in the hot-
bed, but the greenhouse is easier to manage, and will grow excel-
lent plants, which will head up in a hot-bed in from six to eight
weeks in winter after setting, and it has been found a very great
help in getting the hot-beds working early, to have a good supply
of plants grown in the greenhouse. If anj- one should ask why we
cannot head the lettuce as well in a greenhouse, I suppose the
answer must be sought in the difficulty of maintaining an even
temperature in severe weather, in the cold drip from the frosty
glass, and in the excessive dryness of the air of the greenhouse in
bright sunshine. The hot-bed, being covered at night, preserves a
more uniform temperature, has no frost on the glass to cause a cold
drip, and when aired is not so dry, owing to the nearness of the
glass to the plants. Possibly a covering for the greenhouse could
be devised that would overcome these difficulties, and make the
greenhouse lettuce as good as that produced from hot-beds. Mil-
dew continues to be one of the worst obstacles in raising good
lettuce. The only remedy seems to be to keep the lettuce growing
as rapidly as possible, so as to outgrow the mildew ; but this rapid
growth is incompatible with forming a good solid head.

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

Mushroom culture has attracted considerable attention, and
several of our members have been quite successful in producing
this delicious fungus in the depth of winter. A cellar heated b^^ a
stove or boiler to 60° or 70°, with close, damp air, seems to be all
that is required, except skill in handling the manure and spawn.

Some of the gardeners have lately been in the habit of growing
seeds of early cabbages and celery in one 3'ear from seed. This is
done by starting seed very early in winter in the hot-bed or green-
house, and thus getting a mature plant early enough to ripen seed
the same j-ear. I am inclined to think that this method has re-
sulted in developing in tlie celery a habit of running to seed in one
year, — ver}^ troublesome to the grower, and it certainly prevents the
grower of cabbage seed from making such careful selection of the
best heads as is desirable in growing the best seed.

There seems to be a prevalent feeling among the public at large
that gardeners made their fortunes last 3'ear, because every garden
product commanded unusually high prices. Nothing could be
further fi'om the truth. The high prices were the result of very bad
crops ; and very few reap anj- benefit from them. The season of
1881 was one of very uncommon changes, of frequent cold rains,
and very severe frost earl}- in October, all resulting in unusual loss
to the farmer and to the consumer as well, — the latter being forced
to pa3' very high prices for his supplies. The present high prices
will probabl}' stimulate the planting of a ver^' large area of crops
the coming 3'ear, and, if the season should prove productive, prices
will very likely drop to the opposite extreme. Thus, one extreme
usually follows another, both in our markets and in our weather.

Such seasons as the one just past are useful in teaching the im-
portance of thoiough culture and perseverance in garden work.
Those gardeners who persistentl3^ planted their melons and cucum-
bers over and over again, some of them four times in succession,
were at last rewarded with a fine crop in September upon a ver3'
quick market. The poorly-tilled, half-tended cornfields hardly
produced enough to pay expenses, while those thoroughl3' worked
were unusually profitable.

I shall be very glad to answer an3' questions that I am able to.
that may occur to any one present to ask.

VEGETABLE CULTURE. 65

Discussion.

Mr. Philbrick added that the greenhouse has the advantage over
the hot-bed, that when the lettuce is troubled b}" lice the}' can
easily be destro^'ed by smoking, while a plant infested by lice in a
hot-bed is worthless. It is well known to lettuce growers that
twenty years ago there was very little trouble from mildew. Then
lettuce was grown very slowly ; but now it must be grown rapidly
to escape mildew, and then it does not form so solid a head as
if grown more slowly. The market for the lettuce grown here is
found chiefly in New York. This may appear strange ; but it has
been so for twenty years, and the business is increasing, — one
grower using fifteen hundred sashes, besides greenhouses, and
several growers a thousand sashes each.

It is well known that the cabbage and celeiy are biennial ; but
taking two seaS'ons to raise seed is too slow a process for some
impatient gardeners, who have started seed at about Christmas,
and get cabbages almost ready to head before setting out. But, as
before observed, this probably has resulted in a habit of running
to seed in the first season, which is very troublesome when the
plants are grown for the table. Last year, in the dry weather, let-
tuce ran up to seed.

George Hill said that, as it was coming time to start hot-beds, he
would give an account of his method. Some good ground should-
have been selected last autumn, and a fence six feet high erected
to shelter it on the north. It should be ploughed several times, as
late as possible ; and if ploughed when partly frozen, it will be the
better pulverized. The ground should be covered with litter to keep
it from freezing. A short time before it is intended to start the
hot-bed, the frames are put down and the sashes put on and cov-
ered with wooden shutters ; but mats are not used until after the
plants are in. The stable manure used must be as fresh as possi-
ble. It should be covered with about eight inches of soil, which
should be in good condition in the fall. For seeds, less loam
is necessar}^ than when plants are set out, but enough should be
used to absorb the gas arising from the manure, which causes mil-
dew. Four dozen lettuce plants are placed under each sash. With
suflScient heat air can be given night and day, and the gas let off.
It is not necessary to water yet, but when water is given it should

66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

be warm, as cold water increases Biildew. The speaker warms
water for this purpose by passing it through a coil of pipe in a
boiler. Houses are better than hot-beds during the short days,
because they afford more liglit ; but after the end of January hot-
beds are preferable, for the heat is more steady and the air more
congenial. Dung heat is best for flowering plants, and also for
cucumbers, which latter are as delicate as any grown. The bottom
heat should be sufficient in February and March to air the frames
night and day. Too much air causes mildew and blight. The
sashes should be raised about two inches at the back. He had
been in rose and cucumber houses where the plants seemed to be
affected with a scald similar to that of the lettuce. He attributed
it to the gas arising from an excessive quantity of fresh manure.

Josiah Crosb}" said that if the growth of celery plants is checked,
when the}' start again the}' are disposed to go to seed. When
he thinned out seedling celery plants, few of those transplanted
went to seed, but many of those left did. He did not approve
of raising celery seed in one year, though he could not say that
it is not safe.

E. W. Wood had found it easier to grow lettuce in houses than
in frames; but it is more apt to "slough off" than in frames, —
that is, to turn black, beginning in the centre, and gradually ex-
tending, and making the lettuce worthless. He asked if any one
could give the reason of this trouble. Dealers say the lettuce
is sunburned. He saw it in Mr. Philbrick's house, two hundred
feet long, — a lean-to running east and west. The sash-bars of Mr.
Wood's house are six inches wide, and when the sun is low its ra3'S
do not fall directly on the lettuce, which is ten feet from the glass.
If this difficult}' can be overcome, it will be easier to raise lettuce
in a house than in a hot-bed ; for it is much pleasanter to work in
a house than about frames when the snow-drifts are higher than the
fences.

C. M. Hovey thought that any lettuce ten feet from the glass,
would be diseased. The chief difference between the houses and the
frames is that in the latter it is not more than from six to ten
inches from the glass, and, if covered with snow for a few days, it
does not suffer much. The trouble is not scalding, but the plants
are not strong enough, and are too far from the glass. A certain

VEGETABLE CULTURE. 67

amount of heat must be mamtained in houses to keep out frost,
and this dries the air, which the lettuce does not like. He did
not think that as solid lettuce could be raised in houses as in
frames ; but it is more difficult to keep up the heat in frames dur-
ing mid-winter.

Mr. Hill said that in December and January, when the sun is,
very low, you can get better lettuce in houses than in frames, but
after January in frames. Mr. Hove}^ thinks that as good solid
lettuce cannot be raised in houses as in frames ; but the speaker
had grown plants in frames, and when about to reap the fruits of
his labors cold weather came and it was impossible to keep up the
heat. From the time the days begin to lengthen, seeds, bulbs,
and plants show it ; an amar3'llis which at Christmas did not
show a leaf, had them all peeping up on the 10th of January. He
had known cel'ery injured by excessiA^ely hot weather in Septem-
ber. When the thermometer rose to 100°, on the dark day last
September, lettuce wilted.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder asked if the greater part of the let-
tuce sent to market is not raised in frames.

Mr. Hill replied that, up to this time, most of it is raised in
houses, but after this in frames. There has been but little good
lettuce in the market this year, while it has been glutted with that
of poor qualit}'. He thought the greater part of the second qual-
it}' came from houses. He agreed with Mr. Hovey that the
trouble known as " sloughing off" is not burning. In hot weather
lettuce burns in frames if the grower is not careful. Nine out of
ten grow it too fast, and then in cloud}' weather it becomes weak,
and when the sun comes out it burns. He was unable to say
whether houses or frames are cheaper ; but he has visited most of
the growers, and thinks a man could get a living out of hot-beds
best. In running houses the depreciation has not been consid-
ered. With frames, the cost of shovelling snow, wear of mats,
etc., must be taken into account. He extends his cultivation in
the old way. Stable manure gives the cheapest heat, and bottom
heat gives the evenest temperature'.

Mr. Hove}' said that lettuce must be grown in a low temper-
ature. There is no house where the glass will not be frosted with
an outside temperature of fifteen degrees when the wind is

68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

blowing, or zero when the air is still, and this frost falls in the
form of snow on the lettuce, and ma}- cause the sloughing off com-
plained of. Violets, which require the same treatment as lettuce,
are affected in the same way ; the top leaves begin to damp off.
The injury shows when the sun comes out; but the sun is not the
cause.

Mr. Hovey gave an account of his success in forcing cucum-
bers in 1832, in a brick pit, with a chamber beneath for the dung,
which supplied heat. The seed was sown on the 28th of January,
when the thermometer was eight degrees below zero. He kept an
exact record of sales and of the length of every cucumber.
Those sold amounted to thirty-eight dollars, and he had also
enough for his own use, from a three-light frame. Manj- of the
cucumbers measured from ten to thirteen inches in length, and
some of the leaves were fifteen inches in diameter. The highest
price received was twenty-five cents. The variety was the South-
gate. The soil was almost wholly leaf-mould, with a very little
loam. The leaves covered the bed so completely that not a fruit
or a flower was to be seen. He has never seen such a bed since.
In England cucumber growing is considered the test of a gar-
dener's skill. There is nothing like manure to grow plants ; it not
only affords heat, but ammonia, which is taken up by the leaves.
In England it has been suggested to scatter guano in orchid houses
to afford food for the plants. The speaker also raised the first
violets in New England, and has never seen such ones since.
To meet with such success, the best appliances in the wa}^ of
frames, shutters, etc., must be used. Mr. Hill is partially cor-
rect in regard to rose houses ; too much crude manure brings on
mildew. Plants want moisture, but not in excess, and air must be
let in most carefully, raising the sashes not more than an inch at
a time, or mildew will be the result.

Mr. Wilder said that the subject is narrowed down to the fun-
damentals of air, light, moisture, and heat ; but eternal vigilance
must be exercised in administering these. It is impossible to con-
tend with such snow-storms as we have had this winter. He has
a propagating pit warmed b}- flues underneath, from which he
gets a supply of cucumbers six months in the year. The young
plants are now in pots, and in a few days he will place two pots

VEGETABLE CULTURE. 69

underneath each sash. The plants, when large enough, are trained
ou the roof, and the fruit averages over a foot in length. He is
ver}' fond of melons, and takes extraordinary care of them, and
tries ever}' new kind. He makes large hills early in the season,
digging holes three feet broad and filling with rich compost ; a
frame about two feet square is placed over each hill until the soil
is warm, and then the seed is planted, and he is always success-
ful. Mr. Hovey is right in thinking that plants feel the increase
of light after the winter solstice, even when the days are growing
shorter in the morning. The}' have learned that the sun is return-
ing.

Mr. Wood agreed with Mr. Hovey that we want to get at facts ;
but Mr. Hovey had not hit the point we are aiming at. Some let-
tuce in houses is as good as any, and the conditions which grow
part health}', will grow all so if we can only find out what they
are. The trouble is not the distance of the plants from the glass ;
for, if it has light, lettuce is never drawn. Mr. Comley has shown
good lettuce from a house twelve or fourteen feet high. Houses
for growing lettuce have been introduced only a few years, and
our experience with them is limited. Small plants are not af-
fected.

Mr. Philbrick's experience had been the same as Mr. Wood's ;
he gets some lettuce from houses as good as any in hot-beds, but
not as large a per cent., and he cannot discover the cause. Mr.
Hovey's and Mr. Hill's suggestions are good. Lettuce needs light ;
it grows too tender in the dark. The trouble complained of is called
sunburn because it is noticed just after sunny days ; but the
cause operates on dark days, making the plants so tender that they
will not endure the sun. He has never seen it on small plants.
He uniformly gets the best lettuce in houses where it is farthest
from the glass, — say four and a half feet.

Mr. Hovey said that in Mr. Philbrick's house the snow was
melted in the highest part before falling. In England certain
plants must be put near the glass. Primroses cannot be well grown
ten feet away ; they should not be more than from twelve to four-
teen inches. Pelargoniums and EicpJiorbia Jacquinijlora. flourish
best near the glass. He gave this as his theory of the cause of
the trouble.

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAI, SOCIETY.

Mr. Hill asked if half of what is called burning is not wilting.

Mr. Hove}' replied that it is. Camellias burn, but that is xevy
different from the affection of lettuce. It is owing to the tender
condition of the leaf, which becomes chilled so that the tissue is
spoiled, and if the air is not moist it will dry up. He had seen
callas affected in the same wa}^ ; and if the new growth of bouvardias
touches the glass it will freeze and wilt, and must be tied away to
prevent this.

John B. Moore said we had heard hardly anything about out-
door culture of vegetables. For this, the thorough pulverization
and preparation of the soil is ver}' important ; 3'ou cannot raise
good vegetables without it. Jethro TuU claimed that with it there
was no need of manure ; but his system failed. You cannot deplete
your soil and have it retain its fertility. Pulverizing is important
in connection with a suflicienc}' of manure ; if that is supplied, con-
stant hoeing will make better crops. If the surface of soil is finely
pulverized it increases its nitrogen by absorbing it from the air.
No chemist of much reputation will dare to assert now that plants
absorb nitrogen through their leaves ; they take it in the form of
nitric acid or ammonia through their roots. He did not believe in
manuring plants by throwing round a little guano to give off its
nitrogen for plants to absorb from the air.

Aaron D. Capen said that we had all been instructed here today ;
but some of the discussion had been higher up than man}' of our
members could go. He could pick out gentlemen who are always
successful with their crops ; but he could not himself avoid missing
sometimes. No one has told us today how to prepare the soil for
hot-beds, or how nuich manure and other material should be put
in. He puts half an inch of sand into his hot-beds. He mixes
sand and pulverized manure and has alwa3's been successful. It
makes the soil lighter.

Mr. Hill said that ten or twelve inches of manure would raise a
crop of lettuce in tiie coldest weather. He sometimes top-dresses
a bed, but turns the dressing under before planting. The more
heat spent before the manure is used the less there is left for the
hot-bed. If beds are going to be covered, he leaves them
open an inch. ^lorc injury is done by too much than by too
little heat, and more plants are killed by kindness than in any

VEGETABLE CULTURE. 71

other way. If convenient, he would put an eighth of an inch of
sand on the surface of the soil in his hot-beds.

Josiah W. Talbot asked if the Arlington soil (where Mr. Hill's
grounds are) is not naturally sand3'.

Mr. Wilder said that an}^ good garden soil on top of ten or
twelve inches of manure is sufficient. It will absorb the ammonia
which escapes from the manure, and constitutes one of the most
Important elements in the growth of plants.

C. C. Shaw stated that in 1879 and 1880 his squashes were de-
stro3ed by an insect, and on examination he found a maggot at
the root, and asked how to prevent this loss.

Mr. Hill said that the onl}' i-emedy is to destroy the fly that la3's
the egg from which the borer is hatched, or to cut out the borer.
If ashes or anj^ similar substance is placed round the root to keep
them awa}', they go to the next joint.

The Committee on Discussions announced that the subject would
be continued on the next Saturday, with special reference to the
Out-Door Culture of Vegetables.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satdrday, February' 18, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the Societ}- was holden at 11 o'clock.
President Hayes in the chair.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, re-
ported the List of Prizes to be offered for Essays, by the Com-
mittee on Publication and Discussion, with the approval of the
Executive Committee.

Frank S. Collins, of Maiden, and
Edward Burnett, of Southborough,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee, were, on

ballot, duly elected members of the Societ}'.

H. J. Veitch, of Chelsea, England,
was, on recommendation of the Executive Committee, elected a
Corresponding Member of the Society'.

Adjourned to Saturda}', Februarj' 25.

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Out-Door Culture of Vegetables.

William D. Pbilbrick was first called on, and said that success
in the out-door cultivation of vegetables depends chiefl}' on plenty
of manure, and on keeping the ground light by thorough tillage,
but more than anything else on sowing good seed. Where land is
valuable two or three crops are raised in one season, and sometimes
even four, but in that case the first crop is earl}^ spinach, which is
sown the autumn previous. It used to be the custom to sow toma-
toes at about this time of the year, and transplant two or three
times, but now it is thought that the}' can be raised just as well if
planted the 10th of March. When finall}' set out, which is done
about the 20th of May, the}" are placed four feet apart. The Para-
gon is one of the best varieties ; it is a rank growing kind, and
needs a good deal of room, — six feet by four on good land. The
Lima bean is one of the best and most delicate and tender of vege-
tables. There is some difficulty in getting the seed up. It should
be planted with the eye downward, otherwise the .young root and
top are hindered in their growth, especially in a heavy soil. They
are frequently planted too earl3^ They should not be planted very
deep — half an inch is sufficient. Celer}', which is coming into so
general use, is very delicate, and ver}^ troublesome. It requires
more care and more nice work than any other vegetable — from the
first of April to the same time the next year. Formerl}' it was
sown in hot-beds, but the best gardeners now sow mostl}' out-
doors. The soil should be ver\^ rich and mellow, and the seed
should be covered very lightly. It is better to transplant it in
damp or even rain}' weather. If transplanted in sunny weather
it should have a ])all of earth to each»plant, and should be well
watered ; but the market gardeners turn out in rubber coats and
plant in the midst of rain. The summer culture is very trouble-
some ; it grows very slowly, and must be weeded by hand. For-
merly it was planted in trenches, but now on level ground, the
rows seven feet a|)art, and the plants a foot apart in the row. The
earliest should l)e baukeil up in September, to blanch it, about
three weeks before selling. The late crop does not require to be

THE OUT-DOOR CULTURE OF VEGETABLES. 73

earthed so soon. P^or late keeping it is sometimes placed in a hot-
bed frame, and sometimes in a pit made for the purpose. The
outside leaves are taken off, and it is heeled in as closel}' as pos-
sible about the 10th of November. It should be blanched before
putting into the pit, but not as much as if it were to be sold imme-
diately. Boards are placed over the pit, and covered with litter
or tan. There should be a shutter every thirty feet for a man to
get in. It must have a little air, but not loo much warmth ; as
near freezing as possible without freezing is best. The pit should
be deep enough to have a space of six inches between the celery
and the boards, and should be covered with tan or litter to the
depth of one or one and a half feet. The pit must be made in a
well-drained place, and the cover should be slightl}' inclined, but
a little water from above does no harm.

O. B. Hadwen said that since vegetables had come into our
markets from the South so freely, and were sold so cheap, it had
not been profitable for him to raise earlj' vegetables ; but he had
not forgotten the principles essential to their culture. He gave an
account of the gardening operations of a friend, who was formerly
a successful merchant, and who has carried on to his farm the
same energy as he showed in his mercantile business. The luxu-
riant growth of fine vegetables on this farm was such as the speaker
had never seen before. There were all kinds, and all were flour-
ishing. The method of culture was simple but effectual. The
ground, which was of a sandy nature, was trenched three feet deep,
to get moisture, and manure was incorporated with it at the rate
of a hundred cords to the acre. In the melon-bed the fruit was so
thick that there was hardly room to set foot, and was of exquisite
flavor. Strawberry plants, set out on the 1st of August, were,
many of them, as large on the 20th of September as a peck meas-
ure, and the foliage was three times the ordinary size. Though
three by two and a half feet apart, they nearly covered the ground
the next season. Mr. Hadwen thought it extravagant to apply so
much manure ; but when he saw the results he began to comprehend
tliat it was profitable. A hundred straw-berry plants, set out in the
autumn of 1880, produced in 1881 seventj'-nine quarts of fruit,
many of the berries weighing from an ounce to an ounce and a half
each. Many of the varieties were the gentleman's own seedlings.

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Celeiy, corn, tomatoes, and other vegetables, were all in the same
proportion. He raised some very nice lettuce. Eight or ten years
ago he bought the best lettuce seed he could find, and since then
has raised his own seed, selecting twenty of the best heads to save
for seed, and out of tliat selecting the best one. His seed-corn is
selected with equal care. The strawberry plants from which he
intends to raise seed are set out a long way from any others, and
the pollen is carried to them on a brush. AVhen he first went to
farming his neighbors saw in him a cit}' man, such as they like to
laugh at. He hired help to plough three feet deep, and when he
had gone as deep as he could with a plough, he put men into the
trenches to throw up the soil, and his neighbors have not laughed
at him much since they have seen the results of his tillage. High
culture is most satisfactory to gentlemen who desire the best re-
sults, and any one with the same intelligence and care in raising
seed, can produce equallj^ good results.

Mr. Hadwen said that by planting the seed and stem ends of the
Early Rose potato separately, he could, in a few years, produce
two varieties, differing two weeks in time of maturity ; or, b}' se-
lecting the round and oval potatoes, he could, in a few years, get
two varieties possessing the same characteristics.

President Hayes suggested that Mr. Hadwen should get liberty
to mention the name of his friend, and induce him to prepare an
essay for one of our meetings, or to attend and answer inquiries.

Leander Wetherell remarked that to apply manure at the rate
described would hardly be profitable if it cost as much as in the
Connecticut River Valley, where farmers have paid fifteen dollars
per cord.

Aaron D. Capen thought that cabbages, tomatoes, and other
vegetables, could be transplanted as easily in dr}' weather as i!i
moist, if a cavity were left round the plant, and water poured in and
covered with soil. Somebody has said, " there is such a thing as
hoeing vegetables too much, but cabbages may be hoed every day
with benefit." Mr. Moore struck the key-note last week when he
spoke of the thorough pulverization of the soil. The speaker would
manure and i)lougli in the autumn for squashes, and then the
manure would couipost all winter. In the spring he plants his
potatoes in furrows, and wlien it is time to cultivate, he ploughs

THE OUT-DOOR CULTURE OF VEGETABLES. 75

the earth away from them, leaving only a strip in the middle to be
hoed; the next time he ploughs the other way. He plants
squashes in drills, like peas, and when thej^ are up ploughs the
earth away from them and thins out with the hoe. When they are
larger he throws the earth toward them in ploughing. This
method saves half the expense of cultivation, as it avoids plough-
ing more than one furrovv at the time of planting. He knew a
gentleman in Middlesex county who grew a tine crop of potatoes
with very little labor. He planted in drills, and covered with a
plough. Before the sprouts of the potatoes came to the surface he
levelled the ridges with a harrow, and destroyed the weeds when
small. When the plants were sufficiently grown he used a culti-
vator, and no other implement was used until the crop was hai*-
vested. He then grew a fine crop of celery on the same ground.

Benjamin P.'W^are said that the subject before the meeting was
a ver}' wide one. He was more familiar with field than with
garden culture, and had found that the most important matter in
raising vegetables is to have good seed, but it is not full}' appre-
ciated. The cabbage crop is of very great importance in Marble-
head, where the speaker resides; indeed, at a farmers' discussion
it was decided to be the most profitable farming specialt}' in the
town. One reason for this is the great care taken in growing the
seed. He thought that forcing it to produce seed in one year wa'^.
not calculated to improve its quality, and would, in a few 3'ears,
result in making it an annual. In selecting plants for seed, the
grower starts with the idea of a perfect cabbage in his mind, and
selects two or three dozen of the best of his crop, and from those,
two or three which approach most nearly to his ideal. These are
cultivated with great care, and in a few years the ideal is reached •
The Marblehead Mammoth vvas produced in this wa}'. The origi-
nator was ambitious to produce a large cabbage, and succeeded,
and raised very heavy crops ; but as they were sold by count, and
there were onh' a huiKlred and twenty-five in a two-horse load,
the result was not \ery profitable. Mr. Ware recommended it
only as a curiosity. He grows onl}- " thorough-bred " cabbages —
breeding is as important in vegetables as in animals. With such
seed almost every plant will produce a fine head. He has seen
cabbages with stalks two feet high. There is much seed in the

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

market, which is grown without auy selection, and even from refuse
cabbages, and not only of cabbages, but of onions, and all other
vegetables. Last j'ear one of the best onion growers in Marble-
head, whose seed-plot was partly destroyed by a hail-storm the
year before, prepared his ground and planted all the seed he had
of his own raising, and for the remainder bought the best seed
he could find in Boston. Afterwards the seedsman of whom he
bought it inquired how it proved, and the grower answered that it
would have been better for him to pay twenty dollars a pound for
seed like his own than to have such seed as he bought given to
him. The seedsman, who had honestly intended to sell good seed,
was so surprised that he went to Marblehead to examine the crop,
and candidly acknowledged that the grower was right. What is
true of onions and cabbages in regard to seed, is true of other
vegetables. With good seed j'ou must also cultivate well ; but
with the best cultivation and manuring, and poor seed, you will get
poor crops.

William C. Strong asked whether it would pay to grow cauli-
flower seed in this country. It is generally imported, and the
results are not satisfactor3\

Mr. Ware thought it would pa}', though he is not a large grower.
We may make our ideal of almost any vegetable a realit}', just as
easily as we can in breeding pigeons.

Mr. Philbrick said that some cauliflower seed is already raised
in this country verj' successfully, and he did not doubt that in a
few years we should raise all that will be wanted here. It is an
annual, and our seasons are not long enough to mature the seed
unless the plants are forwarded in a hot-bed. The best heads
should be selected for seed. It is more important to transplant
celery on a rainy day than it is other vegetables.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder said that nobody doubts the impor-
tance of manure and thorough pulverization of the soil, or of deep
trenching for some crops ; but others want breadth rather than
depth. Formerly it was thought that asparagus needed a deeply
trenched soil, but now a foot of soil, with the manure near the
surface, is deemed sufficient ; but the roots are set further apart,
say from three to four feet, and they will then occui)y the whole of
the ground. Few are aware of the distance to which roots will

THE OUT-DOOR CULTURE OF VEGETABLES. 77

extend in good soil. Strawberries which the speaker planted in an
old dahlia bed, deepl}- trenched, were found to have sent down the
roots to the depth of three feet. He cares but little whether the
weather is cloudy or sunny when he sets out strawberr}^ plants ;
he puts a quart of water into each hole when it is nearly filled, and
then covers it up with finely pulverized soil.

Mr. Wilder spoke of a farmer near Boston who raises seventy-
five thousand cauliflowers in a 3'ear, and does not believe in chemical
fertilizers ; but he keeps a stock of moi'e than two thousand animals.
Who would believe in chemical fertilizers if he could have such a
quantity of manure as these animals would produce?

Clark W. Mills, of Pompton, New Jerse}^ said he was not one
of the aesthetic, high-art farmers, but had some knowledge of general
laws and treatment. There are but three retainers of fertilizing
properties, — clay and carbon in the soil, and water everywhere.
When ten tons of grass are cut off an acre the water is evaporated
until perhaps only a ton or a ton and a half is left, consisting mainly
of wood}' fibre and gum, worth perhaps less than a ton of what was
evaporated, for with the water went the condiments which make
fine flavored butter.

When what is called the pure rain comes down, it washes from
the air all the ammonia which has emanated from the sewers and
elsewhere, and if the hard pan at the bottom of the tilled part of
soils is broken up so as to let the water through freely, it gives
up its fertilizing matter to the clay and carbon in the soils. The
failure to understand the loss of nutritious matter in drying grass
has been a great loss to farmers, who have wasted nine-tenths
of all they have raised. No business man could ever succeed in this
way. The speaker would preserve food for cattle, not b^' taking
away the water, but by excluding the air. He would not have it
crushed or bruised by trampling, but would exclude the air by
continuous pressure, — about three hundred pounds to the square
foot is sufficient. In this way the food will be perfectly sweet, in-
stead of having passed into the acetous fermentation. The pit
in which it is preserved should be long and narrow, so that what
is wanted can be cut off' from time to time without exposing the
remainder unnecessaril}' to the air.

Charles M. Hovey said it is immaterial at what time vegetables

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

are transplanted, provided that they are not too large, and that the
ground is warm and mellow ; but he would never transplant in a
rain-storm when the ground is puddl3\ The ground should be warm
and mellow, though not perfectly' dry, and then the heat sets the
roots in action immediately. He had pulled up in the morning,
plants set out the afternoon previous, and found the young rootlets
already starting. In setting strawberries or other plants by the
acre or ten acres, it would be too much work to carry a quart of
water to every one, though it might easily be done in a small gar-
den. When the grower gets only from six to ten cents per quart
for his strawberries, he must raise them cheaply. He could not
afford to manure highly, — even at the rate of twenty-five cords per
acre, when they are grown so cheaply at the South, though those
raised here bring more. Mr. Hovey agreed with the previous
speakers as to the importance of good seed ; and said that it was
well to impress it on all, but that people are not willing to pay for
good seed. A seedsman would be thought insane who should ask
twenty dollars per pound for onion seed. The mass of cultivators
cannot raise their own seed, and seedsmen generally try to have
the best seeds. The European growers who hybridize pansy and
other flower seeds rarely sell it, but reserve it for the production of
new varieties.

Mr. Strong remarked that Mr. Moore, of the Committee on
Discussion, had been very successful in raising cauliflowers, and
that Peter Henderson advertises seed which will produce plants
uniformly heading.

John B. Moore said that in making changes and raising special-
ties he had given up growing cauliflowers, but as long as he con-
tinued it he used Italian seed. Henderson's is good. The largest
grower in this vicinity raises the Half-Early Paris. The speaker
agreed with all that Mr. Ware had said of the importance of good
seed, and would go even further. He gave an account of the crops
raised by a gentleman in Salem on an acre of land. He has plenty
of manure and water, and raises more than enough asparagus,
peas, corn, and other vegetables, for a family of six or seven per-
sons ; pastures three cows, and raises eight tons of mangel-wurzels
on an eighth of the acre, to partly feed them in winter. Mr. Moore
thought that, by soiling instead of pasturing, he might keep another

THE OUT-DOOR CULTURE OF VEGETABLES. 79

COW. The land is low and flat, and free from stones ; well under-
drained, and does not suflfer from drought. It was probably a
swamp in former times. The owner has a tannery near by, and
applies to the land the tan ashes from under his boilers, as well as
animal manure.

Mr. Moore thought the amount of fertilizing matter received
from the rain and air was not understood. All plants grow better
for fi-equent stirring and thorough pulverization of the soil. It is
well settled that plants take all their nutriment through their roots,
and not through their leaves. Four-fifths of this nutriment is
nitrogen, which they take in the form of nitric acid or of ammonia.
This is the most costly of all fertilizers, and the speaker asked
whether constant stirring did not cause the nitrogen of the air to
combine with the elements of the soil, so that we could manure to
some extent from the air. Certainly, the good effect of stirring the
soil is not wholly due to mechanical action.

The discussion was listened to by a much larger audience than
at any previous meeting, and all appeared to be deeply interested
in it. The President announced that the subject for the next
Saturday would be " Flowering Plants, New or Old, most Desira-
ble for General Cultivation," to be opened by William H. Spooner,
Chairman of the Committee on Plants and Flowers, and Dr. Henry
P. Walcott.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 25, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the Chair. No business
being brought before the meeting, it

Adjourned to Saturday, March 4.

80 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DLSCUSSION.

This was opened by the reading of the following paper b}' the
author : —

Flowering Plants, Neav and Old, Most Desirable foe

General Cultivation.

By "William H. Spooner, Jamaica Plain.

It is said that the first duty of a good soldier is obedience ; so
when our captain, last Saturday, ordered me to the advance today,
I felt obliged to make the attempt, though with little time for a
proper arrangement of the subject, which renders it impossible to
notice more than a portion of the plants of recent introduction.

Among tlie variety of new deciduous perennial and annual
plants which are brought yearly to public attention many are
of little value, except as novelties, and the general cultivator
should select with care. First, there is the Iris Kcempferi and
varieties, most of them grown from seed ; during the past four
years we liave had opportunities of noticing many of these beautiful
seedlings, in rich and diversified colors. The additional advantage
of being perfectl}' hardy, places them high in the list of deserving
plants.

In Lilies, our distinguished associates, Pnrkman and Hovey, have
given us the two grand varieties, Lilmm Parkmanni and L. Hoveyii,
both of which will undoubtedly prove hardy, adding, as they do, the
strong character of the lancffolium to the awatiim^ and we trust
with a more reliable constitution than the latter. From Mr. Hovey
we have also the fine lily Melpomene, so strongly individualized in
its prominent markings. What would these worth}' gentlemen have
said had thej' been told, during their careful labors in In'bridizing,
that their successful work would perhaps become food for the imag-
ination of the modern aesthete? LiUiiin punctatum is a variety
deserving more general cultivation, perfectly hardy, and producing
a large bulb ; the flower is of a delicate white color, spotted with
salmon. There are also L. Leichtlini, L. JSatemanni, L. Neil-
gherriense, and other beautiful and novel kinds, but of doubtful
hardiness.

rLO\VERING PLANTS. 81

Mention should be made of L. Takesima, the rival of L. longi-
Jlorum and a more profuse bloomer and stronger grower, and I pre-
sume equall}' hard}-, if properly treated. Perhaps many of the new-
sorts which our President and others have so successfully shown
in the Halls during the past four years will prove worthy additions
to the best collections.

Eulalia Japonica is a most elegant ornamental grass, throwing
up annual shoots about three feet high, with beautiful striped varie-
gation extending almost the entire length of the stem. It is
crowned in the autumn with delicate tufts of bloom, and, if cut
before fully opened, these will gradually develop, the branches of the
panicles curving back, and making it, in its feathery appearance,
one of the best winter decorative grasses.

Eulalia Japonica zehrina is another variety, similar in growth
to the last mentioned, but marked across the stem in divisions of
light and dark green. Both these are perfectly hardy, and for
this reason more desirable than the Pampas Grass.

Gnaphalium Leontopodixim^ the " Edelweiss " of the Alps, with
pure white star-shaped flowers of a downy texture, is ardently
sought for b}' tourists, and is, perhaps, the more charming from
the almost inaccessible spots of which it is a native, though I am
not aware that it has proved difficult of cultivation elsewhere. It
has been grown successfully at the Arnold Arboretum.

The so-called Polygonum Jajyonicum is a hard}', rapid-growing
climber, with variegated foliage, and resembles the Madeira Vine
(Boussingaultia) both in leaves and flowers. The specimen I have
seen is that of President Haj^es.

Azalea mollis, in its man}' varieties, with their abundant
blossoms of delicate hue, and their hardy constitution, has added
a very valuable feature to the early bloomers.

Hovej-'s Seedling Japanese Hollyhocks have seemed to me a very
great acquisition. The varieties which John C. Hovey has shown
during the past season indicate a distinct break from his seedlings
of two years ago, and a very marked advance, approaching the
double form. In color they are marked with the national
characteristics, which add a pleasing variety to these showy
summer flowering plants.

The Seedling Delphiniums, from Dr. Walcott, are the best of

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

this class of flowers, perhaps, that have ever been shown, with
immense spikes of well-developed blossoms, and of distinct colors.

Moore's Seedling Phloxes indicate progressive development
in these nsefnl plants.

Hvde's White Gladiolus is a grand variety of this popular
plant, and, as I have had occasion to say before, a variety possess-
ing great vigor, which will be recognized as a valuable addition to
our summer flowering bulbs.

Gladiolus purpureo-auratus^ the new hardy (or nearly hardy)
variet}-, when hybridized with the Gandavensis varieties is likely
to lead up to a very desirable class. Lemoine, the celebrated
French cultivator, is producing some very choice kinds.

The popular taste seems to be returning to the original types in
the flower kingdom, as elsewhere, and single varieties of many of
the leading plants, among which the Dalilia ma}' be particularly
mentioned, are eagerly sought for. Paragon, a very dark-colored
single dahlia, is especial!}' attractive.

It is with the greatest satisfaction that we can turn to so many
fine seedling plants, of tender habit, of home production.

Our venerable associate, the " old man eloquent," has added
another arrow to his well filled quiver in his Seedling Azaleas, and
the variety Marshall Pinckney Wilder is the forerunner of a race
that is destined to become popular.

Among Carnations Tailb3^'s seedlings have proved a free-flowering
strain. Grace Wilder is a variety of remarkably delicate color,
and is a free bloomer.

Bouvardia Alfred Neuner is a sport from B. Davidsoni, with
double white flowers, and as free in its bloom as its parent.

Hovey's Seedling Camellias are plants of remarkable character, —
vigorous growers, and profuse flowerers.

Among border plants, Cineraria acanthifolia is a noticeable sort
for summer bedding purposes, with striking foliage, and one of the
most useful of its class.

Alternanthera f"^'>'owj'^hoides major aurea is of a dwarf but
robust character, with bright golden foliage.

Alternanthera latifolia aurea also has brilliant foliage, and a
broader leaf. Both these will undoubtedly prove valuable acquisi-
tions.

FLOWERIXG PLANTS. 83

Salvia farinacea is of branching liabit similar to S. splendens;
its color is light blue, and it is quite free in bloom, but not to be
compared with S. patens. Salvia Pitcheri is of a new color, a
most intense blue ; flowers small in comparison with other
varieties, — more like a lobelia, — blooming very persistently, Mr.
Sheppard calls it " a summer bloomer, and worthy of special
notice, as one of the very best flowering plants that we have
added to our list for a long time."

Chrysanthemxim frutescens^ or Marguerite (Paris Daisy), is quite
desirable for flowering purposes. This flower is off'ered in immense
quantities in the French flower markets ; color, white, with yellow
disc. Another variety is a yellow flower, called Etoile d'Or, or
Golden Star.

In Annuals we notice some remarkably fine additions, such as
Fapaver umbwsu^n, a single-flowered Poppy ; in color brilliant
crimson, with a shining black spot on each petal ; a profuse
bloomer, growing about a foot and a half in height.

In Petunias, the single and double fringed varieties have made
remarkable strides in rich striped, mottled, and self colors.

Nasturtiums and Tropseolums of new shades have added a rich
and gorgeous hue to the summer garden.

The new variety of Mignonette, Miles's Hybrid Spiral, produces
a very large spike of flowers ; it is an abundant bloomer and of deli-
cate fragrance. We had, last Saturday, an opportunity of seeing,
from Mr. Gardner, two of the finest specimens ever exhibited
here.

The varieties of Phlox Drummondi grandifiora are strong grow-
ers, and free bloomers, in rich colors.

There are several additions to the Sweet Peas, of which we may
mention Butterfly, with white ground, delicatel}' laced with laven-
der-blue, ver}' sweet-scented ; and Violet Queen, of dwarf habit,
and a deep violet-blue color.

Perhaps one of the most popular annuals of recent introduction
is the Calendula officinalis Meteor ; flowers very large and double ;
color, light golden-yellow, distinctly striped with deep orange ; a
wonderfully profuse bloomer in the summer garden, and equally
so under glass. One cultivator tells me it is very nearly hardy
with him.

84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Helianthus nanus foliis variegatis is a particularly desirable new
Sunflower, of dwarf pyramidal habit, branching almost to the
ground ; the leaves are nearly all spotted and striped with yellow
variegation ; the flowers are double, not very large, and bloom
from the base upward. The lovers of this now fashionable flower
will find this variety one of great merit.

Antirrhinum nanum picturatum appears to be a new and distinct
race of Snapdragon, of dwarf habit, comprising several kinds,
having diversely shaded and striped flowers.

In conclusion, the Hybrid Tea or pedigree Roses should not be
omitted, but can only be mentioned.

Discussion.

William C. Strong was called on for information in regard to
the Triomphe d'Angers rose, and said that in the house it is, by
all odds, the freest flowering rose — even more so than Bon Silene,
and the most fragrant of all the Hybrid Perpetuals. It sports a
great deal in color, and affords many different shades, sometimes
becoming purple. In its best condition it is well formed — not
expanded. It flowers freely out-doors, but is not quite as vigor-
ous as some. Mr. Strong said that last year he expressed the
opinion that no amount of manure could injure roses ; but he
thouglit that he had injured his I'oses this year by giving them too
much manure when in a dormant state ; and also last spring, by
putting fresh horse manure on the surface of the beds in large
quantities. The Triomphe d'Angers was one of those which suf-
fered. Bennett's H^'brids have disappointed him in some respects.
For florists' use the}' are surpassed by the Perle des Jardins. He
did not think it was the horse manure which made them inferior to
others. The Beauty of Stapleton is vigorous ; but he did not
think thc_y would generally take the place of others.

Henry Ross, in reply to an inquiry concerning a new Alternan-
thera originated b}' him, said that he considered it a remarkable
variety. The foliage has a veiy strong yellow — much stronger
than that of another new variety which has been advertised with
high recommendations, and which is really a valuable bedding
plant. It shows the yellow very early. He is, however, not as

FLOWERING PLANTS. 85

much interested in bedding plants as formerly, but more inclined
to shrubbery and herbaceous plants, which ever}' one can have
whether he has a greenhouse or not. Bedding plants are much
more trouble. He would not discard bedding plants entirely, but
would substitute hardy plants for a portion of them.

O. B. Hadvven had given some attention to flowers, particularly
hardy flowering shrubs and herbaceous perennials. For common
cultivators who have not time to give to annuals they afford
great satisfaction. Exocliorda grandiflora is one of the best
shrubs ; the flowers are most charming, and keep a long time in
bloom, and it is perfectly hard3^ Azalea mollis also is perfectly
hardy, and the numerous varieties, in every shade of color, afford
an opportunity for stud}' which will repa}' every one. It thrives
best, and the individual flowers and trusses are largest, in a peaty
soil. It is especiall}' necessary that peat should be added to the
soil when it is naturally claj^ey. The White Fringe tree {Chionan-
thus) is another beautiful shrub. It looks best when pruned in
tree form. The new Act inidia poly gama, from Japan, is a most
vigorous climber, soon spreading thirty feet, with beautiful foliage
and wood. The Schizophragma hydrangeoides, another Japanese
vine, has very beautiful foliage, which it puts forth very early in
spring, and retains until December. Of trees, the Purple Beech,
Purple Birch, and the various kinds of Magnolias, are most de-
sirable. The great variety of Paeonies, both tree and herbaceous,
make a fine show from year to year. The perennial Poppies seem
to gather strength and beaut}' year after year.

Mr. Strong asked why the Kalmia latlfolia is not more culti-
vated. The Azalea mollis, which has been so highly recom-
mended, it is true, is very beautiful, but only as long as it is in
bloom, while the Kalmia is beautiful in its foliage the year round.
The leaf is as handsome as that of the camellia ; that of the rho-
dodendron will not compare with it; indeed, no other phint will.
The variety of color is limited, but the shrub is well adapted for
suburban cultivation. It should have a sheltered and somewhat
shady place, and a prepared soil.

J. W. Manning also could recommend the Kalmia fn- a great
variety of soils and situations. He grew up among it, and has
seen plants with steins four inches in diameter, and tall enouoh to

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

make four lengths of cord -wood. Small specimens can be trans-
planted safely. Man\' j^ears ago he planted thirteen in the grounds
of the Rev. Nathaniel Frothingham, at Burlington, and twenty years
afterwards eleven of them were living, and from six to ten feet
high. They were dug from pastures in New Hampshire. He has
them in his own grounds, which he brought from Middleton ; but
most of those planted are imported from Europe. In transplant-
ing from the woods stocky young seedlings should be chosen in
preference to older and taller plants. The Azalea viscosa and
Clethra alnifolia, two native shrubs, are very desirable, and easily
transplanted. Both are very fragrant, and the latter is especially
desirable for its late blooming. The Akebia quinata is desirable
as a climber ; it holds its leaves until zero weather, as does also
Hall's honeysuckle. The Ligustrum myrtifolium, or California
Privet, has large, glossy leaves, and endures bleak seashore ex-
posures.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder said that he had lived from the time
when we scarcely knew what hybridization meant. It is the great
agency for improving flowers as well as other plants. By this
means we have obtained almost all the improved varieties men-
tioned by the essayist in his concise paper. The new hj'drangeas,
deutzias, viburnums, weigelas, spiroeas, and pseonies, introduced
from China and Japan within the last fifty years, are very beau-
tiful and afford a basis for further improvement. He could re-
member when no such thing as a hybrid perpetual rose existed.
The first to raise them were Laflfiiy and Verdier, who drew their
inspiration from Herbert and Lindley. Since then hosts and
myriads have been raised and sunk in forgetfulness. Even now
we cannot select twenty-five i-oses that unite all excellences ;
some have beauty of form and brilliant color, but no fragrance,
and are little better than a piece of scarlet paper to afford re-
freshment, tliough they make a fine show in the garden, like
dahlias, and for decorative purposes. We should strive to pro-
duce fragrant roses until we have a sullicieut list possessing this
as well as all other valuable characteristics. He has the Tri-
omphe d'Angers rose spoken of by Mr. Strong, and would hold on
to all of such exquisite character. There are certain things
which have been so thoroughly tested that we know they will not

FLOWERING PLANTS. 87

disappoint, and which ma}^ be easily obtained, such as the Purple
Beech, the Magnolia Soulangeana and. other species, the Cut
Leaved Weeping Birch, the Laurel Leaved Willow, the Viburnum
plicatum, the Aclinidia j^olygama, a beautiful vine from Japan,
which would soon fill this room, and which, though recommended
for its fruit, is not of great promise except for ornament ; and the
Tree Paeonies, of which the Gloria Belgica and the Elizabetha
are among the finest. Azalea mollis^ a new species from Japan,
is one of the most showy. The speaker has crossed it with A.
Indica, and has seedlings growing.

President Hayes spoke of the beauty and vigor of the Actinidia
polygama, which produced fruit in his grounds last year.

Charles M. Hovey said that Kalmias planted in 1844, in his
grounds, are today twelve feet high and eight feet broad, with
stems three or four inches thick, and in the season of bloom are

t

covered with flowers. The Rhododendron and Kalmia are so-
ciable plants, and will not grow alone, but must be planted in
groups, and this is one reason why thej^ are so much neglected.
Naturally they are found growing on the edges of woods, which
afford the protection that they need. If planted in exposed
places, and a cold wind comes when they are loaded with snow,
they are whipped round, so that the chances are ten to one that
they will not be worth looking at in a few years. They look well
in groups of from three to twelve, with azaleas intermixed. They
like a peaty soil, as do all " American plants," but will do well in
a sandy loam, though not in cla3^

Mr. Strong asked if the shelter of surrounding houses would not
answer.

Mr. Hovey thought it might. The Kalmia and Rhododendrons
are like persons ; of a group of twenty men standing out in a cold
wind, the six in the middle will be comparatively protected from
it, while those on the outside will suffer. The Rhododendron is
very sensitive ; on a cold day like this the leaves curl up. They
require to have their brothers around them so that they can pro-
tect each other.

The Paeony has been vastly improved by French, Belgian, and
American cultivators, but 3'et is not appreciated. Many of the
varieties have a pleasant perfume. Planted in groups, or in the

88 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

background of borders, they produce a fine effect, with the colors
varying from white tipped with carmine to black crimson. The
speaker has a quarter of an acre of these plants which have not
been moved for twenty-five years, and in the blooming season present
a gorgeous appearance, many of the flowers being thirt^'-six inches
in circumference. The flowers of the Tree Pseony are of immense
size and great beaut}' ; but the plants must have careful cultiva-
tion and protection from severe winters. For tiiose who cannot
give these, the herbaceous varieties are better.

Mr. Hovey said he would like to speak of such good old plants
as the Acacias, Cytisus, and Heaths, which are now neglected for
pinks and roses, as if we could have nothing else. The Clematis is
one of the most valuable flowering plants. No plant of modern in-
troduction has been so much improved, beginning with Jackmanni.
The spring flowering varieties, which bloom before July, and then
cease, have been neglected. These flower from the old wood. If
Jackmanni and other summer flowering kinds are cut down the}' will
flower through the season, but the spring flowering kinds will not.

Among native plants, the Asdepias tuberosa, or Butterfly-weed,
and four or five of the Cypripediums are desirable and easily culti-
vated. They do best in a loose, sandy loam, mixed with leaf-mould
or peat. They grow naturally on the edges of woods, where such
a soil has been made by the decay of leaves. Some of the native
Asters are delightfully beautiful ; when we see them under cultiva-
tion we ask what they are. Rhexia Virginica, a native plant, is
more beautiful than Phlox Drummondi.

Edward L. Beard said there was one race of plants which had
hardly been touched by speakers who had preceded him, — the
Pyrethrunis. They are among the most interesting plants, and
are very hardy, needing only a covering of leaves. The single and
double varieties are very popular abroad. There are a hundred
varieties, affording an astonishing amount of color. The double
varieties are handsomest. Good clumps, well cared for, will
multiply rapidly. Our gardens are apt, at times, to have a super-
fluity of flowers, and at others to be bare, especially the small gar-
dens of amateurs in early spring, when they ought to be alive with
flowers. It is not so in England, and though it is true that our
springs are shorter and hotter, many opportunities are neglected.

FLOWERING PLANTS. 89

The varieties of Narcissus are multiplying rapidly, and a surprising
number are offered by Barr & Sngden and Thomas S. Ware ; but
only a very limited number are grown here. They are easily
cultivated, and afford a remarkable range of variety, and nothing
is more beautiful or satisfying in early spring. The Bicolor sec-
tion is xerj numerous, and gives a great display of color. The
Chionodoxd LuciUce, or Glory of the Snow, a new bulbous rooted
plant from Asia Minor, allied to the Hj^acinth, has lived out-doors
two years in Mr. Beard's grounds, and produces beautiful blue
flowers in early spring. It promises to be one of the most valua-
ble flowers of its season.

There are other bulbous rooted plants almost innumerable. The
hardy section of the genus Gladiolus is very beautiful in early
spring. It has lately been taken up with much enthusiasm by some
of the European nurserymen, who have raised hardy hybrids, of
which M. Lemoine has sent out six new varieties. We can gain
more beauty in spring with Anemones, Ranunculuses, and Alpine
plants in rockeries, though rockeries, as ordinarily constructed, are
apt to look too much like piles of cobble-stones. A very different
appearance was presented by a rockery which Mr. Beard saw in Dr.
Henry P. Walcott's garden with Cypripediums and other hardy
dwarf plants growing on it. Pansies afford great delight in early
spring, and it is one of the simplest things to have them at that time,
though most people fail to do it. We should study up the habits of
plants more carefully than we do. The speaker thought the cease-
less glare of bedding plants in summer a most tiresome exhibition
of color ; they are cultivated as some dresses are worn : only because
they are in fashion. They are in their glory in August, and soon
after that time the frost takes them ; but we get no wider range in
them than in herbaceous plants, which are beautiful throughout the
summer. The summer lilies afford a long list of beauties. Only
a few are successful in growing the California lilies. The Double
Geura has proved not to be hardy with Mr. Beard ; but it is among
the most beautiful of half-hardy plants. Nothing is more beauti-
ful than the white Anemone Japonica. He lifted his plants, and put
them in pots in autumn before frost, and placed them in the green-
house, and they bloomed until Christmas. Primula vulgaris, though
our summers are not so favorable for it as those of England, can be

90 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cultivated here if we go about it right ; and there are a great num-
ber of varieties of the Primula which are capable of successful culture.
In England all the operations of gardening are performed with
care. Here we dig a hole and plant lilies in clay, but in England
they go down three or four feet in deptli, and also drain. Our green-
houses often look like hospitals, being bare at seasons when, with
intelligent forethought and preparation of flowering plants for
blooming in succession, they could be made bright and beautiful
from Chrysanthemum season until the summer comes again.

President Haj-es said that in his summer home he had great
pleasure in seeing the garden of a neighbor, who, though devoted
to the duties of an arduous profession, had shown that he could
carry on a garden without neglecting his professional duties. He
introduced Dr. Holmes, of Lexington.

Dr. Holmes said that some of his neighbors think he has roses
on the brain, and he admitted that he does like hardy summer
roses. He agreed with Mr. Wilder in his remarks on fragrance ;
a flower has little charm for him without fragrance. He had
cultivated a green rose, which proved to have not much more beauty
than a houseleek, and was interesting only as a novelty. His
ground is sandy, but he has peat to mix with it, and finds no diffi-
culty in growing roses, either bush or climbing. Though the exi-
gencies of his profession force him to neglect his garden sometimes
for weeks together, it affords much pleasure to him and to many
visitors.

E. H. Hitchings wished to enter his protest against the idea that
flowers without frao;rance have no value. He would lose one-half
the pleasure of his rambles around the country in search of wild
flowers, if this were so.

The President announced that the discussion of the subject
would be resumed on the next Saturda}'.

SPECIAL PRIZES FOR ROSES. 91

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 4, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was hokleu at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder announced the decease of Thomas
Potts James, of Cambridge, a Corresponding Member of the
Society, and for many years Professor of Botany to the Pennsyl-
vania Horticultural Society, and moved the appointment of a com-
mittee to prepai-e memorial resolutions. The motion was unani-
mously passed, and the Chair appointed Mr. Wilder, Charles
M. Hovey, and Benjamin G. Smith, as that Committee.

C. M. Atkinson referred to the Special Prizes of Silver Cups
offered by subscription at the last three Rose Shows, and the
great interest which they added to the shows, — an interest which
was not confined to Massachusetts, pilgrims from different parts
of the country having been attracted to the exhibition. These
prizes did much to introduce more fully to the public the improved
varieties of the rose. He felt it a duty to the gentlemen who had
contributed to the fund, to speak of the freedom and liberality
with which they gave. He deemed it important that the prizes
should be continued, and that the Rose Show should be made the
grand feature of the year. He suggested that this year the sub-
scriptions be in smaller amounts, and that the members generally
be asked to contribute, and that a committee be appointed to take
• charge of the subject.

The motion was unanimonsly carried, and the Chair
appointed as the Committee: Mr. Atkinson, William Gray, Jr.,
John B. Moore, William H. Spooner, and John C. Hovey.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 11.

92 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

This was opened by the reading of the Ibllovving paper b3^ the
author : —

Flowering Plants, New or Old, Most Desirable for
General Cultivation.

By John G. Barker, Lynn.

Hardy Climbing Plants. — Scott, in his "Suburban Homes,"
says that no one needs to be reminded of the beauty of vines and
creepers. Many of the most vigorous and beautiful vines in the
world are indigenous to our woods in all the States. I well re-
member, when on a visit to Oak Hill Cemeteiy, Georgetown,
D.C., that one of the most interesting features of the place was that
old trees, which in most places are cut down as soon as they lose
their natural beauty, were not removed, but all the limbs were
sawed off about three feet from the trunk, to a heiglit of twenty or
more feet, and at the base of the trees were planted the varieties
of the English Ivy {Heclera Helix) , which seemed to flourish to
a remarkable degree in that climate, so as in a very few years to
make the trees objects of beauty, and in this way to fill places
which, if the trees were cut down entirely, would t;ike years to
make good with an}' small tree.

Where I once lived was an old apple tree, fast decaying, but oc-
cupying a position which would be barren indeed if it were removed.
At its base was planted a good strong vine of the well-known
Wistaria Sine7isis. In a few 3ears the old tree was thoroughly
covered with the vine, and now every spring it is an object of
indescribable beaut}^ with the thousands of long, pendulous racemes
of flowers. 1 could with great ease show you several large piazzas
covered with this same vine, which, when in flower, are every year
the admiration of hundreds of people. The ease with which it
can be grown and trained, so as to be easily removed if necessary
to paint or repair, renders it one of the most valuable of all the
flowering vines for cultivation.

The Trumpet Creeper {Bignonia radicals) should be more
generally cultivated on walls and trees, being of vigorous growth

FLOWERING PLANTS. 93

and adhering with great tenacity wherever planted. The foliage
is not very brilliant, but the beautiful orange colored flowers, in
the shape of a trumpet, borne in clusters in August and Septem-
ber, more than make up for the deficiency of the color in the
foliage.

Clematises are also valuable, and reference has already been
made to them at these meetings. The}' require artificial support
unless planted where, they can ramble among woodbines (Ampel-
opsis), and then, when in flower, are very beautiful, especially the
Jackmauni variety, the purple flowers of which present a very
striking appearance when intermingled with the foliage of the
woodbine.

Climbing Roses are also exceedingly desirable, and should be
more generally cultivated. Near my residence is a single plant of
the Baltimore B^lle, which covers a space of over two hundred
square feet, and although said to be not quite hardy it has withstood
the changes and severity of at least ten winters, and is each
year completely covered with its beautiful, blush colored flowers,
besides affording in summer a delightful shade from the sun, and
at the same time not excluding the air.

The Honeysuckles, so well adapted for porches and verandas,
should receive greater attention. The Red and Yellow Trumpet
Honeysuckles (Lonicera sempervirens and L. Jlava) are two beauti-
ful native sorts. There is also the L. pubescens, very luxuriant
and distinct, with orange colored flowers. The Chinese or Japan
Monthly Honeysuckles are deservedly popular ; among them is the
L. aurea reticulata, the leaves of which are beautifully veined with
gold lines, — a vigorous plant for a veranda among the green-
leaved varieties ; or, when grown with Clematis Jackmanni, the
golden foliage of the honeysuckle and the purple flowers of the
clematis form a most beautiful combination of color.

Evergreen Flowering Shrubs, — The Andromedas are
among the most desirable, the habit of growth being compact
and neat ; with their beautiful foliage and showy flowers, it has
gained for them a front place in all collections of peat-soil plants.
Mr. B. G. Smith, of Cambridge, can testify to the value and per-
manent beaut}' of Andromeda florihunda. I imagine an entire
bed would be a sight not soon forgotten.

94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I would also call your attention to the Daphne Cneoriim, which
is quite hardy, and forms a dense bush, growing not over eight or
ten inches high. It is a gem among shrubs, and deserves a good
place on the margins of borders of taller shrubs, and will well re-
pay for the tenderest care that can be given to it. The flowers
are ros^'-pink, and delicately scented.

The Rhododendrons and Azaleas have already been noticed, and
I will pass them without remarks.

Deciduods Flovtering Shrubs. — In May Ave may look for the
bright FoTsythia viridissima, introduced from Japan by Mr. For-
tune. The leaves are of a deep green ; flowers bright clear yellow ;
early and desirable. Prunus triloba (Double Flowering Plum) is
one of the best additions to our hard}' shrubs. It is also from
Japan. Spiro'M prunifoliajiore pleno is one of the earliest varieties
to flower. Many of the Lilacs also flower this month, as well as
some of the Pieonies.

In June, the beautiful Halesia tetraptera, or Silver Bell, with its
pretty, white, bell-shaped flowers, is very attractive and desirable.
The Deutzia gracilis is so well known that no one would think of
being without it. It is highly desirable for forcing. Viburnums
also are in their gior}- this month. The Weigelas, so well known
and valuable, follow the Lilacs in flowering. The old Weigela
rosea will always be a standard variety. W. Iiortensis nivea is
good. W. amahilis^ which blooms quite late, should be in all col-
lections. W. Lavallei is a fine vaiietj' ; flowers dark reddish-pur-
ple. W. nana foliis variegatis is of a dwaif, spreading habit,
foliage variegated and well defined ; it stands the sun well, and is
among the very best dwarf variegated shrubs. Cornus sanguinea
is ver^- ornamental, especially' in winter, when the bark is blood
red. The White Fringe, the Josika Lilac, and Deutzia crenata flore
plena., are among the choicest ornaments of the month.

In July, the Spiroea callosa and S. callosa alba flower, and, indeed,
continue nearly all summer, and on that account are valuable.

In August, we have the Althaeas and the magnificent Hydrangea
paniculata grandiflora, the finest of all the shrubs that Japan has
given us. Last year there was a difference of opinion among the
speakers at these meetings as to whether the variety grondiflora
differs from the type. In mj- judgment it does.

FLOWEEING PLANTS. 95

In the report of the Garden Committee mention is made of
Buist's Variegated Althaea, which is ver}^ striking and effective ;
it holds the variegation excellentl}'^, and must prove a valuable
acquisition to our variegated shrubs. Bignonia grandijlora j)rmcox
is a magnificent plant, producing a great abundance of large, cop-
pery-crimson flowers, whicli last from Juh' until frost. The only
plants I have seen are in the grounds of our President, at
Lexington.

The Magnolia Soulangeana is a most desirable shrub. Ex-Presi-
dent Wilder has a fine specimen ten feet high and eight feet in
diameter, which, when in flower, is so beautiful that great num-
bers of people drive round to see it.

Hardy Herbaceoos Flowering Plants. — Special attention
has already been given to this class of plants in the discussions of
this season ; but I will venture a few remarks, and first of all to
urge that more attention be given to Delphiniums, which should-
have a place equal with the Phloxes. There are very few plants that
make a finer display in the flower garden and shrubbery, from
early summer until late fall. Their cultivation is simple ; any good
garden soil will suit them, but if well enriched of course it is all
the better.

I hope some one who has had experience with the Pentstemons
will give us his experience. I have not ; but it seems to me that if
the^' are thoroughly hardy we have not yet given them the place
they deserve. Messrs. Woolson & Co., of Passaic, N.J., in their
catalogue, say the florists' hj'brid Pentstemons are not hardy, but
they give a list of nine varieties which the}' consider fine and per-
fectly^ hardy, near New York. •

For centres of beds the Eidalia Japonica is excellent, the foliage
being firm and graceful. The flower-stems, which do not appear
until late in the season, add much to the beauty of the plant. It
is one of the handsomest of all ornamental grasses, and for winter
grass bouquets is invaluable.

The Iris is a very desirable and highly ornamental genus. From
"The Garden," of July 6, 1878, we make the following extract:
" Like a good many other plants, their season of bloom is not long
enough to please all ; but, by cultivating them in various places
where the}'^ are not in the way when out of flower, this is not felt to

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

be a drawback. Among large shrubs, which ought to be more
widely apart than they are generally placed ; in thin copses, among
dwarf shrubs ; in tufts near water, and in isolated groups on the
grass, near but not in masses of shrubs, are some of the positions
in which they may be enjoyed, in addition to mixed borders and
beds. In such places they vvonld mark the season agreeably, and
not be in the way when the bloom was over, which they are some-
times found to be when in borders. It is worth the while of all
who care for hardy flowers to devote a little attention to establish-
ing a good stock of these plants in their gardens. They have all
the beauty of tlie finest tropical flowers, without their cost."

The Iris Pseudacorus is worth cultivating for its foliage, which,
in a moist soil, such as it likes, will grow five feet high.

Of Lilies, unless it is to urge more attention to the cultivation
of our native species, which are quite as desirable in our gardens
as any of the other sorts, perhaps it would be well to say nothing
further ; but I sincereh' hope tliat some member who has made a
specialty of the cultivation of Lilies will give us a paper on the
subject.

Pseonies have ah'eaily been referred to in a previous discussion.

Solidago rigkla is one of the best of the many Golden Rods.

Eplmediam macranthum is a rare and beautiful little plant. No
one who has once seen it will be without it.

Yucca angustifoUa and Y. filamentosa are desirable. The last-
mentioned variety is \evy beautiful in clumps on a lawn. At Wil-
liam Gra3% Jr.'s, the large clumps on the lawn, with the ledges of
rocks for a background, are very efljective, and when in bloom the
appearance from a distance is very striking.

DiSCDSSION.

Warren H. Manning added to the shrubs already mentioned as
desirable, the Andromeda poli folia ^ with glaucous purple foliage in
winter, and white flowers earl}' in spring ; Euonymus nanus, a
trailing plant witii narrow leaves, reddish-purple, and very hand-
some in winter ; and Cratmgus pyracayitha^ with clusters of white
flowers in spring, succeeded by brilliant orange colored berries,
which hold on well into winter; the foliage is evergreen. The

FLOWERING PLANTS. 97

Weigelas in his father's grounds were almost all killed by the severe
frost early in October. TF. alba is very pretty, but a little ten-
der ; the leaves are not as smooth as those of the W. rosea.
Spircea callosa alba is dwarf, and not very hardy. Of herbaceous
plants, Pentstemon Coboea has clusters of rich purple flowers, and
is perfecth- hardy. P. barbatus, var. Torreyi, has long flowers of
bright scariest color ; but the hal)it of the plant is not good. P.
grandijiorum has dull purple flowers ; it has proved hardy so far.
Ii-is cristala and /. pumila flower in May, the G-erraan irises in June,
and I. KrBmpferi in July, making a season of three months. Soli-
dago rigida. seeds very profusely, and fills the ground with seed-
lings. Of ornamental grasses, the Eriantlms Ravennce is very
prett}', and valuable for winter bouquets ; it grows eight or ten
feet high.

William C. Strong spoke of the advantage to our gardens of
the introduction of new shrubs of permanent beauty, like the Kal-
mia and the Andromeda Jloribunda. The Cornns Sibirica variegata
is as desirable for the color of the wood in winter as C. sanguinea,
and, as regards foliage, is the most desirable of all variegated
shrubs. It differs from Buist's Variegated Althaea, but resembles
the variegated Cornus mascida, though more beautiful. The color
is somewhat similar, but in autumn it is suff'used with rose. The
yellow is bright and clear, with no look of sickliness.

Edward L. Beard said that he had lately been reading the new
edition of Robinson's " Wild Garden," and was interested in his
recommendation to revive the use of hardy herbaceous plants,
which have become somewhat obsolete. The Solidago rigida is,
perhaps, not strictly a garden plant, but it is beautiful to domesti-
cate in wild, bare spots, and there its excessive seeding is not
objectionable. In man^^ ways Mr. Robinson is doing much for
gardening. The book referred to gives many ideas worth consid-
ering, among which is the effect produced by large-leaved plants,
generally considered rather coarse, like the Sunflowers, the Even-
ing Primrose (which has become almost obsolete), the Rhubarb,
and the Phytolacca. The hybrids of Pentstemon grandijiorum are
not hardy here, though the word hardy is deceptive, and not appli-
cable to the same plant in every season. The species mentioned
cannot be relied on without lifting in autumn, and pUicing in a

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cold frame, when it will make beautiful plants the next summer.
Senecio pulcher is not veiy well known, but is one of the most striking
of the Compositoe. It very seldom seeds, but if lifted in the
fall, and placed in a cold frame, it makes underground roots, and
can then be divided. Tritoma Macoweni is not so rank a grower
as T. Uvaria grandiflora. but is of a most remarkable orange color,
and sometimes hard}', and is one of the most desirable herbaceous
plants. Stokesia cyanea can always be relied on. The speaker had
stun^bled on a clump of Viola jjeclata bicolor, the type of which is
well known as growing on hills, in light, sand}^ soils. The variety
bicolor is perfectl}^ hardj^ and one of the most beautiful, tnough not
as showy as the pans}'. This and several other varieties of violet
might be planted on rockeries. The different species of Corydalis
are also among the most desirable for tliis purpose. The Fritillarias
are one of the most beautiful races. F. Kamschatkenis is new and
hardy, and worthy of attention. The number of new varieties of
Snowdrops is surprising; and, as well as the common kind, they
are very beautiful in the garden in early spring. Several hardy
tulips have been introduced, among them Tulijxi Kolpalcoicslxiana
and T. Greigi, brought b}- Dr. Kegel fiom Northern Asia. They
are tall-growing plants, perfectly hard}', and enjoy being let alone.
Iris Kmmpferi sports from seed, and affords the chance of getting
new varieties. Clematis coccinea is very remarkable ; the scarlet
flowers are not very large, but they cover the plant. It is one of
the herbaceous species, dying down in autumn, and making a rapid
growth in spring, and is perfectly hardy. Many new Pitcher plants
— varieties of iSarraceiiia Driimmondi — have been sent out with
high praise ; but it appears as though the growers only thought it
necessary to tack on another adjective to charge a guinea extra.
Poppies have fallen somewhat into disrepute ; but clumps of the
best varieties will form beautiful beds of color, harmonious with all
around them.

Mr. Beard said that he wanted to grow all the hardy varieties of
pinks. If confined to one flower he would take up this, and give
the tender ones the protection of a cold frame. The colors and
growth are beautiful and varied ; ami, with attention, this class of
flowers could he made very interesting. He has imported many
new varieties, ainl though his ground is clayey and not adnptcd to

FLOWERING PLANTS. 99

their growth, he covers with leaf-moiilcl and straw, and the}' come
out good in spring. The Delpluniums are a wonderful race Of
plants. They have been greatly improved by M. Lemoine. One hun-
dred and fift}' seedlings, whicli Mr. Beard raised from seed received
from him, were all worthy of the place of honor. Dr. Walcott
also has raised fine new varieties from seed, showino; that great
advances have been made. The hyacinth-flowered varieties are
especiall}' beautiful. " If the plants are cut down in the early part
of summer they will give late bloom.

President Hayes said that the subject is so interesting that we
wish to learn all we can of it, and he would like to hear from the
ladies.

Mrs. R. L. Fa}' spoke of the Arabis hirsuta, used in rockwork,
as very beautiful. There is a variegated variety.

C. M. Hovey'said that the new Delphiniums are truly beautiful.
The variety Brecliii, raised by the late President of the Society,
whose name it bears, may be excelled in stateliness by some of the
newer kinds, but not in color or doubleness. Three years ago he
visited M. Lemoine, who, after they had looked over his plants,
gave him a package of seed which produced scarcely a poor kind,
and some were superior to the named varieties. Mr. Hovey spoke
of the industry of French men and women as the I'eason why they
have succeeded in producing so many new and beautiful flowers ;
and, as an instance, said that after dinner at M. Lemoine's, a
man bronght in a pot of minute seedling tuberous rooted bego-
nias, which Madame Lemoine began potting off before they left
tlie table. Many of the old hardy herbaceous plants are probably
lost, but some of them may be found in country gardens. We
ought, while seeking to introduce new things, not to neglect the
old.

President Hayes presented, and read, from the account of Mr.
Hovey's cucumbers, raised in a pit in 1830 and 1831, referred to
at the meeting on the 11th of Februnry. The record was kept
with the greatest care and minuteness, giving the length of every
cucumber raised. The longest in 1830 was eleven inches, but in
1831 the length advanced to twelve inches.

The President announced that the discussion of the subject
would be continued on the next Saturday.

100 MASSACHUSP]TTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 11, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Ha3^es, in the chair.

The Reports of the Treasurer and Finance Committee for the
3"ear 1881 were read by the Secietar}^ accepted, and ordered to be
placed on file.

E. H. Hitchings called attention to the fact that the value
($20,746.12) placed on the Librar}', in the Treasurer's Report,
is less than its real value, as it takes no account of the manj^ dona-
tions of books by Professor Russell and others, or of the " Daven-
port Herbarium of Ferns," which appertains to the Library. This
herbarium contains about eight hundred double sheets, with nearly
three thousand specimens, representing thirty-one genera, and one
hundred and fifty-six species, including every known fern of North
America. It is one of the best fern herbariums in the country,
and in some respects the very best, and is known by botanists all
over this country and in Europe. In regard to its money value,
Mr. Hitchings thought four hundred dollars a very low estimate.
It was presented to the Society in 1875 b}^ George E. Davenport,
who has since added largely to it. The work done by Mr. Daven-
port on this herbarium, and his success in collecting specimens
for it, are wonderful. Within the hist two 3'ears Mr. Davenport
has identified and named three new species, Cheilanthes vis-
cida, Notholcena Grayi, dedicated to Professor Asa Gra}-, and
Cheilanthes Parishii.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 18.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The subject assigned was a continuation of that of last week :
" Flowering Plants, New or Old, Most Desirable for General Cul-
tivation," and it was opened witli the reading of the following
paper b\- the author : —

LIST OF TREES AND PLANTS. 101

A List of the Trees and Plants Growing in the Garden
OF Hon. William Brigham, in Boston, in 1841,

By WrLLiAM T. Brigham, Boston.

This Boston garden of fort}^ years since was situated on the
east side of Washington street, between Olive place and Blake's
court, nearly opposite what is now Union Park street, but then an
open field somewhat below the level of the street. The long, old-
fashioned house stood endwise to the street, and formed a wall on
the north side of the lot, which had a frontage of about a hundred
feet, and an area of something like nine thousand square feet. It
was quite out of town when first laid out, and for many years the
Roxbury hourlies were the only public conve3'ances to and from
the older citj-.

The contents of the garden in 1841, as appears from a list in
my possession, comprised both useful and ornamental trees and
plants.

Ranunculus acris, the flat Double Buttercup, with dark green
centre, seldom seen now.

Aquilegia ylandulosa, the purple-blue variet}-.

Delphinium consolicla.

Delpliinium elatum, the Bee Larkspur.

AconiHm variegatum, Striped Monkshood.

Pceonia officinalis, the old Pffiony, with a color onl}^ surpassed
by the Paeon}' of the Nevada deserts, which unfolds its blossom
between two leaves. The odor of this showy flower was its chief
fault.

Liriodendron tulipifera, the Tulip Tree, grew finely, and became
about eighteen inches in diameter, with a clean, straight stem.

Podophyllum peltaf.um, the Ma}' Apple, so common on Goat
Island, at Niagara, but not cultivated with us as its delicious odor
deserves.

Adlumia cirrhosa, the Mountain Fringe, a most graceful vine.

Hesperis 7natronalis, Rocket, in its many shades of white and
rose.

Matthiola incana or annua, Gilliflower.

Cheiranlhes Cheiri, Wallflower, the bright ornament of many a
ruined castle wall in central and southern Europe.

102 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Iberis umbdlata, Candytuft, both white and pink.

Alyssum marilimuyn, Sweet Alyssum.

Reseda odorata, Mignonette.

Viola odorata.

Dioncea muscipula was grown in a box, which was removed to
the cellar in the fall. It seeded itself, and lasted a number of
^•ears.

Dianthus barbatus, Sweet William.

Dianthus pluinarius, Pink.

Lychnis Flos-cucidi, Ragged Robbin.

Lychnis Chalcedonica, London Pride.

Silene armeria, Pink Catchfly. The seed of this- was continued
thirt3' years at Grafton, Mass.

Malope trijida, Great Flowered Malope.

AUhcea rosea, the many-colored single varieties of Hollyhock,
worthy a place in any garden, and not surpassed by the double
varieties.

Hibiscus Syriactis, Althiea, so attractive in the latter part of
summer.

Hibiscus, sp.

Tilia Europoea, Linden.

TropcBolum majus. Nasturtium.

hnpatiens balsamina.

Rhus cotinus, Smoke tree, so attractive with its peculiar red and
green.

Vitis vinifera, Sweet Water Grape.

Vitis Labmsca, Isabella and Wild Grape. The Isabella was one
of the largest vines I have ever seen in this neighborhood. An
elephant died in the city, and his remains were buried beneath the
young vine, which, favored by the generous nourishment, grew
over a trellis of many hundred square feet, had a trunk more than
a foot in diameter, and annually bore from five to ten l)U8hels of
the finest grapes of that variety I have ever found. The trellis
was supported about two feet from the house, and the crop always
ripened early, with fine color and great sweetness. Cuttings fiom
this vine have been growing in my other gardens ever since, but
seldom ripen their fruit. The wild grape was cultivated for its
delicious odor.

LIST OF TREES AND PLANTS. 103

u^scuhis Hippocastamim^ Two large Horse Chestnuts, cut down
in 1869, were but part of a row which extended at intervals from
Dover street to the Roxbury line. One only now remains, — on the
estate of the late William Dall, near Dover street, — and that will
soon be cut down.

Melilotus alba, Sweet Clover, a verj^ fragrant and desirable
garden plant, and much used in Europe for fodder.

Robinia Pseudacacia, Locust, even then troubled with the borer.

Robinia Jiispida, Rose Acacia.

Lathryrus odorattis, Sweet Pea, grew, but not vigorously, and
does not seem to thrive in Boston.

Lathryrus latifolms, Everlasting Pea, certainly deserved its
name, for the stool grew for thirty years, and in 1851 was trans-
planted to Grafton.

Pruims Persida, four kinds of Peach trees, small fruit, of fair
qualit3^

Prunus Icevis^ Nectarine.

Prunus Armeniaca, Apricot ; three trees grew against a trellis
on the west side, constantly encroached upon by the vines, but
bearing an abundance of excellent fruit.

Prunus domestical Plums, of three kinds, large trees, abundant
bearers.

Primus Cerasus, Black Tartarian Cherry.

Spiraea sorbifolia.

Spircea JJlmaria, Meadow Sweet.

Spircea lobata.

Spiroia Fihpeiuhda, Dropwort.

Rosa centifolia, Cabbage, White, and Yellow Roses.

Pyrus communis, Pear — St. Michael, Skinless, Seckel, and an-
other, — all standards.

Pyrus Malus, Sops of Wine apple, a large tree, but bearing
rather small fruit.

Pyrus aucuparia, Mountain Ash.

Cydonia vulgaris, Quince, two trees, bearing well.

Calycanihus floridus.

Ribes aureum, Flowering Currant.

Philadelphus coroyiarius, Sj-ringa.

Philadelphus graadijlorus, Large Flowered Syringa.

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Fuchsia coccinea ( ?)

Passifiora cceridea.

Astrantia major.

Symphoricarptis racemosus, Snowberry.

Symphoricarpus vulgaris, Coral-beny.

Lonicera caprifolixim. Monthly Honeysuckle.

Lonicera jlava. Yellow Honej-suckle.

Artemisia Abrotanum, Soutliernwoori, that " old-fasliioned " gar-
den plant which reminds one so mn(!h of the sage on the plains.

Artemisia absinthiim, Wormwood.

Cacalia sorichifolia, Tassel Flower.

Oallistiphus Chinensis, China Aster, — not the choice varieties that
our florists now give us, which rival, if the}'^ do not surpass, the
fine products of the Chinese pot gardeners.

Achillea Millefolium, Yarrow, pink and white.

Ghrysantliemum Parthenium, Feverfew.

Calendtda officinalis, Marigold.

Coreopsis tinctoria.

Dahlia variabilis.

Zinnia elegans.

Tagetes erecta, African Marigold.

Lobelia cardinalis. Cardinal Flower, grew exceedingly well, and
lasted many years.

Campanula persicoefolia.

Campanula Medium, Canterbury Bells.

Primula officinalis.

Tecoma radicans. Trumpet-creeper. This trumpet-flower grew
all over one side of a long shed, and flowered abundantly ; never
injured by frosts.

Gatalpa bignonioides.

Verbena, sp.

Melissa officinalis. Balm.

Mentha inperita, Peppermint.

Phlox subxdata. Moss pink.

Polemonium reptans.

Ipomoea purj^urea.

Convolvulus tricolor.

Petunia violucea.

LIST or TREES AND PLANTS. 105

PeUinia nyctaginifoUa.

Gentiana quiyiqtiejlora, 'Rlue Gentian, did well. It certainly de-
serves more attention, as it grows easily; and, although not quite
so fine in color as the Fringed Gentian, is much more easily
cultivated.

Vinca minor ^ Periwinkle.

Syringa vulgaris, Lilac, white and purple.

Syringa Persica, Persian Lilac.

Rheum Mhapojiticum, Rhubarb.

Daphne Mezereum ; a portion of this shrub is still living at
Grafton, Mass.

Ulmtis Americana, American Elm. My father was the planter
of the rows of elms on Washington street, over the Neck. He ex-
cited an Interest in the matter, and the result is seen in the fine
trees still standing near Franklin and Blackstone squares.

Corylus Americana, Hazel Nut.

Salix Bahylonica, Weeping Willow, a specimen larger than the
one just cut down on Chauncy street.

Abies balsamea, Fir Balsam.

Tliuja orientalis, Arbor Vitse.

Calopogon p)ulchellus. Grass Pink, grew well.

Narcissus poeticics, the beauty of the Alpine swamps and fields
in May and June.

Amaryllis formosissima, Jacobaean Lily.

Galanthus nivalis, Snowdrop, planted about the same time as
those on the Hunneman Estate in Roxbury, that have all these
years been the first tokens of spring in this neighborhood.

Iris, sp.

Tigridia pavonia.

Gladiolus Natalensis or psittacinus.

Crocus vermis.

Convallaria majalis, Lily of the Valle}- .

Polygonatum giganteum, Solomon's Seal.

Lilium tigrinum. Tiger Lily.

Lilium candidxim, White Lily.

Lilium Canadense, grew exceedingly well.

Fritillaria imperialis, Crown Imperial.

Tidipa Gesneriana, three varieties, including the ragged. The

106 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

bulbs were taken up and re-set every 3'ear, and during the flower-
ing attracted many visitors.

Ornithogalum umbellaium, Star of Bethlehem, was used for edg-
ings.

Hyacinthus orientalis.

Funkia stihcordata, and F. ovata, Japan Lily. Plants of this
genus are still living in mj' yard in Boston, and the roots have
supplied mau}^ gardens. A clump of the blue is attractive even
when not in bloom, and the odor of the white is very delicious.

HemerocalUs fulva, Red Day Lily.

He^nerocallis Jlava, Yellow Day Lily.

Yuccx Jilamentosa grew very well, althougii the soil was by no
means so dry as that in which it flourishes in immense quantities
on the line of the Pacific Railroad.

Tradescantia Virginica, Spider wort, by no means so large as
that I saw a few j^ears since wild, in Kansas.

In 1851 the destructive storm that swept the tides over the
then narrow Neck, and overturned Minot's Ledge Lighthouse,
washed into and over this little garden. Its waters were fatal.
The tulip tree died first, and then others at intervals ; but the soil
was never fertile again. Immense quantities of earthworms were
destroyed, and several wheelbarrow loads had to be removed to
prevent stench. The water was eighteen inches deep on VVash-
insfton street.

■o"

Discussion.

E. H. Hitchings wished to say a few words in favor of the
native orchids for cultivation in gardens. Dr. H. P. Walcott has
successfully cultivated in his garden, in Cambridge, the Hahenaria
hlephariglottis^ 11. ciliaris, Cypripedlam sjyectabile, C. jmrviflorum,
and Calypso horealis. The speaker travelled two hundred iniles
in search of the Yellow Fringed Orchis {Hahenaria ciliaris). Dr.
Walcott also cultivates successfully the Trillmm grandijlorum and
T. erythrocarpum. The lihexia Virginica has succeeded too
well ; it propagates so rapidly that it is in danger of becoming a
weed. It is very showy. The speaker thought the Urtiadarias ov
Bludderworts might be cultivated by those who have the couven-

FLOWERING PLANTS. 107

ience of a pond. He had seeu a brook where part was purple
with Urticularia purpurea, aud thought this species might be
grown in the centre of a pond, and U. resupinata, U. cornuta,
and U. gibba around the margin.

Benjamin G. Smith, being called on, said that he had been
confined to his house for twelve weeks, and during that time had
realized, as never before, the beautj^ of the evergreen shrubs
which he could see from his windows, such as rhododendrons, kal-
mias, and andromedas. He has an octagonal conservator}' fifteen
feet in diameter adjoining his library, which has afforded him
even more than usual pleasure while unable to go out ; for, by open-
ing a door, he could fancy himself in Florida. This little conserv-
atory accommodates three hundred pots of flowers, and there has
been hardly a day during the winter when he could not cut a
bouquet from it for his table. It is heated by a Wethered boiler, of
the smallest size. Some have objected to a conservator}^ adjoin-
ing a dwelling-house, that the necessary fumigation pervades the
house ; but he has rubber strips on the door opening into his
library, and has had no trouble from this source.

Charles M. Hovey said that in 1836 he published in the " Mag-
azine of Horticulture," which he then edited, a list of flowers
blooming from month to month through the season, comprising
the very plants in Mr. Brigham's list, beginning with Phlox siibu-
lata, or Moss Pink, and P. s/olonifera. The Podophyllum,
or May-apple, grows well in the shade. Though the Del-
phiniums are much improved, none surpass the old Bee
Larkspur {D. elatum) in stateliness. The Adlumia, or
Mountain Fringe, will take care of itself. Dianthus barbalus
(Sweet William) and Lychnis Flos-cucali are as desirable
as ever. The Spiraeas are all pretty. Astfcintia major is very
beautiful. The present popularity of Marigolds (Calendula
officinalis) shows how slight a change is necessary to bring an old
flower into notice again. The whole list, Mr. Hove}" said, carried
him back to the good old times when gardens were filled
with flowers, each of whicih possessed an individuality, instead of
with masses, as in bedding. This should be adopted only as an
episode in gardening, and should be separated from other portions
of the grounds. Mr. Brigham's list also reminded him of his

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

mother's herb garden, where she raised herbs, not onl}' for herself,
but to give to her neighbors. It contained the old Cinnamon
rose, well known for its fragrance, though he rarely thinks of
fragrance in flowers ; he loves them for their beauty, and if they
have fragrance so much the better. This garden was, like Mr.
Bi-igham's injured by salt water, but earlier, — in 1832 or 1833.
On the 2d or 3d of March the tide was a foot over the main road,
and, though it covered the garden onl}' an hour, it killed many
plants. The speaker thought this should lead all who apply salt
to their ground to be very cautious in the use of it. Mr.
Hovey alluded to the deceptions in regard to plants practised by
foreign adventurers, who have published catalogues containing
blue tuberoses and rhododendrons, and lilies and carnations afoot
in diameter and striped with blue. Much ingenuity and talent,
which might be better employed, are required to get up such a
catalogue. He also condemned the formation of rockeries in im-
mediate connection with highly' architectural houses, and the prev-
alent taste for gypsy kettles, painted bright red and hung from a
tripod, to plant flowers in.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder said that at a previous meeting he did
express the desire that a rose should have fragrance, but he would
not exclude an otherwise fine variety, because it lacked that excel-
lence.

President Haj'es alluded to the beautiful exhibition of flowers,
which surpassed all previous ones of the season, and especially to
the fine specimens of Hybrid Perpetual roses from John B. Moore,
and called on Mr. Moore to say something of them,

Mr. Moore admitted that he had the rose fever ; it took him
seven or eight years ago ; and, unlike the annual rose colds, it is
chronic. He likes an old rose or other flower if it is as good as the
new ones, but not otherwise, and he would not praise a flower
merely because it is old. Few of the roses originated before 1860
are worth}' of a place in the garden now. He thinks more of a rose
if it is fragrant than if it is not. It is a strong point in its favor ;
but he would not reject a fine variety — the Baroness Rothschild,
for instance — because it is destitute of fragance, anymore than
Mr. Wilder Avould throw away his collection of camellias because
^hej' are not fragrant. The Alfred K. Williams and Duke of Teck

FLOWERING PLAN S. 109

are two of the best new roses ; they are of good color and form,
and the latter promises to be a good grower, and the flowers are
fragrant. He would not throw away such old stand-bys as the
Marquise de Castellane, — perhaps the finest rose of its color. He
thought that ver}' unwise stories had been told of the difficulty
of growing good roses. It is nonsense to sa}" that a bed four feet
deep, and half rotten sods and half manure is necessaiy. Eighteen
inches is deep enough, and will give better roses. The essentials
are plent}' of manure, and plent}' of water. Roses need water as
much as strawberries, especially when it is desired to obtain con-
tinuous bloom from Hybrid Perpetuals, for to give this they must
be kept in continuous growth.

The Chairman of the Committee on Discussions announced that
on the next Saturday a lecture on the "Effect of Chemical Fer-
tilizers on the Quality of Fruits and the Growth and Diseases
of Plants," would be delivered by Dr. Goessmann, of the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College, who believes that he has discovered
a cure for the yellows in the peach. The chairman stated that
probabl}' so good an opportunity to learn the results of the latest
and most scientific investigations of the whole subject would not
soon occur again, and it was desired that all present would invite
such of their friends as were interested to attend.

BUSINESS mi:eting.

Saturday, March 18, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holdeu at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair. No business
being brought before the meeting it

Adjourned to Saturday, March 25.

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The following paper was read by the author : —

On Mineral Constitdents in Plant Growth.

By Charles A. GtOESSMAN, Ph. D., Professor of Chemistry in the Massachusets Agricul-
tural College, Amherst.

A careful examiuation of the circumstances which have favored
the recent introduction of a more rational farm practice for the
production of crops, cannot fail to prove tliat the recognition of
the important influence which certain mineral constituents of
plants exert on plant growth in general has contributed more to
our success in agriculture than any other one which may be stated.
The confidence in the correctness of the current opinion, that the
presence of these mineral constituents in an available form in the
soil is essential for the reproduction of any plant fiom its seed,
is so firmly establislied in the minds of thinking agriculturists
that we are apt to forget how recent the date when the first com-
prehensive experimental investigations in that direction rendered
tlie existence of these relations between soil and plant more
conspicuous. It seems at the present time almost incredible to
notice in the writings of Justus von Liebig that, as late as 1830,
one of the leading botanists of the University of Berlin,
Sprengel, still asserted that ground bones are of no use as a
fertilizer in Germany ; or that tlie distinguished French chemist,
Dumas, even ten years later, considered the mineral constituents
of plants a mere incidental feature in the vegetable economy ; or
that before 1840 not one pound of Peruvian guano was used upon
the farms of Europe, althougli Alexander von Humboldt, in
1814, had described its use as a fertilizer in Peru, and some ship-
loads of tiiat material had found their way to the London market.
In citing these instances I need not state that neither Liebig nor
any other well informed stndent of tlie agricultural practice in
previous ages denied the high appreciation of wood-ashes, bones,
gypsum, lime, marl, and otlier mineral substances, besides the
various kinds of animal manures, in tlic farm management of
earlier times. Modern rational agriculture does not rest its claim
of progress on the mere introduction of any particular new mode

MINEEAL CONSTITUENTS IN PLANT GROWTH. Ill

of operation. For to try to maintain a remunerative fertility' of
the soil under cultivation b}' fallow and the rotation of crops,
or to enrich one portion of the faim lands at the expense of
another one by retaiuing a certain proportion of meadows and
pastures to secure manure for the grain-bearing lands ; or to en-
rich the surface soil at the expense of the subsoil by raising
deep-rooting plants, as root crops, or leguminous crops, as clover,
etc., for fodder and manure; or to improve tlie natural produc-
tiveness of the lands by deep ploughing, or by drainage, or by irri-
gation, are all modes of farm practice known, more or less, for
hundreds of years. Our real progress in Ihis direction consists
mainl}^ in the discovejy of the principles which control the success-
ful application of these practices in the manngement of farms.

Rational modern agriculture recognizes as the foundation of a
successful farming the necessity' of a strict restitution to the soil,
in an available form, of those substances which the crops have
abstracted, and it promises to that class of farmers who strive to
comply with that requirement in the most economical way, the
best chances of a continued financial success.

From a similar stand-point the earlier practice of using the
above-named mineral substances and others in the farm manage-
ment has to be judged as compared with their application at the
present time.

As long as the composition of the air and the water was bnt
little understood, and that of the soil practically unknown, no
correct idea could be formed concerning their mutual relations,
and still less regarding their connection with the life and the
growth of plants.

For this reason, the first successful attempts to study the rela-
tions of the vegetable kingdom to these three agencies date only
back to the close of the past century. They are largel}- the results
of the labors of Lavoisier and Priestle}'. Foremost among tlie
scientists who, at the beginning of the present centur}', devoted
some attention to the chemical physiology of plants and the
application of chemistr}' to agriculture, are De Saussure and
Sir Humphry Dav}'. The former was the first who called atten-
tion to the variations of mineral constituents in plants, and pointed
out some of their relations to the soil and the growth of plants,

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

whilst the latter recognized already the atmospheric source of ni-
trogen for plant growth. Tlie works of these illustrious investi-
gators remained comparatively unknown to agriculturists until
Liebig. in his celebrated work, " Die Grund-satze der Landwirth-
schaft," in 1840, called the general attention to their excellence
and importance. Although more exact anal^'ses of the ashes of
plants liad been accumulating, and some interesting features of
the results had been pointed out, — as, for instance, the limited
number and constant occurrence of the same mineral elements,
as well as their varying proportions in the case of difterent
plants, — no material change of opinion regarding their possible
more intrinsic relations to plant life took place during the time
which passed between the first publication of the investigations of
De Saussure and Dav\', and those of Liebig. The year 1840
is, on this account, usually cited as the beginning of a new era
in the history of agriculture and its associated branches. It is
justly claimed as one of the most valuable services which Liebig
has rendered to scientific and practical agriculture, that he dem-
onstrated by the aid of previous investigations, as well as his own,
the true connection which exists between soil and plant, and the
intrinsic value of the mineral constituents in the growth of plants.

Accepting, as we do, Liebig's teachings that a certain kind and
a certain amount of mineral elements are indispensable for the
complete development of a plant tlirough all its various stages of
life, and that, in case the ash constituents of the plant are not
supplied in due time, the plant may come to blooming, yet cannot
produce a perfect seed, it becomes quite obvious that the time-
honored practice of using wood-ashes, or lime, or marl, etc., above
referred to, for manurial purposes, presents quite a different aspect
to us from an}' that it could possibly claim in previous ages ; for,
knowing now, in consequence of previous careful analysis of the
ashes of its particular kind, what elements the perfect plant con-
tains, the practical experience of the past receives a more intelli-
gent interpretation of its results, and future success a better
chance.

The direction which Liebig's genius has given to the study of
plant growth, with reference to its application in practical agricul-
ture, has been pursued since with an interest and success un-

MINERAL CONSTITUENTS IN PLANT GROWTH. 113

paralleled in the history of any province of science. Practice and
science have alread}' for years worked hand in hand to stud}-
the influence of physical and chemical agencies on the production
of vegetable growth, and to reconcile real and apparent differences
of experimental results.

Much has been accomplished — too much, in fact, to find here
a mere passing enumeration ; 3'et much more remains to be learned
to free our present s^'stem of manuring from that degree of un-
certainty which a reasonable prospect of success slill demands.
The unsatisfactory condition of our current modes of fertilizing
our lands is, in a great measure, due either to limited information
or almost entire ignorance concerning the following points : —

1. What are the mutual physical and chemical reactions of
the various kinds of soil on the different materials we apply for
fertilizing purposes ? In other words, what becomes of the fertil-
izer in the soil ? ,

2. In what particular form do the different plants absorb the
various kinds of mineral plant food?

3. Wliat are the specific functions of the different mineral sub-
stances of the plant food in the life of plants ? What effect do
they produce when applied in different combination?

The histor}' of all well conducted field experiments points upon
every page to the necessity of a closer study of ever}' one of the
above specified points, before any material improvement in our
present mode of fertilizing our lands can be expected. The re-
centl}' introduced practice of supplying our markets with special
fertilizers for particular crops, if carried on beyond a limited gen-
eralization, deserves attention on account of the purpose of deal-
ers to meet the desire of the farmers, rather than on account of
either good economy or of a superior information in regard to the
special wants of the particular kind of crop raised under all condi-
tions. This remark applies with particular force to their use in
horticulture and fruit culture ; for the composition of most garden
crops, as well as of fruits, is far less known than that of the major-
it}' of our farm crops.

A few ash analyses of plants do not suffice to decide what kind
and what amount of mineral plant food a crop needs, and still less
in what combination tlie^' produce the best effect. They simply tell

114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

what kinds and amount the plants under examination contain. It
is a well established fact that the same variety of plants, when
raised upon different kinds of soil, or upon the same soil of a
var\'ing degree of richness, may contain a widely' differing absolute
amount of the same mineral constituents. There is, apparently,
in plant life, a possibility of an excessive consumption of food, as
we know there is in the case of animal life. Science has not been
able, thus far, to ascertain the existence of any definite numerical
relation between the exact amount of essential mineral elements of
plant food and the amount of organic matter which may he produced
by the aid of the former. Whilst we are thus still ignorant in re-
gard to some vital points in plant life, it is quite encouraging to
notice the stead}' progress in studying the more intrinsic relations
which evidently exist between the composition of the organic and
inorganic portion of the plant. The ver}- circumstance that the
various mineral elements cannot substitute each other to an}^
extent, if at all, without altering the relative proportion of the
proximate organic constituents of the plant, or even endangering
its very existence, suggests that dependenc}'. The question. Can
we alter the composition of plants, and if so, in what direction,
and by what means ? has become of late one of the most promi-
nent subjects of agricultural investigation. The best scientific
resources of our time are called on to ascertain the principles
Tvhich underlie a successful practice, if for no other reason than
the prospective large pecuniar}^ interests involved. Agriculture
has already realized considerable advantages from investigations
in that direction, b}' learning hoAV to cultivate certain plants, with
either a view to increase their value for fodder, or to enhance their
market price for some industrial application. Numerous experi-
ment stations do at present attend to the wants of agriculture ;
and horticulture, the most successful branch of agriculture, begins
to realize the advantages it may secure b}- adopting the same
course. Experiment stations for the promotion of its special
interest date from 1870, Germany claiming already three or four,
to experiment solely with fruits.

My peculiar situation, as far as time and means were concerned,
as well as a personal interest in the progressive work of the pres-
ent, induced me some years ago to undertake, with the kind assist-

MINERAL CONSTITUENTS IN PLANT GROWTH. 115

ance of Professor S. T. Maynard, of the State Agricultural Col-
lege at Amherst, a series of experiments upon the College grounds
for the purpose of testing the action of more or less compound
chemical manures, and of simple chemicals, on the production and
composition of some fruits. Some of my results obtained in that
direction are already, in part at least, published ; others, of a more
recent date, are only known to those connected with the work. I
propose to relate both here, as far as they ma}- add some interest
to the matter under discussion.

I.

Experiments with Grape Vines.

Action of a special chemical fertilizer on the composition of the or-
ganic and inorganic portion of the Concord Grape and the
Native Blue Grape — Vitis Labrusca.

The Concord grape vines which served in the experiments
were planted in 1869 upon former pasture land. No fertilizer had
been applied in the new vineyard excepting wood-ashes but once,
in 1871, previous to my investigation.

In 1873 several plats containing three rows of Concord vines,
six in each row, were set apart in a suitable locality for the appli-
cation of the special fertilizer. Directly adjoining were planted at
a similar distance from the Concord vines, corresponding every
way with the arrangement of the former, in each plat twelve
wild-growing specimens of the Vitis Labrusca (wild blue grape),
taking care at tliat time that a part of the wild grape vine re-
mained in its original place to secure the identity of variety-, etc.

The original plant was left to its natural resources, and the
transplanted part treated, in common with the Concord vines, with
the following fertilizers per acre : four hundred and fifty pounds
of dissolved bone-black, containing twelve per cent, of soluble
phosphoric acid, and one hundred and eighty pounds of nitrate of
potash, containing forty-five per cent, of potassium oxide and thir-
teen per cent, of nitrogen ; or, fift3'-two pounds of soluble phos-
phoric acid, eighty-one pounds of potassium oxide, and twenty-
three pounds of nitrogen. One-half of the fertilizer was applied
in the fall, the other half early in the spring.

116

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The examination of the grapes from fertilized and unfertilized
localities began three 3ears after the first treatment of the various
plats, and only the fruits of a corresponding state of ripeness
served for the tests. The berries, freed from the stems, furnished
the ash constituents. The juice of tlie entire grape was tested
for grape-sugar only.

The results of all ash analyses contained in these pages, in-
cluding grape, strawbeny, and peach, are reported here onh'
with reference to five prominent constituents : Potassa, Lime,
Magnesia, Iron, and Phosphoric acid- Other constituents of the
ashes, as soda, silica, etc., although quantitatively' determined,
are for the present excluded from the discussion. The various
subsequent analytical statements do, therefore, not represent the
composition of the entire ash, but refer to the relative propor-
tions in one-hundred weight parts of the specified constituents.
This course has been adopted to render the changes which occur
in that direction more prominent.

Unfertilized Wild Pui-ple Grape, Unfertilized Concord Grape,

Potassium oxide,
Calcium oxide,
Magnesium oxide.
Ferric oxide,
Phosphoric acid,

from the original locality
(1876).
Ash constituents.

from the College Vineyard
(1876).
Ash constituents.

52.54

per cent.

67.70 per cent.

22.93

li.

13.39

5.77

a

3.67

0.81

li

0.47

17.95

a

14.77

100.00

100.00

Sugar in juice (1877)

Sugar in juice (1877)

8.22

per cent.

13.89 per cent.

Potassium oxide,
Calcium oxide,
Magnesium oxide.
Ferric oxide.
Phosphoric acid.

Fertilized Wild Purple Grape
from College Vineyard.
Ash constituents (1876).

Fertilized Concord Grape
from experimental plat.
Ash constituents (1876).

66.35 ]

per cent.

69.68

per cent

15.08

a

9.84

4(

4.15

41

3.91

44

0.57

41

0.54

44

13.85

il

16.03

44

100.00

100.00

juice (1877)

Sugar in juice

(1877)

ler cent.

15.43 per

cent.

MINERAL CONSTITUENTS IN PLANT GROWTH. 117

The fertilized vines appeared, on the whole, more vigorous, and
the leaves, as a rule, retained their vitality longer in autnmn than
in the case of the unfertilized ones ; they escaped repeatedly- a
serious attack of mildew when the remainder of the vinej'ard suf-
fered with it more or less. The sugar seemed to be somewhat in-
creased in the fertilized fruit of the Concord grape, and had increased
one-third in quantit}^ in the wild purple grape. The increase of
sugar was accompanied bj- a marked increase in potassa, and, at the
same time, a remarkably reduced percentage of lime in the in-
organic portion of the grape. The influence of fertilization on
the composition and the character of the fruit manifested itself in
a higher degree in the case of the native wild grape than in the
case of the improved variety. The results of these experiments
afford an additional illustration to the opinion that special fertili-
zation must be considered a factor of more than ordinary impor-
tance in fruit culture. Of course, sugar alone does not control the
qualit}', yet the fact that its amount can be altered by fertilization
shows the existence of still untried modes of treatment to promote
the interests of horticulture ; for what has been noticed to affect the
quantity of sugar ma}', by some modification, prove efHcient in
regard to other constituents.

The entire vinej-ard has been for several 3'ears fertilized, with
satisfactor}' results, with fift}- pounds of soluble phosphoric acid,
one hundred pounds of potassium oxide in form of muriate of
potash, twenty-five pounds of nitrogen in form of Chili saltpetre,—
sodium nitrate, — and twenty pounds of magnesium oxide in form
of crude sulphate of magnesia, or kieserite.

II.

Experiments with Strawberries.

The varieties used for the experiment were the President Wilder
and the Charles Downing. In the case of the Wilder stravvberry the
following fertilizer was used per acre : three hundred pounds of rec-
tified Peruvian guano, two hundred and fifty pounds of dissolved
bone-black, and two hundred pounds of muriaCe of potash. The
following analyses convey a good idea of the difference in ash
constituents between the common wild variet}', without special

118 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

manures, and the cultivated variety. The "Wilder was raised with
the aid of the above-mentioned fertilizers.

Wild Strawberry Fertilized "Wilder Strawberry

(Richardson). (College grouude).

Ashes of fruit. Ashes of fruit.

Potassium oxide, 38.38 per cent. 54.07 per cent.

Calcium oxide, 25.89 " 14.79

Magnesium oxide, trace 8.92 "

Ferric oxide, 10.56 " 1.91

Phosphoric acid, 20.30 " 20.31

The common wild strawberry contains usually one part acid to
two of sugar, whilst it changes in the cultivated varieties from one
of acid to four and more of sugar.

Tlie experiments with the Downing variety were carried out for
the purpose of studying the effect of five different kinds of special
cliemical manures on the ash constituents of this variety of straw-
berry. Five plats, fourteen hundred and thirty square feet in size,
received the following fertilizers : —

Plat one. — 15 pounds of superphosphate (12 per cent, soluble
phosphoric acid) and 5 pounds of nitrate of potassa.

Plat tivo. — 5 pounds of nitrate of potash and 10 pounds of cal-
cined kieserite (crude sulphate of magnesia).

Plat three. — 15 pounds of superphosphate of lime, 5 pounds of
nitrate of potash, and 10 pounds of kieserite.

Plat four. — Received nothing.

Plat five. — 15 pounds of superphosphate of lime, 5 pounds soda
saltpetre (Chili saltpetre), and 5 pounds of muriate of potash.

The fertilizers were partly applied in the fall, parti}' in the early
portion of spring ; the fruits were collected in the second year,
after appl3'ing the first fertilizer.

Analysis of the ashes of the Downing strawberry raised upon the

above-stated five plats.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

Potassium oxide.

62.13

56.72

61.81

58.47

62.29

Calcium oxide,

12.57

14.12

12.21

14.64

12.46

Magnesium oxide.

5.96

3.29

6.00

6.12

6.33

Ferric oxide,

2.32

5.77

3.64

3.37

2.50

Phosphoric acid.

17.02

20.10

16.34

17.40

16.42

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

MINERAL CONSTITUENTS IN PLANT GROWTH. 119

The changes in the organic portions of the fruit raised upon the
various plats will be studied the coming season, if time permits.
As the mineral constituents of the berries show similar changes in
relative proportion to those noticed in the previous experiments
with grape vines, it is to be assumed that similar changes in the
organic matter, and thus in the quality of the fruit, will be found.

The lime has decreased, and the potassa has increased, in plats
one, three, and five, as compared with that in plat four.

The unfertilized plants in plat two form apparently an excep-
tion ; 3'et the result ma}" find a satisfactory- explanation by the
well known peculiar action of the sulphate of magnesia in send-
ing the potassa rapidly to the subsoil, and thus beyond the reach
of the roots of those plants which feed on the surface soil. Ac-
cepting this explanation, we have to assume that the presence
of the superphosphate of lime (see No. 3) counteracts that ten-
dency of the kieserite.

III.

Experiments with Peach Trees.

The trees were planted by Professor S. T. Maynard, at different
times, beginning with 1869. Those under special treatment for
the disease called the "yellows" were planted in 1870. Of this
planting, those on the top of the knoll, in light soil, have shown
the greatest indication of the disease, whilst those within seventy-
five yards, in lower and richer lands, appear today perfectly
healtli3\ For five years after planting the trees received but little
care, and little if an^' manuring except that applied to grow one
or two crops of corn upon the land used. No special manures
were applied until 1876 ; and since that time only one crop
(squashes) has been taken from the land, except the fiuit from the
trees. The laud has been kept light and mellow by means of a
large cultivator, and by light ploughing once or twice.

Two rows of the trees received in 1876 a dressing with two dif-
ferent chemical fertilizers. The trees had been planted twelve
feet apart in every direction. The fertilizers were applied in a
radius of eight feet around the tree, taking care to keep off about
one foot from their trunks.

120 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Fertilizer No. 1 consisted of thirty pounds of rectified Pe-
ruvian guano, twenty-five pounds of dissolved bone-black, thirty
pounds of sulphate of potassa (Stassfurt salt, containing from
twenty-five to twenty-eight per cent, of potassium oxide), and
twenty pounds of crude sulphate of magnesia, or kieserite.

Fertilizer No. 2 consisted of thirty pounds of rectified Peruvian
guano, twentj^-five pounds of dissolved bone-black, and twenty
pounds of muriate of potash. The amount specified in both in-
stances applies to one-tenth of one acre. The trees which re-
ceived either one of these fertilizers have made a better growth,
and produced more and better fruit since, than the trees adjoining.
There is no apparent difference between the trees upon the two
experimental plats.

In the case of pear trees in different plats, which were treated
in the same way and at the same time with both fertilizers. Fer-
tilizer No. 1 has produced the best results in growth and in
fruit. Both, however, surpass the unfertilized trees.

In 1880 a new series of experiments was inaugurated with iron-
sweepings and iron containing phosphates. The entire orchard
has received since, annually, some potash containing phosphates,
with good results. The special treatment of the diseased peach
trees, pronounced by good authorit}' to be suffering from the yel-
lows, began in 1878, when mj'^ personal attention was first called
to its appearance on the top of the knoll in the College orchard.
Instead of undertaking to describe here the characteristics of that
much dreaded disease of the peach tree, I prefer to leave that
task to my friend, Professor D. P. Penliallow, a graduate of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College in 1873, who has kindly- as-
sisted us during tlie past eight months bj' carrying on such mi-
croscopic observations, regarding the origin and the nature of the
disease through some of its various stages, as seemed desirable
to me for the formation of an intelligent opinion concerning the
possible cause of the disease. The results of Professor Penhal-
low's work are of unusual interest, and I do not doubt will be de-
servedly appreciated by all those who take an interest in the sub-
ject here under discussion. The manuscript containing a detailed
description of the characteristics of the disease, and his micro-
scopic work, ilhistrated i)v drawings representing various stages

MINERAL CONSTITUENTS IN PLANT GROWTH. 121

of the disease, will form a most valuable addition to the present
discourse. The manuscript is at the service of the Society ; and
the Professor, who, at m}- solicitation, is present, will be pleased lo
explain his observations if desired to do so.

The general appearance of the diseased trees suggested to my
mind, at first, that an abnormal condition of the soil might be the
cause. This condition might be ascribed either to a more or less
general exhaustion, or to an absence of only some one or other
essential element of plant food ; or, finally, to the presence of some
injurious substances" which might have accumulated in the soil
from some cause or other in the course of time. I felt inclined to
consider, in either of these cases, the fungus which covers and
disfigures the diseased parts of the trees a secondar}' feature of
the disease. My observations of later 3'ears, with grape vines
and currants in particular, have tended to strengthen in my mind
that view in regard to man}' of our troubles with parasitic growth
and diseases of plants. I have repeatedly noticed that plants suf-
fered seriousl}- from mildew and blight upon unfertilized and ex-
hausted lands, when upon adjoining fertilized plats no sign could
be noticed. On the other hand, the healthy condition of the
roots, even to the last stage of the disease, and also the gradual
disappearance of the green color, indicating insuflScient production
of chlorophyll, which causes the gradual change from a healthy
appearance to a sickly one, beginning with the outer termination
of the branches, which is the most active part for the formation of
new vegetable matter, seemed to point towards a localized trouble, —
a possible interference with the normal cellular functions, — an alter-
ation of the osmotic action of the cellular tissue, and thus subse-
quent death of its aflfected part. This view of the case found sup-
port in the well known observations of Messrs. Nobbe, Schroider,
and Erdmann (Chemnitz, 1871), regarding the action of sul-
phate of potassa and chloride of potassium on the growing of i-ye
and of buckwheat. Sulphate of polassa had caused first a pre-
matui'e yellow color of the entire plant, which terminated with its
gradual failing ; whilst the chloride of potassium (muriate of pot-
ash) had caused a vigorous growth, a rich, dark green colored
foliage, and a successful production of grains.

An examination of the cellular tissue of the diseased plants had

122

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

shown an excessive accumulation of starch in the cellular tissue,
indicating thereby a retention of that constituent, and but little
chlorophyll was noticed. On the strength of these results I began,
in 1878, to treat slightly affected trees with a phosphatic fertilizer
in the usual proportion, adding at the same time from three to
four pounds of chloride of potassium (muriate of potash) for
every tree, and the diseased branches were cut back once or twice
to the healthy wood. Soon after, the new growth of the branches
regained its green color. The details of this work were carried
out by Professor Maynard, who today reports these trees in a vigor-
ous condition. Not feeling satisfied with a mere assumption based
on a presumed analog^' of circumstances, during the last summer
I invited Professor Penhallow to stud}' the condition of the cellu-
lar tissue in branches collected on the ilth of November, 1881,
from trees thoroughly diseased, and also from trees which were
once diseased and are toda}' in good healthj'^ condition. For
myself I reserved the analysis of the mineral constituents of a
lot of branches from the same trees, collected the same day. In
connection with these analyses I also made the anal3'ses of the
mineral constituents of the ripe and healthy (entire) early Craw-
ford Peach, and that of the entire, prematurel}' ripened, diseased
fruit. The following statement contains my results : —

Ferric oxide, Fe''0%
Calcium oxide, CaO,
Magnesium oxide, Mg O,
Phosphoric acid, P^0%
Potassium oxide, K^O,

Fruit.
Crawford's Early Peach.
Healthy.

.58 per cent.

2.64 "

6.29
16.02 "
74.46 "

100.00

Fruit.
Crawford's Early Peach.
Diseased.

.46 per cent.

4.68 "

5.49 "
18.07 "
71.30 "

100.00

Ferric oxide.
Calcium oxide,
Magnesium oxide,
I'liosphoric acid.
Potassium oxide,

Branch.
Crawford's E;irly Pcnch.
Uestoi'ed.

.52 per cent.

54.52 "

7.58 "

11.37 "

26.01 "

Branch.
Crawford's Early Peach.
Diseased.

1.45 per cent.
64.23 "
10.28 "

8.37 "
15.67 "

100.00

100.00

MINERAL CONSTITUENTS IN PLANT GROWTH. 123

The above analytical results show a remarkable difference in the
composition of the mineral constituents of the health}^ and the
diseased plant. The differences in both cases are most remarkable
as far as potasli and lime are concerned. The difference is more
conspicuous in the branches than in the fruit. The diseased objects
contain less potash and more lime than the healthy ones.

The subsequent statement contains a summary of Professor
Penhallow's results : —

1. Health}^ wood shows comparatively little stored starch ; but
fungous growth is present in the outer layers of the bark.

2. Diseased wood shows an abnoniially small development of
the cells, and the invariable presence of large quantities of starch ;
also an abundance of fungous growth.

3. Diseased leaves show the presence of fungous growth, dis-
coloration, and cells filled with starch.

4. The fungus appears first on the surface of the trunk or
branches, and thence enters the woody structure when the con-
ditions are favorable.

5. There is little or no difference between the tissues and cell
contents before and after the leaves fall.

6. While fungus is abundant on full}^ diseased trees, it is also
to be found on trees which, once diseased, had been restored to a
condition of vigorous health.

The previous statements seem to confirm some of the views en-
tertained by me when planning the investigation. The results
seem to point towards an interior disorder before the fungus
enters the living tissue.

Whether some other internal or external influence, or both, inau-
gurates the disease, whether the various forms of the disease are
merely a matter of degree, or whether they are of an entirely dif-
ferent character, must, of course, be left to future investigation.
I consider my results of a general interest rather on account of
what they suggest than of what they seem to me to pi'ove.

Professor Penhallovv then read his paper, as follows : —

124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Yellows in Peach Trees.

By D. P. Penhallow, Houghton Farm Experiment Station, Mountainville, Orange
County, N.Y., late of the Imperial College of Agriculture, Japan.

Our stud}' of the Yellows in Peach trees has early led us to rec-
ognize the fact that we have to deal, not with one disease alone,
as nearly all writers upon this subject seem to consider, but with
two distinct affections. A multiplicity of terms is always to be
avoided ; but in this case it seems eminently proper that, if we are
to arrive at ain' very precise knowledge of this disease, we should
in the beginning make a clear distinction between tlie Yellows
proper and Blight.

Blight is characterized in the following manner : 3'oung trees
which have made a vigorous late growth and apparently winter
w^ell, and even in some cases start into a vigorous growth in the
spring, are suddenly attacked by a disease which causes the parts
affected to turn nearl}' black. This is sometimes confined to a
few of the main branches, when the tree ma}^ recover, or it may
strike the main trunk, destroying the entire tree in a few days.
The roots are always found to be in a healthy condition. We have
to observe, further, that this disease generall}- attacks trees before
they have borne any fruit, while the very close resemblance which
it bears to the bliglit of pear trees, not oul}' as to its external
appearance, but with regard to the peculiarities of cell structure
and contents, justifies us in tlie belief that it is reall}'^ the same
disease, and should, therefore, have the same name applied to it.
The very limited amount of time which we have been able to give
to an examination of this disorder will not justify' us in any ex-
pression of opinion as to the probable cause and tlie measures
which may proijerly be talvcu for its prevention and cure. Our
only purpose in thus drawing attention to it is to make it clear in
the beginning that we haA^e two diseases to deal with, and that it
is essential to carefully distinguish one from the other.

Without at present attempting to enter into a discussion of the
various theories which have from time to time been put forth to
account for the 3'ellows, it is our only purpose now to give a con-
cise statement of those fixcts which have been developed during
our examinations of the pasl six months.

YELLOWS IN PEACH TREES. 125

Looking first to the s^'mptoms which characterize the yellows
and enable us to clearly separate it from blight, we have the follow-
ing : —

We first of all observe a sickly yellow color in the leaves,
which, later, generally extends to the branches, and thus gives to
the entire tree the yellow color on account of which the disease was
ver\' appropriately given tbe name it now bears. The fruit ripens
prematurely (from two to four weeks before its season), often
becomes abnormally velvety, possesses a high, unnatural color,
which is usually likened to the hectic flush of a consumptive person,
and has an insipid, unnatural flavor.

The new growth of wood is generally made on the main branches
near the centre of the tree, or upon the trunk, in clusters of small
wiry shoots. Though not an important symptom, the older
branches often show large cracks in the bark, from which flow
gummy exudations. The leaves, in addition to their unhealthy
3'ellow color, are of abnormal size, often reduced to one inch in
length, and in very many cases are curled, spotted with bright red
and brown patches, and in later stages show many perforations
where the tissues have decaj'ed away. These, then, are the
prominent symptoms by which we generall}' recognize the disease ;
but others of equal importance will appear as we examine more
carefulh' into the character of the cell contents and the peculiarities
of the cellular structure. Perhaps our purpose will be best accom-
plished by following the examinations somewhat in detail.

The leaves from a small growth of diseased branches upon a
tree otherwise quite health}- were small and yellow, but not curled,
or in any wa}- spotted to such an extent as to be perceptible to the
unaided eye. Their average length was only 4.15 centimetres, —
much less than half the length of a healthy leaf. Under the
microscope there appeared the mj'celium of a fungus j)enetrating
the intercellular spaces. Occasionallj' there would be found a
minute perforation directly through the leaf, around the margin of
which the fruit-bearing mycelium formed a delicate web. Leaves
taken from a thoroughlv diseased tree averaged 6.42 centimetres
(about one-half the length of a fully healthy leaf), were of a yellow
color, spotted with bright red or brown, and often perforated with
numerous large holes (Fig. 1). This, however, generally rep-

126 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

resents the appearance of the leaves in an advanced stage of the
disease. A surface examination showed slightly colored places,
where fruiting branches of the mycelium were seen to project
above the epidermis. Around the borders of the holes and on the
red and brown spots were to be found the same fungous forms as in
the previous case. A section plainly showed the m^'celium pene-
trating the intercelhilar spaces and some of the cells themselves.
All the cells were fairly well filled with starch. The red color,
which forms so conspicuous a feature of diseased leaves, appears
first in the veins and then in the veinlets, and after a time becomes
manifest in the epidermis and subjacent cells of the mesophyll,
generally appearing first in the immediate vicinity of stomata and
near the extremity of a vascular bundle. That the discoloration
is introduced through the vascular tissue appears evident from this
as well as from the fact that numerous sections showed the color to
be strictl^y confined to the veins in the first instance.

A young branch taken from a tree of fine, health}^ development,
before the leaves had fallen, had an avei\ige diameter of 0.51
centimetre, including the bark. It is important to note here that
the tree from which these branches were taken was once diseased,
but had been restored to a condition of vigorous and healthy
growth by a course of special treatment extending over a period
of three ^ears. The general structure of the wood presented no
abnormal features. The cells were quite regular and well formed,
and in radial direction averaged 835 to the centimetre. The central
pith-cells showed walls of uniform thickness, with occasional pits or
thin places. Toward the wood the walls became of greater thick-
ness, and the pits more numerous. Starch grains were present in
those cells immediatel}- bordering upon the wood, and in the medul-
lary rays, but they could not be considered abundant. The bark
likewise showed no remarkable structural features. Viewed from
without by aid of a pocket lens, numerous small, sub-conical forma-
tions, often leading into large cracks, could be seen ; but these
formations, called lenticelles, are normal, and generally to be found
on young branches about the time the epidermis is replaced b}^
cork. While these structures are at first quite small, they event-
ually may lead to extended rupture of the bark. They appear,
however, to serve as a convenient nidus for the growth and fruit-

YELLOWS IN PEACH TREES. 127

ing of fungi, the mycelia of which can easily penetrate the loose
tissue of their interior (Fig. 2). The cells of the bark, as a whole,
presented nothing abnormarl. Crj'stals of calcium oxalate were
somewhat frequent, but the amount of starch present was quite
small, the grains being minute and very much scattered. The
healthy bark is shown in Fig. 5.

Small, wiry, diseased branches of last 3'ear's growth, from a
tree which otherwise presented a ver^' healthy appearance, had an
average diameter of 0.266 centimetre. The wood-cells showed no
striking abnormalities bej-ond the fact that they were very small,
averaging 1075 to the centimetre in radial direction. The central
pith-cells showed walls of pretty uniform thickness, but with numer-
ous pits ; where the pith adjoined the wood, the cells showed no in-
crease in thickness of the wall or in the number of pits. All the
cells adjoining, the wood, as well as the cells of the medullary
raj's, were found to be densely filled with starch. The bark
showed a marked looseness of structure and modification in the
general form of the cell. There was an entire absence of crj's-
tals, but all the cells were completely filled with starch (Fig. 4) ; in
the outer bark the lenticelles were observed to be numerous, and
apparently much mere frequent than on healthy branches of the
same age. In them mycelia were abundant, as well as in the
intei'cellular spaces beneath.

Branches of one year's growth from a thoroughly diseased tree,
and having an average diameter of 0.50 centimetre, showed no re-
markable structural features in the wood, except that the grain ap-
peared somewhat more open than in full^' healthy tissue. The
walls of the pith-cells showed a slight increase in thickness and
number of pits as the wood-cells were approached. The outer-
most pith-cells, as well as the cells of the medullary rays, were
well filled with starch. The bark showed the same structuial
features as were observed in the last diseased branch, with this
dirtorence, that crystals of calcium oxalate were frequently no-
ticed, and the whole structure appeared looser and much more
irregular. The cells, however, were well filled with starch, and
the same fungous growth was observed. It should be noted, how-
ever, that there will be frequently found less starch stored up in

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the 3'oiingest branches than in those which have attained an age
of two or more years.

Wood of several years' growth shows the same structural feat-
ures. Where the disease has operated for some time the effect
is usually seen in the more disintegrated condition of the tissues,
among which the mj-celia penetrate and often fill large cavities wliich
have been formed by the entire destruction of the cells. This
last feature is particularly seen in the vicinity of ruptures where
there are gumm}' exudations. In the older structure, therefore, of
trees affected with the yellows, the loose character of the tissues
often comes to be a marked feature of the disease. Comparing
the health}^ and diseased tissues, both before and after the leaves
have fallen, there appears nothing essentially different from what
we have already observed, either in the structure or in the amount
of stored starch. On the older branches it is not an uncommon
thing to find the bark deeply ruptured for a considerable distance,
and about this an accumulation of gum. These ruptures appar-
entl}' originate b}' the cracking of the bark in the vicinity- of len-
ticelles ; and as there is not sufficient vitality in the parts to throw
out a proper formation of cork, a continued exudation of gum
naturally follows. Decay is then introduced into tlie superficial
layers exposed, and as growth of the next season continues, the
rupture becomes deeper, but does not heal, though there is a ten-
dency of the new wood and bark to close over the injured part
(Fig. 3). These ruptures seem to be favorite places for the growth
of fungi, which were more abundant there than elsewhere. The
gum, when moist, affords a fine nidus for the growth and fruiting
of the mycelium, which not only penetrates the bark in all direc-
tions, but enteis tlie woody tissue also.

To give a general summary of what we have already stated, we
find : —

1. The progress of the disease is comparativel}' slow, and gen-
erally it does not appear until after the tree is somewhat exhausted
by beaiing one or more crops of fruit.

2. Ilonlthy wood shows comparatively little stored starch, but
fungous growth is present in the outer layers of the bark.

3. Diseased wood shows an abnormally small development of

y^^oo. ,i~

TUl^s'u Lyfi.' Trir.tiruja.2ll T'tvjn: 5t.Bo:'.Fi.

FUNGUS IN PEACH TREES. 129

the cells, and the invariable presence of large quantities of starch ;
also an abundance of fungous growth,

4. Diseased leaves show the presence of fungous growth, dis-
coloration, and cells filled with starch.

5. The fungus appears first on the surface of the trunk or
branches, and thence enters the woody structure when the con-
ditions are favorable.

6. There is little or no difference between the tissues and cell
contents before and after the leaves fall.

Fungus.

Our attention now turns to a consideration of the fungus pre-
viousl}' noted.

On the leaves, wherever there are black spots, and on the stem,
chiefly where there are gumm}" exudations and some decay, there
will be found the raycelia and fruit of Bispora moniliokles Cd.,
often in large numbers. This fungus is very common on decaying
stumps, where it forms black, velvet}'' patches. The spores are
rounded or elliptical in form, and finally divide by a transverse
septum. As the}- thus increase in number by repeated growth and
division they may fall apart very earl}-, or, as is very frequently
the case, remain connected in the form of long, moniliform fila-
ments (Fig. 6). Under suitable conditions of warmth and moist-
ure the spores are multiplied in this manner with great rapidity,
and the fungus ma}- thus extend over a very large surface in a
short time. Associated with this fungus, on leaf and stem, was an
abundance of Pleospora herharum Rabh. {Sphceria herbarum Pers.)
Which is the more abundant it is difBcult to say, but either one is
present in sufficient quantity to account for the final destruction of
the tissues in which they grow. Pleospora is quite abundant on
herbaceous stems. It was chiefly recognized in this case by the
macrogonidial form {Macrosporium sarcinula) ; but the conidial
form was also to be observed occasionally, chiefly on the leaves
(Fig. 7). The spores present many strong variations in form and
size, and, though not so represented in the drawing, they have a
well defined brown color. Ascomyces deformans may sometimes
be found, it being the fungus peculiar to the curl of peach leaves.

130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Its presence is not an essential feature of the ^-ellows. Trees
affected with the latter may likewise suffer at the same time from
curl or they may not, and so Ascomyces may or may not be present
with the other fungi.

The conditions favorable to the rapid development of fungi in
general are warmth and moisture. Dryness and a low tempera-
ture both operate to retard growth in a greater or less degree.
Applying these principles to seasons in their effect upon fungoid
growth we should find that during a warm season of great atmos-
pheric hnmidit}' — such as was the last summer in many districts —
the conditions would be most favorable. A dry season following,
development would be retarded, and the more prominent features
observed in leaves of trees affected with the yellows would doubt-
less show little if any increase.

Discussion.

Dr. Goessmann said that nitrogen may be applied to the soil, in
the case of deep-rooting plants, in the form of nitric acid. Pot-
ash chloride in considerable quantities has apparently a specific
action, and the speaker was of the opinion that the chlorine must
have aided in preventing parasitic growth. For the yellows he
would apply three or four pounds of muriate of potash to a tree
six or eight years old, in a circle of eight feet radius, but would
keep it a foot away from the trunk. It would be well to mulch the
ground first, and apply the muriate on the mulch in order to distribute
it more evenly. A solution containing one-thousandth part of the
saline is most likely the limit of the quantity of fertilizer needed in
the soil. We have not yet inquired as to the effect of an excess of
fertilizers in the soil ; a propagating house would be the most
favorable place to experiment on this point. He would give com-
plete fertilizers in preference to partial ones wherever the con-
ditions of the soil were unknown. He prefers applying phosphate
in the foiin of dissolved bone-black, and nitrogen in some defi-
nite form to control its temporaiy supply. It is between bloom-
ing and forming the fruit that nitrogen and phosphate are most
needed by fruit trees ; and it is well to supply an excess, that the
plant may acconnnodate itself. He had noticed the yellows in the

MINERAL CONSTITUENTS IN PLANT GROWTH, 131

earl}' part of the season, first at the ends of the branches, when
but slightly present. It might not show itself distinctly until the
second season. If caused by exhaustion it will go on gradually ;
a series of sulti*y da3's, causing stagnation in the sap motion,
favors fungous growth, and may thus inaugurate internal dis-
orders.

Charles M. Hovey said that the blight attaclcs pear trees in July,
but he had never seen a peach tree, when it came out healthy in
spring, turn yellow the same year. Peach trees under glass never
have the yellows. Col. Thomas H. Perkins cultivated the peach
extensively in houses thirty or fort}^ years ago, and the speaker
never heard of the yellows there or in England. In France and
England the peach trees all mildew ; those around Paris are white
with mildew. The absence of yellows in Europe suggests the in-
quiry whether It may not be climatic instead of being due to
fungus. In 1800 Judge Peters, of Philadelphia, mourned over the
decline of the peach, and applied every remedy he could think of,
and this has been repeated at different eras since then. In 1857
the peach trees were destroyed by the severit}" of the winter.

J. Croucher (recently from London) said that the yellows is not
known in England, which, in his judgment, went to prove that the
disease is the I'esult of wrong conditions of soil or atmosphere.
The condition of the atmosphere is of the highest importance in
regard to the health of trees. He had heard much talk of the
potato disease and of the vine disease, but there is one principle
that professors forget, which is that all conditions unfavorable to
the highest foi*ms of vegetable life favor the development of the
lowest forms, and render superior conditions negative. Fungi live
on decayed plants, and on animal rather than vegetable substances.
Carbon tends to the growth of plants, and we must give them the
quantity they need, and they must get it from the soil. The speaker
has supplied it by placing charcoal in tanks with water, when the
water absorbs the carbon, and if then used for watering will
destroy the insects which live on the roots of plants, and the plants
^yill become green and healthy. When you render a man posi-
tive by giving him the proper conditions of health, he does not
care for disease, and the speaker felt sure that if the water pre-
pared as described by him were given to peach trees at the proper

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

time, the}' would come up strong and resist disease, and the effect
would be the same on the grape vine and potato. Mr. Croucher
said he had the greatest respect for science, but, unfortunately,
professors are not practical men. With the increased use of arti-
ficial manures we get increase of disease in plants, just as we get
increase of disease in man with the increase of artificial living.
The best manure is charcoal dissolved in tanks of water to give
carbon, and cow-dung to give ammonia.

Josiah W. Talbot thought that the fungus mentioned by Dr.
Goessmann does not cause disease, but is a consequence. The
remed}- proposed by him is to apph* potash, and bring the trees
into the same healthy condition as the last speaker would produce
by means of carbon, and then the fungus will disappear. Mr.
Talbot asked whether wood-ashes would have the same effect as
the potash chloride.

Dr. Goessmann replied that if the chlorine has anything to do
with curing the trees of the yellows, as he supposes it has, the
ashes will not answer. The reputation of wood-ashes as a fertil-
izer rests on the same basis as that of barn-yard manure ; it is a
complete but not the most eflBcient manure for special wants. Car-
bonate of potash would furnish more potash than ashes of equal
weight, but is too expensive ; the muriate is much cheaper. Tlie
observations of which an account has been given, afford suggestions
rather than proofs of the cause of the yellows, and the remedy
for it. The disease ma}^ be due to atmospheric influences ; on
a sultry day, as stated before, when evaporation cannot be
carried on, stagnation may result and cause disease. But the
elements mentioned are essential to the growth of plants, and no
one of them can supersede or replace the other. This is not a
matter of opinion, but of thousands ^of analyses ; a change in the
relative proportion of the same ash constituents, he finds to be
accompanied, in case of the same plants, by changes in relative
proportions of the organic constituents.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder said he felt diffident in speaking, after
hearing tlie remarks of the gentleman from the Royal Horticultural
Society of London (Mr. Croucher) ; but he felt greatly obliged to
the gentlemen who had come here to give us the results of their
investigations at the Agricultural College. He had practised hor-

MINERAL CONSTITUENTS IN PLANT GROWTH. 133

ticulture all his life on the basis of science. What is science but
induction from observations of the operations of Nature? True
science is founded on practice, and will never be in conflict with
it. It is from science that we learn the adaptation of soils and
fertilizers and crops to each other, and that we detect the deficienc}'
or superfluity of an}- element that causes disease. There is no
reason to fear that the improvement of science will cause disease.
Our food is better now than that of our fathers. The use of fruit
alone is a vast improvement. We are deriving vast benefits,
though we may not fully understand them, from the investigations
of those who are giving their lives to the service of the Agricul-
tural College.

William C. Strong said, in reference to the remark that the yel-
lows is unknown in peaches under glass, that the borders for trees
in houses are always carefully prepared. In the former part of his
essa}' Dr. Goessmann dwelt on fertilizers as aflecting the quality
of fruits, and he would be glad to hear more on this subject.

Dr. Goessmann said he believed we may expect to control the
quality of fruits to some extent at least. The result of his experi-
ments with the wild grape was, that the quantity of sugar was
raised from eight to thirteen per cent., and though sugar alone
does not constitute quality, it is reasonable to suppose that we may
aflfect other elements. The wild beet has been changed by cultiva-
tion to the sugar beet. Tobacco fertilized with sulphate and car-
bonate of potash diflfers from that fertilized with muriate of
potash. These facts aff'ord the basis for inquiry how further
changes may be affected.

Mr. Hove}' remarked that qualit}' depends largel}^ on the pro-
portion of sugar to other constituents. In many places in France
three qualities of the same variety' of grape are produced on the
same estate.

The meeting was more fully attended than an}' previous one, and
the papers by Professors Goessmann and Penhallow were listened
to with the deepest interest and attention. President Haj'es said
that he had listened with great pleasure to the essays from these
learned and practical gentlemen, who had practically made the
experiments of which they had given us the account, and he felt

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

most grateful to them. He presented the following vote, which
was unanimousl}' passed : —

Voted, That the thanks of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Societ}' be given to Professors Goessmann and Penhallow, of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College, for their very interesting,
suggestive, and instructive essay's read this morning upon the
mineral constituents in plant growth, and on microscopic investi-
gations of the diseases of peach trees.

President Ha^yes announced that on the next Saturday C. M.
Atkinson would read a paper on " Ornamental Gardening," and
also that the subject of toda}^ would be further considered.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 25, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice-President John B. Moore in the chair.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, chairman, made the following
report : —

The Committee to whom was referred the duty of preparing
resolutions in memory of the late Thomas Potts James, a Corre-
sponding Member of this Societ}^, report the following : —

Resolved, That in the sudden removal by death of Thomas Potts
James, a Corresponding Member, this Society has lost one of its
most highly respected associates, and one who for many years
has cheered us by his frequent presence at our meetings, by his
cooperation in the promotion of horticultural science, and the
study of the vegetable kingdom, especially the mosses and lichens
of our continent from Central America to Alaska, the results of
whifch he was preparing for publication at the time of his death.

Mr. James removed from Philadelphia to Cambridge some years

DECEASE or THOMAS POTTS JAMES. 135

since, and was connected with many societies for the advancement
of science in our land. He was Professor of Botany to the Penn-
sylvania Horticultural Society, one of the founders, and for twenty-
seven years Treasurer, of the American Pomological Society,
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Fellow
of the American Association for the Advancement of Science,
Member and Officer of the American Philosophical Society, Mem-
ber of the Boston Society of Natural History, and of other kindred
associations. In all the relations of life he was conscientiously
devoted to whatever was committed to his care. In a word, he
was a true friend, an upright man, and a Christian gentleman.
Resolved^ That these proceedings be entered on our records, and
that a, copy of the same be forwarded to the widow of the deceased.

Marshall P. Wilder, ^
Benjamin (J. Smith, > Committee.
Charles M. Hovey, )

Charles M. Hovey said that, owing to Mr. James's retiring dis-
position, he was not known to all as well as he was to several of
the members, but in his special province he was eminent. The
speaker knew him a great many years ago, when he was an officer
of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. On his visits to Phila-
delphia, to examine the many beautiful gardens there, Mr. James
afforded him much aid b}' pointing out the best, such as those of
Messrs. Rush, Pepper, Smith, and Pratt. He probably did as
much as any other man to bring the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society up to the usefulness which it has attained, and was well
known to all the members of the American Pomological Society.

Benjamin G. Smith spoke of his enjoyment of the company of
Mr. James on a visit of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science to the White Mountains. Several dis-
tinguished botanists were in the party, all of whom considered him
most eminent in his particular branch.

The resolutions were unanimously adopted.

The meeting was then dissolved.

136 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Owing to an important engagement, C. M. Atkinson, who had
been announced to read a paper on " Ornamental Gardening,"
was unable to prepare it. The subject of the last meeting was
therefore taken up, viz. : —

Mineral Constituents in Plant Growth.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder said that at the last meeting a gentleman
spoke of carbon derived from charcoal, decomposed or dissolved in
water, as a great fertilizer, and advised its use. The speaker
believed this view to be wholly erroneous, and wished to correct
it, lest a wrong impression should go abi'oad, and those who look
to these discussions for information should be led into error.
Charcoal is not a fertilizer. It is not easily decomposed, but
nearl}' indestructible, and wholly insoluble in water. It is a dis-
infectant and deodorizer, absorbing many times its bulk of ammo-
niacal gas. It acts as a storehouse of ammonia and moisture,
giving them out as needed by plants. Its mechanical action is to
lighten the soil, and it is therefore beneficial on heavy soils, like
that of the speaker. It also tends to purify it and keep it sweet.
If there is any principle established in the chemistry of vegetable
growth, it is that plants take their carbon from the air by their
leaves, and not from the earth.

Josiah W. Talbot said that Professor Penhallow's observations
on the fungus which accompanies the yellows are interesting, but
have little to do with the yellows. The fungus can be found on
any tree neai'ly girdled b}" borers, but never on a healthy tree.
To cure a diseased tree by removing the fungus, is to treat symp-
toms rather than the disease. Professor Goessmaun's analysis of
fruits may be useful to us all, and the discovery that the quantity
of sugar in fruits can be increased by using certain fertilizers
may lead to important results. Mr. Hill took a hundred Baldwin
apple trees from the nursery, and planted them on land of different
qualities, — highly-manured ground, pastures, and fields. The low,
rich soil gives the largest fruit, but in quality it does not compare
with that grown on higli laud with only ordinary cultivation. The

MINERAL CONSTITUENTS IN PLANT GROWTH. 137

latter is yellow inside. A cart-load of salt which remained near a
pear tree on the ground of the speaker, through a heavy rain,
killed the leaves on one side, and when he picked up a little pear
and tasted it he found it salt. This has a bearing on the absorption
into the circulation of plants of salt .and similar substances, and
proves that fruit partakes of the nature of the fertilizer applied to
it. The pears on the side of the tree awa}^ from the salt were not
affected, but those on the side where the salt was deposited tasted
as salt as weak brine. Dr. Goessmann stated that he spread
muriate of potash around two or three peach trees in the college
grounds, which were nearly destroj'ed by j^ellows, and they re-
covered. If this is true, it is one of the most interesting facts ever
discovered, and is worth a fortune to the State of Massachusetts.
The speaker was disposed to think it true, and the muriate a
remedy, in part at least. Formerly there was no trouble in
growing peaches here. If a tree was set out, it would grow and
bear for years, and wheat was as easily raised ; hut now a peach
tree bears but one crop, and if wheat is sown it fills out and is
profitable for one year, but on the same ground the second 3'ear it
fields only straw. This the speaker accounted for by the fact that in
new land there is a great deal of potash, which is taken out by the
crops and not returned. Dr. Goessmann supplied to the peach
trees the potash which had been taken from the soil, and tliey
recovered. So also with wheat ; b}' using a fertilizer containing
much potash good crops can be produced. Rye grass grown with
guano will produce a good crop ; the guano supplies phosphates
and nitrogen, but not potash. Sometimes it is other ingredients
that are lacking.

Leander Wetherell asked whether apples grown larger do not
generally prove inferior in quality and keeping properties to
moderate sized ones. If mangel-wurzels are grown very large, it
is at the expense of their feeding qualit}-, and the same is true of
vegetable growth generally. A friend of the speaker, on Ware
River, was recommended to use salt for rye on his land, and top-
dressed with it at the rate of three bushels per acre, and grew rye
year after year, as handsome as on new land, with clear white
straw and heav}' grain, well filled, and kept it up for eight or nine
years. Before the salt was applied the land had borne only ordi-

138 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

nary crops. No other fertilizer was used. The soil was of fair
quality, but not rich. The speaker was conversant with, and
observant of, these facts. In his opinion land is not generally
exhausted by wheat and rye or peaches so soon as Mr. Talbot
thouglit. A peach tree on Jiis father's place, standing on high
ground among ledges, continued to bear fruit for a generation ;
but peaches on new land will not do so well now. Dr. Fisher,
of Fitchburg, who is so successful in raising grapes, pi'efers
mineral fertilizers to animal manures. The speaker read this
morning of a case where only mineral fertilizers had been used, and
the land increased in fertility. A former President of the Worces-
ter County Horticultural Societ}^ raised a crop of wheat with the
refuse of a comb factory as a fertilizer ; but when reaped, though
the straw was very fine, there was not a grain of wheat. The
fertilizer supplied nitrogen, but no other ingredients. There is no
better fertilizer, for generation after generation, than stable ma-
nure. Chemical fertilizers may be used with it, but the makers ask
too much for them. The question of their economy is not yet
settled. Professor Johnson, of New Haven, expressed a doubt
whether they could be used profitably ; and farmers should look to
that point. The speaker had seen tlie result of the use of chemical
fertilizers, in the shape of a crop of haj' in the barn, which would
not pa}^ for the fertilizers used, and he convinced the owner of it.
Mr. Wetherell advised farmers to bo careful not to use too much
nitrogen on their crops, so as to produce coarseness and quantity
at the expense of quality, and to use all commercial fertilizers
cauti(jusly and wisely.

Mr. Wilder expressed astonishment at the account given b\- Mr.
Wetherell of the effect of salt on rye. There must have been
some other cause of such crops. Muriate of soda was advertised
in New York as a very etfective fertilizer, and P. T. Barnum
bought thirt}' barrels, and when his man came to use it he found it
only common salt.

Mr. Wetherell said he did not relate what he heard concerning
the crops of rye, but what he saw. He stated the facts, not sup-
posing that any one would understand salt to be a fertilizer, — its
action is on other substances in the soil.

The Chairman alluded to Professor Goessmann's remark that

31INERAL CONSTITUENTS IN PLANT GROWTH. 139

manufacturers of fertilizers desire to meet the wants of farmers in
supplying the food for particular crops ; but this arises from re-
gard to their own interests, rather than because it is profitable to
the farmers, or because they have information superior to that
possessed by farmers in regard to the special wants of the par-
ticular crop grown under all conditions. Dealers have manures
made up for every crop ; but they do not know so much of the
wants of those crops as any one in the audience present. Dr.
Goessmann says that analysis shows a different constitution of the
same crop from different localities. Sometimes the proportion of
the same element in different crops of the same plant may be as
five to twenty. In some cases a crop may have taken up delete-
rious matter, as in the instances mentioned by Mr. Talbot, where
the roots of a pear tree took up salt. The farmer must adapt his
fertilizers to his soil and crops ; one may have decomposed feldspar
in his soil, which, though insoluble, furnishes moi'e or less potash.
Chemists cannot prescribe as well for garden as for farm crops,
because many more analj^ses have been made of the latter than of
the former. The question of the influence of fertilizers on the
quality of fruits is of great interest. Experiments on sugar beets
with different fertilizers have tripled the quantity of sugar in them,
and the same can be done with fruits. It is true that sugar alone
does not constitute quality in fruits ; there may be too much ; but
the trouble is apt to be the other way, and if we can increase the
quantity of sugar in fruits, why cannot we change the qualit}' in
other respects? Mr. Moore thought he had improved the qualit}^
of his peaches by using a fertilizer composed largely of dissolved
bones and muriate of potash. Dr. Goessmann thinks the sulphate
of potash will not do for the yellows ; they want the muriate, and
this might be supplied by a mixture of salt and ashes. He says,
also, that his experiments do not determine with cei'tainty the
questions on which he sought light ; but he thought the conclusions
arrived at are sufficiently probable to bring to the attention of
cultivators.

Mr. Moore said he had used fine charcoal as an absorbent. It
is not a manure, but it retains ammonia in large quantities, and
gives it off as wanted. If you put a piece into the ground and
come back two hundred years after, you will find it prett}^ much

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the same. Market gardeners say fertilizers will not do for them,
and the reason is that they grow hoed crops on the same land year
after year without the alternation of grass crops to suppl}' A^ege-
table matter. They must have stable manure, and the}' want it
fresh and undecomposed to supply organic matter ; but the speaker
was of the opinion that fertilizers can be used successfully in
market gardening. He has seen several good crops of rye raised
with two hundred pounds of Peruvian guano per acre. This gives
nitrogen and phosphates, but no potash. AVheat can be grown
here as well as ever ; he had grown it at the rate of forty-five
bushels per acre (which is more than is averaged on the rich lands
of the West) on a half acre for three successive years. He fur-
nished it with phosphates and all the other food it wanted. It was
an early variety of winter wheat, ripening about the fourth of July.
Many have failed here from planting late kinds, which are apt to
blight. He gave up growing it because the quantity he needed
was not sufficient to get it milled well.

Mr. Moore said that Mr. Hovej' had asked for instances of yel-
lows developing in summer on trees which appeared healthy in
spring ; but there are man}' such cases. It is an unaccountable dis-
ease. Forty-five j'ears ago it was unknown here, and when it came
it swept everj'thing. A tree will set fruit well ; the leaves on a
certain branch — perhaps one that had appeared the most vigorous,
and in the centre of the tree — will take a different tinge, and the
fruit will ripen prematurely, while the rest of the tree will ripen its
fruit at the proper season, and will not otherwise present any appear-
ance of disease ; but the next year the whole tree will go the same
way. The speaker did not believe that it is caused by fungus in
the ground. He knows certainly that sulphate of potash will give
better potatoes than muriate, but cannot tell why. The sulphate
is more costly tlian the muriate, but you get more actual potash in
the same weight. Whoever would use fertilizers to the best ad-
vantage must use his own judgment as to the wants of his soil.
No chemist can sa}', when a fertilizer is put into the soil, what
form it will be in in three days. If you find anything that works
wonders on your soil, tliat is the thing for ycm to use.

George F. H. Markoe said that chloride of potassium and muri-
ate of potash are synonyms. The crude muriate of potash known

MINERAL CONSTITUENTS IN PLANT GROWTH. 141

as Stassfurt salts contains sometimes as mucli as twenty-five per
cent, of common salt, and the varying proportions may lead to
different views among farmers as to its value. Manufacturing
chemists may make fertilizers containing any given combinations,
and they will retain their forms until mixed with the soil ; then the
character of the soil and water will affect them. Chemists will not
attempt to make a universal manure, as quack doctors pretend to
make universal medicines. Farmers should know enough to mix
simple compounds themselves, and then it will not take each one
long to find a mixture that will suit his soil. Any grade of
chloride of potassium can be purchased, and if a large quantity is
wanted it will pay to have an anal3'sis made. Salt can be bought
cheaper in the common form than in chloride of potassium.

Mr. Talbot thought that if chemists ai'e honest they can buy the
materials for ' fertilizers cheaper, and mix them cheaper, than
farmers can. The manufacturers are trying to suppl}- the fertil-
izers which the farmers want, and it is best, in using them, to
begin on a small scale and use our own judgment, but still to
depend on the manufacturers to make them. Professor Stockbridge
has tried to get, in his fertilizers, what will come nearest the
average wants of plants ; but they may fail on some lands. The
speaker had ploughed up old ground and put on Stockbridge's corn
fertilizer, and got sixty-five bushels of corn per acre, which did
not cost him over fort}' cents per bushel. The farmer mentioned
b}- Mr. Wetherell, whose hay did not pay for the fertilizer used,
probably put on three times as much as was necessar}'. The
peach tree spoken of by Mr. Wetherell as growing among ledges
probably got from their decomposition just what food it wanted.

Mr. Wetherell said that his friend used Stockbridge's prescrip-
tion.
' The Chairman said that the yellows is not caused by the exhaus-
tion of potash, for it appears in new soils where there is no such
deficiency.

Mr. Markoe said that there are many honest manufacturers of
fertilizers, and his idea was that farmers should proceed as the
chemist does in the laboratory ; that is, should try on a small
scale, and, when he has found out what his soil needs, should get
the manufacturer to prepare it for him..

142 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Charles M. Hove^^ was still doubtful whether a tree which was
vigorous in spring ever took the yellows in summer. From his
own experience he had come to the conclusion that it is climatic.
He would be glad to see these experiments of Professor Goess-
mann succeed. His father had a peach tree, planted in 1813,
which gave out in 1835 or 1836, as he thought owing to the cold
weather. He thought also that the bursting of the vessels
described bv Professor Penhallow was due to the same cause.
The j-ellows is not much known in the two lower counties of Dela-
ware, where the climate is warmer and not so variable as ours ; but
thej^ have it in New Jerse}' and Pennsylvania. Peach trees in
houses, which are planted in a good border and manured from
3'ear to year, are never affected. The statements that have been
made in regard to the inferior quality of fruit in low land are cor-
rect ; the cells are larger tlian those of fruit fi'om dryer soils and
are filled with water. Fruit grown in Kentucky will not keep as
well as that grown in New Hampshire or Vermont. On the same
hill-slope in German}' three qualities of wine ai'e produced, and the
difference is wholly owing to the difference in the soil. The fungus
which accompanies the yellows is the effect, and not the cause. It
comes in after the tree is half dead, just as the stumps of elm and
oak trees are covered with fungi.

Mr. Wilder confirmed what had been said of the difference in
the quality of fruit caused bj' difference of soil. In 1867 he vis-
ited the famous Johannisberg Vineyard of Prince Metternich, and
found that wine grown on the hill brought ten dollars per bottle ;
that from half-wa}"^ down the hill five dollars ; and that from the
foot of the hill forty cents per bottle.

William H. Hunt said, in reference to Mr. Wetherell's account
of the remarkable crops of r3'e produced with salt, that a field in his
neighborhood has been cropped with rye for fift}' years without salt,
and has paid for the cultivation, producing fair though not great
crops. The rye is sown in the fall, and not harvested until nearly
a year after, and there grows along with it a considerable quantity
of plants called "pussy-heads" {Tn'foUum arvense), which in their
deca}' furnish much fertilizing matter.

Mr. Wetherell said that the field referred to by him was almost
weedless.

MINERAL CONSTITUENTS IN PLANT GROWTH. 143

Mr. Hunt said that the last year was a ver}' poor one for pota"
toes ; but a farmer in Concord had a field of eight or ten acres,
which produced a very fine crop with no other manure than the
Stockbridge fertilizer. It was found that the farmer mixed his
fertilizer with plaster, and that the crop on several rows where
plaster alone was used was just as good as where the fertilizer was
applied. On old pasture land, that has not been ploughed for
fifty years, the speaker could get a good crop with a little meadow-
mud and ashes. He did not think that farmers could afford to bu}'
fertilizers at present prices. For twelve or fifteen 3'ears he has not
used a shovelful of manure on his grape vines. He had visited the
Johannisberg Vineyard, and found that a stock of cows was kept to
furnish manure for it. The vineyard is not manured everj' year.

In regard to the depreciation of scientific investigations, which
some, calling themselves "practical men," have indulged in, Mr.
Hunt said that those engaged in cultivation have little time for
such researches, and tliat it is the business of scientific men to
make them, and take whatever time is necessary to do it. In
1853 the silk-worms in France were attacked with a disease which
went on increasing until the production of cocoons was reduced
from 60,000,000 pounds to 10,000,000, entailing a loss of
$20,000,000 annually. All the practical men could not stop it,
and application was made to M. Pasteur, a chemist, who had
never seen a silk-worm. He investigated the trouble, and found
that it was caused by a parasite, but whether in the worm or the
perfect insect could not be told, as it was too small to be detected
even by the microscope. Nobody believed him; but in 1865 he took
some worms and wrote predictions concerning them, which were
found the next year to be fulfilled in all but two cases, and he
suggested a remedy for the trouble. He also showed that sheep
and other animals could be protected from certain fevers by inocu-
lation, and Professor Tyndall said that his work on these subjects
was worth more than the whole indemnity paid b^'^ the French to
the Germans. The value to practical men of such researches is
immense, and M. Pasteur does not stand alone in conferring such
benefits on them. The speaker claimed to be himself a practical
man, but from the conditions of the case he cannot do the work of
the scientific investigators.

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

As this meeting was the last of the season Mr. Wetherell moved
a vote of thanks to the Committee on Publication and Discussion,
for the practical and efficient manner in which they had performed
the duties devolved on them by the Society.

Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman of the Committee, said that,
owing to his being confined to the house for man}' weeks bj' lame-
ness, the work of the committee had devolved largely on his asso-
ciate, John B. Moore, and to him the credit of the meetings was
due.

Mr. Wilder expressed his thanks to all who had aided to sustain
these discussions, for they redound to the credit of the Society-,
and great good will result from them. He referred to the com-
mendation of the reports of the meetings in 1881 by Mr. Mee-
han, the editor of the " Gardener's Monthly," who, iu noticing the
Transactions of the Societ}', spoke of them as only second to
those of the Horticultural Societ}' of London, which Thomas
Andrew Knight and his contemporaries, by their contributions,
made a work of reference valuable for all time. Mr. Meehan
thought it was worth while to be a member of our Societj', though
one got nothing more for his annual subscription than the Trans-
actions. The speaker agreed with Mr. Meehan, and said that he
had been present as a hearer at almost ever}' meeting, and had
received as much benefit from them as from any meetings he had
ever attended. He was especially pleased with Mr. Moore's re-
marks on fertilizers, and Mr. Hunt's on the advantages of scien-
tific investigations to practical men, at the present meeting, and
he was glad to see that so many ladies had attended the meetings.
He felt deeply interested in the success of the meetings, and hoped
the}' would be continued in years to come, for the Society stands
on a higlier plane on account of them. The speaker quoted
Daniel Webster's remark, that the association of effort, by bring-
ing people together, is the great motive power of im]>rovement in
the present age. No other means of advancing the objects of the
Society in recent years has been so effective as these meetings.

The vote offered by Mr. Wetherell was unanimously passed, and
the meeting then adjourned without day.

CONTENTS.

Page

Prefatory Note 3

Business Meeting, January 7, 1882 ; Address of President Hayes,
pp. 5-10 ; Vote respecting improvements in the building, 10 ; Resigna-
tion of Dr. E. L. Sturtevaut, and election of successor, 10 ; Appropriations,
11 ; Appointment of Secretary and Treasurer, 11 ; Election of meml)ers 11
Meeting for Discussion ; Ornamental Arboriculture, pp. 11-16; Commit-
tee on Large or Interesting Trees 16

Business Meeting, January 14 17

Meeting for Discussion; Apple and Pear Culture, by William C.
Strong, pp. 17-23; Discussion, 23-31 ; Committee on Large or Interest-
ing Trees 31

Business Meeting, January 21 31

Meeting for Discussion; New Varieties of Pears, by J. W. Talbot,
pp. 31-35 ; Discussion, 35-43 ; Resignation of Rev. A. B. Muzzey, and

appointment of successor 43

Business Meeting, Januaiy 28 44

Meeting for Discussion; The Best Hardy Herbaceous Plants and
their Cultivation, by Warren H. Manning, pp. 44-49; Herbaceous
Plants and their Culture, by Joseph H. Woodford, 50, 51 ; Discussion 51-55

Business Meeting, February 4 ; Donation of Books, by Charles Downing 56

Meeting for Discussion ; Hardy Herbaceous Plants and their Culture . 56-62

Business Meeting, February 11 ; Testimonial to Charles O. Whitmore . 62

Meeting for Discussion; Vegetable Culture, by William D. Philbrick,

pp. 63, 64 ; Discussion 65-71

Business Meeting, February 18 ; Prizes for Essays reported, p. 71 ;

Election of members 71

Meeting for Discussion ; The Out-door Culture of Vegetables . . 72-79

Business Meeting, February 25 79

ii CONTENTS.

Page

Meeting for Discussion; Flowcrini;^ Plants, New and Old, Most De-
sirable for General Cultivation, by William H. Spooner, pp. 80-84 ; Dis-
cussion ............. 84-90

Business Meeting, March 4; Decease of Thomas P. James announced,

p. 91 ; Special Prizes for Roses 91

Meeting fob Discussion ; Flowering Plants, New or Old, Most Desir-
able for General Cultivation, by John G. Barker, pp. 92-96 ; Discus-
sion, 96-99; Cucumbers in 1830-31 99

Business Meeting, March 11 ; Eeports of Treasurer and Finance Com-
mittee read, p. 100 ; Value of Library and Herbarium .... 100

Meeting for Discussion ; List of Trees and Plants Growino- in the
Garden of Hon. William Erigham, in Boston, in 1841, pp. 101-106 ; Dis-
cussion 106-109

Business Meeting, March 18 109

Meeting for Discussion; Mineral Constituents in Plant Growth, by
Dr. Charles A. Goessmann, pp. 110-123; Yellows in Peach Trees by
Professor D. P. Penhallow, 124-130; Discussion, 130-133; Vote of
Thanks ... - 134

Business Meeting, March 25 ; Eesolntions in Memoiy of Thomas P.

James ............. 134, 135

Meeting for Discussion; Mineral Constituents in Plant Growth,

pp. 136-143 ; Thanks to Committee on Discussion 144

TBANSACTIONS

OF THE

assacljiisetis Porticiiltonil ^ocitig,

FOR THE YEAR 1882.

PART II.

BOSTON :
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

1883.

The Committee on Publication and Discussion, take this oppor-
tunit}' to repeat what they have heretofore stated, that the Society
is not to be held responsible for the certainty of the statements,
the correctness of the opinions, or the accuracy of the nomenclature,
in the papers and discussions now or before published, all of
which must rest on the credit or judgment of the respective writers
or speakers, the Society undertaking only to present these papers
and discussions, or the substance of them, correctly. The
award of a prize or gratuity for an Essa}' is not to be understood
as implying that the Committee approve it in every particular, but
only that they believe it calculated, on the whole, to promote the
science or art of Horticulture.

Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THK

^a$$itclt«jsctt3 poiliniltural f ondg.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, April 1, 1882.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at 11
o'clock, Vice-President John B. Moore in the chair.

Benjamin G. Smith, Treasurer of the American Pomological
Society, in behalf of the President of that Society, presented four
copies of the Proceedings of the Society at the session in Boston,
September, 1881.

Adjourned to Saturday, May 6.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, May 6, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Hon. Francis B. Hayes, President, in the chair.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder moved that a Committee be appointed
to prepare resolutions in memory of the late Charles Darwin. Mr.
Wilder said :

Mr. President : It is now known throughout the civilized world
that modern science has lost one of its most distinguished promo-
ters, in the death of Dr. Charles Darwin, the friend of our own
Dr. Gray. J cannot, therefore, refrain from expressing the desire

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that some notice of this event should appear on the records of our
Society. As a progressive man in the study of the natural sciences,
no one in the world has stood so high in the estimation of univer-
sities, academies, and scientific institutions. His various works on
the origin of species, the variations of animals and plants under
domestication, his arguments in favor of the doctrine of evolution,
and his other works, present an immense number of facts which
are in themselves an encyclopaedia nowhere else to be found, by
which the relations of animal and vegetable life are brought into
harmony, constituting one grand system of organisms for the
development and improvement of both animal and vegetable life.
No man since the days of Thomas Andrew Knight and Dr. Lind-
ley, has done so much as a physiologist to advance the science of
horticulture. The variations of species, upon which botanists for-
merlj' looked with indifference, have become, as it were, in the
hands of this practical horticulturist, the basis of a great theory
for the improvement of everything which the earth may produce.
Without gi\'ing an opinion in regard to the Origin and Progress of
Species, the world owes him a debt of gi-atitude for what he has
left us in his works on fertilization by insects, on cross fertiliza-
tion, on the hybridization of species, and other subjects which
must have a direct bearing on the successful labors of the gardener
and farmer in all future time. "No more persuasive apostle
of natural theology, or more powerful advocate of the argument
furnished by design and adaptation, ever lived, than Charles
Darwin."

I propose, therefore, that a Committee be appointed by the
Chair to present resolutions on the death of Dr. Charles Darwin.

The motion was carried and the Chair appointed Dr. Asa Gray,
Mr. Wilder and Charles S. Sargent, as the Committee.

Mr. Wilder presented the following preamble and resolutions in
memory of Professor Joseph Decaisnc, of Paris, drawn up by
Charles M. Ilovey, who was unable to present them on account of
illness.

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society, having learned with
profound regret of the^death of M. Joseph Decaisne, the eminent
French Botanist and Horticulturist, and a Corresponding Mem-
ber of this Society, deem it their duty to place on record their
recognition of the valuable services he has rendered, both at home
and abroad, in the elevation and advancement of the science to

COMMITTEE ON WINDOW GARDENING. 153

which he was devoted. Entering the Museum of Natural History
and Acaderuy of Sciences of Paris in 1826, as a garden boy at the
age of eighteen, by his assiduity, observation, and perseverance,
aided by Monsieur Adrien de Jussieu, he became so thorough and
eminent in his studies, that in 1851 he was placed at the head of the
department previously occupied by the learned M. de Mirbel. He
was a correspondent of the " Eevue Horticole " and of the " Flore
des Serres" from 1846 to 1851, and during that period, in connec-
tion with M. Naudin and M. Le Maout, published several valuable
works on Gardening and Botany. But his crowning worlc was the
" Jardin Fruitier du Museum," begun in 1858 and completed in
1873, a copy of which is in the library of this Society.

Therefore^ Resolved^ That while we deplore the death of so emi-
nent a man, and the severe loss which science thereby sustains, we
desire to express our high appreciation of his long and arduous
labors, ever devoted to botany and horticulture in all their branches.
His learned treatise on the anatomy and physiology of the Algse,
and his Flora of Timor and of Arabia, show the scope of his
researches in these studies, as his Jardin Fruitier gives evidence
of his extensive knowledge of our popular fruits. In the language
of a French cultivator, in a notice of his death, " all the world
accords to him unlimited deference, and the respectful considera-
tion which ever surrounds the self-made man."

Resolved^ That these resolutions be entered on the records of
the Society, and that a copy be forwarded to the family of M.
Decaisne.

Mr. Wilder, in moving the passage of the resolutions, spoke of
Professor Decaisne as most eminent in Botany and Horticulture,
and of his personal acquaintance with him.

The resolutions were unanimously passed.

William H. Spooner stated that funds would be provided to
offer Prizes for Window Gardening, similar to those offered in 1878,
and moved that a Committee be appointed to take charge of the
subject. The motion was carried, and the Chair appointed as that
Committee: H. D. Wiimarth, E. H. Hitchings, Mrs. H. L. T.
Wolcott, Mrs. E. M. Gill, Henry Ross, Mrs. C. N. S. Horner,
and Mrs. A. D. Wood.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the

154 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members of
the Society :

William H. Badlam, of Dorchester.
Hon. Nathaniel F. Saffokd, of Milton.
Thomas Dunn, of Newport, R. I.

On recommendation of the Executive Committee, the following

named persons were elected Corresponding Members of the

Society :

Charles Joly, of Paris, France.

Max Leichtlin, of Baden Baden, German^'.

Prof. Edwakd Kegel, of St. Petersburg, Russia.

Victor Lemoine, of Nancy, France.

Adjourned to Saturday, June 3.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, June 3, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice-President John B. Moore in the chair.

A letter was read by the Secretary^ from H. P. Stone, one of
the Executors of the estate of George A. Stone, of Rochester,
N. Y., proposing to offer a premium of one hundred dollars for
the best specimens of the Pocklington Grape, to be shown at the
Annual Exhibition of the Society in 1883, the premium to be
awarded by the Society's Committee. It was moved by John C.
Hovey, and seconded by Aaron D. Capen, that the proposition be
accepted. The subject was fully discussed by William C. Strong,
E. W. Wood, Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, John C. Hovey, J. H.
Woodford, Robert Manning, and the Chairman of the meeting.
The motion was carried, and the subject was referred to the Com-
mittee on Establishing Prizes, to fix the number of specimens to
be exhibited and other details.

The chair was then taken by the President, Hon, Francis B.
Hayes.

The Librarian announced the donation by the Societe Nationale

ELECTION OF MEMBERS. 155

et Centrale d'Horticulture de France, of twenty -three volumes of
its publications, and offered the following resolution, which was
unanimously passed, —

Resolved, That this Society would express its gratification at the
renewal of the correspondence begun more than fifty years ago by
our first President, Gen. Dearborn, with the National Central Hor-
ticultural Society of France, and its thanks to that Society for the
donation of twenty-three volumes of its publications.

George B. Ballard, of Hingham, and
RoscoE R. Frohock, of Maiden,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee, were, on
ballot, duly elected members of the Society.

The meeting was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, July 1, 1882.

This was the day for the stated meeting of the Society, which
was duly notified, but no quorum was present, and the meeting
Adjourned to Saturday, July 8.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, July 8, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members of
the Society :

Leonard B. Harrington, of Salem.

William H. Martin, of South Boston.

George C. Woolson, of Passaic, N. J.

Carl Beer, of Groton.

William T. Hart, of Boston.

156 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Secretary announced the receipt of letters from H. J.
Veitch of Chelsea, England, Charles Joly of Paris, Victor Le-
moine of Nancy, France, and Dr. Edward Kegel of St. Peters-
burg, Russia, accepting, with thanks, the Corresponding Member-
ships in the Society to which they had been elected.

. Adjourned to Saturday, August 5.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, August 5, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Fkancis B. Hates, in the chair.

Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws the President re-
ported the following Committee to nominate suitable candidates for
the various offices of the Society for the ensuing year : Hon. Mar-
shall P. Wilder, Chairman ; William C. Strong, William H.
Spooner, Charles H. B. Breck, John C. Hovey, Charles F. Curtis,
Charles N. Brackett.

Adjourned to Saturday, September 2.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, September 2, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Chairman of the Committee appointed
at the last meeting to nominate candidates for Officers and Standing
Committees for the next year, reported a printed list, which was
accepted and laid on the table.

On motion of John B. Moore, it was voted, that the Nominating
Committee be continued and requested to nominate candidates in
place of any who may decline before the election.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the

ELECTION OF OFFICERS. 157

Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members of

the Society :

Roland Worthington, of Boston.

Egbert Bottomly, of Belmont.

Charles E. Brigham, of Boston.

Walter Hunnewell, of Wellesley.

Benjamin Gray, of Maiden.

The meeting was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, October 7, 1882.

A stated meeting of the Society, being the annual meeting for
the choice of Qflicers, was holden at 11 o'clock, the President,
Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

The Recording Secretary stated that the requirements of the
Constitution and By-Laws, in regard to notice of the meeting, had
been complied with.

The Chair appointed William H. Spooner, Leander Wetherell,
and Josiah Crosb}', a Committee to receive, assort, and count the
votes given, and report the number.

The polls were opened at twenty minutes past 11 o'clock.

The Committee appointed at the Meeting for Discussion on the
7th of January, to obtain measurements and other information in
regard to Large or otherwise Interesting Trees, were called on by
the President, and reported progress, and an informal discussion
ensued, in which many interesting facts were stated, which will be
embodied in the report of the Committee. Charles W. Kennard
was added to the Committee.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the

Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members of

the Society :

Francis M. Weld, of Jamaica Plain.

Samuel H. Pierce, of Lincoln.

M. B. Faxon, of Melrose.

J. Henry Fletcher, of Belmont.

George V. Fletcher, of Belmont.

J. Ph. Rinn, of Boston.

158 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The polls were closed at twenty minutes past twelve o'clock,
and the Committee to receive, assort, and count the votes, reported
the whole number to be forty-three, and that all the persons whose
names were on the ticket reported b}' the Nominating Committee
were chosen. The report was accepted, and the persons named
were, agreeablj' to the Constitution and By-Laws, declared by the
President to ha^e a majority of votes, and to be elected Officers
and Standing Committees of the Society for the yeav 1883.

Adjourned to Saturday, November 4.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, November 4, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

John C. Hove}', from the Executive Committee, reported a
recommendation that the Society appropriate the following named
sums for the year 1883.

For Prizes and Gratuities,

For Plants and Flowers .... $1,500

Fruits 950

Vegetables 500

Gardens and Greenhouses . . . 100

For the Committee on the Library, for the pur-
chase of Magazines and Newspapers,
binding of Books, continuing the Card
Catalogue of Plates, and the Incidental
Expenses of the Committee . . . 400

For the Committee on Publication and Dis-
cussion ....... 150

For the Expenses of the Committee of Arrange-
ments ....... 300

The report was accepted, and, agreeably to the Constitution
and By-Laws, was laid on the table until the first Saturday in
January.

ANNUAL REPORTS READ. 159

On motion of Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, J. W. Manning was
added to the Committee on Large and Interesting Trees.

The following named persons, having been recommended by
the Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members
of the Society.

John A. Demae, of Lexington.
Henky L. Simonds, of Lexington.
Charles F. Smith, of Concord.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 2.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satckday, December 2, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

T. Otis Fuller, of Needham, and James Hewins, of Med-
field, were proposed as members by William H. Spooner.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers
was read by William H. Spooner, Chairman.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Fruits was read by
E. W. Wood, Chairman.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Vegetables was read
by Charles N. Brackett, Chairaian.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Publication and Dis-
cussion was read by Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman.

The Annual Report of the Committee on the Library was read
by William E. Endicott, Chairman.

Robert Manning read his Annual Report as Secretary and
Librarian.

These reports were severally accepted and referred to the
Committee on Publication.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, re-
ported the List of Prizes to be offered for the year 1883, with
the approval of that Committee. The report was accepted, and

160 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the list was laid on the table for two weeks, for examination by
the members.

Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman of the Committee on Publica-
tion and Discussion, announced that the first of the series of
Meetings for Discussion the present season, would be held on the
next Saturday at 11 o'clock.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 9.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 9, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder announced the death of Henry Win-
throp Sargent, an Honorarj^ Member of the Societ}^ at Fishkill-ou-
the-Hudson, and moved the appointment of a Committee to pre-
pare memorial resolutions. Mr. Wilder spoke of Mr. Sargenf s
interest in arboriculture and landscape gardening as such that he
might be called a tree scientist. He was a friend and neighbor of
A. J. Downing, and after the death of the latter, Mr. Sargent
edited two editions of his work on Landscape Gardening, adding
largely to it, especially in the descriptions of new and beautiful
trees. Mr. Wilder's motion was carried, and the Chair appointed
him, with Charles M. Hovey and Charles S. Sargent, the Com-
mittee to prepare memorial resolutions.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 16.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Horticulture in Mexico and Central America.
By JoHK E. Russell, Leicester.

Mr. Russell said that when the Committee called on him to open
the series of meetings, he was about leaving to attend the country

HORTICULTURE IN MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 161

meeting of the Board of Agriculture, from which he had just re-
turned, and consequently he felt embarrassed on account of want
of time for preparation. Though he had for the last ten years
been engaged in agriculture rather than horticulture, as the execu-
tive officer of the State Board of Agriculture he looked upon this
Society, which antedates the Board by man}' 3'ears, as a part of
the system of agricultural instruction in the Commonwealth. As
he approached this building he saw in it an evidence of the ad-
vance of horticulture, and a part of the result of that progress.
Though crowned hj Ceres, the goddess of Agriculture, with the
deities of Fruits and Flowers below, this does not indicate any
superiority of the first over the others, for they are on an equality
with her. Horticulture is the perfection of agriculture — it is a
fine art, producing not only objects of utility, but of beauty, and
bringing us back to the state in which man was placed by the
Creator.

The early Norsemen hailed the coast of Massachusetts as Vine-
land, and Edward Winslow wrote home from Plymouth, in 1621,
that this was a land of vines, as well as of berries and roses.
Here, also, Winslow saw that miracle of vegetation, the Indian
corn, with its arching leaves, its towering plume and tuft of silk,
the most valuable of all tropical plants, brought from the tropics
we know not how, loading the board of nations that would other-
wise perish, producing in our own country the present year a crop '
of two thousand millions of bushels in one hundred days from the
seed, and adding every day of its growth from seven to ten
millions of dollars to the wealth of the country — a wonderful
triumph of agriculture.

This Society has been prominent in aiding the progress of
pomology ; hundreds of new fruits have been introduced into culti-
vation by those who are here today : and it is a greater honor to
introduce one new and good fruit than to wear the laurels of
the conqueror. The work carried on here will have no cessation.
Other Wilders, Hunnewells, Moores, and Hayeses will arise and

*' Feed the kindling flame of art,

And steal the tropics' blushing spoil,

To bloom on Nature's icy heart."

The dahlia was introduced into Europe early in the present cen-
tury. When the speaker was a boy, it was thought pretty good

162 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

gardening in the western part of this State to get dahlias in bloom
before frost ; but now they bloom much earlier. They are natives
of the table lands of Mexico, where the speaker saw them in the
single form, which they always bear in their wild state, and which
he thought much more beautiful than the double forms into which
they have been improved by cultivation, and this opinion has
gained ground of late, for premiums have been offered for single
dahlias. In Central America he noticed that double flowers in-
variabl}' and immediately returned to the single form. All plants
which are biennials here, seed the first year there. He attempted
to acclimate the vegetables of this latitude there, but without suc-
cess. Potatoes from California returned to their original habit
the first year, and produced tubers not larger than marbles. Cab-
bages and other plants of the genus Brassica shot up like palm
trees, and went to seed in a few weeks. The climate does not
vary materially from our summer climate, but it seemed to him
as though the native plants told these new-comers that there was
no need to lay up a store of food, but that all they had to do was
to go ahead and ripen their seed. Indian corn takes about as long
a time to ripen there as it does here — sa}', a hundred da3's — and
in the dry season, becomes fodder, which forms almost the entire
food of the cattle. Potatoes give only one crop there, though he
had seen two crops grown here in one season. This year the
growing season here consisted of two summers, with a dry season
interjected between, which checked growth almost as much as a
winter, in this respect resembling the tropical climate, where a dry
season comes between the wet, growing seasons.

The exports of Mexico are of very small amount in proportion
to the population of about nine millions. The people are not in-
dustrious, and the products are not valuable. The coffee tree is
one of the most valuable productions. In its natural state it grows
on dry, even arid, land, and produces the best quality of coffee on
such soils, while that grown on low, moist, rich land is inferior.
The so-called " male beny " grows at an elevation of about 3,000
feet above the fevel of the sea. The high table lauds in the
eouthern part of the country are well adapted to its growth.
They are, however, too high for the sugar-cane, which requires
rich, warm, bottom lauds. These also are found in the southern
part of the country, and there it can be grown year after j-ear.
Cochineal is abundant ; the cactus on which the insect which pro-

HOETICULTURE IN MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 163

duces the dye is found flourishes well. Corn cannot be grown as
well as in the northern part of the United States. The greater
part of the indigo used in this country comes from San vSalvador
in Central America. The manufacture of this dye requires a
great deal of careful and skilful technical work, and hence
its cultivation is not likely to become extensive. The agriculture
of Mexico has been much injured by the many revolutions,
which forced the laborers away from the haciendas into the army
and thus brought about a slovenly condition of agriculture. The
country may be described in the words of the missionary hymn,
" Ever}' prospect pleases and only man is vile." A sea-captain,
who had traded to Mexico, when asked about the manners and cus-
toms of the natives, replied that their manners were bad and their
customs were nasty. Here the speaker saw the spectacle, which
would be incredible to temperance reformers, of a people abso-
lutely abandoned without whiskey. In Mexico and Central Amer-
ica drunkenness is little known.

Mr. Russell did not think apples could be grown in Central
America, even on the highlands. Peaches can be grown ; he saw
them dried and pressed into boxes, and called Mallacatones by the
Indians. Figs grow in ever}' part, and pineapples in many parts.
The pineapples of commerce compare with those ripened on the
plant as a wild pasture apple compares with a Baldwin. Oranges
are produced wherever the ground is not too high. Grape vines
in Central America grow most luxuriantly, but produce no fruit.

The remainder of Mr. Russell's address was on the railroads and
canals projected to unite the two oceans. At the isthmus of Da-
rien the continent is pinched together so as to be only forty-seven
miles wide, but Mr. Russell did not believe that the canal which
they are pretending to excavate there would be built in this gen-
eration. It is too far south. The Tehuantepec route was indicated
b}' Cortez for a canal with locks ; it is not subject to earthquakes,
which would make a canal across Nicaragua impossible. The
speaker thought there was more probability of a railroad there
than of a canal. The harbor on the Pacific side is very open, and
the bay or roadstead is called Ventosa ; the winds are tremendous,
and a very extensive breakwater will be required. The distance
from New York to San Francisco is fourteen hundred miles less
b}^ this route than by the Panama route. The Panama Railroad
was pronounced by Lieutenant Maury, at the time it was built, a
2

164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

commercial mistake. The harbor of Aspiuwall is so vexed with
currents that it is extremely difficult for sailing vessels to enter
it. Once, when the supply- of ice was exhausted, the Tudor ice-
ship came in sight, but was carried too far south and obliged to
return almost to the Windward Islands, and the}' did not see her
again for two or three weeks. On the Pacific side is the region of
the "doldrums," or calms, where a vessel ma}- lie for weeks,
within twenty or thirt}' miles of the shore, with her sails flapping.
On motion of Mr. Wilder, the thanks of the Society were unani-
mously presented to Mr. Russell for his interesting address.

The President announced that the subject of the next meeting
would be "Garden Vegetables — What new varieties deserve
special mention? What foreign varieties are worthy of being
introduced for cultivation?"

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 16, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

The List of Prizes for the year 1883, reported at the meeting on
the first Saturday in December, and then laid on the table for two
weeks, was taken up, and, after some amendment, was adopted.

On motion of E. W. Wood, Chairman of the Committee for
Establishing Prizes, it was voted that that Committee be author-
ized to add to the Schedule any Prizes for which the means may be
provided outside of the funds of the Society.

The Secretary presented an invitation from Parker Earle, Pres-
ident of the Mississippi Valley Horticultural Society, to the mem-
bers of this Society to attend the Annual Meeting of the first-
named Society, at New Orleans, Februar}' 21 to 24, 1883. The
thanks of the Society were voted for this invitation, and the Secre-
tary was directed to communicate the same.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 23.

GARDEN VEGETABLES. 165

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Garden Vegetables, — The New Varieties DESER\aNG Special
Mention, and the Foreign Varieties most Worthy of being
introduced for cultivation.

Benjamin P. "Ware, who had been appointed to open the subject,
said that he was conservative in regard to the introduction of new
varieties. The}' are not necessarily better than the old kinds.
When first introduced they are cultivated with special care, which
is not alwaj^s continued when they become common, and hence they
do not always keep up their reputation. He intended to speak only
of varieties which, though of recent origin, have been tested and
have established a reputation. He began with squashes, naming
first the Butmap, a variety of Anierican origin, and very fine in
some respects ; handsome and having fine-colored flesh, of excel-
lent quality, and a good keeper. It makes a very handsome
appearance at fairs, and is desirable for amateurs, but will not
stand the test for farmers, not being sufficiently productive. The
Marblehead squash is new in one sense. When the speaker began
cultivating the Hubbard, he soon found the squashes were of two
colors ; one, the true variet}', was dark green ; the other was of a
bluish color. The latter he did not like, and accordiuglj- bred it
out by careful selection of the true kind for seed. A gentleman in
the West took a different course, and bred out the dark ones and
saved the blue ones until the tj'pe was established. Mr. Gregorj-'s
attention was called to the latter, and he introduced it to the notice
of cultivators under the name of Marblehead. It keeps well, and
generally commands a higher price than the Hubbard. Like the
Butman, it is desirable for amateurs and fairs, but it is not a good
cropper, and not the kind the farmers want. The Essex Hybrid is
a very remarkable variety, originated by Aaron Low, of Essex,
from a cross between the Turban and Hubbard. It combines the
form and fine quality of the Turban with the hard shell and long
keeping of the Hubbard. It is a rapid gi'ower, and may be planted
as late as the 4th of July, or in connection with a crop of early
potatoes. Mr. Ware recommended, when the potatoes are
planted, to leave every fourth row vacant, and afterwards to plant
the squashes four feet apart. Early potatoes can be dug without

166 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

interfering with the squashes, and if they are not dug until autumn,
the squash vines keep the soil around them cool, so that they are
not injured by remaining in the ground. Another advantage of
late planting is that the maggot, which in many parts of this
State is the worst enemy of the squash, can be avoided thereby.
The fly has probably deposited its eggs elsewhere before the late
squashes are ready. Another preventive of this insect is, after the
vines are well set and have begun to run, to draw the earth over
the root to the depth of six inches, and two feet in diameter. This
will not injure the vines. Mr. "Ware said he had not tried this, but
was told of it by a friend, whose authority he considered trust-
worthy. The American Improved Turban is the beSt early squash,
not excepting the Man'ow.

Mr. "Ware said that, coming from Marblehead, he could not omit
to speak of the cabbage crop, which, at a meeting of the farmer's
club there, was decided to be the most profitable farm crop.
Fottler's Improved Brunswick is of German origin, but improved
in this country. The original Brunswick was the best early cab-
bage, and Mr. Fottler has sold the seed of his improved variety for
its weight in gold. It has now had a run of some years, and has
gained in size but lost in earliness. It is not so solid as some, but
shows well in the market. It was formerly preferred in Marble-
head to the Stone Mason, but now is found less reliable. The
Stone Mason was raised about forty years ago, from a package of
seed received from the "United States Patent Office, by John M.
Ives, of Salem, who gave some to John Mason, of Marblehead.
This produced about twenty varieties, one of which Mr. Mason
liked the looks of so much that he saved and improved it. It was
afterwards improved by John Stone of Marblehead, and thus
acquired the name of Stone Mason. The speaker thought it per-
fectly reliable, and the best variety ever introduced. It makes
solid heads, of excellent quality. It is not as early as Fottler's.
The old Savoy cabbage was of fine qualit}', but very uncertain in
heading, and made large stumps. The American Improved Savoy,
Mr. "Ware thought, was improved from the old variet}' in the
vicinity of Marblehead. It preserves the fine quality of the origi-
nal, and has a small stump and a large head, and is now thoroughly
established.

The farmers of Essex County have grown many carrots, and
finding the Long Orange too long, and the Early Horn not

GARDEN VEGETABLES. 167

productive, have, by careful crossing and selection, gained an
Intermediate variety with small tops, of which the speaker had
raised thirty-five tons on an acre, and can calculate on twenty-
five. It is thoroughly established as a valuable acquisition.
Mr. Ware said he had been compelled to dwell more than he
desired on Essex Count}- productions, but the Marrow, Butman,
Hubbard, and Low's Hybrid squashes were all originated or
improved in Essex Count}', as were also some of the cabbages
recommended.

All appreciate the value and importance of a succession of
green corn. The early varieties formerly raised were not sweet,
but now we can have sweet corn from the earliest ripening to
frost. The Marblehead is earlier than any other, even the Nar-
ragansett or Minnesota. The stalks are small and the ears are
produced near the ground. Mr. Ware recommended to plant
three or four varieties, of different degrees of earliness, at the
same time, and a few weeks later to plant again ; and in this way
two plantings would be suflficient to ensure a supply. A good
succession is Marblehead, Crosby's Early, and Moore's Early ; and
for late, either the Marblehead Mammoth, Burr's Improved, or
Stowell's Ever-green.

The subject of Potatoes is difficult to handle, because so many
new varieties are introduced every year. Since the Earh* Rose
was raised, and sold for three dollars a pound, and a cow was
given for a single tuber, the farmers have seemed to be crazy on
the subject, and the country has been flooded with new varieties,
many of them seedlings from the Early Rose, and some of them,
the speaker thought, better. Burbank's Seedling, which origi-
nated in this State, is a better cropper than the Early Rose, white-
skinned, and of excellent qualit}^, which it retains late in the season.
It is a thoroughly established variety. The Early Ohio is earlier
than the Early Rose, productive and of good qualit}', with all the
requisites of a first-class variety. Goodrich's Seedling was origi-
nated in Haverhill, Mass., by the cultivator whose name it bears.
It took the prize of twenty-five dollars, offered by the Essex
Agricultural Society for the best seedling potato after a trial of
three 3'ears. It is early, a strong grower, a good cropper, keeps
well, and is of good quality. All the above-named potatoes are
seedlings of the Early Rose. So also is Clark's No. 1, which
originated in New Hampshire, and resembles its parent ; it is

168 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of excellent quality and a great yielder. The Belle is a newer
variety ; several gentlemen, who have careful!}' tested it in com-
petition with twenty of the best varieties, claim for it better
qualities than are possessed by any other. It is very productive,
and remarkable for uniform size, of pinkish color, long, oval,
somewhat flattened, and keeps its quality late. It is sometimes
difficult to decide which potato is the earliest ; a few days' greater
earliness does not amount to much and vasij not exist. If quality
must suffer for the sake of earliness, the latter is not of much
account ; we should study for quality first.

Of Tomatoes the Paragon and Acme are the best ; for the table
the Paragon is ahead of any other.

Among Peas, the American "Wonder, which originated in
Canada, from a cross between the Champion of England and the
Little Gem, is rightly named. It is the greatest acquisition lately
gained among peas. The vines are very small, but bear more peas
than large vines. The peas are sweet and wrinkled. A suc-
cession of green peas is necessarj^ to a perfect table, and Mr.
Ware secures this as with corn, b}' planting three or four varieties
ripening in succession. The Dan O'Rcurke, or any of ihat
family, may be taken as the standard for earliness ; after that may
come the American Wonder, then McLean's Advancer, and then
Champion of England. If these are all planted at the same time,
three plantings will be sufficient. The late ones are not very
reliable, being apt to mildew ; but it is worth while to make the
attempt to raise them, for nice green peas late in the season are a
great luxury.

Of Turnips, Mr. Ware recommended the White Egg, as most
reliable for a crop. Formerly, the Purple Strap Leaf was
thought best, but the White Egg is now preferred, though it is not
quite so early as the Purple Strap Leaf. It belongs to the class
of flat turnips, is handsome, large, tender, and sweet, and a
valuable acquisition as a fall variety. Mr. Ware closed by
repeating that he had not attempted to speak of other than estab-
lished varieties.

Hon. James J. H. Gregory was next called on, and said that,
from his position as a seedsman, he was embarrassed in speaking
on the subject before the meeting. Yet he felt an interest in it,
not only as a seedsman but as a farmer, and he wished to treat
everything according to its real value. It is the business of seeds-

GARDEN VEGETABLES. 169

men to experiment with new things, and introduce such as are
vahiable, for cultivation. Gardeners cannot afford to plant what is
not well tested. Some foreign vegetables, like the Soja bean,
which is the most nutritious food in the world, and plays a very
important part elsewhere, are of no value here. The Little Gem
squash is valuable for amateurs, but the color is too pale for pies,
and it is too small for market. The Hubbard, Butman, and Mar-
blehead squashes were introduced to cultivation by the speaker.
The Hubbard was brought into Marblehead nearly ninety years
ago, as was remembered by a woman who died last year at the age
of ninety-three. The Butman was originated by Clarence Butman,
of Maine. Mr. Gregory's account of the origin of the Marble-
head was that it was brought from the West Indies by Skipper
Sam Stanley, therein differing from Mr. Ware. A gentleman at
the West sent Mr. Gregory a squash resembling Stanley's.
When the Hubbard was first cultivated, we had also the Middleton
Blue, a South American variet}', and the two got mixed, and this
was the origin of the Blue Hubbard ; the Marblehead, though
resembling this in color, is an entirely distinct variety. The
Butman and Marblehead do not yield as well as the Hubbard,
but the Butman is superior in quality to any other squash grown,
and the speaker advised its cultivation, believing that it would
bring the price that it is worth. We should not throw away a
good thing because it is not immediately profitable. We have
around Boston the best market gardening in the world in some
respects ; and we want to get the finest specimens of fruits, and
the same with vegetables. When the Hubbard squash and Early
Rose potato were first offered to the market-men they were re-
jected. He always expects to grow finer melons in his own grounds
than can be got in the market. He had several times made the
cross between the Turban and Hubbard isolated, which produced a
squash now known as the Essex Hybrid, but the progeny sported
so much that he did not think it wise to introduce it. He thought
Mr. Ware's informant was mistaken in regard to preserving squash
vines from injury by the maggot, by covering with earth. Possibly
it might add to the vigor of the vines, and so enable them to with-
stand injury by the maggot. But the maggots are found all along
the vine. He had taken nineteen out of one vine.

The original seed of Fottler's Brunswick cabbage came from
Benary, the German seedsman, and we have not got far from the

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

original. The Stone Mason cabbage has one fault, which is more
noticed by seedsmen than by farmers, — a tendency to rot at the
stump. The American Improved Savoy came originally from
Comstock, of Connecticut. The Burbank's Seedling potato was
originated by Luther Burbank, of Lunenburg, to whom the speaker
paid one hundred and fift}' dollars for the stock, and after whom he
named it. It is decidedly later than the Early Rose. We need
early varieties of potatoes, as they are less liable to injury by the
potato beetle, the last brood of which is the worst. The Early
Ohio was raised by a Mr. Reese, of Ohio, and is a standard early
variety in the West, and first class here on low laud. The Belle is
no better cropper than the Late Beauty of Hebron ; it is much
like the White Elephant.

The Marblehead Mammoth corn originated from a very long ear
of sweet corn obtained in Messrs. Burr's seed store ; by years of
careful selection it has become a very earlj' mammoth variety.
The Marblehead Sweet corn was gained by selection from the Nar-
ragansett, and was not originated in Marblehead. Potter's Ex-
celsior is white and sweet.

The American Wonder pea, Mr. Gregory thought quite as early
as the Dan O'Rourke. The Hancock's Early pea is the best of the
earl}' yellow hard peas, and gives the most satisfaction. Laxton's
Earliest and Ferry's First and Best have proved identical. A cross
has been made between the Alpha and American Wonder, but it is
not yet fixed. The John Bull pea is very large podded, and has
large peas, filling out the pods well. The vines and leaves are
stocky. It is the best of the stocky peas, which do uot generally
fill out well. Carter's Stratagem is desirable for amateurs. Ours
is not a pea climate like the moist, cool climate of England.

The White Egg turnip is a first-class variety — new and very dis-
tinct. The Early Munich is earliest of all, and a decided acquisi-
tion. The Extra Early French turnip was recommended by
the speaker for trial. The Improved White Spine Cucumber is
ditferent from the common White Spine, and an improvement on
it. Tailby's Hybrid is a fine kind ; it has given great satisfaction.
In England they like smooth-fleshed cufumbers without seeds,
such as the last named. The Marblehead Early Horticultural
bean is the earliest of all the bush varieties ; it resembles the Bush
Horticultural. The speaker also recommended the Broad Wax
Bole bean.

GARDEN VEGETABLES. 171

The Cuban watermelon is the same as the Excelsior, and quite
desirable. It weighs from forty to seventy pounds. The Long
Hill watermelon is fairly earl}'. The Valencia melon is a yellow-
fleshed variety, rather late. The Surprise muskmelon is yellow
and very delicious.

William D. Philbrick said that Henderson's Early Drumhead
cabbage is so early that it may be followed by a crop of squashes.
It is more solid than the AVjman and larger than the Wakefield.
He inquired about the cultivation of Brussels sprouts and Sea-kale,
which are unknown in our markets, though grown in the gardens
of amateurs.

President Hayes said that he cultivates Brussels sprouts, and
would have them for some mouths. Sea-kale had not done so
well with him.

C. M. Atkinson said that the natural soil for Sea-kale is a deep
sand, but he preferred a sandy loam trenched two and a half feet
deep, and well enriched. Permanent beds should be laid out four
feet wide, with eighteen-inch alleys. The seed should be sown in
bunches in two rows six inches apart in the centre of the bed, and
the plants two feet apart in the row, each plant opposite the space
between two in the other row. Each bunch should be thinned to
one or two plants. Just before the ground freezes in the fall, take
the soil from the alleys, and place on top of the bed, covering the
crowns of the plants from nine to twelve inches in depth. Then
fill the trenches or alley-ways with strawy manure or leaves, and
cover over the bed with the same material. If desirable, as soon
as the very severe weather has passed, hot manure ma}' be substi-
tuted for the strawy material in the alle^'-wa^'s. In this wa}' he
had cut it in England from Christmas onward, and here in April.
In favorable seasons it will require no aid from hot manure. As
soon as the crop is cut, the manure should be removed from the
alleys and the soil replaced, and the crowns cut clear over if they
have become hollow or too high. After the cut-over crowns have
begun to grow, go over them and remove all superfluous crowns,
as sometimes each crown will form four or five more than are
necessary. Experience will discover many little items that go to
make success.

For market sow in rows four feet apart, and thin out to twelve
or fifteen inches apart, and when large enough, lift and heel in
as thickly as possible and level with the soil, just as they grew.

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A frame four feet wide and ten or fifteen feet long will hold the
root produce of a very large patch of land. If outside, cover with
a span-roofed frame and movable shutters, for examination and
gathering the crop. A warm dark compartment in a cellar or a
mushroom house is a very good place for forcing.

For new plantations the side rootlets that are broken off in
lifting for forcing ma}- be cut in pieces an inch or two long, scat-
tered over a plain surface, and covered with sand}- loam, and pro-
tected from severe weather for the winter. Each piece will form
a plant, which should be planted as early as possible in spring, and,
when large enough, lifted and forced as before directed. For
forcing, it is necessary to make a new plantation every year, as
the lifted plants are worthless. Beds made as first described will
last indefinitely. James Veitch and Son offer a new variet}-, the
Lily White, which they recommend as more easily produced than
the common kind, and not liable to be injured by exposure.

Mr. Atkinson said he had grown the Dan O'Rourke pea for the
last time. The American Wonder is much superior to Carter's
First Crop, and there is hardly twenty-five minutes' difference in
their season. After the first planting he would plant only Cham-
pion of England.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder had been very much interested in what
had been said by Messrs. Ware and Gregory, and felt great grati-
tude to them for their right-down personal and practical observa-
tions, which are w-orth their weight in gold. He made it a rule
to tr}- everything advertised with a fine, flowing, encouraging
description. He had planted ten or fifteen varieties of peas, and
kept a record of the time when they were fit to use, and found
Dan O'Rourke a little the earliest. Breck's Excelsior is a splen-
did variety, about as early as Dan O'Rourke. His selection of
peas would be the same as Mr. Ware's, — Dan O'Rourke, American
Wonder, Advancer, and Champion. He had found the Marble-
head Sweet corn the best for early, and followed it with Crosby's,
Moore's, and Stowell's ; he had the last almost every daj- until the
sixth of November. He had tried all kinds of tomatoes and
settled dow-n on Acme and Paragon. Gen. Grant is good, and
Mayflower promises well ; it is perfect in form and solidity and
of good flavor. Livingston's Perfection is no improvement ; it
has an unpleasant flavor. Mr. Ware's statement in regard to the
Essex Hybrid squash is correct ; the speaker has it on his table

GARDEN VEGETABLES. 173

now. It is a fine keeper and cropper, and, with the Hubbard, will
carry you through the season. The idea of keeping away the
maggot from squashes by piling earth over the root is fallacious.
The plant will root as it goes along, and the true method is to wait
until the insect has passed.

John B. Moore could not conceive how any one could eat any
other than a wrinkled pea. The American Wonder is all that has
been claimed for it, and so nearly as early as the Dan O'Rourke
that it is not worth while to cultivate the latter. McLean's
Advancer is good. Yorkshire Hero is more satisfactory than the
Champion of England ; it is of as good quality, a better cropper,
and not so tall.

Mr. Atkinson said that the Marvel pea supersedes the Ad-
vancer ; it is an excellent cropper. The American "VYouder is
suited to the smallest gardens ; the rows may be made only fifteen
inches apart.

Mr. Gregory said that the Egyptian corn is later than Stowell's.
He tried the American Wonder pea two seasons before getting
anything out of it. Mr. Moore is right in regard to the Yorkshire
Hero pea. Hare's Dwarf Mammoth is a splendid family pea.
The Arlington melon resembles the Casaba. Livingston sent out
the Acme and Paragon tomatoes mixed.

Mr. Philbrick said that the early hard yellow peas, like Dan
O'Eourke, will grow on poor sandy land and come to perfection
before the summer droughts. The wrinkled peas, like the Ameri-
can Wonder, must have a moist soil or they will suffer from
drought.

It was announced that the subject for the next Saturday^ would
be, " How much has the Tomato gained in earliness during the
past twenty years, and how has the gain been secured? Which
is the best variety for market and which for amateur use ? What
is the best method of growing and keeping Celery for winter use,
and what is the best variety?" To be opened by William D. Phil-
brick.

174 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 23, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the Societ}' was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hates, in the chair.

The President read a letter from A. H Heron, Vice-President
and Acting President of the Societe Centrale d'Horticulture du
Departement de la Seine-Inferieure, announcing the death of
M. Henri Courcelle, President of that Society.

The Secretary read the following letter, which was referred to
the Committee on Publication and Discussion.

December 1, 1882.
The Scientific Roll Office,
7 Red Lion Court, Fleet Street,
London, E. C.
Secretary Robert Manning,

Mass. Hort. Societ}' :

My Dear Sir, — I have received the Transactions of j'our So-
ciety for 1882, Part I, and return my hearty thanks therefor. I
have hastil}^ skimmed through its pages, and have been much
struck with what was said by Professors Goessmann and Penhallow,
and the Hon. Marshall P. Wilder.

If I might be allowed to make any suggestion, I would state
that I feel sure some practical result would accrue if the yellows in
the peach were submitted to a thorough and exhaustive examination
from every point of view — chemical, microscopical, practical, and
every other. Let it be resolved that an attempt be made to cure the
j-ellows disease or prevent it. Let the best men be selected, and
let no necessary expense be spared, and in less than ten years, if
the matter is persistentl}' and energeticall}' pursued, very little will
be heard of the 3'ellows, and the nation will have saved a good deal
more than it has spent. As a preliminary starling point, a short
digest of the present state of the question should be drawn up
and circulated amongst all orchardists, with a request that they
help, either by observation or experiment, or monetaiy contribu-
tions. The experts will soon find their attention restricted to a
few well-defined points, and will be able to suggest to growers a

TOMATOES AND CELERY. , 175

few crucial tests, which will show the cause of the disease and the
method of curing or preventing it. If the matter is taken in hand,
I need hardly say I shall be highlj^ pleased to help in every way I
can.

I have sent Nos. 1 to 9 of the " Scientific Roll" to you.

I am 3'ours faithfullj',

A. Eamsay.
Adjourned to Saturday, December 30.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

How MUCH HAS THE ToMATO GAINED IN EaRLINESS DURING THE
PAST TWENTY TEARS, AND HOW HAS THE GaIN BEEN SECURED?

Which is the best Variety for Market and which for
Amateur use'? What is the best Method of Growing and
Keeping Celery for winter use, and what is the best
Variety ?

William D. Philbrick, who had been appointed to open the dis-
cussion, did not think that an}' gain had been made. Eighteen or
twenty years ago it was not uncommon to have tomatoes by the
tenth of July. But though he doubted whether anything had been
gained in earliness, he did think that much has been gained in
quality. The Boston Market was, when introduced, the best
variety. It is valuable for its earliness and great productiveness,
but is rather hollow and seed}', and is now subject to blight, and
Is going out of favor. The Paragon is gaining in estimation,
and is destined to supersede it. Earliness in tomatoes and
other vegetables is not so much an object to market gardeners
as formerly. All early vegetables are expensive to produce,
and gardeners here cannot compete with Southern gardeners in
raising them. The Paragon was, when introduced, rather
late, but by careful selection of the earliest, as well as the fairest
and best specimens, it has been brought two or three weeks
earlier. The speaker knew no other way of gaining in earliness
than this, and careful handling of the plants. Formerly, tomato
seed was sown from the middle to the 20th of February, and the
plants were pricked out a month later, and transplanted two or
three times afterwards — a very laborious method, now abandoned.

176 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

They are now started nearly a month later, and kept growing rap-
idly, and the fruit is matured quite as early, They do not bear a
check, such as is caused b}' too frequent transplanting or a chill.
If they are checked in growth they are apt to blight, and though
the product will mature early, it will be small.

As to varieties, the Paragon is decidedl}' the best for market.
It is large, has but few seeds, and bears abundantly-. It is more
vigorous and healthy than almost any other variety. The Acme
is preferable for amateurs, as it is finer flavored, but it is more
subject to blight and is not a large cropper. There are many other
kinds highly recommended, but the speaker confined himself to
such as have been tested.

Celery requires verj' rich land in fine condition. It is usually
grown as a second crop in an onion bed, every sixth or seventh
row being left vacant for celery. It requires a long time to grow,
and the seed should be put in as soon as the ground is mellow. It
was formerly transplanted twice, and this method is still pursued
by those who wish to use the ground for an earl}' crop ; but the
speaker objected to it on account of the check which it gives the
plants. He is obliged to transplant more or less, but he sows and
thins out, and transplants. If not kept growing, but checked by
transplanting, or dry weather, or weeds, it is apt to run to seed.
It is much more troublesome in this respect than it used to be.
Many persons think this habit is owing to the seed-growers' pro-
ducing seed in one year, by sowing in January or February, and
transplantiug twice. The speaker was of this opinion, but some
older gardeners think it does no harm. Another point in which
the cultivation at present differs from that formerly practised, is
that now it is planted on the surface of the ground, instead of in
trenches. Formerly the earth was drawn up around it, from time
to time, so as to produce long stems without sprouts. Now it is
thought better to do the earthing at two operations, ten or fifteen
days apart, after the plants have made a stocky growth, and are
ready for blanching in autumn.

The ordinary method of keeping celery is in a pit from six to
twelve feet wide, lined with planks, which are kept apart by braces.
It should be covered with boards having a slope of about two
inches to the foot, and these with whatever kind of litter is most
convenient. The Arlington growers use dried eel grass ; forest
leaves are good. The celery must be cooled off after being placed

TOMATOES AND CELERT. 177

in the pit, aucl the temperature must be kept as near freezing as
possible. If there is frost on the under side of the boards, but
not in the pit, it will be about right. If too warm it must be aired,
but if not too warm it is better not to air it. The atmosphere of
a cellar is too dry. For a small quantity, the best way is to dig a
trench in the ground, and cover with earth and then with boards to
shed the water, and the whole with litter a foot deep and two or
three feet wider than the trench, to keep it from freeziug. It is
some trouble to get at the celery when the litter is frozen, but it
is worth while for so great a delicacy.

In regard to varieties, the only kind the market-men here will look
at is the Boston Market. The last season, some of the Crowfoot
variety was brought in ; it came early and met with favor at first,
but afterwards customers became dissatisfied with it. The crop
here was not good, and a considerable quantit}' was brought from
Cincinnati and other points in the West, in long bunches of twelve
roots each, which sold for fifty cents, while the Boston Market,
raised here, brought from two dollars and a half to three dollars
per dozen, at wholesale. The favorite variety is to a certain
extent a matter of fashion. In New York, they tie two or three
small roots together and sell them cheaper than we can here.
Henderson's Solid is a favorite variety there ; it is dwarf, with no
side sprouts, and can be planted thickly. Here it is the fashion to
have side sprouts, and Henderson's, when tried, did not sell well.
There is a sub-variety of it, of a pink color, which is a little orna-
mental.

In answer to inquiries, Mr. Philbrick said that when the celery
is placed in the pit, enough earth should be put around the roots
to keep it from wilting. A trench a few inches deep is dug across
the end of the pit, and another trench formed by throwing the
earth from it into the first trench, after the roots are placed in it,
and so on. The plants should not be crowded, but, as the growers
sa}', room enough should be left for a rat to run between them. A
considerable quantity of celery is grown in drained swamp land,
but pure peat is not best ; if there is no mixture of loam, it is
subject to drought, even with the water near the surface, and celery
suffers ver}' quickly from want of water. In such a case, the sur-
face is rolled to prevent evaporation. But more celery is lost from
want of manure than from want of moisture. Few are aware how
much manure it wants. The Arlington growers apply from fifteen

178 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to twent}' cords per acre before planting, and, afterwards, when
the celery has attained some size, open a furrow alongside, and
put in fine manure and turn the earth back again. It does well
on the same land year after j'ear ; the frequent cultivation and
high manuring bring the land into fine condition. In Arlington,
they use horse manure, and water the celery.

Josiah Crosby said that some meadow land is favorable to the
growth of celery, and some is not. It needs a great deal of
moisture. He thought it was better on low land, if the consumers
are an}' judges.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder liked what Mr. Philbrick had said ;
it is the result of long and careful experience. The speaker said
that he tries all the new kinds. Among those which he has tested,
are Henderson's and Sandringham, but none come up to the
Boston Market, which he believed to be the best variety on this
continent. If allowed to grow too grossly, all kinds become pithy.
He thought it best to grow it in the open soil and give it one trans-
planting. It does best planted late in very rich land. It is
astonishing how much manure it will take. For early use, he
banks it up with seaweed and boards, where it grew, and afterwards
stores it for winter.

Mr. Philbrick said that celery is profitable if well grown. The
Arlington growers depend largel}' on it, and no doubt find it prof-
itable, but it does not follow that others would. A compost of
horse manure, night soil and street sweepings is excellent for it.

W. W. Rawsou said that he transplants all his celery, and
shall continue to do so. He considered the Boston Market the
best variety, though other kinds might be as good. The seed here
is getting old and running out. He has sown as early as the first
of April, but for the last ten j'ears not before the 6th of April,
and he markets most of his crop before Thanksgiving. There is
nothing better for it than horse manure ; he uses a thousand cords
on thirt3'-five acres of land. He had tried many kinds of tomatoes —
the Paragon, Acme, Canada Victor, Boston Market, Alpha, and
others, and had found the Boston Market earliest. The earliest
tomatoes he ever marketed were two years ago, when he carried in
a bushel on the 10th of July, whieli he sold for ten dollars. This
year he carried in thirty-five bushels about the 15th of July, for
which he got two hundred dollars. Individuals would have prefer-
ences in regard to the quality of the different varieties. He had

TOMATOES AND CELERY. 179

found lettuce, cucumbers, cabbages, and celery profitable in the
order named.

J. ^y. Manning spoke of a gentleman at Fall Eiver, who,
instead of earthing up his celery, blanches it with meadow moss.

George Hill agreed principally with what had been said by pre-
vious speakers. The two greatest troubles in raising celery are
blight and running to seed. The former sometimes ruins a whole
crop. It has been known fifteen or twenty' years. We did not
use to have celery run to seed the first year ; but ten or fifteen years
ago a gentleman started a large piece of early celery which went
to seed, and this seed was sold all over the country, and was,
probably, largely the cause of the disposition to run to seed so
much complained of. The seasons are very much the same now as
they were then. The better culture celery has, the better is the
chance for profit ; it should be quickly grown on good soil. A deep
loamy subsoil is desirable ; it will stand up better on such soil
than on meadow land. To keep well it must be healthy and kept
cool.

Mr. Hill did not think there had been any increase in earliness
in tomatoes, on the average, in the last twenty years, or so much
improvement in varieties as some thought. The Boston Market
seems to blight. He could not get Acme and Paragon seed pure
enough to grow. Two j-ears ago he planted the seed of a Maj--
flower tomato, which produced four varieties, differing in size,
shape, and color ; among other colors, there was that of the old
Fiji tomato. Southern competition in tomatoes has been less for
the last two or three years than before, as the fruit must be picked
green, and the quality is far inferior to that ripened on the vines,
and consequently prices have been better. When he abandoned
the Boston Market tomato, he chose the Emery for market, and
thought it was now more generally grown than an}' other. It is
good enough for amateurs. The Gen. Grant is superior in quality,
but he had not seen it pure for several years. It is rather small,
but it is solid, and cuts clean. He prefers new seed of this and
most vegetables. Cucumber and melon seed will grow when fif_
teen years old, but the vines are not so strong and show fruit more
quickly. He prefers it not over two years old.

N. B. White said that rolling land as recommended by Mr.
Philbrick is contrary to general practice. Rolled land will not ab-
sorb so much moisture at night as if the surface is loose. In his .

180 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

own case he derives benefit from rolling, because his land is under-
drained, and he has plenty of water below, and rolliug the surface
prevents evaporation of the water drawn up.

Mr. Philbrick said that celery roots near the surface, and some-
times the soil becomes exceedingly dry there, and rolling is then
practised, but mostly on land with a moist subsoil, to prevent the
loss of the water drawn up by capillary attraction. He did not
think that night absorption is sufficiently proved.

C. M. Hovey said he had only cultivated celer}- in a small way
for famil}' use. He did not think the matter of rolling thoroughly
settled ; it might do in some instances, but pulverizing the soil
would be better in the majority. When soil is not stirred, evapo-
ration goes on rapidly, and large cracks are formed. Stirring the
soil causes it to absorb moisture from the air. He had had ground
so hard in July, from want of cultivation, that it could hardly be
broken with a crowbar, where, in spring, a stick could be run down
two feet. Strawberries on it stopped growing and became al-
most deciduous. The weight of testimony is in favor of stirring
the soil.

The premature running to seed of celery may be from the dis-
semination of bad seed, as Mr. Hill had said, but the speaker
thought it doubtful. The effect of bad seasons ma}' continue for
many years. In 1857 a very severe winter injured pear and other
fruit trees, which was shown years after in a thin covering of
sound wood on the outside, while the inside was so weak that it
could be broken off. Seeds may receive injuries that ma^- be
propagated for several years.

In England, giant celer}', three roots of which have weighed
twentj'-four pounds, is extensively cultivated. There they begin
early to earth up, and continue it. Here the Arlington growers
begin to earth up after the plants are well grown, thinking that if
done while too young it is apt to rot. Celer}- likes a cool climate.
Mr. Hovey said he had cultivated tomatoes mainl}- for his own
use, and the Trophy suited him best. It is late, and perhaps too
large, but its flavor is excellent and it is almost as solid as an
apple. It is rather too late for market cultivation. He thought
that in some of the new varieties they had departed from the
finest flavor. The Emery, Gen. Grant, and some others are much
alike and continue true ; others, of more recent origin, have
not their qualities so permanently fixed. Livingston's Perfection

TOMATOES AND CELERY. 181

blighted, a black spot appearing in the centre. The speaker
thought this would continue awhile and disappear, like some other
diseases of plants and fruits.

Mr. Hill said that market gardeners in Arlington do not earth
up celery all at once ; it is apt to smother it, and causes blight.
It is proper to earth up gradually. The wilting referred to by
Mr. Hovey, on the " j-ellow day," in September, 1881, was prob-
ably caused by disease present before that time, and that day
developed it.

Leander Wetherell asked Mr. Hill why the tomato should be
expected to come true from seed, any more than the potato,
which is closel}^ allied.

Mr. Hill said that he did not expect to get so many varieties from
one tomato as if he had sowed seed of several varieties from one
plant.

Mr. Hovey said the seed of Trophy and Gen. Grant from the
seed stores produces onl}' one kind. The Mayflower is not 3'et
fixed ; the others all come true.

Mr. Hill had found the tomato the hardest vegetable to improve
by crossing or otherwise. The Trophy is fine for canning.

Mr. Wetherell said the Early Rose, Peerless, and Prolific po-
tatoes were all from the Chili. The tomato is nearly allied to the
potato, and the speaker did not see what reason there is to expect
a different result in raising seedling tomatoes from that found in
raising seedling potatoes.

Mr. Hill's experience had been the same with regard to the
tomato ; he had found the same sporting habit.

J. W. Talbot said that ever}' ovule has to be fertilized by a
male cell, and if there is no other plant near, the product of the
seeds will be all alike, and all the same as the parent. If two
kinds of tomato, say the Trophj' and Gen. Grant, grow near each
other, every ovule on the Trophj' fertilized by a Trophy cell
will reproduce the parent, but every ovule fertilized by pollen of
the Gen. Grant will vary.

Mr. Wilder thought it possible that Mr. Talbot's view that the
ovule of the tomato might be fertilized so as to bring different
varieties was correct, but he had never heard of it. The variation
of tomato plants, from the seed of the Ma^^flower, was curious.
The speaker planted twelve seeds of the Maj-flower, five of which
produced perfect specimens. He thought we might have lost color

182 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in getting new varieties, and that it is true, we have made no ad-
vance in earliness. The tomato requires a certain amount of heat
to ripen it, and cannot ripen without it. Though it has come
into use quite recently, it was introduced into Salem eighty years
ago. We have got rid of the old, wrinkled kinds, and he doubted
whether an}' better kinds than we now have would be raised. The
Gen. Garfield, which has weighed two and a half pounds in Eng-
land, is a reproduction of one of the old, wrinkled kinds, but they
do not know so much about tomatoes the other side of the Atlan-
tic as we do here.

Mr. Hovey said that the Gen. Garfield tomato is identical with
the Chihuahua, introduced about 1840 by Messrs. Thorburn, who
had three or four specimens weighing two pounds each.

Samuel Hartwell said that he planted seven varieties : the Can-
ada Victor, Gen. Grant, Boston Market, Arlington, Emer}^ Acme,
and Mayflower, the 11th of March, under glass. Those remaining
in the seed-bed after thinning were afterwards set in the field, and
did better than those transplanted in the hot-bed. The Boston
Market blighted least and the Acme most. The Emerj- was fine,
but small, owing to the dry season. The Mayflower was planted
in his garden, in order to give it greater care, and blighted even
worse than the Acme. The Boston Market brought the most
money.

Mr. Wilder thought the blight was due to atmospheric causes.

Mr. Philbrick was asked if he had ever tried training tomatoes
on trellises, and replied that he had, and thought they would not do
so well as on the ground. Thej^ get more warmth from the sur-
face of the ground than on trellises. Mulching is useful in a dry
season, and keeps the fruit clean. It is not practised on a large
scale, and not so much as formerly.

The President announced that the subject for the next Saturday
would be: "How can Melons best be grown? Is planting in
drills a better way than in hills ? Is the use of potash as a ma-
nure productive of higher flavored fruit ? What ■ are the failings
in our vegetables, and in what direction is improvement required ? "

DECEASE OF CHAELES DARWIN. 183

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satukday, December 30, 1882.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, from the Committee appointed May
6, to prepare a memorial of Charles Darwin, presented the fol-
lowing, drawn up by Professor Asa Gray, Chairman of the Com-
mittee :

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society desires to place upon
its records some expression of the great loss which horticulturists,
in common with the whole scientific world, have sustained in the
death of the most eminent Naturalist of the age — perhaps of
any age — a Naturalist in the broadest as well as the highest
sense of the, term, the prince of biological investigators, of
unrivalled sagacit}" in research aud candor in exposition, of
unexampled felicit}' in detecting the hidden meaning of things
which had escaped inquiry by their very commonness, and in dis-
cerning the great importance of causes and interactions which had
been disregarded on account of their supposed insignificance, thus
exemplifying the true characteristics of genius.

Although the name of Darwin is most famous for his celebrated
exposition of the mode and order in which plants and animals
have fulfilled the command to multiply and replenish the earth,
yet horticulturists will remember that some of his character-
istic investigations and fruitful discoveries relate to the objects
of their predilection and to the processes in which they are en-
gaged. The interesting and important results thus obtained surely
make it fitting that the Horticultural Society should pay a grateful
tribute to the memory of Charles Darvtin.

Asa Gray, ^

Marshall P. Wilder, > Committee.
Charles S. Sargent, )

The resolutions were unanimously adopted.

Mr. Wilder, also, as Chairman of the Committee appointed
December 9, to prepare a memorial of Henry Winthrop Sargent,
an Honorary Member of the Society, reported the following :

Resolved, That in the decease of Mr. Henry Winthrop Sargent,

184 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

this Society and our country have lost one of the most widely
known and experienced horticulturists and landscape gardeners of
America. For more than forty 3'ears he devoted his time, wealth,
and talents to the introduction of exotic trees and plants, especially
of the coniferous tribe, for the purpose of testing their adaptation
to our climate. Mr. Sargent was the intimate friend and com-
panion of Andrew Jackson Downing, and a co-laborer with him,
sj^mpathizing with him in his love of the beautiful in nature ; and
after Mr. Downing's death he published two editions, with copious
notes, of his Treatise on Landscape Gardening. Mr. Sargent's
experiments and teachings have been of immense and lasting ben-
efit to the American people, and to them originally may be traced
much of the inspiration which has produced those beautiful villas
and ornamental grounds which surround our goodly city and adorn
other sections of our country. Mr. Sargent was the son of Henry
Sargent, so well known and appreciated as a historical painter,
and was the last surviving grandson of Daniel Sargent, an eminent
merchant of Boston in the early part of this century.

Resolved, That these proceedings be entered on our records,
and that a copy thereof be sent by the Secretary to the family of
the deceased.

Marshall P. Wilder, ^

Charles M. Hovey, > Committee.

Charles S. Sargent, j

President Hayes, being called on to speak on the resolutions,
said that Mr. Sargent was so well known in this country and
Europe that it seemed hardly necessary to say how much the world
has lost in losing him. All the powers of his mind and his great
energy and earnestness were bent in one direction. He was ani-
mated by the deepest love of nature, and his place was arranged
with the best taste and judgment. He brought plants from all
parts of the world, caring not so much for success in their cultiva-
tion as to practically test their adaptation to our climate. He was
determined to make discoveries, and in this he did a great work.
He was not discouraged by failure, but in his grounds are the
remains of experiment after experiment. He was especiall}' inter-
ested in the Conifers, and many of the species now ornamenting
our gardens we owe to his zeal.

Mr. Wilder said it should be borne in mind that, though Mr.

OLD AND INTERESTING TREES. 185

Sargent's grounds were in another State, he was of our own blood,
and spent his winters here. He had a strong sympathy with us,
and his memor}- is among the choicest of our horticultural treas-
ures. His object was to bring in plants that would thrive on our
own soils. He inherited to a considerable extent his father's talent
for painting.

The resolutions were unanimously adopted.

Mr. Wilder also made the following report :

The Committee on Old and Interesting Trees report that consid-
erable progress has been made in the collection of information, but
the completion of their work cannot be accomplished for some time
to come. The interest manifested in this subject, both historically
and otherwise, increases with the investigations of the Committee ;
and it will take much further time to collect materials for a report
worth\- of the Society, and creditable to the Committee who have
the business in charge. They therefore ask further time.

Marshall P. Wilder, Chairman.

The report was accepted, and further time was granted to the
Committee.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, pre-
sented the list of Prizes for Essays proposed by the Committee on
Publication and Discussion, to be offered in the year 1883, the
same having been approved by the Executive Committee.

The meeting was then dissolved.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The following paper was read by the author :

How CAK Melons best be grown? Is Planting in Drills a
better wat than in hills ? is the u^e of potash as a
Manure productive of higher-flavored Fruit? What are
THE Failings in our Vegetables, and in what Direction is
Improvement required?

By W. W. KAWSON, Arlington,

Melons can best be grown on land that is quite sandy and. nearl}'
new, or perhaps two or three years after breaking up. The manure

186 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to be used should be well decomposed, and thoroughly worked in.
The method of planting in this vicinity is in a bed, about the 10th
of Ma}', putting about fort}' hills under each sash. Some use a
piece of sod to plant each hill on, so that the roots may not be
disturbed in transplanting. The plants will be read}' for trans-
planting about the tenth of June ; they are then taken out of the
bed and placed in rows about six feet apart, and fowr or five feet
in the row. They are set about six inches above the level of the
land, and hoed up to, so that the water from the rains may run
away from the hills, as melons do not require a large quantity of
water, and can be grown on very poor land. I think Watermelons
will grow on poorer land than either Cantelopes or Muskmelons.

The method I have just decribed is the one practised in this
vicinity, but if not particular about their coming to maturity early,
they may be planted in the field ; but it is about as much work to
keep off the bugs when they are small as it is to transplant them,
as the bugs rarely trouble them in the bed.

The land in New Jersey and on Long Island is better adapted to
melon culture than our laud here in Massachusetts, and the season
is about two weeks earlier, so that they get them into our market
before we can ; and melons are not a very sure crop with us, and
therefore are not very extensively grown here.

In answer to the question, "Is planting in drills a better way
than in hills?" I should say that it is the best way to plant in hills,
because that, by putting the hills at a uniform distance, and culti-
vating both ways, they can be more easil}' cultivated ; and for
transplanting it is better to have them in hills.

The failings in our vegetables, when there are any, are due to
many different causes. I do not think, as a general thing, they
have many failings, nor do I think that our vegetables today are
poorer than they were in years gone by ; but our idea of perfection
is far in advance of the past, therefore it requires more experience
to grow them than formerly, and they are raised in much larger
quantities. But you may ask, How can this experience be obtained ?
and the only answer I can give is, that it must be obtained by
practice. Then I will say, in answer to the last two questions,
that, by a better knowledge of growing vegetables, the failings
may be partially overcome, and a decided improvement may be
obtained.

MELON CULTURE. 187

Discussion.

In reply to iuquiries, Mr. Rawson said that he uses the same
fertilizer for everj^thing — good stable manure, well decomposed.
He had tried other fertilizers with the manure, but used just as
much manure. Melons do not require so much manure as some
other crops ; they may be planted as a second crop after early
vegetables.

William C. Strong thought that a large percentage of manure is
lost in decomposing.

Mr. Eawson said that different crops require manure in different
condition ; some want it fresh, and some old. Melons are of the
latter class ; he had never got good ones on fresh manure ; he uses
the material of old hot-beds for them. They do better on land
that has borne one crop, which has taken the strength of the ma-
nure.

Benjamin G. Smith said that he had grown one variety' of melon,
the Casaba, for ten years. His experience agreed with Mr. Raw-
son's. He uses well decomposed barn-yard manure largely, spread
broadcast and also in the hill, and no other kind. He changes the
location of his melon patch as far as possible. He sows his melons
in cucumber boxes (smaller above than below, and without bot-
toms) , and the}" are then transplanted easily.

William D. Philbrick thought that the reason why melons are
not as much grown as formerly, and do not pay as well, is the ap-
pearance of lice.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder said that the melon crop is one that he
always takes pains to secure, for he likes those of his own growth
best. He had grown them on the same land for ten 3'ears. It has
a south aspect. He prefers old manure, which he prepares a month
or two beforehand. He makes a compost of old manure and soil,
in layers a foot deep, adding some guano, and covering the whole
with soil. This lies until it is in a fervent heat, when it is thrown
over once or twice, and spread on the land, besides putting it in
the hills. As melons root from every joint, surface manuring is
verj' necessar}^ He plants the seed in hills under glass, in a bed
or on sods. He has no trouble with insects ; he gets up in the
morning before they do, and scatters plaster of Paris around. He
has grown a great many kinds — nearly all in cultivation. The
Christiana can be grown by any one who can grow melons at all.

188 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The White Japan is the earliest and most delicate. The Casaba
is vigorous and reliable ; he has a yellow-fleshed variety of it. The
Bay View resembles it strongly.

Albert H. Smiley, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., said that he prepares
boxes six inches deep and a foot square, covered with netting, to
forward his melons and keep off insects, and they work admirably.
The temperature within them is between that of the open air and
that under glass. Not a hill failed out of four acres thus treated,
and they came forward early. He uses spent hops from the brew-
eries as a fertilizer.

John B. Moore said that he grows greenflesh melons mostly.
What Mr. Rawson says about not allowing the water to settle
around the hills is very important. A long, cold storm will check
melons if it does not ruin them. A neighbor of his grows melons
very successfully without starting them in a hot-bed ; he uses a
small frame over each hill, with a pane of glass in a groove, so
that it can be drawn out to ventilate, and thus the}' receive no
check, either by transplanting or from the weather. He manures
with barn-yard manure. Mr. Rawson uses a thousand cords on
thirty-five acres, which is at the rate of over twenty-eight and a
half cords per acre, and it is not to be expected that a few hun-
dred pounds of fertilizer added to this would have any perceptible
effect. Partially decomposed horse manure is superior to any other
for market gardeners, for they cultivate the same ground year after
5'ear, and get no fertilizing matter from decaying grass, as when
hoed crops alternate with grass, but this is supplied by the stable
manure. I. P. Dickinson, of Springfield, has been ver}- successful
in growing melons, having shown the largest watermelons ever
exhibited before this Society, and taken most of the prizes for
several years past. He takes sandy ground in sward, and spreads
manure on a strip three or four feet wide, and then turns two fur-
rows on each side and plants the melons there, but does not plough
the rest. Melons want a good deal of heat, and they get some
from the slight fermentation of the sods and manure. A month
or two later he ploughs wider. Mr. Moore said that boxes take a
good deal of room for storing, but he thought he could get melons
earliest by using them. He uses potash for melons, in addition to
barn-yard manure, which he ascertained the advantage of on his
soil by experiment, as every one must do for himself, for no
chemist can do it for him.

MELON CULTURE. 189

Aaron D. Capen said that when he was in the business of grow-
ing vegetables for market, he planted squashes and melons in
drills, sowing the seed as he did peas, thereby giving a supply for
the bugs and a sufficient number of plants for a crop. The diffi-
culty is to thin out sufficiently. The plants should be two or three
feet apart. If he were to plant forty acres of squashes, cucum-
bers, or melons, he would put the whole in drills. By so doing, he
can plough the first time within a few inches of the plants, and leave
the ground in better condition than it was possible to do if the
plants were in hills. He knew the Casaba melon when a boy.
The flesh is delicious. He lost sight of it until a few 3^ears ago.
Last spring he planted two patches on ground heavily manured in
the fall, adding home-made guano in the drills, and secured the
best crop he ever saw. By covering the later ones over with
rhubarb leaves, he had them regularly on his breakfast table till
the 20th of November.

Hon. James J. H. Gregory said that he had raised melons for
many 3'ears, planting at first on sod, but now in pots. The sod is
sometimes so tough that the plants appear to get root-bound and
do not start well after transplanting. He liked the idea of planting
in drills ; he had planted his corn in drills for the last twenty years,
and thought it the way of progress. He emphasized the impor-
tance of keeping the soil light ; he would rather knock the vines
about a little than not do it. Most of the soils here are not melon
soils, and require to be thrown up and made light. Mr. Dickin-
son's soil, at Springfield, where he grows the fine melons to which
reference has been made, is light and drains readily. The old-fash-
ioned plan for squashes and melons was to quarry out a hill, and
down in the cold hole dump a lot of manure. The modern and
better plan is to keep the plant food very near to the surface, for
melons and squashes want surface heat ; their roots run near the
surface, and he strews guano on the ground just ahead of the
vines, for them to feed on. Most melons are picked before they
are ripe, when there is no taste to them ; they are rarely found in
the market separated from the stem, which is the sign of ripeness
in melons. Mr. Gregory asked. Why not bring fine ripe melons
to market? He thought that if the White Japan, Christiana, and
other fine-flavored kinds were offered, they would sell for as high
or a higher price than the larger and coarser varieties. They might

190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

be introduced b}' advertising and presenting specimens, as he did
in introducing the Hubbard squash.

We want to adapt our soils to our vegetables and our vege-
tables to our soils. Reclaimed meadows are apt to produce
spongy vegetables, unless a silicious soil is added. In Goshen,
Orange county, N. Y., a reclaimed meadow of five hundred and
sixty acres was planted to onions, and, with the addition of gravel
containing silica, produced capital crops. Mr. Rawson's land gets
enough manure without chemical fertilizers, but the speaker had
succeeded well with them. He grew twenty acres of onions with
chemical fertilizers, and cabbages with guano and phosphates.
Each man must find out for himself what his ground needs. Our
old pastures are especially deficient in phosphoric acid.

Mr. Wilder said that dropping chemical fertilizers would be
poverty and death. There were between two and three million
dollars' worth sold in Massachusetts last year. You can tell
about how much corn a given quantity' of fertilizer will produce,
and we have got to come to the use of them.

Mr. Wetherell thought that Mr. Gregory was correct with regard
to one point, the too early picking of melons. We want to move
in the direction of maturing for market. Melons should be grown
to perfection, and allowed to reach maturity.

Mr. Philbrick said that melons perfectly ripened on the vines
are undoubtedly better than if picked earlier, but it is almost im-
possible to market them, without their melting away. Cultivators
near a market have a great advantage in the abilit}' to place melons
before consumers in the best condition.

Mr. Gregory said that he had been trying to get some one to
join with him to collect facts in regard to large and interesting
trees in New England, and secure photographs of them. He
alluded to the many fine elms in New England, and said that not
one is to be found in California. The finest one he had seen is at
Weathersfield, Conn.

On motion of INIr. AVetherell, Mr. Gregory was added to the
Committee on Old and Interesting Trees.

William C. Strong exhibited a fasciated branch of the Baroness
Rothschild rose, so broad, flat, and prickly as to be mistaken for
a branch of a cactus.

The President announced that next Saturday the subject would

SUBJECT FOE NEXT MEETING. 191

be, " What is the best method of repelling or destroying the In-
sect Enemies of fruit and fruit trees, especially the Codling
Moth? Is trapping a proved success? What are the results of
experiments with Paris green or any other poisonous application?"
To be opened by Jacob W. Manning.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS,

For the Year 1882.

By WILLIAM H. SPOONER, Chairman.

Another year of successive seasons of varied leaf and bloom
having passed, its close brings j'our Committee to the considera-
tion of the varied features which have been presented to us during
its passage.

We are not able to report so large an exhibit through the season
as in some former years, no doubt owing to the extremely dry
weather during the summer months ; we shall first notice the

'to

AZALEA AND EOSE SHOW.

March 23.

The exhibit of Azaleas was not large, but some exceptionally
fine plants were shown ; Edward Butler, gardener to Mrs. Pauline
Durant, Marshall P. Wilder, and President Francis B. Hayes were
the contributors, with choice plants, the last especially presenting
a group of new varieties, viz. :

Crystalline, . Remembrance of Lady Florence

Kaiserin Augusta, Hastings,

Louis Lubbers, W. Wilson Saunders.
Madame Ambrose,

Hybrid Perpetual Roses in pots were shown by Francis B.
Hayes and W. J. Vass ; also excellent cut blooms from W. J.

EEPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 193

Vass and John B. Moore & Son. "We should be glad to see this
department more full}^ represented ; the commercial value of roses
at this season is probably the strongest reason for the small num-
ber of contributors.

Greenhouse Plants were exhibited by John L. Gardner and
Edwin Fewkes ; fine Orchids by F. L. Ames ; Hardy Shrubs and
Heath by John L. Gardner and F. B. Hayes ; Cyclamens in large
quantities hy C. B. Gardiner, but not as large plants as he pre-
sented several years ago. Primulas, single and double, were
represented by well-grown plants ; the former from J. L. Gard-
ner, and the latter from Hovey & Co. ; Cinerarias from John E.
Peabod}^ and William Patterson ; Hyacinths, Narcissus, and Jon-
quils from John L. Gardner ; Camellias from Hovey & Co. Of
Cut Flowers, a good display for the season came from Hovey &
Co. and Mrs. A. D. Wood ; also bouquets from James O'Brien.
From Henry R.,Comley came Seedling Pink No. 1 ; color white,
strong grower, dwarf, verj' double large flowers, about two inches
in diameter, with fringed edges ; a profuse bloomer, raised in 1881.

PELARGONIUM EXHIBITION.

May 15.

These shows gradually decrease from year to year, the only
contributor of pelargoniums on this occasion being Hovey & Co.
An excellent display of Calceolarias was made by John L. Gard-
ner, who also contributed Tulips.

RHODODENDRON SHOW.
June 10.

The season was not propitious for this exhibition, the severe
frost in the early autumn of 1881 injuring many plants seriously.
President Francis B. Hayes and John L, Gardner wfere the com-
petitors for the prizes, Mr. Hunnewell exhibiting as usual for the
general display. The display of Hard}^ Azaleas was the smallest
for many years.

Tree Pseonies were shown in good flowers by Marshall P.
Wilder, and Hovey & Co. The display of Cut Flowers was very

194

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

good, by ^y. K. Wood, Mrs. E. M. Gill, and Mrs. L. P. Weston ;
Hardy Flowering Shrubs by George Craft, and Hovey & Co., and
Native Plants by E. H. Hitcbings. Woolson & Co., of Passaic,
N. J., presented another fine collection of Hardy Herbaceous
Plants, being the second large exhibit made by them of this beau-
tiful and deservedly popular class of plants.

PvOSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 30.

Progress in this department of horticulture is what we now have
a rioht to expect, considering the great improvement made by the
Eno'lish and French hybridizers in the qualit}', variet}', and per-
petual blooming character of Hardy Roses. Their cultivation in
this country has increased with surprising rapidit}^, and our own
Society can justly claim a large share of the credit. The exhibition
this year was grand in the quality of the flowers, though the quan-
tity was not as large as that of last season. For the fourth time,
we received the privilege of conferring prizes of silver vases, which
were competed for with some of the finest flowers we have ever
seen in the Hall, and we are glad to report an increased number of
contributors.

Special Prizes for Hybrid Perpetual Roses.

A Silver Vase, value $75, for the best twenty-four roses of dif-
ferent kinds, named, was awarded to William Gray, Jr., for:

Alfred Colomb,
Boieldieu,
Caroline de Sansal,
Comtesse d'Oxford,
Due de Morny,
Duchesse de Vallombrosa,
Duke of Edinburgh,
Louis Van Iloutte,
Mabel Morrison,
Magna Charta,
Marguerite Brassac,
Marguerite de St. Amand,

Marie Baumann,
Marquise de Castellane,
Mme. Clemence Joigneaux,
Mme. Gabriel Luizet,
Mme. L. Paillet,
INIme. Victor Verdier,
Mons. Boncenne,
Mons. E. Y. Teas,
Mrs. Baker,
Penelope Mayo,
Prince Caraille de Rohan,
Senateur Vaisse.

RErORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 195

A Silver Vase, value $15, for the best three roses, of different
varieties, named, to Francis B. Hayes, for Baron de Bonstetten,
Duchesse de Vallombrosa, and Souvenir de Louis Van Houtte.

A Silver Vase, value $30, for the best six roses, of different va-
rieties, named, to J. S. Richards, for

Charles Lefebvre, Mme. Nachury,

Fran9ois Michelon, Paul Neron,

Marie Baumann, Princess Mary of Cambridge.

A Silver Vase, value $40, for the best twelve roses, of different
varieties, named, to William H. Spooner, for

Alfred Colomb, Mme. la Baronne de Rothschild,

Baron de Bonstetten, Mons. Boncenne,

Frangois Michelon, Mons. E. Y. Teas,

Hippolyte Jamain, Perfection de Lyon,

Louis Dore, Pierre Notting,

M'lle Marguerite Dombrain, Sir Garnet Wolseley.

A Silver Vase, value $L5, for the best three roses of any one
variety, to John L. Gardner, for Mme. la Baronne de Rothschild.

A Silver Vase, value $30, for the best six roses of any one
variety, to Wilham H. Spooner, for Jean Liabaud.

A Silver Vase, value $40, for the best twelve roses of any one
variety, to William Gra}', Jr., for Mme. la Baronne de Rothschild.

A Silver Challenge Vase, value $200, for the best twent}'-
four varieties, three specimens of each, to be held for three con-
secutive years, the first season offered, was awarded to John B.
Moore & Son, for

Alfred Colomb,
Barthelemy Joubert,
Boieldieu,
Charles Lefebvre,
Emil}' Laxton,
Fisher Holmes,
Grand Duke Nicholas,
Hippolyte Jamain,
John Hopper,
La Rosiere,
Mabel Morrison,
Magna Charta,
4

Marguerite de St. Amand,

Marquise de Castellane,

Maurice Bernardin,

May Turner,

M'lle. Marius Cote,

Mme. la Baronne de Rothschild,

Mme. Gabriel Luizet,

Mme. Victor Verdier.

Perfection de Lyon,

Queen Eleanor,

Sir Garnet Wolseley,

Thomas Mills.

196 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Society's Prizes.
For the best six new varieties of Hardy Perpetual Roses, sent

out since 1877, tlie second prize was awarded to John B. Moore &

Son.

For the best twenty-four named varieties, three of each, the

first prize to John B. Moore & Son, for

Alfred Colomb, Marechal Vaillant,

Barthelemy Levet, Marguerite de St. Amand,

Boieldieu, Marquise de Castellane,

Charles Lefebvre, Maurice Bernardin,

Dr. Sewell, Mme. Marius Cote,

Duke of Edinburgh, Mine. Eivers,

Duke of "Wellington, Mme. Sophie Fropot,

Fisher Holmes, Monsieur Boncenne,

John Hopper, Paul Neron,

Jules Margottin, Queen Eleanor,

La Rosi^re, Senateur Vaisse,

Mabel Morrison, Sir Garnet >Yolseley.

For the best twelve distinct named varieties to William Gray,
Jr., for

Augnste Neumann, Hippoh'te Jamain,

Camille Bernardin, Jules Margottin,

Charles Lefebvre, M'lle. Bonnaire,

Duchesse de Caylus, M'lle. Marie Cointet,

[fitienne Levet, M'lle. Marie Verdier,

Exposition de Brie, Star of Waltham.

For the best six varieties to William Graj^, Jr., for

Baron de Bonstetten, Horace Vernet,

Beauty of Waltham, Mme. Gabriel Luizet,

fidouard Morren, Mons. Boncenne.

For the best three varieties to Francis B. Hayes.

Moss RosES. — For the best six and best three named varieties,
the prizes were both awarded to John B. Moore & Son.

Tea, or Bourbon Roses. — The prize for twelve cut blooms went
to Edwin Fewkes, for very fine specimens.

The general display of all classes, chiefl3- Hybrid Perpetual va-
rieties, was the largest and finest of the kind that has ever been

EEPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWEPtS. 197

made. J. S. Eichards, F. B. Hayes, W. H, Spooner, B. G.
Smith and James Nugent were the contributors.

Jackson Dawson, of the Arnold Arboretum, exhibited an in-
teresting collection of eighteen species of roses of different coun-
tries.

It ma}' not be out of place to record some personal observations
in regard to the date of blooming of man}' varieties of Roses, par-
ticularly in the late summer and autumn mouths.

August 1, we noticed the following varieties in full bloom :

Alice Bureau, John Hopper,

Antoine Mouton, La France,

Baronne de Maynard, Louis Dore,

Bertha Baron, M'lle. Bonnaire,

Boieldieu, M'lle. Marie Finger,

Comtesse de Serenye, Mme. Fran9ois Pittet,

Duchesse de Morny, Princess Beatrice,

Elie Morel, Souvenir d' Arthur Sansal.

EUzabeth Vigneron,

August 23 and 27, we noticed most of the above varieties in
flower. Our Elizabeth Vigneron was planted in April, 1882, and
is a remarkably vigorous grower and a free autumn bloomer.

September 27, many of the same varieties were in bloom.

October 20, Louis Dore was very fully in bloom ; this rose
makes a short-jointed, bushy growth, and the flower stem is very
short, which is its objectionable feature. The following were also
fully in bloom :

Antoine Mouton, Elizabeth Vigneron,

Comtesse de Serenye (a very free .Jules Margottiu,

grower) , Victor Verdier.
Duchesse de Morny,

Climbing Bessie Johnson, planted May, 1882, was in full bud.
We also noticed a few Alfred Colomb, Dupuy Jamain, Mme.
la Baronue de Rothschild, and Marie Baumann. Salet, James
Veitch, and Mrs. William Paul (Perpetual Mosses) had a few buds.

198

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION,

September 19, 20, 21, and 22.

This exhibition was not as extensive as it has sometimes been,
but the collections of plants shown were exceptionally fine. Those
of Mr. Hunnewell were not as large specimens as he has shown in
former years, but were remarkably choice in quality' and variet}',
and were grouped with rare effect. S. R. Pa^-son was a large con-
tributor, with excellent plants, and Hovey & Co. also presented a
large .collection, the whole forming a display of rare beaut}', and an
opportunity for comparison seldom seen in our Halls. The wis-
dom of adding more prizes to the list of Greenhouse Plants was
shown in these grand exhibits.

Mr. Hunnewell was first, with
Alocasia metallica,
Alocasia Thibautiana,
Anthurium crystallinum,
Croton nobilis,
Cyanojiliyllum magnificum,
Draccena magnifica,

S. ^. Pa3'son was second, with
Adiantum cuneatum,
Adiantum Farleyense,
Alocasia metallica,
Alocasia Tldhautiana,
Cissus discolor,
Croion variegatum,

Hovey & Co. were third, with
Araucaria Bidwillii,
Corypha australis,
Dasylirion glaucum,
Dasylirion longifolium,
Dion edule,
Dracaena umbracuUfera,

Ficus Parcelli,
Maranta j)ardina,
Maranta virginalis,
Musa vittata,
Phyllotoinium Lindeni,
Spkcerogyne lalifoUa.

DieffenbacMa Bausei,
Draccena Robinsoniana,
Encej^halartos villosuSj
Maranta Veitchii,
Pandanus Veitchii,
Phyllotcenium Lindeni.

Ficns elastica,
Kentia Bahnoreana,
Keyitia Forsteriana,
Pandanus ornatus,
Phormium Veitchii var.,
Seaforthia elegans.

For Specimen Flowering Plants, Francis B. Hayes took the
first prize with Boiigainvillea glabra, and the second with Allamanda
Schottii.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 199

Variegated Leaved Plants. — The first prize was awarded to
H. H. Hunnewell, for

Alocasia macrorrhiza ful. var., Croton Queen Victoria,
Aralia monstrosa, Dieffenhachia Bausei,

Croton Disraeli, Maranta roseo-picta.

The second to Hovey & Co., for

Alocasia variegata, Campylohotrys Ghiesbreghtii,

Ananassa variegata, Dieffenbacliia Bausei,

Caladium argyrites, Eiirya latifolia var.

Caladiums. — Hovey & Co. were first, with the following six
varieties :

Alfred Bleu, Meyerbeer,

Chantiui, Rossini,

Herold, Triomphe d' I'Exposition.

Ferns. — Hove}" & Co. were awarded the prize for the following
as the best six :

AspleniumMariesii, Neplirolepis davalloides fur-
Athyrium Goringianum cans,

pictum, Nep)hrolepis tuherosa,

Dicksonia antarctica, Platycerium alcicorne majus.

Adiantujms. — Hovey & Co. took the prize for the best six, with

A. amabilis, A. decorum,

A. concinnum latum, A. Farleyense,

A. cuneatum, A. gracillimum.

Tree Ferns. — The first prize was given to Hovey & Co., for

Alsophila australis.

Drac^nas. — H. H. Hunnewell was awarded the first prize, for

D. amabilis, D. Mrs. Hunnewell,

D. Baptistii, D. Shepherdii,

D. Mooreana, D. Youngi.

S. R. Pay son took the second, with

D. amabilis, D. Hendersonii,

D. Baptistii, D. Mooreana,

D. filifera, D. Toungi.

*

200 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. '

Palm, single specimen. — S. R. Pa3'son was first witli CocosBon-
netti, and Hovey & Co. second, with Pritchardia Pacifica.
Agaves. — Hovey & Co. were first, Avith

A. applanata, A. hystrix,

A. flifera, A. JSfissonii,

A. Gilbeyi, A. Victoria Regina.

Other Succulents, Hovey & Co., for

Aloe Arhorea var., Eclieveria undulata,

Aloe Hoveyii^ Exiphorhia polygona,

Aspera spiralis^ Gasteria sulcata,

DycJcia remoti flora, Haivorthia attenuata,

Eclieveria agavoides, Haivorthia coarctata,

Eclieveria Hoveyi, Rhipsalis pentaptera.

Gladioli were shown only by George Craft, and were not as
good as he has shown in former years.

Dahlias were not exhibited in large numbers ; the contributors
were John L. Gardner, Francis B. Hayes, James Nugent, and Ed-
win Fewkes. In single varieties the prize was awarded to E.
Sheppard.

Cut Flowers were remarkably fine, which was unexpected, the
drought having seriously impaired the beauty of most out-door
flowers. Hovey & Co., Mrs. E. M. Gill, and James Nugent were
the contributors.

S. R. Paj'son exhibited the beautiful new plant. Asparagus
plumosus nanus, in bloom ; its remarkably delicate foliage and
attractive white flowers will make it a very desirable plant for
decorative purposes. From Joseph Tailby came also a small
plant of the above. H. H. Hunnewell presented a fine plant of •
the same species ; also a plant of A. tenuissimus, a later introduc-
tion than the above, and which may prove more desirable for com-
mercial and decorative use.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 9 anl> 10.

Without doubt this exhibition eclipsed an}' of the kind ever
made by the Society. The Upper Hall, in which it was held, was
brilliant with the lovely flowers, the general cff"ect being greatly

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 201

enhanced by the plan of arrangement, which was that of massing
the plants in front of the windows and mirrors, on platforms ris-
ing terrace-like, giving full display to the blaze of bloom, in which
the fringed blossoms of the Japanese varieties contrasted prettil}'
with the more compact Chinese, or Large Flowered sorts. E. W.
Wood, and H. P. Walcott were the contributors in the larger
classes, with beautiful plants, well grown, and in the finest con-
dition of bloom, all of superior merit. John L. Gardner also
contributed verj- fine plants, and a few good varieties came from
George Higginson. Norton Brothers and Marshall P. Wilder each
presented large collections in smaller sized plants. The display
of cut blooms was also very effective, with a larger number of
contributors than ever before.

Dr. H. P. Walcott was first, with six large flowered varieties,
as follows :

Boule de'Neige, Mr. Brunlees,

Felicit}', Orange A. Salter,

Fleur de Lilas, Prince Alfred.

Dr. Walcott was first with six Japanese varieties :
Fanny Boucharlet, La Charmeuse,

Grandifiora, M. Delaux,

Juvena, Parasol.

Also with four Pompones :

Mr. Astie, Salomon.

Rosinante, Zobeide,

Dr. Walcott was first and second in the display of Specimen
Plants, Large Flowered, with Souvenir de Mercedes and Reine
Blanche.

E. W. Wood was first in Specimen Plants, Japanese, with
Golden Dragon. John L. Gardner was second, with Mme.
Bertier.

Dr. Walcott was first in Specimen Plants, Pompone, with
Golden M'lle. Marthe. E. W. Wood was second, with La
Fiancee, and also first with a beautiful group of fine plants, viz :

Boule de Neige, Cossack,

Bouquet Fait, Dr. Sharpe,

Christine, Fair Maid of Guernsey,

Citronella, Golden Circle,

202 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Golden Dragon, Mrs. George Rundle,

Golden Queen, Prince of Wales,

Guernsej' Nugget, Prince Victor,

Madame Domage, Semiramis,

Mazeppa, Solfaterre,

M'lle. de Moulise, Temple of Solomon,

Mongolfler, White Eve.
Montariol,

Dr. Walcott was first with twelve cut blooms, Large Flowered,
and E. W. Wood first for six cut blooms, Large Flowered ; also for
twelve sprays, Pompones :

Amphilia, Mazeppa,

Durnflet, Model of Perfection,

Gen. Canrobert, Mongolfier,

Julie Lagravere, Peri,

La Fiancee, Semiramis,

Madame Domage, Solfaterre.

E. W. Wood was also first for six Japanese, with

Bouquet Fait, Fair Maid of Guernsey,

Cossack, Golden Dragon,

Daimio, Magnum Bonum.

Dr. Walcott exhibited in his collection two seedlings, which he
has named President Wilder and President Parkman. In our
report of last year we referred to the success attained by Dr. Wal-
cott in the growth of seedling chrysanthemums, and the strong
probability of still more noticeable results in another year, which
anticipation has been entirely fulfilled. Dr. Walcott has furnished
a brief description of his experiments :

" Four years ago, I prepared a small house, heated by a flue,
for the purpose of ripening seed ; by keeping the air quite dr}'^,
and, in the case of the flowers witli long, ligulate corollas, by cut-
ting oflf the corolla down to the level of the stigma, I secured a
small number of seeds. The next year I hybridized, and the
next also, and think that upon the whole I have gained b}^ it.
President Parkman resembles Purple King, but is much larger,
at least three weeks earlier, and thus far less subject to mildew.
President Wilder has a slight resemblance to the old vax'iety
Lucien Barthdre, but a cursorj- examination will show the difler-

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 203

ence ; the backs of the rosy-red petals of President Wilder are
bright yellow, the centre is more distinct and raised than in Lucien
Barthere, and, lastly, while the petals of the latter are quilled
quite to the tips, those of President Wilder are quite flat. The
flower measures three inches across. President Parkmau is three
inches and three-quarters across, quite full, and shows no centre ;
in color, a very deep violet or purple."

In Dr. Walcott's collection there was also a new Pompoue Chrys-
anthemum, Fanny, very dark ; somewhat similar to Bob, but much
better.

H. H. Huunewell presented fine Orchids, and several very pretty
varieties of Capsicum.

MISCELLANEOUS EXHIBITIONS.

February 18, E. M. Wood presented a bunch of the finest
blooms of the Marechal Niel rose that we have ever seen. April
15, from the same contributor came two plants of Lilhim longi-
Jlornm Jloribunda, with seven or eight flowers to each. Also,
from John L. Gardner, two plants of Miles's Hybrid Spiral Mig-
nonette, with very large spikes of flowers ; this variety is an abun-
dant bloomer, and of delicate fragi'ance ; the two plants were
remarkably well grown.

February 25, we had from B. G. Smith, Seedling Carnation
Wilkie Collins ; large full flower, color deep crimson suffused
with cardinal, with no indications of bursting ; a free bloomer and
strong grower.

April 15, Sewall Fisher presented a collection of Seedling
Carnations, viz. : Cardinal, originated in 1878 ; color deep car-
dinal red shading to maroon at the outer edges of the petals,
ver}' rich color and finely perfumed ; very free flower with some
tendenc}- to burst in the bud. Fascination, originated in 1877 ;
large round flower, color pure white delicately blotched with rosy
purple ; very vigorous, and does not appear to burst. Chief,
originated in 1878 ; ver}' large pure white flower, delicately scented.
Early White, a good sized flower ; color pure white ; a profuse
bloomer in full clusters. Prince Waldeck, originated in 1881.

April 29, Hon. Marshall P. Wilder exhibited specimens of
Seedling Azaleas, one year old, from hybridized seed ; some of

204

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

them oue foot higli, ■stith branches. Colonel Wilder says he ex-
pects to have them in bloom in two j'ears from the seed. Also
from the same, June 3, Seedling Azalea Mrs. Julia Wilder; flower
large, double, imbricated, and of the most psrfect form ; color
a delicate light rose or pink ; plant vigorous, foliage strong ; a
late variety.

May 6, from John C. Hovey, Narcissus hicolor and the varie-
ties Emperor and Empress. The two latter are much finer than
the type.

President Francis B. Hayes has exhibited some very fine Ericas,
viz. : Erica tricolor exquisita, E. ventricosa magnijica, and E.
tricolor Linclleyana. Also, Azalea Hoi des Roses ; color deep rose,
edges of petals marked white, base of upper divisions deep purple
crimson. Jul}- 29, Mr. Hayes displayed the best collection of
Stocks that have been seen for several years.

Juh' 8th, H. H. Hunnewell presented specimens of Liliv.m Wil-
soni, with large orange red flowers dotted with dark brown spots.
The same day came from E. Sheppard, Lilium Dalmaticum, and
L. Pomjwrdum, orange red.

July 8 and 22, Jackson Dawson, of the Arnold Arboretum, ex-
hibited a large collection of rare or desirable shrubs, as follows :

Amorpha canescens, Ligustrum coriaceum,

Calluna vulgarif, N. E. var., " Japonicum^

" " var. carnea,

Ceanothus Americanus^
Clematis Pitcheri,
" vitalba,
Cormis sericea,
Cytisus nigricans^
Diervilla sessilifolia,
Erica tetralix,
Erica vagans,
Hydrangea radiata,
Byp)eric\im calycinum.,

" elegans,

" Kalmianuni,

" mult{florum,

" officinale,

Lespedeza hicolor.

Lonicera 3Iorroivii,

var.

Potentilla fruticosa,

Psoralea stijndosa,

Rihes saxatile, var. inerme,

Rohinia liispida,

Rosa setigera,

Rubus odoratus,

Spiroia aricefolia,

" Billardieri,

" callosa,

" " var.

" carpinifolia,

" Douglasii,

" eximia,

" rosea,

alba,

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 205

Spircea salicifolia, var. bella, SpircBa soo'bifoUa,
" " var. Lin- " vacciniifolia,

nceana, Sambucus ebulis,

" salicifoUa^xar. Nobleana, Vaccinium coryvibositm,
" " var. rosea, " Pennsylvanicum,

" " var. semper- " vacillans.

JlorenSj

July 15, from J, C. Hovey came Opuntia JRafinesquiana robusta :
" This is a new and much improved seedling variety of our native
Western Cactus. The plant forms a prostrate, spreading mass
of flat, thick, dark green joints, with a verj' few spines. The
flowers, which are produced in great numbers about the middle of
July, are golden 3'ellow with a red centre, and measure from four
to five inches in diameter ; it has proved perfectly hardy in all
situations in this locality."

Jnl3' 29, John B, Moore & Son made a fine exhibit of Perennial
Phloxes, of which the following were the best six :

Baronne Hely V. Oisse, Henr}' Linde,

Citoyen de Capreva, Eichard Wallace,

Czarina, Mme. Fromeut.

August 5, from E. T. Jackson, came twenty-eight species and
varieties of hard}' native Ferns, all cut from plants under cultiva-
tion, most of which plants were collected in the vicinity of Boston.

August 12, from J. W. Clark, a Seedling Gladiolus; large, full
spike of flowers ; color of the three upper divisions light rose
flaked purple, with a light stripe through the centre of each petal ;
lower divisions almost white, tipped and flaked with purple and
shaded with lemon color.

August 12, E. H. Hitchings contributed

Aletris farinosa, Habenaria ciliaris (Yellow

Asdej)ias tuberosa, Fringed Orchis) ,

Calojiogon p>ulc7iellus, Lilium superb^im,

Cassia Chamoicrista, Polygala polygama,

Hypericum corymbosum, Verbascum Blattaria,

Habenaria blepharlglottis Woodwardia angustifoUa.
(White Fringed Orchis) ,

September 2, from John C. Hovey, a group of Amaryllis Hallii,
which he considers perfectly hard}', as he has had it planted in
the open ground seven or eight years. The flower is very much

206 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in the wa}- of A. Belladonna, or rather A. Belladonna pallida,
though differino; somewhat from both these varieties — much lighter
pink than the first, and varying from the latter in having a bluish
vein running through the centre of each petal, which is more
lanceolate in form than either of these kinds ; the color is a soft
rose or light pink, with six or seven flowers on each stem. Mr.
Hovey stated that this handsome Amaryllis was given him by
Mr. I. D. Hall, of New Bedford, who was unacquainted with its
name, but said it was given him by the captain of a vessel from
East India. Dried flowers, with a description, were sent to Kew
several years ago by Mr. Hovey, but without response ; he there-
fore named the plaut Amaryllis Hallii in honor of Mr. Hall, since
deceased.

September 2, we had also from W. H. Spooner, Seedling Gladi-
olus, No. 101, from Diamond crossed with Marie Stuart and
Richard Cojur de Leon, in color somewhat like Diamond, but
each petal more distinctly blotched with purple.

At the Annual Exhibition, AVilliam C. Strong presented speci-
men foliage of the beautiful Acer platanoides purpurea.

Samuel Smith, of Newport, R. I., exhibited a very fine collection
of Single Dahlias ; Henrj' Ross, some remarkably large flowers of
Calendula Meteor; Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, a large and choice se-
lection of native flowers ; and E. H. Hitchings, a rare collection
of ten species of Solidago.

September 30, E. Sheppard exhibited a Single Dahlia, White
Queen.

October 7, William A. Bock presented a good collection of
seedling Pelargoniums, viz. :

Double varieties :

Gen. Hancock, The Gem (broq/e leaves),

Mrs. Mary E. Bock, Tricolor.

Single varieties :

A. Lincoln, Cambridge Beauty,

William A. Bock, H. W. Longfellow.

On the same day came from Macy Randall several very pretty
dwarf or bedding Dahlias, viz. :

Gem, spotted, Rising Sun, magenta or garnet,

Princess Mathilde, white, Sambo, nearly black.

REPORT OF C0M3IITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 207

November 18, George Cartwright presented a bloom of the
new Tea Rose, fitoile de Lyou, very large and superb in form,
vigorous in growth ; color, fine lemon yellow.

Charles J. Power has at different times exhibited plants grown
in the Dumesnil Fertilizing Moss, in fine condition of growth.
The first collection, shown June 21, contained a carnation, helio-
trope, lantana, verbena, and hibiscus, put into the moss April 4 ;
a coleus, May 8 ; and a fuchsia. May 20. June 30, he presented
another collection of fifteen plants ; among them one of Canter-
bury bells, taken from the open ground, the roots washed out
clean, and potted in moss June 19, and apparently doing well.
Again, on July 8, he showed a strawberry plant, larkspur, and
chrysanthemum, lifted from the open ground, the roots washed
clean and put into moss July 6, with no indication of wilting.
August 19, he exhibited the same collection shown June 21, in a
most vigorous condition of growth. At the Annual Exhibition,
another large lot of plants in excellent condition was shown.
While we cannot recommend this system of culture for general
use, we think it has merits for window gardening purposes, from
its lightness, cleanliness, and freedom from worms, and greater
ability to sustain life during lack of moisture from neglect.

The amount of money prizes and gratuities awarded is $1,392,
out of the appropriation of $1,500.

Prizes have been awarded from the Hunnewell fund to the
amount of $44.00.

All which is respectful!}' submitted.

Wm. H. Spooner,
Jos. H. Woodford
Chas. W. Eoss,
James Cartwright,
Patrick Norton,
David Allan,

J> Committee.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS

AND FLOWERS.

January 7.
Gratuity : —

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, $2 00

January 21.

Gratuity : —

Francis B. Haj^es, Display of Flowers, . " 1 GO

January 28.

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, 1 GO

W. D. Forbes, Poinsettia pulcherrima, 1 00

February 4.

Gratuities : —

John E. Peabody, Collection of Plants, 10 00

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, . . . , . , 1 00

" " " RJiododendron Veitchii, 2 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Freesia refrada, 1 00

February 11.

Gratuity : —

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, 2 00

February 18.
Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, 1 00

Hovey & Co., " " Camellias, 1 00

February 25.

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, 1 00

" " Two Ericas, 2 00

Hovey & Co., Display of Camellias, 1 00

March 4.

Gratuities : —

John L. Gardner, Standard Rose, in pot, . . . . . 2 00

Henderson Inches, Hyacinths, . 1 00

Hovey & Co., Camellias, 2 00

W. C. Strong & Co., Roses, 100

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 209

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers,
Mrs. A. D. Wood,
Mrs. E. M. Gill,

March 11
Gratuities : —
John E. Peabody, Collection of Plants,
John L. Gardner, Hyacinths,
Hovey & Co., Camellias, .
John B. Moore & Son, Eoses, .
Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers,

March 18.

Gratuity : —

Hovey & Co., Display of Flowers, .

f2 00
2 00
1 00

6 00
3 CO
2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

AZALEA AND EOSE SHOW.

March 23.

Indian Azaleas. — Six named varieties, in pots, Edward Butler,

gardener to Mrs. Pauline Durant, ^12 00

Two named varieties, Marshall P. Wilder, 8 00

Specimen plant, Edward Butler, gardener to Mrs. Pauline Durant, 5 00
Four named varieties, in not exceeding ten-inch pots, Marshall P.

Wilder, . • 8 00

Single plant, in not exceeding a six-inch pot, John L. Gardner, . 4 00

Second, Francis B. Hayes, . 3 00

Hybrid Perpetual Eoses. — Six plants, in not exceeding ten-inch

pots, Francis B. Hayes, 10 00

Three plants, in not over eight-inoh pots, William J. Vass, . . 6 00

Single plant, the second prize to William J. Vass, . . . 3 00
Twelve cut blooms, not less than six distinct named varieties, Wm.

J. Vass, 6 00

Second, John B. Moore & Son, 4 00

Single bloom, John B. Moore & Son, 1 00

Tender Eoses. — Display, in dish, basket, or vase, not including

Marechal Niel, William J. Vass, . . . . . . 5 00

Greenhouse Plants. — Specimen in bloom, other than Azalea or

Orchid, John L. Gardner, ....... 5 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes, . 4 00

Orchids. — Three plants in bloom, F. L. Ames, . . . . 10 00

Second, F. L. Ames, G 00

Single plant in bloom, F. L. Ames, 3 00

Second, Hovey & Co., 2 00

Hardy Flowering Shrubs, Forced. — Three, in pots, of three dis-
tinct varieties, John L. Gardner, 4 00

210

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cyclamens. — Six plants, in not over eight-inch pots, in bloom, C. B.

Gardiner,

Three plants in bloom, C. B. Gardiner,

Second, C. B. Gardiner,

Single plant, in bloom, C. B. Gardiner, .....

Heath. — Single plant, in bloom, John L. Gardner,

Second, Francis B. Hayes,

Primulas. — Three plants, single flowered, in bloom, John L. Gard-
ner,

Three plants, double flowered, in bloom, Hovey & Co.,
CiNERAKiAS. — Four Varieties, in not over nine-inch pots, in bloom,
John E. Peabody, .........

Second, John E. Peabody,

Single plant, in bloom, William Patterson,

Second, John E. Peabody, .

Hyacinths. — Twelve bulbs, in i)ots, not less than six varieties, in
bloom, John L. Gardner, .......

Six bulbs, in pots, three varieties, in bloom, John L. Gardner,
Single bulb, in pot, in bloom, John L. Gardner, ....

Narcissus. — Four six-inch pots, two bulbs in each, in bloom, John

L. Gardner,

Jonquils. — Four six-inch pots, six bulbs in each, in bloom, John L.

Gardner, " .

Amaryllis — Three plants, the second prize to Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Camellias. — Display of named varieties, cut flowers with foliage,

not less than twelve blooms, Hovey & Co.,

Second, Hovey & Co.,

Six cut flowers, with foliage, Hovey & Co.,

Cut Flowers. — Display, filling fifty bottles, not including Koses,

Hovey & Co.,

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood,

Hand Bouquets. — Pair, James O'Brien,

Gratuities : —

Edwin Fewkes, Iris Favonia and Amaryllis Prince of Orange,
L. H. Foster, MHsiaria Sinensis,
Benjamin G. Smith, Carnations,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Tea Roses

William J. Vass, Display of Flowers,

Francis B. Hayes, Collection of Plants and Flowers

John L. Gardner, Collection of Plants,

C. B. Gardiner, Cyclamens, ....

E. L. Beard, Six pots Lily of the Valley, .

Hovey & Co., Plants, .....

A. McLaren, Azalea Donna Maria, ,

$4 00
2 00

1 00

2 00

3 00
2 00

2 00

2 00

4 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

5 00

4 go

1 00

3 00

3

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

CO

2

00

5

00

4

00

2

00

2 00

1

00

1

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 211

Maech 25.

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, $2 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, « u u ^ qq

April 1.

Gratuities : —

John B. Moore & Son, Collection of Roses, . . . . . 1 00

Francis B. Haj^es, " '« u 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Amaryllis, 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Display of Flowers, 1 00

April 8.

Gratuity : —

Francis B. Hayes, Collection of Ericas, 3 CO

April 15.
Gratuity ': —

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Display of Flowers, 1 00

April 29.

Gratuity : —

Mr. A. D. Wood, Display of Flowers, 1 00

PELARGONIUM SHOW.

May 13.

Pelargoniums. — Four named Variegated Zonale varieties, Hovey
& Co.,

Single plant, of any named Bronze variety, Hovey & Co.

Four named Double Zonales, Hovey & Co.,

Six named Show or Fancy varieties, Hovey & Co.,
Gloxinia. — Single specimen, S. E. Eames, . • .
Calceolarias. — Six varieties, in pots, John L. Gardner,

Single plant, John L. Gardner, .....
Tulips, twenty-five blooms, named varieties, John L. Gardner

Second, John L. Gardner, .
Table Design, other than a basket of Flowers, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Gratuities : —
E. Sheppard, Pelargoniums,
William A. Bock, "...
John L. Gardner, Collection of Plants,
Edwin Fewkes, Display of Eoses,

" " " Petunias,

William A. Bock, Pansies,
Benjamin G. Smith, " . .

Mrs. H. C. Meriam, "
5

!5

00

3

00

5

00

6

00

1

00

5

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

3

00

1

00

3 00

3

CO

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

212

JIASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Miss E. M. Harris, Display of Flowers, . . . . . . $1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, i^ ^^ u 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, « u .< 1 00

Mrs. L. P. Weston, u .^ u 1 GO

June 3.
Gratuities : —

John C. Hovey, Sempervivuw, tomentosum,
Marshall P. Wilder, Tydaea Belzebuth, .
E. H. Hitchings, Orchis spectabilis,
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Display of Flowers,
Mrs. E. S. Joyce, " " " . .

1 GO
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 GO

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

June 10.

Hunnewell Premiums.

Haedt Azaleas. — Six named varieties, one truss each, Hovey & Co. $-1 GO

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, 3 00

Cluster of trusses of one variety, Benjamin G. Smith, . . 2 GO

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, . . . • . . . . 1 00

Society's Premiums.

Tree Peonies. — Six named varieties, Marshall P. Wilder, . . 3 00

Second, Hovey & Co., . . . ' 2 00

Cut Flowers.— Display, filling 100 bottles, W. K. Wood, . . 4 GO

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 3 00

Third, Mrs. L. P. Weston, 2 00

Hardy Flowering Shrubs. — Twelve named varieties, cut blooms,

George Craft, . • 3 00

•Second, Hovey & Co., 2 00

Native Plants. — Display of named species and varieties, E. H.

Hitchings, * . 4 00

Gratuities : —

H. H. Hunnewell, Collection of Azaleas and Rhododendrons, . . 10 00

Hovey & Co., Indian Azalea Plants, 3 00

Woolson & Co., Passaic, N. J., Display of Herbaceous Plants, . 5 00

Marshall P. Wilder, Collection of Pajonies, . . . . . 2 00

" " " Amaryllis Hassami, 1 00

Miss A. C. Kenrick, Magnolia Lenne and Lily of tlie Valley, . 2 00

Hovey & Co., Display of Flowers, 5 00

George Craft, <..<«. 1 00

Miss S. W. Story, '««'«« 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 213

June 21.
Hunnewell Fremiums.
Rhododendrons. — Twenty-four Tender named varieties, Francis B

Second, Francis B. Hayes,

Single truss of any Tender named variety, Francis B. Hayes,
Eighteen Hardy named varieties, John L. Gardner,

Second, Francis B. Hayes,

Single truss of any Hardy named variety, Francis B. Hayes,

Gratuities : —
E. Sheppard, Ehododendrons and Azaleas,
" " Clematis, .

James Cartwright, Cattleya Mossics,
Hovey & Co., Display of Flowers,
George Craft, " " , "

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " "

Miss S. W. Story, " " "

B. G. Smith,
E. H, Hitchings, Native Flowers,

June 24.
Gratuities : —

John C. Hovey, Pyrethrums,

James Cartwright, Dendrohium thyrsiflorum,

$10

00

6

CO

1

00

10 00

6 00

1

00

1

00

1

do

2

00

2

00

1

03

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

EOSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 30.

Special Prizes.

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Twenty-four of different kinds, named,

William Gray, Jr., Silver Vase, value, $75 00

Three Roses of different varieties, named, Francis B. Hayes, Sil-
ver Vase, value, 15 CO

Six Roses gf different varieties, named, John S. Richards, Silver

Vase, value, 30 00

Twelve Roses of different varieties, named, William H. Spooner,

Silver Vase, value, 40 00

Three Roses of any one variety, John L. Gardner, Silver Vase,

value, . 15 00

Six Roses of any one variety, William H. Spooner, Silver Vase,

value, 30 00

Twelve Roses of any one variety, William Gray. Jr., Silver Vase,

value, 40 00

Twenty-four varieties, three specimens of each, John B. Moore &
Son, Silver Challenge Cup, to be held for three consecutive
years, value, . 200 00

214 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Society's Prizes.

Hardy Perpetual Roses. — Six new varieties, sent out since 1877,

the second prize to John B. Moore & Son, . , . . $4 00
Twenty-four distinct named varieties, three of each, John B. Moore

& Son, 20 00

Twelve distinct named varieties, "William Gray, Jr., . . . 10 00

Second, John B. Moore & Son, 8 00

Third, John S. Richards, 6 00

Six distinct named varieties, William Gray, Jr., . . . . 6 00

Second, John L. Gardner, ....... 5 00

Third, Francis B. Hayes, 4 00

Three distinct named varieties, Francis B. Hayes, . . . 4 00

Second, John S. Richards, 3 00

Third, William H. Spooner 2 00

Moss Roses. — Six named varieties, three clusters of each, John B.

Moore & Son, . 5 00

Second, Edward Haskell, 3 00

Three named varieties, tliree clusters of each, John B. Moore &

Son, 3 00

Tea, or Bourbon Roses. — Twelve cut blooms, Edwin Fewkes, . 3 00
General Display of one hundred bottles of all classes, John S.

Richards, 7 00

Second, Francis B. Hayes, 6 00

Third, William H. Spooner, 5 00

Fourth, Benjamin G. Smith, 4 00

Fifth, James Nugent, 3 00

Stove and Greenhouse Flowering Plants. — Six distinct varie-
ties, in bloom, John L. Gardner, 8 00

Second, Hovey & Co., 6 00

Specimen Plant. — Regard being had to new or rare varieties, John

L. Gardner, 4 00

Second, F. L. Ames, 2 00

Specimen Foliage Plant. — The second prize to Hovey & Co., . 2 00
Orchids. — Collection of not less than three varieties in bloom,

F. L. Ames, _ . 6 00

Single plant, F. L. Ames, 3 00

Second, Hovey & Co., 2 00

Herbaceous Peonies. — Ten named varieties, Hovey & Co., . 3 00
Sweet Williams. — Thirty trusses, not less than six distinct varie-
ties, E. Sheppard, 3 00

Second, Hovey & Co., . . 2 00

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . . I 00

Va«e of Flowers. — Best arranged, in one of the Society's glass

vases, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 4 00

Gratuities : —

O. B. Hadwen, Collection of Roses, 1 00

Warren Heustis, << u <. 100

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 215

Joseph H. Woodford, Clematis,
Henry E. Coraley, Carnations,
A. H. Fewkes, Hybrid Aquilegias, .
John C. Hovey, Pjeonies and Pyrethrums,
Miss A. C. Kenrick, Basket of Flowers,
William S. Ewell, Display of Flowers,
Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " "

Francis B. Hayes, " " "
Miss S. W. Story, " " "
Miss E. M. Harris, " " "
Mrs. L. P. Weston, " " "
E. Sheppard, " " ' "

Hovey & Co., " " "

E. H. Hitchings, Native Flowers,

$2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

1 00

2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

July 8.

Hybrid Perpetual Poses. — Twenty-five blooms, John B. Moore

& Son, '

Second, John L. Gardner ,

Delphiniubis. — Six named varieties, Benjamin G. Smith,

Second, E. Sheppard, ,

Carnations and Picotees. — Twelve cut blooms, distinct kinds,

Sewall Fisher,

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, .......

Cut Flowers.— Display filling one hundred bottles, Mrs. L. P.

Weston,

Second, W. K. Wood,

Third, Miss E. M. Gill

5

00

4 00

3

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

Gratuities : —

John B. Moore & Son, Hybrid Perpetual Koses,

B. G. Smith, Delphiniums,

E. Sheppard, " . .

Jackson Dawson, Hardy Shrubs,

Miss S. W. Story, Display of Flowers,

James Nugent, " " "

J. W. Manning, " " "

R. T. Jackson, Native Plants, .

2 00

00
00
00
GO
00
00
00

July 15.

LiLiuM Candidum. — Twelve spikes, John L. Gardner, . . . 3 00

Second, Mrs. L. P. Weston, 3 00

Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, in one of the Society's glass

vases, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 3 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 2 00

216

MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cfratuiiies : —
Francis Parkmann, Iris Kcsmpferi, varieties,
Miss E. M. Harris, Lilium candidum.
Miss S. W. Story, Display of Flowers.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " "

Mrs. L. P. Weston, " " "
J. W. Manning, "

Hovey & Co., " " "

Mrs. A. J. Dolbear, Native Plants, .

July 22.

Hollyhocks. — Txvelve blooms of twelve different colors, John B.

Moore & Son,

Second, John L. Gardner, .

Six blooms of six different colors, Miss E. M. Harris,

Second, James Nugent,

Three blooms of three different colors, Mrs. E. M. Gill, .

Single spike, Miss E. M. Harris,

Second, Miss E. M. Harris,

Cut Flowers. — ^Display filling one hundred bottles, Mrs. L. P. Wes-
ton,

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . -

Third, W. K. Wood,

Gratuities : —
J. W. Manning, Herbaceous Plants,
Jackson Dawson, Collection of Hardy Shrubs,
Edwin Fewkes, Salpiglossis, in variety,
John L. Gardner, Erica Farmentieriana rosea.,
Mrs. E. S. Joyce, Display of Flowers, .
George Craft, " «' '« . .

Miss S. W. Story, " " " . .

July 29.

Perennial Phloxes. — Six distinct named kinds, one spike each,

John B. Moore & Son,

Second, John B. Moore & Son,

Lilium Longiflorum. — Twelve spikes, E. Sheppard,

Second, Mrs. Bruce,

Pelargoniums. — Twelve double and single varieties, one truss each,

Hovey & Co.,

Second, Hovey & Co.,

Exotic Ferns. — Six plants, of different varieties, in pots, Hovey &
Co.,

Gratuities : —
E. Sheppard, Hollyhocks and Phloxes, ....

John B. Moore & Son, "

$2 00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

4 00

3 00
2 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00
1 00
1 GO
1 00

3 00
2 00

(( ((

00
00

00
00

00

2 00
1 00

PRIZES AND GEATUITIES FOE PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 217

J. W. Manning, Lilies and Phloxes,
Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers,
Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " "

Mrs. L. P. Weston, «« " "
Miss S. W. Story, " " "

$1 00
2 00
2 00
2 00
1 00

August 5.

Hybkid Perpetual Roses. — Twenty-five blooms, Francis B. Hayes, 4 00

Second, John L. Gardner, 3 00

Stocks. — Six varieties, one cut plant of each, Francis B. Hayes, . 2 00

Second, Francis B. Hayes, 1 00

Native Ferns. — Best display, Mrs. A. J. Dolbear, . . . 3 00
Cut Flowers. — Display filling one hundred bottles, Mrs. L. P.

Weston, 4 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 3 00

Collection of not less than twenty-five named species of Herba-
ceous Perennials, Hovey & Co., 3 00

Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, in one of the Society's glass

vases, Francis B. Hayes, 2 00

Gratuities : —

John L. Gardner, Cattleya crispa, 2 00

Henry R. Comley, Double Jacobeas, 1 00

J. W. Manning, Phloxes, . . 1 00

August 12.

Perennial Phloxes. — Ten distinct named varieties, one spike each,

John B. Moore & Son, 3 00

Second, John B. Moore & Son, 2 00

Petunias. — Collection filling thirty bottles, three blooms in each,

Edwin Fewkes, 3 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 2 00

Third, James Nugent, . • ! 1 00

Verbenas. — Fifty bottles, three trusses in each, James Nugent, . 3 GO

Second, Eenry E. Comley, .-.»... 2 00

Cut Flowers. — Display filling one hundred bottles, W. K. Wood, 4 00

Second, Mrs. L. P. Weston, 3 00

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 2 00

Native Flowers. — Collection, Mrs. A. J. Dolbear, . . . 3 00

Gratuities : —

Samuel HartweU, Two Plants of Oleander, 2 00

James Cartwright, Gladioli, 1 00

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, • '. 2 00

218

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

August 19.
Gladioli. — Ten named varieties, in spikes, Franklin Bacheller,
Six named varieties, in spikes, 0. B. Hadwen, ....

Single spike, named, D. Knox, .......

Display of named and unnamed varieties filling one hundred bot-
tles, James Cartwright, ........

Phlox Dkummondi. — Fifty bottles, not less than six varieties,

Hovey & Co.,

Second, James Nugent, .

Gratuities : —
Edwin Fewkes, Chrysanthemum carinatum,
Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, .
Mrs. L. P. Weston, " " "
Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Mrs. E. S. Joyce, " " "

August 26.
AsTEKS. — Chrysanthemum, thirty blooms, not less than eight varie-
ties, Francis Skinner, Jr.,

Second, Francis B. Hayes,

Third, James Nugent, ........

Pompon, thirty sprays, not less than six varieties, one spray in

each bottle, Mrs. A. D. Wood,

Basket of Floavees. — Best arranged, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Gratuities : —
Francis B. Hayes, Hybrid Perpetual Roses,
Miss S. W. Story, Liliurii lancifolium,
Henry R. Comley, Display of Asters,
James Nugent, " " Verbenas,

Mrs. L. P. Weston, " " Flowers,
Mrs. E. M. Gill, " "

Septembek 2.

LiLiuM Lancifolium. — Twelve spikes. Miss S. W. Story,
Tkop^olums. — Display filling twenty-five bottles, Wm. H. Spooner,

Third prize to James Nugent,

Marigolds. — Twenty-five bottles, three flowers in each, Francis B.

Hayes, .

Second, George Craft,

Cut Flowees. — Display filling one hundred bottles, Mrs. E. M.

Gill,

Second, Mrs. L. P. Weston

Gratuities : —

John B. Moore & Son, Phloxes,

B. G. Smith, Lilium lancifolium,

Jos. H. Woodford, " auratum,

.$4 00
3 00
1 00

6 CO

00
00

1 00

2 00
2 00
2 00
1 00

4

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

3

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 219

Jam&s Nugent, Asters and Verbenas,

George Craft, Gladioli,

E. Sheppard, Dahlias,

Miss E. M. Harris, Display of Elowers,

September 9.
Double Zinnias. — Twenty-five flowers, not less than six varieties,

James Nugent,

Second, George Craft, ........

Third, William Patterson,

Gratuities : —

George Craft, Gladioli,

Hovey & Co., Plants,

E. Sheppard, Dendrohium formosum,
Eben Bacon, Tuberous-rooted Begonias,
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Display of Elowers, .
Mrs. L. P. Weston, " u » _ _

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, , " " " , .

Miss S. W. Story, " " "

Mrs. A. J. Dolbear, Native Plants, .

f 1 00
2 00

1 00

2 00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

2 00

1

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 19, 20, 21, and 22.

Geeenhoitse Plants. — Twelve Greenhouse and Stove Plants, of dif-
ferent varieties, one Dracsena and one Croton admissible,

H. H. Hunnewell, $80 00

Second, S. E. Payson, 25 00

Third, Hovey & Co., 20 00

Specimen Flowering Plant. — Francis B. Hayes, . . . 5 00

Second, Francis B. Hayes, 4 00

Variegated Leaved Plants. — Six varieties, not offered in a col-
lection of Greenhouse plants, Dracaenas not admissible, H. H.

Hunnewell, 12 GO

Second, Hovey & Co., 10 00

Specimen Plant, not offered in any collection, John L. Gardner, . 5 00

Second, Hovey & Co., 4 00

Caladiums. — Six varieties, Hovey & Co., . . . . . 5 00

Second, E. Sheppard, 4 00

Ferns. — Six named varieties, no Adiantums admissible, Hovey &

Co., 6 00

Adiantums. — Six varieties, Hovey & Co., 6 00

Tree Fern. — Single specimen, Hovey & Co., . . . . 6 00

Deac^nas. — Six named varieties, H. H. Hunnewell, . . . 8 00

Second, S. R. Payson, 6 00

220

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Palm. — Single specimen, S. R. Payson, . . . .

Second, Hovey & Co.,

Agaves. — Six distinct kinds, Hovey & Co.,

Succulents. — Collection of twelve species, other than Agaves,

Yuccas, or Cacti, Hovey & Co.,

Begonias. — Tuberous-rooted, six named varieties, E. Sheppard,

Second, Hovey & Co.,

Gladioli. — Best display and best kept during" the exhibition, of
named or unnamed varieties, filling one hundred bottles,

George Craft,

Dahlias. — Twelve named varieties, John L. Gardner,

Second, Francis B. Hayes,

Six named varieties, James Nugent,

Second, Edwin Fewkes, . •

Single named flower, Fancy or Self, E. Sheppard,
Cut Flowers. — Best display, and best kept during the exhibition,
filling one hundred and fifty bottles, Hovey & Co.,

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Third, James Nugent, .

Basket op Flowers. — Best arranged, and best kept during the ex-
hibition, Mrs. E. S. Joyce

$5 00

4 00
6 00

5 00
5 00
4 00

10 00
5 00

4 00
3 00
2 00
2 00

16 00
14 00
12 00

5 00

Collection of Plants,

Graiuiiies : —

Hovey & Co.,

H. H. Hunnewell,

S. E. Payson " u c.

John L. Gardner, " " "

John L. Gardner, Plants, ....

Francis B. Hayes, Collection of Coleus,

William Patterson, Collection of Caladiums,

Henry Ross, Phloxes,

R. T. Jackson, Marigolds, ....

C. H. Hovey, " ....

Henry Ross, Calendula Meteor,
Hovey & Co., Ampelopsis, ....

A. W. Nelson, Jasmine, ....

George Craft, Desmodium pendulcBJlorum,
Daniel DufBey, Large Plant of Ivy,
Samuel Smith, Collection of Single Dahlias,
E. S. Smith, Seedling Pelargoniums,
William H. Spooner, Tropaeolums and Marigolds,
John C. Hovey, Gaillardias, ....
John B. Moore & Son, Gladioli and Phloxes,
J. L. Willey, Collection of Dahlias, .

Joseph Tailby, Asparagus plumosus nanus,
William C. Strong, Foliage of Trees and Shrubs,
J. W. Manning, Evergreens, ....

20 00

15 00

10 00

5 00

2 00

3 00

3 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

5 00

5 00

1 00

3 00

1 00

2 00

3 00

1 00

2 00

4 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FL0T7EES. 221

Hovey & Co., Odontoglossum STcinneri, .

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers,

E. Sheppard, "

John B. Moore & Son, "

J. W. Manning, "

Miss S. W. Story, "

Mrs. E. M. Gill, "

Miss A. M. Tilley, Design of Dried Flowers and Grasses

Charles H. Packer, Fern Decoration,

E. H. Hitchings, Collection of Solidagos,

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, Native Flowers,

W. O. Currier, Basket of Grass of Parnassus,

Mrs. H. D. Wilmarth, Viola lanceolata,

September 30.

Gratuity : —

E. Sheppard, Collection of Dahlias,

October 7.
Gratuities : —

Macy Randall, Collection of Dahlias,

JohnL. Gardner, ^^ u t< ...

Charles J. Power, Chrysanthemum inodorum,

IVIiss Maria B. Forbes, Vase of Leaves and Asters,

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers,

John Parker, " " "

Mrs. E. M. Gill, c< u .^ ...

$1 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
3 00
2 00
2 00
5 00
1 00
1 00

2 00

3 00
1 00
1 00

1 00

2 00
1 00
1 00

October li.

Gratuities : —

E. Sheppard, Collection of Dahlias,
John L. Gardner, " " "
Hovey & Co., Display of Flowers,

1 00

1 00

2 00

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 9 and 10.

Chrtsanthemums. — Six Large Flowered, or Chinese, named, one

plant in each pot, H. P. Walcott, $8 00

Second, John L. Gardner, 6 00

Six Japanese, distinct named varieties, H. P. Walcott, . . 8 00

Second, John L. Gardner, . * 6 00

Four Pompons, distinct named varieties, H. P. Walcott, . . 4 00

Second, E. W. Wood, 3 00

Six Large Flowered or Chinese, in six inch pots, distinct named kinds,

Patrick Malley, 5 00

222

MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Specimen Plant, Large Flowered or Chinese, named, H. P. "Wal-

cott, $4 00

Second, H. P. Walcott, 3 00

Specimen Japanese, named, E. W. Wood, • . . . . 4 00

Second, John L. Gardner, 3 00

Specimen Pompon, named, H. P. Walcott, . . . . . 3 00

Second, E. W. Wood, 2 00

Best display of named plants, in pots, all classes, not less than ten

varieties, E. W. Wood, 8 CO

Second, H. P. Walcott, ....'... 6 00

Third, Marshall P. Wilder, 4 00

Twelve cut blooms, Large Flowered or Chinese, named, H. P.

Walcott, 4 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes, 3 00

Third, E. W. Wood, 2 00

Six cut blooms, Large Flowered or Chinese, named, E. W. Wood, 3 00

Second, H. P. Walcott, 2 00

Third, B. G. Smith, 1 00

Twelve sprays of Pompons, named, E. W. Wood, , . . . 2 00

Second, H. P. Walcott, 1 00

Six sprays of Japanese, named, E. W. Wood, . . . . 2 00

Second, H. P. Walcott, 2 00

Display of named varieties, of any or all classes, thirty bottles,

one variety in each, E. Sheppard, 5 00

Second, Norton Brothers, . . . . "■. . . 4 00

Third, F. L. Ames, 3 00

Fourth, H. P. Walcott, • . 2 00

Fifth, E. W. Wood, 1 00

Orchids. — Three varieties in bloom, H. H. Hunnewell, • . 8 00

Single Plant, H. H. Hunnewell, 4 00

Second, James Cartwright, 3 00

Gratuities : —

Norton Brothers, Collection of Chrysanthemums,
Worcester Lunatic Hospital, Chrysanthemum Flowers,
Edwin Fewkes, " "

E. Sheppard, " "
Mrs. L. P. Weston, " "
Mrs. E. M. Gill, "

H. H. Hunnewell, Collection of Plants,

Francis B. Hayes, " " " . . .

F. L. Ames, Orchids,

Charles J. Power, Plants grown in Fertilized Moss,
Miss E. H. Craft, Design of Dried Flowers,

Miss S. W. Story, Display of Flowers,

4
1
1
1
1
1
5

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
5 00
3 00
00
00
00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 223

December 2.

Gratuities : —

E. Sheppard, Collection of Pelargoniums, f 2 00

Miss S. W. Story, Display of Flowers, 1 00

SILVER MEDALS.
Azalea and Rose Show, March 23. Francis B. Hayes, New Azaleas.

" " " " " " Marshall P. Wilder, Collection of Azaleas,

" " " " " " E. L. Ames, Collection of Orchids.

June 3. Marshall P. Wilder, Seedling Azalea Mrs. Julia Wilder.
June 10. H. H. HunneAvell,' Collection of Indian Azaleas.
Rhododendron Show, June 21. Francis B. Hayes, Rhododendrons and

Azaleas.
" " " " H. H. Hunnewell, Rhododendrons.

Rose Show, June 30. Jackson Dawson, Roses of different countries.
July 15. John C. Hovey, Opuntia Rafinesquiana,
July 22. Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, Native Plants.
August 12. E. H. Hitchings, " "

September 2. Francis J3. Hayes, Roses and Asters.

" " John C. Hovey, Amaryllis Ilallii.

Annual Exhibition, September 19-22. S. R. Payson, Asparagus plu-

mosus nanus,
" " " " H. H. Hunnewell, Asparagus

tenuissimus.
Chrysanthemum Show, November 9 and 10. H. P. Walcott, Seedling Chrys-
anthemums President Wilder and President Parkman.

BRONZE MEDALS.
February 18. John L. Gardner, Two Plants Miles's Hybrid Mignonette.

" E. M. Wood, Marechal Niel Roses.
June 3. E. L. Beard, Fancy Pansies.
July 8. H. H. Hunnewell, Lilium Wilsoni.

" 29. Francis B. Hayes, Collection of Stocks.
August 5. R. T. Jackson, Hardy Native Ferns.

Annual Exhibition, September 19-22. Charles J. Power, Plants grown in
Dumesnil Fertilizing Moss.

FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATES OF MERIT. •
February 11. John C. Hovey, Lachenalia Wickii superha.

" 25. Benjamin G. Smith, Carnation Wilkie Collins.
March 18. Francis B. Hayes, Roses Duke of Edinburgh and Mme. Lom-
bard.
Azalea and Rose Show, March 23. Henry R. Comley, Seedling Carnations,

Nos. 1 and 2.
" " " " " Hovey & Co., Primula Cloth of Gold.

" " " " " " A, McLaren, Orontium Japonicum

variegatum.
" " " " " " 3o\m 1,. G&xdnQT, Cytisuselegans.

224 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

March 25. Ellwanger & Barry, Collection of Coniferous Trees.
April 1. Jackson Dawson, Rose Pierre Notting.

" 8. Francis B. Hayes, Azalea Eoi des Roses.
April 15. E. M. Wood, Lilium longiflorum floribunda.
" " Sewall Fisher, Seedling Carnations.
" " Francis B. Hayes, Bowea voluhilis.
" 22. E. Sheppard, Pelargoniums.
May 6. John C. Hovey, Narcissus hicolor Emperor and Empress,
June 21. George Craft, Papaver orientale.

" " Francis Parkman, Seedling Ghent Azaleas.-
«' «' " " " Clematis.

" " George Craft, " Papavers.

Rose Show, June 30. John C. Hovey, Brodicea congesta.

<« " " " " " " Gladiolus Byzantinus.

July 8. E. L. Beard, Tuherous-rooted Begonias.
" " E. Sheppard, Liliwm, Dalraaticum and L. Pomponium.
" 29. Hovey & Co., Pelargonium Freak of Nature.
" " A. H. Fewkes, Nicotiana affinis.
" " John C. Hovey, l2:)omcsa leptophylla.
August 5. E. L. Beard, Seedling Gloxinias.

" 12. J. W. Clark, " Gladiolus, No. 20.
" " John C. Hovey, Gladioli Marie Lemoine and Lemoinii.
" " John B. Moore & Son, Seedling Phloxes, Nos. 11-26.
" 26. Francis B. Hayes, Aster Prince of Wales.
" " Edwin Fewkes, Canna Ehemanni.
September 2. C. H. Hovey, Gaillardia pida Lorenziana.
Annual Exhibition, September 19-22. Hovey & Co., Tuberous-rooted Be-
gonias.
" « " " W. C. Strong, Acer platanoides pur-

purea.
October 7. William A. Bock, Seedling Pelargoniums.

REPORT

OP THE

COMMITTEE ON FRUITS,

FOR THE YEAR 1882.

By E. W. WOOD, Chairman.

The fruit crop the past season, though not as abundant as in
1880, has, with the exception of Peaches, been fair in amount and
generally of good quality. The unusually severe cold on the fourth
and fifth of October, 1881, did much injury to the fruit trees, as
well as to the less hardy trees and shrubs ; and the extreme cold
during the winter entirely destroyed the fruit buds on the peach
trees throughout the State, not a single specimen grown in open
culture having been exhibited during the year, a cu'cumstance
unparalleled for many years. The trees have borne no fruit, but
they have made a strong and more than usually healthy growth and
give promise of an abundant crop next season.

The spring was later than usual, and it was found necessary to
I)ostpone the Rose and Strawberry Exhibition from June 27th to
June 30th.

Stravtbekries. — The quantity shown was about the same as in
past years ; the quality was much better than last year. Our
Strawberry Exhibition ought to be one of the most interesting of
the year ; but those who grow this fruit largely for market, find it
for their interest to grow but few varieties, and can compete in but
few classes ; and though the amateurs and those who grow for
family use cultivate more varieties, and are more inclined to test
the new wonders introduced every season, they do not as gen-
erally exhibit as might reasonably be expected.

226 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Of new varieties, nothing of marked prominence has been shown ;
the prize for two new varieties not previously exhibited was
awarded to the Warren and Triple Crown. In awarding this prize,
the Committee can only judge of size, beauty, and qualit}^ having
no means of knowing as to the desirability for general cultivation.
Of the more prominent varieties recently introduced, the year's
experience is not as favorable as we could wish. The Bidwell,
while generally promising well in the fii'st part of the season, failed
to mature its crop ; a better acquaintance with its merits may show
that this is not usual. The Manchester may, from its vigor of
growth and productiveness, be desirable for market purposes, but
its quality will hardl}^ make it desirable for the private garden. The
Sharpless is evidently gaining in favor and being widely grown,
both for sale and private use ; its very large size and bright, clear
color command the highest price, and among the varieties of
large berries, it takes a high rank in quality. The Special Prize of
a Silver Cup, for the best four quarts of any variety, was again
awarded to the Sharpless, shown by Mr. George Hill, from
Arlington.

Cherries were shown in larger quantity than last year. C. E.
Grant, as usual, took a large share of the prizes with well grown,
handsome fruit. No new varieties of special merit were shown
during the season.

Currants were abundant and of good qualitj'. Among the red
varieties. La Versaillaise took all the first prizes. Of the white
varieties, the Transparent, of French origin, shown by B. G.
Smith, took the first prize. It was fully equal in quality and
superior in appearance to the well-known Dana's Transparent, and
would seem to be a valuable acquisition to this class of fruit.

Raspberries. — This fruit suffered more than usual from the
severity of the winter, and the quantity shown was much below
the average. No new varieties were shown. The first prize was
awarded the Saunders, for superior quality. This variety deserves
more general cultivation, especially among amateurs.

Blackberries. — We have been forcibly reminded of the neces-
sity of a more hardy variety of this fruit, as in many places the
vines were entirely destroyed during the winter. We had but one
exhibit of blackberries the past season ; A. S. Mcintosh showed
an excellent dish of the Dorchester variet}'.

Gooseberries. — This fruit was shown in more than the usual

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 227

quantity. The first prize for natives was awarded to Smitii's
Seedling. The exhibit of foreign varieties was the best for many
years.

Plums. — The exhibits of this fruit continue to increase, the
prizes having been all taken the past season. Several collections
of from six to ten varieties were also placed in the general exhibi-
tion. The increase in the show of plums has been greater within
the past ten jxars than that of any other fruit.

Grapes. — The season has been favorable for the native varie-
ties ; and of the sixteen prizes offered at the Annual Exhibition,
every one was awarded ; and of the eighteen prizes offered at
the October exhibition, twelve were awarded, the only varieties in
which tiiere was no competition being Massasoit and Wilder
(Rogers's Nos. 3 and 4). Some specimens of Moore's Early,
Concord, and Delaware, were very fine and deserve special
mention.

The Empire State was shown at the Annual Exhibition, by
James H. Ricketts, of Newburg, N. Y., the originator, who
states that it is a cross between the Hartford Prolific and Clinton.
The following dcecription was made by the Secretary of this
Society :

" Bunch of medium size, long and narrow, with a shoulder on one
side, nearly six inches in length by three and a half inches across
the shoulder, compact but not crowded. Berries round, green,
with a white bloom ; sweet, very juicy, with not much pulp, — but
what there is is sour when bitten into. It was probably- not quite
ripe ; if fully ripe, perhaps the pulp would disappear. It has a
distinct Frontignan flavor, and is entirely free from an}' foxy
quality. The skin is pretty thick."

FoKEiGN Gkapes wcrc shown in larger quantity than usual.
There were no bunches of extra large size ; but, as a whole, the
fruit was well colored and of fine quality.

Peaks were not as abundant as last year, man}' trees showing
no fruit buds. The Seckel was the only variety that produced a
full crop. The drought in August and September affected unfa-
vorably the size, especially of the later varieties, but the fruit
ripened well, and was above the average in quality. The exhibits
during the season have been creditable. Of the sixty-four prizes
offered at the Annual Exhibition every one was awarded.

Apples. — As a whole, the crop was not as large as two years
6

228 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ago, but in some localities there was a full average yield. Of the
sixty-one prizes offered at the Annual Exhibition forty-eight
were awarded. There has been more than usual complaint of im-
perfect or worm-eaten fruit this season. Within the past few years,
various means have been tried, with greater or less success, to stop
the ravages of the canker-worm ; but the injury from this pest is
small, compared with that from the apple-worm or codling moth.
The former is confined to a limited area ; the latter takes undis-
puted possession of every orchard in the State. This seems to
suggest an important subject for investigation by this Society, to
ascertain some means by which this enemy may be stamped out
from our orchards, otherwise most favorably located to produce the
best fruit of its kind known.

No new entries for the Prospective Prizes have been made during
the year ; and, of those previously entered, the Haj'es and Amber
Queen grapes are the onl^' ones to which the attention of the Com-
mittee has been called.

Of fruit exhibits during the year, aside from new varieties, the
following seem to deserve special mention. March 23, Rodney
Wallace showed Black Hamburg vines, in pots, one year old from
the bud, with three and four fair-sized bunches of well-ripened
fruit. July 15, E. P. Richardson showed his Seedling Strawberry,
Garden City ; the fruit was of good size and quality, and it would
seem to be a desirable late variety. August 5, President Hayes
showed, among Foreign Grapes, the Madresfield Court Muscat,
which in quality has rarel}', if ever, been excelled by an}' grapes
shown at our exhibitions. If this variety proves vigorous and
productive, it will deserve a place in everj' vinery. October 14,
Edmund H. Hart, of Federal Point, Florida, sent specimens of the
Japanese Persimmons recently introduced to this country, which
proved very sweet, with a peculiar and pleasant flavor, unlike that
of any other fruit, and with but little of the astringeucy which the
persimmon is apt to possess. Mr. Hart states that the fruit of
old trees is less astringent than that of younger ones. The fruit
is vet very rare, even in Florida. The variety sent was the Mi-
kado. The Committee awarded to Mr. Hart a First Class Certifi-
cate of Merit. October 28, Hon. Marshall P. Wilder showed two
varieties of Japanese Persimmons, received from P. J. Berckmans,
Augusta, Georgia.

The Committee have awarded during the year, in prizes and

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 229

gratuities, $858, leaving an unexpended balance of $92. Had
there been the usual quantity of peaches shown, this balance would
have been largely reduced.

In summing up the general result for the year, fruit growers may
find much that is encouraging.

For domestic purposes the fruits have been above the average in
quality. For market, the prices have been considerably' above the
average for the past ten years. The same quantity of apples
grown this jear in New England thrown upon the market ten years
ago would have produced a surplus and consequent low prices,
leaving a small margin of profit over the expense of picking and
marketing ; but, owing to the demand for export, the trade has
been and is now active, and prices for a fair quality of apples have
ranged from two to three dollars per barrel. The experience of
this year among the dealers has proved that New England apples
are far more desirable than Western for shipping. Buyers from
Canada have been and are now in this market buying apples to ship
to foreign ports.

An Ex-President of this Society was among the first to foresee
and publicly predict the importance and value of the export trade
in fruit ; and this Society can hardly find a more interesting or
profitable subject for its consideration than the best kinds and
varieties of fruit for this trade, the best methods for their cultiva-
tion and the destruction of their insect enemies ; thus givino- aid
and encouragement to fruit growers throughout the State.

Eespectfull}' submitted,
E. W. Wood,

P. B. HOVEY,

C. F. Curtis, ( ^^^'^

Benjamin G. Smith, ( Committee.
Jacob W. Manning,
Warren Fenno,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS.

January 7.
Gratuities : —

Hovey & Co., King of Tompkins County jipples, . . . . $1 00

Mrs. H. V. Draper, Columbia Pears, 1 00

March 18.
Oratuity : —

I. D. White, Collection of Pears, • . 1 00

March 23.

Winter Apples. — Any variety, Warren Fenno, Eoxbury Kusset, . 3 00

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, Ehotle Island Greening, . . . 2 00

Winter Pears. — Any variety, Warren Fenno, Duchess of Bor-
deaux, . 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno, Doyenne Phillippe, . . • . 2 00

Mat 13.

Gratuities: —

C. E. Grant, Pears, . . . . . ' 1 00

Sylvester P. Morse, Roxbury Russet Apples 1 00

George Dorr, " " "..... 1 00

June 24.

Gratuities : —

Aaron D. Capen, Charles Downing Strawberries, . . . 1 00

William Doran & Son, " " " .... 1 00

Charles Garfield, Hervey Davis, " .... 1 00

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY SHOW.

June 30.
Special Prize.

Strawberries. — Four quarts of any variety, George Hill, Sliarpless,

Silver cup, value, §25 00

Regular Frizes.

Four quarts Charles Downing, E. W. Wood, . . . . 3 00
Second, Aaron D. Capen, 2 GO

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

231

Seth Boyden, E. W. Wood,
Sharpless, E. W. "Wood,

Second, George V. Fletcher,
Two quarts Charles Downing, E. W. Wood,

Second, Aaron D. Capen,
Cutter's Seedling, E. W. Wood, .
Duchess, L. W. Weston,

Second, Joseph D. Fitts, .
Hervey Davis, John B. Moore & Son, .
Jucunda, Joseph D. Fitts,

Second, C. E. Grant,
Miner's Great Prolific, John B. Moore & Son

Second, L. W. Weston,
Monarch of the West, Joseph D. Fitts,
Pioneer, Aaron D. Capen,
President Wilder, Marshall P. Wilder,

Second, Horace Eaton,
Seth Boyden, E. W. Wood, .
Sharpless, George V. Fletcher,

Second, C. N. Brackett,
Any other variety, Joseph D. Fitts, Great American,

Second, Horace Eaton, Bidwell,
Collection, not less than six varieties, Joseph D. Fitts,
Two new varieties, not previously exhibited, Joseph D. Fitts, War

ren and Triple Crown, ....
Fifty berries, any variety, George Hill, Sharpless,
Cherries. — Two quarts, any variety, C. E. Grant, Black Heart.

Second, C. E. Grant, Elton,

Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches, any variety, Francis B. Hayes
Black Hamburg,

Second, Francis B. Hayes, Victoria Hamburg,

Gratuity : —
G. H. & J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury, Conn., Manchester Straw-
berries,

)3 00

3 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

July 8.

Strawberries. — Two quarts of any late variety, C. E. Grant, Sharp-
less,

Second, C. E. Grant, Jucunda,

Cherries. — Black Eagle, C. E. Grant,

Second, Aaron D. Capen, ........

Black Tartarian, C. E. Grant, .......

Any other variety, C. E. Grant, Elton, .....

Second, James Nugent, Walsh's Seedling,

Gratuities : —

A. W. Nelson, Marion Strawberries,

Asahel Wheeler, Seedling Strawberry Local,

2

00

1

00

2 00

1

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

232

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

July 15.

Cherries. — Two quarts, any variety, C. E. Grant, Downer's Late,

Second, C. F. Curtis, Black Tartarian,

Easpberries. — Two quarts, any variety, William Doran & Son,

Highland Hardy,

Currants. — Four quarts of any Red variety, Benjamin G. Smith, La

Versaillaise,

Second, C. E. Grant, Red Dutch,

Two quarts of any White variety, Benjamin G. Smith, Transparent,
Second, C. E. Grant, White Dutch, ......

$2 00

1 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

3 00
2 00

July 22.

Raspberries. — Two quarts, any variety, Warren Fenno, Saunders,

Second, William Doran & Son, Franconia,
Currants. — Two quarts Dana's Transparent, Benjamin G. Sm

Second, C. E. Grant,
La Versaillaise, Benjamin G. Smith,

Second, Wra. Doran & Son,
Victoria, Benjamin G. Smith,

Second, John L. Gardner,
Black Naples, Benjamin G. Smith,

Second, John L. Gardner,

Gratuities : —
William Doran & Son, four varieties of Raspberries,
J. W. Manning, Souhegan Black Cap Raspberries, First-Class Cer-
tificate of Merit.

Warren Fenno, Cherries,

C. N. Brackett, Seedling Cherry, . . . . .

C. E. Grant, Collection of Currants and Raspberries,

B. G. Smith, June Berries,

Saunders,

2 00

.

1 00

T, Sm]

th, .

2 00

1 CO

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00
1 00

3 00

1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

July 29.

Currants. — Two quarts of any Red variety, Benjamin G. Smith, La

Versaillaise,

Second, C. E. Grant, La Versaillaise, .....

Two quarts of any White variety, Benjamin G. Smith, Transparent,
Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Dana's Transparent,
Gooseberries. — Two quarts of any Native variety, Benjamin G.
Smith, Downing's Seedling, .......

Second, M. W. Chadbourne, Downing's Seedling, *.

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Foreign Grapes,

.Warren Fenno, Gooseberries and Currants,

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

1

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

233

August 5.

Blackberries. — Two quarts, any variety, A. S. Mcintosh, Dorchcs

tcr,

Gooseberries. — Two quarts of any Foreign variety, Benjamin G
Smith, Whitesmith, ....

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Bang-Up,
Pears — Doyenne d' £te, Horace Eaton, .

Second, Warren Fenno, ....
Any other variety, Warren Fenno, Madeleine,

Gratuities : —
Francis B. Hayes, Foreign Grapes, .
Winter Brothers, " " . . .

Benjamin G. Smith, Gooseberries,

August 12.
Apples — Large Yellow Bough, C. Terry,

Second, Warren Heustis, ......

Eed Astrachan, N*. B. White,

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, .....
Any other variety, C. N. Brackett, Early Red Margaret,
Second, Warren Fenno, Tetofsky, ....
Pears. — Beurre Giffard, John McClure,

Second, Benjamin G. Smith,

$2 00

Gratuities : —
Aaron 1). Capen, Apples and Raspberries,
A. S. Mcintosh, Blackberries, .
M. W. Chadbourne, Currants, .
Benjamin G. Smith, Gooseberries,

August 19.

Apples. — Williams, C. E. Grant,

Second, B. G. Smith,
Pears. — Clapp's Favorite, Warren Fenno,
Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, .
Manning's Elizabeth, Warren Fenno, .

Second, Alexander Dickinson, .
Any other variety, George Frost, Supreme de Quimper,
Second, Warren Fenno, Bloodgood, ....

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Foreign Grapes,

N. B. White, Apples,

Mrs. H. V. Draper, Peach Plums,

William Doran & Son, Currants and Raspberries, . . . .
John C. Weld, Orlando, Orange County, Florida Citrons, The So-
ciety's Silver Medal.

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

3

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1 00

2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

234

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

August 26.
Pears. — Bartlett, John McClure,

Second, C. E. Grant, ....
Eostiezer, John McClure,

Second, M. W. Chadbourne,
Tyson, John C. Park, ....
Second, B. F. Hunt, ....
Any other variety, Horace Partridge, Belle Lucrative,
Second, Hovey & Co., Manning's Elizabeth,
Plums. — Any variety, B. G. Smith, Peach Plum,
Second, B. G. Smith, Bradshaw,

Gratuities : —
M. W. Chadbourne, Apples,
Aaron D. Capen, "

Warren Fenno, Ajiples and Pears,
C. E. Grant, " " "

N. B. White, " " "

C. N. Brackett, " " "
Samuel Hartwell, " " "
John L. Bird, Tyson Pears,
Hovey & Co., Pears,
Horace Partridge, Foreign Grapes,

$2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00
1 00

00
00
00
CO
00
00
00
00

1 00
1 00

September 2.

Apples. — Any variety, B. G. Smith, Garden Royal,
Second, C. N. Brackett, Red and Green Sweet,
Pears. — Bartlett, C. N. Brackett, ....
Second, John McClure, .....
Any other variety, Warren Fenno, Clapp's Favorite,
Second, Hovey & Co., Doyenne Boussock,
Plums. — Collection, not less than four varieties, Horace Eaton,
Second, Amos Bates, ....

Any one variety, Horace Eaton, Washington,
Second, B. G. Smith, Bradsliaw,
Native Grapes. — Six bunches of any early varietj-, C. N
Champion, ....
Second, B. G. Smith, Champion,

Gratuities ; —
Horace Partridge, Foreign Grapes, .
B. G. Smith, " "

Mrs. H. V. Draper, Collection of Plums,
W. H. Slooum, I'hims,
John B. Moore & Son, Apples, .
N. B. White, Pears and Apples,
Samuel Hartwell, Pears and Apples,
Warren Heustis, Apples, .

Brackett

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

1 00

1 00

2 00
1 CO

1 00

2 00
1 00
1 00

TEIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

235

September 9.

Apples. — Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell, $2 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 1 00

Porter, C. N. Brackett, 2 00

Second, B. G. Smith, 1 00

Any other variety, "Warren Fenno, Summer Pippin, . . . 2 00

Second, C. N. Brackett, Eed and Green Sweet, . . . 1 00

Pears. — Andrews, S. G. Damon, 2 00

Second, A. Dickinson, 1 00

Doyenne Boussock, C. N. Brackett, 2 00

Seconc>, Hovey & Co., 1 00

Any other variety, M. W. Chadbourne, Clapp's Favorite, . . 2 00

Second, C. E. Grant, Flemish Beauty, 1 00

Grapes. — Delaware, S. G. Damon, 2 00

Hartford Prolific, S. G. Damon, ....... 2 00

Moore's Early, John B. Moore & Son, 2 00

Second, B, G. Smith, 1 00

Any other variety, J. W. Talbot, Cottage, 2 00

Second, S. G. Damon, Adirondack, 1 00

Gratuities : —

A. S. Mcintosh, Pears, 1 00

Hovey & Co., " 1 00

C. E. Grant, Pears and Apples, 1 00

F. J, Dutcher, Plums, 1 00

Horace Partridge, Foreign Grapes, 1 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 19, 20, 21, and 22.

Special Prizes.

Twelve Gravenstein Apples, John B. Moore & Son,
Twelve Bartlett Pears, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, .
Twelve Peaches, any variety, Eobert C. Winthrop, .
Twelve bunches Native Grapes, any variety, John B. Moore & Son,
Moore's Early,

Regular Prizes.

Apples. — Baldwin, William C. Eustis,
Second, A. S. Mcintosh, .
Third, John L. Bird, ....
Danvers Winter Sweet, C. N. Brackett,

Second, George S. Coe,
Dutch Codlin, A. S. Mcintosh,
Second, B. G. Smith,

$5 00

5 00

6 00

5 00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

• «

2

00

1

00

236

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Fall Orange or Holden Pippin, S. Hartwell,

Second, C. N. Brackett,
Fameuse, George V. Fletcher,

Second, B. G. Smith, ....
Foundling, Samuel Hartwell,
Garden Eoyal, J. W. Talbot,

Second, George S. Coe,
Golden Eusset, B. G. Smith, .

Second, Warren Fenno,
Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, George S. Coe,

Third, C. C. Shaw, ....
Hubbardston Nonsuch, M. W. Chadbourne,

Second, C. N, Brackett,

Third, George S. Coe,
Hunt Russet, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, C. N. Brackett,
King of Tompkins County, C. N. Brackett,

Second, W. C. Eustis,
Lady's Sweet, C. N. Brackett,
Leicester Sweet, 0. B. Hadwen, .
Lyscom, Aaron D. Capen,

Second, George S. Coe,
Mother, E. W. Wood, ....
Northern Spy, W. C. Eustis,

Second, George S. Coe,
Porter, T. C. Thurlow,

Second, George S. Coe,
Pumpkin Sweet, C. N. Brackett, .

Second, S. G. Damon,
Rhode Island Greening, C. N. Brackett,

Second, J. L. D'Wolf, . . ; .

Third, W. A. Crafts, . . * .

Roxbury Russet, J. L. D'Wolf,

Second, B. G. Smith,

Third, M. W. Chadbourne,
Talman's Sweet, Josiah Crosby,

Second, J. T. Foster,
Washington Royal, the second prize to O. B
Washington Strawberry, Warren Fenno,
Crab Apples. — Hyslop, F. J. Dutcher, .

Second, M. W. Chadbourne,
Montreal Beauty, John B. Moore & Son,
Transcendent, B. F. Hunt, Jr.,

Second, B. G. Smith,
Any otlicr variety, B. G. Smith, Dartmouth,

Second, Horace Partridge, Yellow,

Hadwen,

$2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00
2 00

1
2
1

3
2

1

o
O

2
1
2
I
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2

1
2

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

no

00
00

1 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
2 00

1 00

2 00
1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

237

Pears. — Bartlett, George S. Harwood,

Second, Hovey & Co.,

Third, John L. Bird

Belle Lucrative, Horace Eaton,

Second, John C. Park,
Beiirre d' Anjou, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, John C. Park,

Third, Horace Eaton,
Beurre Bosc, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, John L. Bird,

Third, W. P. Walker,
Beurre Clairgeau, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, William T. Hall, .

Third, Warren Heustis,
Beurre Diel, T. M. Davis,

Second, Mrs. Jesse Haley,
Beurre Hardy, Charles F. Curtis,

Second, Thomas P. Somes,
Beurre Superfin, John C. Park,

Second, Marshall P. Wilder,
Dana's Hovey, George Frost,

Second, M. W. Chadbourne,

Third, B. G. Smith, ....
Doyenne Boussock, George S. Harwood,

Second, Marshall P. Wilder,
Doyenne du Comice, Horace Eaton,

Second, John McClure,
Duchesse d'Angouleme, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, John C. Park,

Third, John L. Bird,
Goodale, Marshall P. Wilder,

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, .
Howell, W. S. Janvrin,

Second, C. N. Brackett,
Lawrence, Mrs, Mary Langmaid,

Second, John McClure,
Louise Bonne of Jersey, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, Horace Eaton,
Marie Louise, Hovey & Co.,

Second, John L. D'Wolf, .
Merriam, Marshall P. Wilder,

Second, Charles F. Curtis,
Onondaga or Swan's Orange, Horace Eaton,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Paradis d'Automne, Marshall P. Wilder,

Second, Hovey & Co., ...

Seckel, John C. Park, ....

^3

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238

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Second, John L. Bird,

Third, C. E, Grant, .
Sheldon, A. S. Mcintosh,

Second, Eben Snow,

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,
Souvenir dii Congres, B. G. Smith,

Second, Warren Fenno,
St. Michael Archangel, Walker & Co.,

Second, T. M, Davis,
Urbaniste, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, .John L. Bird,
Vicar of Winkfield, Hovey & Co.,

Second, William A. Morse,
Winter Nelis, Jacob Eaton, .

Second, W. P. Walker,
Any other variety, Marshall P. Wilder, Clapp's Favorite,

Second, Walker & Co., Kingsessing,
Plums. — Collection of not less than four varieties, Horace Eaton,

Second, F. J. Dutcher, .....
Any one variety, F. J. Dutcher, McLaughlin,

Second, Mrs. H. V. Draper, Coe's Golden Drop,
Native Grapes. — Brighton, M. W. Chadbourne,

Second, Hovey & Co.,
Concord, William Doran & Son,

Second, Joseph S. Chase,
Delaware, B. G. Smith,

Second, Horace Eaton,
Massasoit, S. G. Damon,

Second, John C. Park,
Moore's Early, Horace Eaton,

Second, John B. Moore & Son,
Wilder, John B. Moore & Son,

Second, Marshall P. Wilder,
Wordon, J. C. Lovell,

Second, Marshall P. Wilder,
Any other variety, S. G. Damon, lona,

Second, B. L. Cullin, Harrington's Seedling,
Foreign Grapes. — Four varieties, two bunches each, E. W. Wood

Second, B. G. Smith, ....

Third, B. G. Smith,

Black Hamburg, two bunches, George Higginson,

Second, John L. Gardner, ....

Third, C. E. Grant,

Wilmot's Black Hamburg, John L. Gardner,

Second, D. W. Foster, ....
Muscat of Alexandria, Francis B. Hayes,
Any other variety, George Higginson, White Frontignan,

Second, John L. Gardner, " "

$2 00
1 00

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 239

Gratuities : —
C. E. Grant, Pears,

M. W. Chadbourne, " :

Augustus Bacon, "

T.M.Davis, "

William T. Hall, " . .

J. T. Foster, " ...

William A. Morse, "
John McClure, "

C. N. Brackett, "

Lewis Slack, "

Hovey & Co.,

Marshall P. Wilder, " . .

Warren Fenno, Apples,
William T. Hall, " . .

Samuel Hartwell, "

C. N. Brackett, " . .
B. G. Smith, "

M. Yv^. Chadbourne, " . . .

George S. Coe, "

William A. Morse, "

N. T. Apollonio, Crab Apples,

A. T. Brown, Quinces,

O. B. Hadwen, Plums,

B. G. Smith, " . .
Mrs. H. V. Draper, "

George Tainter, " ...

D. W. Foster, Foreign Grapes,
Horace Partridge, " "
James H. Ricketts, Native Grapes,
Marshall P. Wilder, "
Joseph S. Chase, "
S. G. Stowe, "
Wm. Doran & Son, "
B. G. Smith,

A. S. Mcintosh, "

Mrs. Amanda Chandler, "
J. W. Talbot, "■

f 3 00

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September 30.
Gratuity : —

D. W. Lothrop, Seedling Pears, 1 00

October 7.

Apples. — Holden Pippin, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Second, C. N. Brackett, 1 00

Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Second, W. P. Plimpton, 1 00

240

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mother, E. W. Wood, .
Second, B. G. Smith, .
Porter, A. S. Mcintosh,

Second, Samuel Mcintosh,
Any other variety, Henry F. Coe, King of Tompkins County
Second, M. W. Chadbourne, Hubbardston Nonsucli,
Peaks. — Beurre Bosc, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,
Second, Jolm C. Park,
Beurre Chiirgeau, W. P. Plimpton,

Second, William T. Hall, .
Beurre Superfin, John C. Park,

Second, William A. Crafts,
Doyenne du Cornice, W. P. Plimpton,

Second, John C. Park,
Duchesse d'Angouleme, Mrs. H. P. Kendrick

Second, Charles F. Curtis,
Louise Bonne of Jersey, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, T. M. Davis,
Seckel, John C. Park, .
Second, John L. Bird,
Sheldon, Mrs. H. P. Kendrick,

Second, Charles F. Curtis,
Urbaniste, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, .

Second. Aaron D. Capen, .
Any other variety, Mrs. Jesse Haley,
Second, Warren Heustis, .
Quinces. — Any variety, B. G. Smith,

Second, Horace Eaton,
Native Grapes. — Brighton, M. W. Chadbourne,
Concord, Horace Eaton,

Second, William Doran & Son, .
Delaware, S. G. Damon,
Second, Horace Eaton,
Diana, S. G. Damon,

Second, Horace Partridge, .
Isabella, J V. Wellington, .

Second, Miss Sarah W. Story, .
Moore's Early, John B. Moore & Son,
Any other variety, S G. Damon, .
Second, B. G. Smith,
Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches, any variety, J. L.
Hamburg, .....

Second, B. G. Smith, Muscat Hamburg,

Gratuities : —

A. S. Mcintosh, Apples, ....
W. C. Eustis, " ....

Gardner,

Black

$2 00

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOE FRUITS.

241

C. N. Brackett, Pears,

Augustus Bacon, "

M. W. Chad bourne, Pears,

Mrs. Jesse Haley, "

T. M. Davis,

C. E. Grant, Pears and Apples,

S. G. Damon, Grapes,

B. G. Smith, Grapes and Apples,

$2 CO
2 00
2 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

1 GO

2 00

October 14.

Gratuities : —

John Foster, Brighton Grapes, • .

C. E. Grant, Pears, ..........

Edmund H. Hart, Federal Point, Florida, Japanese Persimmons,
First-Class Certificate of Merit. ......

1 00
1 00

October 21.
Gratuities : —

W. T. Carleton, Quinces, ....
Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott, Raspberries,
William Read, Jr., Seckel Pears,
A. W. Nelson, u u _ _

] 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

October 28.
Gratuities : —

C. E. Grant, Pears, 2 00

A. McDermott, " 1 00

Aaron D. Capen, Pears, 1 00

November 4.

Gratuity : —

J. F. HefFernan, Quinces, 1 00

November 9.
French Premiums.

Apples. — Baldwin, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, C. E. Grant, ....
Danvers Winter Sweet, C. N. Brackett,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Hubbardston Nonsuch, M. W. Chadbourne,

Second, C. N. Brackett,
Hunt Russet, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, Starkes Whiton, .
King of Tompkins County, Edward Sumner,

Second, W. C. Eustis,
Lady's Sweet, C. N. Brackett,

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

242

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Northern Spy, John B. Moore & Son, .

Second, W. C. Eustis, ....
Rhode Ishmd Greening, C. N. Brackett,

Second, W. P. Plimpton,
Roxbnry Russet, Ceplias H. Brackett, .

Second, Edward Sumner, ....

Society's Prizes.

Pears. — Beurre d' Anjou, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, B. C. Vose, .
Beurre d' Aremberg, John L. Bird, ^
Beurre Langelier, A. S. Mcintosh,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Dana's Hovcy, W. P. Plimpton,

Second, A. S. Mcintosh,
Doyenne du Cornice, W. P. Plimpton,

Second, Mrs. Jesse Haley,
Glout Morceau, A. S. Mcintosh,

Second, Samuel Mcintosh,
Josephine de Malines, Warren Fenno,

Second, John L. Bird,
Lawrence, Augustus Bacon, .

Second, Miss Mary Langmaid, .
Vicar of Winkfield, William T. Hall,

Second, C. N. Brackett,
Winter Nelis, T. M. Davis, .

Second, Jacob Eaton,
Any other variety, Augustus Bacon, Beurre Diel,

Second, Warren Fenno, Beurre Oris d'lliver.

Gratuities : —

A. S. Mcintosh, Apples,
Samuel Hartwell, "
Charles W. Grant, "
Lyman Titus, "
J. W. Talbot, "
M. W. Chadbourne, Pears,
Augustus Bacon, "
Mrs. A. R. Gates, "
Jacob Eaton, "
Warren Heustis, Apples and Pears,
C. E. Grant, " "

B. G. Smith, Grapes and Apples,
Horace Partridge, "
Miss Sarah W. Story, "
John B. Moore & Son, "
Robert Manning, Carya alha (Shagbark Hickory),

$2

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REPORT

OF THE

Committee on Vegetables,

FOR THE YEAR 1882.

By C. N. BRACKETT, Chairman.

The season of 1882 opened under still more discouraging cir-
cumstances for the operations of the farm and garden than its
predecessor. Rarelj' have "we experienced a spring which has
been more unfavorable for horticultural operations generally than
the past. Planting was later, and replanting more general, than
for mau}^ years, thereby causing delay, disappointment, and serious
loss to the cviltivator. Even the " oldest inhabitant," on being
interviewed, fails to recollect a more unpropitious season. The
loss caused by re-seeding alone, must in the aggregate have been
very large.

On account of the unfavorable spring, and the long and unu-
sually severe drought which followed, the prospect was so discour-
aging as to cause a sharp rise in values in many of the leading
products of the farm and garden, which in some instances was
kept up until the close of the season.

Later on, as the season advanced, the weather was more favor-
able to vegetable growth, and the welcome rains and deferred
frosts made the growing period nearl}^, if not fully, of the average
length. Many of our contributors sustained heavy loss from the
long continued drought in July and August. On light and gravelly
soils many crops were total .failures, being literally burned up and
past recovery before the much-needed rains came. Yet, notwith-
standing all these drawbacks, contributors have managed to make
7

244 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTDEAL SOCIETY.

quite creditable exhibits during the season, and are deservedly en-
titled to the thanks of the Society for the interest they have
manifested under so many trying and discouraging circumstances.

There has been some slight improvement noticed in the displays
of forced vegetables, which have been made from time to time
during the winter and spring, which we hope ma}- be continued.
Your Committee trust that, at no distant day, the appropriation
for this department may be increased, so that they may be able to
offer suitable prizes for these objects, which so large a number of
our members are successfully engaged in growing.

From the beginning of the year to the Azalea Exhibition, March
23, contributions of forced vegetables were made by, and gratui-
ties awarded to, the following persons : January 21 and 28, Francis
B. Hayes, very fine and well grown specimens of Mushrooms and
Rhubarb. January 21, Mushrooms from Hovey & Co. February
11, Tennisball Lettuce from Josiah Crosby. February 18, Let-
tuce from George W. Pierce and Josiah Crosby. February 25,
Tomatoes and Mushrooms from Cephas H. Brackett. March 4,
George W. Pierce showed some fine specimens of Tennisball Let-
tuce ; Henr}^ R. Comley, Tomatoes ; and Josiah Crosbj', Lettuce
and Radishes. March 11, we had Parsley from M. W. Chad-
bourne, and Radishes and Lettuce from J. Crosby. March 18,
Josiah Crosby showed Radishes and Tennisball Lettuce.

The exhibition of forced vegetables at the Azalea Show was
more limited than it should have been, the only good specimens
being those shown by Josiah Crosby ; and of these it is sufficient
praise to say that they maintained their accustomed standard of
excellence. The weekly shows were, of course, more or less
affected by the unfavorable character of the season, but not to the
extent which at one time was anticipated.

On June 10 the first prize for Rhubarb was awarded to John C.
Hovey for Monarch ; weight of twelve stalks twent^'-six pounds.
This is a new and desirable variety, of excellent quality, and well
worthy the attention of those who grow this plant for market.
The specimens shown were taken from a crowded nurserj' row, and
had received only ordinary cultivation. With plenty of room for
growth, and with generous culture, the exhibitor thinks it may be
grown to double the size and weight of the specimens shown by
him.

Two weeks later, Levi Emery exhibited twelve stalks of Victoria

EErORT OF THE COiVIIVIITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 245

rhubarb, the weight of which was forty pounds. This weight has
rarel}' , if ever, been surpassed at any previous exhibition of this
plant.

Peas, although later than usual, were shown in great variety.
The early kinds made their first appearance June 24, and were
shown by M. W. Chadbourue. American Wonder took the first
prize June 30, and Kentish Invicta the second. July 8, the Marvel
was best and the Advancer second. Champion of England was
exhibited as late as .September 30, in good condition, by Samuel
G. Stone.

Sweet Corn and Tomatoes were both, also, behind the usual time.
The first exhibition of Corn was on July 29, C. N. Brackett re-
ceiving the first prize, for Marblehead Early. This is the sweetest
and best of the early varieties, of fair market size, and, as such, a
very valuable acquisition to every garden.

On the same date Samuel Hartwell showed the first Tomatoes of
the season, winning the first ancl second prizes with Canada Victor
and Gen. Grant respectively. From this time throughout the sea-
son, and especially at the Annual Exhibition, the display of this
vegetable was extensive, and excellent in quality. The varieties
which have been most popular are the Acme, Livingston's Perfec-
tion, Emery, and Paragon. Your Committee do not entertain a
doubt that the Essex Hybrid, so called, is identical with the Acme,
or a seedling so nearly resembling it, in color, quality, and habit,
as to be undeserving a separate name.

The hot, dr}' weather of July and August was favorable for the
Melon. The crop was abundant and the quality excellent. The
finest specimens of the season were shown by George Hill, August
19 and 26, four of which more than filled a bushel box. Excellent
specimens of Greenflesh melons were also exhibited at the Annual
Exhibition by C. F. Curtis, Warren Heustis, and C. E. Calder,
these gentlemen taking the prizes in the order named.

Upon the exhibition of the various root crops, no special com-
ments are necessary ; the displays have been abundant, and as
satisfactory in quality as usual.

Early Cauliflowers this season were not a success ; there was no
competition for the prizes previous to the Annual Exhibition. At
this exhibition John Cummings took both the special and the first
regular prize offered for Cauliflowers.

The doleful accounts in regard to the condition of the various

246 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

crops, which your Committee were wont to receive from contribu-
tors, from week to week, during the season, led them to expect
that, so far as this department was concerned, our Annual Exhi-
bition was likely to prove a failure ; but we were agreeably disap-
pointed, as this exhibition surpassed that of the previous year,
both in quantity, qualit}", and in the number of contributors. It
was a success very gratifying to the Committee in charge, and
highly satisfactory to the public, as well as to the members them-
selves.

The display of Potatoes was more extensive, of better quality,
and the specimens were finer, than have usually been exhibited on
such an occasion ; a credit to any society, state, or country. Among
the most attractive varieties of superior quality, we may name the
Clark's No. 1, Beauty of Hebron, Early Rose, Brownell's Best,
Early Telephone, Mayflower, Pride of America, Belle, Early Sun-
rise, White Elephant, Winslow's Seedling, Champion of America,
and a new and very promising variety from Albert Bresee, of Hub-
bardton, Vermont (the originator of the Early Rose, and other
valuable varieties) , which he has named the Advance. With this
new seedling came the following note :

" September 18, 1882.

" To the Chairman of the Committee on Vegetables:

"Today I send by express one peck of my new seedling potato,
Advance, for exhibition and competition for prize No. Q>Q. It
ripens with the Early Rose, and I consider it superior to that fine
variety in quality and yield. The season here has been very dry,
and my Advance are not up to their usual size, color, or quality.
I intend to enter them for the Prospective Prize next year.

" Yours very trul}-,

" Albert Bresee."

If this new seedling should prove to be as early, hardy, produc-
tive, and of as good qualit}' as the Early Rose, it will indeed be an
acquisition, and of great importance to the country. The speci-
mens were very handsome and attracted much attention, as did also
the new seedlings from E. S. Brownell, Early Telephone and
Brownell's Best, which were shown here for the first time at the
Annual Exhibition last year, and described in our last report. Mr.
Brownell has signified his intention to enter the Early Telephone

RErORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 247

for the Prospective Prize as the best early, and Brownell's Best for
the same prize as the best late potato.

A collection of nine unnamed seedlings was also exhibited by
B. K. Bliss & Son, several of which we should judge, from their
appearance, were worth proving.

The list of awards will indicate the exhibition of other objects
concerning which we have nothing new to note. The annual ap-
propriation by the Society for this department was $500 ; income
from the Whitcomb fund, $30, making a total of $530. Of this
amount the Committee have awarded $527, leaving an unexpended
balance of $3.

"With the annexed list of Awards of Premiums, this report is
respectfully submitted.

C. N. Brackett,

Walter Russell,

JosiAH Crosby, \ v f hj

George W. Pierce, )

Samuel Hartwell, [ ^oi^niittee.

C E. Grant,

M. W. Chadbourne,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR
VEGETABLES.

January 21.
Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Mushrooms and Ehubarb, $2 00

Hovey & Co., Mushrooms, 1 00

January 27.
Gratuity : —
Francis B. Hayes, Mushrooms and Rhubarb, 2 00

February 11.
Gratuity : —
Josiah Crosby, Lettuce, 1 00

February 18.

Gratuities : —

George W. Pierce, Lettuce, 1 00

Josiah Crosby, Lettuce and Radishes, 1 00

il^EBRUARY 25.

C. H. Brackett, Tomatoes and Mushrooms, 1 00

March 4.

George W. Pierce, Lettuce, 2 00

Henry R. Comley, Tomatoes, 2 00

Josiah Crosby, Lettuce, 1 00

March 11.
Gratuities : —

M. W. Chadbourne, Parsley, 1 00

Josiah Crosby, Lettuce and Radishes, 2 00

March 18.
Gratuity : —
Josiah Crosby, Lettuce and Radishes, 2 00

•

AZALEA AND ROSE EXHIBITION.

March 23.

Radishes. — Four bunches Turnip Rooted, Josiah Crosby, . . $3 00
Lettuce. — Four heads Tennisball, J Crosby, 3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 249

Parsley. — Two quarts, H. E. Comley, $2 00

Second, William Patterson, 1 00

Gratuity : —
H. R. Comley, Tomatoes, . 2 00

April 8.
Gratuities : —

Walter Russell, Collection, 2 00

H. R. Comley, Tomatoes, 2 00

Josiah Crosby, Radishes and Lettuce, 2 00

April 15.

Gratuities : —

Henry R. Comley, Tomatoes, 1 00

C. H. Brackett, Cucumbers, 1 00

Mat 6.

Gratuities : —

Josiah Crosby, Collection, 2 00

C. H. Brackett, Cucumbers, 1 00

May 13.

Gratuities : —

George Dorr, Rhubarb, . . 1 00

C. H. Brackett, Cucumbers and Rhubarb, . . . . . 2 00

M. W. Chadbourne, Rhubarb, 1 00

H. R. Comley, Tomatoes, 1 00

May 20.

Gratuity : —

Walter Russell, Two varieties Radishes, 2 00

May 27.
Gratuities : —

A. D. Capen, Asparagus and Rhubarb, ■ . . 2 00

M. W. Chadbourne, Asparagus, 1 00

Josiah Crosby, Collection, . 2 00

Gratuities : —
Samuel Hartwell, Asparagus,
M. W. Chadbourne, Rhubarb,

JcNK 3.

June 10.
Carrots. — Twelve Short Scarlet, Josiah Crosby,
Radishes. — Twelve Turnip Rooted, Walter Russell,
Long Scarlet, Walter Russell,

Second, Josiah Crosby, . . . . .
Asparagus. — Four bunches, J. B. Moore,

Second, Samuel Hartwell,

1

00

1

00

2 00

2

00

2 00

1

00

2

00

1 00

250

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cucumbers. — Pair, E. W. Wood, ....

Second, J. Crosby,

Lettuce. — Four heads, J. Crosby, Tennisball,

Second, J. Crosby, Bostan Curled,
Ehubakb. — Twelve stalks, John C. Hovey, Monarch, weight 26 lbs

Second, M. W. Chadbourne, Victoria, weight IG^o lbs

Gratuities :

James Lawrence, Cauliflowers, .....

L. W. Weston, Asparagus, ......

Marshall P. Wilder, Cucumbers,

Walter Russell, Onions and Parsley, ....

Samuel Hartwell, Rhubarb,

C. E. Grant, "

$2

00

1

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2

00

1

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2

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1

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1

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1

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1

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June 24.

Gratuities : —

M. W. Chadbourne, Peas, two varieties,

Levi Emery, Victoria Rhubarb; weight of twelve stalks, 40 lbs..

2 00
1 00

EOSE AND STRAWBERRY SHOW.

June 30.

Beets. — Turnip Rooted, J. Crosby, .
Egyptian, J. Crosby,

Second, Samuel G. Stone,
Carrots. — Intermediate, J. Crosby,
Onions. — Twelve, J. Crosby, .

Second, S. G. Stone, .
Cucumbers. — Pair, E.W. Wood,

Second, J. Crosby,
Lettuce. — Four heads, Francis B. Hayes,
Peas — Peck, C. E. Grant, American Wonder,

Second, S. G. Stone, Kentish Invicta,

Gratuities : —

Samuel Hartwell, Peas,
George W. Pierce, Cucumbers,
Josiah Crosby, Collection,

July 8

Onions. — Twelve, J. Crosby, .

Second, S. G. Stone, .
Squashes. — Four Long Warted, J. Crosby
Peas. — Peck, J. L. Gardner, Marvel,

Second, S. G. Stone, Advancer,

52

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PEIZES AND GRATUITIES FOE VEGETABLES.

251

Gratuities : —

Samuel Hartwell, Peas,

C. E. Grant, "

S. G. Stone, "

Major J. F. Jones, Hogansville, Troup Co., Georgia, Wheat and
Oats, First Class Certificate of Merit.

July 15.

Gratuities : —
Josiah Crosby, Collection,
Samuel G. Stone, "

July 29.

Squashes. — Four Marrow, J. Crosby,

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears. C. N. Brackett, .

Second, Samuel G. Stone, .....
Tomatoes. — Twelve, Samuel Hartwell, Canada Victor,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Gen. Grant,

Gratuities : —

L. W. Weston, Early Eose Potatoes,
M. W. Chadbourne, Beauty of Hebron Potatoes,
C. E. Grant, Marblehead Corn, . . «

S. Hartwell. Narragansett " ...

J. Crosby, two varieties Onions,

August 5.

Squashes. — Four Marrow, J. Crosby,
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, J. Crosby,

Second, C. E. Grant,
Tomatoes. — Gen. Grant, S. Hartwell,
Emery, S. Hartwell,
Any other variety, C. N. Brackett, Acme,
Second, S. Hartwell, Canada Victor, .

Gratuities : —

L. W. Weston, Beauty of Hebron Potatoes,

Samuel G. Stone, Sweet Corn,

Samuel Hartwell, Collection,

C. E. Grant, " ...

August 12.

Gratuities : —

M. W. Chadbourne, Beauty of Hebron Potatoes,
J. Gardner, Peppers, .....
Samuel Hartwell, Tomatoes, ....
C. N. Brackett, Acme Tomatoes,
S. G. Stone, Corn,

$1 00
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252

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

C. E. Grant, Lima Beans,
" " " Collection, .
Francis B. Hayes, Artichokes,

August 19.
Greenflesh Melons. — Four, George Hill,
MusKMELONS. — Four, the second prize to Samuel Hartwell,

Gratuities : —

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Corn,

C. E. Grant, "

N. B. White, Potatoes,

Samuel Hartwell, Collection,

S. G. Stone, "

C. N. Brackett, "

August 26.
Potatoes. — Peck, J. Crosby, Early Eose,

Second, L. W. Weston, Beauty of Hebron,
Lima Beans. — Two quarts, B. G. Smith,

Second, C. E. Grant, .

Third, W. K. Wood, .
Peppers. — Twelve, C. N. Brackett, .

Second, Josiah Crosby,

Gratuities : —
George Hill, Greenflesh Melons,
M. W. Chadbourne, Collection,
S. Hartwell, "

C. N. Brackett, "

C. E. Grant, "

September 2.
Gheenflesh Melons. — Four, J. Crosby,

Gratuities : —
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Collection,
C. N. Brackett, " ...

C. E. Grant, " ...

September 9.
Celery. — Four roots, the second prize to Josiah Crosby,

Gratuities : —
J. Crosby, Melons,
C. L. Fowle, Tomatoes,
Samuel Hartwell, Collection,
C. E. Grant, "

C. N. Brackett, "

$1 CO
2 00
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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

253

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 19, 20, 21, and 22.

Special Prizes.

Cauliflowers. — Best four, John Cummings, .
Celert. — Four specimens, J. Crosby,

J5 00
5 00

C. N. Brackett,

Regular Prizes.

Beets. — Twelve, Mrs. M. T. Goddard,
Second, George F. Stone, .
Third, Josiah Crosby,
Carrots. — Intermediate, George Hill,
Second, John Cummings, .
Third, "Walter Russell,
Long Orange, Walter Eussell,
Parsnips. — Twelve, J". L. DeWolf, .
Second, M. W. Cliadbourne,
Third, Walter Eussell,
Potatoes. — Four varieties, one peck each
Second, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, .
Third, G. W. Jameson,
Early Rose, John Cummings,
Second, S. A. Merrill,
Third, G. W. Jameson,
Clark's No. 1, Henry Ross,

Second, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, .
Third, G. W. Jameson,
Beauty of Hebron, L. W. Weston,
Second, C. B. Lancaster, .
Third, G. W. Jameson,
Any other variety, Albert Bresee, Advance,
Second, C. B. Lancaster, White Elephant,
Third, Starkes Whiton, Champion of America,
Collection of New Seedling varieties, B. K. Bli
Medal.
Salsify.— Twelve, J. L. DeWolf, .
Second, J. Cummings,
Third, George H. Rich,
Turnips. — Twelve Flat, George H. Rich,
Second, Francis B. Hayes,
Third, George Dorr, .
Swedish, Mrs. M. T. Goddard,
Second, Francis B. Hayes,
Third, A. T. Brown, .

ss & Son, Silver

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254 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Onions. — Peck of Danvers Yellow, J. Cummings, . . . . $3 00

Second, J. Crosby, 2 00

Third, George Hill, 1 00

Ked, J. Cummings, . 3 00

Second, Walter Russell, 2 00

White, J. Cummings, 3 00

Second, Walter Eussell, 2 00

Third, Josiah Crosby, 1 00

Greenflesh Melons. — Four, C. F. Curtis, 3*00

Second, Warren Heustis, 2 00

Third, C. E. Calder, 1 00

MusKMELONS. — Four, J. Cummings, . . . . . . 3 00

Second, A. D. Capen, 2 00

Third, S. A. Merrill, 1 00

Watermelons. — Two, S. Lawrence, . . . . . . 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Third, John Cummings, 1 00

Squashes. — Four Canada, George Dorr, 3 00

Second, C. E. Calder, 2 00

Third, J. Cummings, 1 00

Hubbard, S. W. Hathaway, 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Third, George Hill, 1 00

Marblehead, S. W. Hathaway, 3 00

Second, J. Cummings, ........ 2 00

Marrow, J. Cummings, 3 00

Second, George Hill, 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis 1 00

Turban, S. W. Hathaway, 3 00

Second, J. Cummings, 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Cabbages. — Four Drumhead, J. Cummings, . . . . . 3 00

Second, Joseph Swan, 2 00

Third, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, 1 00

Red, J. Cummings, 3 00

Second, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, 2 00

Savoy, Three, J. Cummings, . 3 00

Second, S. G. Stone, 2 00

Third, Mrs. M. T. Goddard 1 00

Cauliflowers. — Four, J. Cummings, 3 00

Celery. — Four roots, J. Crosby, 3 00

Third prize, Henry Ross, 1 00

Horseradish. — Six roots, the second prize to Benjamin G. Smith, . 2 00

Lima Beans.— Two quarts, B. G. Smith, 3 00

Second, S. G. Stone, 2 CO

Third, C. E. Grant, 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

255

Sweet Corn. — Twelve specimens, John Cummings,

Second, S. G. Stone,

Third, S. A. Merrill,

Field Corn. — Twenty-five ears, Mrs. M. T. Goddard,

Second, C. N. Brackett, ....

Third, Robert Elder,

Egg Plant. — Four Round Purple, J. G. Coolidge,

Second, Walter Russell, ....
Tomatoes. — Three varieties, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, George W. Pierce,

Tliird, C. N. Brackett, ....
Acme, Twelve specimens, S. Hartwell,

Second, W. S. Janvrin,
Boston Market, S. Hartwell,

Second, C. E. Grant, .
Emery, C. E. Grant,

Second, S. G. Stone, .
Gen. Grant, C. E. Grant,

Second, S. Hartwell, ,
Any other variety, George Hill, Mayflower, .

Second, S. G. Stone, Paragon, .
Martynias. — Twenty-four, L. W. Weston,

Second, George W. Pierce,
Okra.— Twenty-four, Mrs. M. T. Goddard,

Second, C. N. Brackett, ....
Peppers. — Twenty-four, George F. Stone,

Second, C. N. Brackett, . . .

Third, C. E. Calder, . ...

Cranberries. — Half-peck, Miss Annie M. Tilley,

Second, J. W. Talbot, ....

Gratuities : —

John Cummings, Collection,

Samuel Hartwell, "

M. W. Chadbourne, "

C. N. Brackett, "

J. G. Coolidge, "

C. V. Whitten, "

Samuel G. Stone, "

M. B. Faxon, "

Robert Elder, Beets, .

Aaron Low, Collection of Potatoes,

E. S. Brownell, Potatoes, .

George W. Pierce, Melons,

Francis B. Hayes, "

S. A. Merrill, Squash,

E. Sheppard, Cucumbers, .

$3 00

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256

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

C. E. Calder, Lettuce,
Walter Russell, Horseradish,
Hiram Sibley & Co., New Dent Corn,
C. F. Smith, Rye, ....
C. E. Grant, Tomatoes,

$1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

September 30.

Gratuity : —
Samuel G. Stone, Collection,

2 00

OCTOBEE 7.

Salsify. — Twelve specimens, M. W. Chadbourne,
Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, Mrs. M. T. Goddard,
Second, Samuel G. Stone, .
Red, Mrs. M. T. Goddard,
Savoy, " " " "

Second, S. G. Stone, .
Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck, Mrs.
Celery. — Four roots, J. Crosby,
Second, W. Patterson,

M. T. Goddard,

Gratuities : —

Benj. G. Smith, Lima Beans,
G. W. Jameson, Barberries,
Horace Partridge, Potatoes,
Samuel G. Stone, Collection,
C. N. Brackett, " "

C. E. Grant, "

2 00
2 00

1 00

2 00
2 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
1 00

1 00
1 00

1 00
3 00

2 00
2 00

Gratuity : —
C. E. Grant, Collection,

October 14.

1 00

Gratuity : —
Samuel G. Stone, Collection,

October 21.

1 00

Gratuities : —

Samuel G. Stone, Collection,
C. E. Grant,

October 28.

1 00
1 00

November 4.
Gratuity : —
Josiah Crosby, Celery, 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 257

November 9.

Cauliflowers. — Four specimens, the second prize to J. L. Gardner, $1 00

Celery. — Four roots, Josiali prosby, 2 00

Second, W. Patterson, 1 00

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Collection, 1 00

C. E. Grant, " 1 00

S. G. Stone, " 2 00

Cephas H. Brackett, Cucumbers and Tomatoes, . . . . 1 00

December 23.

Gratuities : —

William D. Philbrick, Lettuce, 1 00

Cephas H. Brackett, Tomatoes, 1 00

REPORT

OF THE

Committee of Arrangements,

FOR THE YEAR 1882.

The Committee of Arrangements respectfully submit the follow-
ing report :

The several exhibitions, during the past year, have been well
atteudecl, and were satisfactory to the members of the Society and
the public. Each one was carefully looked after and arranged,
the Committee of Arrangements being divided into sub-committees,
with special duties assigned to each, in order to facilitate the labor
where so many details were to be attended to, and to pi^event work-
ing to disadvantage. Sub-committees of three each, for fruits,
flowers, and vegetables, were appointed to take charge of and
arrange the tables of each department, to receive contributions and
find places for contributors, and to see that all were satisfied with
the disposition of the various products olfered for exhibition, in
which we believe there was no cause found for complaint.

A sub-committee, also of three, had charge of printing, adver-
tising, and minor details, which required much care and forethought.
All these sub-committees worked in harmony, the result of which
has been good exhibitions that were highly gratifying to the
numerous visitors.

It is not within our province to give any detailed or minute
description of the various products exhibited, as this has already
been done in the reports of the Committees on Fruits, Flowers,
and Vegetables ; and we need only allude to them in a general way,
by saying that, notwithstanding the very hot and dry summer, from
which all vegetation in this vicinity suffered much during the severe
and protracted drought, the quantity and quality far surpassed
expectation.

The receipts from the sale of tickets at the Azalea, Rose, Chrys-

EEPORT OF THE C0M3IITTEE OF AERANGEMEXTS. 259

anthemum, and Auiiual Exhibitions, have been satisfactory ; the
amount of money received was dulj^ paid over to the Treasurer, and
his receipts were taken therefor, the account of which can be found
in his report, rendering a repetition unnecessary.

The interest shown by the public in the exhil)itions of the Societ}'
during the year has been of the most encouraging Iviud. The con-
stantly increasing love and taste for the cultivation of Fruits,
Plants, Flowers, and Vegetables, give us ever}- reason to believe
that the most prosperous years of the Society are j'et to come.

Evidence of the great progress made by the Massachusetts Hor-
ticultural Society in promoting an interest in gardening and the
cultivation of new and improved varieties of fruits, flowers, and
vegetables, can be seen not only in this vicinity, but everywhere ;
and, although moi'e than fifty ^^ears have passed away since the
Society was established, there is, as there always has been, a steady
growth in its welfare and prosperit}^ At every meeting of the
Society, new mernbers are coming forward to engage in and con-
tinue the great and important work begun by its founders, which,
thus far, has proved an inestimable blessing, and in the future
will be of still greater benefit to the whole country.

C. H. B. BRECK, Chairman.
8

EEPOET

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION AND DISCUSSION,

FOR THE YEAR 1882,

Upon occasions like the present, we are inclined to glance back-
ward over the past, and mark the progress made in Horticulture.

The meetings for discussion the past season, were the most suc-
cessful series ever held by the Society.

Our thanks are due to the perseverance, energy, skill and science
of a few large-hearted and philanthropic individuals, whose lives
are monuments of industry, integrity, and usefulness, for the
present advanced state of Horticulture in our country, and to no
one man are we more largely indebted than to the distinguished
head, for more than a third of a centur}^, of the American Pomologi-
cal Societ}', whose cheerful and hopeful nature and words of
wisdom and encouragement, have stimulated many of us in our in-
vestigations and labors.

The Chairman would especially remember the services of his
associate, John B. Moore, on whom, during the illness of the
Chairman, the labor of providing and arranging for the meetings
largely devolved, and who deserves the hearty thanks of all who
have profited by these meetings, and indeed of all the members of
the Society.

Let us not be satisfied with our present attainments. Let us
compare our experience and results ; let us stimulate each other to
still greater exertions for the advancement of our common cause.
Let us endeavor to disseminate the knowledge of the few among
the many, that we may impi'ove the public taste and confer on our
countr}^ the blessings of our favorite art.

Horticulture is emphatically a peaceful occupation ; it requires

EEPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION AND DISCUSSION. 261

science to direct, intelligence to guide, industry to accomplish, and
a fee simple in the soil, for its successful management. And then,
in the wide range of human effort, we know of no occupation more
satisfactory.

But few copies of the Historj' of the Society have been disposed
of this year, and the Committee fear that the members do not
appreciate this record of the work of the Society during the first
fifty 3'ears of its existence. If they were aware of its value, a
much larger number .of copies would have been called for.

Prizes for essays were offered by the Committee this year, as in
former seasons, but the number of manuscripts competing for the
prizes has been quite limited, and the essays were not of sufficient
interest for j-our Committee, after careful consideration, to accept.

We are again under special obligations to the Secretary for the
thorough and admirable digest of the discussions, and supervision
of all our printed reports.

Respectfully submitted for the Committee,

BENJAMIN G. SMITH, Chairman.

REPORT

OF THE

LIBRARY COMMITTEE,

FOB THE YEAR 1882.

The Committee on the Library offers the following as its Report
for the year 1882.

The income of the Stickney fund has been expended as the giver
directed, and the accessions to the Library from this source have
been numerous, varied and important.

As Botany and Horticulture are the theoretical and practical
sides of one subject, a science and an art mutually dependent,
neither of which can be pursued with the highest success without
the other, some books have been purchased whose bearing upon
Horticulture is indirect, but which are no less useful on that
account. Of such a nature are works on structural botany, upon
the geographical distribution of plants, proceedings of scientific
bodies, and the like.

It is not necessary to name many of the books bought during
the year, as the titles of all purchases have been conspicuously
posted as soon as the volumes were received, and a list of all
accessions will be printed in connection with this report ; but it
may be well to call attention to our rare and ancient copies of
"Fuchsius" and " Dodouiieus," of date 1542 and 1583, respectively,
and to tlie " Flora Austriaca," a magnificent work in five volumes,
folio, with five hundred colored plates.

The Society's appropriation lias been spent for periodicals and
for binding as far as it would go ; but the amount granted is not
enough to enable us to bind all the periodicals received, and there
is, at i)resent, a considerable accumulation of these and of w'orks
issued in parts, all of which must necessarily be kept out of circu-
lation until they are put into a form suitable for use. There are

REPORT or THE LIBRxVRY COMMITTEE. 2G3

also several periodicals not j^et on our list, to which we ought to be
subscribers.

Two 3'ears ago, the Librar}' Committee recommended that two
book-cases be placed against the western side of this room. In
the first part of the present year, the busts which had long stood
on brackets against the wall were removed with their supports, and
a capacious book-case put in their place ; but, large as the case
was, it was almost immediateh' filled up, and, today, the Com-
mittee must, as for so many 3'ears before, call the attention of the
Society to the fact that more room for books is needed.

Last year, the Committee stated in their report that two of the
catalogues which had been sent to the Society by dealers were
missing from the table. Not only have these not been returned,
but others liave disappeared during the year, as well as some of
the agricultural papers. We, therefore, desii^e to repeat that these
catalogues have been collected by means of much painstalciug and
correspondence, and that they are not for distribution. The Com-
mittee is very reluctant to remove them from the table where they
are so accessible, and, therefore, earnestly requests all members of
the Society to be as particular, when taking out these catalogues,
to have them properly charged by the Librarian upon his record'
as they would be in the case of an}" other book.

For .many 3'ears past, the Committee has urged upon the
Society the great need of a catalogue of its plates, representing
that this necessit}' was increasing in the precise ratio of the increase
of plates, of which we accumulate hundreds, if not thousands,
every year. AVe are now very glad to announce that this work has
been begun, and that substantial progress has been made. Early
in the year the Executive Committee granted one hundred dollars
for the purpose, and for that sum no less than thirteen thousand
cards have been written. That is, we now have an index to thir-
teen thousand figures of plants, mostly colored, which before could
have been found only by long search, and in many cases only by
accident. The greater part of tliese cards have been verified
by comparing them carefull}' with the plates, aud as soon as a
cabinet can be prepared to receive them, they will be arranged in
alphabetical oi'der, so that any person desiring to find a figure of
any plant or fruit, can do so with a very slight expenditure of time.
There are in our library, by careful estimate, almost a quarter of a
million plates, hitherto almost as obscurely buried as the remains

264 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of the mouucl-builders ; but we may now indulge the hope that the
work of exhuming them will go on steadily, until all this vast col-
lection shall be so indexed that the figures of the plants which they
represent may be found as readily as words in a dictionary. We
are really comiug into possession of these figures a second time,
and for a very low price, when we consider the value of what we
thus obtain.

For the Committee,

W. E. ENDICOTT, Chairman.
Boston, December 2, 1882.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS.

Books Purchased.

Fuchsius, Leonhartus. De Historia Stirpium Coramentarii insignes, etc.
Folio. 512 colored wood-cuts. Basle: 1542.

Matthiolus, Petrus Andreas. Commentarii in Libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis
Anazarbci de Medica Materia, etc. Apologia Adversus Amathum
Lusitanum. Small folio. Many wood-cuts. Lugdunum : 1562.

Pena, Petro, et Matthia de Lobel. Medicis NoA^a Stirpium Adversaria, etc.
Folio. 1,724 wood-cuts. Antwerp : 157G. The last part of the
volume (comprising more than half) is Plantarum seu Stirpium His-
toria Matthiaj de Lobel Insulani ; cui annexum est Adversariorum
volumen. 1,411 wood-cuts.

Dodonffius, Eembertus. Stirpium Historias, etc. Folio. Many wood-cuts.
Antwerp : 1583.

Clusius, Carolus. Rariorum Plantarum Historia, etc. Folio. 1,146 wood-
cuts. Antwerp : 1601.

Besler, Basil. Hortus Eystettenensis, etc. 2 vols. Large folio. 366 plates.
Nuremberg: 1613.

Ray, John. Historia Plantarum, etc. 3 vols. Folio. London: 1686,1688,
1704.

Pomct, Pierre. Histoire Gencrale des Drogues, etc. Folio. Many wood-
cuts. Paris: 1694.

Kffimpfer, Englebert. Amccnitatum Exoticarum, etc. 4to. Many plates.
Lemgoviai : 1712.

Tournefort, M. Pitton de. Relation d' un Voyage du Levant, etc. 2 vols, in
1. 4to. Many plates. Amsterdam : 1718.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 265

Merian, Marie Sibille. Histoire des Inseotes de I'Europe, etc. Large folio.
93 plates of insects and plants. Translated from Dutch into French,
by Jean Maaret, M. D. Amsterdam : 1730. Also, in the same
volume, Dissertation sur la Generatioa et les Transformations des
Insectes de Surinam, etc. Many plates. La Haye : 1726.

Warner, Robert, and B. S. Williams. The Orchid Album, comprising Col-
ored Figures and Descriptions of' New, Rare, and Beautiful Orchid-
aceous Plants. Vol. 1, Parts 5-12; Vol. 2, Parts 13-16, in contin-
uation. 4to. Colored plates. London: 1881-1882.

Fitzgerald, R. D., F. L. S. Australian Orchids. Folio. Parts 3 and 4 in
continuation. 30 plates. Sydney, N. S. W.

Pallas, P. S., Eq., Species Astragalorum Descriptae et Iconibus Coloratis
Illustratae. Ciim Appendice. Folio. 99 colored plates. Leipsic :
1800.

Baillon, H. Histoire des Plantes. Vol. 8. Monographie des Composees.
8vo. 131 wood-cuts. Paris : 1882.

Forster, Carl Friederich. Handbuch der Cacteenkunde, etc. 16mo. Leip-
zig, 1846.

Pierre, L., Directeur de Jardin Botanique de Saigon. Flore Forestiere de
la Cochin Chine. 4e fascicule. Folio. 16 plates. Paris.

Regel, Dr. Edwai;d. Flora of Turkestan. Vol. 3, Part 2. Descriptions of
New and Rare Plants. 4to. Moscow and Berlin : 1882.

Jacquin, Nicolaus Josephus. Florae Austriaca; sive Plantarum Selectarura in
Austriaj Archiducatu sponte crescentium, icones, ad vivum color-
atae, et descriptionibus ac synonymis illustratae. 5 vols. Folio.
tiOO colored plates. Vienna: 1773-1778.

Sturm, Jacob. Deutschlands Flora, etc. 18mo. 1,440 colored plates of
Phanerogamen, 416 Cryptogamen, and 480 Pilze. Nuremberg,
1791-1855.

Schlectendahl, Dr. D. F. L. Von, Dr. L. E. Langethal, und Dr. Ernst Schenck.
Flora von Deutschland, Fiinfte auflage, von Dr. Ernst Hallier.
Lieferungen 48-56, in continuation. Small 8vo. Many colored plates.
Gera-Untermhaus : 1881-1882.

Cesati, V., G. Passerini, and G. Gibelli. Compendio Flora Italiana. Ease.
28, Plates 82 and 83, in continuation. Royal 8vo. Bologna, Milan,
and Naples, 1881.

Willkomm, Maurice. Illustrations Florae Hispaniae insularumque Balearium,
etc. Livraisons 1-3. 4to. 28 plates. Stuttgart: 1881.

Verlot, B. Les Plantes Alpines. Choix des plus belles esp^^ces ; Descrip-
tion, Station, Excursions, Culture, Emploi. 2d edition. Royal 8vo.
50 colored plates ; 78 wood-cuts. Paris : 1873.

Graf, F. Die Alpenpflanzen. Hefte 35-41 in continuation. 16mo. 63
colored plates. Prague : 1882.

Leresche, Louis, et ilmile Levier. Deux Excursions Botaniques dans le
Nord de I'Espagne et le Portugal, en 1878 et 1879. 8vo. 9 plates.
Lausanne : 1880.

Briard, M. Catalogue Raisonne des Plantes observees jusqu'a ce jour qui

266 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

croissent naturellexnent dans le Departement de I'Aube. 8vo.
Troyes: 1880.

Hulme, T. Edward, F. L. S., F. S. A. Familiar Wild Flowers. First Series.
Small 8vo. 40 colcfred plates. London, Paris, and New York.

Todaro, Augustino. Hortus Botanicus Panormitanus sive Plantae Novfe vel
Criticai qute in Horto Botanico Panormitano Coluntur, descripta; et
iconibus illustratae. Vol. 2, Fasciculus 1. Folio. 2 colored plates.
Palermo: 1879.

Catalogue of Trees, Shrubs, Plants, and Flowers, both Exotic and Domestic,
which are propagated for sale in the gardens near London, etc. By
a Society of Gardeners. Folio. 21 colored plates. London: 1730.

Cutler, Rev. Manasseh, F. A. A. and M. S., etc. An Account of some of
the Vegetable Productions naturally growing in this part of America
[Massachusetts], botanically arranged. 4to. Boston: 1785.
[Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.]

Bigelow, Jacob, M. D. Florula Bostoniensis, etc. 1st edition. 8vo. Bos-
ton : 1814.

Hemsley, William. Biologia Centrali-Americana ; Botany. Parts 10-13, in
continuation. 4to. 16 plates. London : 1882.

Dodel-Port, Dr. Arnold and Caroline. Anatomical and Physiological Atlas
of Botany, etc. Part 4, in continuation. 6 large folio plates, with
12mo handbook translated and edited by D. McAlpine, F. C. S.,
etc. Edinburgh and London : 1881.

McNab, William Ramsay, M. D., F. L. S., etc. Botany. Outlines of Mor- "
phology, Physiology, and Classification of Plants, specially revised
for American Students, by Charles E. Bessey, M. Sc, Ph. D., etc.
Small 12mo. 118 wood-cuts. New York : 1881.

Cooke, M. C, M. A., LL.D. Freaks and Marvels of Plant Life, or Curiosi-
ties of Vegetation. Small 8vo. 97 wood-cuts. London and New
York: 1881.

Trelease, William. Nectar ; its Nature, Occurrence, and Uses. Extracted
from the Report on Cotton Insects by J. Henry Comstock, Entomol-
ogist to the U. S. Department of Agriculture. 8vo pamphlet.
Author's edition. No date, no imprint.

Goodale, George L. [Guide for Science Teaching, No. 2.] Concerning a
few Common Plants. 2d edition. IGmo pamphlet. Boston: 1881.

Wood, Alphonso, Ph. D. Class Book of Botany, being Outlines of the
Structure, Physiology, and Classification of Plants ; with a Flora of
the United States and Canada. 8vo. G09 wood-cuts. New York and
Chicago.

. Leaves and Flowers, or Object Lessons in Botany, with a

Flora. Prepared for Beginners in Academies and Public Schools.
12mo. GG5 wood-cuts. New York and Chicago : 1881.

■ . Illustrated Plant Record and Guide to Analysis. Adapted

to any American Botany. Square 8vo. New York : 1881.
Le Maout, M. Emm. Flower Object Lessons, or First Lessons in Botany;
a Familiar Description of a few Flowers. From the French. 12mo.
99 wood-cuts. New York : 1873.

EEPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. ZU

Easy Lessons in Botany, according to the Requirements of Revised Code,
1880. By the author of " Plant Life," with 120 illustrations by the
autlior. IGnio. pamplilet. London: 1881.

Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette. The Horticultural part
edited by Professor Lindley. 6 vols. Folio. 1849-1854, completing
the set. London : 1849-1854.

Henfrey, Arthur, F. R. S.,F. L. S., Thomas Moore, F. L. S., William P.
Ayres, C. M. H. S., and other ciiltivators. The Garden Companion
and Florists' Guide, January to October, 1852. 4to. 20 colored
plates and many wood-cuts. London : 1852.

Wood, John Frederick, F. H. S. The Midland Florist and Suburban Hor-
ticulturist. 11 vols. 12mo. 1847-1857. Vol. 11 is edited by
Alfred G. Sutton, and is Vol. 1, New Series.

Linnean Society of London. Transactions. Second Series, Botany. Vol.
1, Parts 7, 8 and 9, and Vol. 2, Part 1, in continuation. 4to. 44 pi.
London: 1880, 1881.

Royal Agricultural Society. Journal. Second Series. Vol. 17, Part 2, and
Vol. 18, in continuation. 8vo. London: 1881, 1882.

Hibberd, Shirley. The Garden Oracle and Illustrated Floricultural Year
Book, 1882. Twenty-fourth year of publication. Small square 8vo.
Wood-cuts. London: 1882.

Le Bon Jardinier Almanach pour I'Annee 1856. Thick 12mo. Paris.

Reider, Jacob Ernst von. Annalen der Blumisterei fiir Blumenfreunde,
Gartenbesiker und Saamenhandler. 12 vols. Small 8vo. 288
colored plates. Niirnberg und Leipzig : 1825-183G.

Gerstenberg, C. Der Gartenbeobachter. 6 vols. Small 8vo. 144 colored
plates. Niirnberg, 1837-1842. [Successor to the preceding.]

Neubert, Wilhelm. Deutschcs Magazin fiir Garten und Blumenkunde. Vol.
1. 8vo. Colored and other plates. Stuttgart: 1848-

Zippel, Hermann, und Carl BoUmann. Reprasentanten Einheimischer Pflan-
zenfamilien in farbigen Wandtafeln mit erliiuterndem text, ira an-
• schluss an die " Ausliindischen Culturpflanzen." Erste Abtheilung ;
Kryptogamen, with a portfolio of 12 colored plates ; Zweite Abtheil-
ung, 1st and 2d Lieferungen, with 24 colored plates. Text 8vo.
Plates, double page folio. Braunschweig: 1879-1881.

Vegetable Substances used in the Arts and in Domestic Economy. Timber,
Trees, Fruits; Materials of Manufactures ; The Food of Man. 3
vols. 12mo. Many wood-cuts. London : 1830, 1832, and 1833.
[The Library of Entertaining Knowledge.]

Smith, John, A. L. S. A Dictionary of Popular Names of the Plants which
furnish the Natural and Acquired Wants of Man, in all matters of
Domestic and General Economy; tlieir History, Products, and
Uses. 8vo. London: 1882.

Von Mueller, Baron Ferd., C. M. G., M. & Ph. D., F. R. S. Select Plants
readily eligible for Industrial Culture or Naturalization in Victoria,
etc. 8vo. Melbourne : 1876.

Vianne, Ed. La Culture Economique, par I'emploi raisonne des instru-

268 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

merits, machines, outils, appareils, ct utensiles usites dans la petite
et la grande culture, leur description et I'etude des ressources qu'ils
offrent aux agriculteurs au point de vue de la baisse des prix de
revicnt. 18mo. 204 wood-cuts. Paris : 1872.

Thomas, John J. Rural Affairs ; A Practical and Copiously Illustrated Reg-
ister of Rural Economy and Rural Taste, etc. Vol. 9. Svo. 382
wood-cuts. Albany: 1881.

Mayer, Jean. Pomona Franconica. Description des Arbres Fruitiers le plus
connus et le plus estimes en Europe, qui se cultivent maintenant au
Jardin de la Cour de Wurzbourg, etc. 3 vols. 4to. 265 colored
plates. Nuremberg: 1776-1801. Text in German and French.

Knoop, Jean Herman. Pomologie, ou Description des meilleures sortes des
Pommes et de Poires. Fructologie, ou Desci'iption des Arbres
Fruitiers. Folio. 39 colored plates. Amsterdam : 1771.

Lauche, W. Deutsche Pomologie. Lieferungen 47-66, in continuation. 80
colored i)lates of Fruits. Berlin : 1882. Erganzungsband ; Hand-
buch des Obstbaues. Lieferungen 7 and 8, completing this portion
of the work. 8vo. Wood-cuts. Berlin : 1882.

Lucas, Dr. Ed. und J. G. C. Oberdieck. Illustrirtes Handbuch der Obstkunde.
8 vols. 8vo. Many outlines and plates of fruit and leaves. Stutt-
gart: 1875. Also, Supplement to the above. 8vo. Outlines, etc.,
of Pears. Stuttgart: 1879.

. Systematische Ubersichts der Obstsorten der ersten fiinf

Biinde des Illustrirten Handbuchs der Obstkunde von Oberdieck und
Lucas, etc. 2d ed. Svo. Stuttgart : 1875.

. Leitfaden zum Bestimmen der Obstsorten. Fur die Besiker

des Illustrirten Handbuchs der Obstkunde von Jahn, Lucas, und
Oberdieck. 8vo. Stuttgart: 1863.

Oberdieck, J. G. C. Zulake und Berichtigungen zu Band 1 und 4 des lUustr.
Handbuch der Obstkunde, enthaltend Beschreibungen von Aepfeln.
Svo. Ravensburg : 1868.

Calwer, Dr. C. G. Deutschlands Obstund Beerenfriichte. 4to. 28 colored
plates. Stuttgart : 1854.

Dybdahl, J. A. Jordbaerog vore vigtigste Frugtbusk-arter, etc. Hefte 1-3.
Small Svo. 4 colored plates. Copenhagen: 1879.

Carriere, E.-A. Semis et Mise a Fruit des Arbres Fruitiers. 12mo. Paris.

Coutance, A. L. L'Olivier; Histoire, Botanique, Regions, Culture, Produits,
Usages, Commerce, Industrie, etc. Royal Svo. 120 wood-cuts.
Paris: 1877.

Bernays, Lewis A., F. L. S. The Olive and its Products, etc. Svo. 11
plates. Brisbane, Australia: 1872.

Lespiault, Maurice. Les Vignes Americaines dans le Sud-ouest de la France.
8vo. pamphlet. Nerac : 1881.

Fulton, James Alexander. Peach Culture. New, Revised, and Enlarged edi-
tion. 12mo. 29 wood-cuts. New York : 1882.

Fuller, Andrew S. The Small Fruit Culturist. New, Re-written, and En-
larged edition. Beautifully Illustrated. 12mo. New York : 1881.

REPORT OF. THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 2G9

Hogg, Robert, LL.D., F. L. S., editor. The Herefordshire Pomona, contain-
ing colored figures and descriptions of the most esteemed kinds of
Apples and Pears. Part 4, in continuation. Folio. Colored plates
and wood-cuts. London and Hereford : 188L

Bunyard, George, F. R. H. S. Fruit Farming for Profit. Small 8vo.
Maidstone and London : 1831.

Greig, W. The Flower Growers' Guide. 24mo. Colored plates. London :
1841.

Wellcome, Mrs. M. D. Talks about Flowers. Square 12mo. Wood-cuts.
Yarmouth, Maine : 1881.

Jerrold, Tom and Jane. Household Horticulture ; a Gossip about Flowers.
Small 8 vo. Wood-cuts. London: 1881.

Oakey, Alexander F. Home Grounds. 12mo. 29 wood-cuts. New York :
1881.

Church, Ella Rodman. The Home Garden. 12mo. Wood-cuts. New York:
1881.

EUwanger, H. B. The Rose ; a Treatise on the Cultivation, History, Family
Characteristics, etc., of the various groups of Roses, with accurate
descriptions of the varieties now generally grown. 12mo. New
York: 1882.

Parsons, Samuel B.- A Treatise on the Propagation, Culture, and History of
the Rose. New and revised edition. Illustrated. 12mo. New
York: 1881.

Fish, D. T. The Chrysanthemum, Its History, Varieties, Cultivation, and
Diseases. 8vo. pamphlet. 7 wood-cuts. London : 1882.

Martens, Georg von. Die Gartenbohnen. Ihre Verbreitung, Cultur, und
Beniitzung. 4to. 13 colored plates. 2d edition, enlarged. Ravens-
burg : 1869.

Calwer, Dr. C. G. Deutschlands Feld und Gartengewachse. 4to. 3G colored
plates. Stuttgart: 1852.

Lebeuf, V.-F. Les Asperges, les Praises, les Figues, les Framboises et les
Groseilles. 8th edition. ISmo. 27 wood-cuts. Paris : 1881.

. L Horticulteur Gastronome. Bons Legumes et Bons Fruits,

etc. 18mo. Paris : 1877.

Fitz, James. Sweet Potato Culture ; giving full instructions from Starting
. the Plants to Harvesting and Storing the Crop, with a chapter on the
Chinese Yam. 12rao. pamphlet. New York : 1882.

Warrington, R., F. C. S. The Chemistry of the Farm. Small 8vo. Lon-
don: 1881. [Handbook of the Farm Series.]

Hyde, J. Burrows, C. E. Treatment and Uses of Peat and Peaty Material,
etc. 24mo. New York : 1866.

Treat, Mrs. Mary. Injurious Insects of the Farm and Garden. 12mo. 163
wood-cuts. New York : 1882.

Franks, Dr. B. Die Krankheiten der Pflanzen, etc. 2 parts. 8vo. 149
wood-cuts. Breslau: 1880, 1881.

Britten, James, F. L. S. European Ferns, with colored illustrations from
Nature, by D. Blair, F. L. S. Parts 28-30, completing the work.
4to. London, Paris, and New York.

270 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Chanter, Charlotte. Ferny Combes. A Ramble after Ferns in the Glens
and Valleys of Devonshire. 3d edition. Small 8vo. Map and 8
colored plates. London : 1857.

Ferns and Ferneries. By the author of " Anatomy of an Earthworm," etc.
Small 8vo. pamphlet. 14 wood-cuts. London : 1880.

Eidley, Marian S. A Pocket Guide to British Ferns. Small 8vo. London :
1881.

Schiraper, W. Ph. Musci Europaei Novi vel Bryologiae Europaeae Supple-
mentum. Fasciculi 1-4. 4to. 40 plates. Stuttgart: lSG4-lbC6.

Tuckerman, Edward, M. A. A Synopsis of the North American Lichens;
Part 1, comprising the Parmeliacei, Cladoniei, and Coenogoniei.
8vo. Boston: 1882.

Thuret, M. Gustave. i^tudes Phycologiques. Analyses d'Algues Marines.
Publiees par les soins de M. le Dr. £douard Bornet. Folio. 50
plates. Paris : 1878.

Cooke, M. C. Illustrations of British Fungi. To serve as an Atlas to the
"Handbook of British Fungi." Parts 1-7. Bvo. 116 colored
plates. London: 1881, 1882.

Cooke, M. C, M. A., LL.D., and M. J. Berkeley, M. A., F. L. S. Fungi:
Their Nature, Inliuence, and Uses. Small 8vo. 109 wood-cuts.
London : 1875.

Lucand, L. Figures peintes de Champignons suites a ITconographie de
Bulliard. 2e Fascicules. 4to. 25 water-color drawings.

Lavallee, Alphonse. Arboretum Segrezianum ; Icones Selectae Arborum et
Fruticum in Hortis Segrezianis coUectorum, etc. Livraison 4, in con-
tinuation. Folio. 6 plates. Paris, London, and Madrid : 1882.

Hartig, Dr. Robert. Lehrbuch der Baumkrankhcitcn. Large 8vo. 11 col-
ored plates. 86 wood-cuts. Berlin : 1882.

Hough, Franklin B. The Elements of Forestry, etc. Small Svo. 1G9 wood-
cuts. Cincinnati : 1882.

Michie, Christopher Young, Forester, CuUen House. The Larch : A Prac-
tical Treatise on its Culture and General Management. Small 8vo.
Photographs. Edinburgh and London : 1882.

Aikin, John, M. D. The Woodland Companion; or a Brief Description of
British Forest Trees, with some account of their Uses. Compiled
by the author of " Evenings at Home." 8vo. 28 plates. Londpn :
1802.

Hooker, Sir William Jackson, K. H., etc. Icones Plantarum, or Figures,
with brief descriptive characters and remarks, of New or Rare
Plants, selected from the author's herbarium. Vols. 5 and 6, New-
Series, or Vols. 9 and 10 of the entire work, completing the set.
Svo. 200 plates. London : 1852, 1854,

Lovell, Robert. Enchiridion Botanicum, or a Compleat Herball, etc. Small
12mo. Oxford: 1665.

Darwin, (^harles. The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of
Worms, with observations on their habits. 12mo. 15 Avood-cuts.
New York : 1882.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 271

Milner, George. Country Pleasures ; the Chronicle of a Year, Chiefly in a

Garden. 16mo. Boston: 1881.
Home, John, F. L. S., etc. A Year in Fiji, or an inquiry into the Botanical,

Agricultural, and Economical Resources of the Colony. 8vo. Map.

London: 1881.
Daubeny, Ciiarles, M. D., F. R. S., etc. Popular Geography of Plants, or

a Botanical Excursion round the World. By E. M. C. Edited by

Dr. Daubeny. IGmo. 20 colored plates. London : 1855.

Books and Pamphlets Presented.

Gray, Asa, M. D. Botany of the United States Exploring Expedition, 1839-
1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Vol 1,
Phanerogamia. 4to. New York : 185-1. The Author.

Watson, Sereno. Bibliographical Index to North American Botany, etc.
Part 1., Polypetalffi. 8vo. Washington, March, 1878. The Smith-
sonian Institution.

Farlow, Professor William G. An Account of Recent Progress in Botany
(for the years 1879 and 1880). Svo. pamphlet. The Smithsonian
Institution.

Ward, Lester F. FJora of Washington, D. C, and Vicinity. Check List.
From the Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 22.
8vo. pamphlet. Washington : 1882. The Smithsonian Institution.

Rothrock, J. T., M. D. Flora of Alaska. From the Report of the Smith-
sonian Institution for 1867. Svo. pamphlet. Washington. The
Smithsonian Institution.

Eggers, Baron H. F. A. The Flora of St. Croix and the Virgin Islands.
Bulletin of the U. S. National Museum, No. 13. Svo. pamj)hlet.
Washington : 1879. The Smithsonian Institution.

Case, L. B. Botanical Index. Vol. 3, Nos. 2 and 4 ; Vol. 4, No. 2, com-
pleting the work. 3 pamphlets, 8vo. Richmond, Indiana. The
Editor.

Wilder, Marshall P. The Horticulture of Boston and Vicinity. Substan-
tially the same as the chapter prepared for the Boston Memorial
Series, Vol. 4. Privately printed. Svo. pamphlet. Boston : 1881.
The Author.

Farm Library. Vol. 1. No. 1. Flowers in Winter, etc., byEben E. Rexford;
December 24, 1881. No, 2. The Flower Garden, etc., January 7,
1882. No. 3. The Flower Garden, etc.. Part 2. January 21, 1882.
No. 4. The Vegetable Garden, by Dr. Byron D. Halsted, February
4, 1882. No. 5. Luscious Fruits, etc., by O. B. Galusha, March 1,
1882. No. 6 The A 1 Poultry Book, etc. 6 pamphlets. 12mo.
Chicago : 1881, 1882. E. H. Libby, Publisher.

Downing, A. J. The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America, etc. Illustrated
with colored engravings. Svo. New York : 1850. Charles Downing.

Vias, A. Culture de la Vigne en Chaintres. Svo. pamphlet. 4th edition.
28 wood-cuts. Paris : 1882. Ch. Joly.

272 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Paul, "William. Observations sur Ic Culture des Eosiers en Pots. Translated
by Ch. de Franjiosi. Small 8vo. pamphlet. Lille, 1882. Ch. Joly.

McNab, William. A Treatise on the Propagation, Cultivation, and General
Treatment of Cape Heaths. 8vo. pamphlet. Colored plate. Edin-
burgh and London : 1833, J. D. W. French.

Vries, Dr. Hugo de. Het Kingziek der Hyaeinthen. 8vo. pamphlet. Haarlem :
1882. Note on the Dutch Cut Flower Trade in London. From the
Deutschen Gartner-Zeitung, 1882, No. 18. J. H. Krelage.

Breck, Joseph, Superintendent of the Horticultural Garden, Lancaster, Mass.
The Young Florist, or Conversations on the Culture of Flowers, and
on Natural History, with numerous engravings from original designs.
16mo. Boston : 1833. Parker Barnes.

Kiley, Charles V. Bulletin No. 6 of the U. S. Entomological Commission ;
General Index and Supplement to the Nine Reports of the Insects of
Missouri by Charles V. Riley, M. A., Ph. D. Bvo pamphlet.
"Washington : 1881. The Author.

Packard, A. S., Jr., M. D. Bulletin No. 7 of the U. S. Entomological Com-
mission. Insects Injurious to Shade Trees. 8vo. pamphlet. 100
wood-cuts. "Washington: 1881. Charles V. Riley.

Riley, Charles V., A. S. Packard, Jr., and Cyrus Thomas. Second Report of
the U. S. Entomological Commission for the years 1878 and 1879,
relating to the Rocky Mountain Locust and the "Western Cricket.
8vo. Maps and plates, "Washington : 1881. Charles V. Riley.

Hagen, Dr. H. A. Experiments with Yeast in destroying Insects. 8vo.
pamphlet. The Author.

Barral, J. -A. Conference sur le Phylloxera, faite le ler Avril, 1882. 4to.
pamphlet. 60 wood-cuts. Paris : 1882. [Societe d'Encourage-
ment pour ITndustrie Nationale.] Ch. Joly.

Allen, James A., First Lieut. U. S. Array, Acting Signal OflScer and Assistant.
Signal Service Notes No. 3. To Foretell Frost. 8vo. pamphlet.
Washington: 1882. The Author. Five copies.

Cleveland, H. W. S. The Culture and Management of our Native Forests,
for Development as Timber or Ornamental Wood. Bvo. pamphlet.
Springfield, 111. : 1882, The Author.

Gibb, Charles. Ornamental and Timber Trees not Natives of the Province
of Quebec. 8vo. pamphlet. Montreal: 1882. The Author,

Tenth Census of the United States. Forestry Bulletins, Nos. 1-22. Broad-
sides. Tables and Maps. C. W. Seaton, Superintendent of the
Census.

Dunnell, Hon. Mark H. Speech on American Forestry in the House of
Representatives, March 9, 1882. 8vo. pamphlet. Washington:
1882.

Arnold Arboretum. Annual Reports of the Director for 1879-1880 and 1880-
1881. 2 pamphlets. 8vo. 2 copies. Cambridge : 1880, 1881. Charles
S. Sargent, Director.

Forty-ninth Report of the Coniniissioners of Her Majesty's Woods, Forests,
and Land Revenues. Dated 29th June, 1881. Small folio pamphlet.
J, D. W. French.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 273

Annuaire des Eaux et Forets pour 1882. 21e Annee. 24mo. Paris : 1882.
Publishers of the Revue des Eaux et Eor^ts.

Prestoe, Henry, Government Botanist. Report on the Botanic Gardens,
Trinidad, for 1880. Small folio. Port-of-Spain, 1881. Joseph H.
Woodford.

Joly, Ch. Note sur les Serres du Jardin Botanique de Glascow. 8vo.
pamphlet. Wood-cuts. Paris : 1882. The Author.

Royal Horticultural Society. Journal, Vol. 6. Edited by Rev. George Hens-
low, M. A., P. L. S., P. G. S., etc. 8vo. pamplilet. London:

1880. The Society.

Societe Nationale et Centrale d'Horticulture de France. Annales and Journal.
23 vols. 8vo. (in numbers), completing the setup to 1870. Paris:
1831-1870. The Society.

Societe Centrale d'Horticulture du Departement de la Seine Inferieure. Bul-
letin, Tome 23, Cahiers 3 and 4, 1881 ; Tome 24, Cahiers 1 and 2,
1882. Catalogue des Fruits Moules de Pressoir faisant partie des
Collections de la Societe. . 8vo. pamphlet. Rouen : 1882. The
Society.

E. Societa Toscana di Orticultura. BuUetino ; Vol. 6, Nos. 11 and 12, 1881 ;
Vol. 7, Nos. 1-10, 1882. 8vo. Florence : 1881, 1882. The Society.

Copenhagen Society for the Promotion of Horticulture. Premium Lists,
Statements, etc. 7 pamphlets. 8vo. In the Danish language. Also,
several Danish newspapers, with articles on Horticulture, by Carl
Haussen ; the whole presented by him.

Montreal Horticultural Society and Fruit Growers' Association of the Province
of Quebec. Seventla Report, for the year 1881. 8vo. pamphlet.
Map. Montreal. 6 copies. List of Premiums for the Exhibition to be
held in Montreal, in September, 1882. 8vo. pamphlet. Montreal :

1881. Henry S. Evans, Secretary and Treasurer.

Worcester County Horticultural Society. Transactions for the year 1881,
comprising Essays and Remarks at stated weekly meetings ; also,
the Annual Reports of the Librarian and Secretary. 8vo. pam-
phlet. Worcester : 1882. Also, Schedule of Premiums for the
year 1882. 8vo. pamphlet. Worcester : 1882. Edward Winslow
Lincoln, Secretary.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society. Rules and Premium List for the Au-
tumn Exhibition, September 19-21, 1882. 8vo. pamphlet. The
Society.

Western New York Horticultural Society. Proceedings at the Twenty-
seventh Annual Meeting, held at Rochester, January 25, 26, and 27,

1882. 8vo. pamphlet. Rochester : 1882. The Society.

New Jersey Horticultural Society. Proceedings at the Seventh Annual Meet-
ing, held at Vineland, January 11 and 12, 1882. 8vo. pamphlet.
Newark : 1882. E. Williams, Secretary. 2 copies.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. Programme for the year 1882. Small
8vo. pamphlet. Philadelphia : 1882. A. W. Harrison, Secretary.

Pennsylvania Fruit Growers' Society. Report for 1881. 8vo. pamphlet.
5 plates. Harrisburg : 1881. E. B. Engle, Secretary.

274 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association, formerly Pennsylvania Fruit
Growers' Society. Report for 1882. Prepared by its Officers. 8vo.
pamphlet. 4 plates. Harrisburg : 1882. E. B. Engle, Secretary.

Ohio Horticultural Society. Fifteenth Annual Report, for the years 1881-82.
Svo. pamphlet. Columbus : 1882. George W. Campbell, Secretary.

Indiana Horticultural Society. Transactions for the year 1881, etc. By
William H. Ragan, Secretary. 8vo. Indianapolis : 1882. D. E.
Hoffman.

Randolph County [Indiana] Horticultural Society. Proceedings, January 14,
1881; June 17, 1882; September 23, 1882. 3 pamphlets. Svo.
Winchester: 1881, 1882. D. E. Hoffman.

Richmond [Indiana] Horticultural Association. Proceedings, July 13, 1878.
Svo. pamphlet. W. D. Schooley.

Kentucky Horticultural Society. Proceedings, 1877-78, 1879, 1880, 1881.
4 pamphlets. Svo. Louisville: 1878, 1879, and Frankfort : 1880,
1881. J. Decker, Recording Secretary.

Michigan State Horticultural Society. Eleventh Annual Report of the Secre-
tary, 1881. Svo. Lansing: 1882. T. H. Forster, Librarian. Ex-
tra copies for distribution. Catalogue of Fruits for 1882. Prepared
by T. T. Lyon, President. Svo. pamphlet. Lansing : 1882.

Iowa State Horticultural Society. Transactions for 1881. Edited by J. L.
Budd, Secretary. Svo. Des Moines : 1882. C. L. Watrous, Presi-
dent.

Minnesota State Horticultural Society. Transactions at the Fall Meeting,
at Lake City, September 21 and 22, 1881, and the Winter Meeting
at Minneapolis, January 16, 17, and 18, 1882. Prepared by U. S.
Hollister, Secretary. Svo. pamphlet. St. Paul: 1882. Oliver
Gibbs, Jr., Acting Secretary.

Kansas State Horticultural Society. Report for the year 1881, Vol. 11. Svo.
Topeka : 1882. G. C. Brackett, Secretary.

American Pomological Society. Proceedings at the Eighteenth Session, held
in Boston, Mass., September 14-16, 1881. Edited by the Secretary,
W. J. Beal. 4to. Rochester, N. Y. : 1882. 4 copies. Hon. Mar-
shall P. Wilder, President.

Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario, Canada. Reports for 1S69, '71, '72,
'73, '75, and '76. With Reports of the Entomological Society. 6
pamphlets. Svo. Wood-cuts. Toronto : 1870-1877. D. W. Beadle,
Secretary.

United States Department of Agriculture. Annual Report of the Commis-
sioner for the year 1880. Svo. Plates and charts. Washington :
1881. Hon. George B. Loring, Commissioner. 2 copies.

. Special Reports, Nos. 3, 4, 6, 11, and 16.

5 pamphlets. Svo. Washington: 1877, '78, and '79. Edmund Her-
sey. Also, a copy of No. 43 from Henry Phelps.

Special Reports, No. 38-52. Proceed-

ings of a Convention of Agriculturists held in the Department of
Agriculture, January 10-18, 1882. Florida, its Climate, Soil, Pro-

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 275

ductions, and Agricultural Capabilities. 17 pamphlets. 8vo. Wash-
ington : 1882. The Commissioner.

American Agricultural Association. Agricultural Review and Journal, Janu-
ary, 1882, Supplement, and August. 2 pamphlets. 8vo. New-
York : 1882. Joseph H. Eeall, Secretary.

Maine Board of Agriculture. Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Secretary,
for the year 1881. 8vo. Augusta: 1882. Z. A. Gilbert, Secretary.

Maine State Agricultural Society, Maine State Pomological Society, and
Androscoggin County Agricultural Society. Premium List of the
Consolidated Exhibitions, Lewiston, September 2G-29, 1882. 8vo.
pamphlet. Augusta : 1882. Granville Fernald, Cor. Sec. Pom. Soc.

New Hampsliire Board of Agriculture. Pirst, Second, Third, Seventh,
Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Annual Reports ; completing the set. 2
pamphlets and 5 volumes. 8vo. 1871-1881. William H. Hills.

Sanborn, J. W., Superintendent State Agricultural College Farm, Hanover,
N. H. Farm Experiments. Fourth Series. 8vo. pamphlet. The
Author,

Massachusetts Board of Agriculture. Twenty-ninth Annual Report of the
Secretary, etc., for the year 1881. 8vo. Boston: 1882. John E.
Russell, Secretary.

Essex Agricultural, Society. Transactions for 1881, with the Fifty-ninth
Annual Address, by Dr. James R. Nichols. 8vo. immphlet. Salem :
1881. Charles P. Preston, Secretary.

Appleton, Francis H. Address before the Essex Agricultural Society at their
Sixty-second Cattle Show and Fair. 8vo. pamphlet. Salem : 1882.
The Author.

Connecticut Board of Agriculture. Fifteenth Annual Report of the Secre-
tary, 1881-82. 8vo. Hartford: 1882. T. S. Gold, Secretary. 2
copies.

New Jersey State Board of Agriculture. Ninth Annual Report. 8vo. pam-
phlet. Orange, N. J., 1882. P. T. Quinn, Secretary.

New Jersey State Agricultural Society. List of Premiums at the Twenty-
fourth Annual Fair, September 18, 1882. 8vo. pamphlet. Newark :
1882.

Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute. Report for the year ending
June 30, 1881. 8vo. pamphlet. Richmond : 1881. Also Treas-
urer's Report. 8vo. pamphlet. Hampton: 1881.

Georgia Department of Agriculture. Reports for 1881 and 1882. Supple-
mental Report for 1881. 8vo. pamphlets. Atlanta: 1882. J. T.
Henderson, Commissioner.

Fern Creek [Kentucky], Farmers' and Fruit Growers' Association. Pre-
mium List of the Fourth Annual Fair. 8vo. pamplilet. Louisville :
1881. J. Decker, President.

Randolph County Agricultural, Horticultural, and Mechanical Association.
Premium List of the Eleventh Annual Fair, Winchester, Indiana,
September 12-15, 1882. 8vo. pamphlet. D. E. Hoffman, Secretary.

The Illustrated Journal of Agriculture, published by the Department of
9

276 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Agriculture for the Province of Quebec, Vol. IV., Nos. 6 and 7,

October and November, 1882. 4to. Charles Gibb.
Annales de la Sociedad Kural Argentina, revista quincenal de Ganaderia y

Agricultura, Vol. 16, Nos. 1, 2, 4-10, 12-14, January to October,

1882. D. Enrique Sundblad, Director. Folio. Buenos Aires.

The Director.
Kansas State Agricultural College. Nineteenth Annual Catalogue, 1881,

1882. 8vo. pamphlet. Manhattan: 1882. George T. Fairchild,

A. M., President.
New York Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletins Nos. 1-22 on slips.

Geneva, July 24-December 27, 1882. Dr. E. L. Sturtevant,

Director.
Houghton Farm. Description of Experiments with Indian Corn, 1880-81, by

Manly Miles, Director of Experiments. The Eothamstead Experi-
ments, by J. B. Lawes, Bart., F. E. S., LL.D. Small 4to. Plans.

Cambridge : 1882. Professor D. P. Penhallow.
Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm. Sixth Annual Report

for the year ending 31st December, 1880. 8vo. pamphlet. Plans,

etc. D. W. Beadle.
Rapport sur la Creation d'un ficole de Jardinage a Bordeaux. 8vo. pamphlet.

1882. Ch. Joly.
Boston Park Commissioners. Third, Fourth, and Seventh Annual Reports.

3 pamphlets, 8vo. Boston : 1876 and 1881. One broadside and 2

pamphlets, 8vo. J. D. W. French. Also duplicates of the Fourth

and Seventh Reports, from the City of Boston.
City of Boston, Document 158. Report of the Committee on Common, etc.,

in regard to the Planting of Trees, and general care of the Public

Grounds, with accompanying Reports of the Superintendent and

a Committee of Experts. December 1, 1882. 8vo. pamphlet.

J. D. W. French.
Worcester Commission of Public Grounds. Annual Reports for 1870-1873,

1876,1877,1880,1881. 8 pamphlets, 8vo. "Worcester : 1871-1882.

Edward W. Lincoln, Chairman.
Olmstead, Frederick Law. Mount Royal, Montreal. Square 12nio. Plan.

New York : 1881. The Author.
. The Spoils of the Park ; with a few leaves from the

deep-laden note-books of "a wholly unpractical man." 8vo.

pamphlet. February, 1882. The Author.
Brooklyn Park Commissioners. Fourteenth Annual Report, January, 1874.

8vo. pamphlet. 2 plates. Brooklyn, 1874. Edward H. Bi'undage.
Baltimore Park Commission. Annual Reports; 1st to 9th, 11th, 12th, 18th,

21st, and 22d. 14 pamphlets, Svo. Baltimore : 1861-1881. The

Commission.
Ottawa Field Naturalists' Club. Transactions, Nos. 1-3. 3 pamphlets.

8vo. Ottawa: 1880, 1881, and 1882. W. Hague Harrington, Sec-
retary.
Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings, Vol. 20, Part 4 ; Vol. 21,

EEPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 277

Part 1. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. Memoirs, Vol. 3, No. 4. 4to. p.am-

phlet. Boston : 1882. The Society.
Middlesex Institute. Annual Reports, 1881-1882. 8vo. pamphlet. Maiden;

1882. The Institute.
St. Louis Academy of Science. Transactions, Vol. 3, No. 4 ; Vol. 4, No.

2. 2 pamphlets. 8vo. St. Louis : 1878, 1882. The Academy.
Acta Horti Petropolitani, Vols. 1-5, each in two parts, and Supplement to

Vol.3. 11 pamphlets. 8vo. St. Petersburg : 1871-1876. Charles

S. Sargent.
Leopoldina. Amtliches Organ der Kaiserlichen Leopoldino-Carolinischen

Deutschen Akademie de Naturforscher. Siebenzehntes Heft, Jahr-

gang, 1881. 4to. pamphlet. Halle : 1881. Dr. C. H. Knoblauch,

President.
La Nature. Eevue des Sciences et de leurs applications aux Arts et a ITndus-

trie. 17 June, 1882. Journal Hebdomedaire lUustre. Redacteur

en chef, Gaston Tissandier. Square 8vo. Wood-cuts. Paris. Ch.

Joly.
La Science pour Tous. 15 Juillet, 1882. Revue Hebdomedaire lUustre.

Redacteur en chef, Paul Laurencier. 4to. Paris. Ch. Joly.
Smithsonian Institution. Annual Reports, 1863-1870, 1878-1880. 11 vols.

8vo. Washington : 1864-1882. The Smithsonian Institution.
Powell, J. W., Director. Pirst Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology

to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 1879-1880. Royal

8vo. Many colored and other plates, and wood-cuts. Washington :

1881. The Smithsonian Institution.
Check List of Publications of the Smithsonian Institution, December, 1881.

8vo. pamphlet. Washington : 1881. The Smithsonian Institution.
List of Periodicals received at the Smithsonian Institution in 1880. From

the Annual Report for 1880. 8vo. pamphlet. Washington : 1881.

The Smithsonian Institution.
Gray, Dr. Asa. Memorial of Thomas Potts James. 8vo. pamphlet. Mrs.

Isabella James.
Ellis, George E., D.D. Memoir of Jacob Bigelow, M. D., LL. D. Reprinted

from the Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society.

Royal 8vo. Portrait. Cambridge: 1880. The Family of Dr.

Bigelow.
Mount Auburn Cemetery. Annual Reports of the Trustees for 1878 and

1881. 2 pamphlets. 8vo. Boston: 1879, 1882. J. Harris Reed,

Secretary.
United States Bureau of Education. Report of the Commissioner for the year

1880. 8vo. Washington : 1882. Circulars of Information, Nos. 1-6,

1881, and No. 1, 1882. 7 pamphlets. 8vo. Washington: 1881, 1882.
Also, three other pamphlets and one broadside. Hon. John Eaton,
Commissioner.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Seventeenth and Eighteenth Annual
Catalogues of Officers and Students, etc., 1881-1882, 1882-1883.
8vo. pamphlets. Boston : 1881, 1882. The Institute.

278 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Drury College, Springfield, Green County, Missoiiri. Ninth Annual Cata-
logue for the years 1881-1882. 8vo pamphlet. Springfield: 1882.
Eev. Nathan J, Morrison, D. D., President.

Goodwin, Rev. Daniel R., D. D., LL. D. Longfellow Memorial Address
before the Alumni of Bowdoin College, July 12, 1882. 8vo. pam-
phlet, Portland : 1882. Librarian of Bowdoin College.

Lynn Public Library. Nineteenth Annual Report of the Trustees, for the
year 1881. 8vo. pamphlet. Lynn: 1882.

Georgetown Peabody Library. Catalogue. 8vo. Salem : 1869, with Sup-
plement, 1877. Also, Bulletin Nos. 1 and 2, 1879, and No. 3, 1881.
1 volume and 3 pamphlets. 8vo. Henry M. Nelson.

Mercantile Library Association of the City of New York. Sixty-first Annual
Report of the Board of Direction. 8vo. pamphlet. New York :
1882.

Library Company of Philadelphia. Bulletin, January, 1882. 8vo. pamphlet.
The Company.

Ewer, W. B. The California Silk Growers' Manual. Published under the
direction of the California Silk Culture Association. 8vo. pamphlet.
Wood-cuts. San Francisco : 1882. The Author.

Joly, V. Ch. Traite Pratique du ChaufFage, de la Ventilation et de la Dis-
tribution des Eaux dans les Habitations Particulieres a I'Usage des
Architectes, des Entrepreneurs, et des Proprietaires. 2d edition.
8vo. 375 wood-cuts. Paris : 1873. The Author.

Sarcey, Francisque. Les Odeurs de Paris ; Assainissement de la Seine. Royal
8vo. pamphlet. Paris : 1882. Ch. Joly.

National Association of Wool Manufacturers. Bulletin, January, 1881, to
* December, 1881. Edited by John L. Hayes, LL. D., Secretary.

Vol.11. 8vo: Boston: 1881. The Association.

Kasson, John A. Speech on the Tariff and Tax Commission, House of Rep-
resentatives, Saturday, May 6,1882. 8vo. pamphlet. Wasliington:
National Association of Wool Manufacturers.

Donnell, E. J. Slavery and "Protection;" An Historical RevicAV and
Appeal to the Workshop and the Farm. 8vo. pamphlet. New
York : 1882. The Author.

Allan, J. T. Nebraska and her Territories, as developed by Railroad Build-
ing and Operation.

. Central and Western Nebraska and the Experiences of its

Stock Growers.

, Western Nebraska and the Experiences of its Actual Settlers.

3 pamphlets. 8vo. Published by the Union Pacific Railway Com-
pany's Land Department. Omaha : 1882.

New-England Historic Genealogical Society. Proceedings at the Annual
Meeting, January 4, 1882. 8vo. pamphlet. Boston: 1882. The
Society.

American Antiquarian Society. Proceedings, Vol. I., Part 3, and Vol. II.,
Part 1, New Series. 8vo. pamphlet. Worcester: 1882.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 279

Periodicals Purchased.

English. — Gardeners' Chronicle.

Gardeners' Magazine.

Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener.

The Garden.

Gardening Illustrated.

Curtis's Botanical Magazine.

Florist and Pomologist.

Journal of Botany.

Country Gentleman's Magazine.

Journal of Forestry.
French. — Revue Horticole.

Revue des Eaux et Forets.
Belgian. — Illustration Horticole.

Flore des Serres.

Belgique Horticole.

Revue de 1' Horticulture, Beige et £trangere.
German. — Botanische Zeitung.

Gartenflora.
American. — Country Gentleman.

American Journal of Forestry.

American Naturalist.

Periodicals Presented.

Gardener's Monthly.

Canadian Horticulturist.

Ladies' Floral Cabinet.

Semi-Tropic California.

American Garden.

Vick's Illustrated Monthly Magazine.

American Florist and Farmer.

Seed Time and Harvest.

Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.

Botanical Gazette.

The Scientific Roll.

Maine Farmer.

Home and Farm.

New England Farmer.

Massachusetts Ploughman.

American Cultivator.

New England Homestead.

American Agriculturist.

Rural New Yorker.

American Rural Home.

Maryland Farmer.

280 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Florida Dispatch.
Prairie Farmer.
The Industrialist.
Pacific Rural Press.
Boston Daily Advertiser.
Boston Morning Journal.
Boston Post.
Boston Daily Globe.
Boston Evening Transcript.
Daily Evening Traveller.
The Cottage Hearth.

^S"-

Books, Etc., Wanted.

■ Persons having any of the books in the following list to dispose of will
oblige by addressing the " Librarian of the Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety, Horticultural Hall, Boston."

Bolton's Filices Britannicae, Part 2. 4to. Huddersfield, 1700.

Sowerby's English Botany, Supplement to the 1st edition; Vol. 5, including

all the plates beyond No. 2,960.
Curtis's Beauties of the Rose, — all but the volume for 1850. ito. London

and Bristol.
Nestel's Rosengarten, 1870 and onward. Stuttgart.

Murray, Andrew, On the Synonymy of various Conifers, — all but Part 1.
Endlicher's Genera Plantarum, — all the Supplements but the first.
*Lindley's Folia Orchidacea, Part 9.
Floral World, 1866.

Revue Horticole, founded 1829, volumes prior to 1847.
U. S. Entomological Commission, Bulletins 3, 4, and 5. Also First Report

on the Rocky Mountain Locust.
Illinois Entomological Reports, — all beyond the 4th.
United States Patent Office, Agricultural Reports, 1839, 1842, 1843.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Special Reports 14 and 15.
Virginia Commissioner of Agriculture, First Annual Report.
Royal (London) Horticultural Society's Journal, between Vol. 9, 1854, and

Vol. 6 [New Series?], 1880.
Annales de la Societe d'Horticulture de Paris, January, 1832.
Journal de la Societe Centrale d'Horticulture de France, June 1868.
Bulletin de la Societe d'Horticulture du Departement de la Seine Inferi6ure

(formerly Societe de Rouen), Tome 5, Cahier 4; Tome 7, Cahier 1 ;

Tome 14, Cahier 2. Also Tome 2, Cahier 8 ; Tome 3, Cahiers 2

and 6; being Cahiers 1, 2, and 3 of Tome 1 of Pomologie (pp. 1-52,

53-76, and 77-108). Also Tome 1, Cahier 6, Pomologie (pp.

159-175) ; Tome 2, Cahier 3, Pomologie.
Reports of the Iowa State Horticultural Society, — all previous to 1869; also

1870, 1871, 1874.

EEPORT OF THE LIBRAKY COMMITTEE. 281

Iowa Forestry Annual, — all but No. 5, 1879.

Minnesota State Forestry Association, Forest Tree Planters' Manual, — all

but 1879 and the second edition of the same, 1880.
Nebraska Horticultural Society, Transactions, other than 1871, 1872, and

1877.
American Agricultural Association, Review and Journal, January, 1882,

and May, 1882.
New England Farmer. 4to. Vol. 8; No. 49, June 25, 1830; Vol. 24,

Nos. 3, 17, 21-24, 27, 29, 32, 35, 3G, 38-48, 50, 51 (1845-1846). Also

Title-page and Index.
New England Farmer. 8vo. 1864. Part of Vol. 16.
American Agriculturist, Vol. 1, No. 2; Vol. 2, No. 1; and Vols. 9, 11,

15, 22, and 23. '
Country Gentleman, Vol. 2, Nos. 27, 28, 29, and 30. Also Title-page and

Index.
The California Horticulturist, Vols. 7 and 8, and the Jan., Feb., March,

April, and July numbers of Vol. 9.
Semi-Tropic California, January 1881 and March 1882.
The Semi-Tropical (Jacksonville, Fla.), Vol. 1, 1875, and the March number

of Vol. 3.

Eeport of tlie Secretary and Librarian,

FOR THE YEAR 1882.

I wish it were in my power to present a report in which I could
relate the occurrence of events that should largely increase the
power of the Society to promote the object for which it was
established, — the improvement of the science and art of horti-
culture. Instead of this, I must be content with the more humble
task of reporting the diligent performance of work, largel}' of a
routine nature, and, therefore, differing but little from year to
year ; and, at this late stage of the meeting, it can hardly be
desired that I should occupy your time in particularizing this work,
and, therefore, I will only say, that though the number of meetings
for discussion the last season was materially increased, and, con-
sequentl}', the labor of making notes of the discussions and pre-
paring them for the press, the Transactions have been published
earlier than last year, and it is hoped that a still further gain may
be made in the coming year.

Special attention has been given during the last A^ear to the
exchange of our Tbansactions with other societies, and in this way
many valuable additions have been made to the library, the most
important of which consists of twenty-three volumes of the
"Bulletin de la Societe Nationale et Centrale d'Horticulture de
France," making our set of the publications of that Society- nearly
complete, from its foundation in 1826 to 1870.

As Librarian, I would say that the work of perfecting the
incomplete sets of periodicals, and other works in the library, has
continued to engage my attention. INIuch inquir}' and corres-
pondence is necessar}' in this work, and many abortive efforts are
often made, and many disappointments experienced, before the
right clue is found, but by persevering etfort, several valuable sets
of books have had their deficiencies supplied, the most important
of which is, perhaps, the Gardener's Chronicle, of which we now
possess a complete set from its foundation in 1841. The volume

EEPOET OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN. 283

or number required to complete a set may not be of great value in
itself, yet, as making tbe difference between the perfection and
imperfection of an important work, it may be invaluable. A list
of some of tbe desiderata in this direction, will be found appended
to the report of tbe Library Committee, and the attention of any
who may have any of the publications mentioned to dispose of, is
solicited to it.

The completion of any work renders it desirable that it should
be bound for preservation and use. The appropriation heretofore
made, has been but little more than sufficient for the subscription
and binding of the periodicals taken, and, consequently, many un-
bound volumes have accumulated. The number of these has been
increased during the past year by the completion of imperfect sets,
and I trust that the Society will approve the recommendation of
the Executive Committee, to appropriate an increased sum for this
purpose, in order that the books may be made available for use.

The new book-case, placed in the library room the present 3'ear,
has not only afforded room for the storage of books, thereby
relieving, in some degree, the crowded condition of the other book-
cases, but opportunity to classify the books to an extent not pos-
sible before. In it have been placed, besides some of the most
valuable works on general and local botan}', all our books on
Ferns, on Arboriculture, and on Pomology including Fruit Cul-
ture, — three of the most important subjects within the scope of
the library. These books were previousl}' scattered through the
library, but any one desiring to study either of these subjects, can
now ascertain, at a glance, what the librar}- contains upon it.
While many works still remain to be acquired on these subjects, it
is yet a satisfaction to know that the Society already possesses so
many valuable books upon all of them. It is intended to continue
the work of classifving the books and bringing together those
upon the same subject, as time shall permit.

The important work commenced during the year of preparing a
card catalogue of the plates of plants, flowers, and fruits, has
occupied a portion of my time, though much less than would have
been demanded but for the intelligence, care, and accuracy brought
to the work by the person employed b}- the Library Committee.
The importance of this work may not be generally understood, but
those who have occasion to look for any plate of a plant or fruit
will appreciate it, and those who have not would see its import-

284 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ance if they should look for any particular plate among the more
than two hundred thousand in the library, without the assistance
of such a catalogue as is proposed. Even supposing the hundreds,
if not thousands, of volumes containing these plates to be
thoroughly and accurately indexed, which is not always the case,
it is obvious that the labor of consulting all these indexes, would
be too great to be often undertaken. The present Chairman of
the Library Committee, when urging in his first report, the im-
portance of this work, expressed the opinion that the usefulness of
the library would be doubled if such a catalogue were in existence,
and I do not think that this estimate of its value is too high.

ROBERT MANNING,

Secretary and Librarian.

TREASURER'S REPORT,

FOR THE YEAR 1882.

EECEIPTS.

Cash on hand as per last report,
Rent of Halls, ....

" " Stores, ....

From Telegraph Companies for damage to roof.
Admissions and Assessments, .
Sale of Historj', ....
Sale of Duplicate Books, .

" " " " Stickney Fund,

Mount Auburn Cemetery,
Annual Exhibitions,
Special Grape Prizes,

EXPENDITURES.

Labor, $909 23

Salaries, 2,191 69

Incidentals, ...... 203 09

Interest, . . . . . . 3,860 96

Taxes, 3,397 50

Repairs on Building, .... 229 61

Heating and Water, less paid by tenants, 649 07

Lighting, 987 38

Furniture and Fixtures, . . . 374 09

Prizes, 2,564 40

Annual Exhibitions, . • . . 481 63

Committee of Arrangements, . . 250 00

Garden Committee, .... 14 85

Committee on Publication and Discussion, 95 00

Stationery, Postage, and Printing, . 1,112 38

Stickney Fund, 705 75

Library, 202 50

Card Catalogue of Plates, ... 99 80

Cash on hand December 31, 1882, . . 8,332 38

$2,635 62

8,218 65

10,174 98

162 50

810 00

17 00

2 50

5 75

3,954 81

579 50

100 00

$26,661 31

26,661 31

286

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ASSETS.

Eeal Estate, Furniture, and Exhibition ware, . ^256,585 56

Library- last year, .... .$20,746 12

Added this year, ...... 900 00

Bonds, C, B. & Q. R. R., at par,
Stereotype Plates, and copies of History,
Cash on hand December 1, 1882, .

LIABILITIES.

Mortgage debt, bearing interest at 5^ per
cent., due September, 1883,

Loan, without interest, payable to Har-
vard College in 1899,

Note pa3'able to Massachusetts National
Bank, ......

Surplus, . . . .

MEMBERS.

Number of Life Members by last report.
Added during the j^ear, .

Deceased,

21,646
1,500

12

00

404

50

$

8,332

38

288,468

56

60,000

00

12,000

00

12,000

00

84,000

00

^

;204,468

56

582

•

8

590

583

Annual Members, .

• •

• •

275

Added, .

• •

• •

13

Deceased,

•

4

288

Discontinued,

• •

. 10

14

274

Income from member

■ship :

8 Life IMembers,

• •

« •

«

$240

13 Annual Members

s, .

•

•

130

220 Assessments, .

•

• «

•

440

857

S810 00

TREASURER'S REPORT. 287

The Finance Committee having audited the accounts of the
undersigned, made and have subscribed to on a book kept for that
purpose, the following report :

The Massaclmsetts HorticnUural Society in account with Geo. "W.

FowLE, Treasurer.

By balance in treasury, December 31, 1882, . . $2,635 62
" Total income as per receipt book, . . . 24,025 69

$26,GG1 31

Contra.

To cash paid out as per disbursement book, . . $18,328 93
Balance to new account, ...... 8,332 38

$26,661 31

Boston, February 2, 1883. We have examined the above ac-
count, and find it correct, and the balance of cash on hand eighty-
three hundred and thirt3'-two dollars and thirty-eight cents, as
stated.

(Signed) H. H. Hunnewell, ] Finance

Francis B. Hayes, J Committee.

The income of the Society the past year has been increased by
receipts from the Proprietors of Mount Auburn Cemetery, and
from rental of the Halls, both in excess of the previous j'ear.
That from the Halls would have been still greater if former prices
could have been obtained ; but this could not be, owing to the
increase of the number of halls in our city, creating much compe-
tition.

The Treasurer hopes that the contemplated improvements in the
stores will so augment the receipts that the building shall be let
only for such purposes as will, in all respects, promote the welfare
of the Society.

GEO. W. FOWLE, Treasurer.

Boston, February 3, 1883.

288

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

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•

J~

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MOUNT AUBURN CEMETERY. 289

Massachusetts Horticultural Society,

To the Proprietors of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn, Dr.

For one-fourth part of the following expenditures for grading new lands for
sale during 1882 :

Pearl Avenue to Eagle Avenue (Stone Farm).

476^ days, men, $953 50

3243^ " man and horse, 1,136 63

$2,090 13

Swan Avenue to Magnolia Avenue.
223^ days, man and horge, 78 75

Ivy Path.
2&T^ days, men, 534 50

CAan^ io^ (near Lantana Path).
27^ days, men, ......

88j^ " man and horse, > . . .

$55 50
309 75

365 25

$3,068 63

One-fourth part of $3,068.63 is . . $767 16

J. W. LOVERING, Supt.

Mount Auburn, Dec. 30, 1882. *

I certify the foregoing to be a true copy of accounts of improvements for
the year 1882, rendered by the Superintendent.

H. B. Mackintosh, Treasurer.

^cissHxIjiisctts liortmilfau'iil Bmhi

OEFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1883.

President,
FRANCIS B. HAYES, of Boston.

Vice-Presidents,

JOHN B. MOORE, of Concord. BENJAMIN G. SMITH, of Cambridge

JOHN CUMMINGS, of Woburn, CHARLES H. B. BRECK, of Boston.

Treasurer and Superintendent of the Building'.
GEORGE W, FOWLE, of Boston.

Secretary and Librarian,
ROBERT MANNING, of Salem.*

Recording Secretary.
ROBERT MANNING, of Salem.

Professor of Botany and Vegetable Physiology.
* JOHN ROBINSON, of Salem.

Professor of Entomology.
SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, of Cambridge.

^tkt|diii^ Con\n\ittee^.

Executive,

The President, FRANCIS B. HAYES, Chaikman.

The Ex-Presidents, MARSHALL P. WILDER, CHARLES M. HOVEY, JAMES

F. C. HYDE, WILLIAM C. STRONG, FRANCIS PARKINIAN, WILLIAM

GRAY, Jr.; Chairman of Finance Committee, H. H. HUNNE-

WELL; F. L. AMES, CHARLES H. B. BRECK, JOHN C.

HOVEY, HENRY P. WALCOTT.

• CommunicationB for the Secretary, on the busineas of the Society, should be addressed to him at Horticul-
tural Hall, Boston.

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES. 291

Finance.

H. HOLLIS HUNNEWELL, Chairman.

FRANCIS B. HAYES. F. L. AMES.

Publication and Discussion.

BENJA3IIN G. SMITH, CHAIRMAN.
JOHN B. ]\rOORE. WILLIAM H. HUNT.

Establishing Prizes.

CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS, Chairman.

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FLOWERS, VEGETABLES, AND GARDENS,

EX OFFICII S; C. M. ATKINSON, P. BROWN HOVEY, JOHN B. MOORE.

Library.

WILLIAM E. ENDICOTT, Chairman.

THE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY

AND THE PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY, EX OFFICIIS;

HENRY P. WALCOTT. FRANCIS H. APPLETON.

J. D. W. FRENCH. E. P. RICHARDSON.

Gardens.
JOHN G. BARKER, Chairman.
CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, FLOWERS, AND VEGETABLES,
EX OFFICIIS ; GEORGE S. HARWOOD, HENRY ROSS, CHARLES W. ROSS.

Fruit.
E. W. WOOD, Chairman.
P. BROWN HOVEY. CHARLES F. CURTIS. O. B. HADWEN.

BENJAJVIIN G. SMITH. J. W. MANNING. WARREN FENNO.

Plants and Flowers.
WILLIAM H. SPOONER, Chairman.
PATRICK NORTON. JAMES CARTWRIGHT. J. H. WOODFORD.

F. L. HARRIS. DAVID ALLAN. EDWARD L. BEARD.

Vegetables.
CHARLES N. BRACKETT, CHAIRMAN.
JOSIAH CROSBY. GEORGE W. PIERCE. WARREN HEUSTIS.

CHARLES E. GRANT. SAMUEL HARTWELL. CEPHAS H. BRACKETT.

Committee of Arrangements.

CHARLES H. B. BRECK, Chairman.

CHAIRjVIEN of COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, FLOWERS, VEGETABLES, AND

GARDENS, EX OFFICIIS;
JOHN C. HOVEY. CHARLES H. HOVEY. WILLIAM H. HALLIDAY.

C. M. ATKINSON. JAMES COMLEY. CHARLES F. CURTIS.

JOSEPH H. WOODFORD. WARREN HEUSTIS.

10

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

Change of residence, or any inaccuracies, should be promptly reported to the Secretary.

Adams, George E.,
Albro, Charles,
Alger, R. F.,
Allan, IJavid,
Ames, F. L.,
Ames, Frank M.,
Ames, George,
Ames, P. Adams,
Amory, Charles,
Amory, Frederick,
Amory, James S.
Anderson, Alexander,
Andrews, Charles L.,
Andrews, Frank W.,
Andros, Milton,
Appleton, Edward,
Appleton, Francis H.,
Appleton, Wm. S.,
Atkins, Elisha,
Avery, Edward,
Ayer, Adams,
Ayling, Isaac,

Bacon, George,
Bailey, Edwin C,
Baker, William E.,
Bancroft, John C,
Banfield, Francis L.,
Barnard, Rev. C. F.,
Barnard, James M.,
Barnard, Robert M.,
Barnes, Walter S.,
Barnes, William H.,
Barney, Levi C.,
Barratt, James,
Barrett, Edwin S.,
Barrows, Thomas,
Bartlett, Ednmnd,
Bates, Amos,

Medford.

Taunton.

Becket.

Belmont.

North Easton.

Canton.

Boston,

Brookline.

Boston.

Hingham.

Swampscott.

Boston.

Brookline.

Reading.

Peabody.

Boston.

Belmont.

Boston.

Brookline.
Concord, N. H.
Boston.
Milton.
Boston.

Everett.

Somerville.

Boston.

Cambridgeport.

Concord.

Dcdliani.

Newburyport.

Hingham.

Bates, Caleb,
Bayley, John P.,
Beal, Alexander,
Bcckfurd, D. R., Jr.
Bell, Joseph H.,
Bemis, Emery,
Berry, James,
Bickford, Weare D.,
Birchard, Charles,
Black, James W.,
Blagg, Samuel,
Blanchard, J. W.,
Blaney, Henry,
Blinn, Richard D.,
Bliss, William,
Bocher, Ferdinand,
Bockus, Charles E.,
Bond, George W.,
Borland, John N.,
Botume, John,
Bouve, Thomas T.,

Kingston.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Dedham.

Quincy.

Grantville.

Boston.

Allston.

Framingham.

Boston.

Newbern, N. C.

Boston.

Brookline.

Chicago, 111.

Springfield.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Boston.

New London, Ct.

Stoneham.

Boston.

Somerville.

Bowditch, Azell C,
Bowditch,J.Ingersoll,Boston.
Bowditch, Wm. E., "

Bowker, William H., "
Brackett, Cephas H., Brighton.
Brackett, Charles N., Newton.
Bradish, Levi J., Boston.
Bragg, Samuel A. B., Mattapan.
Breed, Henry A., Lynn.
Bresee, Albert, Hortonvillc, Vt

Brewer, John Reed, Boston.
Brewer, Otis, "

Brigham, William T., "
Brimmer, Martin, "

Brintnall, Benjamin, "
Brooks, Francis,
Brown, Charles E.,
Brown, Edward J.,

Medford.
Yarmouth, N. S.
Brookline.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

293

Brown, G. Barnard,
Brown, George B.,
Brown, Jacob,
Browncll, E. S.,
Bruce, Nathaniel F.,
Bullard, William S.
Burnett, Joseph,
Burnham, T. 0. H. P.
Burr, Fearing,
Burr, Matthew H.,
Buswell, Edwin W.,
Buswell, Frank E.,
Butler, Aaron,
Butterfield, Wm. P.,

Boston.

Wohurn.
Essex Junc.,Vt.
Stonehani.
Boston.
Southborough.
,Boston.
Hingham.

u

New York.
(( II

Wakefield.
Arlington.

Cadness, John, Flushing, N. Y.

Cains, William, South Boston.

Calder, Augustus P., Boston.
Capen, John, "

Carlton, Samuel A., Somerville.

Carruth, Charles, Boston.

Carruth. Nathan, Dorchester.

Carter, Miss Sabra, Wilmington.
Chamberlain, C. W., Arlington.

Chapin, N. G., Brookline.

Chapman, Edward, Arlington.

Chase, A. J., Lynn.

Chase, Daniel E., Somerville.

Chase, Hezekiah S., Boston.

Chase, William M., Worcester.
Cheney, Benjamin P., Boston.

Child, Francis J., Cambridge.

Child, William C, Medford.

Childs, Francis, Charlestown.

Childs, N. E., Dorchester.

Claflin, Henry, Brighton.

Claflin, William, Newton.

Clapp, Edward B., Dorchester.

Clapp, E. W., Walpole.

Clapp, James H., Dorchester.
Clapp, Lemuel, "

Clapp, William C,

Clark, Orus, Worcester.

Clark, William S., Amherst.

Clark, W. L., Neponset.
Clarke, Miss Cora H., Jamaica Plain.

Clay, Henry, Dorchester.

Clcary, Lawrence,
Clement, Asa,
Cleveland, Ira,
Cobb. Albert A.,
Coburn, Isaac E.,
Codman, James M.,
Codman, Ogden,
Coffin, G. Winthrop,
Coffin, William E.,
Converse, E. S.,
Converse, Parker L.,
Coolidge, Joshua,
Copeland, Franklin,
Cox, George P.,
Coy, Samuel I.,
Craft, George,
Crocker, George O.,
Crocker, Uriel,
Crosby, Josiah,
Crowell, Philander,
Crowell, EandallH.,
Cummings, John,
Curtis, Charles F.,
Curtis, George S.,
Cushing, Robert M.,

Daggett, Henry C,
Damon, Samuel G.,
Dana, Charles B.,
Darling, Charles K.,
Davenport, Edward,
Davenport, Geo. E.,
Davenport, Henry,
Davis, Curtis,
Davis, Hervey,
Dawson, Jackson,
Deblois, Stephen G.,
Denny, Clarence H.,
Denny, R. S.,
Denton, Eben,
Dewson, Francis A.,
Dexter, F. Gordon,
Dickerman, Geo. H.,
Dickinson, Alex.,
Dike, Charles C,
Dix, Joseph,
Dorr, George,

West Roxbury.

Dracut.

Dedham.

Brookline.

Everett.

Brookline.

Lincoln.

West Roxbury.

Boston.

Maiden.

Woburn.

Watertown.

West Dedham.

Maiden.

Boston.

Brookline.

New Bedford.

Boston.

Arlington.

Chelsea.
((

Woburn.
Jamaica Plain.

Boston.

Boston.

Arlington.

Brookline.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Boston.

Cambridge.
Cambridgeport.
Jamaica Plain.

Boston.

11

Dorchester.
Braintree.

Boston.

11

Somerville.

Cambridgeport.

Stoneham.

Boston.

Dorchester.

294

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Dove, George "W.W., Andover.

Durant, William,
Durfee, Mrs. F. B.,
Durfee, George B..
Dutcher, F. J.,
D'Wolf, JohnL.,

Eaton, Horace,
Eldridge, Azariah,
Eldridge, E. H.,
Ellicott, J. P.,
Endicott, William E.
Eustis, William C.,
Everett, George,
Everett, Otis,
Everett, William, .

Boston.
Fall Eiver.

Hopedale.
Boston.

Quincy.
Yarmouthport.
Boston.
Jamaica Plain.
, Canton.
Hyde Park.
Concord.
Boston.

Glover, Albert, Boston.
Glover, Joseph B., "

Goddard, A. Warren, Brookline.
Goddard, Mrs. M. T., Newton.

Gorham, James L., Jamaica Plain.

Gould, Francis, Arlington.

Gould, Samuel, Boston.

Gray, James, Wellesley.

Gregory, J. J. H., Marblehead.

Greig, George, Newton.

Grinnell, Joseph, New Bedford.

Groom, Thomas, Dorchester.
Grundel Hermann, "

Guild, J. Hanson,

Fairchild, Charles,
Farlow, John S.,
Faxon, John,
Fay, Mrs. R. L.,
Fenno, J. B.,
Fewkes, Edwin,
Fillebrown, John,
Fisher, James,
Fisher, Warren,
Flagg, Augustus,
Fleming, Edwin,
Fletcher, George V.,
Fletcher, John W.,
Flint, Charles L.,
Flint, David B.,
Flynt, William N.,
Foster, John H.,
Fowle, William B.,
Freeland, Chas. Wm.
Freeman, Abraham,
French, J. D. W.,
French, Jonathan,
Fuller, Henry Weld,

Galvin, John,
Gardner, Henry N.,
Gardner, John L.,
Gibbs, Wolcott,
Gillard, William,
Gilson, F. Howard,

Belmont.

Newton.

Quincy.

Chelsea.

Boston.

NewtonHighl'ds

Arlington.

Boston.

West Newton.
Belmont.
Chelsea.
Boston.
Wa*ertown.
Monson.
Boston.
Auburndale.
,Boston.
Dorchester.
Boston.

West Eoxbury.

Belmpnt.

Brookline.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Heading.

Hadwen, Obadiah B
Hall, Edwin A.,
Hall, George A.,
Hall, George R.,
Hall, John R.,
Hall, Lewis,
Hall, Stephen A.,
Hall, William F.,
Halliday, William H
Hammond, Gard. G.
Hammond, Samuel,
Hanson, P. G.,
Harding, C. L.,
Harding, George W.
Harding, Lewis B.,
Harding, W. C,
Hardy, F. D., Jr.,
Harrington, L. B.,
Harris, Charles,
Hart, William T.,
Hastings, Edm. T.,
Hathaway, Scth W.,
Haughton, .James,
Haven, Alfred W.,
Hayes, Daniel F.,
Hayes, Francis B.,
Hayward, Daniel II
Hazcltinc, Hazcn,
Head, Charles D.,
Ililbourn, A. J.,
Hill, George,
Hill, John,

Brookline.

, Worcester.
Cambridgeport.
Chelsea.
Bristol, R. I.
Boston.
Cambridge.
Revere.
Brookline.
, Boston.

Woburn.
Cambridge.
, Dorchester.
Boston.

(C

Cambridgeport.
Salem.
Cambridge.
Boston.
Boston.
Marblehead.
Boston.

Portsm'th, N. H.
Exeter, N. H.
Boston.
, No. Cambridge.
Boston.
Brookline.
Chelsea.
Arlington.
Stoneham.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

295

Hilton, William,
Hitchings, E. H.,
Hodgkins, John E.,
HoUis, George M.,
Hollis, John W.,
Holt, Mrs. S. A.,
Hooper, Robert C,
Hooper, Thomas,
Horner, Mrs.C. N.S.
Hovey, Charles H.,
Hovey, Charles M.,
Hovey, John C,
Hovey, P. Brown,
Howe, George,
Howland, John, Jr.,
Hubbard, Charles T.,
Hubbard, G. G.,
Hubbard, J. C,
Hubbard, William J.
Huckins, J. W.,
Humphrey, F. J., ^
Humphrey, G. W.,
Hunneman, Jos. H.,
Hunnewell, H. H.,
Hunnewell, Walter,
Hunt, Franklin,
Hunt, Moses,
Hunt, William H.,
Hyde, James F. C,

Boston.

((

Chelsea.
Grantville.
Brighton.
Winchester.
Boston.
Bridgewater.
,Georgetown.
Cambridgeport.

Boston.
New Bedford.
Boston.
Cambridge.
Boston.

Dorchester.

Dedham.

Boston.

Wellesley.
((

Boston.

a

Concord.
Newton.

Inches, Henderson, Boston.
Inches, Herman B., "

Jackson, Abraham, Boston.

Janvrin, William S., Revere.

Jeffries, John, Jr., Boston.
Jenks, Charles W., "

Joyce, Mrs. E. S., Medford.

Kakas, Edward,
Kendall, D. S.,
Kendall, Edward,
Kendall, J. R.,

Medford.
Woodstock, Ont
Cambridgeport.
Woburn.

Keyes, E. W.,
Keyes, George,
Kidder, Henry P.,
Kidder, Nath'l T.,
Kimball, A. P.,
King, Franklin,
Kingman, Abner A.,
Kingman, C. D.,
Kinney, John M.,
Kinsley, Lyman,
Kittredge, E. A.,

Lamb, Thomas,
Lancaster, Charles B.
Lawrence, Amos A.,
Lawrence, Edward,
Lawrence, James,
Lawrence, John,
Lee, Henry,
Leeson, Joseph R.,
Lemme, Frederick,
Leuchars, Robert B.,
Lewis, A. S.,
Lewis, William G.,
Lincoln, George,
Locke, William H.,
Lodge, Giles H.,
Loftus, John P.,
Loomis, Jason B.,
Lord, George C,
Loring, Alfred,
Loring, Caleb W.,
Loring, George B.,
Lovett, George L.,
Low, Ariel,
Lowderj John.
Lowell, Augustus,
Luke, Elijah H.,
Lumb, William,
Lunt, Charles H.,
Lyman, Theodore,
Lyon, Henry,

Denver, Col.

Concord.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Brookline.

Middleborough.

Roxbury.

Cambridgeport.

Boston.

Boston

, Newton. •

Brookline.

Charlestown,

Groton.

Boston.

Newton Centre.
Natick.
Boston.
Framingham.

Hingham.

Belmont.

Swampscott.

Boston.

Chelsea.

Newton.

South Hingham.

Boston.

Salem.

Boston.

Watertown.

Boston.

Cambridgeport.

Boston.

Jamaica Plain.

Brookline.

Charlestown.

Kendrick, Mrs. H. P., Allston.
Kennard, Charles W., Boston.
Kennedy, George G., "
Kent, John, Charlestown.

Mahoney, John, Boston.

Mann, James F., Cambridge.
Mann, Jonathan, "

Manning, Jacob W., Reading.

296

MASSACHUSETTS HOKTI CULTURAL SOCIETY.

Manning, Mrs. L. B.
Manning, Robert,
Mansfield, Hejry S.,
Marshall, Frederick,
Martin, Darius A.,
Martin, John S.,
Matthews, Nathan,
McCarty, Timothy,
McClure, John,
Merriam, Herbert,
Merriam, M. H.,
Merrifield, W. T.,
Mills, Charles H.,
Milmore, Martin,
Minton, James,
Mixter, Charles,
Moore, John B.,
Moore, John H.,
Morrill, Joseph, Jr.,
Morse, Samuel F.,
Morse, Sidney B.,
Morse, William A.,
Motley, Thomas,
Mudge, George A.,
Mudge, George W.,
Munroe, Otis,

,Reading.
Salem.
Blackstone.
Everett.
Chelsea.
Boston.

Providence, R.I

Revere.

Weston.

Lexington.

Worcester.

Boston,

Dorchester.

Boston.
Concord.

Boston.

West Roxbury.
Portsm'th, N. H
Lynn.
Boston.

Needham, Daniel, Groton.
Newhall, George, Dorchester.
Newman, J. R., Winchester.

Newton, Rev. W. W., Boston.
Nickerson, Albert W., Dedham.
Norton, Charles W., Allston.
Nourse, Benjamin F., Boston.
Nourse, Benjamin F., Cambridgeport.

Oakman, Hiram A. , No. Marshfield.

Osgood, Jas. Ripley, Boston.
Otis, Theodore C,
Oxnard, George D., "

Packer, Charles H.,
Page, Thomas,
Paine, Robert T.,
Palmer, John P.,
Park, John C,
Parker, Augustus,

Boston.

Somerville.
Boston.

Parker, Harvey D.,
Parkman, Francis,
Partridge, Henry,
Partridge, Horace,
Paul, Alfred W.,
Peabody, John E.,
Pearce, John,
Peck, O. H.,
Peck, W. G.,
Peirce, Silas,
Penniman, A. P.,
Perkins, Augustus T.,
Perkins, Edward N.,
Perkins, William P.,
Perry, George W.,
Philbrick,WilliamD.,
Phillips, John C,
Pierce, Dean,
Pierce, George W.,
Pierce, Henry L.,
Pierce, Samuel B.,
Poole, Benjamin C,
Poor, John R.,
Potter, Joseph S.,
Prang, Louis,
Pratt, Lucius G.,
Pratt, Robert M.,
Pratt, William,
Pray, Mark W.,
Prescott, C. H.,
Prescott, Eben C,
Prescott, W. G.,
Prescott, William G.,
Preston, George H.,
Preston, John,
Pringle, Cyrus G.,
Proctor, Thomas P.,
Prouty, Gardner,
Putnam, Joshua H.,

Ramsay, A. H.,
Rand, Edward S.,
Rand, Miss E. L.,
Rand, Oliver J.,
Rawson, W. W.,
Ray, James F.,
Ray, James P.,

Boston.

Jamaica Plain.

Dunkirk, N. Y.

Somerville.

Digliton

Saleni.

West Roxbury.

Franklin.

Arlington.

Boston.

Waltham.

Boston.

Brookline.

Maiden.

Newton Centre.

Boston.

Brookline.

Everett.

Dorchester.

Chelsea.

Somerville.

Arlington.

Boston.

West Newton.

Boston.

Winchester.

Maiden.

Cornwallis, N.S.

Boston.

n

Quincy.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Charlotte, Vt.

West Roxbury.

Littleton.

Brookline.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Newton Highl'ds.

Cambridgeport.

Arlington.

Franklin.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

297

Eay, Joseph G.,
Eayner, John J.,
Eeed, George W.,
Richards, John J.,
Richards, William B.
Richardson, C. E.,
Richardson, Geo. C,
Rinn, J. Ph.,
Robbins, I. Gilbert,
Rohbins, Nathan,
Robeson, W. R.,
Robinson, J. H.,
Robinson, John,
Rogers, John H.,
Ross, Henry,
Ross, M. Denraan,
Ross, Waldo 0.,
Ruddick, Dr.Wm. H.
Russell, George,
Russell, John E.,
Russell, Walter,

Sampson, Geo. R.
Sanborn, Amos C,
Sanford, O. S.,
Sargent, Charles S.,
Sargent, Ignatius,
Saville, Richard L.,
Sawyer, Timothy T.,
Scott, Charles,
Scudder, C. W.,
Sears, J.Montgomery,
Seaver, Nathaniel,
Seaver, Robert,
Shaw, C. C,
Shaw, S. P.,
Sheafe, Charles C,
Sheafe, William,
Sheldon, Oliver S.,
Shimmin, Charles F.,
Shorey, John L.,
Skinner, Francis,
Slack, Charles W.,
Smith, Benjamin G.,
Smith, Calvin W.,
Smith, Charles H.,
Smith, Chauncey,

Franklin.

Lexington.

Boston.

Cambridge.

((

Boston.

Arlington.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Salem.

Boston.

Newton.

Boston.

South Boston.
Woburn.
Leicester.
Arlington.

New York.
Cambridgeport.
Oxford, Md.
Brookline.

Charlestown.

Newton.

Brookline.

Boston.

East Boston.

Jamaica Plain.

Milford, N. H.

Cambridge.

Boston,

Brookline.

Milton,

Boston.

Lynn.

Boston,

Cambridge.
Grantville.
Jamaica Plain.
Cambridge.

Smith, E. N.,
Smith, George 0.,
Smith, James H. ,
Smith, W. B.,
Snow, Eben,
Snow,Miss SalomeH. ,
Southmayd, John K.,
Sparhawk, Edw'd C,
Spaulding, Edward,
Spaulding, M. D.,
Speare, Alden,
Springall, George,
Springer, John,
Stetson, Nahum,
Stickney, Rufus B.,
Stimpson, George,
Stimpson, H. H.,
Stone, Amos,
Stone, George F.,
Stone, Pliineas J.,
Story, E. Augustus,
Strong, William C,
Surgis, John H.,
Sturgis, Russell Jr.,
Sturtevant, E. Lewis,
Sumner, Edward,
Surette, Louis A.,
Swain, Charles D.,

Taft, John B.,
Tappan, Charles,
Taylor, Horace B.,
Thacher, Alfred C,
Thayer, Henry,
Thayer, Nathaniel,
Thurlow, Thomas C,
Tilton, Stephen W.,
Todd, John,
Tolman, Benjamin,
Tolman, Miss H. S.,
Torrey, Everett,
Turner, John M.,
Turner, Roswell W.,
Turner, Royal W.,

San Francisco.

Boston.

Needham.

Boston.

Cambridge.

Brunswick, Me.

Boston.

Brighton.

Jamaica Plain.

Boston.

Newton Centre.

JNIalden.

Sterling.

Bridgewater.

Somerville.

New York.

Cambridge.

Everett.

Newton.

Charlestown.

Brighton.

Newton Highl'ds.

Boston.

Geneva, N. Y.
Dedham.
Concord.
Roxbury.

Boston.

Dorchester.
N. Cambridge.
Boston.
Newburyport.
Boston.
Hingham.
Concord.
Boston.
Charlestown.
Dorchester.
Boston-
Randolph.

Underwood, Guy C, Boston.
Upham, Henry, Brookline.

298

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Vass, William J.,
Vose, Benjamin C,

Wainwright, Wm. L.,
Wakefield, E. H.,
Walcott, Edward,
Walcott, Henry P.,
Wales, George O.,
Walker, Edw. C. K.,
Walker, Samuel A.,
Walker, T. W.,
Walley, Mrs. W. P.,
Ward, John,
Wardwell, W. H.,
Ware, Benjamin P.,
Warren, George W.,
Washburn, Andrew,
Wason, Elbridge,
Waters, Edwin F.,
Watts, Isaac,
Webber, Aaron D.,
Weld, Aaron D.,
Weld, Dr. Moses W.,
Weld, Richard H.,
Weld, William G.,
West, Mrs. Maria L.,
Weston, Leonard W.,
Weston, Seth,
Wetherell, Leander,
Wheelwright, A. C,
Whipple, John A.,
Whitcomb, Wm. B.,

Boston.
Hyde Park.

Braintree.

Chelsea

Pawtucket.

Cambridge.

Braintree.

Dedham.

Waltham.

Boston.

Newton.

Newton Centre.

Beach Bluff.

Boston.

Hyde Park.

Brookline.

Newton Centre.

Newton.

Belmont.

Boston.

West Roxbury.

Boston.

Brookline.
Lincoln.
Revere.
Boston.

Medford.

White, Benjamin C,
White, Edward A.,
White, Francis A.,
Whitely, Edward,
Whiting, Nathaniel,
Whitmore, C. O.,
Whittle, George W.,
Whytal, Thomas G.,
Wilbur, G. B.,
Wilcutt, Levi L.,
Wilder, Edw. Baker,
Wilder, Henry A.,
Wilder, Marshall P. ,
Willard, E. W.,
Williams, Aaron D.,
Williams, Benj. B ,
Williams, Philander,
Willis, George W.,
Willis, J. C,
Wilson,' Henry W.,
Wilson, Wm. Power,
Winship, F. Lyman,
Winship, Herman,
Woerd, Charles V.,
Woerd, C. V., Jr.,
Wood, Luke H.,
Wood, R. W.,
Wood, William K.,
Woods, Henry,
Woodward, Royal,
Wright, George C,
Wrisley, Frank,

Boston.

Brookline.

Cambridge.

Brookline.

Boston.

Somerville.

New York.

Watertown.

West Roxbury.

Dorchester.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Newport, R. I.

Boston.

Taunton.

Chelsea.

Boston.

South Boston.

Boston.

Brighton.

Waltham.

Marlborough.
Jamaica Plain.
West Newton.
Dorchester.
Brookline.
West Acton.
New York.

ANNUAL MEMBERS

Abbott, S. L., M. D.,
Adams, C. S.,
Allen, Andrew F.,
Allen, Calvin,
Ames, R. W.,
Anderson, Charles J.,
Atkinson, Chas. M.,
Atkinson, Edward,
Atkinson, W. B.,

Bacon, Augustus,
Bacon, William,
Badlam, William H.,
Bard, James,
Barker, John G.',
Barnes, Parker,
Batchelder, G. W.,
Beard, Edward L.,
Beebe, J. Arthur,
Beer, Carl,
Bird, John L.,
Bliss, B. K.,
Bock, William A.,
Bolles, Matthew,
BoUes, William P.,
Bolton, John B.,
Boott, William,
Bottomly, Robert,
Bowditch, E. Francis,
Bradlee, John T.,
Breck, Charles H.,
Breck, Charles H. B.,
Brooks, George,
Brown, A. S.,
Brown, Atherton T.,
Brown, Benjamin F.,
Brown, Jona., Jr.,
Brown, Joseph T.,
BuUard, George B.,
Burley, Edward,

Boston.

Burr, Charles C,

Newton.

Framingham.

Butler, Edward,

Wellesley.

Arlington.

Boston.

Capen, Aaron D.,

Mattapan.

((

Carter, Maria E.,

Woburn.

Longwood.

Cartwright, James,

Wellesley.

Brookline.

Chadbourne, M. W.,

Watertown.

.(

Chaffin, John C,

Newton.

Newburyport.

Chapin, Gai'dner S.,

Arlington.

Chapin, George H.,

Watertown.

Boston.

Chase, Joseph S.,

Maiden.

((

Cheney, Amos P.,

South Natick.

Dorchester.

Clark, James W.,

Framingham.

Framingham.

Clark, Joseph,

Manchester.

Lynn.

Clark, Joseph W.,

Dedham.

Boston.

Cobb, Jonathan H.,

>(

Dorchester.

Coe, Henry F.,

West Roxbury.

Cambridge.

Collins, Frank S.,

Maiden.

Boston.

Comley, James,

Lexington.

Groton.

Cox, James F.,

.Ibington.

Dorchester.

Crafts, William A.,

Boston.

New York.

Crosby, J. Allen,

Jamaica Plain.

N. Cambridge.

Cruickshanks, J. T.,

Natick.

Boston.

Curtis, Daniel T.,

Boston,

C(

Curtis, Joseph H.,

(1

Somerville.

Boston.

Darling, Moses, Jr.,

South Boston.

Belmont.

Davenport, A. M.,

Watertown.

Framingham.

Davis, Frederick,

Newton.

Boston.

Davis, Thomas M.,

Cambridgeport.

Brighton.

Dean, A. J.,

Boston.

a

Demar, John A.,

Lexington.

Brookline.

Dolbear,Mrs. Alice J

., Somerville.

Jamaica Plain.

Doogiie, William,

Boston.

Boston.

Duffley, Daniel,

Brookline.

Charlestown.

Dunn, Thomas,

Newport, R. I.

Somerville.

Dupee, James A.,

Brookline.

Boston.

Hingham.

Eaton, Jacob,

Cambridgeport,

Beverly.

Edgar, William,

Newtonville.

300

MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Falconer, John,
Falconer, William,
Farrier, Amasa,
Farrier, Mrs. C,
Faxon, Edwin,
Felton, Arthur W.,
Fenno, Warren,
Fletcher, Edwin,
Foster, Joshua T.,
Fowle, Charles L.,
Fowle, George W.,
French, William E.,
Frohock, Roscoe R.,
Frost, George,
Frost, Stiles,

Gane, Henry A.,
Gardiner, Claudius B.
Gardner, John,
Garfield, Charles,
Gaut, Samuel N.,
Gilbert, John,
Gilbert, Samuel,
Gilbert, W. A.,
Gill, Mrs. E. M.,
Gleason, Herbert,
Godbold, G. A.,
Goddard, Thomas,
Goodwin, Lester,
Gould, William P.,
Grant, Charles E.,
Gray, Howard,
Gray, William, Jr.,
Gray, William, 3d,
Greene, Malcolm C,
Grew, Henry,
Guerineau, Louis,

Hall, William T.,
Hamlin, Delwin A.,
Harris, Miss Ellen M.
Harris, Frederick L.,
Hartwell, Samuel,
Harwood, George S.,
Hatch, Samuel,
Hayes, John L.,
Hay ward, George P.,

Rochester.

Cambridge.

Stoneham.

Jamaica Plain.

West Newton.

Revere.

Acton.

Medford.

Dorchester.

Jamaica Plain.

Boston.

Maiden. •

West Newton.

Boston.

West Newton.
,Newburyport.
Dedham.
Medford.
Somerville.
Boston.

Neponset.

Medford.

Maiden.

Chelsea.

Boston.

Brighton.

Jamaica Plain.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Malvern, Ark.

Revere.
South Boston.
.Jamaica Plain.
South Natick.
Lincoln.
Newton.
Boston.
Cambridge.
Hingham.

Hazleton, H. L., Boston.

Hersey, Alfred H., Hingham.
Hersey, Edmund, "

Heustis, Warren,
Hews, Albert H.,
Hill, Benjamin D.,
Hill, Miss Katie A.
Hinckley, Mrs. D. F., Chelsea.
Howe, Rufus, Marlborough

Belmont.

No. Cambridge.

Peabody.

Lowell.

Ireland, George W., Somerville.

Jameson, G. W.,
Jones, Moses,
Jordan, Samuel,
Judkins, Rev. B.,

Kelley, George B.,
Kelsey, Fred W.,
Kendall, Jonas,
Kennard, Martin P.,
Kenrick, Miss A. C, Newton.

East Lexington.
Brookline.
Yarmouth.
West Dedham.

Jamaica Plain.
Waverly, N. Y.
Framingham.
Brookline.

Lamprell, Simon,
Lang, John H. B.,
Langworthy, I. P.,
Leavens, E. W.,
Lee, Francis H.,
Livermore, Miss M.,
Loring, Charles G.,
Loring, John A.,
Lothrop, David W.,
Lothrop, H. A.,
Lothrop, Thornton K.
Lowell, John,

Marcou, Mrs. J.,
Markoe, G. F. H.,
May, F. W. G.,
McDermott, Andrew,
Mcintosh, A. S.,
McLaren, Anthony,
Mellen, George M.,
Merrill, J. Warren,
Merrill, S. A.,
Mills, William,
Minton, Peter J ,

Marblehead.

Dorchester.

Chelsea.

Maiden.

Salem.

Mt. Auburn.

Boston.

West Medford.
Sharon.
, Boston.
Newton.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Boston.

Forest Hills.

Brookline.

Cambridgeport.

Wollaston.

Somerville.

Forest Hills.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

301

Morandi, Francis,
Morrison, Hugh,
Morton, James H.,
Murray, Daniel D.,

Maiden.
Bay View.
Boston.
Brookline.

Muzzey, Rev. A. B., Cambridge.

Nightingale, Crawford, Dorchester.
Norton, Michael II., Boston,
Norton, Patrick, "

Noyes, George N. , Auhurndale.
Nugent, James, Boston.

O'Brien, James,

Park, William D.,
Parker, John,
Parsons, William,
Patterson, James,
Payson, Samuel R.,
Phillijjs, Nathaniel,
Pickering, Mrs. E.G.,
Plimpton, W. P.,
Power, Charles J.,
Pratt, Mrs. Mary L.,
Prince, Thomas,
Putnam, Charles A.,
Putnam, Henry W.,

Eandall, Macey,
Ranlett, S. A.,
Richards, John S.,
Richardson, E. P.,
Richardson, Horace,
Ridler, Charles E.,
Roberts, Edward,
Rogers, John F.,
Ross, Charles W.,
Russell, George,

Safford, Fred'k M.,
Safford, Nathaniel F.,
Saunders, Miss M.T..
Saville, George,
Sawtell, J. M.,
Schlegel, Adam,
Schmitt, Georg A.,
Scott, A. E.,

Jamaica Plain.

Boston.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Ca.mbridge.

West Newton.

S. Framingham

Hingham.

Boston.

Salem.

Sharon.

Melrose.

Brookline.

Lawrence.

Framingham.

Kingston.

Hyde Park.

Cambridge.

Newtonville.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Milton.

Salem.

Quincy.

Fitchburg.

Boston.

Brookline.

Lexington.

Scott, George H.,
Scudder, Samuel H.,
Shattuck, F. R.,
Shedd, Abraham B.,
Shedd, Arthur B.,
Sheppard, Edwin,
Simpson, Michael H.,
Snow, Eugene A.,
Southworth, Edward,
Spooner, William H.,
Sprague, Charles J.,
Squire, John P.,
Starbird, Louis D.,
Stevenson, Hamilton,
Stone, Eliphalet,
Stone, Samuel G.,
Storer, Charles,
Story, Miss Sarah W.,
Strahan, Thomas, Jr.,
Sullivan, J L. D.,
Swan, Charles W. ,

.Tailby, Joseph,
Talbot, Josiah W.,
Tapper, Thomas,
Terwilliger, S. F.,
Tobey, Miss M. B.,
Todd, Jacob,
Torrey, Bradford, "

Trautman, Martin, "

Turner, Nathaniel W. "

Underwood, Wm. J., Belmont.

Van der Veur, P. W., New York.
Vaughan, J. C, Chicago, 111.

Allston.
Cambridge.
Boston.
Lexington.

Lowell.

Saxonville.

Melrose.

Quincy.

Jamaica Plain.

Boston.

Arlington.

Maiden.

Woburn.

Dedham.

Charlestown.

Natick.

Brighton.

Chelsea.

Somerville.

Boston.

Wellesley.

Norwood,

Canton.

Saratoga, N. Y.

Brookline,

Boston.

AValker, Charles H.,
Walker, Joseph T.,
Walker, William P.,
Webster, John,
Weld, Francis M.,
Wellington, Chas. A.,
Wellington, Jos. V.,
Wells, Benjamin T.,
Weston, Mrs. L. P.,
Wheatland, Henry,

Chelsea.

Boston.

Somerville.

Salem.

Jamaica Plain.

E. Lexington.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Danvers.

Salem.

302

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

WheelePjMiss Ann C.
Wheildon, Wm. W.,
White, Nelson B.,
Whitney, Joel,
Whiten, Starkes,
Wilde, Hiram,
Wilmarth, H. D.,
Wilson, B. Osgood,
Wilson, George W.,

,Cambridgeport.
Concord.
Norwood.
Winchester.
Hinghani Centre,
Randolph.
Jamaica Plain.
Watertown.
Maiden.

Wiswall, Henry M., Watertown.
Withington,HenryH., Jamaica Plain.
Wolcott,Mris. H. L.T., Boston.
Wood, Mrs. AnnaD., West Newton.
Wood, E. W., " "

Woodford, Jos. H., Newton.
Woolson, George C, Passaic, N. J.

Zirngiebel, Denys, Needham.

EXTRACTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.

SECTION XXVI. —Life Members.

The payment of thirty dollars shall constitute a Life Membership, and
exempt the member from all future assessments ; and any member having
once paid an admission fee, may become a Life Member by the payment of
twenty dollars in addition thereto.

SECTION XXVII. — Admission Fee and Annual Assessment.

Every subscription member, before he receives his Diploma, or exercises
the privileges of a member, shall pay the sum of ten dollars as an admission
fee, and shall be subject afterwards to an annual assessment of two dollars.

SECTION XXIX. — Discontinuance of Membership.

Any member who shall neglect for the space of two years to pay his annual
assessment, shall cease to be a member of the Society, and the Treasurer
shall erase his name from the List of Members.

The attention of Annual Members is particularly called to Section XXIX.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

A * denotes the member deceased. Correspondents of the Society and others will
confer a favor by communicating to the Secretary information of the decease,
change of residence, etc., of Honorary or Corresponding Members.

*Benjamin Abbott, LL. D., Exeter, N. H.

*JoHN Abbott, Brunswick, Me.

*HoN. John Quinct Adams, LL. D., late President of the United States,

Quincy.
*Prof. Louis Agassiz, Cambridge.

*WiLLiAM T. AiTON, late Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew, England.
*Thomas Allen, Ex-President of the St. Louis Horticultural Society, St.

Louis, Mo., and Pittsfield, Mass.
*HoN. Samuel Appleton, Boston.
*HoN. James Arnold, New Bedford.
*Edwakd Nathaniel Bancroft, M. D., late President of the Horticultural

and Agricultural Society of Jamaica.
*HoN. Philip P. Barbour, Virginia.

*DoN Angel Calderon de la Barca, late Spanish Minister at Washington.
*Eobert Barclay, Bury Hill, Dorking, Surrey, England.
*James Beekman, New York.
*L'Abbe Berlese, Paris.
*NicHOLAS BiDDLE, Philadelphia.
*Dr. Jacob Bigelow, Boston.
*Mrs. Lucy Bigelow, Medford.
*Le Chevalier Soulange Bodin, late Secretaire General de la Societe

d'Horticulture de Paris.
Hon. George S. Bodtwell, Groton.
*JosiAH Bradlee, Boston.
*HoN. George N. Briggs, Pittsfield.
*HoN. James Buchanan, late President of the United States, Lancaster,

Penn.
*Jesse Buel, late President of the Albany Horticultural Society, Albany,

N. Y.
*HoN. Edmund Burke, late Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C.
*Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, Geneva.
Hon. Horace Capkon, Ex-U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture, Washington,

D. C.
*Commodore Isaac Chauncey, U. S. Navy, Brooklyn, N. Y.

304 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*Waki) Chipman, late Chief Justice of New Brunswick, St. John.

*Lewis Clapier, Philadelphia.

*HoN. Henry Clay, Lexington, Ky.

H. W. S. Cleveland, Chicago, 111.

*Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Bart., England.

*Zaccheus Collins, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society,
Philadelphia.

*Roswell L. Colt, Paterson, N. J.

Caleb Cope, Ex-Presideut of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, Phila-
delphia.

*WiLLiAM CoxE, Burlington, N. J.

*JoHN P. CusHiNG, VVatertown.

*Charles W. Dabney, late U. S. Consul, Fayal, Azores.

*HoN. John Davis, LL. D., Boston.

*SiR Humphry Davy, London.

*Gen. Henry Alexander Scammel Dearborn, Roxbury.

* James Dickson, late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society of London.
*Mrs. Dorothy Dix, Boston.

*Capt. Jesse D. Elliot, U. S. Navy.

*HoN. Stephen Elliot, LL. D., Charleston, S. C.

*HoN. Henry L. Ellsworth, late Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D C.

*Alltn Charles Evanson, late Secretary of the King's County Agricultural
Society, St. John, N. B.

*HoN. Edward Everett, LL. D., Boston.

*HoN. Horace Everett, Vermont.

*F. Faldermann, late Curator of the Imperial Botanic Garden, St. Petersburg.

*HoN. Millard Fillmore, late President of the United States, Buffalo, N. Y.

*Dr. F. E. Fischer, late Professor of Botany at the Imperial Botanic
Garden, St. Petersburg.

*HoN. Theodore Frelinghuysen, late President of the American Agricul-
tural Society, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

* Joseph Gales, Jr., late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society,

"Washington, D. C.
*George Gibbs, New York.

* Stephen Girard, Philadelphia.

*HoN. Robert T. Goldsborough, Talbot County, Maryland.

*Ephraim Goodale, South Orrington, Maine.

*Mrs. Rebecca Gore, Waltham.

*HoN. John Greig, late President of the Domestic Horticultural Society,

Canandaigua, N. Y.
*Mrs. Mary Griffith, Charlies Hope, N. J.
*Gen. William Henry Harrison, late President of the United States,

North Bend, 0.
*S. P. HiLDRETH, M. D., Marietta, 0.

♦Thomas Hopkirk, late President of the Glasgow Horticultural Society.
*David Hosack, M. D. late President of the New York Horticultural

Society.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 305

♦Lewis Hunt, Huntsburg, O.

*JosEPH R. Ingersoll, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural

Society, Philadelphia.
*Gen. Andrew Jackson, late President of the United States, Nashville,

Tenn.
*Mrs. Martha Johonnot, Salem.

*Jared Potter Kirtland, M. D., LL. D., East Eockport, 0.
*Tho3ias Andrew Knight, late President of the Horticultural Society of

London.
*Gen. La Fayette, La Grange, France.
*Le Comte De Lasteykie, late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society

of Paris.
L. A. H. Latour, M. P., Montreal, Canada.
*Baron Justus Liebig, Giessen, Germany.

*PRor. John Lindley, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society of London.
Franklin Litchfield, U. S. Consul at Puerto Cabello, Venezuela.
♦Joshua Longstreth, Philadelphia.
♦Nicholas Longworth, Cincinnati.

♦Jacob Lorillard, late President of the New York Horticultural Society.
♦John C. Loudon, London.
♦Hon. John A. Lowell, Boston.
♦Baron Charle's Ferdinand Henry Von Ludwig, late Vice-President of

the South African Literary and Scientific Institution, Cape Town,

Cape of Good Hope.
♦Hon. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.
Col. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.

♦Hon. James Madison, late President of the United States, Montpelier, Va.
♦Mrs. Charlotte Marryatt, Wimbledon, near London.
Joseph Maxwell, Eio Janeiro.

D. Smith McCauley, U. S. Consul-General, Tripoli.

♦Hon. Isaac McKim, late President of the Horticultural Society of Mary-
land, Baltimore.
Rev. James H. Means, Dorchester, Mass.
♦James Mease, M. D., Philadelphia.
♦Lewis John Mentens, Brussels, Belgium.
♦Hon. Charles F. Mercer, Virginia.
♦Francois Andre Michaux, Paris.
Donald G. Mitchell, New Haven, Conn.
♦Samuel L. Mitchill, M. D., LL. D., New York.

♦Hon. James Monroe, late President of the United States, Oak Hill, Va.
♦Alfred S. Monson, M. D., late President of the New Haven Horticultural

Society, New Haven, Conn.
♦Hon. a. N. Morin, Montreal, Canada.
♦The<jdore Mosselmann, Antwerp, Belgium.
Baron R. Von Osten Sacken, Heidelberg, Germany.
Baron Ottenfels, Austrian Minister to the Ottoman Porte.
John Palmer, Calcutta.

306 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*HoN. Joel Parker, LL. D., Cambridge.

Samuel B. Parsons, Flushing, N. Y.
*HoN. Thomas H. Perkins, Brookline.

*A. Poiteau, late Professor in the Institut Horticole de Fromont.
*HoN. James K. Polk, late President of the United States, Nashville, Tenn.
*JoHN Hare Powel, Powelton, Pa.
*Henry Pratt, Philadelphia.
*William Prince, Flushing, N. Y.
*Rev. George Putnam, D. D., Roxbury.

*CoL. Joel Rathbone, late President of the Albany and Rensselaer Horti-
cultural Society, Albany, N. Y.
*Archibald John, Earl of Roseberry, late President of the Caledonian Horti-
cultural Society.

* Joseph Sabine, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society of London.
*DoN Ramon de la Sagra, Havana, Cuba.

*Henry Winthrop Sargent, Fishkill, N. Y.

*SiR Walter Scott, Abbotsford, Scotland.

*JoHN Shepherd, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool, England.

*JoHN S. Skinner, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.

George W. Smith, Boston.
*Stefhen H. Smith, late President of the Rhode Island Horticultural Society.
*HoN. Charles Sumner, Boston.
*HoN. John Taliaferro, Virginia.

*Gen. James Talmadge, late President of the American Institute, N. Y.
*Gen. Zachart Taylor, late President of the United States, Baton Rouge,
La.

* James Thacher, M. D., Plymouth.
John J. Thomas, ynion Springs, N. Y.

* James W. Thompson, M. D., Wilmington, Del.
*Grant Thorburn, New York.

*M. Du Petit Thouars, Paris.

*Le Vicomte Hericart de Thury, late President of the Horticultural
Society of Paris.

*MoNS. Tougard, late President of the Horticultural Society of Rouen,
France.

*Gen. Nathan Towson, late President of the Horticultural Society, Wash-
ington, D. C.

*HoN. John Tyler, late President of the' United States, Williamsburg, Va.

*Rev. Joseph Tyso, Wallingford, England.

*HoN. Martin Van Buren, late President of the United States, Kinder-
hook, N. Y.

*Federal Vanderburg, M. D., New York.

*Jean Baptiste Van Mons, M. D., Brussels, Belgium.

*Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer, Albany, N. Y. •

*Joseph R. Van Zandt, Albany, N. Y.

*Benjamin Vaughan, M. D., Hallowell, Me.

♦Petty Vaughan, London.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 307

*Rev. N. Villeneuve, Montreal, Canada.
*PiEKEE Phillippe Andre Vilmorin, Paris.
*James Wadsworth, Geneseo, N. Y.

*Nathaniel Wallich, M. D., late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta.
*Malthus a. Ward, M. D., late Professor in Franklin College, Athens, Ga.
*HoN. Daniel Webster, Marshfield.
*HoN. John Welles, Boston.
*Jeremiah Wilkinson, Cumberland, E. I.
Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Boston.
♦Frederick Wolcott, Litchfield, Conn.
*AsHTON Yates, Liverpool, England.

♦Lawrence Young, late President of the Kentucky Horticultural Society,
Louisville.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

A * denotes the members deceased.

♦John Adlum, Georgetown, D. C.

Don Francisco Aguilae, U. S. Vice-Consul at Maldonado, Banda Oriental
del Uruguay.
*MoNS. Alfroy, Lieusaint, France.

James T. Allan, Ex-President of the Nebraska State Horticultural Society,
Omaha, Neb.

A. B. Allen, New York.

Rev. Thomas D. Anderson, South Boston.
*Thomas Appleton, late U. S. Consul at Leghorn, Italy.
*CoL. Thomas Aspinwall, late U. S. Consul at London, Brookline.

P. M. Augur, State Pomologist, Middlefield, Conn.
*Isaac Cox Barnet, late U. S. Consul at Paris.

Patrick Barry, Chairman of the General Fruit Committee of the American

Pomological Society, Rochester, N. Y.
♦Augustine Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.
♦Eugene Achille Baumann, Rahway, N. J.
♦Joseph Bernard Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

Napoleon Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

D. W. Beadle, St. Catherine's, Ontario.

Prof. W. J. Beal, Lansing, Michigan.
♦Noel J. Becar, Brooklyn, N. Y.
♦Edward Beck, Worton College, Isleworth, near London.

Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, Peekskill, N. Y.

Louis £douard Berckmans, Rome, Ga.

Prosper J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga.
♦Alexander Bivort, late Secretary of the Societe Van Mons, Fleurus, Bel-
gium.
♦Tripet Le Blanc, Paris.

♦Charles D. Bragdon, Pulaski, Oswego Co., N. Y.
♦William D. Brinckle, M. D., Pliiladelphia.

♦George Brown, late U. S. Commissioner to the Sandwich Islands, Beverly.
♦John W. Brown, Fort Gaines, Ga.

Dr. Nehemiah Brush, East Florida.
♦Arthur Bryant, Sr., Ex-President of the Illinois State Horticultural

Society, Princeton, 111.
♦Robert Buist, Philadt'lphia.
♦Dr. E. W. Bull, Hartford, Conn.

William Bull, Chelsea, England.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 309

Eev. Robekt Burnet, Ex-President of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion, Pictou, N. S.

Alexander Burton, United States Consul at Cadiz, Spain

IsiDOR Bush, Busliberg, Jefferson Co., Mo,

George W. Campbell, Delaware, Ohio.
♦Francis G. Carnes, New York.
*CoL. Robert Carr, Philadelphia.
*Rev. John O. Choules, D. D., Newport, R. I.
*Rev. Henry Colman, Boston.
*James Colvill, Chelsea, England.

Benjamin E. Cotting, M. D., Boston.
*Samuel L. Dana, M. D., Lowell.
*J. Decaisne, Professe-ur de Culture au Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Jardin

des Plantes, Paris.
*James Deering, Portland, Me.
*H. F. Dickehut.

*SiR C. Wentworth Dilke, Bart., London.
*HoN. Allen W. Dodge, Hamilton.

Rev. H. Honywood D'Ombrain, Westwell Vicarage, Ashford, Kent, Eng-
land.
*Andrew Jackson Downing, Newburg, N. Y.

Charles Downing, Newburg, N. Y.

Parker Earle, Cobden, 111.

*F. R. Elliott, late Secretary of the American Pomological Society, Cleve-
land, 0.

George Ellwanger, Rochester, N. Y.
*George B. Emerson, LL. D., Winthrop.
*Ebenezer Emmons, M. D. Williamstown.
*Andrew H. Ernst, Cincinnati, 0.
*Nathaniel Fellow^s, Cuba.
*Henry J. Finn, Newport, R. I.

*W. C. Flagg, late Secretary of the American Pomological Society, Moro, 111.
*Michael Floy, late Vice-President of the New York Horticultural Society,

New York City.
*John Fox, Washington, D. C.
*HoN. Russell Freeman, Sandwich.

Andrew S. Fuller, Ridgewood, N. J.

Henry Weld Fuller, Roxbury.

Hon. Robert W. Fcrnas, President of the Nebraska State Horticultural
Society, Brownville, Neb.
*Augustin Gande, late President of the Horticultural Society, Department

of Sarthe, France.
*Robert H. Gardiner, Gardiner, Me.
*Benjamin Gardner, late U. S. Consul at Palermo, Sicily.
*Capt. James T. Gerry, U. S. Navy.

*Abraham p. Gibson, late U. S. Consul at St. Petersburg.
*R. Glendinning, Chiswick, near London.

310 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Prof. George L. Goodale, Cambridge.
Charles W. Gordon, U. S. Consul at Eio Janeiro.
Prop. Asa Gray, Cambridge.

O. B. Hadwen, Ex-President of the Worcester County Horticultural Society,
Worcester.
*Charles Henry Hall, New York.

*Abraham Halsey, late Corresponding Secretary of the New York Horti-
cultural Society, New York.
*Dr. Charles C. Hamilton, late President of the Fruit Growers' Association

and International Show Society of Nova Scotia, Canard.
*Rev. Thaddeus Mason Harris, D. D., Dorchester.
*Thaddeus William Harris, M. D., Cambridge.
* John Hay, late Architect of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.
♦Bernard Henry, late U. S. Consul at Gibraltar, Philadeliihia.

Shirley Hibberd, Editor of the Gardener's Magazine, London.
*J. J. Hitchcock, Baltimore.

Robert Hogg, LL. D., Editor of the Journal of Horticulture, London.
*Thomas Hogg, New York.
Thomas Hogg, New York.
J. C. Holding, Ex-Treasurer and Secretary of the Cape of Good Hope

Agricultural Society, Cape Town, Africa.
Kev. S. Reynolds Hole, Caunton Manor, Newark, Nottinghamshire,

England.
Fisher Holmes, Sheffield, England.
Sir Joseph Hooker, K. C. S. I., Director of the Royal Botanic Garden,

Kew, England.
Josiah Hoopes, West Chester, Penn.
Prof. E. N. Horsford, Cambridge.
*Sanford Howard, Chicago, 111.

"'Dr. William M. Howsley, late President of the Kansas State Horticul-
tural Society, Leavenworth.
*IsAAC Hunter, Baltimore, Md.
"■Isaac Hurd, Cincinnati, Ohio.
George Husmann, Professor of Horticulture in the University of the State
of Missouri, Columbia.
"■Prof. Isaac W. Jackson, Union College, Schenectady, N. Y.
""Thomas P. James, Cambridge.
Edward Jarvis, M. D., Dorchester.
J. W. P. Jenks, Middleborough.
William J. Johnson, M. D., Fort Gaines, Ga.
Samuel Kneeland, M. D., Boston.
*MoNS. Laffay, St. Cloud, near Paris, France.

*David Landreth, late Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society, Bristol, Pa.
C. C. Langdon, Mobile, Alabama.
*Dr. William LeBaron, late State Entomologist, Geneva, 111.
G. F. B. Leighton, President of the Norfolk Horticultural and Pomological
Society, Norfolk, Va.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 311

*E. S. H. Leonard, M. D., Providence, R. I.

*Andke Lerot, Author of the Dictionnaire de Pomologie, Angers, France.

J. Linden, Ghent, Belgium.

Hon. George Lunt, Scituate.
*F. W. Macondrat, San Francisco, Cal.

* James J. Mapes, LL. D., Newark, N. J.

*A. Mas, late President of the Horticultural Society, Bourg-en-Bresse, France.

Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, Editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle, London.
*James Maury, late U. S. Consul at Liverpool, England.

T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N. Y.
*WiLLiAM Sharp McLeat, New York.

* James McNab, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Thomas Meehan, Editor of the Gardener's Monthly, Germantown, Pa.

*Allan Melvill, New York.

*John Miller, M. D., Secretary of the Horticultural and Agricultural

Society of Jamaica.
♦Stephen Mills, Flushing, N. Y.
*Charles M'Intosh, Dalkeith Palace, near Edinburgh.

J. E. Mitchell, Philadelphia.
*GiusEPPE Monarchini, M. D., Canea, Isle of Candia.

i)DOUARD MoRREN, Editor of the Belgique Horticole, Liege, Belgium.
*HoRATio Newhall, M. D., Galena, 111.
*David W. Offley, late U. S. Consular Agent, Smyrna, Turkey.

James Ombrosi, U. S. Consul, Florence, Italy.
*JoHN J. Palmer, New York.
*VicTOR Paquet, Paris.

*JoHN W. Parker, late U. S. Consul at Amsterdam, Holland.
*Andre Parmentier, Brooklyn, N. Y.

William Paul, Waltham Cross, London, N.
*SiR Joseph Paxton, M. P., Chatsworth, England.
*JoHN L Payson, late U. S. Consul at Messina, Sicilj'.
*CoM. Matthew C. Perry, U. S. Navy, Charlestown.

*David Porter, late U. S. Charge d' Affaires at the Ottoman Porte, Con-
stantinople.
*Alfred Stratton Prince, Flushing, N. Y.

* William Robert Prince, Flushing, N. Y.
P. T. QuiNN, Newark, N. J.

Rev. Rushton Radclyffe, London, England.

* William Foster Redding, Baltimore, Md.
D. Redmond, Ocean Springs, Miss.

Dr. S. Reynolds, Schenectady, N. Y.
*John H. Richards, M. D., Illinois.

Charles V. Riley, Entomologist to the U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.
*Mons. J. Rinz, Jr., Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany.
*Thomas RrvERS, Sawbridgeworth, Herts, England.

William Robinson, Editor of The Garden, London.
*Dr. J. Smyth Rogers, New York.

312 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUHAL SOCIETY.

*Capt. William S. Eogers, U. S. Navy.
*Bernhard Roeser, M. D., Athens, Greece.
*Thomas Rotch, Philadelphia.
*Geokge R. Russell, Roxbury.

John B. Russell, Newmarket, N. J.
*Rev. John Lewis Russell, Salem.

William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, 1). C.
*WiLLiAM Shaler, late U. S. Consul-General at Havana, Cuba.

* William Shaav, New York.
*Caleb R. Smith, Burlington, N. J.
*Daniel D. Smith, Burlington, N. J.

*Gideon B. Smith, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.
*JoHN Jay Smith, Gerraantown, Penn.

* Horatio Sprague, late U. S. Consul at Gibraltar.
Robert W. Starr, Port William, Nova Scotia.
Dr. Joseph Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas.

*Capt. Thomas Holdup Stevens, U. S. Navy, Middletown, Conn.

William Fox Strangeway, British Secretary of Legation at Naples, Italy.

Dr. J. Strentzel, Martinez, Cal.
*JuDGE E. B. Strong, Rochester, N. Y.
*James p. Sturgis, Canton, China.

William Summer, Pomaria, S. C.

Francis Summerest.
*Prof. Michel^ Tenore, late Director of the Botanic Garden at Naples,

Italy.
*James Englebert Teschemacher, Boston.
♦Robert Thompson, Chiswick, near London.
*George C. Thorburn, New York.

Prof. George Thurber, Editor of the American Agriculturist, New York.
*JoHN TiLSON, Jr., Edwardsville, Illinois.

*Cav. Doct. Vincenzo Tineo, Director of the Botanic Garden at Palermo.
*Luther Tucker, Editor of the Cultivator, Albany, N. Y.
*Carey Tyso, Wallingford, England.
*Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belgium.
♦Alexander Vattemare, Paris.

*Emilien de Wael, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society, Antwerp,
Belgium.

John A. Warder, M. D., President of the Ohio State Horticultural So-
ciety, North Bend, O.

Anthony Waterer, Knapp Hill, near Woking, Surrey, England.
*J. Ambrose Wight, Editor of the Prairie Farmer, Chicago, 111.

Benjamin Samuel Williams, Ilolloway, London, N.

Prof. John Wilson, Edinburgh University, Scotland.
♦William Wilson, New York.
*HoN. J. F. AViNGATE, Bath, Me.
♦Gen. Joshua Wingate, Portland, Me.
♦Joseph Augustus Winthrop, Charleston, S. C.

CONTENTS.

Page
Prefatory Note, 149

Business Meeting, April 1, 1882; Proceedinf;s of American Pomological

Society presented, 151

Business Meeting, Maj' 6; Decease of Charles Darwin, pp. 151,152; Reso-
lutions in memory of Professor Decaisne, 152, 153 ; Prizes for Window
Gardening, 153; Election of Immediate and Corresponding Members, . 154

Business Meeting, June 3; Premium for Pocklington Grapes, p. 154; Dona-
tion from the National Central Horticultural Society of France, 155;
Election of members, 155

Business Meeting, July 1 ; No quorum, 155

Business Meeting, July 8; Election of members, p. 155; Acceptance of cor-
responding niemjberships 156

Business Meeting, August 5 ; Nominating Committee appointed, . . 156

Business Meeting, September 2; Report of Nominating Committee pre-
sented, p. 156; Election of members 157

Business Meeting, October 7; Annual Election, pp. 157, 158; Report on

Large and Interesting Trees, 157; Election of Members, .... 157

Business Meeting, November 4; Appropriations recommended, p. 158;

Addition to Committee on Large Trees, 159; Election of members, . . 159

Business Meeting, December 2; Members proposed, p. 159; Reports of
Committees on Plants and Flowers, Fruits, Vegetables, Publication and
Discussion, and Library, and of Secretary read, 159 ; Lists of Prizes for
1873 reported, 159; Meetings for Discussion announced, .... leo

Business Meeting, December 9; Decease of Henry Winthrop Sargent, . 160

Meeting foe Discussion; Horticulture in Mexico and Central America, by

John E. Russell, 160-164

Business Meeting, December 16; List of Prizes adopted, p. 104; Invitation

from the Mississippi Valley Horticultural Society, 164

Meeting for Discussion ; Garden Vegetables, by Benjamin P. Ware, pp.

165-168; Discussion, 168-173

Business Meeting, December 23; Decease of M. Henri Courcelle announced,

p. 174 ; Letter from A. Ramsay, 174,175

Meeting for Discussion; Tomatoes and Celery, by William D. Philbrick,

pp. 175-178; Discussion, 178-182

Business Meeting, December 30; Memorial of Charles Darwin, p. 183; of
Henry Winthrop Sargent, 183-185 ; Report on Old and Interesting Trees,
185, 193 ; Prizes for Essays reported, 185

11 CONTENTS.

Page
Meeting fob Discussion; Culture of Melons, by W. W. Rawson, pp. 185,

186; Discussion, 187-190; Fasciated Branch of Rose, 190

Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers; Azalea and Rose
Show, pp. 192, 193; Pelargonium Exhibition, 193; Rhododendron Show,
193, 194; Rose and Strawberry Exhibition, 194-197; Annual Exhibition,
198-200 ; Chrysanthemum Show, 200-203 ; Miscellaneous Exhibitions, 203-

207; Prizes and Gratuities awarded, 208-224

Report of the Committee on Fruits, pp. 225-229; Prizes and Gratuities

awarded, 230-242

Report of the Committee on Vegetables, pp. 243-247; Prizes and Gra-
tuities awarded, 248-257

Report of the Committee of Arrangements, 258, 259

Report of the Committee on Publication and Discussion, . . . 260, 261
Report of the Library Committee, pp. 262-264 ; Library Accessions, 264-

280; Books, etc., wanted, 280,281

Report of the Secretary and Librarian, . • 282-284

Report of the Treasurer, 285-287

Report of the Finance Committee 287

Mount Auburn Cemetery, ' 288, 289

Officers and Standing Committees for 1883, 290, 291

Members of the Society: Life, pp. 292-298; Annual, 299-302; Honorary,

303-307; Corresponding, 308-312

Extracts from the Constitution and By-Laws, 302

TRANS ACTIONS-^^A ou

f/r

OF THE

<yii

C7V

FOE THE YEAR 1883.

FROM THE

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Please acknowledge receipt to

ROBEET MANNING, Secretary.

^^\v^^-'v^

BOSTON :

PEINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

1883.

11 CONTENTS.

Page

Meeting for Discussion; Culture of Melons, by W. W. Rawson, pp. 185,

18G; Discussion, 187-190; Fasciated Branch of Rose, 190

Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers; Azalea and Rose
Show, pp. 192, 193; Pelargonium Exhibition, 193; Rhododendron Show,
193,194; Rose and Strawberry Exhibition, 194-197; Annual Exhibition,
198-200 ; Chrysanthemum Show, 200-203 ; Miscellaneous Exhibitions, 203-

207; Prizes and Gratuities awarded, 208-224

Report of the Committee on Fruits, pp. 225-229; Prizes and Gratuities

awarded, 230-242

Report of the Committee on Vegetables, pp. 243-247; Prizes and Gra-
tuities awarded, 248-257

Report of the Committee of Arrangements, 258, 259

Report of the Committee on Publication and Discussion, . . . 260, 261
Report of the Library Committee, pp. 262-264 ; Library Accessions, 264-

280; Books, etc., wanted, 280,281

Report of the Secretary and Librarian, . • 282-284

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

passacfjusttts poriiailtural ^ocietg,

FOR THE YEAR 1883.

PART I.

BOSTON :

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

1883.

i

The following papers aud discussions have been circulated to
some extent in the form of slips reprinted from the reports made
b}' the Secretary of the Society in the Boston Transcript. As here
presented, the papers are printed in full, and the discussions are
not only fuller than in the weekly reports, but have been* carefully
revised by the speakers.

The Committee on Publication and Discussion take this oppor-
tunity to repeat what they have before stated, that the Society is
not to be held responsible for the certainty of the statements, the
correctness of the opinions, or the accuracy of the nomenclature in
the papers and discussions now or heretofore published, all of
which must rest on the credit or judgment of the respective writers
or speakers, the Society undertaking only to present these papers
and discussions, or the substance of them, correctly.

Benjamin G. Smith, ^ Committee on
John B. Moore, V Publication and

William H. Hunt, J Discussion.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

WfUUtlnmit^ plwtliaiWttMl ^atuiv.

<s

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 6, 1883.

A duly notified stated meeting was holden at 11 o'clock, the
President, Hon. Francis B. Hates, in the chair.

The Recording Secretar}^ being absent, owing to illness, E. W.
Wood was chosen Recording Secretar}' pro tern.

The President delivered his annual address, as follows :

Address of President Hayes.

Ladies and Gentlemen of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society :

To this temple, dedicated to the science and art of Horticulture,
we have come this morning to renew our vows of devotion to the
loved duties and pleasures associated with the place ; to recipro-
cate kindly gi'eetings of the new year ; to cheer and stimulate each
other in our work ; and while grateful to Divine Providence for
what has been accomplished by our institution in the past, to
resolve that in the future we will do more than heretofore,
according to the strength and means afforded us, to fulfil the
beneficent mission of our organization.

"We have great cause for thankfulness that able and wise men in
past years established this Society, and that by their efforts, and
those of their associates and successors, so much has been done
for the improvement and profit of the community. It is very

b 3IASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

pleasant to think that the benefits of this Society have not been
limited by state lines or national boundaries, but that all the world
has to some extent participated with us in the advantages resulting
from the establishment of our institution. "While we rejoice that
so much has been done for the general good, by this Society sirce
its origin, we should be animated by the desire to do more and
more every year, as our knowledge and ability increase, that future
generations may, by our example, be incited to take up the work
when their predecessors are obliged to lay it down, and with
loving diligence prosecute it to the glory of the Creator and the
good of mankind.

Since our last annual meeting, I am happy to report good
progress in the Society's work. Our exhibitions have been beau-
tiful, instructive, and successful. The essays and discussions,
which have been listened to by large audiences at our meetings
with great satisfaction, have been able and interesting. Never
before have our meetings been so well attended as the past year,
thereb}' manifesting an increased interest of our members and the
community at large, in horticultural subjects. The publication of
our Transactions has elicited the commendation of sister societies,
and of many others in different parts of the world. Our library is
in a better condition than it ever was before ; its treasures are
rapidly increasing, and, under the present excellent management,
its usefulness has been much augmented. During the past year,
our librarian, with the assistance furnished him, has made con-
siderable progress in cataloguing the valuable prints in our pos-
session, and this work will be prosecuted during the present year.
Additional bookcases, and other conveniences for the library room
have been provided, and rules for its use adopted, so that now it
has become a favorite resort for our members, and others interested
in horticultural studies.

I am happ3' to report an improvement m our financial condition
during the past 3'ear. We have received a flattering increase in the
rental of our halls over the previous year, proving the wisdom of
the Society in making the improvements in our building in 1881.
The Treasurer's accounts, when presented, will show that we have
now about four thousand dollars more of cash on hand than we had
on our last anniversary. Besides this, the returns from Mount
Auburn Cemetery, not 3-et ofliciall}' communicated to us, will
exhibit an increase of revenue coming to this Society of about seven
hundred dollars above the sum returned a year ago.

I

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT HAYES. 7

Though gratified with this report of increase of our income, we
must bear in mind that we cannot depend upon this increase being
permanent, and, moreover, if we make the contemplated improve-
ments of our building, we shall lose during the progress of the
work the rentals of our stores, and shall need this surplus to sup-
ply probable deficiencies.

"We are greatly in want of means to accomplish the important
objects of the Society's formation. We require more money than
we have, to stimulate growers of flowers, fruits, and specialties.
More and larger premiums should be offered for excellence in these
departments. Liberal premiums should be given for improvements
in the culture of land, for the destruction of enemies to vegetation,
for remedies for diseases in plants, and for discoveries of new and
valuable productions. Larger pecuniary inducements than we now
can afford should be offered for procuring the best essays upon
horticultural subjects and for their publication.

We have now excellent halls for our exhibitions, a good library
room which is- capable of enlargement for receiving our books ;
convenient rooms are provided for the transaction of the business
of the Society's officers, and now we must improve the condition
of the lower portion of our building, better adapting it to the
wants of business, if possible, that we ma}' increase our rentals
and at the same time add to the beauty of the structure. For
some months during the past year, as we did not wish to renew the
expiring leases of our stores, contemplating alterations of them,
we have been obliged to rent them temporarilj' to those who would
give us the largest rent. As it is desirable to procure as soon as
possible the best class of tenants, and adapt our building to their
wants, the committee having the subject in charge have deemed it
judicious to advertise the Society's willingness to alter the first
story and basement of our building if it were desired, and to ask
proposals from parties wishing to hire the stores. The committee
have thought, if from the answers to their advertisement, it seemed
alterations of the building would result in such an increase of our
income as to justify the expenditure necessary to make the im-
provements, that then they would turn their attention to providing
the means required to accomplish the object without burthening the
Society. Already some subscriptions for the purpose have been
obtained, and I am certain you will cordially cooperate in improv-
ing our estate so as to give the Society additional revenue which is
much needed to meet its increasing wants.

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The advantage of offering valuable prizes for specialties in
horticulture was illustrated again in our Rose Show of last summer.
Though generall}- this beautiful plant had suffered much from the
severe early frost in the preceding month of October ; yet hy great
care and labor, exhibitors showed very fine specimens of many
varieties, which deservedly received the rewards of the Society and
commanded the admiration of the public.

The Chrysanthemum Exhibition was perhaps the most remarkable
one ever made in this country of this flower. All were charmed
with it, so wonderful was the variet}^ of color and form of the
specimens shown, and the beauty of this exhibition, redounding so
much to the credit of the exhibitors, will never be forgotten by
those who witnessed it.

Observing the good resulting from offering special prizes, I am
impressed with the great benefit which would result if we had the
means of offei'ing larger and more attractive prizes for many
different specialties of horticulture.

It gives me great pleasure to bear witness to the valuable ser-
vices rendered by all the committees during the past year, by
which the dignity and high character of the Society has not only
been upheld, but increased. We are, also, much indebted to the
Treasurer and Secretary for the intelligent and faithful manner
with which they have discharged their respective duties.

Ladies and Gentlemen : Bound together by a common love of
nature, we have met, week after week, and month after month, to
see the beautiful and useful products of the earth, to discuss their
properties and peculiarities, their manner of growth and habit, and
to receive and give information upon various horticultural subjects.
Such association is not only pleasant, but necessarily profitable to
us. We come to know each other better by acquaintance, and
though at times we may differ as to the manner of best prosecuting
our work ; yet we have learned little if we have not learned that by
sincere and earnest devotion to our work our views are enlarged,
and we are more ready to give credit to our fellow laborers for in-
telligence and ability, seeing how difficult it is for man to probe
the secrets of nature, and that, not infrequently, most valuable
discoveries are made through the humblest instruments. By
coming together, and learning the experience of many, each of us
makes far more rapid advance in our loved pursuit than can be
made by the individual, solitary labor of any one. Finding how

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT HAYES. 9

much this association benefits us, it is plainlj- our dutj- to transmit
to our successors, not only unimpaired, but augmented, the means
of improvement which we have enjoyed.

In this spirit, we will cultivate more diligently than we have
hitherto done, all those kindly offices to each other which give
pleasure to social intercourse. We will, disinterestedly, and with
a sacred regard to truth and principle, conduct ourselves in the
performance of our duties and relations to each other, in accord
with the purity of purpose and loftiness of character of our pre-
decessors who founded and established this Society ; and, with the
blessing of Providence, we will maintain and enlarge its usefulness,
doing our part in our day for that noble object, that its benign in-
fluence may be perpetuated and transmitted to future generations.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder moved a vote of thanks to the Presi-
ident for his able and interesting address, which was passed unan-
imously.

John B. Moore moved that one hundred dollars be appropriated
for floral exhibitions at the winter meetings, to be spent at the
discretion of the Flower Committee. The motion was carried.

The Committee of Arrangements asked further time to report,
which was granted. It was also voted to give the Treasurer further
time to prepare his report.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members of
the Society :

T. Otis Fuller, of Needham.
James Hewins, of Medfield.
John Lane, of East Bridgewater.
C. L. Allen, of Garden City, N. Y.
Frederick Goddard May, of Dorchester.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 13.

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

What is the Best Method of Repelling or Destroying the
Insect Enemies of Fruits and Fruit Trees, especially the
Codling Moth ? Is Trapping a proved success ? What are
THE Results of Experiments with Paris Green, or any
other poisonous application?

By Jacob W. Manning, Reading.

Few fruit trees or plants can be found that do not suffer in some
way from insect enemies. The fruit, also, of almost every useful
tree or plant is more or less defiled or injured so as to be lessened
in value, or ruined for the use of man, as well as for domestic
animals in many cases.

One injurious insect after another comes on, covering much or
all of the season of growth and development of fruit, and even
extending through the season of the preservation of the fruit, — all
this to the dismay of the fruit grower ; so that it may well be said
that the man who carries to market fine specimens of fruit is to be
compared to a warrior in an enem3^'s country, who has succeeded
by strategy and great labor and bravery, in gathering spoils ; he is
not always sure of securing more, for the enemy may come upon
him. He is often in fear lest the numerous insect tribes will
destroy all his most reasonable hopes before he can find a market
for his crop after it is grown.

The army-worm and the grasshopper have often destroyed all
fruit, cereal, and forage crops in sight of a given point in a few
hours, and man must stand b}^ helpless ; but such serious and
almost uncontrollable disasters happen only occasionally.

The canker-worm in a few days has destroyed all hope of fruit
on the apple tree, and if this pest is not arrested, after a few years
the life of the trees, annually denuded of their foliage in their
most active season of growth, is to be despaired of.

The most effectual remedy we yet know of for the extermination
of the canker-worm is " London Purple " or " Paris Green " ; the
first is preferable, I think, because, on account of its lightness
and its finer division, it will remain suspended in the water, and
does not require the constant agitation necessary with the Paris

DESTROYING CANKER-WORMS. 11

green and water. The London purple has, also, a more prominent
color, and can be seen more readily on the leaf.

The proper proportion is best found out by experiment ; if it is
too strong, it will kill the leaves ; if it is too weak, it will not kill
the worms. I have found that a heaping teaspoonful to a three-
gallon pail of water was about right, or, on a large scale, about
a pound to two hundred gallons of water.

It should be applied in a fine spra}', either by a common garden
syringe or b}' a portable pump and hose attachment. A supply- of
the poisoned water, with pump and attachment, ma}'' be moved in
a wagon from tree to tree, and field to field. AIL the foliage should
be sprinkled as far as possible. It is sometimes necessary to go
over the trees two or three times to kill all the worms, but we have
repeatedly seen cases where one application served to clear out the
pest, and not a worm was seen again for years. This was the case
in Amos Hill's orchard in Belmont, in 1878 ; also in 1880, in my
own nursery, where thousands of apple and elm trees, in nursery
rows, were cleared of the pest bj^ one application. This was
made when the worms were nearly mature ; there were some trees
in the groiinds that escaped the poison, and it was supposed there
were enough worms left to spread over the grounds the next
year ; but much to our satisfaction they have not been seen since.
The only explanation I can give is, that the birds destroyed what
were left after we had killed the greater part.

The time to apply the poison is, I think, as soon as the slight-
est perforation of the leaf can be seen, but it was effectual in my
case when the worms were nearlj'^ grown.

I find that the foliage of the cherry, plum, three-thorned acacia,
and linden are all more or less eaten by the canker-worm.

It is impossible to reach tall elms with the syringe, and on such
trees the printer's ink on a band of paper, or a metallic collar filled
with oil, would be successful ; or a box set around the base of the
tree, with a trough for oil around the top, as was practised in
Messrs. Clapp's orchard in Dorchester nearly forty-five years ago.
The first set of boxes lasted twenty years ; the second set remains
still. The boxes cost about thirty-three cents each.

Some maintain that it is best not to battle the canker-worms at
all, because that in from five to seven years they will run their
course and disappear ; while, on the other hand, I am credibly
informed that about Dorchester the canker-worm has never failed

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to appear in some parts of the town every year for more than
fifty years.

The fact that the methods mentioned are effectual, affords one
ray of hope for the tree and fruit grower. It would be of lasting
benefit if one general application could be made to all sorts of
trees infested with the canker-worm, as far as they extend, — for
it does not appear to infest all sections alike. It is a strange
thing, but yet a fact, that it was not known to reach beyond a cer-
tain division wall in one direction, yet ate all before it up to this
wall at different intervals within the last hundred years. This
instance is related by Mr. Hyde, of Newton. This pest is not of
sufficient moment, however, to deter a courageous and vigilant
man from planting orchards.

The orchard of our fellow member, T. C. Thurlow, of West
Newbur}', was devastated for years by the canker-worm, so that
little fruit was obtained. By the use of printer's ink, involving an
expense of four and one-half cents per tree, a reward followed, the
next year, in a crop of nine hundred barrels of number one Bald-
wins, seven hundred barrels the next year, and fourteen hundred
barrels the next year. Thus it seems the trees were determined
to make up lost time when once relieved of the enemy that had
preyed upon them.

The lesson seems to be, to plant trees and take care of them,
and the canker-worm also. The fruit will increase, and the worms
decrease, by as intelligent management as is necessary to conduct
any business successfully.

The codling-moth is one of the most insidious of our insect
foes. Coming, as it ordinarily does, in the moth state at the
blossoming of the apple, the same amount of warmth that helps to
bring out the apple blossoms also helps to bring out the codling-
moth from its winter form in the cocoon. It then lays an egg in
the blossom end or eye of the apple, and the worm coming from
this eats its way into the apple, causing many to drop prematurely,
and defiling many others that do not drop. The worm then comes
from the apple and finds its wa}' to crevices in the bark of the tree,
or similar protection near by, where it spins for itself a cocoon
and prepares for its transformation to a butterfly in the spring.
Thus the round of life rolls on for this insect. Man has
been obliged to study the life and habits of the insects to find a
remedy for the injury they do him. lie has found that they go

DESTEOYING CODLING-MOTHS. 13

through certain stages in a season, and all these at his expense
for the benefit of their posterity ; and thus from 3'ear to year they
struggle on for life, like all other forms of animal and vegetable
life. All appear to be pleasing themselves, but they live really
for the perpetuation of their several species. But all apple
growers are interested in the prevention of the codling-moth and
its progeny, from eating his apples and pears.

We can mention no new remedy, but we must rely on the old
means of defence, which would be made more effective by a com-
bined union of forces, so that one man who is trying to rid his own
grounds may not be beset on all sides b}' the unchecked insect
enemies of his neighbor, obliging him to keep up the same efforts
year after year. We have plent}^ of examples showing that the
continued and systematic application of the old remedies is suffi-
ciently successful to warrant its continuance ; and if it is not done,
the fruit grower will be outdone.

Gathering and destroying all fallen and worm-eaten apples is
one of the flrgt requirements. Swine or sheep running at large in
an orchard greatly aid in picking up all wormy apples and in keep-
ing the ground well worked and fertilized, and free from grass.
The result of the work of swine in the orchard of Col. E. C. Shir-
ley, in Goffstown, N. H., who communicated with this Society
some years ago, was a more vigorous growth of the trees, and a
large crop of Baldwins on the odd year, that were very free from
worms, and large, fair, and handsome. His orchard is on high
land, with a clayey gravel subsoil. His neighbors' apple crops, on
the same soil, without this swine culture, were poor, and the fruit
wormy.

Trapping is undoubtedly a help in reducing the number of worms
so far as they resort to the traps, whether these are straw bands
around the trees, or w^oollen rags or any other substance that affoi'ds
them a place to transform from the larva to the cocoon state ; and
it appears to me that a supply of hot water, made transportable,
would be a good thing to immerse these sheltei's in, rather than to
destro}' the worms b}'^ pounding or hand picking, as is usually
done. All dead bark should be scraped off the trees to reduce the
number of places where the worms can find shelter.

Open fires at night in the garden and orchard are within the
means of all, and serve to destroy a great number of winged in-
sects, including the codling-moth, and it would be well to have

14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fires in all lands contiguous to the orchard, and especially near
woods, if there are any in the locality, as many insects that are
destructive in the garden, as well as to the forest trees, no doubt
make this a refuge. A lantern over a tub of water is one of the
most useful ti-aps to attract and drown insects, and a coating of
oil on the water would help to destroy them.

The reason why these simple and effectual remedies are not more
often applied is, that the gardener or fanner and his assistants,
are all tired when night comes. Undoubtedly it would be a paying
investment to hire a man for this work of destroying insects alone.
Charles Downing mentions the following as an effectual trap for
all sorts of insects in the garden. Fill wide-monthed bottles half
full of a mixture of water, vinegar, and molasses, and suspend
them among the trees. In a short time they will be full of insects
and must then be emptied and the liquid renewed. An acquaint-
ance of his captured, in this way, more than three bushels of
insects in his garden in a season, and presei'ved it almost entirely
free from their ravages.

I have not given any new method of destroying the codling-'
moth, but still think the old methods would be completel}' success-
ful if used systematically by all. Partial application of remedies,
as has been the past record of warfare against insects, is compar-
able to a vacuum in air or water, produced by a pressure brought
to bear at some special point ; as soon as the resistance is taken
away the vacant space at once closes up, and no trace is left.

The borer, which is sometimes a serious pest in our young apple
trees, can be easily destroyed by cutting away the bark where their
chips show, if taken in liand from July to September. Later,
when they are deeper in the wood, a flexible wire pushed into tlie
hole will kill them. But better than either is preventing them from
getting into the tree, by a strip of tarred paper around the base
of the tree, the bottom covered with soil, and the top tied close
around the trunk, six or eight inches up. I applied this remedy
successfully nearly thirty years ago. A strong solution of soap is
also useful to wash the base of the tree to prevent the eggs being
laid. It sliould be applied at intervals from the first of June until
August.

The scale louse can be destroyed by an application of raw lin-
seed oil. Crude petroleum is also used effectually, but it must be
dikited with water ; this can be done by first mixing it with milk,
and then diluting with water.

§

CATERPILLAES AND CURCULIOS. 15

Pear and cherry tree slugs can be destroyed by a dusting with
air-slacked lime or plaster of Paris. A sprinkling of dry dust
causes them to fall off the tree, and very few are able to return.
A spray of London purple and water can be relied upon to destroy
them, as it is fatal to all animal life.

There is no better remedy for plant lice than tobacco water.

Tent caterpillars can be easily destroyed by hand picking or the
spiral brush, when the worms are in their webs, on a cool day or
early in the morning. They can also be prevented by picking their
eggs, which are found in glazed masses surrounding the twigs,
and burning them. For the last six or more years we, and all in
our vicinity, have been almost entirely free from the ravages of
the tent caterpillar. I am confident that they were destroyed by
a misty rain that congealed and covered every part of the trees
with a coating of ice near the hatching season, thus destroying
them. Further inland, where the storm was snow instead of rain,
they were never more destructive than that same spring, when they
disappeared from us.

The system most in use among plum growers for destroj'ing the
curculio is to jar off the insects b^' a sharp blow of a mallet on a
limb sawed off for the purpose. Sheets are arranged around the
trees, in which the insects are caught, collected, and destroyed. It
is quite important, also, to jar all trees where the insects may
lodge, in the vicinity of the plum trees. Many have of late plant-
ed these J.rees in hen yards, and it is found that the hens destroy
the insects, and cultivate and fertilize the trees, and thus good crops
are secured by the plum cultivator, and he may rely upon one every
season. This fact is so fully appreciated that the sale of plum
trees has greatly increased.

As the subject of currants and other small fruits is to be taken
up in a future discussion, I will not refer to them in this paper.

In closing, I would suggest that any effective or new methods
of insect destruction that are observed, from time to tiraCj by
friends of the Society, be reported at our meetings.

Discussion,

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder said that he who will not take care of
his trees, and prevent the ravages of the canker-worm, deserves to
have them eaten up. The curculio can be overcome by jarring

»

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the trees suddenly, and destroying the insects that drop ; shaking
will not do.

Benjamin P. Ware would use the residuum from kerosene oil
works, in preference to printers' ink, for destroying canker-worms,
as it does not dry so quickly, and it is very much cheaper. Prin-
ters' ink should be renewed at least once in three days, but the
substance recommended will last at least twice as long.

James P. King had had much experience with the canker-worm,
and had tried printers' ink with no avail, but by the application of
the residuum of kerosene he destroyed them entirely.

Edmund Hersey thought there is a second brood of codling-
moths. In regard to the canker-worm, he thought that if hens
were kept in the orchard there would be no trouble from them.
He recommended the same remedy for the curculio.

William C. Strong thought the rose-bug is becoming one of the
most formidable enemies of plant growers.

Avery P. Slade had had some experience with the rose-bug, and
had formerly fought them by hand picking, but latterly had used
kerosene in a wash-pan, jarring the insects into it with a small
stick.

William H. Hunt had used the method mentioned by Mr. Slade,
to destroy rose-bugs. He thought they leave all other grapes for
the Clinton, and that if a row of this variety were planted around
the vinej-ard it would protect the vines within.

Mr. Strong thought the Spiraea sorhifoUa a better trap than the
Clinton grape. They can be easily destroyed when on the flowers.

N. B. White thought the rose-bug was destined to become the
worst enemy of the fruit grower.

Hon. James J. H. Gregory had an orchard destroyed by using
fish oil to kill canker-worms.

Mr. Wilder closed the discussion by recommending caution in
the use of oil on trees.

Notice was given that on the next Saturda}', Dr. H. P. Walcott
would read a paper on ' ' Chrysanthemums and their Culture."

CHRYSANTHEMUMS AND THEIR CULTURE. 17

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satukdat, January 13, 1883.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

The Secretary read a letter from Wiuthrop Sargent, of Fishkill-
on-the-Hudson, N. Y., acknowledging, in behalf of the family, the
resolutions passed by the Society in memory of his father, the late
Henry Winthrop Sargent, and thanking the Society therefor. The
letter was ordered to be placed on file.

Adjourned to Saturday, Januarj^ 20.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Chrysanthemums and their Culture.

By Dr. Henrt P. Walcott, Cambridge.

The Chrysanthemum famil}^ is not only a very large one, but
has a distribution over the four quarters of the globe. Onl}' two
species, however, are to be the subject of my remarks todaj', and
these two seem only to have been satisfactorily determined by
Sabine in 1823. They are the Chrysanthemum Indicum (small)
of Linnaeus, and the Chrysanthemiim Sinense (large) of Sabine.

The first named, a small, yellow variety, which was growing in
the grounds of the Apothecaries' Botanical Garden at Chelsea, in
1764, appears to have attracted very little notice, and in a few
years was lost. This was, no doubt, the type, the varieties
of which are known now as Pompon and Liliputian. It was
figured as a small, branching plant, eighteen inches high. Be^'ond
Thunbcrg's mention of the chrysanthemum in the " Flora Japonica"
in 1784, nothing more is heard of the plant until 1789, when
Blancard, a merchant of Marseilles, imported thirty varieties from
China, white, purple, and violet, only one of which, the purple,
reached France alive. A year later, this purple variety made its
way to England, and was the first large flowering chrysanthemum
known in that country. In 1795, it bloomed in Mr. Colvill's
nursery, and was pictured in the Botanical Magazine, and seems
2

18 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to have attracted so much notice that several importations of the
plant were made ; notably by Sir Abraham Hume and Mr. Reeves.
Up to the year 1820, the number of varieties had only increased to
twelve. In 1865, according to Mr. Salter, the number was over
six hundred.

In 1846, Mr. Fortune brought from China two small flowering
varieties known as the Chusan Daisy and Chrysanthemum mini-
mum^ the last the Chrysanthemum Indicum of the Chelsea Garden.
They would, perhaps, have shared the fate of their predecessor
in England, but were, fortunately, ' carried to France, where the
variety immediately became a great favorite, and, as such, has
continued the more popular species to this time. From them
came all the Pompons now in cultivation.

In 1862, Mr. Fortune introduced several Japanese varieties,
some spotted and striped, others of fantastic forms called dragons, —
laciniatum — still grown. From this latter date to the present time,
the progress of cultivation and improvement has been rapid and
decisive.

The origin of the different forms of the flowers lies mainly in
the changes undergone by the corollas of the disk- or e^'e-florets.
In the wild form, the ray-florets have strap shaped corollas, and
the disk-florets regularl}^ five toothed tubular ones. The principal
changes in the florets of the disk are

1. To strap shaped becoming flat from base to tip, and these
either incurved or reflexed.

2. These may be rolled longitudinall}' either inwards or out-
wards.

3. Loose or spreading, attenuated or bifurcated.

4. As above, but with laciniated petals.

The subsequent changes retain the tubular corolla,

5. And this short with enlarged teeth (Anemone).

6. Teeth much enlarged (Dragon).

7. Tube much enlarged, teeth indistinct (Quilled).

8. Quilled but open at the mouth, and spoon shaped, a -section
represented by the Emperor of China.

Seed was first saved in France in 1830, by M. Bernet, at that
time, and for many subsequent years, the most successful grower
of the country. Of his early seedlings, the two remarkable reflexed
flowers, Christine and Chev. Domage, are still grown. He was
succeeded by Bonamy, Pel6, and Lebois, who added many fine

CHRYSANTHEMUMS AND THEIR CULTURE. 19

varieties, especially Pompons. Seed has been saved by a few
growers in England, but I cannot ascertain that anything has been
done in this way of late years, though it should always be a spur
to the raising of seedlings, even under great difficulties, to know
that the variety Prince of Wales is of English origin.

In 1836, an amateur, in Jersey, took up the chrysanthemum,
and raised a large number of very fine seedlings, which were sold
to Mr. Chandler. These were of the Large Flowered class, and
they immediately secured much favor at the English exhibitions.
They were more incurved, and of purer colors, than anything pre-
viously seen. In 1843, Mr. Salter began the raising of seedling
chrysanthemums at his nursery in Versailles, and in 18-17 exhibited
the Queen of England, still regarded b}' many as the finest chrys-
anthemum extant.

In this brief sketch of the history of the chrysanthemum from
the year 1764:, we may note its development from the ragged,
semi-double flower, to that witlj broader and more compact florets ;
and this, again, to the reflexed ranuculus form, ending at last in
a perfect symmetrical incurved flower, like Prince Alfred. But
there is still room for improvement — possibly not in form, but
certainly in size and color.

The cultivation of the chrysanthemum begins with the treatment
of the flowering plant. This should be at once cut to the level of
the ground, at the end of its flowering season. It is necessary
that the shoots, which are promptly made from the neck of the
plants, should be grown with thorough exposure to light and air.
One of the secrets of a good plant in November, is a strong, well
colored cutting in March. With the exception of a few late
flowering varieties, like Grandiflora, Purple King, and Virginale,
the best season for propagation is March. The cuttings should be
from three to four inches long, and my habit is to pot them sep-
aratel}', in two and a half inch pots.

They should not be subjected to bottom heat during their root
formation, but when this process is fairly completed they should
be shifted to flve-inch pots. For this potting the soil should be
one-half good loam, one-quarter leaf mould, and one-quarter well
rotted stable manure. When the plant has reached a growth of
from nine to ten inches, I pinch down to four buds, without
exception. The young plants should be given a place in a cold
frame as soon as possible, and in the third week in May planted

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ill the open ground in a thoroughly exposed location, and at a
distance apart of not less than three feet.

The subsequent care consists in keeping the ground moist and
watching carefully for the first serious appearance of mildew, which,
in my own garden, almost invariably first appears between the
16th and 31st of August. Mj' final potting is finished b}' the 12th
of September, and the plants are kept in the open air in a sheltered
situation until the first severe frost ; they then receive the shelter
of a cold house. The final potting is made with soil composed of
equal portions of rotted sod and stable manure, and, until the
buds are on the point of expanding, the plants receive frequent
waterings with some strong liquid manure or a solution of some
artificial fertilizer.

While I think a much more attractive general show is made
by our habit of exhibiting plants covered with an abundance of
flowers, there is, also, as little doubt in my mind that the only
way in which to secure flowers of t^e best quality is that pursued
by the English growers, which it may be of interest to describe.
It must be remembered that incurved flowers only are shown at
the great London shows for cut flowers, those with reflexed petals
not being admitted, except to separate and distinct classes.
Though this rule may appear to be an arbitrary one, it ensures
a more agreeable and harmonious impression in small collections.

The largest and most perfect blooms are had from maiden plants ;
that is, from suckers or cuttings of the 3'ear, and not from parts of
the old root, inasmuch as the young plant can be kept constantly
growing — a vital point, — whereas, the older plant soon becomes
exhausted, and fails to give a continuous growth. In the earlier
stages of growth, the same soil and treatment as have been
directed for the specimen plant are necessary here, except that
with these the leader must never be pinched in, but must be
allowed its natural growth in order to concentrate the whole
\;igor of the plant in its main stem. If planted out — which is,
undoubtedly, the best practice here — they should be potted by the
middle of August, and well staked, removing all laterals as soon
as they appear. Before their potting the crown will probably
have throvrn out two or three leaders, which must not be removed.
Constant watering and syringing are necessar}' from this time on,
to remove insects and keep the foliage bright. In September,
buds will appear at the ends of the branches ; the largest and best

CHRYSANTHEMUMS AND THEIR CUI^URE. 21

formed of these — generally, but not invariably, the centre one —
should be kept ; the rest removed at once, without injury to the
remaining bud. You will thus have three buds, and, probably, in
due season, three remarkable flowers.

The principal disease of the chrysanthemum is the mildew above
mentioned. The only remedy is sulphur, thoroughly applied, either
in powder or the compound, with quicklime, in water, called Water
of Grison. It is made as follows : one pound of sulphur, one
pound of quicklime and three quarts of water, are boiled ten min-
utes in an iron pot. It should stand until it has settled, when the
top should be poured off and bottled, and, when used, diluted with
one hundred parts of water.

The insect enemies are, first, the green aphis throughout the
season ; late in the season the black aphis, and all the grasshop-
pers. In the last year I have lost a number of plants by some
root louse, which I have not yet been able to identify. The
aphides are to be dealt with by tobacco. The grasshoppers must
be picked by hand, and the root louse is still master of the
situation.

"With regard to the formation of the plant, this is effected by
pinching in, and all varieties, so far as growth goes, stand it. To
obtain perfection of flower, however, I am satisfied that the Japa-
nese varieties should not be pinched more than once, or the Large
Flowered kinds more than twice. The Pompons, on the contrary,
may be pinched with safety to any extent, and as late as the mid-
dle of August.

As to varieties, what I have to say is the result of my experience
in my own garden, the soil of which is a thin, dry, sandy loam,
overlying a coarse gravel. The Japanese kinds which have
succeeded best with me are the following.

Grandijiora. — Very large, yellow, but rarely in bloom before
the 15th of November.

Bouquet Fait. — Rose mixed with white, centre yellow.

Ceres. — ^Very large ; well described by Bernard, producer of it,
as of the color of the rose Souvenir de la Malmaison.

Dr. Masters. — Long red florets, tipped and spotted yellow, with
yellow centre ; late.

Elaine. — Pure white ; broad petals ; full.

Fair Maid of Guernsey. — Pure white ; long, ribbon-like petals.

Fulton. — Rich yellow.

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

La Charmeuse. — Early ; rich purple, tipped white.

31. Delaux. — Very large ; full ; reddish crimson, reverse yellow.

Purjjle King. — Deep purple ; late.

The Cossack. — Maroon and yellow.

Parasol. — Petals incurved ; chamois colored, edged with gold.

Lakge Flowered Varieties. — The following is a selection of
the best kinds, both for cut blooms and specimens. Many kinds
cannot, under any circumstances, be grown for specimen plants —
Crimson Velvet, for instance.

The recommendations of the English growers cannot be trusted
in this climate. The two most reliable varieties in England appear
to be Mrs. George Rundle, pure white ; and its yellow sport,
George Glenny ; but though occasionally succeeding here, I do
not think a specimen plant can be had oftener than one year in
every five. Mr. Clark once exhibited a very fine specimen.

Guernsey Nxigget. — Primrose yellow. It can be recommended
for its short-jointed growth and general vigor.

Prince of Wales. — Purplish red ; one of the best growers and
bloomers.

Mr. Brunlees.—rRed, tipped with gold ; also very good.

Jardin des Plantes. — Intense bright yellow ; unique in color,
though not a ver^ good grower.

Venus. — Lilac peach.

Dr. Sharp. — Crimson red.

Mrs. Halihurton. — Creamy white.

Annie Salter. — Soft j'ellow.

Souvenir de Mercedes. — Preeminent in all good qualities except
size.

Orange A. Salter. — A good old kind for compact specimen
plants.

Of plants that occasionally furnish a good growth, and, with
proper care, always a good flower, are the following.

Prince Alfred. — Eosy red ; one of the best blooms in existence.

Princess TecJc. — A very large white kind, and

Hero of Stoke Neivington, the pink sport from it.

Pink Perfection; Synonym, Mrs. Mary Morgan. — Rich rose ; a
ver}- handsome flower, and the plant possesses good foliage.

Julia Lagravbre, velvety red, and

Procne, very bright amaranth, are indispensable in a collection
on account of colors, though not good growers.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS AND THEIR CULTURE. 23

Felicity. — A cream-colored flower ; good both as a specimen
and for cut flowers.

Pompons. La Vogue. — Bright yellow with red tips ; when
opening, it is one of the best.

President. — Reddish rose.

Mr. Astie. — Anemone yellow.

3IdUe. Marthe. — Pure white, and the magnificent golden sport
from it,

Golden Mdlle. Marthe.

Salamon. — Cherry red.

Marie Stuart. — Anemone ; lilac blush, with light yellow centre.

Eleonore. — Crimson, tipped with gold.

Fanny. — Maroon red.

Rosinante. — Silvery rose, tipped with gold.

Lucrece. — Bronze yellow, delicateh' fringed.

Although the chrysanthemum is essentially a plant requiring
protection to ensure its flowering, a number of varieties have been
obtained that will not onh* flower in September and October, but
some even as early as July ; and the number of these has, by the
efforts of the French growers, much increased in the last few years.
The list contains representatives of all these varieties. The
earliest flowering are :

Mvie. Bachoux. — Lilac.

Petite Marie. — White.

Indicum nanum. — Yellow.

Precocite. — "White.

Le Luxembourg. — Dull red.

Bois Duval.

A later flowering section from which I generally obtain flowers
in the open air, furnishes of Japanese,

Gloire Rayonnante. — Clear and satiny rose.

Mme. Oh. Desgranges. — White.

Pompons and Large Flowers. Adonis. — Cream white,
bordered with pink.

Atireole. — Bronze yellow ; large flowered.

Cajot. Nemo. — Reddish purple, tipped with white.

La Neige. — Pure white.

Dr. Walcott stated that he had had in his collection, first and
last, between five and six hundred varieties.

24 massachusetts horticultural society.

Discussion.

E. W. Wood, who was called on by the President, said that Dr.
Walcott had entirely covered the ground, and that any one who
followed his directions would be able to bring in exhibition plants.
The varieties have increased largeh', but more dark, bright colors
are wanted. The chrysanthemum has great advantages as a
house plant. Ladies desire plants for winter blooming, and run
to roses, but it is difficult to cultivate them in the house under the
most favorable conditions, and almost impossible under ordinary
circumstances. Chiysanthemums may be grown in dwelling houses
in all their glory bj'^ keeping them in a cool room. The black
aphis is as easily destroyed as the green, by removing the plants
to a room where they can be fumigated with tobacco. The plants
should be kept out-doors as late as possible. Much of the trouble
in growing them arises from improper treatment after flowering.
Sometimes they are placed under the greenhouse stage without
water, or too much water is given, or else improper care or no care
is taken of them. Over . watering causes the roots to become
diseased, and then the cuttings rarety give healthy plants. The
speaker would add to Dr. Walcott's selection, the Golden Dragon,
a very strong and vigorous Japanese variety, and the Golden
Queen, a large Chinese varietj^, which retains its foliage well.
Last year he struck half his cuttings in January and half in
March, and those planted the middle of March were better than
those planted in midwinter. They were removed to cold frames
as early as possible, and planted in the open ground the last week
in May. They were not watered at all during the summer. When
lifted for potting, a spade was put down at one side, and the plants
came up with a mass of roots. When placed in the pots they
received a thorough watering, and hardly wilted. He would pre-
fer to take up the plants when perfectly dry. The only difficulty
in cultivating chrysanthemums is mildew, and this is a serious one.
Some varieties are more liable to it than others, and one side of a
plant will sometimes become mildewed when placed next to a mil-
dewed one. Mr. Wood thought we should attempt to get a stock
of native seedlings which would be free from mildew.

Joseph Clark had used whale oil soap successfully as a pre-
ventive of mildew on the leaves, when growing in the summer.

Edward L. Beard said that the Japanese varieties should not be

I

CHRYSANTHEMUMS AND THEIR CULTURE. 25

nipped as closely as the others ; one nipping is enoiagh. Another
mistake is leaving thein in small pots too long ; they need to be
grown continuously, and unless they are cannot be grown suc-
cessfully. If properl}^ nipped they can be flowered much earlier.
The black lice are inveterate enemies, and are most troublesome
in large gardens. The Japanese varieties are being more gen-
erally introduced. At an exhibition in England twentj'-flve or
thirty new varieties, mostly of French and English origin, were
shown. Some of the newer ones have the bright vivid colors so
much desired.

Mr. "Wood said that he did not mean to give the idea that none
of the Japanese varieties are early, but only six out of sixteen
were ready for exhibition. Discretion is needed in nipping ; some
varieties do not require it at all ; he never nips after the 25th of
July.

William C. Strong said the chr3^sauthemum had been spoken of
as eminently fitted for house culture, but it is an objection to it for
this purpose that they all bloom at one time ; and he asked
whether any mode of cultivation would extend the season of bloom
through December and January.

Dr. Walcott answered that he had the Virginale, a pure white
variety, still in good flower, and also two or three seedlings. But
the habit of the chrysanthemum is to bloom in October and
November, and, with most varieties, there is no wa}"" to avoid it.
If the Guernsey Nugget is cut down in October, and good suckers
are separated and grown in heat in winter, they will flower in May
and June. There are varieties which flower in July, and with
proper selection we can have chrysanthemums most of the year.
He differed from Mr. Wood as to the value of the chrysanthemum
for growing in dwellings, but it is valuable for decorating them.
He brings them from his greenhouse into the vestibule of his
dwelling house, where it is cool, and they last three or four weeks
there.

Mr. Wood said that if the George Peabody and Golden George
Glenny are cut down a foot from the ground, each shoot will give
a single bloom. Peter Henderson saj^s that if the buds of the
Japanese varieties are cut off", so as to prevent them from blooming
at the usual time, they will bloom in January.

Dr. Walcott said that his first attempt to raise seed was made
seven years ago, and the third season he got all he wanted. There

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

is no diflSculty in raising seed if the house is given up to it. The
formation of seed commences in every house, but it is only per-
fected in a dry atmosphere. The house must be aired thoroughly,
and the plants never syringed, but kept dry. To prevent the col-
lection of moisture at the base of the flower, he cuts off the petals.
It is difficult to hybridize chrysanthemums, because the bees get
the start. The results of his attempts at hybridizing are not
encouraging ; they are not superior to those obtained from seed
not hybridized.

C. M. Hovey said that the chrysanthemum is a good plant for
the dwelling house. Attempts have been made to get flowers in
winter, and they have occasionally been successful to some extent,
but a fine displaj' of flowers cannot be obtained. He knew one
gentleman who had two or three kinds at Christmas, and possibly
something might be done bj- retardation. It is the nature of the
plant to bloom at a certain season, and it cannot be forced or
retarded with much success. Except some of the new varieties,
there do not appear to be as many blooming in the open garden as
in former years. Forty-five years ago he grew seventy varieties,
collected from all sources in this country and Europe. He had
twenty-five or thirty kinds from Prince's nursery. The London
Horticultural Society gave great attention to the chrysanthemum,
and several long articles by Mr. Sabine, the secretar}', appeared in
their " Transactions" from 1821 to 1826. Pompon varieties were
then known. Many of the new varieties are no better than the
old ones. The first seedlings were raised from twenty to twenty-
five years ago by Salter, in England, and later, by Lemoine and
Crouse, in France. The chrysanthemum is an amateur plant, and
requires attention at a certain time, which must be given right
along, as with the fuchsia. Unless the requisite conditions are com-
plied with, you cannot grow fine specimens and large perfect
flowers. He saw at Mr. Henderson's, in New York, a thousand
plants in two and a half inch pots, with from three to nine flowers
each, the day before Thanksgiving. He had attempted this, but
unsuccessfull}^ ; the tops ran up too high and the roots run down.
The secret of success was in late propagation, the cuttings having
been struck the 10th of June. Dr. Walcott saw a plant in England
ten feet high, but that cool climate is more favorable to the chrysan-
themum than ours.

Dr. Walcott said that the plant referred to by Mr. Hovey was

CHRYSANTHEMUMS AND THEIR CULTURE. 27

in the garden of the champion chrysanthemum grower in England.
It was ten feet above the level of the pot The name of the
variety was Mme. Ch. Audiguier. In September the buds were
an inch in diameter. It was an exceptional plant, with only
thi-ee buds.

C. M. Atkinson thought that Mr. Hovey had put a lion in the
path of cultivators by overstating the care and attention required
b}^ chrysanthemums. No other plant gives so great a return for
the time and mone}' bestowed on it. It is a thousand times more
easily grown than hard wooded plants. It comes at a time when the
garden out-doors is stripped of flowers, and tides over a barren
season. It is true that almost all of them flower at the same time,
but you can get no more out of a plant than there is in it ; still
there are varieties which may prolong the season, one of which is
Ethel, a white variety with a black eye. Not much can be done
in retarding them. Mr. Hovey says that nurserymen do not grow
them, but in 1881 Mr. Turner, of Slough, raised hu^idreds of
thousands of plants for balcony and in-door decoration. In ten
years we shall see a hundred plants sold where we see one now.

Mr. Wood said that the trouble with amateurs is, that they are
obliged to purchase plants from nurserymen. The plants should
be struck after the middle of March, and kept in cold frames, and
not allowed to become pot bound until it is time to put them in the
open ground.

Mr. Hovey said that Mr. "Wood had expressed his views exactly.
The chrysanthemum is a favorite plant with him, and easily grown.

Patrick Norton said that he grows chrysanthemum plants of very
small size, because his customers prefer such. Few plants give
more satisfaction in city dwellings. The chief point in their culti-
vation is to give them abundance of water. He propagates early
in spring, and again in May ; plants them out in June, pinches
once or twice, and takes them up in September. He uses a fork
to lift them with, and prefers dry weather for that operation, when
the soil will shake off from the roots. Last year was exception-
ally favorable to their culture.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder said that the discussion had brought
out the real essentials of chi-ysanthemum culture. They must be
grown from good cuttings, and not from little wiry offsets, and
kept growing both before and after they are planted out. He
knew no plant which affords so good a return with so little labor,

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and they come at a time when there are few flowers. No other
flower is so good to cut from. He fills every available space in
his greenhouse with them. Sulphur, with a little caustic lime, is
a sovereign remedy for mildew in chrysanthemums, as well as in
grapes.

P. B. Hove}^ said that Mr. Cowan, gardener to Col. Thomas H.
Perkins many j-ears ago, used a pound of sulphur and half a peck
of lime for mildew, the sulphur being placed on the lime, slaking
them slowly together, which caused the sulphur to unite with the
lime. The tub (a half hogshead) was then filled up with water,
and a quart of the solution diluted with two or three gallons of
water for use. The tub was covered with a blanket while slaking,
to keep in the fumes. When the lime settled, the water was left
clear but tinged in color by the sulphur.

The President gave notice that, on the next Saturday, William
E. Eudicott would read'a paper on "Lilies, and their Culture."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 20, 1883.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair. No business
being brought before the meeting, it

Adjourned to Saturday, January 27.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Lilies and their Culture.
By "William E. Endicott, Canton.

The genus Lilium is found throughout nearly the whole of the
north temperate zone, and nowhere else, with the exception of
the East Indian species, JSfeilgherrense, WaUichianum, Philippin-
ense, polypUyllum^ and one or two others, growing, however, at
such altitudes as to be in a temperate climate. It is remarkable
that the vast plains of Central Asia do not furnish a single species,

LILIES AND THEIR CULTURE. 29

although so rich hi tuhps, fritillarias, and other bulbous plants.
There are now known fifty species of lilies with, perhaps, sixty or
seventy varieties, so that we have about a hundred and twenty
distinct forms of this genus with which to decorate our gardens.

Some of these are, of course, much more beautiful than others,
and, without attempting to decide upon matters of taste, we may
take it for granted that all will agree that the dull, ochreous reds
and yellows of some of the erect flowered species, such as bulbiferum
and uvibellaktvi, are less pleasing than the pure white of the
varieties of longijlorum^ or the brilliant scarlet of clialcedonicum.

It is not likely that many new species will be hereafter intro-
duced, yet we maj' reasonably look for a few when the great
peninsula of Corea shall be opened to travellers, as seems likely
soon to be the case, and it is by no means improbable that some
species, restricted to small and secluded districts, may be discov-
ered by closer search in the longer known countries.

My own experience with lilies has not been extensive enough
to warrant me in ^attempting to instruct this audience upon points
of cultivation. I will speak of a few species only, leaving it to
others to take up the suliject.

The showiest of all liUes is, unquestionably, the auratum, and
in a garden, a clump of it in bloom is certainly a fine sight. It is
not, in my judgment, suited to pot culture, though a strong bulb
will do very well the first year ; yet I do not find such confined
quarters conducive to the maintenance of its health, still less to its
increase ; the size of its flowers, too, makes it look out of place
when so grown. Its i^roper position, therefore, I think, is out of
doors. It is well known that there is a delicacy in the constitution
of this species which has been the cause of much disappointment
among cultivators. It has been the experience of thousands that
the bulbs, after flowering pretty well for a year or two, dwindle
away and die, leaving no offsets. I believe that the gardens are
few which can show clumps of this lily in perfect health that
have occupied their positions five years. I have planted great
numbers of these bulbs in soils and positions as diflferent as I
could contrive, but all have followed the same road to decay and
death, except a lot of six, planted ten years ago in ordinary gar-
den soil, which are now in good condition, except two, one of
which had its shoot knocked off three years ago by a hoe in the
hands of a careless man and has not flowered since, though there

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

are several shoots from offsets which started into growth upon the
death of the central stem. The other one did very well until two
years ago, when the underground shoot of a plant of Arunclo
Donax pierced the centre of the lily bulb. The four remaining, which
were planted as single bulbs, send up five or six growths annually,
and blossom well. These bulbs have done better than any others of
my own or of my neighbors', and I ascribe their success, imperfect
as it is, to the fact that they were set, originally, between twelve
and fifteen inches below the surface. I have since come to the
conclusion that all lilies should be planted deep rather than shal-
low. To get a sound, strongjstock of L. auratitm, I should depend
on home grown bulbs, raised, I mean, from the seed ; for such
seem better adapted to our climate than Japanese bulbs. The
same is the case in England, where such sell from twenty-five to
fifty per cent higher than the imported ones. It appears to be
necessary, or, at any rate, beneficial, in the case of this and all
other species to provide a partial shade for the lower half of the
stem. We read in the English papers of Lilium auratum eleven
feet high, and floriferous in proportion. If anything approaching
this has ever been achieved here, it has not come under my notice.
A remarkable thing with L. auratum is its variability in the time
of flowering. In my own garden I have bulbs in flower frequently
in June, in September and in the intervening months, and, stranger
still, the plant which flowered early, one year, will frequently come
into bloom late, the next.

The most beautiful liUes, in my opinion, are those belonging to
the sub-genus, Eulirion ; what we may call the Longiflorum section.
These are mostly white lilies, various in shading and form, such
as longiflorum and its varieties, Wallidiianum^ Neilgherrense,
Philippine7ise, etc. The best known of this group are candidum
and longiflorum, so much grown for florists' use. Candidum is
one of the oldest garden lilies, and, take it all in all, the finest, in
my opinion. It likes a moderately moist, moderately rich soil. If
it has this it will grow to perfection with exceedingly little care.
It is the only lily which I have cultivated that has ever been
injured by insects. Three years ago, when my bulbs of this
species were about to blossom, the buds, instead of opening, seemed
to hesitate a day, as if to make up their minds, and then decided it
unanimously in the negative, withered and drooped. An examina-
tion showed that each stalk was pierced a few inches below the

LILIES AND THEIR CULTURE. 31

lowest bud with a hole as large as a knitting needle, and I found
that a grub had eaten its way up the middle of each stalk, devour-
ing the pith as it went. I killed every one of them, and have not
been troubled since.

Lilium longijlorum is marked in some catalogues as not being
hardy. I was deceived by this for a long time, and I speak of it
now.because there may be some here who do not know how incor-
rect the statement is. I hardly need say that Lilium longijlorum
will endure any winter we are likely to have in this latitude, pro-
vided it is planted in a soil light rather than heavy. In my hybrid-
izing experiments, I have not found it easy to induce this species
to set seed, though I have tried it with pollen of PhiladelpMcum,
Canadense, superhum^ and others. The opposite fertilization is
easy, all the last named species forming abundance of seed when
treated with the longijlorum pollen. I say nothing of forcing this
species and candidiim, for I have never had any experience,
but perhaps those who make a business of it will pardon me if I
make a suggestion. A lily deprived of its anthers is deprived of
all expression and character, and of nearly all beauty ; why not
find some means of keeping the pollen inside of the anther, and so
present the lil}^ in all its unmutilated loveliness. I believe that
some way could be found to accomplish this, without much trouble.

Our native lilies — those of the eastern States — vary to a consid-
erable degree, and the finest forms are very beautiful, and well
repay the trouble of getting and caring for them. The Lilium
PJiiladelpJiicum is often found of a dull red ; but sometimes, and
not rarely, its color is exceedingly pure and intense. The finest
flowers I have seen of this kind grew in a little open place in the
woods of New Ipswich, in southern New Hampshire. The species
is very abundant in southern Maine, and the flowers may be seen
by thousands on both sides of the railroad between Portsmouth
and Portland. I have never seen more than five flowers on a
stem, though I have heard of as many as nine. L. superhum, so
abundant in southeastern Massachusetts, is well named. Its
pyramids of flowers of various shades of scarlet and crimson,
mixed with yellow and spotted with brown, make it truly superb.
This species requires more dampness in the soil than most kinds.

Lilium Canadense is the most common kind in most parts of
New England, and varies quite widely in regard to height, depth
of color, degree of spotting, breadth of petal, etc. The best

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

forms are hardl}" surpassed by an}^ of the colored lilies. I often
think of a plant of this which I once found, as illustrating how little
we know of the possibilities of any species of plant. L. Canadense,
as we usually see it, has one, two, or three flowers. Fine speci-
mens have from five to seven, and a stalk bearing from nine to
twelve flowers would be regarded, I suppose, as something quite out
of the common growth, as indeed it would be ; but the astonish-
ing specimen I speak of had a pyramid of twenty-two expanded
flowers and three buds, upon a stalk seven feet high and an inch
in diameter. And this was not the result of cultivation ; it was
unaided nature, taking advantage of unusually favorable conditions.
The plant grew in the gravel of a railroad embankment, which ran
down into water. It thus had an exceedingly porous soil, with an
abundant supply of water brought up b}' capillary attraction.

I spoke in the beginning of this paper of the possible finding of
new species. We cannot go to Corea or India to look for them,
but we have as good a chance of finding them here in Massachu-
setts ; and, better and more gratifying still, what we find here may
be of our own creating. Though w^e know, by the experience of
Mr. Parkman, that the chance of getting a good thing b}' hybrid-
izing is not one in a thousand, 3'et the same experience shows us
that successes are possible which may outweigh the nine hundred
and ninetj'-nine failures a hundred times, for Lilium Parkmanni
is equal to any lily known. What a beautful thing might result
from a combination of longiflorum and Canadense, of candidum and
Pliiladelphicum^ of auratum and chalcedonicum ; and how immeas-
urably easier to tend a thousand or ten thousand seedlings in
your own gai'den than to search for rarities among savage men,
ferocious beasts, venomous reptiles and miasmatic swamps,
enduring pestilence, cold, heat, hunger and thirst.

Kor is it certain that hybridization must be confined to crossing
a lily with some other lil}-. Different genera among other fami-
lies are not unknown to have been successfully crossed. Colonel
Wilder has experimented in the use of Gloriosa as one parent with
some species of Lilium as the other, and the genera Littonia and
Sandcrsonia appear to be as well adapted to such use. It is in
hybridization that a real flower lover will find his greatest pleasure.

LILIES AND THEIR CL'LTUEE. 33

Discussion.

Charles M. Hovey was called upon as having had much experi-
ence with lilies, and said that it was a subject of great interest to
him. He had devoted much attention to the genus, beginning
with Lilhim lancifolium, about 1841, and as early as 1844
attempted to hybridize it, producing the variety Melpomene ; and
the beautiful seedling which surpasses even L. auratum. He had
paid but little attention to native lilies. If he could have but one
lily he would take lancifolium. This species is one of the hardiest
as well as the most beautiful. He thought the trumpet-shaped
lilies are spoiled by impregnation with the other species. He
made twelve different crosses of various lilies including candidum
and longijlorum, but the seedlings had the petals all slit into
narrow pieces, and he gave it up and confined himself io lancifolium
with aurattim, punctatum^ superhum, etc. He could see a difference
in the seedlings which would not be noticed by an untrained eye,
and had selected nyie varieties, varying in the size or breadth of
petals, intensity of color, number and size of spots, etc. He could
not say that L. longiJJorum is as hardy as some of the other lilies,
as his own bed had suffered ; but this may have arisen from a com-
bination of causes. He had had bulbs of lancifolium survive the
winter lying on the ground. Lilium auratum is, practically, a
failure here. He saw the stem of a plant, out of bloom, at We}^-
bridge, England, eleven feet high. It was in a rhododendron bed.
He had planted several bulbs in a rhododendron bed, with peaty
soil, and they had flourished, and he hoped for further improve-
ment. It seems to be very particular as to soil and situation ;
millions of the bulbs have been imported from Japan, but a small
part of which survive. He thought L. Parhmanni did not propa-
gate rapidl}', but partook of the character of L. auratum.

Mr. Hovey spoke of the beauty of our native lilies, but said that
on Cape Cod, where he had seen L. superbum with eighteen
flowers, they were never cultivated, though around almost every
farm house you would see tiger lilies. He had never found Phila-
delpkicuvi with more than three or four flowers ; bulbs the size of
a pea will flower. The finest he had ever seen were where the
ground had been burnt over. He agreed with Mr. Endicott, that
the lil}' might be hybridized with other genera. If we could get a
lancifolium of a bright yellow, or straw color, it would be a great
3

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

acquisition. Crossing with superhum would not do it. Landfolium
album fertilized with tigrmtim, produced a beautifully spotted
flower. Lilies are very peculiar in regard to impregnating, and
great caution is required to see that they have not already been
self-fertilized. The petals are closed in on the stamens, and the
flowers must be opened early and the stamens cut away. Mr.
Hovey thought that all lilies should be planted about five inches
deep, and protected with a few leaves. The soil should be well
drained, and not too heavy ; for L. candidum, it may be stronger
and richer. Charles A. Putnam, of Salem, who has been very
successful in cultivating lilies, gives all his lilies a liberal dressing
of peat every year to great advantage.

Mr. Endicott said, in regard to Mr. Hovey's doubt whether the
Lilium longijiorum is quite hardy, that it grows naturally in a
warmer climate than any other we cultivate, and if the shoot is
caught above ground it has not the power of resisting cold. He
takes up his bulbs and keeps them out of ground until November
to prevent them from starting. In answer to an inquiry how often
other lilies should be transplanted, Mr. Endicott said, that, except-
ing the longijiorum, he allows them to remain an indefinite period.

William Falconer, of the Cambridge Botanic Garden, said
there were two species which he wished to add to those mentioned,
namely : the little Siberian pujchellum, and temdfolmm. They
germinate in eight or ten days, and flower when two years old from
seed. He had found longijiorum hardy ; the little bulblets on the
stems, when removed and planted, flower in two or three 3'ears.
He saw Melpomene in England, a few months ago, where it
was regarded as the most beautiful of all the speciosum lilies.
L. Hoveyi is as good as ParTcmanni, and not so hard to propagate.

Mr. Hovey said that tiger lilies will stand ten years without
transplanting ; L. candidum four or five years, and L. landfolium,
two or three years ; but he takes up all his lilies every year. He
had seen tiger lilies, in the garden of a friend, seven feet high, in
sandy soil on Cape Cod. Lilium superhum improves by being let
alone. The seed of L. Canadense will lie in the ground for many
3'ears. The}' grew naturally in his nurserj', which was cleared up
in 1841 ; and two years ago some lilies came up there, where they
had not been seen before for thirty or forty years, which he could
only account for on the supposition that the seed or scales had
remained in the ground for that length of time. Lilium Ilarrisii

LILIES AND THEIR CULTURE. 35 '

was shown at Philadelphia with from three to six flowers, and L.
florihunda with twent}' flowers on a stem. A lily from Bermuda,
supposed to be the same as Harrisii, was exhibited before the New
York Horticultural Society, with one hundred flowers on a single
stem. Bulbs not larger than a pea will flower the next summer.
How it came to Bermuda, and why it was not introduced here be-
fore, is a matter of curiosity and surprise.

William C. Strong recalled Mr. Hovey's experiments in hybridiz-
ing Lilium lancifoUum many years ago. His beds of seedlings
were remarkable examples of success. The Jongijiorum., and sim-
ilar species, are, however, more practically useful to the florist
than lancifoUum. He had grown L. candidum under glass as
easily as potatoes, and by the bushel. ^ The bulbs were planted
thickly in the border, and produced six, eight, or ten flowers each
on stalks flve and six feet high, with no sign of disease. Perfect
bulbs were produced on the stems, owing to the uniform humidity
of the atmosphere. This species is subject to blight, which appears
as if caused by -a fungus before blooming. He was at E. M.
Wood's greenhouse in Natick the day before, and saw thousands
of vigorous plants of L. Harrisii. There was a bank in flower of
plants eighteen inches high, in pots, and as strong as L. longiflo-
rum. These were from bulbs the size of a pea ; every little scale
produces a bulb, and yet this small size flowers abundantly, and it
looks as if it would displace L. longiflomm, for florists' purposes,
unless the size be too large.

Warren H. Manning had cultivated sixty species and varieties
of lilies. L. Humboldti, a Californiau species, grew three or four
feet high, and produced eight flowers. L. Thuoibergianum, or ele-
gans, is of a dull color, but the easiest of all to grow. They are
good in mixed borders, as they flower low down, and make a bril-
liant displa}' . He had seen L. Canadense with the leaves both in
whorls and alternate, and some stems with thirteen or fourteen
flowers each, on the edge of a meadow where the soil was moist,
but the water would not settle. L. superhum increases rapidly,
and flowers in almost every soil. He had seen but little difference
in the varieties of X. longijlorum. His only success in hybridizing
had been with the immature flowers of L. Pyrenaicum, having only
the stamens visible, which he hybridized with L. Canadense, and
obtained seed.

James Cartwright said that his experience with the Lilium

36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

aiiratum had been like that of the essajdst. He had one row
where all the bulbs died but one, which had eleven blooms ; he
took this up and made two of it, and now has a dozen from it. It
can be propagated by scales in moss or sand.

Mr. Hove}' thought the blight on Lilhim candidum was local,
and caused by peculiar weather at a particular season of the year.
Two or three years ago, a rain storm of three or four days came
when his lancifoUums were about to bloom, and they also were
affected. He did not think it a fungus, though fungus might be
engendered.

President Hayes spoke of the great number of the Lilium
sitperbum on the line of the Old Colony Railroad, which so fasci-
nated him with their beauty, that he had a quantity of the bulbs
collected and planted them in beds prepared with peat, and they
have grown superbly. No lily is more beautifal, and it is desirable
to use all means to extend its cultivation. He thought it a thing
to be proud of that one of our members has, with his own hands,
produced the finest lily in the world.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott said she found Lilium superbum growing
on a dry hill in Taunton, and collected a quantity of the dry bulbs
and planted them in similar soil, but two which she put in lower and
moister soil, did much better, and [she wondered if all would not
have done better there.

Mr. Hovey said that about eight or ten years ago, he was told
that Lilium 'superbum grew abundantly on the line of the Old
Colony Railroad, and he contrived to get a dozen from among the
roots of trees, where a trowel was of but little use. This was in
a depression covered with water in the winter. He found them at
Bristol, R. I., and Marion, Mass., under the same circumstances,
but never saw them on high land.

F. L. Temple, spoke of a remarkable specimen of Nyssa multi-
flora, or Tupelo tree, two feet in diameter, forty-five feet high, and
of equal spread. It has no branches until within seven or eight
feet from the top, when the}'^ come down like a Kilmarnock willow,
forming a great hollow dome. This form is not the result of
pruning, as suckers from it take the same form. Professor Gray,
and Mr. Dawson of the Arnold Arboretum, thought it a remark-
able tree.

J. W. Manning said he had known this tree for twenty years. It

THE TUPELO TREE. 37

stands in a pasture on the Maiden Poor Farm. Mr. Stiles, who
formerly had charge of the farm, took up the bushes around the
tree and pruned it up, and it had the effect of adding to the vigor
of the tree and spreading the top, so that the ends of the branches
drooped. The speaker had thought of getting the tree photo-
graphed.

Charles M. Hovey said that the tupelo tree is not very common.
There are three or four in Cambridge, some of them from sixty to
one hundred years old. They have round, umbrella shaped heads.
Mr. Flagg sa^^s that the growth is sometimes upright and some-
times round, or umbrella shaped. Mr. Hovey has a tree twenty-
five feet high, which he raised from seed in 1862. The tupelo is
a very beautiful tree but somewhat difficult to propagate and trans-
plant.

The subject was referred to the Committee on Large or Interest-
ing Trees.

It was announced that on the next Saturday, the subject would
be "The Best Kinds of Fruits for Export," to be opened by E.
W. Wood, Chairman of the Fruit Committee.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 27, 1883.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Feancis B. Hates, in the chair.

The Annual Report of the Committee of Arrangements was
read by the Secretary, accepted, and referred to the Committee on
Publication.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 3.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Best Kinds of Fruit for Export.

E. "W. Wood, Chairman of the Fruit Committee, was appointed
to open the subject, and said that fruit was commonly looked upon

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

as an article of luxury and for domestic use, but the question of
today presents it in a different light. Small fruits are not yet
exported in a fresh state, but the speaker thought that grapes,
both out~door and from under glass, might be raised successfully
and profitably for export. We need an out-door grape that can
be depended on ; at present the Concord is the most reliable, but
it is a total failure one year out of five. Whether Moore's Early
will fill the place remains to be seen, but it has been tested eight
or ten years, and seems to be the thing needed to give a sure crop
in different soils and locations. Mr. Wood thought we could grow
hot-house grapes successfully to export. There is an impression
that it costs a great deal to grow grapes under glass, but it can be
done very cheaply in a cheap house where the vines are planted
on the outside. Where it is possible, the back of the house should
be placed against a building or fence. If one has such a location,
he needs only to put the glass in place to have a house. The
wider the house is, the better. The border need not be more ex-
pensive than a flower or rose bed, and once made will last a long
time. The vines will require little more care than Concords ; they
should be pinched from two to six times. The question is one of
facilities, expense, and demand. Few grapes are raised in Europe
in cold houses ; fire heat is given in spring and autumn at least.
Here we have plenty of sunlight, but we need something to lengthen
the season, and this is supplied by a house without fire heat,
which will enable us to grow grapes for exportation successfully.
In England they grow enormous bunches, but size is gained at the
expense of quality. Robert Watt, well known here as a success-
ful cultivator of grapes under glass, had a visit from a brother
Scotchman, also an expert in grape culture, to whom he gave a
bunch of Black Hamburg's, weighing not over half a pound, with-
out telling him the variety, and so superior was the flavor imparted
to it by our bright, warm suns, that he took it for a new variety,
and thought it the finest he had ever tasted. In England they
have not so much sun in August and September as we have, to
give quality.

There is no reason why we cannot grow pears for export. The
blight, which was the onl}^ enemy, is now disappearing. The pear
is the most reliable of all fruits for an annual crop, and there is no
difficulty in transporting late varieties like the Beurre Bosc, Seckel,
Doyenne du Comice, Duchesse d' Angouleme, Beurre d' Anjou,

THE BEST KINDS OF FRUIT FOR EXPORT. 39

and Dana's Hovey. Few persons would grow a greater number
of varieties for sale here.

It has been shown conclusively that there are no better apples
for export than those raised here. Canadian buyers have been in
our market lately, buying up all that could be found. The demand
is so general that there is no such thing as glutting the market,
and it relieves us of a surplus which, in some 3-ears, has made the
apple crop a nuisance. Last 3'ear was the bearing year, but the
crop was small, yet large enough to glut the market, but for the
demand for export. The export trade has grown up in the last
ten years ; it was begun by New York growers. In 1878, 300,000
barrels were exported ; and in 1880, 1,400,000 barrels. Last year
not so many were exported, because the}' were not to be had.
We have passed the time of glut. Probablj' nine-tenths of the
apples exported are Baldwins. One can hardly make a mistake
in planting or grafting this variety. It grows vigorously, bears
early, is of good size and quality, and as a keeper is second only
to the Roxbury Russet, and it is at home here in its native State.
It is remarkable that the four or five best apples for exportation
are all natives of New England, and several of them of Massachu-
setts. Growers in this State have the advantage of being located
near the best shipping port. There are thousands of acres suita-
ble for orchards within twenty miles of Boston, which can be
bought for fifty dollars per acre. The best land is not required ;
springy hill-sides, and rocky land, if you can get the plough into
it, make excellent orchard sites. On southern hill-slopes the trees
present their tops to the light and air, which give color and beauty
to the fruit.

Some object that it takes too long for apple orchards to come
into bearing ; but when the speaker was thirteen years old, he per-
suaded his father to plant some apple trees, and assisted him to do
it, and a neighbor who passed, said they were doing a good work
for the boy ; but, though the trees had a life and death struggle
with the cattle, his father lived to pick from ten to fifteen bushels
from each tree. The speaker knew an orchard of a hundred trees
in Brookliue, which bore one hundred and twelve bushels the
eighth year. The ground between young apple trees is not lost,
for three times as many peach trees may be set between them,
which will have room for eight or ten years, and, if as productive
as for the last few years, will pay for the cultivation of the whole.

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. "Wood said he would make an effort to cause his trees to bear
frnit in the odd year, and quoted Mr. Wilder as having said it is
settled that this can be done. The speaker said he had two small
trees which he grafted with Hubbardston Nonsuch, from an even
year tree. In four years they showed blossoms on the even year ;
these were plucked off, and' the next year they bore a small quan-
tity of fruit. The third year all the blossoms were removed again,
and the fourth year they gave all the fruit he wanted. The next
year they did not blossom, and now they bear regularly on the odd
year.

Another phase of apple exportation is in the evaporated form.
These are most popular, bringing eighteen cents per pound when
ordinary dried apples command but seven cents. The entire crop,
or only the fallen and bruised apples, may be used in this way. It
is more important awa}' from the seaports than here, and in the
west is carried on on a large scale.

Charles F. Curtis, gave an account of the method of selling
apples in England. This is wholly by auction, though they may
be consigned to some dealer there. There are five auctioneers in
the business in Liverpool, and all the apples received are sold by
one of them. The sale is held in a large amphitheatre, in the
centre of which is a large table, on which a barrel of apples of
each mark is poured out as a Sample. The five auctioneers sell in
rotation, each one three-quarters of an hour at a time. The first
catalogue may include oranges, nuts, raisins, etc. The first
auctioneer must step down when his time has expired, and the
next one may have apples. If one sells out his list before his time
is out, the remainder is divided among the others. The sale con-
tinues, if necessary, until ten o'clock at night. Each sample of
apples represents twent}' barrels, in which quantity they are sold.
If a barrel* turns out better than the sample, the purchaser gets the
advantage ; if it is poorer, he must bear the loss. After the
others are disposed of, the sample is sold ; if the others have
brought twenty-five shillings and sixpence, the sample will prob-
ably bring twenty-two shillings. The understanding is that the
apples shall be perfectly tight in the barrel ; when such bring
twentj'-five shillings per barrel, " shakers," or those settled half an
inch in the barrel, owing to slack packing, Avill bring four shillings
less. The next grade is " wet and wasty," which bring only half
the price of the best. The Baldwin is the only variety sold to any

THE BEST KINDS OF FRUIT FOR EXPORT. 41

amount ; probably from seventy-five to eighty per cent are of that
variety. It is a universal bearer, and the only one which can be
supplied in sufficient quantit3' to send a thousand or two barrels.
Retail lots and odds and ends are not wanted. Sometimes all the
apples sold are not delivered ; if not landed in time, the sale is
void. The sales are held three times in a week. The extensive
export of apples dates from the time when it became apparent that
New England could raise all the apples needed there for home
consumption. Then the New York growers began to ship to
Europe ; this was about ten years ago. Last year there was not
so much surplus as in some years. Some of our apples are sold as
Canadian apples. The speaker supposed that some dealers in
Liverpool received apples directly from the exporters here to sell,
but he filled an order from one of the largest dealers here, and the
day after they were received they were sold at auction. Apples
for export should be packed well. High colored and medium sized
specimens should be selected and placed in the bottom of the
barrel, as closely as possible, and with the stems all down ; the
barrel should then be filled up, being shaken as often as a basket
full is put in. It should be filled half an inch above the chimes,
and the head pressed in by means of a screw. The barrel is then
turned over and marked on the faced head, so that when opened
it shows an even and uniform surface. Apples thus faced will
bring from twenty-five to fifty cents per barrel more than those not
faced. There is very little demand for sweet apples. Apples are
sometimes shipped successfully in warm weather, when later ship-
ments in cooler weather will decay. Sometimes a cheap grade
brings a proportionally higher price than the first quality. '

Leander Wetherell said he had heard of the middle of a barrel
being filled up with inferior apples, or with a pumpkin.

Mr. Curtis said that such things did sometimes happen.

Mr. Wetherell had known of apples being sold here to dealers
from Canada, and shipped directly' to Liverpool as Canadian apples.

J. W. Manning spoke of a young man who went to Kansas
during the exciting times about twenty-five years ago, and who
now has an orchard which he raised from seed, and from which he
gathered in one year ten thousand bushels of apples, which netted
him forty cents per bushel. People come with teams from all the
country round to get them.

O. B. Had wen said that he planted the seeds of his orchard in

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

1843, and had set out twenty acres, which he has watched from
seed to maturity. He felt considerable enthusiasm then, and told
his wife that the profit of the orchard would pay their expenses
when they were old, but ideas of living have changed, and it does
not. Nevertheless, he felt like encouraging the planting of
orchards, for he believed that there is a better prospect ahead for
them than in past years. Mr. Gold, the Secretary of the Connec-
ticut Board of Agriculture, told him that all the apples in the
eastern part of that State, last year, were sold to a firm on Long
Island, who furnished boxes, and paid one dollar per box for
everything over two inches in diameter. They were used for can-
ning and evaporation, and the cores and skins for cider and jelly,
so that nothing was wasted. This manufacture opens an oppor- .
tunity for a very large traffic.

John B. Moore confirmed what the Chairman of the Fruit Com-
mittee had said as to the adaptation of the soil of Massachusetts
to apple culture. There can be no doubt that it is one of the best.
The seedlings originated here prove it. Such varieties as the
Baldwin, Hubbardston Nonsuch, Foundling, "Williams's Favorite,
Sutton Beauty, Danvers Winter Sweet, Leicester Sweet, Hunt
Russet, Garden Royal, and others, would only have been produced
on a soil favorable to the apple. No other State can show such a
record in regard to apples of established reputation. Rocky hill-
sides, and land unfit for other crops will produce the best quahty
of apples, and we have the best facilities for shipment, for Boston
is one day nearer Europe than New York, and this may make the
difljerence between profit and loss. If he were a young man he
V would plant apple trees. For exportation, apples must be grown
better than heretofore. Farmers fail in sorting and packing,
though the dealers are partly to blame for this. He knew an orchard
in Middlesex County, where the owner did not wish to assort the
fruit, and sold it to a dealer in a lot. The directions of the
dealer in regard to packing were to put a large basket of good
fruit in the bottom of the barrel, then a basket of the poorest, and
then fill'up with good. These would do better to send coastwise
than to foreign markets. There is an evaporator at work, success-
fully, in Littleton, and this use of apples will prevent their being
sold for a dollar a barrel.

D. W. Lothrop said that the Roxbury Russet has been very
popular, but it is rather dilllcult to grow, and he thought it was

THE BEST KINDS OF FRUIT FOR EXPORT. 43

waning in reputation. There are two other important russet apples
which are probably eligible varieties for export, — the Eed Russet
and the Hunt Russet. The Red Russet was found by Mr. Cole to
keep as late as the Roxbury ; the flesh is firm, and the tree is more
vigorous than the Roxbury, and the crop may bring more money.
The Hunt Russet is exceedingly fine ; Mr. Cole thought it the
best in quality of all the russets. The speaker had known a barrel
of fine specimens sold for ten dollars, and they almost always
bring five dollars. The Red Russet is not as good a table apple,
and he had regrafted his with the Hunt Russet, which is fair and
keeps well, and will • probably" bring more money than either the
Red or Roxbury Russet. The Baldwin, Roxbury Russet, and
Rhode Island Greening have heretofore formed a kind of trinity,
which has, held together for a great length of time. The Snow
apple is of exceedingl}- fine quality, and is raised in great quanti-
ties in Canada ; and though not late keeping, perhaps (jught not
to be overlooked by the exporter. The Hubbardston Nonsuch
will keep till February, but then becomes rather mealy. The New
York Spitzenberg is very fine, but whether it could compete with
the russets is rather doubtful.

Mr. Hadwen said that the Snow apple will succeed only on limy
soils.

Leander "Wetherell quoted from the Report of the Commissioner
of Agricultiu'e in Canada "West, in regard to apples the most
approved for general cultivation there. The Baldwin is one of the
most popular. The only objection to the Rhode Island Greening
is its color. The Esopus Spitzenberg was favorably spoken of.
The Golden Russet is good, and the Roxbury Russet the longest
keeper. The Ribston Pippin is a shy bearer. The Eed Canada
(known here as Old Red Nonsuch) is a long keeper. The Swasey
is small, but delicious ; of a handsome cinnamon russet, and the
tree is vigorous. It has brought twenty-five dollars per barrel in
London. The Snow apple has spotted badly ; it is red, with very
white flesh. The King of Tompkins County was well spoken of.
The Newtown Pippin brings the highest price in the London mar-
ket, but has suflered from other varieties having been sold under
that name. Mr. Pell had grown an orchard of this variety on the
Hudson River, and shipped the fruit for years. Tloman's Sweet
is very good. Colored apples are more popular than those not
colored ; perhaps the Williams's Favorite is the highest colored of
all, but the quality is not extra.

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Curtis said that out of five or six barrels of the Snow apple,
perhaps only two would be free from black spots, and the Esopus
Spitzenberg the same ; otherwise they would sell for more than
Baldwins. The Snow is too tender fleshed for exportation.

Mr. Wood thought it important to place the Society on record
correctly. There is no doubt that the apples originated here grow
best, and are most profitable here. Though the Newtown Pippin
once brought a higher price in London than any other apple, today
the Baldwin will bring more than the Newtown Pippin.

President Hayes spoke of a gentleman who sold a hundred bar-
rels of Hunt Russets for five dollars per barrel.

Mr. "Wetherell said that he had grafted most of his apple trees
with Baldwin. He got grafts, from the late James Eustis, of
" odd year" Baldwins, which seemed to perpetuate the 'habit.

William H. Hunt said that he lives on the fkrm where the Hunt
Russet originated. The farm has been occupied and inherited by
the famil}^ since 1635. His father, who died a few years ago at
the age of seventy-five, did not know when the variety originated.
If more extensivel}' cultivated, it would make a fine shipping apple.
The tree is more hardy than the Baldwin, being never winter-
killed, while the Baldwins were destroyed in 1832, and again in
1857. The Baldwin is hardy on high ground, but not on low. The
Hunt Russet is of fine quality, spicy, and a good bearer and keeper,
but a little subject to be knurly. The cider made from it is supe-
rior to that made from the Baldwin. A Baldwin apple may freeze
a little without injury, but a Hunt Russet may freeze quite hard
and not hurt. The Hunt Russet is not as large as the Baldwin.

Mr. Hunt said that his experience in buying fruit while travelling
in Europe, is that it is ordinarilj^ not so good as in the markets of
America. He saw fine apples in France and Germany, but they
were scarce, though there were many inferior cider apples. The
Beurre d'Anjou pear was of fine appearance, but it did not come
up to the quality of pears here, being coarse and rough. In Italy,
he was surprised that the oranges were not sweeter ; excepting the
Mandarin oranges, they were not superior to those brought here
from Europe.

Benjamin G. Smith, said a word of encouragement to plant
orchards. A relative of his, at the South Shore, planted an orchard
at the age of sixty-five, and lived to be eighty-five.

Mr. Curtis, in answer to an inquiry, said that be did not think

THE BEST KINDS OF FRUIT FOR EXPORT. 45

cold storage would keep apples a month later than ordinary', and a
great disadvantage is that they must be used as soon as the}' are
taken but. Years ago his firm had three or four thousand barrels
of Eoxbury Russets stored every year to put on the market late in
the season. Now very few are stored, owing to the improvement
in early southern apples, which formerly were shaken off and
raked up, but now are gathered and packed properly. Since the
war, many Jersey farmers have gone south and improved the
quality of the fruit and vegetables grown for market. The apples
ripening in May are known as May apples, and those ripening in
June as June apples.

Benjamin P. Ware gave an account of a fruit evaporating factory
in Georgetown, Mass., which he had examined. The fruit pur-
chased is largely windfalls, and the quantity is ascertained by
weighing the loads. The apples are first pared and cored with
machines worked by boys and girls, and then placed in drawers of
lattice work, through which a current of air heated b}^ a coal fire
is made to pass.. The beautiful whiteness is caused by placing
them in a sulphur bath before they are evaporat;ed, which not only
whitens them but closes the pores so that they remain white. This
part of the work is very disagreeable to those engaged in it. The
price paid for windfall apples is from fifteen to twenty-five cents
per bushel. The refuse of the apples is grated and made into
cider. The factory is quite profitable, and affords an outlet for
the surplus of apples raised in the neighborhood. Squashes are
also evaporated there. Mr. Ware thought it evident that the de-
mand for apples is going to be unlimited, and as many old orchards
are going to decay, and few new ones are planted, unless a change
takes place the supply of home grown apples will not equal the
demand.

The Chairman of the Committee on Discussion announced that
on the next Saturday Dr. James R. Nichols would speak on the
"Use of Artificial Manures in Horticultural Work."

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 3, 1883.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hates, in the chair.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee,
reported the appointment of George W. Fowle as Treasurer of the
Society and Superintendent of the Building, and Robert Manning
as Secretary and Librarian, for the year 1883.

The Annual Report of the Treasurer was presented by him, and
read by the Secretary, accepted, and referred to the Committee on
Publication.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the

Executive Committee, were on ballot duly elected members of the

Society.

William 0. Grover, of Boston.

Arthur H. Fewkes, of Newton Highlands.

Eli a. Sawtelle, of Boston.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 10.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The following paper was read by the author, who remarked that
though his subject differed from that announced by the Committee,
he should make the latter incidental to that which he had chosen.

The Sweet Principle of Fruits and Plants.
By De. James R. Nichols, Haverhill.

The most interesting phenomenon connected with the growth of
fruits and vegetables, is the development in their structures of
chemical principles which influence in a peculiar manner the sense
of taste. A variety of impressions are produced upon the nerves
of taste, some of which are agreeable, and others disagreeable, by
bringing in contact the juices of certain fruits, roots, grasses,
leaves, etc., in their mature and fresh condition. The sense of
sweetness is usually agreeable, while the sour and the bitter are of
the opposite character.

The term sweet is applied to a class of bodies which are found

THE SWEET PRINCIPLE OF FRUITS AND PLANTS. 47

in fruits, and in a considerable number of vegetable structures, but
we do not clearly understand lioio they are capable of exerting so
decided and pleasurable an influence upon the palate, not only of
human beings, but upon animals as well. As we walk through
our gardens and orchards, and watch the growth of the luxuriant
products of the soil, we do not often stop to consider the intricate
and wonderful chemical reactions which are unceasingh^ taking
place in everything that springs from the earth upon which we
tread. We place the luscious ripened fruits upon our tables, and
partake of them with deep sensual gratification, but we do not
often consider the origin and nature of the complex agents which
render them so acceptable.

The sense of taste is in some respects the most mysterious and
wonderful of all the senses. If the sense of touch is, as seems
probable, the parent sense, or the primal avenue through which
mind was able to assert itself, it must be that taste was the next
most necessary sense for man's elevation and protection. All we
know about it chemically or physiologically, is that a delicate net-
work of nerves ramifies through the tissues of the tongue, and in
surrounding or adjacent parts, and that they have the functional
dut}' to perform of conveying to the " central office," — the brain, —
sensations as regards the nature of what is brought in contact. If
we examine into the chemical or physical character of these nerves,
we do not find that they are in the slightest respect different from
the optic or auditory nerves which transmit sensations so absolutely
unlike. They are the same in color, structure, and chemical con-
stitution ; but how different their office ! Nature has fixed limits
to our fields of investigation, and however anxiously we may
inquire, we cannot take a single step over the boundary line which
divides the known from the unknowable. We must content our-
selves, therefore, with the act of bringing substances in contact
with the little telephonic nerve conductors of the mouth, and per-
mit them to inform the interior man, whether they are noxious, or
innoxious, agreeable or disagreeable, and not ask hoio the messages
are conveyed.

Substances characterized by sweetness, are assumed to con-
tain an organic product called sugar, and, as a class, vegetable
structures do contain it in some one of its forms. There are,
however, a few substances which have a sweet taste not due to
sugar. Acetate of lead is an example afforded in the mineral
world, and glycerine is a sweet liquid, the base of fatty acid com-

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

pounds having no sugar. . There is a form called hepatic sugar,
which is a product of the liver, and some of the secretions of the
body contain it. It is, however, in the organic world that we find
sugar in the vast quantities needed by man, and in the juices of
fruits and plants we find its hiding place.

Before vegetable physiology and chemistry were understood, the
belief prevailed that all the characteristic constituents of fruits and
plants were in some way hunted from the soil, and conveyed to
their resting places by the sap, which was known to circulate
through living vegetable organisms. Although no sugar con Id be
detected in any soil by the most persistent scrutiny, yet it was
supposed that sugar, and its associated acid and other plant
constituents, were present, and ready for transportation by the
ascending sap. "We are disposed to smile at this error of our
fathers, but we should remember that, in accounting for natural
phenomena, or seeking for a reason for things, the easiest and
shortest path is the one usually followed. This remains true until
we are guided by facts learned from accurate observation and
experiment, or until science becomes sufficiently robust to act as
an unerring guide.

Science, in our epoch, is capable of explaining many of the
former mysteries of plant movements and plant production, and
we now know the source of the sweet principle of fruits and plants,
— we know that the soil has no direct agency- in supplying sugar to
any organic structure.

Sugar is a very remarkable substance, and its investigation
opens to view surprises and paradoxes not afforded by any other
agent in nature. It is highly complex in its organization, having
a high atomic constitution, and jci it is the simplest of all com-
pounds when considered in regard to the nature of the elements
of which it is composed.

In studying the sweet principle of plants, we soon discover that
they possess the capability of elaborating more than one variety
of sugar in their structures, and that there is a curious blending
of several forms in the ripened fruits which come upon our tables.
"We discover, also, that each plant has the power of manufacturing
a special variety, or a combination of varieties, and that this law
of their constitution cannot be changed by man.

In beet roots, in the stems and trunks of the sugar maple tree,
the sycamore, the palm, in sugar canes, in the sorghum plant, in

THE SWEET PRINCIPLE OF FRUITS AND PLANTS. 49

the stalks of maize, in grasses, we have one kind of sugar, called
sucrose, which is the sweetest variety ; in grapes we have another
distinct variety, called dextrose or glucose; in apples and other
fruits we have still another, called fructose or levulose. In melons
we have a sweet which is nearly pure sucrose, or cane sugar. We
learn from this examination not only that sugars differ widely, but
that, for wise and doubtless beneficent reasons, the Supreme Intel-
ligence has not permitted all fruits and plants to be sweetened
alike. In that vegetable monstrosity called a beet, which is hidden
from the clear sunlight and the air during the whole period of its
growth, there are found juices which hold the most noble and valu-
able form of sugar known to man. The crimson tissues of this
root contain the snow-white sugar which graces the tea tables of
the kings and princes of continental Europe ; and millions of
pounds find their way into commerce, always commanding the
highest prices. The humble, earthy beet, can hold up its head in
pride, when its sweetness is contrasted with that of the petted
grape, which occupies the foremost place among our delicious
fruits. The grape is sweetened with glucose, an ignoble form of
sugar which the chemist can make in the laboratory, and its pro-
duction does not require the employment of costly or rare mate-
rials. Even if it lessens our respect for the tempting fruit of the
vine, the truth must be told. The chemist can make the sweet
juices of the grape from old cotton rags and old newspapers ; and
if this statement does not indicate a sufficiently low origin, I have
onl}- to remark that it can be made from common sawdust as well.
Human art has not j'et been able to number among its triumphs
the production of the sugar of the beet, the maple, or the cane.

The sweet principle of fruits, other than the grape, cannot be
imitated in the laboratory. It is a mixture of at least two forms
of sugar, — sucrose and dextrose, — in varying proportions, as is
shown in the tables on page 51.

How curious and mysterious is this plan in nature, of delicately
adjusting the taste" of our noble fruits, so as to produce a sense of
the highest enjoyment in their use. In some fruits we find the
sweet to exist in its lowest modified form ; but this is not due to a
lessening of the amount of the sweetest sugar, but to the presence
of an entirely different kind. It is probable that the peculiar deli-
cate flavor and taste of the grape could not be secured by any
adjustment of quantity of sucrose or cane sugar, or by an}' mix-
4

50 MAgSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tures. It requires glucose, pure and simple, to act in conjunction
with the delicate acids, in order that we may have this fruit in its
highest perfection. The watermelon would not be the fruit it is
if it had not the capability of manufacturing cane sugar in large
quantities ; neither would the apple, the peach, the cherry, the
strawberry, or the pear be what they are, if the plants and trees
upon which they grow had not the power of bringing into play a
subtle chemistry, by which is produced a mixture of distinct forms
of sweets which no art of man can imitate. If there was in nature
but one kind of sugar, the number of choice delicacies in our gar-
dens and fruit orchards would be lamentably small.

But nature does not, in the bestowal of her fruits, spontaneously,
or of her own free will, sweeten them for us so acceptably. What
are designed to be luxuries and the most highly prized forms of
food, she ordains shall be bestowed only through the exercise of
labor, care, and skill, on the part of man. No one of the fruits in
its wild or native state holds any considerable quantity of sugar
of anj' kind, — not enough to make it acceptable to the taste, or
fit it to serve as food. It is only b}^ skilful cultivation, by hybrid-
izing, by budding and grafting, that we have secured the sweet
principle in fruits. We have, as it were, educated the dumb
chemists in the vegetable cell, and fitted them for the work which
nature made them competent to perform under man's guidance.

It is indeed wonderful that we can increase or diminish the
amount of sugar in any kind of fruit or plant by cultivation. The
beet, for example, under ordinary care, will afford from four to six
per cent of sugar ; but, by scientific and generous culture, the
percentage can be nearly or quite doubled. I have succeeded in
increasing the sweet pi-inciple in apples, grapes, and peaches, by
cultivation and proper fertilization, and this, when the principle
"was originally present in normal quantity. In increasing the
sugar, we also increase every other desirable quality in the fruit ;
for one principle cannot be forced into prominence without being
accompanied by all the others.

I will now endeavor to explain by the aid of chemical symbols
the nature of the different sugars, and also show the nature of the
sweet principle of some fruits. In the arrangement of sj'mbols,
table No. 1, I bring to view the atomic constitution of a mole-
cule of sucrose or cane sugar ; also that of starch, and the neces-
sary changes to convert starch into sugar.

THE SWEET PEINCIPLE OF FRUITS AND PLANTS.

51

Table iVo. 1.

Sucrose

^12

H22

On

Aqua

H^

0

Starch ......

Ce

Hio

O5

Multiply by

2

Ci2

H20

Oio

Add . . . . ' .

H2

0

Sucrose

Ci2

H22

On

Table No. 2.

Glucose

Ce

H12

Oe .

Multiply by

2

\J]3,

H24

O12

Subtract ,

H2

0

Sugar . ' . .

^12

H22

On

Hydrogen 22

Alcohol ......

C2

He

0

Table No. 3.

How Fruits are Sweetened.

Cane Sugar.

Grape Sugar

Strawberries . . . 6.37

4.98

Peaches .... 2.10

3.17

Pears .... 62 .

8.42

Oranges .... 4.22

4.36

Grapes (Black Hamburg) . 00

17.26

do. (Concord) . . 00

14.08

do. (Green) . . 00

1.60

Melons (Water) . . 8.17

00

do. (Musk) . . 9.02

Ce

Hk

00

Dextrose . . *.

Os

Levulose

Ce

H^

Os

Fruit Sugar

Ce

H«

Oe

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A molecule of common water is represented thus, Ho O? which
means that it is composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one of
oxj'gen. Now to form sugar out of starch we must double the
molecule, and this we do by multipl^'ing the starch molecule by two,
but this does not give us sugar ; it is necessar}^ to add a molecule
of water, which gives us in the diagram, sugar, as shown by com-
paring the resultant line of notation with the upper.

In table No. 2 is shown the composition of grape sugar or
glucose, and also how it must be modified so as to change it into
cane sugar. We must first double the molecule as is shown, and
then subtract one molecule of water, and this gives us cane sugar,
Ci2 H22 Ou. In the triangle is presented a hypothetical molecule
of cane sugar, composed of its constituent atoms. Oxygen, Hydro-
gen, and Carbon. It is apparent that a substance so constituted
must be in a condition of unstable equilibrium, for there is con-
stant tendency to change and form new compounds. Sugar is a
substance very easily decomposed, and by the application of heat,
a large number of new compounds result. One of these new
bodies is alcohol, which is represented by the formula

C2 He O.
An examination of the diagrams will show you how starch is
converted into glucose. Starch has the formula as shown,

^6 Hjo O5.

Now if we add to a molecule one molecule of water Hg 0, we
have glucose,

Cq Hijj Oe,

and this is all that is necessary to convert the starch of corn or
potatoes into the sweet principle of grapes.

"We cannot convert starch into cane sugar, because we cannot
double the size of the molecule and force into combination one
more molecule of water. If we could accomplish this result, all
our cry stalliz able cane sugar would be made in the laboratory, and
the growth of sugar cane, beets, etc., would cease, as the artificial
process would supply sugar at cheaper rates.

We can make grape sugar out of starch, because we have dis-
covered a method of forcing one more molecule of water into
combination with it, and this gives us glucose.

*

Table No. 3 explains how several kinds of fruits are sweet-
ened. The percentage of cane sugar and fruit sugars which enters

THE SWEET PRINCIPLE OF FRUITS AND PLANTS. 53

into strawberries, peaclies, pears, etc., is shown. It will be
noticed that in grapes no cane sugar is presented ; the sweet prin-
ciple is entirely glucose. Of course fruits vary greatly in the
amount of sugar they contain. These examples are presented as
the results of analysis made with the view of obtaining general
or approximative results. Whilst it is possible to increase the
saccharine principle, and also to modify the hydrated malic acid
constituent in fruits, it is entirely beyond our power to change the
fixed nature of vines, shrubs, and trees by an}' methods of cultiva-
tion or fertilization yet discovered. I know of nothing more won-
derful in nature than the pei'sistency with which vegetable struc-
tures adhere to their original bent or design. Trees producing
sour apples, pears, peaches, or vines producing astringent grapes,
cannot be turned aside from their laboratory work, unless by the
introduction of scions, or the employment of the knife in other
ways.

We all know that two trees growing side by side, from the same
soil, breathing the same air, and precisely alike in external and
internal structure, will grow fruit totally dissimilar in chemical
constituents and physical appearance. If a youug sour apple tree
is cut off low in its trunk, and scions of another kind inserted, it
is changed only above the point where the}' are placed. The
chemical reactions below continue true to their original instinct,
and if fruit comes from a sprout it is charged with the acid juices
of the parent tree.

We thus have the bewildering fact brought before us that sap
circulating through one portion of a tree culminates in the pro-
duction of excess of acid in the fruit ; while in another there is
found an excess of sugar. It is not unusual to observe a newly
set scion bud, blossom, and bear fruit the first year. The apple
may weigh ten times as much as the frail scion which held it up,
and supplied the nutriment necessary for its growth, but the little
twig transplanted to an alien limb, will spt up a laboratory of its
own, and from the strange juices brought to it, will manufacture
fruit entirely dissimilar to its companion fruits growing in close
proximity. An example of this nature was afl?orded in my
orchard, when from a scion having a surface for cell action of
only nine square inches, a sweet apple was grown weighing seven
ounces, and affording from its juices ninety-three grains of fruit
sugar.

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

We have, however, still more wonderful examples of fruit chem-
istry in apples which in their own structure exhibit sectional differ-
ences of composition, one-half or one-quarter being saccharine,
the other portions being extremely acid, and having the sectional
lines distinctly drawn. I have seen a basket of this remarkable
fruit in which the divisions were in all proportions, but each one
unmistakably marked.

I have brought to view these interesting examples of plant
chemistry, not with the supposition that they are new to you, but
simply to awaken inquiry and stimulate research, that we may, if
possible, obtain new light upon some most perplexing problems.
. The sap of plants, which is largely water, may have but little
agenc}' in influencing those changes which result in the production
of the sweet principle in fruits. Cell action, controlled by the
actinic solar ray, is unquestionably the source or active agent in
the chemical changes which accompan}' vegetable life. The vast
volume of water, which in the form of sap courses through our fruit
trees, cannot, however, be lightly regarded. It brings to the cells
the elements and molecules of inorganic material,, which enter into
the reactions involved in plant chemistr}^ ; and, it is only through
the sap that we can beneficially influence the products of our
orchards and vineyards. It is probable that we do not often stop
to consider the immense preponderance of water in our fruits,
which is shown b}' analj'sis.

Several years ago, I made anal^'sis of several varieties of apples,
with the view of determining their exact food value. Among them
were the Tolman's Sweet, Hubbardston, and Baldwin.

The apples selected were in different stages of ripeness, the
Hubbardston being more advanced than the others. Very im-
portant modifications are produced by the chemical changes in
apples as they approach the stage of maturity, or th^ period when
they become mellow and ready for the table. The amount of
sugar increases, and the h^'drated malic acid decreases, or dis-
appears altogether in some fruits. The cell walls of the structure
become softened, and readily break down ; oxidation begins at
anj' point where imperfection or abrasions in the skin occur. The
amount of nutritive material is to some extent increased in ripe
apples, and they are much more easily digested and assimilated by
men and animals.

h

THE SWEET PRINCIPLE OF FRUITS AND PLAJ!^TS. 55

The results of the analysis, were as follows :

HUBBARDSTONS.

Water, 88.57

Albuminoids, pectose gum, and sugar, . . . 11.27
Ash, 0,16

ICO. 00
Tolman's Sweets.

Water, 83.29

Albuminoids, sugar, pectose gum, etc., . . . 16.54
Ash, 0.17

100.00

The unripe Baldwins gave 87 per cent water, with a less amoun-t
of albuminoids and sugar than the others, and considerable free
hydrated malic acid. The sugar varied from about 5 per cent, in
the Baldwins to 9 per cent, in the Sweets. The total insoluble
matters, including skin, seeds, pectine, ash, etc., averaged about
3.25 per cent. •

These results show how largely preponderating in apples is the
water, which in amount is about 85 per cent, of their weight.
Therefore, a tree bearing 30 bushels '(46 pounds to the bushel),
holds up in the fruit about half a ton of water. The nutritive
value of apples, is, of course, not in the water, but in the solids, —
albuminoids, sugar, and gum. In a bushel of Hubbardstons, there
is about six pounds of soluble nutritive material at the period of
ripening ; in Tolman's Sweets, about seven pounds ; in Baldwins,
five pounds ; and this material will vary to a considerable extent
in value. Sugar is a carbonaceous substance, and nutritive in a
certain direction. It is mainly useful as fuel, and by oxidation
serves to maintain animal warmth. The albuminoids are nitro-
genous and therefore are foods proper ; the gum is also a food.

The albuminoids are seldom found above half of one per cent, in
any varieties, and this would give us less than four ounces in the
bushel ; of sugar, we find in a bushel about two and a half pounds
in acid fruits, and considerably more in sweet.

The analysis of apples as presented, shows that the amount of
nutriment, or absolute food they contain, in proportion to bulk, is
small. This research extended over considerable gi'ound, much of
which is not pertinent to this discussion. I will simply say that, as
regards apples as food for animals, my practical experience in

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

feeding them confirms the results of analysis. They are of some
value, and when fed in connection with meal, serve to give zest to
the appetite and keep animals in health. The riper the apples the
better the results, and they should not be fed in a half- frozen state
to milch cows, as this course will invariably cut short the milk
supply. If they are cooked by boiling, their value is much en-
hanced, as more perfect digestion results.

In the cultivation of fruits, we should not be misled by the fact
that they do not, in themselves, exhaust soils, except in a shght
degree. The constituent principles of fruits are, to a large
extent, organic, and, therefore, derivable from water and the
atmosphere. Sugar, the important principle of all fruits, takes
nothing from the soil which has money value. The albuminoids,
as has been shown, are very sparsely distributed through most of
our fruits, and as they hold the nitrogenous element, it is seen
that nitrogenous manures are not needed in large quantities in
orchards or fruit gardens. Analysis of the grape shows that in
most varieties nitrogen, as supplied in manures, is not necessary.
The results of analysis in the case of all fruits, have been satisfac-
torily confirmed in m}^ practical experience.

I have never found nitrogenous manures to exert marked spe-
cific influence upon any of my fruit crops, and years ago I discon-
tinued their use. Fruit trees, shrubs, and vines need nitrogen,
but the spontaneous supply in soils is fully equal to the compara-
tively small amounts required. There is one mineral element
which may be said to be the pabulum 2>«^ excellence of growing
fruits, and that is potash. It is certainly true that we cannot
raise perfect and desirable fruits if we withhold this element from
the soils of our orchards. When it is considered that we influence
growing fruits only through the act of rendering the tree or vine
vigorous and healthy, and when we further consider how much
potash is required to maintain a normal condition in large fruit
trees, which are constantly under the pruning saw and knife, we
obtain some correct views of the importance of this agent in
soils. Both the fruit of the vine, and the vine itself, are great
consumers of potash. The same may be said of most of our
small or soft fruits.

It is not usually advisable to attempt to reclaim and render
productive a worn out grape border, but if any satisfactory
success is attainable, it is only through a plentiful supply of good
wood ashes and bone meal.

FERTILIZERS FOR FRUITS. 57

Twenty years ago, I discovered that it was best, in preparing
borders for cold grape houses, to use plent}' of wood ashes, and to
place the fertilizing materials in successive thin layers, rather than
in the usual form of a mixed heap. I have one border prepared
in this way which is made up of sixty alternating strata of differ-
ent fertilizing substances, and they have remained undisturbed for
twentj' jea,rs. The fruit product from this border has been uni-
formly excellent in quantity and quality, from year to year, and
renewal has not been necessary.

M}' view is, that the subterranean feeders of the vine will follow
what may be designated as vegetable instinct in procuring food,
going no further for it than is necessary. If we place phosphoric
acid, lime, potash, and nitrogenous salts in distinct layers, each
resting upon one of good soil, we place our vine roots, as it were,
at a table spread with many dishes, and unerring instinct will
guide in selecting what is needed to keep the vine and fruit in the
best possible condition.

The saccharine qualities of the Black Hamburg and Frontignan
varieties, are greatly improved by having at hand plentiful supplies
of potash ; and wood ashes is the best possible source for this
alkali. The German chlorides are next to be preferred, but they
do not, in vineyards, meet the desirable results supplied by ashes.

The ordinary German Kainit, as found in commerce, I class
among the poisons in the list of assumed vegetable foods. I have
never failed to observe injurious results in the use of these salts
on my farm. Common salt is not a manure, and we may as well
so decide once for all.

After an experience of nearly a quarter of a century in conduct-
ing an experimental farm, I have reached the conclusion that the
growth of our fruits, and most of our cereal crops, is best pro-
moted by the use of a fertilizing mixture, made up of finely ground
fresh bones and good wood ashes. This mixture I arranged and
recommended twenty years ago, and I find after persistent soil
experiments, extending over many years, that I am using it more
freely than ever.

My method of preparing it is, to take six barrels of pure raw
bone flour, and twelve of good wood ashes, and mix them well
together upon a shed floor, adding, during the mixing, twenty
buckets of water and one barrel of gypsum or plaster. This mix-
ture may be allowed to stand a few weeks, or it may be used at

58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

once if needed. If permitted to stand long, it heats from chemical
action, and the freed ammonia is in part fixed as a sulphate by the
plaster, but nc^ all of it.

For fruits of every kind I know of no better fertilizing material,
and as it supplies every needed element of nutrition, its effects are
reraarkabl}' persistent and immediate.

But, gentlemen, I must detain you no longer. I cannot think
that I have presented anything new, or of special value to a com-
pany so intelligent and experienced as this. There are old facts,
and forms of knowledge which it is well to call up for considera-
tion occasionally, as we often find that the good and excellent
have been neglected because they are old.

Dr. Nichols added, in further explanation of the chemical com-
position of sugar, that it is a compound of pure water with carbon
— absolutelj'' pure water with the elements of a diamond. It is a
very unstable compound ; when placed over the flame of a lamp
the water escapes, and the carbon is brought to view. A mole-
cule of sugar is like a watch spring wound up ; the struggle be-
tween the chemical forces is towards change into lower combina-
tions. A potato is but a mass of starch, and can be changed
almost entirely into sugar. The change of starch into sugar
requires the* presence of diastase, which is a starch solvent appa-
rently provided for a specific purpose. Sugar cane, a few weeks
before it is ripe, has no sugar ; after it is mature it has no starch,
and the case is the same with most fruits. The production of
sugar is not exhaustive to the soil ; the refuse from the manufac-
ture of beet sugar returns to the soil all inorganic substances
taken from it. In strawberries there are three kinds of sugar,
two of which are uncrystallizable and one cry stalliz able. Most
pears contain uncrystallizable sugar. The orange will grow in
sand with the addition of potash and lime. The Black Hamburg
grape, when ripe, has about seventeen per cent of glucose, and
its juices are most agi-eeable though we cannot tell precisely why.
Changes in fruits go on with great rapidit}' at the time of ripening.
Beet sugar is as sweet as cane sugar. The chemical composition
of milk sugar is the same as that of cane sugar, but it has only
one-third of its sweetening power. We have in the sugars inter-
esting examples of isomerism ; bodies, so far as jve can distin-
guish, constituted alike chemically, but having very unlike physical
properties. '

FERTILIZERS. 59

Dr. Nichols also stated that wood ashes are often adulterated ;
he bought one lot from Canada which contained by analysis nine
per cent of potash, but the next lot had less than four per cent.
He regarded the discovery of the Stassfurth potash salts as provi-
dential ; the supply is enormous, millions of pounds being pro-
duced each year. In kainit there is so large a proportion of
common salt that it is apt to kill grass. The chlorides of potash
may be mixed with phosphates and nitrate of soda and extended
with humus, so as to form composts closel}^ resembling stable
manure, in concentrated form. The Stassfurth salts are now
brought to this country and used by official analysis made at the
salt mines, and these determinations are usually safe and reliable.

Discussion.

Leander Wetherell said that the lecturer had stated that salt is in
no sense a manure. This the speaker doubted, but while he did
not deny it he stated his observation as follows : A farmer in Ware,
whose farm is contiguous to the right bank of Ware river, has
raised winter r^'e on a piece of light soil for ten years, more or
less, using no stable manure, but has applied annually a top-dress-
ing of common salt of an inferior grade, called "refuse salt,"
purchased in Boston for that special purpose. He sowed it on,
mixed with a little plaster, broadcast at the rate of three bushels
per acre. Visiting this farmer annually the opportunity for care-
ful observation for years was enjoyed. The crop of rye was
heavy and the straw was clean and white wlien the crop had
ripened ; the grain was of superior quality and the annual
yield was good. The lecturer was asked by Mr. Wetherell to
explain this phenomenal observation in growing winter rye upon
thin soil, very poor in humus. Similar experiments were made by
a farmer in Hardwick on a farm also contiguous to the right bank
of Ware river, not only with winter rye but other farm crops,
where salt produced marked effects as a "fertilizer," as he called it.

Dr. Nichols said that we cannot obtain uniform results on all
soils. The Ware farmer obtained his crops independentl}- of the
action of the salt. There are many farmers in Massachusetts who
raise good rye crops on light silicious soils for many consecutive
years, without the use of a spoonful of salt or any fertilizer. Too
much attention is given to apparent variations in known or fixed

60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

principles. Too much time is taken up in farmers' meetings in
discussing trivial and imperfectly conducted crop experiments.
The principles of agriculture should be studied.

George F. H. Markoe said that he had seen raisins containing
crystallized glucose, and specimens of beautifully crystallized anhy-
drous glucose which were manufactured in this country, and which
is now being produced in a large way under a patented process.
The glucose of the market is generally impure, but any pure glu-
cose can be crj^stallized from its alcoholic solution.

Dr. Nichols said that the glucose of dried raisins is never crys-
talline, but by evaporation of water amorphous lumps are formed
which the gentleman had mistaken for crystalline bodies. He had
seen the most recent imported specimens of glucose, but none of
them were crystalline. No one has yet succeeded in crystallizing
glucose in a practical way.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder said that he was delighted with Dr.
Nichols's lecture ; he spoke of what he knew, and there is ho man
better capable of instructing us. The facts given by him in regard
to the use of ashes and bone dust are extremely valuable, and he
advised all the cultivators present to get all they can. Sugar of
different kinds is one of the most healthy substances. It is pos-
sible to produce sugar on our own soil. It has been stated that
sorghum sugar cannot be crystallized, but it is now a settled fact
that it can be, and wherever sorghum will ripen its seed, sugar
can be made. The seed is worth nearly as much as corn, and the
refuse of the stalks is valuable for the food of animals and the
manufacture of paper.

Professor Markoe said that all chemical action is a series of sub-
stitutions, in which might makes right, or the stronger agent
replaces the weaker one. The action of caustic lime liberates
ammonia gas from ammoniacal salts. If sulphate of ammonia is
mixed with caustic lime, the ammonia is liberated, and sulphate
of lime is formed. Sulphuric acid added to fertilizers will fix the
ammonia. The so-called rectified guano contains sulphuric acid,
which has been added in quantity sufficient to transform most of
the ammonia into sulphate of ammonia.

Dr. Nichols said that not until lately had he been able to pur-
chase the Charleston phosphate nodules ground fine enough for
making fertilizers, but now an impalpable powder can be obtained,
and he had used it with considerable success. It makes a low-

IMPERIAL RUSSIAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 61

priced, good fertilizer. The value of nitrogenous manures is
unsettled, and he thought we had considerable to unlearn, espe-
cially in regard to animal substances holding potential nitrogen.
He thought dried blood and animal tissues of uncertain value, and
that further stud}' and long-continued soil experiments are needed
to settle their value on a reliable basis.

President Hayes spoke of Dr. Nichols's paper as most interest-
ing, especially his description of the little graft as a factory work-
ing out the processes of nature. The lecture was as eloquent and
powerful as any sermon , and he wished thousands could have heard
it. He was also glad to hear from Professor Markoe, and to have
these two chemists bring the latest results of their science before
the Society, and it was pleasing to see the kindness between them,
as evinced by the reception accorded by each to the different views
of the other. In behalf of the Society, the President returned
grateful thanks to Dr. Nichols for his interesting, eloquent, and
instructive address.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 10, 1883.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Fbancis B. Hayes, in the chair.

The President read an invitation from the Imperial Russian
Horticultural Society, to attend and contribute to the International
Exposition of Horticulture and Congress of Botanists and Horti-
culturists, to be holden at St. Petersburg, May 17-28, 1884, in
celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of that Society.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder moved that a delegation be appointed
by the Chair to attend the Exposition and Congress, with power
to appoint substitutes. The motion was carried, and the Chair
appointed Mr. Wilder, E. W. Wood, and William H. Spooner
delegates.

The Secretary read a letter from Francis Darwin, Cambridge,
England, expressing thanks, in behalf of the family, for the testi-

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

monial to the memory of his father, Charles Darwin, adopted by
the Society at the meeting on the 30th of December, 1882.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 17.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Best List of Old and New Herbaceous Pereknials for
General Cultivation ; also. Notes on Rare Herbaceous
Plants Difficult to Cultivate, and on Improvement in our
Native Herbaceous Perennials.

By Waeken H. Manning, Reading.

In presenting this subject for discussion, I will reserve the List
of Plants for the close ; and, in opening, will make some mention
of the Cultivation of New and Rare Plants.

It is always safe to follow, as nearly as possible, the conditions
in which a plant flourishes naturally, unless a better method of
cultivation is known. In case neither is known, one may be guided
to a great extent by the appearance of the plant, which is very
often an indication of the soil it grew in, and may give it the
treatment that has been given successfully to similar plants. An
aquatic or bog plant can usually be distinguished by its large cells
and soft, fleshy stems and leaves ; a plant growing on dry, sandy
or gravelly soil by the dry, harsh feeUng of the stems and leaves,
or the large, deep growing tap root. Alpines and rock plants are
generally small and dwarfed, and often fleshy, with long and fine
hair-like roots ; frequently from a short rootstalk or tap-root.

There are, of course, many exceptions to these observations, but
any cultivator of herbaceous plants, or observer of plants in their
native homes, well knows that alpine plants are quite different in
appearance, as a class, from bog plants, and bog plants from those
growing in sand or gravel. The lines are very often quite clearly
marked between whole families of plants, and it is often a good
way of determining the habit of a plant to find in what' famil}' it
belongs. For example, the hardy North American representatives
of the Orchid family nearly all grow in moist, shady situations in
woods or meadows, in a peaty or leaf-mould soil ; the Pink family

CULTIVATION OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 63

in dry, well drained, light soils ; the Composite, Mint, and Pea fam-
ilies, "with few exceptions, in any good soil ; and the Iris family in
wet, boggy situations.

Those plants that will adapt themselves to nearly all conditions
are, of course, easy to cultivate ; it is those requiring special con-
ditions for success that we shall have the trouble with, and the
Alpine plants, as a class, contain the greater number of these ;
but they are very beautiful, and well repaj^ all trouble spent on
them to secure success. This success must be gained by patience
and perseverance under repeated failures.

In England, gardeners said that Alpine plants could not be
grown in the open ground ; Mr. Robinson believed any of the
hard}' ones could be grown if proper methods were used, and he
tried their cultivation. His book on "Alpine Flowers " will show
his success.

But we must not try to grow the same or similar plants by his
treatment, although we maj- get many useful hints from it, for our
climate is quite 'different from that of England ; the}' do not have
our scorching summer sun, nor do thej' have the frequent and
sudden changes from the freezing temperature of night, to a hot,
burning sun in the morning, without a veil of mist to modify its
fierceness, which is so destructive to our herbaceous plants. We
cannot depend on the rockery as they can. Mr. Falconer, of the
Botanic Garden at Cambridge, who has had great experience
with herbaceous plants, both in England and in this country, says
that most Alpine plants that he has grown here do much better in
the open border than in the rockery. They must not be in such
a position as to allow the water to settle about them, and it is best
to mulch them with stones to keep the soil about the roots moist
and at an even temperature.

Neither can we depend on England or Europe for Alpine plants
that will succeed under the conditions presented here. We have
our own White, Alleghany, and Rocky Mountains to draw supplies
from, and any traveller in these mountains will testify to the
beauty of the Alpine flora. You will very likely say that these
plants cannot be obtained ; but I have no doubt that those who
have a large collection of herbaceous plants for sale, and who have
correspondence with collectors in all parts of the country, will get
them when there is a demand for them.

These difficult classes of plants must be taken in hand by some

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

amateur who has a sufficient love for the work, and sufficient inter-
est in the results to be gained, to carrj' his experiments to a suc-
cessful issue. Those in the nursery business, as a usual thing,
can oul}' grow such as sell readily at a profit.

The above remarks on the treatment of Alpines will also apply,
so far as the water settling about the plants is concerned, to suc-
culents, such as Sedums and Sempervivums, which are also Alpines,
for if it does, it will rot the plant ; but they will grow in verj- poor,
dry soil, or on rocks in most barren and unpromising spots. In
fact, these are some of the most available and successful plants for
covering our rockeries.

Sand plants will, as a usual thing, do much better on their own
soil than in a richer loam ; for if the soil is rich, they are liable to
make a strong growth of foliage at the expense of the flowers, and
the plant is very likely to be killed by the first hard frost, while, if
it were grown in a poor, sandy soil, it would blossom freely, ripen
its growth early, and withstand frost.

If a plant is not successful in one spot, move it to another ; it is
surprising to see what a little difference in soil or position will do
for a plant. Often a position where no perceptible difference from
the former locality is to be seen will make all the difference between
success and failure.

Most of our native plants are improved by removing them to
cultivated ground, where they are protected from the inroads of
stronger growing plants or weeds, that would kill them out under
the same conditions of soil in a wild state. Take, for example,
the Trilliums, which will make fine, large clumps in the garden,
while in the native woods they are seldom found with more than a
single bulb in a place. The Jack in the Pulpit is greatly improved
in the size of the plant, leaf, and flower. Aquilegia Canadensis,
or wild Columbine, cannot be excelled in habit of plant, and beauty
and abundance of flowers by any other cultivated Aquilegia. Lobe-
lia cardinaUs, or Cardinal flower, flourishes finely in all good garden
soils. The Wild Calla, Lizard's Tail, and many others, are greatly
improved by being cultivated. When established in cultivation,
these and others should be improved by the same arts of horticul-
ture as have brought the beautiful Phloxes, Larkspurs, and Holly-
hocks to their present perfection.

In making a list of the most desirable herbaceous perennials for
general cultivation, we must see that there is a sufficient variety

LIST OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS.

65

in color and in the flowers at all seasons ; also, we should choose
plants of good habit of growth, and thoroughly tested. It would
be impossible to give a list that would be best for all localities, but
a list of such plants as are really desirable in the ordinary flower
garden would be useful to those wishing to make a selection.
Many of the plants named, such as Tulips, Phloxes, Pceonies and
Hollyhocks, are worthy of exclusive attention, and it would be a
source of much pleasure and instruction for any one to experiment
with a certain flower, in connection with his general collection ; to
m.ake it a specialty, and improve it and its varieties as much as
possible by hybridizing, selecting improved seedlings, and propa-
gating sports ; but if one did not wish to do this, a few of the
choicest and most select varieties should be chosen to represent it.
I hope the remarks and suggestions made in this paper, and also
the list of plants, will be thoroughl^^ discussed by those present.
Fifty more equally desirable plants might be added to the list, but
I will not run the risk of making it too long.

Spring Flowering Plants.
Adonis vernalis, Dodecatheon Meadia,

Allium Moly,
Anemone Pulsatilla,
Aquilegia Canadensis,
Bulbocodium vernum,
Convallaria majalis,
Crocuses in varietj',
Dicentra eximia.

Erythronlum Americanum,
Iberis sempervirens,
Mertensia Virginica,
Phlox reptans,

" subulata, and varieties,
Polemonium reptans,
Scilla Sibirica,

Dicentra (Dielytra) specta- Tulips in varietj',

bilis, * Viola pedata, and varieties.

Summer Flowering Plants.
Achillea Ptarmica fl. pi., Gypsophila paniculata,

Aquilegia Cferulea,

" chiysantha,
Asclepias tuberosa.
Campanula Carpatica,
Centranthus ruber, and

varieties.
Coreopsis lancolata.
Delphiniums in variety,
5

Hemerocallis graminea.

Iris Germanica, and varieties,

Platycodon grandiflorum, and

varieties,
Pyrethrum roseum, and varie-
ties,
Spirffia Filipendula,
Iris Kiempferi, and varieties,

66

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

Lilium auratum,

" canclidura,

" eleo-ans var. incom-
parabile,

" superbam,
Lobelia cavdiualis,

L3'chnis diurna fl. pi.,

Pseonies in variety,

Papaver orieatale.

Phlox decussata, and varieties,

Spira?a lobata,

Rauunculus acris, fl. pi..

Lychnis chalcedonica, and Veronica amethystiua.
varieties,

Autumn Flowering Plants.

Aconitum Japonicum,
Anemone Japonica,
Cassia Marilandiea,
Funkia Japonica variegata,

' ' subcordata,
Gentiana Andrewsii,

Heliauthus orgyalis.

" decapetalus,
Hibiscus flavescens,

" Moscheutos,
Lilium speciosum, and varieties,
Rudbeckia nitida.

Discussion.

Dr. Henry P. Walcott was called on, and said that the only
class of hard}- herbaceous plants that he had cultivated were tiie
native Orchids, with which he was quite successful in an artificial
bog in a brick tank. The Oregon variety of Calypso borealis had
flowered two years, growing in living sphagnum. Hahenaria
ciliaris also flourished. Rhexia Virginica grew so vigorously as
to become a perfect weed, and had to be taken out, but it is so
beautiful that he will prepare a separate bed for it.

Mr. Manning said that the hardy Orchids are ver}^ interesting,
but not suited to general cultivation. In the Botanic Garden at
Cambridge, the Cypripediums are successfully cultivated. Liparis
liliifolia has improved under cultivation, having several more
flower buds than when growing wild. A friend has a border of
Viola pedata to his garden path, which blossoms twice a year.

Edward L. Beard said that the Narcissus is one of the most
neglected plants. Narcissus p)oeticus is general!}^ badly grown ; it
wants thorough care and cultivation, and will repay it. A friend
of his had a large ravine running through his estate, with bare and
unsightly sides, and Mr. Beard suggested to him that he should
make pockets in the sides and fill with soil and plant narcissuses,
and along the sides of the brook which ran through the ravine,

HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 67

similar bulbs. He planted two thousand bulbs there, and was
highly pleased with his success. The double Narcissus poeticus
has a tendency to drop its buds ; which is caused by leaving the
plants, as is generally done, until the soil becomes exhausted.
Constant feeding, and occasional shifting into new locations must
be attended to. He had been very successful by giving fresh soil,
and had produced astounding development. The long tubed
species of Narcissus bicolor, of which the Emperor and Empress
are two of the finest varieties, amply respond to any care given
them. They are quite hardy ; the speaker grows them on top of a
cla}' bed. They do not seed, but increase from oflTsets. Some of
the varieties will not grow here, but there is an ample list that will.
The Lily of the Valley, also, is generally left to take care of
itself, but if they are transplanted, and the soil is replenished,
they will give astounding results. The same mistake is made with
many herbaceous plants. The new Double Pyrethrums are most
desirable ; they require good culture and division of the roots.
Some herbaceous plants will live along without much care, but the
finer kinds require as much as a bed of roses. The general
tendency is to neglect them. The speaker is very fond of Delphin-
iums. In England, the beautiful Iris Kcempferi dies out, but it is
constant here, particularly in damp localities. The Anemone
Japonica, of which he prefers the white variety', may be placed in
the foreground of useful plants.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder spoke of the old hardy perennial double
Candytuft as having been so neglected, that ten or fifteen years
ago it was introduced as new, and sold for a dollar a plant. It is
very desirable.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott said that she lost all her narcissus buds for
several years, and in despair she took them up and reset them,
and last year every bud gave a flower. The idea that herbaceous
plants can be neglected is incorrect. Eternal vigilance is ^he
price of a garden as well as of liberty, to which, in the case of the
garden, must be added fertilizers.

Dr. Walcott said there is one plant, the Fraxinella, which will
flourish, year after year, without removal. He has them fifteen
or sixteen years old, and he knows a plant seventy-five 3'ears old
which flourishes as well as ever. It is the typical hardy perennial.

Mr. Wilder spoke of the Spircea Sinensis (known, also, as
Spircea, Astilbe, or Hoteia Japonica,) as one of the most beautiful

68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

herbaceous plants. It forces admirably. The Tree Paeonies are
superb ; Elizabetha, which he introduced twenty-three years ago,
at a cost of three hundred francs for the first plant, and which is-
still rare, is one of the finest varieties. The tree pffionj^ is slow
of propagation, and, therefore, the new kinds are very dear.
Nothing is more gorgeous than paeonies, either tree or herbaceous,
but lately they have been much neglected. If the old dark crim-
son variety were now introduced as new, nothing would be thought
to surpass it. The speaker believed it would be well for the
Society to offer premiums for hunting up the good old things that
have been passed by.

Mrs. Wolcott thought that if it is the intent of the Society to
promote horticulture among the masses, it should encourage the
cultivation of easily grown and cheap things, like the fraxinella,
which, however, she had tried over and over again without
success. She asked this in behalf of the community generally.
She was led to speak of this point by the interest she felt in window
gardening, and by her knowledge of the inability of many, who
would like to cultivate flowers, to pa^' more than a very small sum
for plants. Plants to be freely cultivated, must be sold at prices
within the reach of the people. The tree pseony is, virtually,
out of the reach of people generally.

Mr. Beard thought Mrs. Wolcott had not given her fraxinella a
suitable soil, and advised her to try another.

Mrs. Wolcott replied that she had tried every soil.

Mr. Beard thovight that it likes a clay soil. He planted it in such
soil five years ago, and it has thriven. He acknowledged that he
had not lived up to his own theory of good cultivation, in connec-
tion with this plant, which had been left to take care of itself with
good results.

Mrs. Wolcott thought that knowledge must be added to eternal
* vigilance and fertilizers, for success in gardening. She dug up a
large clump of fraxinella with a pick-axe and transplanted it,
hoping from its age and size to secure a plant, but was unsuccess-
ful.

C. M. Hovey said that the fraxinella is somewhat difficult to
increase. It has very strong, woody roots, with few fibres, and it
takes some time to get established. It is very beautiful but can-
not become common. The Asdepias tuberosa, or Butterfly Weed, he
had known since he was a boy, and he esteemed it the most beauti-

HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 69

fill of all our native perennial plants. It resembles the fraxinella in
the character of the roots and the difficulty of transplanting. At
the South Shore he saw clumps as large as a bushel basket along
the sides of the roads, and some varieties darker than usual.
He tried to dig up some roots with a trowel, but found it im-
possible. He finally succeeded in digging up a few roots, which
were like parsnips, but nearly all grew. It makes no offsets, and
the best way to propagate it is to sow the seed where the plant is
to stand. It has been cultivated by only two or three individuals.

The herbaceous pseony is everybody's flower. It has been im-
proved by English, French, and American cultivators ; it is easily
grown, not difficult to increase, and forms a show not surpassed
in the flower garden. Many of the varieties are quite fragrant,
and some are desirable for that quality. Tree pseouies are now
comparatively cheap ; plants which would formerlj' have cost from
five to ten dollars, can now be bought for from a dollar to a dollar
and a half. Onl}^ a few new species of herbaceous plants have
been introduced in the last forty or fifty j'ears. The Delphinium
has been much improved ; some of the new kinds are apt to die off,
but such is not the case with some of the old ones lilce Delphiniuim
formosum and the Bee Larkspurs ; you can hardlj- kill them.
Some of the old kinds are very stately in growth. "We are going
back to the cultivation of the dahlia, which went out of fashion
some years ago ; it is now coming up in the single form. We
have been surfeited with double flowers ; single tulips are much
more admired than double, but double stocks are better than
single.

Mr. Wilder agreed with Mr. Hovey as to the importance of
restoring the cultivation of the pseony. It seeds freely and is
easily cross-fertilized, and everybody can have them. Some of
John Richardson's seedlings are equal to any that have been
raised.

Mr. Beard spoke of the Everlasting Pea as one of the most
beautiful and useful plants in the flower garden. It will scramble
over anything, but rocks or a low trellis are best. If the seed
pods are removed it will bloom continuously. There are three
varieties, the rose colored, pure white, and striped. Like the
fraxinella it forms immense underground roots, and wants to be
put where it can be undisturbed. It is very useful for cutting.
The Gloxinia is not a hardy plant, but he was induced to speak of

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

it because he saw it grown out doors last summer in a cold frame,
and forming a most beautiful sight. The tubers were planted in
the spring and the glass was shaded. The flowers come on stout
stalks, and are most useful for cutting. The bulbs are easily
wintered by storing them in sand, in a temperature of from fifty
to fiftj'-five degrees. In the spring they must be started in the
house and afterwards planted in the frame. The plan has been
tried in England, but there the}' are generally coddled till the rust
to which they are subject gels on them. The frame which he saw
full of these gloxinias was fift}^ feet long, and Yv'as a sight to
behold. The sashes were slightly tilted up,- and the glass was
whitewashed. The bulbs were planted in the ground.

President Hayes said that nothing could be more beautiful than
the gloxinia. He had imported bulbs from England, and would
try the method of cultivating in frames recommended by Mr.
Beard.

Mr. Wilder said that a new class had been introduced called
crassifolia ; it is more robust and has larger flowers. There is no
end to the number of varieties that can be raised of the gloxinia
tribe.

Mr. Hovey advised the trial of Achimenes and Tuberous Rooted
Begonias in frames, like the gloxinias, which Mr. Beard had
spoken of. Some of the tuberous rooted begonias do well in the
open air, but the flowers of the choicer varieties are so delicate
that the}' do better in frames. The hardier varieties are very
desirable and beautiful if treated like the gladiolus ; they grow
freely and bloom up to frost,

Mr. Wilder said he had seeds of tuberous rooted begonias then
coming up. In England, Mr, Laing has 150,000 seedhngs.
There the}^ surpass the scarlet geraniums for bedding.

Mr. Beard said that tuberous rooted begonia seed is very decep-
tive ; like primula seed, four-fifths of it is apt to be chaff. He
paid half a guinea for twelve primula seeds, and got one good
seed out of the twelve. The inside of the pod of the begonia
breaks up into chaff. Except in extraordinarily hot summers, the
tuberous rooted begonia is one of the best bedding plants. He
has five hundred seedlings stored away. The light colored varie-
ties stand the sun better than the dark. The}^ do better in partial
shade out-doors than under glass. He st;;ckdown branches in the
beds to shade the pUiuts. The double ones, with a little care, will

HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 71

stand the sun, and are not so apt to drop their flowers as the sin-
gle. They are very deceptive when raised from cuttings ; they
will go along through the sumpier, and in autumn no bulb is to be
found ; only a few roots have been sent out. A shoot which has
a growing eye should be used for a cutting ; it will not succeed
with only a flower bud. He does not shorten the leaf when he
plants the cutting.

President Hayes spoke of the difficulty of procuring good seed
of improved varieties of flowers. He had seed of Humea elegans
from which he got not a single plant. He had found seed from
Dippe Brothers, of Quedlinburg, Prussia, very satisfactory.

J. W. Manning said that there is much unexplored territory
where new species may yet be collected. He never saw such
Aquilegias as in the Pocky Mountains, at an altitude of twelve
thousand feet. There were other flowers entirely new to him, that
were as showj^ as gloxinias. The atmosphere was so rare that walk-
ing was very exhausting there.

E. H. Hitchmgs spoke of a plant of Lilium Canadensis^ with
fifty-seven flowers, found in Lynn, by a friend. He recommended
the cultivation of the native climbing plants, such as Clematis
Virginiana, Mikania scande?is, and Apios tiiberosa.

Warren H. Manning said that the Apios tuberosa must be grown
in moist soil, as the tubers frequently decay in dry soil. When
it thrives, it is apt to become a weed. The Iris Kcempferi is grown
by the Chinese in ground flooded once a year. It wants care, and
blooms better after dividing.

The subject for the next Saturday was announced as " New and
Useful Shrubs, and the Best Method of Propagating," to be opened
by William C. Strong.

BUSINESS MEETING.

SATrKDAT, February 17, 1883.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman of the Committee on Publication
and Discussion, stated that a desire had been expressed by persons

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

residing too far away to avail themselves of the other advantages
of this Society, to purchase its publications, and moved that the
subject be referred to the Executive Committee. The motion was
carried.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 24.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

New and Useful Shkubs and the Best Method of Propa-
gating.

By William C. Stkoxg, Newton Highlands.

In accepting the invitation of your Committee to open this sub-
ject of " New Shrubs and How to Propagate Them," I had no idea
of the dilemma into which I was led, upon neither of whose pro-
jecting horns do I wish to impale myself. In the first place I have
no disposition to cry up a list of novelties after the fashion of
venders of new strawberries, new roses, new grapes and what not,
which are being let out with a bang so loud that, in the recoil, the
innocent public finds relief in the fact that nothing but smoke is
left behind. I am not to be caught naming this and that new
and marvellous shrub which, beyond question, is destined to do
much towards transforming our gardens into a paradise, while at
the moment I utter this prophecy I can notice the sh' insinuation
going round the room that " probably he has a large stock of that
particular variety, all read}' to place upon the market." Not into
that trap do I put my foot.

Withdrawing from this horn with some little complacency^ I
turn to mention some kinds which I cannot possibly be able to offer
for sale for at least a few months, and consequently concerning
which I have no selfish and prejudiced motive, and, proceeding to
dilate upon their extraordinary merits, I am about to make use
of a great number of superlative terms, when I notice a queer
kind of smile playing upon the countenances of some of our enter-
prising cultivators, and an occasional wink shooting across the
room, and, if my ears did not greatly deceive me I caught a nur-
seryman's whisper that he catalogued that identical variet}' more
than six months ago. Di'opping this kind as speedily as I may,
without too great betrayal of embarrassment, I turn to name, with

NEW AND USEFUL SHRUBS. 73

some confidence, another kind which has given me particular pleas-
ure, enhanced, no doubt, by the thought that no one in this conn-
try, except myself, has ever beheld its marvellous beauty, when
the first mention of its name is met with a loud guffaw, and the
quick remark that that variety was discovered a score of years ago,
and was even mentioned by Loudon, though subsequently it was
lost. Mr. President, there are no new shrubs, they have all been
let out ; you have them ; our ex-presidents of course have them ;
the ladies and gentlemen have all got them ; we are even on this
score and there will be no occasion to raise a laugh at our mutual
expense.

Having thus efiectually opened the subject, as requested, show-
ing that, with the exception of artificial hybrids in the hands of
the originator, there are no new shrubs, it will of course be perti-
nent to conclude with a few wise directions how to propagate them.
First, get them, is a rule that will occur to the feeblest understand-
ing. But before entering further upon this part of the subject I
will name some shrubs which are not new, but which have merits
that entitle them to be more generally cultivated than they now
are. It will also be proper to mention the defects of some kinds,
which are likely to limit their culture.

The Japan Maples of the polymorphum type, may be properly
classed as shrubs — at least, in this country, it does not seem
probable that they will exceed the usual limit of size of shrubs.
There can be but one opinion as to the exceeding beauty of many
of these forms. The variety known as atro-sanguineum, to which
is added purpureum (as if the little plant were not already crushed
to the earth by the weight of its name) , is perhaps the best of ail
for our chmate. But it is greatly to be feared that none of these
are likely to prove vigorous. Probably they are hardy enough to
endure the cold of our winters, provided they mature a healthy
summer growth. The difficulty is with our hot, dry sun. On the
estate of Mr. Hunuewell, where they have the benefit of shelter
and moisture, they seem to thrive, and are superlatively beautiful.
But, on the other hand, it is significant that in the nursery of the
Messrs. Parsons, where the stock has been largely propagated for
3'ears, we do not find the plants get beyond the frames, into the
open ground, to an}' extent. The general exf)erience is, that they
will require such careful nursing as will unfit them for common use.
An Azalea, also from Japan, called mollis, might also have been

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

called new some half dozen years ago, at least on this side of the
water. But that has gone by, though the variety remains in its
glory, and I am glad to modify m}- opinion that it was not hardy
enough for open culture. Mr. Jackson Dawson informs me that
it endures the climate at the Arnold Arboretum quite as well as
the Ghent varieties, and flowers superbly. The Arboretum has a
large number of seedlings raised on the grounds, from which we
may expect plants every way adapted to our climate. This class
is a very important acquisition, and will be likely, if further trial
shall prove it to be hard}', to supersede the Ghent t^^pe, which,
though fine in colors, has not the size and form of flower of the
mollis type.

Still another Japan shrub is the Red Bud {Cercis Japonica) ,
which differs from our American Red Bud or Judas Tree, in being
very much more dwarf, assuming a bush form, and flowering pro-
fusely when less than one foot in height. Its tendency is to spread,
and I should judge it would never attain a height exceeding a few
feet. Its flowers are much larger and richer in color than those of
C. Canadensis. The specimen which I exhibit was cut from a bush
planted in the greenhouse six weeks ago, and is not, therefore, a
fair example.

While we are upon Japan, I will mention the large class of
evergreen shrubs, known as Retinosporas, or Japan Cypresses.
Many varieties of this family are quite hard}' in this section, if
planted in soils and positions adapted to their wants. The old
heath-leaved variety {ericoides) is not hardy with me, hni plmnosa^
pluviosa aurea, sqiiarrosa, Jilifera, obtusa, obticsa nana, and lyco-
podioides have all endured exposed positions in mj grounds.
Though very diverse in form and foliage, they are of great impor-
tance for lawn decoration. Probably the golden plumosa and the
silvery and dewy squarrosa would be singled out as most useful
and contrasting.

Two years ago I had a row of Tamarix from this same Island
of Japan, called plumosa. It seemed to me more hardy, and
certainly was more erect and plume-like, and richer in foliage
than the well-known Indian, African, and German Tamarixes.
It so took the eye of one of our prominent landscape gardeners,
that he secured the* entire row before I knew what he was doing.
I have recently learned from him that he lost the entire lot the first
winter after planting. I do not regard this as a fair test, how-

NEW AND USEFUL SHRUBS. 75

ever, since we remember the killing effect of the early October
freeze of that year, which was so destructive to many newly
planted shrubs, though quite hardy.

Rosa rugosa, from Japan, a recent introduction, gives several ,,
shades of color in flowers, the dark red, called rubra, being, per-
haps, the best. It is a large single flower, of much beauty when
partly open, but the bush has great merit as a shrub, with dark,
rich green foliage, very luxuriant in appearance, and crowned in
winter with numerous scarlet seed vessels. It is a real acquisition,

I do not propose to take 3'ou around the globe and dwell as long
in each countrj- as we' have in Japan. But suppose we take a sin-
gle specimen from the inhospitable soil of Siberia, called Cornus
Sibirica foliis albo-marginatis. This is undoubtedly a variety of
the Siberian Cornus, but it may well be doubted whether the sport
first occurred in its native habitat. It is probabl}' a garden variety.
At any rate, the variegation is verj^ distinct light, with shades of
pink in clear contrast with vigorous green, giving a lively appear-
ance to the bush,' which is very attractive. It is not- as strong in
growth as Cornus sanguinea, but is still vigorous, and has the
same scarlet wood for fine winter effect. I regard it as a very
promising shrub.

A new Plum from Persia, called Primus Pissardi, has attracted a
good deal of attention at French exhibitions during the past season.
It is said to have "splendid foliage of a blood scarlet color, keeping
so until the leaves fall down in November, the wood being of a
brilliant black color." This is the description given by the inti'o-
ducer, who assures us " this is the finest novelty ever introduced,
since a long time." I have not seen the variety, but the awards
which it has obtained would indicate that it is worthy of trial. In
habit it is said to resemble Prumis triloba*.

In a row of Silver Bells (Halesia tetraptera) I noticed last sum-
mer a single plant, about three feet in height, which was as golden
in color as the freshest piece from the mint. Of course it was
conspicuous as far as it could be seen. I watched it with great
interest. In September, I looked for it and it was gone. If I
had it today, Mr. President, I would present it as the one speci-
men of a new shrub. But I fear it will be kept from public view ;
it is so distinct that it would betray the thief as certainh' as a
bank check.

* Specimens planted this season give promise that the description will be realized.

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I do not regard the Weigelas with special favor, but the variety
Candida is pure white, and a decided improvement on the strag-
gling growth of hortensis nivea, and a real acquisition.

Sjnrcea Tliunbergii deserves general cultivation, because of its
graceful habit and foliage, which is pretty enough for bouquets
and table decoration. It bears a profusion of delicate white flow-
ers which are the first of the season. Spiraea aricefolia is the
most profuse flowering.

The Golden Elder is the most effective plant of this color.

The Purple Hazel is a strong contrast in dark color.

The Cut-Leaved Sumach {Rhus laciniata) contrasts strongl}' in
its airy, fern-like leaves, which are very befiutiful.

The Variegated Althaea is perhaps the best plant with white
foliage. It is vigorous and striking.

Of the light, bree;iy, snowj'-white Exochorda grandijlora, men-
tion has frequently been made in our discussions, but not more so
than the plant deserves. The same may be said of Viburnum
plicatu7n.

The panicled species of Hydrangea is more upright in growth,
and of better foliage than Hydrangea iKinicxdata grandiflora.
Many will also prefer the light trusses of bloom to the grosser
masses of gra^idiflora. It is a question of taste, about which we
may not dispute.

These varieties are named because they are of comparatively
recent introduction, or have special merit and deserve a more ex-
tended cultivation. It is quite beyond our scope to allude to such
old but admirable kinds as our native Kalmia latifolia and Mag-
nolia glauca.

But I must not weary you with a longer list of favorites, although
no mention has been made of dwarf species, Arbor Vittes, and
other evergreen shrubs of great value for lawn planting. We
have a wealth of material, and with the aid of the knife we may
increase the dwarf varieties almost without limit. For example,
what tropical palm-like luxuriance may be produced by cutting
the Ailanthus to the ground and securing new shoots every year or
two. The Purple Beech is fine in color when kept as a shrub.
Schwedler's and Ileitenbach's Maples must be even better than the
beech for this purpose.

A few words as to propagating.

The natural method is by seed, and it is the cheapest ; but it is

NEW AND USEFUL SHRUBS. 77

also the slowest. Where we have plants that bear seed, and can
give the time, we sow the seed. But if we are in haste with a new
kind, grafting upon strong, congenial stocks gives a great gain in
time. The rarest evergreens are multiplied with great facility and
verj' quickly by this process. It is only heeessary to start the
stocks in pots, and when the sap is fairly moving, to side-graft the
dormant scion, and then pack away in a shaded frame in the green-
house, kept well moistened with sphagnum, and in a few weeks a
skilful workman will show you a large per cent of well established
plants. The grafting of deciduous shrubs is seldom practiced.
They are oftener propagated from soft wood cuttings, taken in
July and August, when the wood is in a half mature state. The
cuttings are put into boxes having two or three inches of soil at the
bottom, and a covering of one to two inches of fine sand at the
top. In close, shaded frames, having a slight bottom heat, the
cuttings will root freel}', and b6 strong enough to pack away dur-
ing the winter. The next spring the^^ should be planted out, and will
make stocky plants by autumn. A cheaper mode, and one which
is effectual for many shrubs, is to cut the hard wood into proper
lengths in the fall, then bury it in a dry soil in the open ground
in bundles, bottom ends upward, then cover with boards to keep
from severe freezing and thawing, and also to shed the rain. In
the early spring plant firmly in carefully prepared garden soil. Of
most varieties, a large per cent will make vigorous growth.
I For those who cultivate plants in greenhouses, the easiest
method is to take cuttings in February, March, and April, of the
soft wood. These root readily in an ordinary propagating bed,
and are ready to be turned out into the open ground in May to
make strong plants by fall. Those who raise roses for winter cut
flowers, find this last mode the most satisfactory. I have just
been trying an experiment in feeding cuttings with a solution of
cow manure, just as the callus is formed, and I am convinced that
it induces the throwing out of strong, healthy roots, of more sub-
stance than we can get in pure sand.

May I say a few words in conclusion in favor of a more general
use of shrubs for the adornment of suburban homes ? They are
peculiarly adapted to give the best eflects at the least cost, and
with permanent results. There is no danger that they will grow
up to overshadow, and shut out air and sunlight and open views
from our dwellings. Many of the coarser growing kinds are not

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in keeping with our modern higbly cultivated estates, and are to
be relegated to the less conspicuous positions, for screens and
wind-breaks. But there is left a long list of varieties, in all
respects suited to the most cultivated positions, and one difficulty
will be in making judicious selections. However much we may
prize the flowering quality of shrubs, 3-et we are to remember that
the flowers last, in most cases, only for a week or ten days in the
year, and we desire something more than this brief enjoyment.

It is true that we have some shrubs which flower at periods of
scarcity, like the Clethra and Hydrangeas in August, and the
Althaeas in September, and which would, therefore, be indis-
pensable for that qualit}' alone. The rose is also an example of
such superlative excellence in bloom, that it can well afford to
stake its reputation upon this one point. Still it remains true as
a rule that we must seek for effect in form and in grace and luxuri-
ance of foliage, as giving more enjeyment in the aggregate than
the brief period of flowering. We must stud}' to harmonize and
heio'hten the effect of colors, of form, and of size. "We have a
greatly increased range of colors, from the white of the Cornus
and the Althaea, the golden of the Elder and the Spiraea, the ever-
green of the Retinospora, Arbor Vitae, and Yew, and the vivid green
of the Forsythia, to the dark shades of the Berberry and Hazel.
What combinations of light and shade may be made with these
materials ! Again, we have great, variety in size, and character of
orowth, from the softness of the most delicate evergreens to the
ruo-ose vigor of the Japan Rose. What combinations, what strik-
ing effects may be produced when these are used in harmon}- with
each other, and with their surroundings ! Judicious planting is a
great art, but it is an art which insures a great and permanent
reward.

Discussion.

Charles M. Hovey, while agreeing generally with the essayist,
differed from him in his estimate of the Weigelas. It is true that
there is a sameness about them and that they are not equal to some
other shrubs, but they are easily grown and cultivated. They are
old, having been among the early introductions by Mr. Fortune.
The Exochorda was introduced soon after, but is but little known.
This and the Vibivrnuvi i^Uvalnm and V. macrocejyhnhim were the
results of Mr. Fortune's mission. The Japan Cercis is new and

NEW AND USEFUL SHRUBS. 79

most desirable for the size of the flowers and the dwarf habit. The
essayist was right in his remarlv that the Eetinosporas are oue of
the most beautiful classes of shrubs. It was well said by the late
Henry WinthroiJ Sargent, that the time has gone by for Norway
spruces and trees of similar growth, and that for lots of from a
quarter or half an acre to an acre we must come to shrubs, which
take but little room and do not crowd and shade. The flowers of
the Forsythia suspensa are of a brilliant yellow, and appear very
earl}' in the season. With the aid of a knife the plants may be
kept quite dwarf, or they may be grown into beautiful weeping
standards. The Ailauthus may be made verj- effective in small
grounds by cutting down the old growth and training up a single
sucker. The leaves are almost as beautiful as those of palm trees.
The lilacs are valuable for their dwarf habit. Magnolia Halleana
is very desirable, as is also a black variety called 3L nigra.
There are many good old shrubs which we should not neglect, and
new ones which have no particular value. The essayist has given
us much valuable , information in regard to propagation, but Mr.
Hovey was surprised that he did not mention layers. The Exo-
chorda may be propagated by cuttings of the soft wood and layers
of the older wood. Modern invention has brought out many new
methods of propagation . The Tree Pteonies were very slow in propa-
gating, and cousequentl}" very high priced, until it was discovered
that they could be grafted on the roots of the herbaceous species.

Jackson Dawson, gardener to the Arnold Arboretum, read the
following list of new shrubs, with comments and descriptions.

Clematis coccinea is a herbaceous climber, growing from four to
six feet high, and has small, very pretty, scarlet flowers, bloom-
ing all summer. It is perfectly hardy.

Clematis Davidiana is a beautiful suffruticose plant, with flowers
of a porcelain blue, borne in clusters, from the middle of July to
September, or later. Propagated by root cuttings.

Clematis graveolens is a very rapid growing woody climber, with
light yellow flowers in August, followed by beautiful silvery winged
fruit.

Clematis Pitcheri is a North American species, with pretty pur-
ple flowers, appearing from June to frost. This and the preceding
species are easily propagated by seed, which they produce freely.

Magnolia stellata or Halleana, from Japan, grows two feet high,
and flowers almost as soon as the snow is gone. It is propagated

80 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tby seed or layers, or by grafting on 31. acuminata. It seems to be
perfectly hardy.

Magnolia Thurheri has not yet flowered at the Arboretum, but
will probably prove one of the most desu-able varieties as to habit,
which is neat and compact.

Magnolia Soulangeana var. nig7-a is a new variety, with very
deep colored flowers.

Berheris Neuheriii Hort. is one of the most promising shrubs as
regards foliage, which is large and glaucous green.

Berheris Thimbergii has beautiful foliage, especially in autumn.
The fruit is brilliant scarlet, and hangs on all winter, but is not
edible. It seldom exceeds two feet in height. It is propagated
by cuttings and seed.

Berheris Sinensis, recommended two years ago, has confirmed
the opinion then expressed that it is one of the most desirable
shrubs of its kind.

A Berberis sent as Fortunei is handsome in flower and foliage.
It grows two feet high.

Hypericum Kalmianum, H. prolijlctim, and H. aureum (the last
from the Mississippi), all have 3'ellow flowers and bloom in the
order named ; the first, at the end of June, continuing through
July. H. aureum produces its large yellow flowers until frost, and
is the finest of all the Hypericums.

Hihisciis Syriacus variegatus. For a silver variegated leaf, this
is one of the finest of all plants, and stands the summer sun with-
out the slightest injury. Propagated b}' cuttings of hard or soft
wood.

Actinidia polygama is a vigorous climber from Japan. The
young shoots are of a pale brownish red, prettily speckled with
ash colored dots. The flowers, in general appearance, resemble
those of the pear. It is well adapted for covering an arbor.

Stuartia pentagyna is an old shrub, found in Virginia, flowering
in June and July. The flowers are pure white, and resemble those
of the Single White camellia, to which it is allied. It is propagated
by seeds, cuttings, and layers, but is very difficult, and of slow
growth.

Vitis (Ampelopsis) heterophylla is a very ornamental climber,
especially in autumn, when it is covered with its fruit, which is
yellow, white, purple, and blue.

Euonymus nanus is a pretty little dwarf evergreen, of very dense
growth. It has scarlet fruit, about midsummer, similar to that of

NEW AND USEFUL SHRUBS. 81

the other species. It may be grafted standard high, or may be
propagated by cuttlDgs.

Euonymus alatus (the Wing-Barked Enon3'mus) is a small shrub
with red berries, propagated by cuttings.

Euonymus verrucosus is a verj' neat dwarf shi'ub, with warty
bark (as the name signifies) , and bright red fruit.

Stapliylea Colchica is tender at first, but hardy after a few years.
It is propagated by cuttings of the young wood, or b}- layers.

JEsculus macrostachya (Dwai'f Horse Chestnut) is a low grow-
ing species, with long spikes of pure white flowers, which are very
effective. It blooms about midsummer. It may be propagated
by seed or grafting.

Cytisus purpureus, is an old and valuable dwarf shrub, with pur-
ple and white flowers, appearing early in spring.

Cytisus 7iigricans has bright lemon colored flowers in summer.
A very desirable small shrub, never exceeding a foot or a foot and
a half in height.

Halimodendron argenteum blooms the last of June, and the flowers
resemble those of the purple Cytisus. It does best grafted on
Caragana, as it is rather a weak grower on its own root. The
plant is similar to the Caragana, but the leaves are more silvery.

Amorpha canescens, or Lead Plant, is a very pretty native of
Missouri, about two feet high at the most. Leaves downy ; flow-
ers deep purple, in long spikes, appearing about midsummer. Well
worthy of cultivation.

Lespedeza bicolor is pi'obably from Northern Asia. It blooms
in June and July, and the flowers resemble those of the Cercis.
It is perfectl}' hardy, but very diflScult to propagate by cuttings.

Caragana arborescens (Siberian Pea Tree) grows from six to
eight feet high, and has foliage similar to that of an acacia. In
earl}' summer it is covered with its yellow pea-shaped flowers. It
is best propagated by seed.

Caragana fnitescens var. grandiflora is propagated by root cut-
tings, but would make a better plant grafted on C. arborescens.
The flowers are of a lighter 3'ellow, and larger and more show}' than
those of C. arborescens.

Caragana spinosa is a curious species.

Robinia hispida, when grafted on R. Pseud-Acacia, grows more
vigorously, does not throw up suckers, and flowers two or three
times in the summer.
6

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

DoUclios Japonicus kills to the ground. It is a rapid climber.

Prunus pumila is found wild on our hill-sides. lu cultivation it
makes one of the neatest shrubs — prettier than Dentzia gracilis.
It grows from a foot to three feet in height, and the flowers are
white. ^

Prunus Japonica alba plena is old, but valuable. It does best
grafted on the plum. The flowers are similar to those of the flow-
ering almond, but snowy white.

Cerastis Watereri grows from six to eight feet high, and has very
large double flowers, an inch and a half in diameter. It is the
finest of all the double flowering cherries, and is propagated by
either grafting or budding on the common cherry.

Spircea millefolia is entirely new to cultivation. It was found
in the dry districts of Nevada, and proves perfectly hard}-. It
grows three feet high and flowers in July and August ; the indi-
vidual flowers are half an inch across, white, and borne in spikes.
Propagated by cuttings of the new wood.

Spirma hyper ici folia. The foliage is very prett}', having a
glaucous tinge all through the summer. It is more desirable for
the foliage than for the flowers.

Spircea Thunbergii is well known, and now mentioned merely
as one of the good things.

Spircea betnlcefolia is from California. It has pure white flowers
in large round heads, the last half of May. It is propagated by
cuttings.

Spircea confusa var. mollis is the earliest of all the species. It
is very free flowering ; the flowers are white, with a slight tinge of
yellow.

Spircea Douglassii var. Nobleana has very large spikes of purple
flowers, about the middle of June.

Spircea, Van Houtteii is a variety' of S. Fortunei. It has very
rich colored foliage, and fine, pearlj'-white flowers. It does not
make a large plant, but is one of the best.

Spircea salicifolia var. Bethlehemensis has deep rose-colored
flowers in spikes like those of the type, from the middle of June to
the first of August.

Spircea salicifolia var. Billardieri is possibly an improved vari-
ety of S. Douglassii, with much more showy flowers.

Spircea callosa var. semperflorens has flowers smaller and lighter
colored than those of the type, and they continue nearl}'^ a month
longer. They are borne in umbels.

NEW AND USEFUL SHRUBS. 83

Spirciea callosa var. alba is not as vigorous a grower as S. callosa,
of which it is a white variety.

Neillia Amurensis is a vigorous growing shrub from Northern
Asia, resembling Sjnrcea opulifoUa, but the flowers are three weeks
earlier, and much finer.

Exodiorda grandiflora is well known as one of the finest shrubs,
and one of the hardest to propagate.

Polentilla Salesovii is a shrubby cinquefoil, growing two feet
high. It has large white flowers, and is propagated by cuttings.

Ruhus delidosus is from the Rocky Mountains. The flowers
are pure white, of the size of an ordinary single white rose, and
very showy. It may be propagated by seed, cuttings of the hard
wood, or root cuttings.

Bosa rugosa alba is pure white, pretty, and desirable. The foli-
age takes a handsome color in autumn.

Bosa alpina gla.ndidosa is the earliest of all the wild roses, flow-
ering at the end of May, and a very desirable species. The wood
is almost whollj' free from thorns.

Bosa rubrifoUa has rich deep purple foliage the whole season
through, which, with its beautiful flowers, makes it a very desirable
species. It is very difficult to propagate.

«

Bosa multiflora is one of the neatest of the wild roses, with pure
white flowers, which have yellow stamens. It flowers from the first
to the tenth of June. The fruit is ornamental, and hangs on all
winter, giving it a very pleasing appearance.

Bosa setigera, one of the latest blooming of all the native roses,
produces large clusters of light pink blossoms, and is very showy.
It is probably the parent of the climbing Prairie roses of the gar-
dens.

Bosa alba is one of the finest and purest of all the large white
roses.

Bosa blanda var. scropidaria is from the Rocky Mountains, and
was received from Dr. Engelmann, the discoverer. It is very
beautiful in bloom, and the fruit is perfectly magnificent — more
beautiful than that of any other rose.

Bosa foliolosa has ver}' light colored large flowers. It is dwarf,
growing only a foot high, and the latest flowering of all the genus,
blooming into Jul3^

AmelancMer Canadensis (Shad-Bush or June-Berry) is one of the
most beautiful native shrubs ; it has snow-white flowers in June.

84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

AmelancMer vulgaris (European) is a very prett}' dwarf-growiug
species, quite similar to our A. Canadensis.

AmelancMer Asiatica is almost pendulous, and perfectly hardj'.

Amelanchier alnifolia^ from the Western States, grows from one
to three feet high, and has ver\' pretty white flowers and purple
fruit,

Amelanchier — species from the mountains of Japan — is a very
neat growing shrub and perfectly hardy, but has not yet flowered.

Mains Ja2)onica (M, Toringo of some botanists) has semi-double
flowers, appearing the last of May. They come out crimson, and
change to rich rosy pink. This is one of the most desirable shrubs
for a moderate-sized place. It may be budded or grafted.

Cydonia Japonica nivalis is a new, white flowering variet}" of
the common Japan Quince. The flowers are large aud pure white,
and it is one of the finest additions to the varieties of this beauti-
ful shrub.

Cydonia (^Pirus) Maulei is a new species here. It has brick-
colored flowers appearing with those of C. Japonica; smaller, but
much more numerous. A verj' desirable shrub.

Rihes saxatile, from Northern Asia, has yellow flowers, and
later is covered with rich orange and red berries. It is best prop-
agated by hard wood cuttiugs.

Philadelphus Jiirsiitus is a very prett}^ native species, well worthy
of attention. It is dwarf in comparison with P. grandiflorus., etc.
The shoots are slender and droop over, and are covered with pure
white flowers, which appear about the first of Jul}-. It is best
raised from cuttings.

Philadephiis variegatus is one of the neatest of the white varie-
gated plauts, and stands the summer well. Of very slow growth.

Philadelphus grandifiorus is known by every one.

Philadelx)hus microphylla, a native of Colorado, grows one foot
high and has small foliage, one tenth of the ordinary size. It is
a perfect little gem.

Philadelphus coronariiis Schrenhiana, from Northern Asia, is
one of the earliest varieties, aud a dwarf growing kind.

Dentzia parviflora is from Northern China and Japan. The
flowers are pure white, in umbels ; they appear a week or ten daj-s
earlier than those of D. gracilis, and last till that is out of bloom.

Aralia Chinensis {A. cordata) has leaves almost as large as palm
leaves, and would produce a sub-tropical eflect. It is propagated
by root cuttings.

NEW AND USEFUL SHRUBS. 85

Aralia pentapJiylla is good. It is shrubby, with leaves as bril-
liant as those of the holly, but deciduous. Propagated by cuttings.

Cornus Jlorida jpendula forms a small tree, and will be desirable
if it proves hardy here, which is somewhat doubtful, it being a
more southern form than the type. It may be grafted or budded.

Cornus Sihirica. The great beauty of this species is in the
wood, which is of vermilion color, and brightest in the coldest
weather. It is easily propagated by hard wood cuttings.

Cornus brachypoda is a new Japanese species, which has not yet
flowered, but is said to be very fine. The foliage and growth are
somewhat similar to that of our Cornus alternifolia. It is propa-
gated by cuttings or grafts.

Lonicera hispida is a very neat, low-growing shrub, with very
pretty purple flowers, which appear in spring.

Lonicera Merroioii, from Japan, is similar to L. Tartarka. It
is beautiful in both fruit and flower, bearing a profusion of berries,
which hang on until September.

Lonicera Maximoioiczii is probably an Asiatic species. It has
pretty purple flowers, and fruit of a brilliant, glossy red, like that
of a red currant. It is very difficult to propagate.

Viburnum Japonicum has large, leathery foliage ; the leaves are
from four to six inches in length. It has not flowered yet, but the
foliage is very beautiful, and it is perfectly hardy.

Viburnum plicatum is too well known to need description. It
has been considered difficult to propagate, but cuttings of soft
wood, put in in July or August, under glass, root as easily as any
shrub.

Viburnum macrocephalum has very handsome white flowers. It
grows from three to five feet high, and is free flowering and very
showy. Propagated by cuttings or grafts.

Viburnum rotundifolium resembles V. plicatum, but is very
dwarf, and the leaves are smaller and not downy underneath like
those of plicatum. The flowers are as white, and in similar heads,
but earlier and smaller. From Japan, and hardy.

Viburnum Lantana, a European species, called there the "Way-
faring Tree, has been so long known here as hardly to need
description. Soft, woolly leaves'; white flowers in spring fol-
lowed by black fruit. It is worthy of more general cultivation
than it has received.

Viburnum lantanoides, known also as Moosewood, is one of our

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

handsomest native shrubs, with very large round leaves and pure
•white flowers. The fruit is brilliant red at first, turning to dark
purple or black. The autumn foliage is very rich. It is seldom
seen in cultivation, but ought to be.

Viburnum prunifoUum is a very pretty native species, well worthy
of cultivation. The same maybe said of V. dentatum, V. nudum,
and V. lentago.

Viburnum Opulus nana is probabl}' a dwarf variety of the com-
mon Snowball, and is a very low, compact growing shrub, not
exceeding a foot in height. It is very desirable for an edging, or
wherever a low shrub is needed.

Erica carnea, grows less than a foot high, and is one of the
hardiest of all the Ericas. It flowers early in the spring, as soon
as the snow leaves the ground. There is also a variet}^ alba.

Andromeda polifoUa is a very pretty glaucous leaved shrub, a
native of Massachusetts and northward. The flowers are pink,
changing to white, and produced in May.

Andromeda Jajyonica is a lovely evergreen, but wants to flower
too early, and should be shaded.

Oxydendrxtm arboreum flowers in August and September. It is
difficult to propagate. The foliage turns to a beautiful purple in
autumn.

Kalmia latifolia and K. angustifolia flower in June and July.
They are well known as beautiful native shrubs, which ought to be
in every collection.

Rhododendron Catawbiense. In June, the top of Rown moun-
tain, in North Carolina, is covered, by hundreds of acres, with
this beautiful shrub, like one vast flower garden.

Rlwdodendron maximum is our well-known hardy species, and
the latest flowering — almost a month later than the others. A
vigorous grower, with pale pink flowers.

Rhododendron punctatum is a very pretty little species from the
Western territories. The flowers are deep rosy pink, with dark
purple or maroon spots. It is not quite so hardy as the other
species.

Azalea nudijlora is a native species, with verj- pretty, fragrant
pink flowers, produced in May.

Azalea viscosa is another well-known native species, with very
fragrant white flowers in July.

Azalea calendulacea is a native of the Middle and Southern

NEW AND USEFUL SHRUBS. 87

States. The flowers vary from pink to yellow in mau}- shades.
The}' appear in June.

Azalea arhorescens is from North Carolina, and grows from
fifteen to twenty feet high. The flowers are almost pure white,
with scarlet stamens, and come after those of all the other species
are gone.

Azalea mollis is one of the finest and hardiest of all the species.
The flowers, which are in all shades, from salmon to 3'ellow, are
very nearly- equal to those of the Indian azaleas.

Ledum latifolhim grows a foot and a half higli, and flowers in
Ma}'. It is found in the mountain regions of the Northern States.
It is a very pretty shrub, with pure white flowers.

Clethra alnifolia, our native species, is well known, and eas}' to
handle.

Clethra Japonica has not flowered, but is said to be better than
the above. It is difficult to propagate.

Styrax Japonica flowers very freely in June and SxAy. The
flowers are pure White, and resemble small Halesia flowers. It is
propagated by cuttings of the young wood-; At the Arboretum it
has winter-killed somewhat ; but at the Botanic Garden, in Cam-
bridge, it stands perfectly.

Symplocos sp. is from the mountains of Japan. It has very fine
spraj'S of white flowers, and is perfectly hardy.

Lyeium Chinensis has fine berries, which hang on after the frost
has killed the leaves. They are larger and more sliowy than those
of the European species.

Forsythia susp)e7isa, when trained in tree form, with the head
drooping, is one of the most beautiful objects in the garden in
early spring. It is easily propagated by hard or green wood
cuttings.

Syringa Sinensis alba is a very pretty early white flowering
variety, from China.

Syringa ligustrina, from the mountains near Pekin, China, has
not yet flowered, but promises well.

Syringa pubescens, grows from a foot to a foot and a half high,
and has white flowers and fine large leaves, which, with its very
dwarf habit, make it a plant of great promise. '

Syringa ovata, has not yet flowered, but the appearance of the
plant is grand ; leaves large, heart-shaped, with a bright, rich,
glossy surface, and holding on through the summer.

88 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Syringa sp. The seed was brought by President Clark, of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College, from Japan. The plants are
eight feet high, and still growing vigorously, and are of fine form
and habit and promise to make small trees. They bear large
spikes of white flowers after the other lilacs, even the Josika, are
gone.

Ligustrum Ibota, or Japanese Privet, is a dwarf shrub, probably
never exceeding three or four feet in height. It bears pretty little
white flowers, almost completely covering the bush in July ; the
spikes are drooping instead of erect. It is entirely distinct from
all the other privets.

Daphne Mezereiim, though an old plant, is seldom seen. It
blooms soon after the snow is gone, and the pink flowers are suc-
ceeded by pretty berries, which must not be eaten, as thej' are
poisonous. There is a variety with white flowers, and also a dou-
ble white. It is propagated by seeds or root cuttings.

Eleagnus argentea grows from three to four feet high, and has
silvery fohage. It is well known to be dioecious, and to have fruit
both sexes must be planted. It is very hard to propagate, but
root cuttings are best.

Eleagnus longipes flowers in May. The fruit is orange colored,
and very agreeable to the taste. It is sold in the markets of
Japan.

Mr. Dawson concluded with the remark that among our own
native shrubs are varieties more worthy than two-thirds of those
imported.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder said that Mr. Strong's paper and Mr.
Dawson's list, afibrd more information on hardy shrubs than has
ever been presented at any other meeting. He had endeavored to
keep abreast of the age in this as in other respects, but, like Mr.
Hovey, was surprised at Mr. Strong's low estimate of the Weigela.
He thought it would be hard to fill its place in our shrubberies.
The variet}^ with variegated foliage is far more beautiful than the
variegated Althaea, and is never injured. He asked whether the
Paulownia did not transcend the Ailanthus in beauty when
headed down everj'^ j-ear or two, as advised for the Ailanthus.

Mr. Strong thought that our climate would not allow us to culti-
vate the Paulownia as recommended for the Ailanthus, though it
might do. There are two or three varieties of variegated Althaeas,
one of which is more beautiful than the variegated Wiegela. He

NEW AND USEFUL SHRUBS. 89

did uot speak of layering as a method of propagating shrubs,
because that, as a rule, it is not suitable for them, being apt to
make one-sided plants, but it is well adapted to propagating vines.
The Stuartia is not hard}' with him.

Mr. Dawson said that he had cultivated the Stuartia in the open
nursery without protection, and had seen it on a gravel knoll at Mr.
Parkman's, and on the edge of an azalea border, and never winter-
killed. • .

Mr. Hovej' said that the Stuartia is hardy with him.

Mr. Wilder's experience with the Stuartia was like Mr. Strong's ;
he had got plants several feet high, but never could make it flower.
The Paulownia dies down, but sends up mao^ificent shoots ; he
had had one fourteen feet high. He had had the Azalea mollis for
twelve or fifteen years, and it is as hardy as his pear trees. It is
a magnificent acquisition, with its vivid orange and yellow flowers.
He has crossed it with the Chinese species, and the seedlings have
stood out for two years. The Magnolia Halleana, with double
white flowers, is ' a very fine acquisition. Nothing eclipses the
Hydrangea paniculata grandijlora; he cut the flowers before frost
and put them in water for a few days, and the}^ were as hand-
some at the time of speaking as when cut ; it is an everlasting
flower. He advised to hold fast to the good things, new or old.

Mr. Dawson said that there are two species of Stuartia ; the
Virginica is tender, while the pentagyna is hardy.

Col. Henry W. Wilson thought the directions given in regard to
propagating, both valuable and interesting, as teaching people how
to get shrubs easily. We are in danger of overlooking our native
shrubs, such as the beautiful Kalmia. Every one can have a
border of native shrubs. The High Bush Blueberry is easily cul-
tivated, and beautiful both in spring and autumn. He has a plant
eight feet high, which is a mass of fruit in its season, and supplies
his family with more than all they want. It combines utility with
beauty.

Benjamin G. Smith said that he has a hedge of the high blue-
berry, which is one of the most interesting features of his garden.
The plants were removed from the borders of Fresh Pond to the
most elevated location in Cambridge. He gives them an annual
dressing of peat.

Mr. Wilder said that the high bush blueberry wants a good deal
of water.

90 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Col. Wilson said that some varieties do not require much moist-
ure. He had seen a plant flourishing on a dry hill-side.

Mr. Wilder said that hill-sides are often well supplied with
springs.

Mr. Dawson said that he knew a place where the high bush IdIuc-
berry grows from one to six feet high in almost pure white sand.

William H. Hunt said that there are a number of varieties of
the bluqberry. One has a verj- low bush, about six inches high,
and the fruit is very sweet. Another grows about two feet high.
The high bush blueberry usually grows in swampy ground. A
neighbor had a bush from which he picked a peck, and Mr. Hunt
picked nearly a peck more. This was not in a wet soil, but one
only moderately so. There were several stems to the bush.

Caleb Bates thought that the blueberry had been much neglected.
The great variety in the fruit would indicate that improvement
might be made. He remembered a bush on a dry hill, where the
roots ran under a building, which bore a great quantity of fruit.
The ' ' Fruit Recorder " mentions a bush with berries five-eighths of
an inch in diameter. Sometimes they grow fifteen or twenty feet
high.

Mr. Dawson said that the Low Blueberry is Vaccinium Pennsyl-
vaniciim. The next dwarf est, with larger, coarser foliage and
darker colored fruit, a week or ten days later, is V. corymbosum
var. amoenum. V. vacillans grows from one to two feet high,
with glaucous leaves, and the fruit is produced in bunches on the
ends of the shoots. The common High Bush Swamp Blueberry
is V. corymbosum. /

C. M. Atkinson said that next to possessing shrubs is the know-
ing how to use them. He condemned the practice of cutting year
by year so as to form a balloon shaped bush. The knife should
be used judiciously so as to keep them within bounds. One of
our horticultural periodicals has repeatedly recommended the
shortening of all shrubs in the spring, which is especially injurious
to the Philadelphus and others which bloom on the last year's
growth, if flowers are desired.

Warren H. Manning thought that peaches form the blossom
buds the year before, and the Philadelphus on the new wood.

Mr. Dawson said that the bud is made the year before on the
Philadelphus as much as on the peach, but in the former the flower
is developed later.

DECEASE OF HON. PAUL A. CHADBOUENE. 91

J. W. Manning had found it necessary to keep Retinosporas
pruned, to liave good foliage.

Mr. Atkinson advised training the ForsytJda suspensa to a single
stem, with a large head, and cutting back as soon as it is out of
flower.

E. H. Hitchings was glad to hear Mr. Dawson say so much in
favor of native shrubs. The Ledum latifolium, which Mr. Daw-
son spoke of as growing on Mount Washington, the speaker had
found in Concord, with Andromeda polifoUa and Kcdmia glauca.
It is very fragrant. Leucothoe racemosa, when exhibited here by
the speaker last year, was thought by the Flower Committee more
beautiful than Andromeda Jioribunda.

Mr. Dawson said that the Leucothoe does as well on high
ground as the high blueberry.

It was announced that on the next Saturday, "William H. Hunt
would speak on the " Cultivation of Hardy Grapes."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 24, 1883.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, to
which the subject was referred, reported, recommending that the
Transactions of the Societ}' be sold to persons outside of the
State at the rate of two dollars per year. The report was accepted
and adopted.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder announced the decease of Hon. Paul
A. Chadbourne, D.D., LL.D., President of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College, and moved the appointment of a committee
to prepare memorial resolutions. Mr. Wilder spoke of Dr. Chad-
bourne as deeply interested in everything appertaining to the
culture of the soil or the welfare of mankind, and as a man of
science and a promoter of religion. In fitness for the head of

92 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

such an institution as the Agricultural College he had no superior,
and his loss to it is an irreparable one. He had visited our rooms
and expressed deep interest in the welfare and progress of the
Society. The motion was carried, and the Chair appointed Mr.
Wilder, William C. Strong and John B. Moore, a committee to
prepare memorial resolutions.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 3.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Cultivation op Hardy Grapes.

William H. Hunt, who had been appointed to lead the discus-
sion, said that twenty-five years ago we should hardly have thought
of -discussing the subject. Then no cultivation of hardy grapes
existed. The only variety grown was the Isabella, and no one
thought of cultivating it on an extensive scale, and no one had any
faith in it. Mr. E. W. Bull, by raising the Concord, proved that
it was possible to improve the wild varieties, and make cultivation
profitable. The Concord was only one step in improvement, but
certainly a yevy wonderful step. Mr. Bull's success led others to
attempt the improvement of the grape, and the number of varieties
now introduced is very great, and there seems to be no limit to the
possible improvement.

The grape is one of the most healthful, as well as delicious
fruits. Every one can eat them ; and, in Germany, grape cures
have been established for invalids. Our chief fruit crop is the
apple, but it bears only once in two years, while the grape bears
every year, with seldom a failure. The speaker had been growing
grapes for twenty years, and never had any vines killed except in
one 3'ear, when he lost as man}' pitch pines, and he had failed of
a crop but one year, when he had half a ton instead of five tons.
He had cut down vines and cultivated four or five j-ears, and still
the roots threw up shoots. Grape vines do not require rich
meadows, but can be grown on poor hill-sides and other land not
adapted to general farming.

Guyot states that the colonizing power of the grape is three
times greater than that of wheat. On poor lands he estimates the
annual product of a farm in grain and pasture at $20 per acre per

THE CULTIVATION OF HARDY GRAPES. 93

year, and of vinej-ards at from S48 to S192, In Champagne, the
average yield is 290 gallons, worth 50 cents per gallon, or Sl-15
per acre. The same laud in grain would yield bnt S22. The -
average profit is about 860 per acre for the best wines, and $30 for
those of second qualit}^ If we go into the cultivation of grapes'
in this country, we can produce an immense quantity. The num-
ber of acres in vineyards in Europe, in 1878, was 14,000,000, pro-
ducing 22,832,000 tons of grapes, and 3,806,200,000 gallons of
wine (or 272 gallons per acre), worth, at 25 cents per gallon,
$951,300,000. In France, there were 5,500,000 acres of vine-
yards, producing 9,000,000 tons of grapes, and 1,505,000,000 gal-
lons of wine, worth $376,000,000. The population of France is
38,000,000, so that there were nearly 500 pounds of grapes to each
inhabitant. The product of wheat was 229,000,000 bushels. In
the same year, the United States produced 1,378,000,000 bushels
of corn, worth $441,000,000 ; 448,000,000 bushels of wheat, worth
$326,000,000; 5,500,000 bales of cotton, worth $200,000,000,
and 30,000,000 gftllons of wine, of which 10,000,000 gallons were
produced in California. The population of the United States is
50,000,000, and the area 3,000,000 square miles. The size of
France is 206,474 square miles. The area of Texas is greater
tkan that of France ; and California contains more acres suited to
the cultivation of the grape than France. Grapes require a large
amount of labor which never can be done b3^ machinery, but can
be performed by women and children.

Mr. Hunt next considered whether the cultivation of the grape
can be made profitable in Massachusetts, and thought that it could
be if properly" attended to, with suflflcient knowledge. The grape
will survive neglect, but it does not pay to neglect it. If a vine-
yard cannot be properl}' cared for, it would be better to cut it
down. Grapes want a dry soil, and an elevated situation should
always be chosen for a vineyard. The ground should be properly
prepared by ploughing thoroughly, but not very deeply. It should
be furrowed out where the vines are to be planted, to save the
expense of digging holes. The distance apart of the vines depends
on the S3'stem of training and pruning to be adopted. If they are
to be trained to stakes, they should be eight feet apart ; if a trellis
is used, the rows should be ten feet apart, and the vines six feet in
the rows. On stakes, two arms are trained, and they are primed
on the spur S3^stem. On trellises, both the spur and renewal sj's-
tem are used. The system is not of the first importance ; the vine

94 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETr.

"will accommodate itself to any. The grower should know how
much fruit and foliage to retain. Overcropping must especially be
avoided, and one can only learn by experience how much fruit a
vine will carry. This is a matter of the first importance ; for if a
vine is overtasked, it is not only weakened for future years, but
the excessive crop will be late in ripening. In California, the
main cane is grown three or four feet in height, and no stake or
trellis is used, but the shoots are allowed to hang down. In Italy,
vines are allowed to run on trees ; chestnut trees are planted for
this purpose, and when they have grown to a large size, canes
twenty feet long will run from one tree to another. In Germany,
the bow system is used. Ever}^ section has a different system.
That pursued by Dr. Fisher, of Fitchburg, who has been very suc-
cessful in the cultivation of the native grape, is being introduced.
Tins is the renewal system, where a cane which has fruited is cut
off in the fall, and replaced by one which has been grown for that
purpose. The speaker has used stakes with two shoots coiled
around them. In this method great care is required to prevent too
much growth at the top. Other crops can be grown between the
vines for two years, during which time but few grapes can be
expected, but after that time the roots will be well established, and
no other crop should be grown on the land, but thorough and clean
cultivation should be practised. The speaker prunes at any time
in the winter, and had also pruned without injury when the vines
bled. He had tried them without pruning for one year. Summer
pruning or pinching the young shoots is important to restrain the
growth of the vine, and prevent it from running to wood at the
expense of the fruit. Only experience will tell how much to take
off in pruning.

There is a great difference of opinion in Europe in regard to the
use of manure for vines. Guyot states that in some of the best
wine districts they are afraid to use stable manure, lest it should
injure the quality of the wine, and that, where it is necessary, it is
put on after the vintage. At Thomery, where the best table
grapes are produced, the vines are manured liberally every three
years. At Johannisberg, cow manure is used freely, and the
director thinks that it improves the quality of the wine. The grape
does not require a great deal of manure — not twenty-five cords
per acre, like the market gardens of Arlington — but, like all flow-
ers and fruits, it needs a soil so prepared as to be adapted to its

THE CULTIVATION OF HARDY GRAPES. 95

wants. Stable manure, if used, should be rotted down. Mr.
Hunt had used bone and ashes as the cheapest manure ; he would
have used stable manure if cheaper. The rose-bug is an enemy
that every grower has to contend with. The speaker had not tried
covering the bunches with bags, but would have done so if he had
had onl}^ a few vines. Small growers have as many rose-bugs as
large ones, but there are not so many near forests as in the open
country.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder agreed with the practical statements
made by Mr. Hunt, especially in regard to the value of the Con-
cord grape, the capacity of our country for producing grapes, and
the excellence and necessity of the fruit. No other fruit, except
perhaps the strawberry, is now attracting so much interest as the
grape, and none, if we except the apple, is of more importance
as an article of luxury for our tables. No other country possesses
such a vast extent of territory, or such possibilities and probabili-
ties for its successful culture, as our own, embracing as it does
twenty-five degrees of latitude, and a breadth of longitude from
the Atlantic to the Pacific shores. Wherever our wild species will
grow in any part of our immense territory, there other improved
varieties will succeed. The field for progress is absolutely without
limit. Mr. Wilder said that when, in his address before the
American Pomological Society, in 1860, he predicted that the
grape would be successfully grown in every State and Territory of
our Union, and that the fox, 6r native flavor, then so much ob-
jected to, would, by the art of hybridization, become so modified
and changed as to constitute one of the most excellent character-
istics of our grapes, and give them a superiority over such varie-
ties as the Black Hamburg and Sweetwater, and other foreign
kinds, which are destitute of any special aroma, the prophecy was
considered not only improbable, but the aspiration of a young and
ardent disposition. The time has, however, now come, and he has
lived to see it, and now confidently believes that this flavor thus
modified will give us seedlings which will rival the Muscats and
Frontignans of the old world.

Few are aware of the great extent of vine planting in our coun-
try. No sooner does a new variety of excellence appear than it is
seized on and planted extensively. Such is the case with the
Niagara grape, of which there are vineyards of from ten to fifty
acres each, and so the cultivation of the grape will continue to in-

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

crease, until every section of our vast territory shall have varieties
adapted to their several localities. Great progress has been made
in grape culture since the establishment of this Society, when the
only varieties of American grapes in our gardens were the Isabella
and Catawba. Now we have numerous varieties of established
excellence, but these are only the harbingers of the host of im-
proved kinds which are to succeed them in coming time.

Mr. Wilder closed b}' naming the following varieties of grapes
as possessing valuable characteristics :

Early : Moore's Early, Worden, Early Victor, Niagara.

Well established: Concord, Delaware, Brighton, Eumelan,
Barr}', Martha, Liudley, Wilder.

White: Martha, Lady, Prentiss, Pocklington, Niagara, Francis
B. Hayes.

Of refined and superior flavor : Brighton, Liudley, lona, and
others.

Josiah W. Talbot had long felt that grapes are not only im-
portant but essential in every family. They can be grown by
every one who has a rod of land. We need a certain amount of
growth, and if we manure to exceed that, we lose hy it. On rich
land the vines are stimulated to make too much wood, instead of
fruit. He recommended turf mould with a little ashes and bone as
a fertilizer.

J. W. Manning said that in 1849 he was foreman in Samuel W.
Cole's nursery, \a Chelsea. In 1847, Mr. Cole got cuttings from
the original vine of the Diana grape, and offered plants for sale in
1849. In that year, Mr. Bull came to the office of the Boston Cul-
tivator, which Mr. Cole then edited, and told him he had a new
and promising seedling black grape, and exchanged a plant of it
for one of Diana. This plant was set out by the speaker, and
soon fruited, but little account was made of it. It was not to be
propagated for sale, and in the spring of 1853, Mr. Bull took the
limited stock that had been propagated, and it was sent out under
the name of Concord, in the spring of 1854.

C. M. Hovej' said that the Diana was first exhibited before this
Society in 1843. It was late in the season, and it was seen only
by him and a few other persons. Samuel Downer, Senior, went to
Milton to see the vine, and thought it the Catawba. Mrs. Crehore,
in whose garden it originated, sent cuttings to Mr. Hovey, who
cultivated it and sent it to A. J. Downing, by whom it was noticed

THE CULTIVATION OF HARDY GRAPES. 97

in the Horticulturist. Mr. Hovey found tliat it differed from the
Catawba. The Concord was exhibited before this Societ}' in
1853, and introduced for Mr. Bull by Hovey & Co., who sent out
the first plants in 1854, when it attracted much attention, and still
more in 1855. The Pocklington and Martha are descended from
it. In 1854, the Isabella, Catawba, Diana, Hartford Prolific, and
Delaware were the only good grapes known.

Mr. Hovey said that there is a difference between the cultivation
of the grape for wine and for the table. For the latter we want
large grapes, and more manure may be used ; but for wine we
want to get rid of the water. In France, vines are planted three
feet apart each way, and this method was attempted in Cincinnati,
but though the}' were not planted so closely, it was found that our
native grapes would not submit to the severe pruning necessary.
"William J. Flagg speaks of twenty-two thousand vines being set
on an acre in France. In that country, very little manure is given
when the grapes are wanted for wine, but for fruit a greater
quantity is applied,' in proportion to the condition of the land.
Mr. Hovey agreed with what Mr. AVilder had said of the import-
ance of working out the fox fiavor in our native grapes, and leav-
ing the aroma which makes the Brighton and others so delicious,
though he did not think we should produce anything to equal the
Muscat of Alexandria.

William C. Strong said that though fully aware pf the value of
the Concord grape, he thought Mr. Hunt had stated it too strongly.
It is far inferior in quality to either the Isabella or Catawba,
which were cultivated here with success before our climate was un-
favorably modified, as was also the foreign grape out of doors.
Among the difficulties in growing grapes here, one is the compe-
tition of more favored climates. Varieties ripening before the
Catawba are produced here at a loss. The Concord was an ad-
vance on the Isabella in earliness, and the Worden and Moore's
Early have made still greater progress in the same direction. The
Early Victor promises to be a great gain, and the Lady looks like
a valuable acquisition for New England. The last is an iron-clad,
and that is what we want. The speaker doubted the value for
market of many of the new comers. The Lady Washington and
Duchess ma}' succeed in gardens. He thinks more and more of
the Delaware ; when it attains age it resists mildew. It is exceed-
ingly productive, but cannot be produced as cheaply as the Con-
7

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cord. It had been a question with him whether he could meet the
rose-bug. If it continues to increase as in the last two or three
3'ears, it will become an evil of serious proportions, but he believed
we can meet it. He had tried bagging ; it is effectual, though in-
volving much labor ; but any care that will produce superior fruit
will pay. The Spircea sorbifoKa attracts the rose-bug, and it is
easy to shake them from it, but difiicult to shake them from the
bunches of grapes.

John B. Moore said that the grape crop is more certain than any
other of the large fruits, even the apple. In a good location, we
can be sure of a crop four years out of five, even with the rose-
bug. He understood by a hardy grape, one that would stand
twenty degrees below zero without laying down, and though he
did not object to others, he thought the^' should be described as
half-hardy. He did not advocate any particular plan of pruning,
but any one that would fill the trellis with medium sized, mature
young wood, is a good one. If the Concord is cut back to a single
bud, besides the small one at the base of the shoot, half the time
the bud left will be only a leaf bud, and varieties of this character
should therefore be pruned longer. Mr, Moore thought that in
some varieties he could distinguish the fruit buds from the leaf
buds. If too man}' shoots are produced from leaf buds, they may
be rubbed off when six inches long. He trains both on trellises and
stakes. For trellises he uses posts eight feet long, set thi'ee feet
in the ground, and the end posts braced. Three hundred feet will
require twentj'-two posts besides two for braces, costing seven
cents each, delivered. They are of chestnut, not less than four
and a half inches in diameter at the smaller end. The setting will
cost $1.32 ; sixteen pounds of No. 14 galvanized wire, eight}' feet
to the pound, $1.44 ; and stretching the wire fifty cents, making a
total of ^4.94. This is the cheapest method of training. If the
lines were only a hundred feet long the}' would cost $1.65, besides
the two extra posts for bracing. If stakes were used, eighty- four
would be required, costing six cents each, and $1.50 for setting,
making $6.54. The trellis would not only be cheaper, but would
last longer. The arms do not get loose on a trelhs. He had
trained somewhat on Dr. Fisher's plan, one arm being left long to
bear this year and be cut away and replaced by another next year.
Every other vine occupies the two upper and two lower wires.
He had found difficulty in fruiting an arm left too long, and thought

THE CULTIVATION OF HARDY GRAPES. 99

Dr. Fisher might have over fertilized. The crop depends not so
nauch on the amount of wood, as on good, well ripened wood. If
properly pruned, it will mature a better bud. For market, he
wants large bunches, for they sell better, and if the berries are
large there is less exhaustion to the vine from maturing seeds, for
there are not so many in a pound of grapes. If vines are trained
on stakes it is necessary to coil them, to check their growth, and
even then the flow of sap is not so uniform. He places his
trellises nine feet apart, so that he can go between them with a cart,
and the vines six feet apart on the trellis. If stakes are used, j-ou
can go between them either way with the cultivator. We want as
much sun on the ground as possible, and we get more with stakes
than with trellises. On trellises, the fruiting shoots must be tied
up, but on stakes, this is not necessary. On stakes the fruit chafes
in the wind and rubs off the bloom.

In regard to insects, the rose-bug {Macrodactylus subspinosiis) ,
which is one of the most troublesome, comes out of the ground the
second week in June, and lasts thirty or forty days. The male
then dies, and the female deposits about thirt}' eggs in the ground,
from which the larvae are hatched in about twenty- da^-s. They
grow to about three-quarters of an inch in length, and the last of
October go below the reach of frost and there winter. As soon as it
thaws, they come up near the surface, and work round in the earth
so as to form a cell in which the larva changes to a chrysalis. It
will be seen that they cannot be reached in the egg, larva, or pupa
state, and that there is no way to destroy them except by picking.
As long ago as he could remember, he saw them as thick as they
are now. In 1823, John Lowell described an apple tree as covered
with them so thickly that destruction by hand was out of the
question, and he spread sheets under the tree and shook them down
and burned them. Dr. Green, of Mansfield, found eighty-six on a
single rose-bud, which were crushed with one grasp of the hand.
A steel-colored bug {Haltica chalybea), eats the germ of the bud,
and seems to know when any one is coming after him.

Mr. Moore thought it is not desirable to use animal manure for
grapes, and he has to be careful even with bone and ashes. They
do best on poor land. He has several acres of grapes which have
had no manure.

Mr. Talbot said that he picked the rose-bugs as long as one
remained.

100 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It was announced that on the next Saturday the subject would
be " Strawberries and their Culture," by Hon. Marshall P. Wilder.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 3, 1883.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice-President Benjamin G. Smith, in the chair.

N. B. White moved the following Vote : That all specimens of
fruits exhibited for the Prospective Prizes, be weighed and
measured ; pears, apples, etc., single specimens ; currants, grapes,
etc., the cluster and individual berries to be measured to ascertain
the diameter of the same.

The vote was referred to the Fruit Committee.

The following named persons, having been recommended b}" the
Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members of
the Societ}^ :

Sewall Fisher, of Framingham,
William B. Dinsmore, of New York,
Alfred W. Spencer, of Dorchester.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 10.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Strawberries and their Culture.
By Hon. Marshall P. "Wildek, Dorchester.

The strawberry is one of the most capricious plants with which
I am acquainted. A variety may do well in a certain locality, and
in another not far distant, may be an entire failure. There are
some varieties, as of other fruits, such as the Baldwin apple, the
Bartlett pear and the Concord grape, that are adapted to a wide
extent of tcrritor}'. Such is the fact with the Wilson strawberry,
which is starred on the Catalogue of the American Pomological

STRAWBERRIES AND THEIR CULTURE. 101

Societ}^ for thirty-five States and Territories, while no other has
more than twenty-eight stars. We must, therefore, stud}'- the
characteristics of our soils, locations, and climates, and select such
varieties as are best adapted to them. The acclimation of tender,
or half-hardy plants, is a fallacy, and we shall at last be forced to
rely on the fitness of things to the conditions in which we live.

Strawberry culture has assumed a rank of great importance in
our fruit gardens. Great progress has been made in the introduc-
tion of new and fine kinds, but there is still room for improve-
ment. Improvement is the destiny of our race. The instincts of
nature, whether we believe in "evolution" or not, are all in the
line of improvement. So it is with the fruits of the earth, and I
know of no reason why we may not produce strawberries of the
finest quality, and such as are adapted to every section of our vast
territory.

To produce improved varieties, we should select as breeders,
those that possess the characteristics we wish to obtain. To make
sure of a perfect cross, I have chosen pistillate or female kinds,
and impregnated them with those of the greatest excellence. As
an illustration, I have taken the Crescent, although of second
quality, as a female parent, on account of its extraordinary hardi-
ness, productiveness, good form and color, and have crossed it
with the President Wilder, Hervey Davis, Duncan, Triple Crown,
and other high flavored, well formed, and good colored varieties.
From these, and other crosses, I have obtained some very promis-
ing kinds, which I hope to present for your examination the
coming season.

The time is fast approaching when the public will not be satis-
fied with so poor a strawberry as the Wilson, and if we can pro-
duce a better one, it will disappear from our markets. If we ca'n
produce another here of the quality and productiveness of the
Hovey, in former years, and better suited to general cultivation,
— and we can, — should we not do it? What we want are varieties
of excellence that everybody can grow.

In regard to culture, I have to say, that the strawberry plant is
a gross feeder, and without a well prepared soil, an abundant supply
of proper food, and at the proper time, no great success can or
ought to be anticipated. We should not plant on land which has
for some years been occupied with the strawberry, and should
manure and prepare most thoroughly before planting ; give a good

102 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

top dressing immediately after the fruiting season, and repeat this in
the s'pring, being very careful not to disturb the roots. Well
rotted stable manure is good ; ground bone and wood ashes, or, as
a substitute, muriate of potash, are excellent fertilizers, and these
are all the better if composted with soil or manure, and allowed to
he«t before using. In this climate, the spring is the best time for
general planting. But when all the prerequisites are secured, we
have often to contend with the heat and drought of summer,
which are the most formidable of all difficulties. No plant in its
fruiting season is more benefited by a constant aupply of water
than the strawberr}^, and I repeat' my former advice, " Give the
strawberry water ! water ! water ! and still a little more water."
We cannot control the clouds. If I were to grow the strawberry
on a large scale, for market, I would certainly provide the means
of irrigation, so that water might be given when it is needed.

Some varieties require to be grown in hills, and to have the
runners cut off as soon as they appear ; such are the Sharpless,
Bidwell, and Triomphe de Gand. Some are pistillate varieties,
and require to have the bisexual kinds planted near by, and be in
bloom at the same time. Such are the Hovey, Crescent, Jersey
Queen, and Manchester. For the want of proper impregnation,
these kinds often fail of a good crop, but with a suitable companion,
the pistillate varieties produce very large crops, as did the Hovey
forty j-ears ago, and as, if I mistake not, Mr. Hovey will show us
that it can do now.

Some varieties produce a large number of trusses, and give
promise, when in bloom, of extraordinary crops, but do not yield
so much as those of less pretentious appearance. The truth is,
there is a limit to the power of production, and where there is a
superabundance of trusses and flowers, only a portion will set their
fruit and carr}^ it out to perfection, without excessive stimulation.
Another cause of failure may be traced to a deficienc}' of pollen
on some of the bisexual varieties, and it is well to plant near them
also, such as are furnished with an abundance of it.

Among the varieties which are taking the place of the Wilson,
and other inferior kinds, is the Charles Downing. Although not
quite firm enough for long transportation it is, for home and near
markets, assuming a prominent place for general cultivation.
While the Wilson, which has been known for twentj'-five years, or
more, has added on the Catalogue of the American Pomological

STRAWEEEEIES AND THEIR CULTURE. 103

Society only three stars in the last eight years, the Charles
Downing, a more recent variety, has added four times as many in
the same period, and stands to-day second for cultivation on the
list of forty-one varieties. This variety blights in some seasons,
but it has never done so with me for fifteen years, and there is no
variety with which I am acquainted, of equally good quality, which
is now so generally cultivated.

As to the system of planting, I need say but little before so
many skilful cultivators. For garden culture, I like the method
of planting in rows three feet apart, with plants one foot in the
row, allowing each to make from two to four shoulder runners, and
no more, for the first season. These, by autumn, will constitute a
thrifty row of strong bearing plants, and will produce more than
the common matted beds. For field culture, I would plant in
rows four feet apart, and a foot apart in the row, and where wide
beds are allowed, it will be found of great benefit to pinch off all
superfluous runners, so as to have none but strong plants. The
degeneracy, or wearing out of varieties, as it is called, I think
may often be traced to the exhaustion of proper elements in the
soil, and to bad manipulation of the plants. The strawberry
should not be grown on the same soil for more than two or three
years without an intervening crop. Give it fresh, rich soil, and
use strong uniform plants, and we shall hear but little of the run-
ning out of varieties. In our rage for novelties, such as are des-
cribed as " the best in the world," we meet with many disappoint-
ments, and sometimes become disgusted with their failure, and
cast them out as worthless kinds, without a fair trial. So with
some of our old kinds which have not been so much cultivated
lately as in former years, such as the Hovey, Jucunda, Triomphe
de Gand, and others which were once popular. It would be, I
think, a wise measure for this Society to offer a special premium
for the restoration of those old valuable varieties of fruits and
flowers which have gone out from general cultivation.

Among the new varieties of the strawberry' now being promulgated
as possessing extraordinarily good characteristics, are the Man-
chester, Jersey Queen, Iron Clad, James Vick, and Big Bob (par-
don me for uttering that vulgar name) , and should any one of these
varities come up to the merits claimed for them, we should need
no other kinds. But, my friends, we have not yet arrived at the
summit of perfection with the strawberry or any other fruit. Let

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

not whnt I have said prevent you from testing these new varieties.
Plant ! plant ! plant ! prove all things and hold fast to those which
are good. We are still in progress. The field for improvement
is immense, and with the appliances of cross-fertilization by human
skill, its limits are almost without bounds.

Discussion.

Charles M. Hovey was called on by the Chairman, and said that
the remarks of the essayist on the necessity of sustaining the rep-
utation of the old varieties, were well put. Many are passed over
by the majority of cultivators, and afterwards some cultivators will
discover their merits. An old variety may in this way be supposed
to be new, and may receive a new name, and hence the immense num-
ber of synonymes, not only of strawberries but of pears, grapes, and
other fruits. Some strawberries have as many as fifteen synonymes
in Europe, and we have had a few here. The Champion and Black
Defiance are said to be identical. A variety found in Connecticut
and sent out as new, proved to be Bivers's Eliza. Varieties picked
up in old gardens are apt to prove synonymous with others.

As to culture, water and manure are the most important items.
When La Constante was introduced the speaker planted a bed on
hard clayey ground on the slope of a hill, and laid a hose at the
top so that they could have all the water they needed, and he
never saw such a crop. The fruit was exceedingly large and fine ;
he picked from two or three rows one hundred baskets, which he
sold for one hundred dollars. He approved the suggestions of the
essa3'ist in regard to manure. Guano is not safe for strawberries ;
fifteen or sixteen years ago he had berries of the Admiral Duudas
eight or nine inches in circumference, and he ordered a man to
give the plants a little guano. The following year he applied so
much that the leaves grew so high that the fruit could not be seen,
and he got no fruit for three years. Wild strawberries are always
found to thrive where the wood has been burnt off, showing the
benefit of ashes. We should fertilize to make fruit rather than
leaves.

Varieties all seem to do best on the soil where they originated.
The originators prepare the beds carefully, and get enormous crops ;
but when the plants are sent out they do not come up to the expecta-
tions formed from the extraordinary statements put forth by the

STRAWBERRIES AND THEIR CULTURE. 105

originators, that they have borne such crops as never were seen
before. The Manchester, we are told, will bear double the crop
of the Hovey, and the James Vick double that of the Manchester.
Something must, however, be allowed to the introducers of new
kinds, for they would not undertake the work without some en-
thusiasm to sustain them. If one out of fifty of the new kinds
proves valuable, we shall be well paid for testing them. The
James Vick is no doubt a very good kind. The Manchester, as
shown here, was an entire disappointment. It is, however, not so
sour as the Wilson, and is of better color and form, and may
become popular. The .Shaker Seedling originated near Albany,
and a member of the Shaker Society called on the speaker and
wished him to introduce it, describing it as of fine color, size, etc.,
but when a quart of the berries was received, not one was an inch
in diameter, and they were pale and soft. It soon passed out of
cultivation. The Great American and Jersey Queen have not
been shown here to any extent.

Mr. Hovey agreed with the advice given by the essayist to con-
tinue to plant seed, in the hope of gaining something superior.
When a break once occurs there is no knowing what may be pro-
duced. A new variety, to be worthy of introduction, should be
hardy, vigorous, and productive, with fruit of good color and fine
quality, and it is difficult to get all these points in one variety. A
strawberry may be of fair size, but the leaves may burn, or the
hulls may be very large, or may turn over so as to be difficult to
take hold of. The late J. 0. Wellington, of Belmont, said that a
woman would pick a hundred quarts of Hovey's Seedlings a da}'.
All points must be looked at. Well selected seed, from the best
varieties, especially from pistillate kinds, will produce seedlings as
good as the average of the new kinds introduced as remarkable
strawberries. Actual impregnation by hand is, however, the only
sure way to obtain the best results.

E. W. Wood said that the opening paragraph of Mr. Wilder's
essay gave the cause of the difference of opinion which exists in
regard to the varieties of strawberries. If we look at the names
of the kinds for which this Society offers prizes, and then at those
cultivated in the West, we shall find in the latter hardly a name
that we recognize, but coming farther east we begin to find a few
of those cultivated here. The Wilson, however, adapts itself to
all soils, and succeeds on dry land, but has failed for the last few

106 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

years. Mr. Wilder does not believe in the degeneracy of varie-
ties, but the speaker had found the Cutter's Seedling for the last
four or five years very different from what it was twenty years ago.
Then it was one of the best for table use ; he never saw a variety
which excelled it in flavor. Mr. Wilder and Mr. Hovey had
spoken of the Charles Downing as the successor of the Wilson,
and it raay do for a near market. Last year it was exempt from
blight, but it blighted the year before.

Mr. Wilder said that it had never blighted with him.

Mr. Wood said that it had blighted so much as to deter growers
from planting it for market. Last year he grew three varieties,
the Charles Downing, Sharpless, and Seth Boyden, under the same
conditions, and the Sharpless, marketed on the same da}- with the
Charles Downing, averaged almost twice as much in price. The
market does not encourage gi'owers to select varieties of the best
quality ; buyers do not discriminate as to quality. In point of
quality the Hervey Davis is worth twice as much as the Sharpless,
but the latter will outsell the former in the market every time.
Buyers in the market select from appearance only. The strong
points of the Wilson are that it is bright colored when other
kinds are green, and its good looks and long keeping.

A universal rule in selecting ground for strawberries is to choose
ground that will produce a good crop of grass. On his own ground,
which is a strong, heavy clay loam, the speaker would like a shower
every day. For exhibition fruit, he would set strong runners in
August, and keep them as single plants, so that the vigor should
be all centred in one plant. For market, he would set them in
spring, and let them cover the ground. The Sharpless should be
set in rows not less than four feet apart, and eighteen inches in
the rows, and will then cover the ground. Strength is gained by
taking off the runners, especially the late ones, which exhaust the
plant to no profit. This will make strong fruiting plants.

George Hill spoke of the imjiortance of wintering strawberry
plants well. They are not generally covered earl}- enough, and
are frequently injured by the first cold weather, when the ground
freezes two or three inches deep, which does more harm than
severer cold later in the season. Mr. Hill exhibited a quantity of
plants, most of which were in excellent condition, but souie had
been injured by the cold, and could not produce the fruit that oth-
ers would. Strawberries do not often fail for want of manure,

STRAWBERRIES AND THEIR CULTURE. 107

but are more often injured by the winter. The place to look for
signs of injury is in the crown. If they have wintered well, he
thins out every other one. He covers some as early as the first of
November, and those covered at that time have gone through
safely, when those covered later failed. He uses old meadow hay,
covering thinly ; he wants to see the plants through the covering.
He agreed with what had been said about irrigating, but there is
such a thing as watering too much, which injures the roots. They
must have air, which they cannot have if the ground is filled with
water. It is death to celery to stand under water twent3'-four
hours in hot weather; the best way is to saturate the gi'ound, and
then let it go for several days or weeks. Mr. Hill agreed with Mr.
"Wilder that it is important not to disturb the roots of strawberry
plants.

William H. Hills, of Plaistow, N. H., said that he had been to
the expense of getting the new kinds, and with the Manchester
came a chromolith of a plant, showing a most extraordinary crop ;
but he thought he could beat it with a section of a row of his
Miner's Great Prolific, which, on the sunny side, looked almost
like a winrow of fruit. The berries ripened on one side before the
other, and he found it difficult to get pickers who would pick only
ripe fi'uit. He had found very little difference in the season of
ripening of strawberries ; the early, middle, and late all come
together, and he wants a late variety. The Crescent opens the
season, and is the last after the market is over. This variety has
been underrated. It is not soft, and remains hard a good while
on the vines, and the quality is fair when perfectly ripe. The
Cumberland Triumph failed entirely with the speaker last year,
giving only a crop of buttons ; the circumference was large, but
the ' end was not developed ; he did not know whether it was a
peculiarity of the variety, or whether the pollen had been washed
away. The Glendale was recommended as one of the latest, but
lie was not pleased with it ; it is of a ding}' color — light scarlet, —
has a very large hull, and is no later than others. The Crystal City
has been recommended as the earliest, but a hundred plants did
not give him a handful of berries* If this is the rule, it should be
stricken from the list. The Windsor Chief was ver}^ fine with him
last year. He plants in field culture, three feet by one, which is too
near for mattoj.! rows. It is difficult to keep matted rows down to
one foot. In regard to the age of beds, he did not advise replant-

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ing as often as is generally done ; he has beds where there was a
good crop last year, and he expects to get two or three times as
mnch this year.

Mr. Wilder thought the Crystal City valuable only as being very
early. The Cumberland Triumph is magnificent in form and color.
Mr. Hills's is the first unfavorable experience that he had heard of.
The speaker has thrown aside the Gleudale.

Mr. Hovey thought the Cumberland Triumph is pistillate, and
that Mr. Hills did not have anything to fertilize it.

Mr. Hills said that it is not pistillate ; and that there were per-
fect flowering varieties on each side of it. He thought the imper-
fection caused more hy the weather when the plant was in flower.

Mr. Hovey said that the strawberry season with him lasts from
the 7th of June to the 15th of July. He had shown Hovey's Seed-
ling five successive weeks. The Jenny Lind is at least ten days
earlier than any other.

Samuel H. Pierce thought the selection of ground for strawber-
ries ver}'' important. Every one can pick out a place where they
will do better than anywhere else on his farm. He has an acre
and a half, from which he got a crop of eleven thousand baskets.
The next year he planted it with cauliflowers, and the next with
Sharpless strawberries, and got another good crop. Pie did not
think that the Sharpless, or anj- other variety, will bring enough
more in the market to pay for extra cultivation. His Sharpless
brought but little more than the Charles Downing. The "Wilson is
gone by ; he procured extra fine plants from New Jersej', and they
did well one year, but the next year they did not do well.

Mr. Wilder said that he had never recommended the Wilson.
He spoke of degeneracy generally, and not with reference to any
particular variety.

John B. Moore spoke of the manurial question, and said that he
was glad to see that persons did not assent to the idea that the
crop is in proportion to the quantity of manure used. If a plant
has food enough, it is a question whether more is not hurtful. He
knew of crops in Dighton that have been injured by too much
manure. He does not approve the exclusive use of highly nitroge-
nous manure, such as guano or stable manure. A large portion
of the Dighton growers use guano as a top-dressing in spring for
such varieties as the Wilson, which do not make foliage enough to
cover the fruit. Guano produces abundant foliage, and for that

STRAWBERRIES AND THEIR CULTURE. 109

reason it will not do to appl}- it to the Sharpless. There is no bet-
ter fertilizer for strawberries than bone and ashes, but he likes to
put ten cords of stable manure to the acre along with it.

The first improvement in the strawberry was at Montreuil, in
France, where remarkably fine wild strawberries were produced in
a charcoal burners' village. No further improvement came for
many years, when the Chili strawberry was introduced, and formed
natural crosses, improving the size. In England they were im-
proved by artificial crossing.

The seedlings which the speaker raised from the Earl}' Virginia
all came the same as the parent, and seedlings from Rivers's Eliza,
with many other kinds growing around it, were the same, both in
foliage and fruit, as the parent. After finding these results, it
came into his mind to plant a pistillate variety where it could be
fertilized by onl}- one kind, and then he got as many varieties as
seedlings. He did not agree with Mr. Hovey that this method is
not as good as hand fertilization.

The length of time ihat a bed should, be kept must be judged of
by the owner. If it is vigorous in the fall, wh}' not keep it?
It cannot be replaced by an}' crop that will pay as much. The
Wilson is one of the quickest to fail, but no rule can be laid down.
A few j-ears ago he had some strawberries in hills in bearing for
five 3'ears. He agreed with Mr. Hill that plants are often injured in
the fall b}' a sudden freeze before they are covered. The same
variet}' will not succeed everj'where, and therefore it is impossible
to name an}- one as the best for all cultivators. The Charles
Downing is soft, and has behaved so badly for the last three or
four years that the Concord and Dighton growers have thrown it
aside. At Concord, the Sharpless and Miner's Prolific are the
favorites ; the latter is very much like the Charles Downing, but
larger. The Cumberland Triumph is one of the best market ber-
ries, but is a little soft and light colored. He grows the Plervey
Davis. He undertook to grow for tfualit}', but the market does
not appreciate it ; all that bu^'ers care for is a big, firm fruit ;
those who look for fine quality are so few in number, that it is
hardly worth while to cater for them. When the Wilson was intro-
duced he would not plant it at first, but he had to come to it.
Though the fruit is so poor, there is a new crop of fools every 3'ear
to bu}' them.

CM. Atkinson said that ninety-nine out of a hundred cultiva-

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tors of strawberries think it is impossible to give them too much
manure, but he agreed with Mr. Moore that it is not. In England
he had a position in a garden seventy years old", where there was
an unlimited supply of manure, but the strawberries utterly failed,
though the cauliflowers, lettuce, and cabbages were admirable.
The strawberry beds were restored by dressing with stiff clay thrown
out in laying a pipe, after it had laid all winter, and produced a
crop of fruit so fine that he took specimens to the exhibition of the
London Horticultural Society. All strawberries will run out unless
bearing plants are selected, and the "blind" ones rejected. The
uniform crops of English growers are made from forced plants.
Hovey's Seedling is particularly liable to come "blind," and when
you see a plant with a good crop of fruit, you should put a stick
down by it and propagate from it.

O. B. Hadwen was called on, and said that when people enter
into the cultivation of fruit in early life, the taste seems to con-
tinue, and they grow in enthusiam. He had cultivated strawber-
ries for nearly fifty years, including the old Alpine, the Early Vir-
ginia, and the Jenny Lind. He cultivated the Hovey's Seedling
in 1840 and 1882.

The subject for the next Saturday was announced as " Hybrid
Perpetual Roses," to be opened b}^ John B. Moore.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 10, 1883.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Frakcis B. Hayes, in the chair.

The President stated that he had received a cable message from
the Imperial Russian Horticultural Society, announcing that the
International Exposition of Horticulture and Congress of Botanists
and Horticulturists, fixed for May next, in celebration of the
twenty-fifth anniversary of that society, had been postponed until
next year.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Chairman of the Committee appointed
at the meeting on the 24th of February, to prepare resolutions iu

DECEASE OF HON. PAUL A. CHADBOURNE. Ill

memory of Hon. Paul A. Chadbourne, D.D., L.L.D., reported the
following : —

Resolved, That the Massachusetts Horticultural Society S3'mpa-
thizes most deeply with the Massachusetts Agricultural College,
our Commonwealth, and our countr}', in the loss sustained by the
death of the Hon. Paul A. Chadbourne, D.D., L.L.D., the Presi-
dent of said college ; that we sincerely mourn the sudden removal
of one so highly distinguished for his learning, scientific attain-
ments, and incessant labors to promote the intellectual and moral
improvement of his fellow men, and especially to advance those
great rural interests on which, more than on any others, the pros-
perity and happiness of the world depend.

Resolved^ That we gratefully recognize in Dr. Chadbourne a
man of the highest moral principles and noblest aspirations, — who
always stood forth manfully for the right, whose soul was ever
alive to the best interests of mankind, and whose name will be
remembered in the annals of our country, as a benefactor to the
human race.

Resolved, That these proceedings be entered upon the records
of this Society, and that a copy of the same be transmitted to the
family of the deceased, with the assurance of the sympathy of the
Society with them in their bereavement.

Marshall P. Wilder, ^

John B. Moore, > Committee.

William C. Strong, )

Mr. Wilder said that the death of President Chadbourne, at a
time when he had raised the college to an elevation which it had
never attained before, — when he had laid his plans for still further
improvement in the future, and when the trustees were confiding
in his energy and ability, was a most mysterious dispensation of
Providence. At the last meeting of the trustees there was a fore-
shadowing in the mind of the speaker of what has taken place.
President Chadbourne stated that he had been doing the work of
two professors, each more than that of any one in Williams College,
and that he could not do it any longer. Mr. Wilder then moved
that the thanks of the Board be tendered to President Chadbourne,
for his zeal and energy, which was accordingly done, and he now
regarded it as providential that he made this motion.

John B. Moore desired to say that he agreed fully with the

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

resolutions ; President Chadbourne was an able educator, and took
gi'eat interest in horticulture and agriculture, though eagaged in
other branches of education. His friends hoped and trusted that
he would elevate the college to the highest possible usefulness.

Benjamin P. Ware had had the honor of being associated with
President Chadbourne, and wished to say a few words in regard
to the great work already accomplished b}' him. The whole system
of instruction at the college had been reorganized, and all the
improvements suggested b}' thirty years' experience in education
had been substantially adopted. Though when elected, he was
much occupied with other i3ursuits,_he promised to see that the
interests of the college should not suffer. He found it not fully
provided with professors, and had been doing the work of two,
besides preaching on Snndaj's. The college had been brought by
him into a complete and harmonious working condition. It seemed
in conversation with him that he had premonitions of his departure,
for he had asked, "What will become of that college in case I am
taken sick?" Though it now seemed impossible to fill his place,
yet the speaker believed that inasmuch as the Great Ruler of the
world had seen fit to take him away. He would provide a man to
succeed him.

President Hayes said that President Chadbourne was born in
the little town of Berwick, Maine, which was also his own native
place. The Chadbourne estate was deeded to his ancestors
by the Indians, and most of it remained in the familj; until the
middle of the present century. The birthplace of the speaker
was on what was formerly the Chadbourne estate. The Chad-
bourne family came over as the representatives of the Lords Pro-
prietors of the colony, and it is an interesting fact that the}- caused
a vineyard to be planted there two hundred 3-ears ago, and made
frequent inquiries how it flourished. The locality is still known
as "The Vineyard." President Chadbourne's father was in mod-
erate circumstances, and not able to give his son an education,
but, through his own energy, he went to Exeter Academy, and
afterwards to college. He made himself what he was, and grad-
uated at the head of his class, a grand exemplification of what can
be done by poor boys ; and he has left the memory of his work at
Amherst as a monument of what one of them has done.

The resolutions were unanimouslj' adopted by a rising vote.

HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSES. 113

Benjamin G. Smith announced the decease of Arthur Br^-ant,
Senior, of Princeton, Illinois, a Corresponding Member of the
Society, and moved the appointment of a committee to prepare
memorial resolutions. The motion was carried, and the Chair
appointed as that committee, Hon. Marshall P. "Wilder, Benjamin
G. Smith, and Charles M. Hovey.

Adjourned to Saturday', March 17.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Hybrid Perpetual Roses.
By John B. Moore, Concord.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen :

In discussing the subject of H^'brid Perpetual Roses, I may say
that they are one of the classes of flowers that I have cultivated
with a great deal of interest, and from their beauty and fragrance
I have received more real pleasure and enjoyment than from any
other flowers that I have grown. I feel vay want of power to
describe the wonderful beauty of form and color combined in the
perfect rose, which with its delightful fragrance renders it the
acknowledged Queen of Flowers.

If I had the powers of description of some of our Ex-Presidents,
I might in my love for this flower soar almost into the ethereal
regions, but for want of this you will have to put up with plain
matter of fact descriptions of varieties and methods of culture.
And here let me sa^^ that the object of this discussion today is ta
communicate to each other our ideas of the value of the different
varieties of Hybrid Perpetual Roses, and how to cultivate them in
the bfest manner ; to compare our own with other methods, and
adopt the best. K an}^ of us have made mistakes (and who has.
not), if they are described it will enable others to avoid doing the
same thing. And if an}' person has a method considered superior
to others we may give it a trial.

Impressed with these views, and with my duties to my fellow-
members, from whom I have received so much instruction, I find
that I still have some diffidence about submitting my methods and
conclusions, well knowing that among our members will be found
the most eminent horticultural talent in New England. And if
8

114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

any of my views are incorrect it is a duty you owe to this Society,
and I shall also consider it a favor to myself, that you should
correct them.

The land upon which most of my roses have been planted has a
sliglit inclination to the south ; the soil is a sandy loam with a
loose sandy subsoil, and most of it is quite dry. It is a soil that
would be considered unsuitable for rose culture, but it was such a
location and soil as I had near my house, and conveniently situated
for the purpose intended, but not such a soil as I should have
selected could I have done any better. The fault was largel}^ in
the texture of the soil, which was sand}' and very loose, and there-
fore subject to drying up quickly. It had, however, one good
pcrtnt, and that was excellent natural drainage — only too good,
for the water passed through soon after falling upon the soil. The
remedy applied was a dressing of a material often found in sand-
banks and improperly called marl, but really a dried or consolidated
quicksand. It looks like and is as hard to excavate as clay, but,
unlike claj^ when dried it readily falls to pieces, and the particles
are finer than common flour. About one inch in thickness was
spread upon the rose border when dry, and, reduced to this im-
palpable powder, was worked into the soil with a harrow and
cultivator, and every rain carried these minute particles into and
intermixed them with the soil, which b}' this application was
changed from a porous and leachy to a retentive soil, fairl}' suit-
able for the purpose intended, and the cost was only the carting
and mixing with the soil. I have spoken more particularly of this
method of correcting a sandy soil, as it may be useful to others
whose situation is the same, not only for roses but also for the
general improvement of the soil, for wherever there is a dry, loose,
sandy soil, there is almost always this same material in the
vicinity.

There was then applied a dressing of stable manure, which was
intended to be at the rate of ten cords to the acre ; this was
ploughed in very deep and the land was afterwards levelled with a
harrow, which completed the preparation of the land. It was then
planted with rose plants in straight rows four feet apart, and the
plants three feet apart in the rows. The plants were one j^ear old,
mostl}^ worked on the Manctti and brier stocks. Part of the piece
was planted in the autumn and the rest in the spring, and I could
not perceive but that both succeeded equallj' well.

HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSES. 115

The after cultivation has been simply keeping the lot clean and
free from weeds, and in the fall banking up the plants about one
foot high with eartli taken from spaces between the rows. When
the earth is removed from around the plants in the spring, they
are pruned ; the weak, poor wood being cut out, and the slow
growing varieties cut back to six or eight inches, while the stronger
growers should be left ten or twelve inches in length. The roses
that I have shown in these rooms have been grown in precisely the
way I have described, and with the addition of water when needed.
And in watering roses, strawberries, or in fact an}' crop, there
does not appear to be any better way than to imitate nature — that
is, to wet the laud thoroughly, as it would be with a shower, and
then stop until it is needed again.

Like other novices I planted a great many kinds. My informa-
tion about varieties was what I had been able to obtain from the
descriptions that I found in the nurserymen's catalogues, and from
the few books on the rose. From this source I found out all about
the good qualities' of any particular rose, and none of its bad
ones ; the latter information I am constantly acquiring, and while
it is annoying and costlj', it maj' perhaps be useful to me in future
plantings.

The insects preying upon the rose or its foliage must be exter-
minated. I am using the mildest term in this respect compatible
with growing good roses. What are they? First, the rose-bug,
whose habits I described two weeks ago. There does not appear
to be an}' feasible way of getting rid of them except by hand
picking.

I have received a postal card from C. B. Lovewell, of Wellesley,
in regard to the rose-bug, in which he says, "I have destroyed
them by the use of whale oil soap of the usual strength, two
pounds to fifteen gallons of water. It was used by A. D. Webber
as long ago as 1849 on peach trees, and three applications were
sufficient to clear them all out. I have used it on grape vines with
complete success for years." This, however, would spoil all the
roses, even if it destroyed the rose-bugs, and I do not feel certain
that it would do that.

The rose slug is another depredator which destroys the foliage
and ruins everything when found in large numbers. They are
easih- kept under b}' dusting the plants with powdered hellebore in
May and early June, two or three applications being sufficient.

116 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

There are also two or more varieties of beetles, about the size of a
curcnlio, with long snouts, that eat into and ruin the buds, and a
few gl'eeu worms ; these are always to be crushed when found.
The rose hopper has not done au}^ material injury to my roses.

It has occurred to me that the judging of roses for prizes b}^
points would probably determine the fact as to which are the best
roses for planting, all things considered. Now, so far as general
cultivation is concerned, the thousands who are looking to this
Societ}' for information as to what varieties of roses they had bet-
ter plant in their gardens, so that they and their families can enjoy
the beauty and fragrance of this flower, and with a reasonable
prospect of its production, I think that they as well as ourselves
would arrive at correct conclusions, as to the value of the different
varieties better, by having them judged b}^ points, and those points
entered on the prize card, so that all who read may learn.

The list of varieties of the rose submitted to this Society two years
ago by a committee appointed for that purpose, and of which I was a
member, has, in mj^ judgment, some great defects. It was neces-
sarily a compromise list. This committee being composed of
gentlemen living in different localities, and growing roses on very
dissimilar soils, and some of them not very familiar with the more
recent varieties, there should be no wonder at their arriving at
somewhat different conclusions. Further causes of imperfection
were that some varieties succeed only on particular soils and loca-
tions, while others grow well almost anywhere, and still others had
not been well tested.

Now there are certain indispensable requisites to make a good
Hybrid Perpetual Rose for ordinary or general cultivation in the
garden, viz., hardiness, vigor of growth, beauty, both in form and
color, fragrance, and constancy of bloom. It is hard to find all
these good qualities in any one variety of the rose, but the nearer
any variety comes to possessing these requirements, the better the
general cultivator will be satisfied with the results from growing it,
and if we can designate such varieties, the better we shall have
done our duty to the public.

Let us all remember, Mr. President, that this Society is leading
the public taste in regard to flowers, as well as to fruits and veg-
etables, and that it is an educational institution in all matters per-
taining to horticulture. Let us remember that we are here todaj^
for the purpose of acquiring knowledge not only for our own

HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSES. 117

practice, but also that we may be able, as we are willing, to impart
that knowledge so useful to us, to others by our published Trans-
actions.

Discussion.

Mr. Moore added that, while he had described his own method
of culture, he did not claim an}' superior merit for it, for he had
found that a flower can be well grown in two ways. It is abso-
lutely necessary not to prune strong growing kinds too short.
What are called Hybrid Perpetual Roses are made up in various
ways ; some of them are crosses of the China with the Damask
rose, and might more properly be called Hybrid Chinese. Such
are the greater part of the so-called Hybrid Perpetuals. They
bloom but once in the season. Some Hybrid Peri^etual roses are
beautiful, but wanting in fragrance ; others lose color in a shower
or turn pur^jle, while others look bright. The very full double
kinds do not open well ; the long, pointed buds with large petals
open best. Some, have weak stems ; others are weak growers.
Louis Van Houtte is, perhaps, the most perfect dark rose, but it is
a poor grower, and has a tendency to bloom itself to death ; but
this latter defect is within the control of the grower. Marie Bau-
manu and Alfred Colomb are two of the best roses ; the former is
best early in the season, and with care can be grown satisfactorily.
Both are fragrant and, in good cultivation, bloom more than once
in the season, and the blooms are always good. Some varieties
are troubled by mildew, which spreads and affects others.

Mr. Moore next went over and criticised the list of forty-eight
Hybrid Perpetual roses, recommended by a Committee of the
Society two j-ears ago. The classification by colors is often
wrong ; pink and rose are often confounded. Baroness Rothschild
is of fine color, though pink rather than blush, and beautiful to
look at, both in flower and foliage, but it has no fragrance, and is
not particularly satisfactoiy out-doors. La France is a Hybrid
Tea, a poor grower, and does not open well. It is about as tender
as a Tea rose, and is not valuable for forcing to sell. John Hop-
per is classed as pink, but is more exactl}' rose and carmine. It
seldom blooms more than once, and has little or no odor. Fran-
9ois Michelon is not pink, but rose ; it has thin petals and a poor
stem. Marguerite de St. Amaud is bright rose ; it does not open
very well. Marquise de Castellane is rose color ; it blooms more

118 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

than once, but is somewhat teuder and has no fragrance. The
next two, Mme. Georges Schwartz and Mme. Nachury, Mr. Moore
said he would not plant. The Comtesse Chabrillant i^ of good
form and size, but not particularly desirable. The next two,
Marie Finger and Mile. Eugenie Verdier, classed as rose-salmon,
are tender and poor growers out-doors, though the color is very
pretty. Victor Verdier is not very hard}^, and has no fragrance ;
there are others that are superior. Mme. G. Luizet is not rose
color but light pink, and the best of the color. A specimen was
shown by the speaker, from a graft inserted since the first of
December. The color is solid and clear. Magna Charta is fra-
grant, but blooms only once.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder said that Magna Charta blooms in the
fall with him.

Mr. Moore said that the Marchioness of Exeter is fragrant, but
hardl}' as good as Magna Charta. £douard Morren is not worth
growing out-doors. Dupuy Jamnin is not rose color, but cherry
red ; it is a fine grower, but the flowers are only semi-double, and
fade. Mme. Therese Levet is a free blooming kind, fitienne
Levet is a fine rose, of beautiful form, but not fragrant. Alfred
Colomb is carmine crimson, fragrant, and one of the very best red
roses. It would probably score more points than any other except
Mme. G. Luizet. Charles Lefebvre has no fragrance, and is
ruined by rain and warm sun. Marie Baumaun is crimson vermil-
ion ; fragrant, and early in the season better than Alfred Colomb,
but later not so good. If the speaker were to select half a dozen
roses, this would be one of them. Mme. Victor Verdier is darker
— carmine crimson, — fragrant, a good grower, and a very fine
rose. Horace Vei^net is crimson and scarlet, of fine form, but a
little weak in growth. Dr. Andry is of no account. Exposition
de Brie is identical with Maurice Bernardin and Ferdinand de Les-
seps. It cannot be spared even from a small collection. Mons.
E. Y. Teas is carmine crimson,. fragrant, rather dwarf, but very
fine. Countess of Oxford fades quickly, and mildews extremely
easil}-. Mrs. Laxton is of fine form and color, and fragrant, but
a poor grower. Duchesse de Caylus is large and double, but no
better than some others. Sir Garnet Wolselcy is fragrant and
sometimes fine, but mildews. Senateur Vaisse can hardly be
distinguished from Mons. E. Y. Teas, but the latter is better.
The Duke of Edinburgh has no fragrance, and blooms but once.

HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSES. 119

President Thiers is of a peculiar color ; a little wet turns it purple.
It blooms pretty constantly. Richard "Wallace is not wanted in
twenty-five varieties. Thomas Mills is rosy crimson, a strong
grower, blooms two or three times a year, and is a fine garden
rose. Louis Van Houtte is fine in form and color, and fragrant,
but a poor grower ; it wants a warm location. Mons. Boncenue
is of maroon color, hardy and good, but blooms only once. Abel
Carriere is velvety crimson and very fine, but blooms onlj' once.
Xavier Olibo is deep crimson and a fine rose, but a poor grower.
La Eosiere is deep velvety crimson, like Prince Camille de Eohan,
but better ; it is fragrant. Pierre Netting is deep crimson and
violet, fragrant, and one of the grandest roses, but does not open
freelj'. Fisher Holmes is an improved Gen. Jacqueminot, for out-
door culture ; it is of the same color, and a free bloomer and fra-
grant.

Mr. Moore presented the following list as his choice for twenty-
four kinds :

Mabel Morrison, fiti^nne Levet,

Julius Finger (Hj'brid Tea) , Alfred Colomb,

Baroness Rothschild, Charles Lefebvre,

John Hopper, Marie Baumaun,

Franyois Michelon, Mme. Victor Verdier,

Marquise de Castellane, Maurice Bernardin,

Mme. Gabriel Luizet, Mons. E. Y. Teas,

Magna Charta, Thomas Mills,

Louis Van Houtte, Pierre Notting,

Abel Carriere, Fisher Holmes,,

Xavier Olibo, Baron de Bonstettin,

La^Rosiere, Rev. J. B. M. Camm.

Baron de Bonstettin resembles Mons. Boncenne, but is better.
Rev. J. B. M. Camm is one of the finest ; the color stands well.
Jules Margottin has many good points ; it is a constant bloomer,
and good to have in the garden. Duke of Teck is bright crimson,
a good grower, and far superior to most of the new varieties ;
among the many new ones which Mr. Moore has imported, not one
out of ten would be equal to it. Mrs. Harry Turner is claimed in
England to be the best rose ; it is a good grower, with handsome
scarlet crimson flowers. Good roses cannot be had for nothing ;
every one who wants them must pay for them, and the price is

120 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

eternal vigilance. A man who does not love roses will not grow
them well, and had better not undertake it.

Mr. Moore said that, although his list was carefull}' selected, he
might want to change it in two years. • It is very likely that some
of those on it will not grow as well as some of those which he
has rejected. In selecting roses, permanency of color is a most
important point.

William C. Strong, was called on by the President, and spoke
of the importance of fertilization. The essayist had said nothing
of continuous fertilization. We all know that feeding is the first
step to success, and the process is almost limitless. He had made
a bed for roses in the house, of one-third stable manure, and two-
thirds loam. Although the impression of many growers would be
that such a bed would be unsatisfactorj', the manure warmed up
the soil, and the growth of the plants was prodigious and uniformly
good, and is so to this day, and there is now a very heavy crop of
roses on the bed. With that experience, he dressed a bed in
autumn with stable manure, and almost ruined it, and a year ago,
he watered a bed with a solution of horse manure before it had
started, and greatl}^ injured it. The time when roses are fed is
very important. Liquid manure may be applied somewhat freely
while they are in growth, — not very strong, but constantly, — and
produce wonderful results. Eoses want daily food ; cow manure
may be applied more freely than horse manure. Roses are enor-
mous feeders ; he had seen the roots run into green cow manure
without injury. It is more difficult to apply cow manure in a liquid
form than horse manure ; it is thick and cannot be drawn through
pipes and hose. He had tried artificial manures, but was afraid
to use them freely. He had found the thrips, fretter, or hopper, a
more serious trouble than Mr. Moore thought it. He doubted the
efficacy of hellebore, but had not tried it fully. There is no ob-
jection to the employment of whale oil soap before the roses bloom.
He wished to emphasize the eflects of green horse manure ; it will
injure roses if it leaches on to their roots to any extent while they
are in a dormant state.

Mr. Moore said it is true that you must constantly furnish roses
with food to make new wood. After heaping up the earth around
his rose bushes in autumn, he gives a dressing of stable manure,
but not until the ground is frozen, and it keeps the ground from
thawing and freezing. When the earth is removed from the bushes

HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSES. 121

in the spring, he gives potash and bone, and if liquid manure is
needed, he gives it weak, but early and often.

Mr. Wilder felt obliged to Mr. Moore for his careful examina-
tion of the lists of roses. It is an established principle that plants
should not be fed while in a dormant state, and especially that
liquid manure should not be applied. Liquid manure should be
very weak ; Mr. Mechi's rule was that it should only color the
water. Mr. Wilder uses cow manure because it is so mild ; he
puts it into a gunny-bag, and this into a great cistern, and never
gives it without dilution. It has a most sensible effect on all his
plants, but he never gives it to them until they are ready to take
up food.

Mr. Moore said that his method of making liquid manure is to
get a large tub and place two strips of board across it, and on
these to put a flour barrel filled with manure, and having holes
bored in it. Water is then poured into the barrel and leaches into
the tub ; when the strength of the manure is exhausted, the barrel
is emptied and filled with fresh. The liquid manure must be
diluted for use.

Col. Henry W. Wilson thought that some method of sub-irriga-
tion would be devised for applying liquid manure. The principle
has been practically wrought out in California already.

E. W. Wood said that Mr. Moore had made roses a special
study, and his directions for their culture were given fairly, plainly,
and honestly. The speaker had most of the kinds on the list
recommended, but had never seen any really good white roses.
He thought that if five out of a hundred rose bushes were white, nine-
tenths of all the rose-bugs would be found on the five white ones.
La France, which is so tender here, in France is marked highest,
showing that we must make great allowances in reading European
books on the rose. He would grow Baroness Rothschild for the
sake of a single flower, and the foliage is very beautiful. He
plants his roses irurows three feet apart, and two feet apart in the
rows, and banks up high in autumn.

Mr. Moore said that he put his rows four feet apart in order to
work between them with a horse.

Mr. Wood said that he had found no difficulty in the less space.
After banking up he fills in between with manure, and when he
hauls away the earth in the spring, he mixes the manure with it.
Louis Van Houtte, when in perfection, is the best rose grown;

122 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Ellwanger scales it at eight}^ points in all respects but vigor,
which he rates at zero. The speaker has a plant which has
bloomed well for six years with no extra care. He would place
Alfred Colomb at the head of the list. The greatest improvement
of the rose is in endowing it with continuous bloom. Many persons
object to planting roses, that they bloom onlj- two or three weeks,
but with, proper selection of varieties they may be an ornament
every day. Mme. Alfred Rougemout blooms all the time, and for
bouquets and vases is one of the best. Mr. Hovey thinks it is a
little tender, but the speaker had not found it so.

Joseph Clark recommended the Baroness Prevost as being,
though an old rose, a ver^' fine bloomer through the summer.

Mr. Strong asked whether anyone had had any experience with the
Triomphe d' Augers. It is not an exhibition rose, and changes
color, which makes it objectionable to florists ; but there is no rose
that he had found so free flowering, and he thought it would be
satisfactory to the public. He intended to cultivate it so as to
bring it in as a substitute for the Gen. Jacqueminot at Christmas.

C. M. Atkinson thought that giving too much prominence to
fragrance in judging roses by points, would have a tendency to
throw out reallj' good roses. He would instruct judges not to be
too particular in regard to fragrance. The more double a rose is —
that is, the more the stamens are turned into petals — the less
chance there is that it will be fragrant. He enjoys Tea roses most
in their last stages, because they are then most fragrant.

Mr. Moore said there are many roses which have no fragrance,
that he would not discard, but he should consider them more val-
uable if they were fragrant. A rose destitute of fragrance may
yet take a prize. The Cornelia Cook is a Tea rose without fra-
grance. He questioned Mr. Atkinson's view that very double
roses are not so fragrant as less double varieties. The Alfred
Colomb, E. Y. Teas, Marie Baumann, and Rev. J. B. M. Camm
are all extra double and very fragrant.

Mr. Strong remarked that some Tea roses have a positively
disagreeable odor, and that every one might not agree with the
judgment of an awarding committee in regard to the fragrance of
roses.

Mr. Moore thought that if a rose possessed a disagreeable odor
— like that of the skunk cabbage for instance — there would be no
difference in regard to condemning it. Every one knows and loves
the peculiar odor which we call the fragrance of the rose.

CULTURE OF SMALL FRUITS. 123

Mr. Wilder exhibited two seedling Chinese Azaleas in flower at
two. years from seed. Last year he exhibited plants which showed
remarkable vigor at a year from seed, and expressed the belief
that he should have them in bloom at two years. He was himself
astonished at such early flowering, as were M. Van Houtte and
other cultivators whom he informed of his success, for it was never
supposed to be possible. He has quite a number of these seed-
lings coming on.

Notice was given that the subject for the next Saturday would
be the "Culture of Currants, Raspberries, Gooseberries and
Blackberries," to be opened b}' James Comley.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 17, 1883.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hates, in the chair. No busi-
ness being brought before the meeting, it

Adjourned to Saturday, March 24.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Culture of Currants, Gooseberries, Blackberries, and

Raspberries.

It was expected that the discussion would be opened by James
Comley, but as he was prevented by illness from attending, the
President called on Benjamin G. Smith, who said that he had to
contend with a stiff clay soil in his garden, but in one corner he
found a deposit of reddish sandy loam, of which he had two
hundred cartloads spread on the garden, and the whole under-
drained, subsoiled, and enriched with barnyard manure, and he
had been fairly successful in cultivating gooseberries and currants.
He had cultivated English gooseberries for eight years without
mildew. He manures them freely and prunes severely. It is
impossible to get good fruit from them without strong, healthy

124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

f
foliage. The currant worm is the greatest obstacle to success, but

he dusts with hellebore two or three times in a season, which keeps
them from doing much injur3\ He prunes the bushes as carefully
as he does his grape vines — some on the spur system and some with
long shoots, and finds both equally successful. He used to mulch
them but latelj' has not, and they have done equally well. English
gooseberries must be shaded from the hot noon suns ; his are
planted on the north side of a high fence, twelve or fifteen feet
from it. Currants also do well in the shade. Though it has been
said that they should be renewed every five or six years, he culti-
vates the same bushes that he did fifteen 3'ears ago. With these,
and also with his raspberries, he aims to produce the best fruit
without regard to quantity.

John B. Moore was next called on, and said that the blackberry
is one of the best fruits when well grown and ripened. The great
difficulty with it is the winter-killing of the canes. The Dor-
chester, Lawton, and Wilson are tender, and the Snyder, Kitta-
tinny, and Wachusett are hardier, but the fruit of the last named
is small and of inferior qualitj'. In field culture blackberries
must be grown on high land, without manure, otherwise the canes
will be tender. They are all hardy in the roots. The speaker
knows persons in Weston who cultivate the blackberry largely,
and lay down the canes and cover them. If the}' grow too rank
in summer the canes must be shortened. He has thrown aside the
Wachusett and others, and last year planted the Snyder, and is
testing others in regard to profit as well as quality.

He has grown raspberries to a considerable extent ; there are
some that are called hardy, but he knows none that will not be
injured by the winter. There is some question in regard to the best
varieties. He has grown the Herstine and it is of good qualit}',
and good for field culture, but he wants something better. The
Saunders is a little better for field culture. In a rich soil where
they will grow well, raspberries should be planted in rows six feet
apart, and from two and a half to three feet apart in the rows. It
is a mistake to plant in hills as is commonly done. He sets a
braced post two and a half or three feet high at each end of the
row, and stretches a galvanized wire, with a stake every thirty or
forty feet to support it. The canes are tied to this wire, reason-
ably tight, with cotton twine. They are spread about six inches
apart, and do not smother each other. This method of support-

CULTURE OF SMALL FRUITS. 125

iug them is cheaper than stakes, and it permits of cultivation by
horse power, which should be used as far as possible. Most kinds
throw up suckers, which should be chopped off, or there will be
too many weak shoots. In the fall the canes should be laid down,
which is not so much work as would be supposed. It takes two
men to do the work to advantage ; one to hold the tops down and
the other to throw on the earth until they are fastened down.
Begin at one end and throw a shovelful of earth against the first
canes, so that they shall not be bent too short ; then bend them
down and throw a shovelful on the tops, so as to keep them down,
and so on ; and when all are thus fastened go over and finish cov-
ering. The soil should first be stirred with a cultivator. They
should be uncovered and lifted up as soon as the ground is thawed,
or they will start too soon. Mr. Moore cuts out the old canes as
soon as they have fruited, though he could not say that it is any
better than leaving them until the}' are laid down. Currants do
better on a stiff than on a sandj' soil, and will grow in the shade.

Mr. Smith said it is true that the soil should not be stirred in
the spring around gooseberries, unless it is done very earl}'. It
may be done in August, but manure should not be applied late in
the season. The growth is made early in the season, and it is
unwise to start them into late growth. He uses coal ashes on his
plums and small fruits, and finds thej' are more vigorous where it
is applied. The best English gooseberries are Woodward's "White-
smith, Wellington's G-lory, Glenton Green, and Yellow Amber ;
and of native varieties, the Downing and Smith's Seedling.

E. W. Wood said that currants are easily grown, and are relia-
ble, and might be more generally grown with profit than they are.
Man}' of those sold in Boston come from Connecticut. Mr. Smith's
views in regard to their cultivation are correct, as is shown by the
many prizes which he takes. The main variety for profit or for
the table is the Versaillaise, which invariably takes all the Socie-
ty's prizes for red currants. It has been complained of as not
prolific, and it is true that it will not give good crops year after
year, neglected under a stone wall as farmers used to grow cur-
rants. Currants will nat stand neglect, but Mr. Smith's experience
of fifteen or twenty j'ears shows that, with care, the}' will endure
for a long time. He cuts out all the old wood and gets new, and
feeds them well. The currant will flourish in partial shade, and
is, therefore, well adapted for small gardens. Mr. Smith's success
with gooseberries has been remarkable.

126 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Easpberries and blackberries will produce good crops -with less
manure than currants require. The quantity of raspberries shown
at the exhibitions of the Society has lately been curtailed by the
loss of plants during winter, but the speaker had heard reports of
more profit from their culture than from that of any other small
fruit. No variety is perfectly hardy ; he cultivated the Clarke for
seven or eight years, and lost none except one year. More Fran-
conlas are shown at our exhibitions than any other variety, and
none is more reliable. For the last three years the Saunders has
taken the first prize ; it is of better quality than the Herstine,
though less attractive. The Saunders is soft, but good for home
use. The speaker saw a most beautiful show of Dorchester
blackberries on the grounds of J. B. Case, in Weston. They were
set in rows eight feet apart, and the plants four feet apart in the
row, and tied to wires stretched four or five feet from the ground.
A row of posts was set on each side of the row of blackberries
and three feet from it, and on these the wires were stretched. They
were topped at six feet in height. The soil was strong, and the
ground was covered with meadow hay, which was allowed to
remain. After the canes had ripened the}-- were bent down and
covered with earth and hay. A fair top-dressing was given in the
fall, and they had been thus cultivated with uniform success for a
series of j^ears. The speaker had never seen such an immense
crop. He has a row of the Kittatinny from which he never lost a
crop. The quality is very good, and the fruit brings a good price.
It is more hardy than the Dorchester, the early canes not being
winter-killed. We want something more reliable in blackberries
than the Dorchester, and which shall not be too much expense to
protect, such as might be produced from a cross of the Dorchester
with the Snyder, or something more hardy.

George F. Wheeler said that the Snyder and Wachusett are
grown at Concord more largel}- than other blackberries. We have not
yet got a variety that will endure the winter without laying down.
It is not of much use to cultivate them if you have not the right
soil ; a light soil is not good ; they want something stronger, either
rocky or clayey. Mr. Case's soil is better than a lighter one. Last
year there were few blackberries, owing to the winter-killing of the
canes, but last summer was dry and the wood ripened, and has
probably come through the winter better. He had been most suc-
cessful with the Clarke raspberry ; the Franconia wants a rocky or

CULTURE OF SMALL FRUITS. 127

clayey soil ; on his ground it was feeble, and he discarded it. The
Philadelphia is a great bearer, but the color is poor for market.
The Brandywine is of feeble growth, but hard}' and bright looking,
and though the qualit}' is not approved in exhibitions, it is fine for-
shipping, and brings good prices. The Cuthbert is a strong grow-
er, but winter-killed last 3'ear.

Col. Henry W. Wilson said that we had heard how to make
small fruits profitable, and he would say something for those who
\^ant fine fruit for their own tables. He trains the Lawton black-
berry on a slat fence, preferring the north side, and pinches the
shoots so as to cause them to make laterals, and gets a profusion
of fruit which is perfectly bewildering. The bunches of ten or
twelve berries each were all ripe at once. The blackberry is not
a gross feeder, but will grow in any good garden soil. All small
fruits want mineral salts — phosphoric acid, potash, and lime — and
the}' must be grown in proper soil, or you will get no satisfactory
results. The soil should be trenched, which is not expensive. The
thorough preparation of the soil is as profitable on a large as on a
small scale. However fine the fruit which we see in woodland
clearings, we can produce finer in the garden. Mr. Smith's clay
ground is probably the wash of diluvial moraines, and the coal
ashes penetrates and lightens the soil. The blackberry wants water
when swelling oflf, and hence the benefit of mulching or turning on
a stream of water. Col. Wilson's raspberries are planted on a
northern slope — a clayey soil with a sand}' subsoil, — and trained
up through barrel hoops, and supply two families. The currant
will thrive in absolute shade, where no sunlight reaches the soil,
but he has given up its cultivation on account of the currant worm.
Potash is one of the constituent elements of granite, and having
occasion to quarry thirty or forty thousand tons of stone he noticed
that the quarrymen carefully saved all the fine dust for use in their
gardens. It can be composted with lime, and will furnish potash
in just the right quantity for the soil. Feldspar gives twenty-five
per cent of caustic potash, and the speaker hoped we should be
able to develop several such deposits. All salts for fertilizers
should be neutral.

William H. Hills, of Plaistow, N. H., said that he cultivated
the fruits under discussion in a small way, growing them for his
table and selling the surplus. He examines all the new things he
can, and was surprised that the new varieties of these fruits had

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

not been spoken of. If the stories told in the catalogues are true,
they will give us all we want, without the need of either cultivation
or manure. He does not tie up his raspberries, except when the
snow has broken them down. He clips them with hedge shears
when they are about three feet high, and the blackberries when
they are a little higher ; but this must not be done when you want
to multiply tip-rooting raspberries. He goes over the plants at
two or three different times, and clips the tender ends as the}' reach '
the desired height. If neglected till the more advanced canes In-
come hard, they will not branch and form a bushy top. He cuts
back the branches when a foot and a half long. He thought he
could not afford stakes. He had found the Turner raspberry
entirely hardy, never having a tip injured, and the same is true of
the Snj^der blackberry, which sets fruit ver}' bountifally, but he
feared that it would prove too small. In New Hampshire there
are blackberries and raspberries growing wild, and people ridicule
the idea of cultivating them, when they can, as some claim, pick
fifty bushels of wild ones at their doors ; but the cultivated ones
are superior, if they are allowed to ripen. The speaker recom-
mended to 3'ouug men to examine wild varieties and select the
finest, and they would often find one of superior quality, which
the}' should transplant and cultivate, or save the seed of. Most of
the superior varieties have been produced in this way. The men who
recommend the Souhegan (Black Cap) raspberry, are those who
have large quantities of plants, bought of the originator. The
currant worm strips the bushes of their leaves so suddenly that it
must be very carefully watched.

Mr. Hills has a cold graper}^ containing twenty varieties, where
he has no trouble with mildew, sulphur being sure death to it.
He had a Hartford Prolific grape vine trained on his house, the
fruit of which mildewed, and he heated bricks and placed under
the vine and sprinkled with sulphur, and could smell the fumes of
sulphur every time he passed by for a week. With sulphur
sprinkled on the ground, he got as good results from the heat of
the sun. The mildew made no progress after the application.
He thought sulphur might be applied to gooseberries to prevent
mildew.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder said that in Mr. Hill's location, the
raspberry is covered with snow. B}' clipping and causing the
growth of laterals, he causes the wood to ripen, and makes a com-

CULTURE OF SMALL FRUITS. 129

paratively hardy plant of a tender one. The speaker had found
no raspbeny perfectly hardy except the Turner, and here the others
must be laid down, as du'ected by Mr. Moore, which is easily done
even when acres are cultivated. He thought Mr. Moore's system
of training a good one. The Franconia raspberry is about as good
as anything we have ever had. Knevett's Giant is of the finest
qualit}', but more tender and more difficult to grow. Good as the
Cuthbert may seem, Brinckle's Orange is more delicious for ama-
teurs, but it is a little tender. If he could have but one raspberry-
he would have the Souchetti Blanc, which has become a standard
variety, on account of its long and abundant bearing. He has the
Versaillaise currant planted in the lines of his pear trees, and sells
from one hundred to one hundred and fift}- dollars' worth every
j-ear. It is the most profitable variety, and was introduced by
him from Europe, as were also the Hornet, Knevett's, and Sou-
chetti raspberries. Dana's Transparent is the finest white currant,
and is worth cultivating for ornament. The Dorchester blackberry
was introduced by Eliphalet Thayer, of Dorchester, who first
exhibited it before this Society on the 7th of August, 1841. and
that afternoon the speaker went with the late Cheever Newhall to
see it growing. He has never found it tender, and has never failed
of a crop. In his location he has the infiuence of the sea air,
which prevents injur}* from frost.

The impositions b}' outrageously exaggerated descriptions of
new fruits are a national and a moral evil. If any one of them
comes anywhere near the recommendations given, we shall never
need anything more. It will not do to encourage them. He is
not satisfied without trying all the new things under his own
eye, and had just I'eceived, in his old age, a case of plants from
Belgium. If we get one fruit out of fifty as good as the Franconia
raspberry or Versaillaise currant, it will be worth all we have spent.

Dr. H. Holmes said that he had grown the Eed Dutch currant
and a white variety as old, and also the Belgian or Grand Impe-
rial, the Versaillaise, and the Cherry, and the last is ahead in size,
and consequently most acceptable in the family. The Versaillaise
is next in size and more prolific, but none excel the Red Dutch in
quality. The Belgian is a^little later than the others ; he has it
until the middle of September, and has an ample supply for the
robins. It grows up in tree form, and makes the strongest wood
of any. He got the plants from Capt. Davis, of Arlington. He
9

130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

finds three broods of currant worms; the first from the 12th to
the 16th of Ma}' ; the second about the 25th of May, and the last
from the loth to the 20th of June. The eggs are laid on the under
side of the leaves, and the insects at first are almost microscopic
in size. He applies a strong infusion of hellebore with a syringe,
instead of dusting with the powder, and in this way reaches the
young worms on the under side of the leaves, and has succeeded
in getting good crops. The worms must be carefully watched, as
they will sometimes spoil the bushes in forty-eight hours. He
cultivates gooseberries, and gets all the fruit he wants, without
any trouble from mildew ; he has an old English variety which is
a prolific bearer, and has given satisfaction. He agreed with all
that had been said to the credit of the Franconia raspberry ; it has
stood the winters with him, while the Clarke stood two winters,
and the third nearly every cane was killed. He cultivates the
Lawton blackberry, but the canes are too stiff" to lay down, and
are largely winter-killed.

William C. Strong said that he belonged to the class which pub-
lishes catalogues, and in his cultivation of small fruits, he wished
to produce plants rather than fruit, and therefore, allowed the
suckers of his raspberries and blackberries to grow. The Taylor's
Prolific blackberry had proved as hardy as the Snyder, and per-
haps larger, and it gave such a profusion of fruit as he had never
witnessed. In regard to mildew, prevention is better than cure.
The exemption of Mr. Smith's English gooseberries, is largely
owing to the position of his plants, where they are partially
sheltered from the sun and have the advantage of humidity. For
clipping raspberries and blackberries an old scjthe blade fastened
to a handle is more effectual than shears.

Robert Manning said that he had found the Dorchester .black-
berry so tender that he always covered it. He had bent down
and covered a cane measuring over thirteen feet in length, besides
laterals. Knevett's Giant raspberry is one of the finest varieties,
and will sometimes stand the winter, but to be sure of a crop they
must be covered.

Mv. Moore said that the Franconia raspberry wants high, rocky
soils, and that there are better and* more productive kinds. It
does not stand as well as it did ten years ago, and does not suc-
ceed with liim. He prefers the Saunders, Herstine, or Northum-
berland Fillbasket.

CULTURE OF SMALL FRUITS. 131

Mr. Wilder said that bis soil, where the Frauconia flourishes, is
deep clay.

Mr. Smith said that his soil is claj'ey like Mr. Wilder's, and he
has grown the Franeonia there from the same stools for twenty-
two 3^ears, and it is as good now as ever. It does not make as
many suckers as other kinds.

Aaron D. Capen endorsed everything that Mr. Smith had said
in favor of the Francouia. He has stools that have stood for
tweut}^ years in the same place, and he did not recollect manuring
them above three times. Two years ago he had canes ten feet
high, and he did not trim' them until he laid them down.

Mr. Moore said that he did not object to the Franeonia except
in certain locations. It will not succeed with half the cultivators.
It is troubled with leaf blight.

Mr, Hills asked whether the Taylor blackberry is distinct from
the Snyder.

Mr. Strong did not know that he could state the difference iu the
characteristics of the two varieties, and his Taylors are in an
entirel}^ difl"erent soil from his Sn3'ders ; but the Taylor is amaz-
ingly prolific.

Mr. Wilder said that the Taylor is a freer grower than the
Snyder, and the fruit is larger.

Mr. Capen recommended the cultivation of the Low Blackberry,
or Dewberry ; he had seen it very fine iu Connecticut.

Mr. Moore said that raspberry or blackberry canes, not topped,
throw stronger shoots and give larger fruit.

It was announced that on the next Saturday Edmund Hersey
would read a paper on " Preparing and*Fertihzing the soil for the
Growth of Plants."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 24, 1883.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Chairman of the Committee appointed
two weeks previously to prepare a memorial of Arthur Bryant,
reported as follows :

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

He had been long acquainted with Mr. Biyant, and felt it a duty
to do what he could to perpetuate his memory. Mr. Bryant was
an educated man, under the tutorship of his brother, William Cul-
len Bryant, the poet, with whom for a time he was associated on
the New York Evening Post. He was a thorough scholar, eminent
for his knowledge of Greek and Botan}', and for his love of the
beautiful in nature. He was especially interested in the conserva-
tion of our forests and in the planting of new ones. He was the
author of a book on "Forest Trees for Shelter, Ornament, and
Profit ; " was a pioneer nurseryman in the west. President of the
Illinois State Horticultural Society, and Vice-President of the
American Pomological Society for that State. His decease has
been widely noticed by the press, and as a son of Massachusetts,
and a Corresponding Member of this Society, it is fitting that we,
too, should preserve in our records a remembrance of his services
and worth. Therefore be it

Resolved, That in the death of Arthur Bryant, Senior, a Cor-
responding Member of this Societ}', we have, in common with the
whole country, to deplore the loss of one of our most distinguished
pioneers of horticultural science, rural adornment, and the preser-
vation of our forests.

Resolved, That in the character of Mr. Bryant we recognize an
instinctive love of home, country, and the progress of rural adorn-
ment, and the virtues of an enterprising, upright, and Christian
gentleman.

Resolved^ That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to the
family of the deceased.

Marshall P. Wilder, ") ^

Committee.

Benjamin G. Smith,

}

Benjamin G. Smith seconded the resolutions, remarking that he
had much pleasure in the acquaintance of Mr. Bryant, who bore a
strong resemblance to his brother, the poet. Mr. Smith added
that Mr. Bryant was a student at the United States Military Acad-
em}^ at West Point.

Leauder Wetherell said that when at an academy at Cumming-
tou, Mr. Bryant's native place, he visited his home and had the
pleasure of meeting him. He was much impressed with the beau-
ful scenery of the town, amidst which Mr. Bryant grew up.

The resolutions were unanimously adopted.

Adjourned to Saturda}', March 31.

FERTILIZING AND PREPARING SOIL. 133

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Fertilizing akd Preparing the Soil for the Growth op

Plants.
By Edmund Herset, Hingham.

The subject assigned to me covers so wide a field for thought,
that the time allowed for the opening essay is not sufficient to give
even an outline of the principal points. I have therefore confined
myself to two points: — First, the power of plants to gather up
their special food ; and, Second, the condition of soil to grow crops
to the best advantage.

Nature, when left to herself, has ways of her own for fertilizing
and preparing the soil for the moderate growth of native plants,
but when man demands of her an excessive growth of either native
or foreign plants, and removes from the soil both the stalk and the
seed, she refuses to comply with his demands unless he makes
especial efforts to assist her, by the application of fertilizers and
the pulverizing of the soil, to supply the increased demand thus
made upon her.

Whenever we make an attempt to produce more than a natural
growth of vegetation on any soil, if we would work to the best
advantage, we need to know something of plant growth — a subject
which we scarcely enter upon before we find ourselves surrounded
by the most minute complications, shrouded in mystery, yet always
working out the same results.

The rose, the pink, and the strawberry will grow side by side,
the roots mingling together in the same soil, and the branches and
leaves intertwining in, and surrounded by the same air ; yet the
rose bush gathers up and manufactures the particular substance
necessary to produce the wood, the leaf and the flower of the rose,
while the pink, from the same sources, gathers up materials neces-
sary to produce the stalk, the leaf, and the flower of the pink ; and
the strawberry gathers from the same soil and air the material
that forms, not only the stalk, the leaf, and the flower, but also the
luscious fruit of the strawberry, and each from the same sources
gathers up the delightful odors, so peculiar to the flower of each
plant. Compare the fruit of the strawberry, with that of the rose,
or with the seed of the pink, and how unlike they are, yet the roots
and leaves feed upon the same materials.

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

The question arises, "Do the leaves aud roots of plants have
the power of selection, and of taking in precisely what is required to
produce all of the peculiarities of each plant? Evidently, they do
not, except to a limited degree. If they did, would the}^ not refuse
to take up poisonous substances, which they sometimes do in such
quantities as to destroy the life of the plant? Must we not come
to the conclusion that each plant is provided with a laboratory
wherein is manufactured the particular substance required to pro-
duce all of the peculiarities of the plant and the fruit ; in fact, is
there not much evidence to prove that each minute cell, of which
plants are composed, is complete in itself, and capable of manufac-
turing out of the substances drawn up through the roots and
absorbed by the leaves, a material which will produce another cell
preciseh^'like it, and also a material possessing all the peculiari-
ties of the fruit of the plant, which the stalk and leaf represent?
"We get some evidence of this if we take a seedling apple tree, with
two branches, grafting one with a scion of the Sweet Bough, and
the other with a scion of the Baldwin apple. As the material for
each branch of the tree is drawn up by the same roots, there can
be no doubt that the material which enters the wood of the
scion of the sweet apple, is precisely the same as that which
enters the wood of the scion of the sour apple. Yet, when this is
acted upon by the air drawn in by the leaves, in the cells of the
wood of the sweet apple, the result is the formation of the material
necessary to produce the form, color, and flavor, as well as the
keeping qualities of the Sweet Bough ; while that which enters the
cells of the wood of the sour apple, produces that substance
necessary to produce the form, color, flavor, and keeping qualities
of the Baldwin apple. To discover the difference in the structure of
the cells of these two varieties of apples, requires higher percep-
tive powers than have as yet been given to man. "We only
know the results ; in contemplating them we are lost in wonder,
and filled with admiration at the perfectness of structure and the
positiveness of action of these minute germs of vegetable life.

The more closely we examine the vegetable world the more per-
fect we find it, and the higher is our admiration and the stronger
our love for that Supreme Intelligence which governs the universe,
even to the smallest germs of animal and vegetable life.

I have thus apparently diverged somewhat from my subject, but
it Las been done to call your attention to the power of plants to

FERTILIZING AND PREPARING SOIL. 135

gather up the fertilizers applied to the soil and convert them into
substances that represent the peculiarities of each plant. The
chemist tells us that the three principal substances which we need
to apply to the soil to assist the growth of plants, are Phosphate,
Potash, and Nitrogen. Chemistry- also teaches us that plants con-
tain large quantities of carbon ; but we are taught that carbon in
the form of carbonic acid is floating in the air in sufficient quanti-
ties to suppl}' the wants of growing plants. This may be true,
and probably is where only a natural growth is required, but
where an excessive growth is required there appears to be good
evidence to prove that a larger qnantit}^ is beneficial. The atmos-
phere contains only about six parts of carbonic acid to each ten
thousand parts, while the air in good garden soil contains more
than four hundred parts, and a newly manured field during wet
weather more than one thousand parts to each ten thousand. As
vegetation on well manured land grows very rapidly after a shower,
it is evident that the large quantity of carbonic acid which must
necessarily be in the soil does no serious injury, but some good.
There may be, and probably is, a point beyond which it is not
safe to furnish carbonic acid for plant growth, but it evidentlj' is
not often reached in the cultivation of plants in the open air.
The presence of large quantities of carbonic acid in the soil is
believed to be beneficial, not so much by direct action on the
growing plants as by its action on the soil, dissolving valuable
mineral elements, and rendering them available for plant food.

In fertilizing the soil we should ever keep in view the fact that
everything which enters into plants must first be reduced to atoms ;
and it is also well to keep in mind the fact that nature has won-
derful power to assist man in this reduction. If we apply coarse
materials to the soil, the heat, the air, and the moisture commence
at once the work of decomposition, the rapidity of which depends
on the character of the materials applied, and the manner of its
application.

As our principal object in the preparation of the soil is to en-
courage rapid plant growth, we should endeavor to make ourselves
familiar with those conditions necessary to accomplish this pur-
pose. It being already understood that all fertilizing materials
before becoming plant food must be first reduced to atoms, and be
of a character to mingle with both water and air, it is evident that
in the application of fertilizers we should make an effort to place

136 ' MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

them where they will change into atoms fast enough to supply the
wants of the growing plants, and it is also evident that the soil
should be changed into that condition best adapted for the rapid
decomposition of coarse materials applied. If we apply stable
manure it should be placed where it will receive the heat of the
sun, the oxygen o*f the air, and the moisture of the earth ; all of
which act on the materials of which the manure is composed,
separating the mineral from the gaseous portions, and reducing
them to minute particles. Good cultivators have learned that
rapid growth is best secured by thoroughly mixing the manure
with well pulverized soil, keeping it within a few inches of the
surface ; this is because the light, pulverized soil readily admits the
heat, air, and water.

The fact should not be overlooked that for rapid plant growth,
the soil should be made light by considerable quantities of par-
tially decayed vegetation. A soil with all of the coarse particles
removed, by sifting through a fine sieve, would not be as well
adapted to the rapid growth of plants, as a soil lightened up with
partially decayed vegetation, for several reasons. First, because,
being more compact, the air is in a great measure shut out.
Second, the particles of earth being so fine, there is nothing to
keep it from becoming soggy with the first rain, and becoming
firm and hard as soon as it dries. Third, there being no vegeta-
tion to decompose, there can be no rapid manufacture of nitric
acid, or nitrous acid and ammonia, and in fact no carbonic acid,
all of which are necessary for plant growth, and also necessary to
produce a chemical action on the soil. Whenever we apply highly
concentrated fertilizers to the soil, we should alwa^^s do it in con-
nection with coarse manures, or apply it to soils alread}^ rich iu
partially decayed vegetation.

It should always be our aim to keep the soil so light and loose
near the surface, that the air and moisture will have a free circula-
tion through several inches in depth, for these are the true ele-
ments which join hands as messengers, and unite with the atoms
of phosphate, potash, lime, silica, nitrogenous compounds, and
other materials, and when united carry them to the roots of the
gi'owing plants.

In preparing the soil for growing plants, there is still another
point that should not be lost sight of, which is, that if we would
secure the most rapid growth, we must not only have the soil so

FERTILIZING AND PREPAEING SOIL, 137

prepared that the air and moisture will readily circulate through
all portions of it to the depth of several inches, but we must also
have the soil filled, during the period of plant growth, with all the
elements of plant food in that particular form necessary to readily
unite with both the air and water ; yet if we would use economy
in our operations, we must avoid appljdng more fertilizers in a
soluble form than the plants can consume ; especially is this true
of nitrogenous compounds.

He who applies a hundred cords of manure to the acre, manu-
factures nitrogenous and carbonaceous substances more rapidly
than the most vigorous growing crops can consume them. "While
possibly the crop might be larger than if only twenty cords had
been applied, it would be grown at a much less profit, except under
very extraordinary circumstances ; for plants, like animals, can
consume only a limited amount of food ; and plants, like animals,
to keep them healthy, must have food containing the different
elements in the right proportions. For example, if we should
apply large quantities of nitrates to the soil, with no phosphates
or alkalies, our plants would refuse to grow with any vigor. So
with any other single element.

To work judiciousl}', we must work intelligently, and appl}' to
each crop the proper proportions of each element ; this is a work
not easily accomplished ; for though the chemist can tell us what
each plant is composed of, he cannot so readily tell us from what
particular source each element is derived ; and as few of the mate-
rials applied as fertilizers have passed into the form of available
plant food, we are compelled to judge how rapidly they will change,
or we cannot tell what quantities it is necessary to apply to furnish
each particular element as fast as needed by the crop.

In no department of agriculture is light more needed than in
that which relates to the application of manures. It is very easy
to make an expensive mistake, by applying more manure than
enough to supply all the wants of the growing crop, and by applying
it in such condition, or in such manner, that it will not have become
plant food until long after wanted b\' the growing crop. Thus the
plants suffer for the want of food while surrounded with more than
sufl3cient, but in a state that cannot be taken up. When coarse
manure is covered up eight or ten inches in 'depth, and permitted
to remain undisturbed, it must not be expected that it will be con-
verted into plant food as quickly as if applied within a few inches

138 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of the surface, where it will be disturbed every time the crop is
cultivated. While it is important that a portion of the fertilizers
should be applied in a condition and in a manner to furnish plenty
of food to the 3'oung growing plant, it is also important that a con-
siderable portion should be applied in a condition and in a manner
to furnish food to the maturing plant and. the ripening seed.

In high culture, care is taken to keep the land filled with fertil-
izers in different stages of decomposition, that the plants ma}', in
all stages of growth, have plenty of food : but in ordinary field
culture, we do not usually' do this, therefore we often fail to get a
good crop ; not because manure enough has not been applied, but
because it has not become plant food at just the time needed by
the growing crop.

He who would be a successful cultivator should be a close
observer of nature, and should strive to become as familiar with
the wants of growing plants as he is with the wants of farm ani-
mals ; for to tend and feed growing crops with the greatest econ-
omy, requires quite as much intelligence as to care for, and feed,
cattle successfully.

The farmer who should gather up winter fodder for his cattle,
and then leave it in the open air to waste its nutritive qualities,
would be considered as adopting a very wasteful practice ; but the
same farmer might compost all of his manure in the open air, and
leave it six months without exciting a single remark ; yet the
manure, in the process of decomposition, will lose a considerable
portion of its plant food, and will also have its power to create
important chemical changes in the soil greatlj' reduced. It is
believed by some that, when vegetable substances are decomposed
in the soil, nitrogen is manufactured, by a process not yet under-
stood, in quantities so large that a portion of it must be drawn
from the air.

It is becoming more and more evident that, in field culture, barn
manure should be applied in a fresh state, and so mingled with the
soil as to encourage rapid decomposition, and thus create a
mechanical as well as chemical action on the soil, which is highly
beneficial to the growing crop, and which would be lost if decom-
position was permitted to take place in the compost heap.

In conclusion, I would call your attention to the fact that the
over application and misapjjlication of phosphate and potash, does
not result in that loss which is caused by the over application and

FERTILIZING AND PREPARING SOIL. 139

misapplication of materials containing nitrogen and carbon, because,
though the soil is filled with molecules composed of mineral sub-
stances, water and air, to an extent far beyond the capacity of
plants to absorb, when they reach the surface of the soil the water
evaporates, and the air mingles with its native element, thus sepa-
rating from, and leaving in the soil unconsumed, the mineral ele-
ments ; but when the soil is overcharged with molecules made up of
air, water, and nitrous acid in combination with ammonia, or car-
bonate of ammonia, the moment they come to the air the}' mingle
with it, and are thus lost, so far as relates to any future advantage
to the soil.

From this the natural conclusion is, that in fertilizing the soil
for growing crops, we maj' apply with a liberal hand both phos-
phate and potash without fear of loss, except by leaching ; but
that when we apply those elements of fertility which change to a
gaseous form, it is not, as a rule, economy to apply them in quan-
tities much larger than the growing crops can consume.

Discussion.

John B. Moore said that away from cities it is becoming a
serious question how we are to grow crops, and restore and keep
up the fertility of soils which have been depleted b}' over produc-
tion. The essayist is right in the belief that chemical fertilizers
should be applied in connection with coarse manures. Market
gardeners can see no benefit from chemical fertilizers ; but how
should they, when they apply along with them as much stable
manure as the crop needs ? The speaker had seen very large crops
of corn grown year after year, with chemical fertilizers. But the
question comes up, how are we to get them? For, at present, it is
evident that they cost more than farmers can afford to pay for
them, though they are better than formerly. The nitrogen which
they contain is from various sources. They are all valuable, but
it is useless to apply them to plants which are not in vigorous
growth. He had seen a dressing of nitrate of soda applied to
grass in autumn, when it was utterly useless. It disappeared
either by leaching or evaporation : but, if applied in spring it
would have caused a heavy growth. The lysimeter does not show
any loss of potash and bone by leaching, but it does show a loss
of nitric acid in the winter, but not in the growing season. He

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

had found by experience that it is unnecessary' to pay any attention
to providing a supply of nitrogen, but is of the opinion that, with
the ordinary methods of manuring. Nature will provide a sufficient
quantity. He believes that it is manufactured in the soil by the
condensation of the nitrogen of the atmosphere, or enough is
supplied by the decomposition of stable manure. Constant culti-
vation and stirring of the soil causes it to absorb nitrogen from the
air. Of two pieces of corn or cabbages, one of which is frequently
stirred, and the other is not, the former will be much better than
the latter ; and this superiority is not due to mechanical action
alone. But it is necessary to provide potash and phosphoric acid.
No chemist can tell in what form an}' substance will be fifteen
minutes after it is put into the soil.

Col. Henry "W. Wilson said that in preparing soil for the growth
of plants it is not generall^^ stirred more than from six to ten
inches in depth, but he thought the deeper it is stirred, inside of
four feet, the better. A box of earth four feet in depth, will hold
all the moisture necessar}' to support vegetation. No plant
can be induced to send its roots below the water table — that
is, the level at which water stands in the soil. If this is too
high, it must be lowered by draining. He could judge by the
character of the grasses on a given soil whether it needed draining.
Thorough pulverization in connection with perfect drainage, is the
most important operation on the soil. Air is the great disintegra-
tor, and oxygen is its great agent in that work. No form of
nitrogen is plant food, but only a solvent. The atmosphere is the
great source of nitrogen ; all the upper parts are filled with nitro-
gen clouds, which are absorbed and brought down by the rain.
Carbon in the soil is one of the constituents of butter and sugar,
and by roasting the soil, the carbon is supplied in a form to be
taken up. The essayist spoke of plants absorbing atoms ; but no
particle of undissolved matter can enter a plant ; their capillary
organs are so minute that food can enter only in solution. They
cannot assimilate particles. Potash is not easily evaporated, and
so its virtue remains in the soil for the ensuing j-ear ; but ammonia
applied in the autumn is lost. All fertilizers should be applied in
a neutral form ; lime is harmful to land, and so is sulphuric acid,
but when applied in combination, as sulphate of lime, the water
and air decompose it just fast enough, and all fertilizers should be
in such neutral form that the forces of nature will dissolve them.

\

FERTILIZING AND PEEPARING SOIL. 141

If we attempt to make' superphosphate of lime by adding sulphuric
acid to bone, we shall fail, but if we put water first, and then add
the sulphuric acid, we shall succeed.

Leander Wetherell thought that when soil, unless of extraordinary
depth, was trenched four feet deep, the vegetable humus was
covered up.

Col. Wilson said that whenever the soil had been prepared so
deep for certain kinds of fruits, the result was beneficial. For
the strawberry it would be an advantage, but not for the grape.

Mr. Wetherell said that he has a good farm, and where he
ploughed bound out grass land six inches deep, and harrowed the
same way, and then applied the Stockbridge formula for corn, and
harrowed again crosswise, and planted corn, he got one of the best
crops he had ever had. An Ohio farmer said that he had never
seen a better crop. There were eighty bushels to the acre, and the
crop was not so great in seed as in growth. The late Moses
Stebbins, of South Deerfield bought an old, worn out farm, in the
Connecticut valley, with alluvial, where the surface was exhausted,
and ploughed deep and turned up fresh soil to the increase of his
crops. Mr. Stebbins recommended John Green, at Hadley, to
plough deep, because of his own success, but Mr. Green's soil was
light, with a gravelly subsoil and little humus, and when the
plough was put down deep in that soil, the difference could be
seen in the following crop ; the humus was all turned under the
gravel. Ploughing must be adapted to the soil.

Nitrogen is commercially the most valuable fertilizer ; some
forms are highly active and others slow in their action. Ammonia
and nitric acid are the most active forms. Seventeen parts of
ammonia contain fourteen parts of nitrogen. The speaker thought
the amount of nitrogen taken from the air by plants very small ;
clover, however, is an exception. Corn and wheat give no per-
ceptible proof of having absorbed ammonia from the air. Clover
is deep rooted, and brings up food from the subsoil, and therefore
is one of the best plants for turning under as a green manure.
When it has been tried side by side with stable manure it has
brought better corn. This is an important and fertile subject, and
it is not exhausted. We want to retain the fertility of our farms
ani to save the cost of commercial fertilizers. The margin of
profit in their use is too small. Professor Johnson says it is a ques-
tion whether farmers can afford to pa}^ the prices of commercial
fertilizers. Professor Atwater says farmers use too much nitrogen.

142 jViassachusetts horticultural society.

Mr. Moore said that Col. Wilson had told us to begin with
thorough preparation and drainage, but he supposed that drainage
was understood to be necessar}'. He could tell b}^ the appearance
of plants whether they were suffering from too much water. He
believed twenty inches as good a depth for stirring the soil as two
feet or four feet. He knew that strawberry roots have run four
feet deep, but they would not have gone so far if thej'' could have
found food nearer. Thirty or forty years ago farmers were told
to plough fifteen inches deep for field crops, and they tried it and
found it did mischief by covering up the fertilizers from the air,
and the result would be the same if Col. Wilson should induce
them to do so now.

Col. Wilson asked, by what rule are we obliged to prepare soil
with a plough ? There are cases where the soil must be stirred
four feet in depth to gain the best results, as in making lawns.
The question is, what depth of soil will hold so much moisture
that the rain which falls on it will be sufficient for the wants of
the crop. Strawberries and grass need a great deal of water ;
grapes need very little. In California, with a drought that en-
dures all summer, vines in the vineyard will ripen thirty pounds of
grapes to the vine, whereas in our moist climate man}' a man kills
his vines with kindness by too constant watering. The prepara-
tion of the soil is the first element, and must be adapted to the
crops.

There are chemical reactions in the soil whereby- nitrogen is re-
leased. The great source of nitrogen is the atmosphere, which
contains eight parts of nitrogen to one of oxygen, and in every
expiration of animals all the oxygen is absorbed and almost all the
nitrogen given oS. Carbon has a greater affinity for potash than
nitrogen in the form of ammonia or nitrates. If 3'ou put water
into cologne it becomes turbid ; alcohol and water have greater
affinity for each other than alcohol and essential oils, and when
potash in a caustic form is mingled with composts containing
ammonia, the organic carbon in the compost combines with the
potash, and the ammonia is at once released and lost.

Josiah W. Talbot said, in regard to the statement of the essay-
ist that substances must be reduced to atoms before they can be
taken up by plants, that the expression is not a good one. fhey
must be either dissolved in water or be in the form of gas, and it
makes very little difference which. It is admitted that all plants

FERTILIZING AND PREPARING SOIL. 143

are half or more carbon, and the question comes up, how is car-
bonic acid formed ? The oxygen in the atmosphere takes hold of
the carbon in the plant. "When we stir the ground we admit air
and it coiftes in contact with vegetable matter and changes it into
carbonic acid gas, which is plant food. Many articles are dis-
solved in the soil and so taken up. Plants will send their roots
down to where they can get moisture ; the roots of elms have been
found twenty-five feet down. Strawberries will go down to where
they can get moisture, and in preparing ground we must go so
deep that the sun will not dr}^ the roots. In reclaiming the marshes
at Marshfield the ground is sometimes cultivated onlj- by harrow-
ing when it is liable to suffer from drought. The peaty formation
should be cultivated deeper.

Mr. Hersej^ said that by an atom he meant the smallest division
of matter possible, though he might, perhaps, have said in solution,
but he thought the paper showed fairl}- that plant food should be
in solution. He had been experimenting more than thirty years in
regard to the depth to which it is best to plough, and had come to
the conclusion that every man must learn his own soil, and stir
it as its condition requires. His own soil does not give as good
results when stirred deep as when stirred shallow. He had land
trenched two feet and a half in depth many years ago, which was
injured thereby and still shows the injury. "We can oulj' learn
general principles here and must go home and apply them accord-
ing to the condition of our soils.

Hon. Marshall P. "Wilder said that in cultivation we must
begin with draining as the foundation of all success. Soil must
be ploughed according to its nature, and must be properlj^ pre-
pared, and plant food given at the right time. The finer the
manure is comminuted, the better; and it should be applied near
, the surface. The late Hon. Benjamin "V. French tried the experi-
ment of burning manure fifteen inches in depth, and never heard
from it. The speaker had found by experience that it is better to
have manure fine and on the surface, and applied in autumn. Air
and water administered at the right time are the great constituents
which cause growth.

William H. Hunt said that it is the experience of ever}' farmer
that it is difficult to get sufficient fertilizing material. Near Bos-
ton it is very expensive, and away from the city, with all the stock
that can be kept, it is difficult to get enough. There is not suflS-

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cient stable manure to go over the country. At Concord it costs
eight dollars per cord, and the question is, whether to bu}' that or
chemical fertilizers. He had bought and manufactured the latter
largely, and we must resort to them. Dr. Nichols said that bone
and potash make the cheapest and best fertilizer ; ashes is the best
form of potash, but sufficient cannot be had, and we must use
muriate of potash. Farmers who want only a small quantity of
chemical fertilizers would do better to buy them already mixed ;
but those who use a large quantity should buy the materials, and
mix them. They cannot afford to use guano. We should plough
about as deep as we can manure ; in ordinary farm culture we
seldom go down a foot ; the speaker ploughs from five to eight
inches in depth.

The Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion
gave notice that, on the next Saturday, Josiah W. Talbot would
read a paper on " Sports Physiologically Considered."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 31, 1883.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Hon. Fkancis B. Hayes, President, in the chair.

E. W. Wood, Chairman of the Fruit Committee, reported in
regard to the vote concerniug fruits offered for Prospective Prizes,
which was referred to that Committee at the meeting on the 3d of
March, that it is inexpedient to take any action. The report was
accepted.

The meeting was then dissolved. #

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Sports Physiologically Considered.

By Josiah W. Talbot, Norwood.
3Tr. President and Members of the Horticultural Society :

In presenting the following paper on Vegetable Sports, permit
me, in justice to myself, to say that I lay no claim to new discov-

SPORTS PHYSIOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED. 145

eries in vegetable physiology, but I simply present the facts and
principles which I have gleaned from the best authors in our valu-
able librar3\

To call a natural phenomenon a sport, is to admit our ignorance
of the natural laws by which it was produced. To be satisfied
with that term evinces a willingness to remain ignorant. But such
phenomena are very common. When, for instance, a branch upon
the stock of a rose, or any other shrub or plant, produces a blos-
som essentially different from the others, it is called a sport.
"When, in grafting, the result is different from what we had reason
to expect, we call it sporting. When the green leafed laburnum
was budded with the golden, and the shoots below the bud, and
even those from the roots were variegated, the new variety thus
obtained was called a sport. So, when the yellow striped jessa-
mine was grafted on the white, and the smaller leafed abutilon was
grafted on the larger leafed, the two new varieties thus obtained
were called sports. When, in Amherst, N. H., a large Baldwin
tree, originally grafted near the ground on a Russet stock, threw
out a shoot twent}^ feet above the graft, bearing apples that seemed
to be a cross between the Baldwin and Russet, it was called Whi-
ting's Sport, after the owner. Tradition tells us that more than
a century ago, buds of the Golden Sweet and Rhode Island Green-
ing, being split and their halves united, produced the well-known
apple, one side of which is sweet, and the other sour. This apple
has alwaj's been called a sport. These are a few of a large class
of phenomena which, appearing to be contrary to natural laws,
have been called sports. The term, however, is an unfortunate
one. Nature never sports. All her laws are immutable. It is
only when we cannot comprehend them that she appears to sport.
Cases like the above, connected with grafting, cross-fertilizing, or
hybridizing, will never be perfectly understood until men better
understand the laws of vegetable anatomy and physiology. The
advance made in this direction within a few years has already
explained many of the mysteries of former times ; and is it not
reasonable to expect that scientific men, availing themselves of
past discoveries, with the improved apparatus and opportunities
of the present, will soon be able to trace what are now called
sports, to natural causes? But let us bear in mind that the
practical man, who carefully observes and records natural
phenomena may be the scientific man, whatever he may be called.
10

146 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The better to learn the origin, and understand the nature of
sports, I wish to call your attention to a few familiar, but well-
established physiological facts and truths. It is not long since
the most absurd and contradictory views prevailed in regard to
the circulation of the sap. That most trees and plants derive
a large part of their nourishment from the soil, will not be
questioned. Nearly all writers of note now admit that the
crude sap ascends from the roots, through the sap wood, to the
upper side of the leaves, where it is elaborated by coming in
contact with the air, exhaling the superfluous water and oxygen,
and inhaling carbonic acid. It then passes into the veins
on the under side of the leaves, to be conducted into the
chlorophyl vessels in the bark, where it is digested and assimilated
on its way into the cambium, where it forms the protoplasm or
life principle which circulates to every part of the plant, much as
the blood circulates in the animal system. So well are botanists
and physiologists agreed upon this subject, that controversy has
nearly ceased. From this we obtain an idea of the source of the
protoplasm, which originates not only all sports, but all growth in
plant life. Another class of well established facts which we must
understand before we approach the subject of sports, relates to
the cell stnicture of plants. All plants originate in, and are com-
posed of, minute cells. Every natural plant or tree came from
one parent cell, which had the power of multiplj'ing itself and
building up the whole plant or tree. From every parent cell in a
plant or tree, whether in root, branch, bud, or leaf, may be
developed another plant or tree, which will be true to its kind.
No natural plant or tree can of itself alone ever change its kind.
On this fact depends the permanency of varieties. Keeping these
facts in mind, we will now consider the formation of the cells.
All writers admit that every cell is formed in the cambium by the
protoplasm. According to their description, the protoplasm is
one of the most wonderful agents in the world. They assure us
that it has an inherent power of motion as persistent and inde-
pendent as the beating of the heart, and even more so, for while
the heart is always confined to the same relative spot, the proto-
plasm changes its locality and performs various kinds of motions,
and seems to be endowed with a wisdom to foresee and plan, and
a skill to execute the most varied operations. It not only forms
the cells, but changes their forms to make tubes and vessels,

SPORTS PHYSIOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED. 147

woody fibre, bark, buds and leaves ; secretes the gum, starch,
sugar, and all the materials that enter into the composition of
plants ; produces the most delicate blossoms, the most delicious
fruits, and finally, to perpetuate its kind, inserts in every specimen
of fruit a little embryo of itself in the well protected seed. All
this is ascribed to the protoplasm. Men witnessing this wonderful
display of wisdom and skill everywhere seen have called it JSfature,
and bowed in reverence ; but let us rather view it as the handiwork
of the Infinite One, whose wisdom designed, whose power executes
and upholds, and whose boundless love pervades the whole. Or
with the poet, exclaim,-^

" AU are but parts of one stupendous whole,
Whose body Nature is, and God the Soul."

But that protoplasm is the agent by which all vegetable growth
is carried on, must be admitted. By the improved microscope, we
can actually witness the wonderful process. We can see the first
step toward the formation of a cell. We can see the protoplasm
in the cambium, as' it forms itself into a little globe or ball to
become the nucleus of the future cell. We can see it begin to
rotate and take form, as it secretes the substance with which it
surrounds itself with a cell wall as perfect as the shell of an egg.
Thus the nucleus, the cell sap, and the cell wall, constitute a
parent cell. The nucleus is simply living protoplasm, which, as
soon as the first cell is completed, divides itself into two parts,
each taking an end of the cell, begins its rotary motion, divides
the cell wall, and from the half each forms a new cell as perfect as
the first. Thus from one cell two are formed, each to be again
divided, and thus on to infinity. But when a sufficient number of
cells are formed, one above another, a new work commences, with
which we are particularly interested. The protoplasm in the
perpendicular row of cells begins to absorb the transverse septa or
end walls which are in contact with each other, and joining the
side walls together forms tubes or sap vessels ; then passes up
through the tubes thus formed and uniting recommences its work
of cell building to complete the plant or tree. It is the ^cn^on of
the protoplasm or the contents of these cells as it absorbs the cell
walls between them and recommences cell building, that gives the
key to the origin of sports. It is a process which is constantly
going on in plant growth. Beyond the simple formation of cells,
this union seems to be the means of the most important changes.

148 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To illustrate : The grains of pollen in a blossom are admitted to
be independent male cells, which may be removed from one plant
to another. In the same blossoms where the male cells are
formed, are the ovules or female cells, which cannot be removed
without destroying them. These male and female cells are not
independent parent cells, i. e., they cannot b^' division form other
cells. Separately they can do nothing tOAvard building up the tree,
but soon perish. But bring the pollen or male cell in contact with
the ovule or female cell, and they at once absorb the cell walls
between them, unite their contents, and together form a new cell,
which is the embryo or parent cell of a new plant. In this waj'
every seed is formed by the union of the contents of two cells.
And here we maj- see how no plant can, of itself, ever change its
kind. If the pollen, or male cell, uniting with the female cell be
of the same kind, then the embryo or seed cell must be the same,
and the plant will be the same. But let the pollen or male cell be
of a different variety, and although they will unite in the same
way, yet the embryo or seed cell will be unlike either. It will be
a mixed or hybrid cell, and the plant coming from it will be like
it. Thus we see that all hybrids come from the union or mixing
of the contents of two cells. The same is true of all cross-fertilized
seeds. Two cells of different varieties unite to form a seed cell ;
hence the term " variety hybrid," applies to ever}' crossed variety.
Now, we wish to examine this union of cells a little more.
When two cells thus unite, each contains a nucleus which appears
to be little more than a small collection of protoplasm. But what
gives this little particle of protoplasm in the male cell the power
to produce such different results when uniting with female cells of
different varieties? Or, in other words, what determines i\xe, kind
of the embryo cell thus formed? In a natural tree, isolated from
all others, every seed or embrj'O will be true to its kind. But in
a grafted tree bearing several kinds of fruit, perhaps no two seeds
will produce the same kind. Now every nucleus or primordial
cell is formed in the protoplasm, and it would seem that the proto-
plnsm should determine the kind, but this is not the fact. Neither
is it the root that affords the sap, nor the leaf that elaborates it,
nor the protoplasm formed from it. I have a natural pear
tree, which, many years ago, was grafted with the St. Michael.
When that pear cracked so badl^', I grafted it with the Dun-
more. Not satisfied with that fruit, I grafted it again with

SPORTS PHYSIOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED. 149

the Anjou. Thus, I have four kinds' of pear wood growing
one above the other. The wild stock furnishes all the sap that
passes up through the four kinds of wood, which is elaborated,
digested, and assimilated by the Anjou leaves and branches, and
forms protoplasm in the cambium of the Anjou top. It is certainly
Anjou protoplasm, for it forms Anjou cells, buds, fruit, and wood.
But this same Anjou protoplasm passes down a little lower, and
forms Dunmore cells, buds, fruit, and wood ; still lower, it
forms St. Michael cells, buds, fruit, and wood ; lower still, the
the wild fruit of fifty years ago is found. And this all takes place
when there are only Anjou leaves on the tree. Now when the
protoplasm leaves the Anjou top, it is full of primordial cells
formed there, which, if matured there, would be Anjou. What
changes their nature as the}' pass down? I come to the conclusion
that each kind of wood must have an inherent power to determine
its own kind of fruit, and that the nuclei or primordial cells have
their kind determined by the wood where they are matured, and not
where they origina-ted. Every kind of wood imparts something to
every parent cell matured in it that determines what kind of fruit
the tree coming from it shall bear. And every tree coming from
such a cell must be true to its kind. Now if there is any way by
which the contents of two cells, determined by different kinds of
wood, should be unitect, would not the union be a hj'brid? We
have already seen that such a result follows in hj-bridizing and
cross-fertilizing. We have also seen that in building up a tree,
the cells often, yea, constantl}', absorb the cell walls between
them, and unite their contents, and proceed to form new cells by
their united contents. Now we are constantly' bringing such
different cells in contact by the process of grafting, and it is in
grafted trees that sports are generally, if not always, found. A
cell in a scion is placed in contact with a cell in the stock ; they
absorb the cell walls between them, unite their contents, and these
proceed to build a strain of wood different from either ; in
time, this blossoms and bears fruit, uniting the qualities of both
scion and stock. It is a graft hybrid, but is called a spoi't. I
think all sports come from a union of cells of different varieties.
We may not alwa3"s trace this. As in the animal kingdom, the
mixed strain may reach far back — sometimes over several genera-
tions— so in plants ; the strain may not become apparent for years,
but when it appears it gives a new variety. But there is another

150 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICDLTUEAL SOCIETY.

.union of cells to which I wish to refer. A bud is virtually a single
parent cell in its winter costume, with its spring ration enclosed.
These bud cells may be split, and the halves of different ones
united, thus mixing their contents as effectually as in hybridizing.
Mr. Meehan assures us that he has done it. During the last
season, I split the buds of several kinds of apples, and united
them, and have three united buds living. I cannot tell what kind
of fruit they will bear, but I know that halves of different buds
united and grew well. This is a union of different cells, and I see
no reason why their substance did not unite to form a parent cell
which multiplied itself to build up the shoots just as any other
cell does, and I cannot see why it will not be a mixed or hybrid
wood, and bear a mixed or hybrid fruit. If so, I shall not call it
a sporty but a graft hybrid. And such are all sports. They are
hybrids resulting from the union of different cells.' This certainly
applies to the variegated laburnum, jessamine, and abutilon, which
we know were the result of grafting, and I think equally well to
the rose, the apple, and all other sports. I come to this conclusion
from the truths and principles found in the works of the most dis-
tinguished authors in our valuable library. Most of these authors
speak of sports and graft hj'brids, but none attempt to account for
them except Ex-President Clark of our own college, and he, rather
doubtingly, in his report for 1870, says : '*It may be possible that
a part of a cell of the scion may unite with a part of the cell of the
stock, and form a kind of mechanically crossed cell, capable of
reproducing itself in infinite variety." This "infinite variety" is
foggy. If he had said, capable of producing a new variety, it
would have been nearer the truth. But if he had considered what
he had alread}^ stated about the union of cells by the absorption of
their transverse septa, he would have seen that it is not necessary
to take parts of cells, but that by simply bringing cells of different
varieties together, they will often absorb the intervening cell walls,
unite their contents, and form a mixed cell producing a new
variety, and all that is mechanical about it is the method by which
the cells are brought in contact. From the foregoing, I conclude
that all vegetable sports are hybrids, produced by the natural unioti
of cells of different varieties, and that when more familiar with the
subject, we shall no longer call them Sports but Hybrids.

SPORTS PHYSIOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED. 151

. Discussion.

Hon . Marshall P. Wilder said that he had been more interested
in the paper just read than he expected to be; He had heard a
good deal about cell matter, which he had not intelligence enough
to understand ; but Mr. Talbot had so sj'stematized his facts in
regard to physiology, and stated them in such a sensible way, as
to make his paper a remarkable one. His method of accounting
for the production of four different kinds of wood in the pear tree,
by the cell being matured in the wood formed, the speaker thought
correct. We all know how cells are produced and conjoined, but
he had not so well understood the process hy which sports are
produced, and that whether they are called hybrids or sports, the
process is the same. He had had much experience in producing
new varieties, and some sports which he has fixed may have come
from such a union of cells as the essayist had described.

D. W. Lothrop said that he had been exceedingly interested in
the paper. The subject is very complicated — as much so as any-
thing in science,' except that of soils. Many German writers seem
to be trying to explain old mysteries by new phrases. The
moment you can produce a sport, you show that you understand
the laws which govern it. If we cannot get positive evidence on
the subject, we may get negative. There is no certaint}' in regard
to sports ; when we arrive at certainty regarding them, they cease
to be sports. It makes no difference what name is given to them.
The speaker has a grafted tree, on which all the grafts have shown
themselves the same as he put in, except one branch, which has not
yet borne, is different in leaf, and will probably prove a sport, or
what Professor Gray would call a bud variety. But such phe-
nomena cannot be produced at will. The cell process does not
make it clear how the sweet and sour apple was produced. Mr. *
Meehan's process, by splitting the graft through the bud, is legiti-
mate and natural, and can be effected, as is known. Mr. Coxe
(View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees, page 22,) says he has
seen an apple in which the properties of the Newtown Pippin and a
Russeting were mixed by the accidental intermingling of the
branches of two trees growing in an orchard at Trenton, N. J. ;
one end of each apple was strongly marked externally by the
character of the Russet parent ; the other equally resembled the
Pippin, and the flavor and juice of each end corresponded exactly
with its external appearance. Here is extraneous influence, from

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

pollen, or otherwise, affecting the fruit, and it seems to be acci-
dental or abnormal in nature, and could not be produced at will.
We sometimes see an apple shaped like a pear ; this is a sport not
explained by the cell process, and which nobody can produce. It
may be that where two branches from two trees come together, the
pollen may have fructified and affected the shape of the fruit (not
the seed) the same year.

Mr. Talbot did not believe in accidents in nature. When we
understand the laws which govern variations, it is not proper to call
them sports. The best authorities speak of species hybrids, or
mules, and variety hybrids or crosses. He did not believe in bud
variations ; a bud is a cell with other appendages, and the vital
part is a single cell, which divides in the spring and carries on
growth. He could not see how the pear-shaped apple could be
produced by pollen, but by combining one cell with another it
could be produced. Hj-bridizing was formerly looked on as being
as mysterious as these things are thought now. He brought up
the subject to call attention to facts recorded from twenty to forty
years ago.

C. Terry asked how a bud could be split without destroying it.

Mr. Talbot said that he split twelve buds, and that in three
cases they united, and are now living. In two cases where he
joined halves of buds on a scion, and inserted the scion in another
stock, they did not live. The foliage produced by the split buds
is slightlj' different from that of the stock. The contents of the
buds have united.

Charles M. Hovey denied that all sports are hj'brids, and said
that it is folly to assert it. If a bud is cut in the germ, it will be
destroyed. The flowers now in the fruit buds were formed last
summer, and the wood buds the same. There is an infinitesimal
point in a seed — of a cucumber, for instance, — which, if cut
through, the germ will be destroyed. The difference between a
hybrid and a cross is that, in the former, two species are united,
and in the latter, two varieties. The product of the former is
termed a mule, but sometimes it will produce seed. When we
cross-fertilize a camellia or a strawberry, we get something between
the two varieties crossed. An oak throws out a variegated leaf ;
where did it get the white leaf? A chrj'santhemum may be prop-
agated for ten j-ears by cuttings, and not by seed, and by and by
a yellow flowered plant produces a white one, and the two come

SPORTS PHYSIOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED. 153

out simultaneously. The Browallia will sometimes produce a
branch with white flowers. These are all things of which we know
not how they are done, but the speaker hoped we might find out.
Some things are yet unfathomable ; we cannot find out the law by
which a wild stock, when grafted, produces eight or ten varieties
of fruit, and all distinct. Van Mons did not believe in hybridiz-
ing ; why did his seedlings vary ?

Mr. Talbot replied to Mr. Hovey's last query, that Van Mons
planted the trees which produced his seeds alongside of other
varieties.

Mr. Wilder agreed with Mr. Talbot that Van Mons must have
planted his trees in his garden with other varieties.

Mr. Hovey said that geraniums and other plants grown in green-
houses where there are no other varieties, will vary when grown
from seed. Nature has provided against the chance of flowers not
being fertilized, bj' a surplus of stamens, a sin all the Rosacete,
and there is no need of foreign fertilization ; three-quarters of
them do their own fertilization. Variations take place without
regard to hybridization, not only in the vegetable world, but
throughout creation.

William C. Strong was called on, and said that he was not
inclined to speak, because he felt the danger of expressing crude
opinions. He felt under obligations to the essayist for his paper,
but was not ready to follow it. As regards hybridization by dif-
ferent kinds of protoplasm producing the different varieties in
seeds, we may, perhaps, agree. But to divide, and afterwards to
cross in an artificial way, admits of very grave doubts. To split
a single cell would destroy it.

Mr. Talbot said that Mr. Strong did not make the distinction
between protoplasm and the beginning of a cell. One single cell
divides and makes other cells, called the parent cell. If we can
divide that and unite another half cell with it, it makes but a sin-
gle cell.

Mr. Hovey asked Mr. Talbot whether he had ever attempted to
divide a fern spore.

Mr. Talbot replied that he had not, and added that every seed
is a compound cell.

Mr. Strong controverted the point made by the essayist, that
nature never changes without the introduction of a new element,
and that there can be no variation but by the union of two varie-

154 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ties. Protoplasm may be modified. Sports are found most fre-
quentl}' on grafts, as in the case of the four kinds of pears on one
stock, and are not caused b}' hybridization, but the nature of the
plant is changed. Men change by age ; why should not plant cells
grow larger by cultivation ? The condition of the soil changes ;
the color of a coleus ma}' be heightened by the soil.

Leander Wetherell quoted a remark made by Professor Agassiz
at a farmers' meeting, that the term hybrid is properly applied
only to the intermixture of two species ; when two varieties are
intermixed, it is a cross. The speaker urged the necessity of using
words with exactness and accuracy.

Mr. Hovey said that pears and other fruits are generally self-
fertilized, though Darwin thinks self-fertilization insufficient. Red
clover and white never cross. Nature has done everything to pro-
duce self-fertilization, so that there should be no failure in the con-
tinuation of au}^ plant.

Mr. Talbot asked why, if any accident should occur, varieties
should not get mixed up ? The laws of nature prevent the red and
white clovers from crossing.

*a'

Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman of the Committee on Publication
and Discussion, announced that this would close the meetings for
discussion the present season.

President Hayes thought it proper that the Chair should express
the thanks of the Society to the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, from whose action it has received so great advan-
tage, and it was pleasant to him to bear witness to the benefit
which these discussions have conferred, not only on those who
have attended them, but on the whole country. Never before has
the Society done so much for the diffusion of information on horti-
culture. All are not educated up to the same plane, and this
morning we have been groping into Nature. He congratulated
the Society on what had been accomplished at these meetings, and
said that since their commencement, the Society had been espe-
cially indebted to Ex-Presidents Wilder aud Strong for the part
they had taken in sustaining them.

Mr. "Wilder said that his heart was alive to this subject, and he
thanked the President for his constant attendance at the meetings,
and the Committee for the zeal and energy that they had shown.
The reports have been distributed through the country every week,
and have been largely copied in the journals of the day. Great as

CLOSING PROCEEDINGS. 155

have been the benefits of our exhibitions, the Society has never
done anything so popular as the holding of these useful and
instructive meetings. If we could not by this means procure the
information they have afforded, we might be unable to obtain it at
all. Mr. Wilder said that he should not attend these meetings a
great while, but urged the Society to go on with them through com-
ing time ; it is in the right way, and should follow it.

Eev. A. B. Muzzey said that as one of the oldest members of
the Society, and as a former member of the Committee on Publi-
cation and Discussion, he thought it but justice to the Society, and
to those who have had charge of the meetings, to say that never
before have they been so successful, so well attended, and pro-
ductive of so much advantage. Never before have we been
honored with the constant presence of the President of the Society.
The Committee must have spent a great deal of time in perfecting
their arrangements, and have never had so much success in select-
ing good essayists. The speaker was delighted to see that the
Society has the cooperation of the community in its efforts to
diffuse information on horticulture. He offered the following vote :

Voted, That the thanks of the Society be given to the President,
the Hon. Francis B. Hayes, for his constant presence at the dis-
cussions, and the impartial, courteous, and faithful manner in
which he has presided over these meetings. Also, that our thanks
be expressed to the Committee on Pubhcation and Discussion for
their wise selection of readers and the valuable papers given us
through the season. Also, that we express our thanks to our
Secretary for his admirable reports of the meetings and his devoted
services in all his duties, in which he has labored to the detriment
of his health ; and we express our hope that he may, by rest and
recreation, be restored to pursue his invaluable work.

The vote was unanimously passed, and the meeting then ad-
journed without day.

I

CONTENTS.

Page.
Pkefatoey Xote, ......... 3

Business Meeting, January 6, 1883 ; Election of Recording Secretary pro
tern., p. 5; Address of President Hayes, 5-9; Appropriation for
Floral Exhibitions at the winter meetings, p. 9; Election of Members, 9

Meeting foe Discussion ; Insect Enemies of Fruits, by Jacob W. Man-
ning, pp. 10-15; Discussion, . . . . . . . 15,16

Business Meeting, January 13 ; Letter from Winthrop Sargent, . . 17

Meeting fob Discussion; Chrysanthemums and their Culture, by Dr.
Henry P. Walcott, pp. 17-23; Discussion, 24-28; Keceipt for Preventing
Mildew, .......... 28

Business Meeting, January 20, ....... . 28

Meeting for Discussion; Lilies and their Culture, by William E. Endi-

cott, pp. 28-32; Discussion, 33-36; The Tupelo, . . . . 36,37

Business Meeting, January 27; Report of the Committee of Arrange-
ments read, .......... 37

Meeting fob Discussion; The Best Kinds of Fruit for Export, 37-45;

Auctions of Fruits in England, 40, 41; Evaporating Fruits, . . 42,45

Business Meeting, February 3; Appointment of Treasurer and Secre-
tary, p. 46 ; Annual Report of Treasurer read, p. 46 ; Election of Mem-
bers, ........... 46

Meeting fob Discussion; The Sweet Principle of Fruits and Plants, by
Dr. James R. Nichols, pp. 46-59: Analysis of Apples, 54, 55; Fertilizers
for Fruits, 56-59 ; Discussion, ....... 59-61'

Business Meeting, February 10; Invitation from the Imperial Russian

Horticultural Society, p. 61 ; Letter from Francis Darwin, . . 61, 62

Meeting fob Discussion; Herbaceous Perennials, by Warren H. Man-
ning, pp. 62-66 ; Discussion, ....... 66-71

Business Meeting, February 17 ; Sale of Transactions, . . . 71,72

Meeting for Discussion; New and Useful Shrubs, and their Propaga-
tion, by William C. Strong, pp. 72-78; Discussion, .... 78-91

11

CONTENTS.

Page.
Business Meeting, February 24; Sale of Transactions, p. 91 ; Decease of

Hon. Paul A. Chadboume announced, . . . . . 91, 92

Meeting FOE Discussion; Cultivation of Hardy Grapes . . . 92-99

Business Meeting, March 3 ; Motion in regard to Fruits shown for Pro-
spective Prizes, p. 100; Election of Members, .... 100

Meeting for Discussion ; Strawberries and their Culture, by Hon. Mar-
shall P. "Wilder, pp. 100-104 ; Discussion, . ' . . . . 104-110

Business Meeting, March 10; Invitation from the Imperial Russian Hor-
ticultural Society, p. 110; Memorial of Hon. Paul A. Chadboume, pp.
110-112; Decease of Arthur Bryant, Sr., announced, . . . 113

Meeting fok Discussion ; Hybrid Perpetual Roses, by John B. Moore,
pp. 113-117; Discussion, 117-122; List of Roses, 119; Early flowering of
Chinese Azaleas, ......... 123

Business Meeting, March 17, ....•• • 123

Meeting fob Discussion ; Culture of Small Fruits, .... 123-131

Business Meeting, March 24; Memorial of Arthur Bryant, . . 131,132

Meeting fob Discussion ; Fertilizing and Preparing the Soil, by Edmund

Hersey, pp. 133-139 ; Discussion, ....... 139-144

Business Meeting, March 31 ; Report concerning Prospective Prizes, . 144

Meeting fob Discussion; Sports Physiologically Considered, by Josiah

W. Talbot, pp. 144-150; Discussion, pp. 151-154; Closing Proceedings, . 154, 155

i

I

I

i

TRANSACTIONS

OP THE

lassacljwsdls Jortkultoral ^adt%

FOR THE YEAR 1883.

' PART II.

FROM THE

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Please acknowledge receipt to

ROBERT MANNING, Secretary.

BOSTON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

1884.

TRANSACTIONS

OP THE

Jassacljttsdts Jortkultaral ^m%

FOR THE YEAR 1883.

' PART II.

BOSTON :
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

1884.

The Committee on Publication and Discussion, take this oppor-
tunity to repeat what they have heretofore stated, that the Society
is not to be held responsible for the certainty of the statements,
the correctness of the opinions, or the accuracy of the nomencla-
ture, in the papers and discussions now or before published, all of
which must rest oh the credit or judgment of the respective writers
or speakers, the Society undertaking only to present these papers
and discussions, or the substance of them, correctly. The award
of a prize or gratuity for an Essay is not to be understood as im-
plying that the Committe approve it in every particular, but only
that they believe it calculated, on the whole, to promote the science
or art of Horticulture.

Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman.

i

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

MassiafbttiSf tts g0>;ti(uWjwflI ^mtt^.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, April 7, 1883.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at
11 o'clock, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, President, in the chair.

Hon. Marshall .P. Wilder, President of the American Pomo-
logical Society, presented a circular announcing that the Nine-
teenth Biennial Session of that Society would be held in Phil-
adelphia, September 12, 13, and 14, and moved the appointment
of a delegation of twenty-five from this Society, of which the Pres-
ident should be chairman, to attend the meeting, the delegation
to have power to fill vacancies in their number. The motion was
carried, and Mr. Wilder, Robert Manning, and E. W. Wood, were
appointed a Committee to nominate delegates.

John B. Moore moved that Ellwanger's " Treatise on the Rose"
be made the standard of classification of all roses exhibited for
the Society's premiums. The motion was referred to a Committee
consisting of Mr. Moore, William H. Spooner, E. W. Wood, J.
H. Woodford, and Edward L. Beard.

The appropriations recommended by the Executive Committee at
the meeting on the 4th of November, 1882, were taken up, and
voted by the Society, as follows : —
For Prizes and Gratuities,

For Plants and Flowers, .... $1500

" Fruits, 950

" Vegetables, 500

" Gardens and Greenhouses, . . . 100

162 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

«

For the Committee on the Library, for the
purchase of magazines and newspapers, bind-
ing of books, continuing the card catalogue
of plates, and incidental expenses of the
Committee, ...... 400

For the Committee on Publication and Dis-
cussion, ....... 150

For the expenses of the Committee of Arrange-
ments, ....... 300

Dr. Horatio C. Meriam, of Salem, and
Amos E. Hill, of Belmont,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee, were, on
ballot, duly elected members of the Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, May 5.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, May 5, 1883.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Hon. Francis B. Hayes, President, in the chair.

The Committee appointed at the last meeting to select some
book as a standard authority for the guidance of committees and
exhibitors in the classification of roses, reported through their
Chairman, John B. Moore, that they had examined various works
on the rose, and after careful consideration unanimously recom-
mended to the Society to adopt as such standard, Eilwanger's
" Treatise on the Rose."

The report was unanimously accepted and adopted.

The President communicated a letter from the President of the
Imperial Russian Horticultural Society, containing more fully the
information received by telegraphic cable, on the 10th of March,
that the International Exposition of Horticulture and Congress of
Botanists and Horticulturists, fixed for the present month, in cele-
bration of the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of that Society, had been
postponed until next year, on account of the coronation of the
Emperor and Empress of Russia at Moscow during the month,

DECEASE OF PARKER BARNES ANNOUNCED. 163

and expressing the hope that the representatives of this Society
would be present next year.

Adjourned to Saturday, June 2.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, June 2, 1883.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Hon. Francis B. Hayes, President, in the chair.

C. H. B. Breck announced the decease of Parker Barnes, one of
the oldest members of the Society, and moved the appointment of
a committee to prepare memorial resolutions. The motion was
carried, and the Chair appointed as that Committee, Mr. Breck,
William H. Spooner, and John B. Moore.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder exhibited two colored plates of a large
number of double and single varieties of Tuberous Rooted Be-
gonias, and spoke of the recent great improvement in these plants,
and of their value for the summer decoration of gardens and
ornamental grounds.

The following named persons having been recommended by the
Executive Committee were, on ballot, duly elected members of the
Society :

Francis W. Morandi, of Maiden.

George W. Weld, of Newport, R. I.

Samuel A. D. Sheppard, of Newton.

The meeting was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, July 7, 1884.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at 11
o'clock, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, President, in the chair.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Chairman of the Committee appointed
on the 7th of April to report a list of delegates to the meeting of

164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the American Pomological Society at Philadelphia, on the 12th,
13th, and 14th of September, reported the following :

The President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, Chairman.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Warren Fenno,

Charles M. Hovey,. John C. Hovey,

James F. C. Hyde, E. P. Richardson,

William C. Strong, James W. Clark,

John B. Moore, Aaron D. Capen,

Benjamin G. Smith, Henry W. Wilson,

C. H. B. Breck, John A. Demar,

E. W. Wood, Nelson B. White,

P. Brown Hovey, John H. Moore,

Charles F. Curtis, Charles N. Brackett,

J. W. Manning, William H. Spooner,

O. B. Hadwen, Warren Heustis.

The report was accepted, and the Committee was empowered to ap-
point substitutes for such delegates as might be unable to attend.

Edward L. Beard said that the project of holding a grand exhi-
bition during the year 1884, not only of horticultural products but
of plant houses, heating apparatus, and all other objects appertain-
ing to horticulture, had been discussed by some of the members of
the Society, who believe that, occupying as it does a foremost
place among American horticultural societies, it should take such a
step in advance. He thought it probable that contributions could
be secured from Europe, and felt certain that such an exhibition
would be the means of diffusing much needed information on hor-
ticulture. On motion of John B. Moore, seconded by William H.
Spooner, the following named persons were appointed a Committee
to consider the subject : Edward L. Beard, Marshall P. Wilder,
H. H. Hunnewell, F. L. Ames, Charles M. Hovey, John B. Moore,
William H. Spooner.

The following named persons having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members of the
Society :

Spencer W. Robinson, of Boston.

Rhodes Lockwood, of Charlestowu.

Francis C. Foster, of Cambridge.

Adjourned to Saturday, August 4.

COMMITTEE ON NOMINATIONS. 165

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, August 4, 1883.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

Robert Manning was added to the delegates to the meeting of
the American Pomological Society.

Hon. Marshall P, Wilder announced the decease of Dr. John A.
Warder, of North Bend, Ohio, a Corresponding Member of the
Society, and moved the appointment of a Committee to prepare
memorial resolutions, and Mr. Wilder, Charles M. Hovey, Robert
Manning, and Leander Wetherell were appointed as that Com-
mittee.

On Mr. Wilder's motion, also, a Committee, consisting of Aaron
D. Capen, E. W, Wood, and Charles N. Brackett, was appointed
to prepare resolutions in memory of Lemuel Clapp.

David W. Lothrop announced the decease of George Craft, and
moved the appointment of a committee to prepare a memorial, and
Mr. Lothrop, John C. Hovey, and John G. Barker were appointed
as that Committee.

Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws the President re-
ported the following Committee to nominate suitable candidates
for the various offices of the Society for the year 1884: Hon.
Marshall P. Wilder, Chairman, Henry P. Walcott, William H.
Spooner, Henry Ross, George Hill, Joseph H. Woodford, Ed-
ward L. Beard.

George A. Purdie, of Wellesley Hills, and
James H. Bowditch, of Brookline,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee, were, on
ballot, duly elected members of the Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, September 1.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, September 1, 1883.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Hon. Francis B. Hayes, President, in the chair.

166 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCLETT.

Hon. Marshall P. "Wilder, Chairman of the Committee appointed
at the last meeting to prepare resolutions in memory of Dr. John
A. Warder, reported as follows : —

The Committee appointed to prepare resolutions on the death
of Dr. John A. Warder, a Corresponding Member of this Society,
beg leave to report :

Dr. Warder died at his residence. North Bend, Ohio, July 14,
1883, aged seventy-one j-ears. He was born within the limits of
Philadelphia, and was for many years a beloved physician in Cin-
cinnati, until his removal to his farm, a part of which was for-
merly President Harrison's. He was a Vice-President of the
American Pomological Societ}^ an Ex-President of the Cincinnati
Horticultural Society ; President of the Ohio Pomological, now
the State Horticultural, Society ; founder and President of the
American Forestry Association, until last year when it became
the American Forestry Congress ; and a member of many other
associations. Dr. Warder was a student of nature, deeply inter-
ested in landscape gardening, and the improvement of our ceme-
teries, and also in the work of various scientific and educational
institutions, and had been recently appointed by the United States
Department of Agriculture, as Forestry Agent for the investigation
of American Forestry ; Therefore be it

Resolved^ That iu the death of Dr. John A. Warder, a Corre-
sponding Member of this Society, we have to deplore the loss of
one of nature's noblemen, unselfish and generous, devoting his
whole life to the good of others. We recognize his fondness for
scientific investigations, his contributions to various literary and
medical publications, and especially his valuable works on Ameri-
can Pomology and American Forestry.

Resolved, That in this bereavement we have lost a man of fine
social qualities, whose society was greatly enjoyed by all who
knew him, and we would here express our heartfelt sympathy with
the family of the deceased.

Leander Wetherell desired to add his testimony to the worth of
Dr. Warder, whom he first met in Rochester, N. Y., about 1845.
He knew him to respect and honor him. He was of Quaker ances-
try, and his father entertained Audubon, William Bartram, and
Nuttall, and they inspired the son with a love of nature and science.
His publications on forestry, of which a list was printed in the
August number of the "Journal of Forestry," are numerous, and

DECEASE OF DR. J. A. WARDER AND LEMUEL CLAPP. 167

form almost a library on that subject ; and it is an important
question who shall fill his place in the study and investigation of
that department of rural economy. He was chosen a Correspond-
ing Member of this Society in 1869, and was a gentleman whom
we all delighted to honor, and it becomes us to pay him the
respect which he so richly deserved.

"William C. Strong confirmed all that had been said by the last
speaker, and in the resolutions, in praise of Dr. Warder.

Mr. Wilder said that Dr. Warder was a remarkable and most
useful man, and that in his death he had lost a very dear friend, who
alwa3's made the house of the speaker his home when he visited Bos-
ton, and who, when he was sick, came in loving kindness to watch
over him not only in his home, but by his bedside in Washington.

President Hayes desired from his official position to acknowledge
in behalf of the Society, the great worth of Dr. Warder, and the
benefit conferred by him on the Society, which is indebted to him
for instruction on a novel subject, and deeply deplores his loss.

The resolutions -were unanimously adopted.

Aaron D. Capen, Chairman of the Committee appointed at the
last meeting to prepare a memorial of Lemuel Clapp, presented
the following :

The Committee appointed to take suitable notice of the death of
Lemuel Clapp, respectfully report :

Lemuel, the son of William and Elizabeth (Humphreys) Clapp,
was born in Dorchester January 21, 1815, and died June 15, 1883.
He, with his brothers Thaddeus and Frederick, was largely inter-
ested in agricultural and horticultural pursuits. He planted with his
own hand the seed from which the Clapp's Favorite pear originated.

It is not often that we have to record the death of one whose
departure will be the occasion of greater sorrow in the circle in
which he moved. The loss of his efforts in behalf of the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society will be seriously felt.

He was beloved by his family and many personal friends, and

highly respected by all who knew him, as a gentleman not only

above reproach but above the suspicion of it. Many have made

more show and noise in this world, but few have left it with a

cleaner record.

Aaron D. Capen,

E. W. Wood, } Committee.
C. N. Bracklett,

168 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Wilder said that he knew Mr. Clapp well as a worthy citi-
zen of Dorchester. He was the last of three brothers noted for
their excellent character and their skill as horticulturists. Al-
though Thaddeus Clapp has the credit of producing the* Clapp's
Favorite pear, the seed of this and all the other fine seedling pears
which have originated in the grounds of the Clapp brothers was
planted by Lemuel. He is a loss to the community and especially
to American Pomology.

The resolutions were unanimously adopted.

William H. Spooner, from the Committee appointed at the meet-
ing on June 2d, to prepare resolutions in memory of Parker Barnes,
reported the following :

Besolved, That in the death of Parker Barnes, the Massachu-
setts Horticultural Society has lost a member who for many years
took a lively interest in its welfare and prosperity.

Besolved, That while we sympathize deeply with the family and
relatives of the deceased, in this dispensation of Providence, we
rejoice in the full belief that he has passed to a higher and more
glorious state of existence.

Besolved, That these resolutions be entered on the records of
the Society, and that a copy be transmitted to the family of the
deceased.

C. H. B. BRECK,

Chairman of Committee.

Mr. Wilder said that he knew Mr. Barnes as a lover of Nature
fifty years ago. He afterwards was much interested in the dahlia,
of which he had one of the most extensive collections and was
one of the most successful cultivators. Later he became a seeds-
man, and was instrumental in the distribution of both seeds and
plants of beautiful flowers.

Robert Manning, the Librarian, took from the library a little
book, presented by Mr. Barnes on the 10th of October, 1882 —
" The Young Florist, or Conversations on the Culture of Flowers
and on Natural History, with numerous engravings, from original
designs : By Joseph Breck, Superintendent of the Horticultural
Gardens, Lancaster, Mass." It was published at Boston, in 1833,
and bore the following inscription on a fly-leaf: " This book was
the cause of the development of my love for flowers : Parker

DECEASE OF GEORGE CRAFT. 169

Barnes, May 5, 1863 ;" thus forming an interesting memorial of
the author and the giver ,^ two of the oldest members of the Society.
The resolutions were unanimously adopted.

The Committee appointed at the last meeting to prepare resolu-
tions in memory of George Craft, reported through their Chairman,
David "W. Lothrop, as follows :

The Committee appointed at the last meeting to present resolu-
tions to the Society on the decease (July 21, 1883) of Mr. George
Craft, of Brookline, would make the following report :

Resolved, That on the death of Mr. Craft, long a member of this
Society, we would express our sorrow for the loss of one who,
during the greater part of his life, took a deep interest in agricul-
ture and horticulture, and in the various arts and sciences to which
they are allied, holding for several years a place on the Flower
Committee of our Society. In early life he was much interested
in the cultivation and sale of ornamental trees and shrubs, and in
a later portion of his life in that of flowers, particularly the Gladi-
olus, raising many fine seedlings thereof, in which industry he
was very prominent, if not the pioneer, taking many prizes, cer-
tificates of merit, and several medals, as our annual reports abun-
dantly testify. In the allied art of landscape gardening, he mani-
fested much pride and pleasure, and exhibited the marks of his
discriminating taste in everything of this nature which he under-
took. But aside from his love of horticulture, the members of this
Society, and those who knew him best, will remember him for his
self-culture, industry, and ingenuity, his frankness and modesty,
his cheerful companionship, his unsullied reputation, his interest
in many philanthropic associations, and his general devotion to the
higher elevation of man.

Resolved, That these resolutions be entered on the records of
the Society, and that a copy be forwarded to the sister of the de-
ceased.

D. W. LOTHKOP, ^

John C. Hovey, >^ Committee.
John G. Barker, )

The resolutions were unanimously adopted.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Chairman of the Committee to nomi-
nate candidates for Officers and Standing Committees for the next
year, reported a printed list, which was accepted and laid on the

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

table. It was voted that the Committee be continued and requested
to nominate candidates in place of any T^ho might decline before
the election.

William H. Spooner announced that Charles H. B. Breck had
declined a renomination as Chairman of the Committee of Arrange-
ments, after having filled that important position acceptably and
courteously for many years, and offered the following resolve, which
was unanimously passed :

Resolved, That the thanks of the Society be presented to Charles
H. B. Breck, for his long term of service, of seventeen years, as
Member and Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee as members of the Society, were, on ballot,
duly elected :

Daniel Wright, of Lowell.
HosEA Waterer, of South Natick.
Mrs. Mary Langmaid, of Somerville.

The meeting was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, September 22, 1883.
A special meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock, in
accordance with the following request :

Boston, September 18, 1884.
To Hon. Francis B. Hayes,

President of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society :

Agreeably to Section XI of the Constitution and By-Laws of
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, the undersigned twelve
members request you to call a special meeting of the Society, to
see if the Society will authorize the execution of a mortgage on
its estate on Tremont Street, Boston, between Bromfield and Bos-
worth Streets, for $60,000 for five years, at 4J per cent interest.
Marshall P. Wilder, John Fillebrown,

Charles H. B. Breck, Robert Bottomly,

John G. Barker, M. W. Chadbourne,

George Hill, D. A. Martin,

George W. Fowle, David Allan,

Robert Manning, Samuel G. Damon.

ANNUAL ELECTION. 171

In compliance with this request the President ordered that a
Special Meeting be held on Saturday, September 22, at 11 o'clock,
for the purpose therein mentioned, and that the notice required by
the Constitution and By-Laws be given by an advertisement signed
by the President, which was accordingly published three times in
the Daily Evening Transcript, and three times in the Boston Daily
Advertiser, and a notice of similar tenor was posted in the Library
Room.

At this meeting the President was in the chair, and stated the
object of the meeting to be to execute a mortgage and note, as
mentioned in the call for the meeting. The mortgage and note
were read in full by the President, and on motion of Aaron D.
Capen it was unanimously

Voted, That Francis B. Hayes, the President of this Corporation,
and George W. Fowle, the Treasurer of this Corporation, be, and
they hereb}' are, authorized and directed to execute, acknowledge,
and deliver, the foregoing mortgage as the free act and deed of this
Corporation — to execute the note therein described, and transfer
the policies of insurance as additional security, as therein set forth.

The meeting was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satubday, October 6, 1883.

A stated meeting of the Society, being the annual meeting for
the choice of oflScers, was holden at 11 o'clock, the President,
Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

The Recording Secretary stated that the requirements of the
Constitution and By-Laws, in regard to notice of the meeting, had
been complied with.

The President appointed William H. Spooner, George Hill, and
Robert Manning, a Committee to receive, assort, and count the
votes given, and report the number.

The polls were opened at five minutes past eleven o'clock.

Charles H. B. Breck reported from the Executive Committee a
recommendation that the sum of $150 be appropriated for the de-
ficiency in the appropriation for the expenses of the Committee of

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTTJRAL SOCIETY.

Arrangements for the years 1881 and 1882, and the appropriation
was voted by the Society.

William H. Spooner moved that a committee of three be ap-
pointed to consider and report what further regulations were
necessary for the proper conduct of the exhibitions, and the prep-
aration for and closing of the same, and especially to prevent the
loss of articles exhibited. The motion was unanimously carried,
and the Chair appointed as that Committee, William H. Spooner,
Chairman of the Flower Committee, E. W. Wood, Chairman of
the Fruit Committee, and C. N. Brackett, Chairman of the Vege-
table Committee.

Robert Manning moved that a committee of three be appointed
to consider what recognition should be made of the specimens of
Lepidoptera shown by Ernest E. Fewkes at the Annual Exhibition.
The motion was carried, and the Chair appointed as that Com-
mittee, George W. Humphrey, William H. Spooner, and E. W.
Wood.

While the polls remained open, President Hayes spoke of the
financial condition of the Society, congratulating the members on
its improvement, and said that $6,000 of the floating debt had been
paid during the year, and $3,000 would be paid in the present week,
and it was hoped to pay $3,000 before the end of the year, thus
clearing off the entire floating debt of the Society. He believed
that the income in future would enable it to increase the amount
appropriated for premiums, and at the same time to lay up some-
thing every year towards extinguishing the mortgage debt.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder referred to the efforts made to secure
the present site and building of the Society, and congi-atulated the
members that the President had consented to serve another year,
and also on its prosperity as shown by the statement just made by
the President. He had known the Society for fifty years, and it
had never before been in so prosperous a condition.

Rev. A. B. Muzzejf spoke of his long connection with the Society
and of the interest now felt in it, and of the opportunities which it
affords not only for the sight of beautiful flowers and fruits, but
for instruction in horticulture. It owes much to the continuance of
the lives of many of its older members, with enthusiasm like that
of the veteran Ex-President Wilder, who had just spoken. But
all institutions depend on their head, and the speaker wished to

ANNUAL REPORTS. 173

render all honor to him who now presides so ably and successfully
over the Society, with a heart full of love and zeal for the pi'omo-
tion of horticulture.

President Hayes thanked the members for the flattering manner
in which the mention of his services had been received, and said
that having aimed to do his duty during the' time he had filled the
office of President he had wished to retire ; but had been induced
to continue another year. The success of the Society depends on
the practical workers among its members, who, week after week,
exhibit their flowers and fruits and vegetables, and among these he
wished to give due praise to the ladies, from whom the men might
well take example. He also spoke of the great value of the Li-
brar}' and of the labors of the Library Committee and the Libra-
rian, in securing and making accessible to the members the most
valuable works on horticulture and its kindred sciences.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott wanted to urge on all the members of
the Society, old and new, the importance of utilizing to the fullest
extent the valuable library of the Society, and of remembering
that the Library Room, in which they were assembled, is full of
instruction — not only practical works but scientific. She was re-
minded of its wide scope by the fact that a member of the Corean
embassy found here illustrations of the plants of his own country,
and of articles from thence, displayed in the Foreign Exhibition
now open in this city.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members of
the Society :

Edward K. Butler, of Jamaica Plain.
Thomas F. Galvin, of Boston.
Marshall M. Tidd, of Woburn.
William Robinson, of North Easton.
Samuel C. B. Rogers, of Boston.
John R. Ballard, of Dedham.

The polls were closed at five minutes past twelve o'clock, and
the Committee to receive, assort, and count the votes reported
through their Chairman that the whole number was fifty-six, and
that all the persons whose names were on the ticket presented by the
Nominating Committee, were chosen. The report was accepted
and the persons named were, agreeably to the Constitution and
2

174

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

By-Laws, dedared by the President to have a majority of votes,
and to be elected Officers and Standing Committees of the Society
for the year 1884.

Adjourned to Saturday, November 3.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, November 3, 1884.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Hon. Frakcis B. Hates, President, in the chair.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, re-
ported a recommendation that the Society appropriate the following
sums for the year 1884 :

For Prizes and Gratuities, ....

For Plants and Flowers, . . . . $1,750

" Fruits, 1,000

" Vegetables, 550

" Gardens and Greenhouses, . . . 150

For the Committee on the Library, for the
purchase of magazines and newspapers,
binding of books, continuing the card cata-
logue of plates, and incidental expenses of
the Committee, ..... 400

For the Committee on Publication and Discus-

sion,

150

For the expenses of the Committee of Arrange-
ments, ....... 300

Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws the Report was laid
on the table until the first Saturday in January.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 1.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 1, 1883.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 1 1 o'clock,
the President, Hon, Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

ANNUAL REPORTS. 175

The Annual Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers
was read b}' William H. Spooner, Chairman.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Fruits was read by
E. W. Wood, Chairman.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Vegetables was read
by Charles N. Brackett, Chairman.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Publication and Dis-
cussion was read by Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman.

Robert Manning read his Annual Report as Secretary and Li-
brarian.

These reports were severally accepted and referred to the Com-
mittee on Publication.

The Committee on the Library, the Copimittee on Gardens, and
the Committee of Arrangements, asked further time to make their
reports, which was granted.

William H. Spooner, from the Committee appointed at the rneet-
ting on the 6th of October to consider what recognition should be
made of the collection of Lepidoptera, whose larvfe are injurious
to vegetation, shown by Ernest E. Fewkes at the Annual Exhibi-
tion in September last, read a report with a unanimous recom-
mendation that a First Class Certificate of Merit be awarded to
the exhibitor. The report was accepted and the recommendation
was adopted.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, pre-
sented the List of Prizes recommended by the Committee on
Establishing Prizes to be offered for the year 1884, with the ap-
proval of the Executive Committee. Some amendments being
suggested the report was laid on the table for one week, for further
consideration.

Hon, Marshall P. Wilder, Chairman of the Committee on Large
and Interesting Trees, reported that the Committee had gathered
much interesting information on the subject, but, as it had proved
larger than was anticipated, he moved that further time be granted
to prepare for publication the material collected, and, also that
John Robinson, Professor of Botany to the Society, be •added to
the Committee. Both these motions were carried.

Mr. Wilder also referred to the action of the American Pomo-
logical Society, at its recent session, in regard to improving and

176 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

simplifying the nomenclature of fruits, and read from his address
as president of that societ}^ his views in relation to the subject.
The following votes on the subject were passed :

Voted, That in all the exhibitions and publications of the Society,
the nomenclature of fruits be conformed to that of the Catalogue of
the American Pomological Society.

Voted, That exhibitors of fruits shall not be disqualified by
using the present names at the exhibitions.

Edward L. Beard was added to the Committee on rules for the
better conduct of the Society's exhibitions.

Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman of the Committee on Publication
and Discussion, gave nojice that the series of Meetings for Dis-
cussion the present season would commence on the next Saturday,
with the reading of an essay by John J. Thomas, of Union Springs,
N. Y., on "Live Hedges, for Protection and Ornament, and the
Plants most suitable for them."

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members of the
Society :

Stillman S. Hovey, of Woburn,

Arthur Hunnewell, of Wellesley.

Alexander Greenlaw, of Boston.

Thomas W. Dee, of Mount Auburn.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 8.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 8, 1883.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 1 1 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

The Annual Eeport of the Library- Committee, was read by
William E. Endicott, Chairman,

The Annual Report of the Garden Committee, was read by John
G. Barker, Chairman.

These reports were severall}' accepted and referred to the Com-
mittee on Publication.

HEDGE PLANTS AND HEDGES. 177

The Schedule of Prizes for 1884, laid on the table at the last
meeting, for consideration today, was taken up. Several amend-
ments were proposed and adopted, and the Schedule was then
adopted.

The President stated that a communication had been received
from the Worcester County Horticultural Society, asking the co-
operation of this Society in a movement to secure the exemption
of horticultural societies from taxation. The subject was referred
to the Executive Committee.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 15.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

•
Hedge Plants and Hedges.

Bt John J. Thomas, Union Springs, N. Y.

In answer to the question, " Are live hedges to be recommended ;
and, if so, what plants are most suitable?" the writer of this essay
desires to report his experiments performed during the past forty
years with hedges, both for farm use and for ornament, and with
several different hedge plants. In giving the results of these
experiments, and placing each sort in the position of its real value,
it will be necessary to point out the kind of treatment to which
each has been subjected, as some may be valuable with one kind
of management, and useless with another.

The deciduous trees and shrubs on which the experiments were
performed, were the Buckthorn, Osage Orange, Honey Locust,
Privet, and Barberry. The evergreens were the Norway Spruce,
Hemlock, and American Arbor Vitse. The Osage Orange was
more extensively planted than any other ; long lines of this hedge
on farms, commenced from twenty to twent^^-five j^ears ago, being
still in good order, and affording efficient protection against
farm animals.

The earliest experiments made b}^ me forty years ago, were with
the Buckthorn. It has the special advantages of gi'eat hardiness,
a naturally thick and hedgy growth, and easy propagation by seed.
The young plants, which have a copious mass of fine fibrous roots,
are easily transplanted, and there need not be a failure to grow of
one in ten thousand, if the work is performed with reasonable care.
In order to keep the hedge thick and within bounds, a moderate

178 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

amount of cutting back is requisite. But with all its advantages
the buckthorn has a serious drawback. The growth is not stout
enough to resist unruly animals, unless growing in a richer soil
than farms generally possess. The annual cutting back, although
moderate, is an objection to farmers ; and they have general!}' pre-
ferred the more costly post and board fence, with no yearly care.

The buckthorn hedges which I have made, have cost about
twenty-five cents a rod the first year, including the preparation of
a strip of mellow soil five feet wide, the purchase of the plants,
the setting, and occasional horse-cultivation to keep two feet of
clean soil on each side. The yearly cultivation afterwards, and
the annual cutting back early in spring, until the hedge had reached
full size, was not over three or four cents a rod.

Although the buckthorn has nearly passed out of use as a
hedge plant, on account of its inefficienc}' and want of real thorns,
it is by no means impossible that it may be again extensively
planted in future years, when cultivators find that it may be con-
verted into an efficient barrier by enclosing two or three barbed
wires extending its length through the interior, these wires, sup-
ported on occasional posts, being successively placed in position
as the hedge increases in height, the branches growing around
the wires and holding them immovably in position (Fig. 1). Gal-

\ il '

Fig. 1.

vanized wire should always be chosen on account of its durability,
instead of painted wire, which is liable to be affected with rust
in a few years.

I have planted many Osnge Orange hedges, and given them dif-
ferent modes of treatment. They require more care in planting
than the buckthorn, in the assorting of plants of equal size and
vigor, and in the rejection of those of feeble vitality. If all are not
of equal size, they should be assorted into at least two sizes, and
those which are alike [)lanted together. As with all other hedge
plants, they should be set in a single line, double lines being more

OSAGE ORANGE HEDGES. 179

difficult to keep clear of weeds and grass, while they possess no real
advantage. About eight inches apart is a suitable distance to
place them. The line of the hedge being a bed of fine mellow
earth, they are carefully set with a stretched line. For the first
few years the ground must be kept well cultivated.

As the Osage orange is partlj' tender, it will not endure the
winters at the north, unless on well-drained soil. I have often
had occasion to observe its healthy appearance on dry, gravelly
knolls after severe winters, while in adjacent wet and rich depres-
sions it had been nearly killed down to the ground. Hence the
importance of placing a good tile-drain within a few feet and
parallel with the hedge. Thus protected from a wet subsoil, I now
have good hedges twenty-five years old, the cold of winter having
often sunk the thermometer ten or twelve degrees below zero, and
in rare instances lower.

No hedge is more commonly mismanaged than the Osage orange.
It is planted in the first place in imperfectly prepared ground ;
vigorous and feeble plants mixed together are placed in the line ;
cultivation is neglected, and weeds and grass are allowed to choke
the growth ; it is not regularly cut down in successive years, and
when the cutting is performed, it is not done low enough to give a
thick and impenetrable mass of branches at the bottom. Hence
the common appearance of broken and irregular lines, instead of
perfect uniformity. Where more careful attention is given, the
hedge is nearly spoiled by allowing too much breadth at the top,
as shown in Fig. 2 ; the heav}^ shade above causing meagre growth

Fig. 2.

and openings below. A better form is represented in Fig. 3 ; but
an objection still exists with many hedges pruned into this shape,
in shearing to a uniform surface instead of cutting back more
irregularly, as shown in Fig. 4. The shearing causes a very thick

180

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and short growth of leaves at the exterior, excluding the light from
the inside and causing bare branches in the interior. Cutting

■ .\»

-»a,"ax.^ **~

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

back more irregularly with a knife allows the growth of interior
foliage and gives more health to the hedge. The sheared hedge
presents an unnatural stiffness on ornamental grounds ; cut back
with the knife, if the operation is skilfully performed, it has more
of the beauty of natural form. This is a matter which should be
well understood, as the value of any recommended hedge plant
depends on its proper management, and the Osage orange, and
other hedges, have been pronounced failures by those who have
mismanaged them.

For coarse farm barriers, hedges do not necessarily require the
elaborate care just described. Another mode of treatment has
been adopted in the Western States. The trees are trimmed and
the main stems trained upright for a few years. They are then cut
half off at the ground, and bent over in one direction at an angle
of about thirty degrees with the ground (Fig. 5), trees being left

Fig. C.

HEDGE PLANTS AND HEDGES.

181

upright at distances of four or five feet, and the inclined ones are
interwoven among them, a straight line of trees being thus formed.
The tops are then all cut off about three feet high. New shoots
spring up in abundance from the sides and stumps, and form an
impenetrable growth. Sometimes as many as fifty limbs have
been counted sprouting from a single tree the first year. The
top of the hedge is cut back annually to within a few inches of
its previous height. Hedges made in this way have no gaps.

Whenever a hedge becomes too high by long years of growth,
it is well to adopt a similar but simpler mode of treatment, first
partly trimming the trees with a light axe or hook with a long handle,
then cutting them half off at the ground, and bending them over.
A new growth will spring up and form a new hedge, as shown in
Fig. 6. I have adopted this course with a hedge sixty rods long.

Fig. 6.

planted twentj'-eight years ago on a distant tenant farm where
personal attention could not be frequently given. It was set within
eight feet of a parallel tile-drain, and it has been a perfect farm-
barrier for more than twenty years.

The cost of the last described hedge, including the preparation
of the ground, the price of the plants, the labor of planting, and the
necessary horse-cultivation, was about twent3'-five cents a rod the
first year ; and the three subsequent cuttings for the sixty rods cost
about twenty dollars in labor, or, as an average, a little less than
a dollar a year. But it was usually too tall, and it shaded and
occupied too much ground to be recommended where laud is
valuable.

Ninety rods of Osage hedge, trained as represented by Fig. 3,
cost about the same for planting, and for the first few years of culti-
vation, but more for annual cutting back. It was planted twenty-
four years ago, and has been a barrier for about twenty years. The
yearl}' cost of pruning, since it has reached fall height, has been
about four cents a rod for the first ten or twelve years, and of late

182 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

years, after it had become larger and higher, nearly double that sum.
The cutting back was performed either with a stout hook having a
handle two and a half feet long, or a short, stout scythe. Hedge-
shears were too slow in their operation, and were adapted only to
ornamental hedges ; but even for these the knife was preferred, as
already mentioned.

The Honey Locust has been extensively used for hedges of late
years, being preferred on account of its hardiness. By selecting
the seed from the most thorny trees, young plants are obtained well
armed with thorns, and making very efficient hedges. The trees
having a tall, slender, and not hedgy growth, require thorough
cutting back to impart a thick mass of branches, and very few of the
many honey locust hedges have been sufficiently cut back when
young, to prevent openings at the bottom. Similar general treat-
ment is to be given to the honey locust, in planting and rearing,
as to the Osage orange.

Many hedges have been greatly injured by pruning after the
summer growth had commenced, and sometimes the young plants
have been thus fatally checked. But the fact is becoming better
known that the pruning must be done in spring, before the buds
swell, if vigorous growth is to be preserved. The only exception
to this rule is with strong, growing hedges that are likely to become
too tall unless some check is given after they have reached full
height, and this check is easily furnished by summer pruning.

Although the cost of planting and starting hedges is less than
that of building a good board fence, as has been already shown, it
must be admitted that they are not adapted to the management of
ordinary farmers, who cannot be induced to give them the perfect
and continual attention required to keep them in good order. This
conclusion is fully sustained by observing how few have succeeded
with hedges, and how many have allowed them to be ruined by
neglect.

The evergreens which have been employed have been exclusively
for ornamental screens and not for farm barriers. The Norway
Spruce may be placed at the head of the list, on account of its
rigid growth, hardiness, and the freedom with which it may be cut
back. It will bear more shade than many other evergreens, and
hence the interior of the screen is green with foliage. The cutting
sliould be done with a knife and not with shears, for the reason
already stated. Next to the Norway spruce is the Hemlock, which

HEDGE PLANTS AND HEDGES. 183

exceeds the former in its lively green color in winter, while it is
unexcelled in retaining interior foliage. It will bear pruning or
cutting back to an almost unlimited extent, if the work is done in
spring before growth commences. But it is not so stiff as the
Norway spruce as a barrier. The American Arbor Vitse, although
much used, becomes destitute of foliage inside, and is browned by
winter.

By the introduction of barbed wire an important change is likely
to take place in yjlanting hedges. Barb-wire makes a cheaper fence
for its efficiency than any other material. A serious objection to
it is the danger of animals being lacerated against the barbs before
they are aware of its presence, the wire being nearly invisible. This
objection may be obviated by enclosing the wires within a visible
hedge. Another important advantage is the efficiency which may be
thus imparted to small-growing hedge plants, as the Privet, Bar-
berry', and small evergreens. These small growers will require but
little labor in cutting or shearing, compared with that required for
such large ones as- the honey locust and Norway spruce. After
being once establisheO, such hedges would become handsome orna-
ments. The Purple Barberry, for example, would present an
attractive appearance during a large portion of the j'ear. A new
value may be thus given to hedges, by rendering the moderate'
growers, and those easily kept in shape, efficient barriers for farms
and fruit gardens.

Discussion.

J. W. Manning said he was convinced that the Osage orange
will not make a practical hedge here, or north of Boston, though
he had seen good ones in Connecticut. It soon becomes deformed
by winter-killing. The Norway spruce is too heavy for a hedge
in some positions. The American arbor vitte is most practical ;
a hedge of it can be repaired, if injured, better than spruce. It
is a great mistake to prune /iny evergreen hedge too close ; instead
of being closely sheared for years, it should be headed back less
formally-, and allowed to expand from bottom to top to remain
healthy. If planted too close they are not so long-lived as when
they have more room. Arbor vitaes should not be less than two
feet apart and Norwa}' spruces not less than three or four feet.

Benjamin P. Ware said that fifty years ago he assisted in
setting a hedge of honey locust, which grew very vigorously and

184 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

was difficult to keep within proper limits. It was neglected, and •
some of the plants grew more vigorously than the others and now
form a row of beautiful trees ; many of which, however, are very
near together, as they were planted only two feet apart. Some of
the trees have no thorns. The land within forty feet of these
trees is of little value ; no corn of any account will grow there. A
buckthorn hedge planted thirty years ago is now vigorous and
beautiful but requires a great deal of pruniug. The branches gain
about an inch in length ever}' year ; if cut closer, the thorns will be
removed. It is thoroughly hardy ; no insect preys upon it, and
cattle will not browse it. The berries are an excellent purgative,
as is indicated by the scientific name, Rhamnus catharticus. Half
a dozen berries make a good dose, actiug promptly, and having no
objectionable quality.

Edmund Hersey recommended the Red Cedar on the Atlantic
coast. It is very hardy, will grow on any soil, bears trimming
well, and with the aid of wires makes a good fence. It is seldom
winter-killed, and is very desirable for a screen — better than many
others. It thrives on the very bluffs of the ocean and is not
injured by the spray.

Mr. Ware thought the red cedar difficult to transplant, and of
'slow growth. He had tried to grow it from the seed, and thought
it would be desirable if this could be done.

Mr. Hersey said that he had never sown the seed, but the seed-
lings spring up in great numbers wherever there are old trees, and
small trees are easily transplanted, and if taken up with a sod are
very sure to live. He set a row on the south side of a board fence,
where there was onlj^ gravel for them to grow in, and, though they
were not watered, ninet^'-five per cent lived. Thej' were not over
a foot in height when set.

John B. Moore thought a hedge as a barrier a perfect nuisance,
and moreover it is costly and hai'bors vermin. A wind-break is
another matter. The Norway spruce or White Pine is best for this
purpose, and should be allowed to grow as nature intended, but a
strip of land two or three rods in width on each side must be sacri-
ficed to it. If it is intended as a shelter for buildings it should not
be placed too close to them, but several rods away, especially if
of white pine. If landscape beaut}' is wanted, it is better not to
have an}' fence, but to plant groves and groups of trees.

Leander Wetherell said that Mr. Moore had expressed his views ;
hedges arc costly and incommodious as barriers here. They sucker

HEDGE PLANTS AND HEDGES. 185

and breed and harbor vermin. For decoration and shelter they
are going out of use. In Illinois, Osage orange hedges have been
extensively planted, and Professor Turner told him that a wild
steer could not go through one, but land is plenty and timber
scarce there. The Osage orange has fruited in Connecticut, and a
friend of the speaker had planted a hedge of it, but the soil here is
not generally good enough, and he knew no good reason for its
cultivation.

Benjamin G. Smith said that the Pirus Japonica makes a very
beautiful hedge where one is desired for ornament. There are
several in view from his residence. They are of slow growth,
beautiful both in foliage and flower, and very desirable.

Joseph H. Woodford thought hedges desirable as screens in
village gardens. The trouble with many buckthorn hedges is that
they are cut square, with the sides perpendicular and the top hori-
zontal, and under such treatment the lower branches are sure to
die. He knew such an one which was headed down and, when it
grew up anew, was trimmed in wedge shape, and is now most
beautiful, with foliage to the ground. It is the same with Norway
spruce hedges ; the lower branches must be kept longest.

John O. Barker said that when Edward S. Rand, Jr. planted his
grounds in Dedham, he desired to separate one part from another,
and the question what to plant for a screen came up. It was
finally decided to try the Pirus Japonica, and a hedge seventy-five
feet long was planted, and proved all that was desired. The
speaker had seen it in several places, and always beautiful. He
has been for eleven years laboring to get the hedges away from
around the small lots in Pine Grove Cemetery, at Lynn, of which
he is superintendent. In planting a hedge or screen, the neighbor-
ing objects should always be carefully considered. He was con-
sulted in regard to a hedge around St. Stephen's Memorial Church,
in Lynn, a low walled building, around which it was proposed to
plant a screen of Norway spruces, that would have hidden and
dwarfed the building. At the Botanic Garden, in Cambridge, a
screen was wanted to shut off the potting ground, and Forsytliia
viridissima was planted, which answered well, as long as it was
cared for. He had seen at "William C. Harding's, Deutzia" scabra
used as a screen, and D. gracilis planted along the top of a bank
against a wall, forming a miniature hedge and giving an orna-
mental finish to the barrier.

186 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Manning said that the California Privet, Ligustmm myrtifo.
Hum is being extensively planted for hedges along the shore at
Newport, R. I. The foliage is larger than that of the English or
American Privet, and remains green until zero weather. It is
easily propagated by cuttings, which should be taken up in autumn
and sheltered over winter, after which it is quite hard}'. He has
cultivated it for a dozen 3'ears ; if unpruned it will grow twenty
feet high. All hedges should be pruned in wedge shape. The
white pine makes one of the best screens, and the Balsam Fir is
good. He had heard no complaint of the Norwa}' spruce for this
purpose, except that it grows too large. When a strong wind-
break is required, he would plant a variety of evergreens, and a
double row is better than a single one. They should be ten feet
apart where the land can be spared. The hemlock is the finest of
all evergreens, but does not succeed equally well in all localities.
He had a hedge of it injured by the winter, but renewed it. Arbor
vitas hedges running east and west are more likely to be injured
than those running north and south, as is proved in his grounds.
In 1863 he planted a hedge of arbor vitses, seven or eight feet high,
and lost only three out of several hundred. It is now twelve feet
high, and spreads five feet. If he had pruned it close it would
have been killed out in some places before now. SpircEa Thun-
bergii bears pruning well and makes a neat hedge.

William D. Philbrick said that the red cedar can be propagated
by cuttings, on the cutting-bench in the greenhouse. Evergreens
are injured by drought ; the arbor vitae has suffered much, and
hemlocks somewhat, but Norway gpruces less.

President Hayes said that he had planted an arbor vitae screen,
which had done very well. He had also a hemlock hedge which
he thought very beautiful, and was astonished to see it, as he
supposed, almost all winter-killed, so that he believed he should
have to cut it down, but is now agreeably disappointed in finding
three-quarters of it alive. He thought the Pirus Juponica very
desirable for hedges. As a farmer, he would not have hedges ; as
a horticulturist, he would plant them for ornament and shelter.

Mr. IManning said that the Cratcegus pyracantha (evergreen
thorn), makes a magnificent hedge, with show}' orange berries, but
was winter-killed last winter. He thought that there had been a
great change in public opinion, in regard to hedges, and that much
fewer are planted now than formerly, but more evergreen trees are

RULES FOR EXHIBITIONS. 187

planted for wind-breaks. Almost any evergreen tree, however
large, will live, if you can get a ball of earth with it, or if it has
been provided with a mass of fibres by frequent transplanting ;
but no rule applies in all cases. Evergreens must not dry between
digging and planting. Of seven hundred prostrate junipers which
he planted without balls, nearly all lived, but care was taken not to
expose them to sun and air.

Notice was given that on the next Saturday, William D. Phil-
brick would read a Prize Essa}'', on "The Best Method of Con-
structing and Heating a Greenhouse for Amateur Use."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 15, 1883.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 1 1 o'clock,
the President, Hori. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

William H. Spooner, Chairman of the Committee appointed
October 6, to consider what further regulations were necessai-y for
the better conduct of the exhibitions, and the preparation for, and
closing of the same, presented the following report :

1. During the preparations for all prize exhibitions, a door-
keeper shall be stationed at the door of the Hall, who shall on no
account leave his position, and shall see that no person, except
Members of Committees, and Exhibitors or their assistants, is
admitted to the Hall, upon any pretext whatever.

2. At the close of every exhibition, a door-keeper shall be
stationed at the door of the Hall, who shall on no account leave
his position, and shall, on no pretext whatever, admit any person
to the Hall except Members of Committees, and Exhibitors or
those bearing written orders from them for the deliver}^ of articles
exliibited, and all other persons who may be in the Hall at the
close of the exhibition shall leave immediately.

3. In the case of exhibitions continuing through the evening,
no articles shall be removed until the next day, at such time as the
Committee of Arrangements shall appoint ; and the members of
that Committee shall be present at such time, and shall attend to
the delivery of articles exhibited.

188 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

4. The Superintendent of the Building shall employ all assist-
ance necessary to strictly enforce the above rules, including police.

5. Exhibitors disposing of any of their exhibits must notify the
Superintendent of such disposal, and the Superintendent shall not
deliver such articles without a written order from the owner
thereof.

The strictest rules, enforced in the most faithful manner, will,
without the cooperation of the members of the Societ}^, fail of
full effect, and an earnest appeal is made to every member to set
the example of strict compliance with the rules, even at the expense
of slight temporary inconvenience, for the sake of the ultimate
benefit to the exhibitions and the Society. Past experience of
growing abuses has shown that such rules are absolutely necessary.
If any exception is made in favor of any member, the next comer
will claim an exception in his case, and the enforcement of the
rules is at an end.

WILLIAM H. SPOONER,

Chairman of Committee.

The report was unanimously accepted, and the rules were
adopted, and ordered to be printed.

Adjourned to Saturda}-, December 22.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Best Method of Constructing and Heating a Green-
house, FOR Amateur Use, Taking Economy and
Efficiency into Account.

By William D. Philbkick, Newton Centre.

The average amateur, for whom we are to construct a green-
house, will wish to keep a considerable variety of flowering plants,
and also some stock of bedding plants, to be used in the garden in
summer ; he will take delight in propagating his own stock, and
will therefore need a cutting-bench ; some of the plants he will want
are tropical, others are more or less hardy ; some delight in abun-
dant sunshine, others flourish better in partial shade or in the
diffused light of a house facing northward.

To satisf}' these various demands of the different plants to be
raised, a span-roof offers at once the most efficient and attractive

GREENHOUSE FOR AMATEUR USE. 189

plan ; its south side will suit the flowering plants that love the
sunlight, while its uortliern side will be the place for the delicate
ferns, the camellias, and the cutting-bench. There will be no un-
sightly north wall as in the " lean-to" house, and by bending the
rafters or sash bars, we can give it quite an ornamental appear-
ance.

It should be partitioned off into at least three or four compart-
ments. Two of these will face the sun and will be used, the one
for hardy, the other for tropical plants, which love the sun and air,
such as most flowering plants and bedding stock. The tropical
plants will need a temperature of 60° at night, while the hardy
ones will do far better in a temperature of 40° or 45° at night.
They will both need abundant airing on sunny days and must
therefore be provided with ample ventilators. The portion of the
house facing north should be divided from the portion facing south,
by a partition, for the plants which flourish in the diffused light
also need little ventilation, and would suffer if exposed to the dry
heat of the south side at mid-da}-.

We shall have then a span-roofed house, say twenty feet wide,
and as long as the needs and the means of the owner require. The
south side should have upright sashes for ventilation, three feet
higli from the ground ; from the plate to which these sashes are
hung spring the sash bars, of pine, two by one and three-eighths
inches, rising to a ridge nine feet high, eleven and a half feet hori-
zontally from the front of the house, and giving a length to the
rafters of about thirteen and a half feet. The north side of the
house will be eight feet wide, with rafters ten feet long Springing
from a sill laid upon a concrete wall three feet high. This plan
gives a steeper pitch to the north side, so as to prevent snow from
lodging, and will probablj' be found wide enough for the wants of
most amateurs. The glass should be double thick, ten by twelve
inches, bedded in putty and well painted over the putty. Ventila-
ting sashes, three feet square, will be needed every six feet along
the ridge-pole on both sides. A row of posts at each side of
the path, running lengthwise of the house, and carrying a purline,
will give sufficient support.

The compartment nearest the fire on the south side will be used

for tropical plants, and the one directly behind it on the north side

for the cutting-bench ; beyond these and separated from them by a

cross partition will be, on the south side, the place for hardy flow-

3

190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ering plants, and on the north side the place for ferns, camellias,
smilax, etc.

The cutting-bench is best made of slate stone, supported on
brickwork and heated by hot water pipes directl}'' under it, and
provided with valves for regulating the heat. The glass over the
cutting-bench should be provided with curtains of white sheeting,
to shade the delicate cuttings from the sunlight.

The heating apparatus best suited to the wants of the amateur,
is the ordinary hot water circulation from a boiler placed about four
feet below the level of the house floor, in a well-drained cellar, at
one end of the glass, and covered by a shed or office, which, being
always warm, will be found a convenient workshop in cold weather.
In providing a boiler, always get one a size larger than the pipe-
fitters advise, for it is a very bad thing to find your heating appa-
ratus insufficient. Ver}' much, however, depends upon having a
good draft to the chimney ; the same boiler will do twice the work
with a good draft that can be done with a low and small chimne}'.

To maintain a tropical heat in the compartment which we have
supposed to be eleven and a half feet wide, and nine feet high,
will require six or eight four-inch pipes, while the portion devoted
to hardy plants will not need more than half as many. In heating
a house, very much will depend upon its location and the shelter
afforded by the surrounding hills and trees on the north and
west.

The compartments on the north side will require about four pipes
to heat them enough ; in the portion devoted to the cutting-bench
two of these will pass under the bench and will be enclosed in brick-
work, so as to give bottom heat to the cuttings.

Almost as important as the heating apparatus, is an abundant
supply of water. If it cannot be had from the public works, a
good dependence is a windmill, with an elevated tank fifteen or
twenty feet high in the loft of the boiler house. It is desirable to
have the water slightly warmed for tropical plants, and this may
be easily effected by having the tank connected with the hot
water boiler by circulating pipes provided with valves. The onl}-
objection to this arrrangement is that it i)laces the whole circula-
tion under pressure of the tank while heating, which is no objec-
tion if the joints are good.

This plan may be modified, if found convenient, by placing the
boiler with its shed in the middle of the structure, carrying the

GREENHOUSE FOR AMATEUR USE. 191

heating pipes both ways therefrom. This arrangement has the
advantage that the circulation pipes will not extend so far from the
boiler ; this, however, is not a matter of great importance, and
the location of the boiler will be governed in great measure by
considerations of convenience as regards accessibility by the coal
wagon, drainage of the cellar in which it is placed, and nearness to
the supply of water. In the illustrations, the boiler is represented
as being at the end of the structure ; if in the middle, it would
have a rather more symmetrical appearance.

If the water-tank is placed directlj"" over the boiler, as repre-
sented in the illustrations, the waste heat from the boiler and
chimney will effectually' protect it from freezing, without any heat-
ing pipes for warming the water. This arrangement will suffice
for watering hardy plants, but when watering ver}' tender tropical
plants the water needs warming.

The internal arrangements of the house will of course be best
left to the taste of the owner and his wife ; it will only be needful
here to suggest Uiat any plant will thrive far better planted in a
bed where its roots can spread, than confined in a pot, but the
confined condition of the roots favors early flowering. Moreover,
plants that are to be removed to the open air in summer, are best
potted. The pot, therefore, is a necessity, and it is best kept
from drj'ing up by plunging it to its rim in clean sand.

Such a house as we have described will cost from fifteen to
twenty-five dollars per foot of length, according to the style and
thoroughness of the work.

Many amateurs will not care for so expensive an arrangement,
but will be content to have a small greenery of one apartment,
attached to the dwelling house, and heated by a coil of pipe from
the furnace in the cellar, or, where steam is used, by a steam pipe.
There is a great deal of enjoyment it be had cheaply in this way,
but it will hardly be necessary to give details, which must vary
with the conditions of every case. The greenery must, however,
be partitioned from the house so tightly that it can be smoked,
without at the same time smoking the dwelling. A very conve-
nient greenery may be cheaply made by fitting movable sashes
between the posts of a piazza, to be moved in summer with all the
furniture of shelves and pots. It may be heated by the furnace
in the cellar ; for this purpose it will suffice to place a heating
coil of one-inch pipe, or a water-back, in the fire-pot of the com-

192 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

mon furnace, connected with a system of circulation around the
piazza floor ; or if steam is used for beating the house it -will be
ver}' convenient to extend it to the greenery.

For small greenhouses detached from the dwelling house, the
hot water circulation will be found cheaper and more satisfactory
than steam, and far better than the old fashioned flue, red-hot at
one end and cold at the other. Steam has its advantages where
several houses are to be heated from one fire, since it is easier to
divide and regulate the heat than with hot water circulation ; but
for heating so simple a structure as we have described above, there
is probably nothing so efficient and economical as a good hot
water boiler. The combination of flue and boiler is not of much
practical importance, the amount of saving in fuel being balanced
by the annoyance of impaired draft, and the danger from poison-
ous gases escaping into the house to the destruction of its con-
tents. The flue is also a cumbrous affair and is now little used.

EEFERENCES TO ILLUSTRATIONS.

Scale % inch to 1 foot.

m. Apartment for Tropical Plants.

n. " " Hardy "

0. Cutting Bench.

q. Camellias and Ferns.

a. Coal Cellar.

h. Boiler Cellar.

c. Boiler.

d. Doors.

/. Foundation Walls.

h. Benches for Plants.

h'. Cutting Bench.

p. Flow Pipes.

p'. Return Pipes.

t. Tank. ,

v. Ventilator Sashes.

w. Windows.

%. Posts.

w. m. Windmill.

Discussion.
John G. Barker gave an account of the greenhouses at Pine
Grove Cemetery, Lynn, of which he is superintendent. They are
different fi'om those considered by the essayist, as it was necessary
to adapt them to the location. A plan was proposed by an archi-
tect, for which the means at command were insufficient, and the

GREENHOUSE FOR AMATEUR USE.

193

vyMVA'A-Amv/mym//AW//MMm/{m///^^^

Plan of Greenhouse for Amatedk.

194

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

Section of Greenhouse ior Amateur.

GREENHOUSE FOR AMATEUR USE.

195

Front View of Part of Greenhouse for Amateur.

196 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

houses proposed were too large and not adapted to the situation.
The place selected was a hill-side which it was desired to utilize.
It was decided that a lean-to house was most eligible, and the front
and back walls were constructed of split stone, found on the place.
The house is fifty feet long, by fourteen feet wide, and eight and a
half feet high. It has a fixed roof with a pitch of forty degrees,
and is glazed with second quality double thick German glass,
twelve inches by sixteen. The ventilators are two and a half feet
square, and two feet apart. There is a bench on the front side,
three and a half feet wide, under which cannas, abutilons, etc., are
stored. The walk is two and a half feet wide. The house is used
mainly for propagating coleuses and other bedding plants for
summer decoration, and also plants for filling a large number of
vases. Attached to it is a work-room, ten feet long, with a sky-
light in the roof. The house is heated b}' a brick flue, the face of
the furnace being in the potting-shed, so as to keep smoke and
coal gas out of the house, and the coal bin is opposite the furnace.
The appropriation for building it was $1,000, and though it was
thoroughly built, $28 was left when it was completed.

Another house was v^^anted, and it was placed directly in front
of the first, and was built a little larger, with only sufficient slope
of roof to throw off the water, being fifty-seven feet long, fourteen
and a half feet wide, and eight feet high. It is used for pelar-
goniums, aloes, palms, etc., and the palms never suffer from
dampness. The roof is all sashes, three feet by six, the lower row
being fixed and the others movable. This gives excellent ventila-
tion when the weather becomes warm in spring. A cement walk
runs the length of the house, with a bench in front. Four feet
from the back wall, a brick wall was built, and filled in with soil,
in which aloes and other plants are set, which saves the trouble of
potting. The remainder of the house has a gravel floor, on which
plants in large tubs are set. Thts house, also, is warmed with a
hot-air flue, and the same coal-bin serves for both houses. Mr.
Barker believes in keeping in all the heat, and has seldom had
occasion to make up more fire after dark. He burnt ten tons of
coal in both houses last winter. Both houses work exceedingly
well, but in large houses a flue Avould uot answer. The houses
will take in pretty tall plants, and he has tried to utilize all the
room. The appropriation for the second house was $G00, and
was not exceeded. The estimate of an architect for houses to

GREENHOUSE FOR AMATEUR USE. 197

afford equal accommodation with these was $5,500. The speaker
thought that mistakes were often made in building houses too high.

President Hayes gave an account of his experience in building
plant houses ; the first being a conservatory attached to the rear of
his city residence, which was planned by an architect, who estima-
ted the cost at a thousand, or possibly twelve hundred, dollars. It
was soon found that it would cost more, and the next estimate was
$1,800, and next it was thought that with some improvements it
might be built for $2,500. Then the war broke out, and the
architect was elected an officer and went to the war, and when the
conservator}' was finished, the bills amounted to $6,000. With this
experience, when he wanted a conservatory at his summer residence
in Lexington, he determined to employ men who understood their
business, and accordingly Messrs. Lord & Brigham, of Irvingtou-
on-Hudson, N.Y., who make a business of constructing plant houses,
furnished plans and estimates for a house about eighty by forty-
five feet, and quite high, and the expense did not exceed the esti-
mates. He wanted rather a cool house for azaleas, palms, etc.,
including a collection of camellias which he had procured from
Ex-President Wilder and others, and it has worked very well, and
he could recommend the builders. The conservatory has a grapery
and rose house attached, which are heated by a small boiler.

William C. Strong thought the President's recommendation of
greenhouse architects a wise one, but it would be still better for
practical cultivators to study the subject and go by their own com-
mon sense. He agreed with the essayist that there are positions
where flues will answer, but generally hot water is best. Possibly,
for large establishments, steam may be more controllable, and
more economical, though the last point is doubtful. Steam requires
more attention ; it must have a man to watch it night and day.
The speaker could perceive no difference in the atmosphere between
hot water and steam. Perhaps steam will give more heat in very
cold weather, but plants may not grow as well in the immediate
vicinity of the pipes. Cast-iron boilers are extravagantly high
priced, and do not economize heat as well as wrought iron tubular
boilers. Second-hand tubular steam boilers, of sufficient strength
for hot water, can often be purchased at ver}- moderate prices. He
has one for which, with all the appliances, he paid $100, and which
will do the work of four of the largest sized cast iron boilers, cost-
ing $250 each, and will stand for a dozen years with hot water.

198 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

He had been much interested in the experiments in the use of
vaporized petroleum for burning under common boilers. The
inventor said that a boiler sufficient to heat ten acres was entirely
practicable. It gives intense heat, and is used at the Norway
Iron Works, in South Boston, for melting iron. He had no doubt
of the advantage of hill-side greenhouses ; the heat of the sun is a
material factor in carrying one through the night.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder preferred the atmosphere of hot water
to that of steam. He has a hot water apparatus with copper pipes,
put in forty-five years ago. The boiler has to be renewed once in
eight 3'ears.

Mr. Philbrick compared the cost of heating by flues as recom-
mended by Mr. Barker with that of heating with hot water. Mr.
Barker's two houses have an area of 1,526 square feet, and he burns
ten tons of coal. In his own lettuce house, with more than three
times that area, he burns about fifteen tons — never more than
eighteen.

Mr. Barker asked whether Mr. Philbrick began heating his
lettuce house as early as he did his plant houses.

Mr. Philbrick replied that he heated his house for about six
months, or whenever needed from October to May.

Col. Henry W. Wilson said that he had studied the subject
under discussion for twent}' years, and had had a good deal of
experience in building plant houses. People study for a tasteful
structure, when the first thing they should consider is the location,
and, second, what plants are to be grown, and construct the house
accordingly. Roses and smilax will not succeed in the same house.
In 1868 the speaker built a small hot-bed, and the next year put
on a monitor roof, and in 1870 he built a pit and heated it with
hot water. The next year he put on an L, and raised ferns and
smilax, cutting from two to three hundred yards of smilax at once.
This went for two years, when he extended eighty feet in one
direction and fifty in another, giving the plan the shape of a Gothic
F. He had six or seven hundred pots of pinks, some dozens each
of callas, camellias, azaleas, etc., giving him all the flowers he
wanted for himself and his friends, and the sales paid all expenses.
There is generally difficult}' in getting uniform distribution of the
heat; but he had his furnace in the centre of the house, and sunk
so as to give a good circulation, and the thermometers at opposite
ends never varied. By suitable arrangements of the pipes and.

GREENHOUSE FOR AMATEUR USE. 199

valves, the amount of beating surface could be increased or
diminished at tbe instant, and thus tbe temperature of the house
could be raised more speedily than by depending solely upon the
firing, and could be lowered more safely at times than by the ad-
mission of outside air. There were, in effect, three distinct
methods of circulation of the water.

He had 2,500 square feet of glass, and never used above ten
tons of coal in a winter. Heat is applied to gi'eenhouses to make
good the loss by radiation ; and as much of this loss as can be
should * be prevented. Nearl}' all greenhouses are built above
ground, but he put the walls of his below the ground, and used
burnettized lumber for the sake of durabilit}', and also because
it is free from the mosses and fungi which grow on wood when not
thus prepared. The walls above ground consisted of posts boarded
and covered with tarred paper and clapboards. He would not
use second quality glass, because it has lens-like imperfections,
which are liable to burn the plants, and the first quality costs but
little more. He used glass ten inches by forty, which gives fewer
joiuts, and is cleaner and therefore better, and, if double thick, will
stand most hailstorms. Hard pine is better for rafters than
burnettized spruce, because, though the latter is more durable, it
does not in burnettizing lose its propensity to twist. He put in
mechanical ventilators, and knew they were secure ; they ai'e the
best arrangement where they can be afforded. The house was
demolished by a tornado in 1879, and was not rebuilt.

He had in his house eight or nine grape vines, which gave him
two hundred pounds of fruit annually. The whole was taken care
of b}' one man, and he could recommend the same general plan to
others. He was troubled about propagating plants, but carried a
branch froin a hot water pipe under the propagating bench, with a
valve to regulate the heat, and then had perfect conditions for
proagating — bottom heat, and cool air on top. Houses for
propagating should be made very low, and are better if sunk in
the ground, with the young plants near the top.

The best means of imparting heat is that which affords the de-
sired temperature from the lowest temperature of the heating sur-
face. Hot water pipes may be at a temperature of 180°, while
steam pipes caunot be less than 212°, and with a pressure of three
or four pounds to the square inch, will be 220°. Another great
advantage of hot water pipes is their conservative quality, pre-

200 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

venting sudden fluctuations of heat, there being nine hundred
gallons of water in the same number of feet of four-inch pipes,
while there would be only two quarts of water in the steam which
would fill the same pipes and afford the same heat. There are two
reasons which have hitherto led to the choice of hot water in pref-
erence to steam as a means of heating plant houses, — first, that
the extreme dr}- heat of steam pipes is a source of discomfort to
animal life, and must be equalh^ unfavorable to the tissues of
tender plants ; second, the latent heat of the water gives it a sort
of conservative quality, whereby frequent or violent fluctuations of
temperature are avoided when it is not possible to give constant
attention through the night.

Mr. Wilder said that he used second quality glass, and picked
out the best, but, could not avoid some imperfections, which are
liable to burn the foliage of plants. Instead of whitewash to
prevent burning he uses mutton tallow, melted and applied with a
sponge, as thinly as possible, on a warm day. It does not discolor
the glass to any extent.

Joseph H. Woodford said that a year ago he visited several
establishments with a view of finding the best boiler for running
an engine. He visited the Norway Iron Works, where petroleum
vapor has been substituted for coal. He believed that this fuel
will find its way to greenhouses as soon as boilers small enough
can be supplied. At present the demand for large boilers is so
great as to give the makers enough to do without making small
ones. A barrel of oil, costing three or four dollars, would last a
great while for heating a greenhouse. He had lately visited
Edmund Wood & Co.'s greenhouses at Natick, where he saw ten
thousand Marechal Niel roses ready to cut, and large quantities of
Baroness Rothschilds and Gen. Jacqueminots, besides other
flowei's and ferns in great variety. The whole establishment is
heated by steam from a sixty horse-power Babcock & Wilcox
boiler, with the best results he ever saw. The fuel used is peat,
just as dug from the bog and mixed with one-third anthracite coal
dust, which heated to perfection. The makers of these boilers
have in a year and a half put in three million dollars' worth of
them. They burn everything — cotton refuse, etc., with the nat-
ural draft. The first cost may be a little more than that of other
boilers, but it would soon be saved by those who have a deposit of
peat, of which there are great quantities near Boston.

I

CARNATIONS AND PANSIES. 201

Notice was given that the subject for discussion on the next
Saturday, would be " Carnations, Pausies, and Violets."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 22, 1883.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

The Annual Report of the Committee of Arrangements was read
by the Secretary, accepted, and referred to the Committee on
Publication.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, to
whom a communication from the Worcester County Horticultural
Society, in regard to the exemption of horticultural societies from
taxation was referred, reported that the Committee were unani-
mousl}^ in favor of cooperating in the effort to secure such exemp-
tion, and had appointed a Sub-Committee to confer with the Wor-
cester Society on the subject.

The President also reported that the Executive Committee had
unanimously re-appointed George W. Fowle, Treasurer of the
Society and Superintendent of the Building, and Robert Manning,
Secretary and Librarian, for the year 1884.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 29.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Carnations and Pansies.

C. M. Atkinson, who had been appointed to open the discussion,
spoke first of the pansy, and described the properties of a perfect
flower. Form is the most essential point, and includes not only
shape but smoothness of margin and perfect flatness of petals,
which must be so disposed as to form a perfect circle. Indeed,
when the lower and two upper petals are removed, the two side
petals will in first-class flowers meet at the upper and lower parts ;
for the petals to meet well above the eye, thus making the form of

202 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the shield complete, is of the utmost importance. A disposition
to bloom flat is also desirable, and the contrast between a rough,
uneven, frilled flower, and one which, without artificial means,
will dispose of its petals evenly and smoothly, exhibiting its rotun-
dity in all its perfection, will immediately fix the attention and
catch the eye of the veriest tyro. Saw toothing is another defect,
and sometimes occurs in flowers otherwise unexceptionable, and
even though minute, it tells against them. Indentation of the
lower lip often occurs in otherwise good flowers, and destroys
their rotuudit}-, which is absolutely essential.

The second point is substance of petal. Whatever may be the
excellence of form, if the flower be flimsy and weak, its beauty is
destroyed. The petals should be thick and velvet}', thereby
enabling the flower to stand well. On the third point, harmony
or a proper distribution of color, there has always been much
diversit}' of opinion, but the best judges hold it absolutely essen-
tial that the three bottom petals agree in shade, whatever be the
color of the upper ones ; and in selfs it is necessary that they
should all assimilate. No flower with the ground color stained
can be admitted as first-class ; it is as great a defect in a pansy as a
discolored bottom to the cup of a tulip. Whether it be a white,
yellow, or any other colored self, it must be pure and steadfast,
and the eye large and well defined ; and the more the latter
contrasts with the body color the better. If the color be black,
crimson, maroon, or purple, the e3'e must be white or yellow,
with no shading off. In belted flowers, or those with a margin
of color encircling the three bottom petals, it ought to be of a
uniform width throughout, and in a perfect flower of this class no
triangular spot is seen. Size is the least of all the essential
requisites to a good flower ; in either a single flower or a collec-
tion, judges give to form, four points ; substance, three ; distribu-
tion or harmony two, and size, one.

The pans}' has undergone some changes within the last twenty-
five years ; the class of fanc}' pansies, of which fine specimens
have been shown here by E. L. Beard, has been introduced within
that time. But the culture remains the same, the requisites
being 3'oung plants, rich mould, and a regular degree of moisture.
Those about to commence should procure a three light frame, a
few^ dozen well selected plants, a cartload of good loam, and some
rotten leaf-mould, sand, and thoroughly rotted cow manure.

1

CARNATIONS AND PANSIES. 203

Horse manure should be avoided. The bed should be prepared as
early as the ground and weather permit. It should not be exposed
to the full glare of the sun ; and if the soil is naturally poor, wet,
sodden, heavy, or sandy, these evils must be counteracted by
striking the medium. The plants should be set a foot apart and
six inches from the edge of the bed, and should have a good water-
ing after being planted, and the surface of the bed must be often
stirred. In dry weather it must be watered with a fine hose every
evening, not merely wetting the surface, but thoroughly. The
beaut}^ of the first bed will be over by Julj' ; if necessary to replant,
young plants should be prepared in the interval from cuttings ; or
by dividing the old plants and adding manure a good bloom may
be obtained in autumn. But a good substitute may be found in
a few choicely selected verbenas, or other bedding plants, thus
giving the amateur ample time to prepare a fine batch of plants
for the coming year. Though the pansy suffers very little from
frost, it should be well protected in ver}^ severe weather. To keep
up a good variety, select the best seed and mark each color separ-
atelj'. Mr. Atkinson said that he had, at the time of speaking,
plants in a three-light frame, which he should transplant in the
spring into a border, shielded from the noonday sun by trees, where
they have always done remarkably well.

Carnations. The present perfection of this delightful "florist's
flower" is the result of long and patient industry. At the begin-
ning of the eighteenth century it numbered between five and six
hundred varieties. Throughout the civilized world it is an especial
favorite ; its simple and graceful beauty, and, above all, its deli-
cious fragrance, have an irresistible charm over all hearts. In its
normal state it can be found among the Swiss Alps, and occasion-
ally in the southern parts of England, upon the broad ridges of
castle walls and ancient buildings.

The parent of the present carnation of the florist is botanically
designated Dianthus Coryophyllus^ and from this has sprung suf-
ficient to supply the most capacious taste. It has a sportive
power of self-variegation and activity, to keep even a morbid love
of novelty in constant plaj' ; but such are the requirements of the
present standard that scarcel}^ one in a thousand possesses suffi-
cient interest to command more than momentary' attention. As
excellence in variety has increased, fastidiousness has kept step to
reject from the very name of carnation all such flowers as have the

204 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

prevailing reel color of the clove-pink, and all others, be what they
may, which have not a ground of pure, unspotted, untinged white.
All carnations, understood within these restrictions, are classified
as Bizarres, Flakes, and Picotees, and are again distributed into
two other sub-divisions. Bizarres are striped with two colors on
the white ground, and have their colors in irregular variegations ;
Flakes are striped with one color on the white ground, and have
their stripes large and extending across the petal. Picotees are
pounced and spotted in a very diversified manner on their white
ground, and are more hardy and generally smaller than the other
classes. The bizarres generally show a greater proportion of one
of the striping colors, yet those are held in the highest estimation
which exhibit the two colors in equal proportion, with the stripes
running parallel to each other and .distributed equallj- over the
flower. The same may be said of flakes, which too often exhibit
too much or too little of the striping color. Those are the best
which exhibit the striping and ground colors in well balanced pro-
portions. Formerly the distinguishing character of the picotee
was the notched or fringed edge, but such will not now pass
muster, where judges and growers are even indifferently posted up.
They must possess the smooth edge, or what is technically termed
o'ose leaf, and their colors must be bright, clean, and well defined.
■ Scarlet bizarres are striped on their white ground with scarlet and
maroon, and the varieties of these are such as differ in the inten-
sity of their colors. Crimson bizarres are striped upon their
white ground with either pink and purple, or rose and purple.
Flakes are distributed into three sub-divisions, viz., scarlet stripes,
rose and pink stripes, and various hues of purple ; but in each
sub-division there is a great diversity in the shading of its charac-
teristic color.

Picotees, which are very numerous and diversified in variety,
are distributed into four sub-divisions, with respectiveh' scarlet,
crimson, rose, and purple colors, and are severally distributed into
two groups, the one heavy-edged, or having the color thickly laid
on round the margin of the petals, and the other feathered or
light-edged, with the color touching the petals in an unbroken and
very delicate line.

Much diversity exists as to the best method of cultivating carna-
tions : it is a topic that has been very copiously discussed, but can
be very easily and satisfactorily disposed of in a few words. In

CARNATIONS AND PANSIES. 205

Europe they, i. e. "shovv^ varieties," are universally cultivated in
pots ; but that method is totally unsuited for pra2tice here. Good,
deep, garden soil (3'ellow loam is preferable), enriched with
thorough!}' rotten cow manure, some leaf soil, and, if too adhesive,
some sand, are requisite. Dig deep and thoroughly, and when
the weather is fairly settled, set out the plants nine inches by
twelve apart, and stir the surface frequently. When the buds
become fully swollen, and before the}' burst, a ligature should be
tied around each pod, half-way down ; when the bursting com-
mences, take hold of each division of the calyx, and turn it down
to the ligature. The weather about the time of flowering is
usually bright and hot, thus prematurely hastening the develop-
ment of the flowers. An evening visit with the water-pot, sprink-
ling in and around the plants, but not over the flowers, is
beneficial. Shade, too, in the hottest part of the day is necessary.
For the real amateur, cotton cloth, attached to a roller and fixed
on a neat skeleton framework, so as to let up and down at
pleasure, is the 'thing. Second-hand fishing nets or seines,
stretched double over stakes sufficiently high to allow of walking
under them, are a very good contrivance, -and need not be moved
until Ihe bloom is over. In Europe they display six or eight
flowers, supported by a stake, but the speaker said he liked a
good mass rather than a few.

As soon as the " grass " is read}- for layering, this should be
done, thus obtaining strong plants by the middle or end of Sep-
tember, when they should be transferred to their winter quarters.
These should be prepared by making a bed the size of your cold
frame and planting it thickly ; by the end of November, strew two
or three inches of dry tan, or, which is preferable, pine needles,
among them ; put on the frame, add a few more pine needles, place
the sashes over them, but give all possible air ; exclude nothing
but heavy rains, snow, and extreme frost. When bright, lovely,
smiling May comes round again, transfer them to more agreeable
and attractive quarters, and there induce them to become, as they
truly are, " Jove's own flowers."

E. W. Wood was called on by the President, and said that the
carnation is grown extensively under glass, and usually in a house
by itself. Those who make a business of growing it, can afford to
give it a separate house, as it does not do well with other plants,
wanting a cooler temperature. The cuttings are put in in January,
4

206 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and after striking are potted in three-inch pots, and put in frames,
where the}' grow slowly ; early in Ma}' they are planted out. The
speaker had set plants the first day of May, and on the third
sufficient snow fell to cover them without doing any injury. The
bloom depends on the strength of the plants. He sets them four-
teen inches apart each way and nips them back during the summer ;
this is necessary to make them bushy. About the 10th or 15th of
September, they are taken up and transferred to the greenhouse.
Some cultivators put them in six or eight-inch pots, and he formerly
did so, but now he put them directly into the beds, which succeeds
better and saves labor. If the weather is warm, they must be
shaded. They will come into bloom almost immediately. He had
not succeeded in producing continuous bloom, but had seen it done.
He has them in a house with a span-roof, where the sun does not
strike for thirty days in winter, but in February they will bloom,
and he will take them out about the 10th of Juue. He has cut as
many blooms in this house on the 30th of May, as at any time.

The pansy is one of the most desirable and satisfactory flowers.
It can be grown by everybody. He puts a hundred and sixty
plants in a frame three feet by six, which is four times as many as
he will leave there, and covers them with mats to keep out the'frost.
At the time of speaking they had been in bloom for some weeks,
and had been uncovered but once. In spring he will take out three-
quarters of them. The bed faces the south. He makes the soil as
rich as he can.

William C. Strong said that for commercial purposes it is hardly
necessary to pot small carnations singly ; they may be taken from
the cutting bed and set in " flats," and planted out about the first
of May. He knew this method to be successful. The soil should
be rich, but not with undecomposed horse manure, which when
mixed with loam makes it too light ; and is especially injurious in
the house. A cool house, especially devoted to the carnation, is
best.

Henry Ross said that he sows pansy seed in the house and pricks
off" into hot-beds, using the same soil as for lettuce. He puts in
carnation cuttings in January or February, and plants out in May,
in soil not richer than if for potatoes. They want a cooler house
than bedding plants. In the house he formed a large bed for them
on a plank bottom over the water-tank, with eight inches of soil,
rich with manure, leaf-mould, and hot-bed material.

CARNATIONS AND PANSIES. 207

Col. Henry W. Wilson said that the pansy can be cultivated
very satisfactorily by ladies and 3'ouug people, who can derive a
great amount of pleasure from the cultivation of plants that wofild
not take high rank when measured by established standards of
excellence. He would not care to save seed unless the varieties
were very choice. The soil should be the average compost of
well rotted turf, sand, and well decomposed manure. The chemical
action of undecomposed manure is ver}' injurious. If the seedlings
are planted in a box, they will fill the soil with roots so that it can
easil}' be cut up into sections with a knife, and taken up with the
plants when they are transplanted. Irrigating pansies and car-
nations is better than watering them over the flowers. He had
effected it b}- placing a cask of water at the head of a sloping bed,
and arranging little channels so that the water would flow among
the plants. He objected to an arbitrary standard of perfection for
pansies, as tastes might difter ; some might fancy black flowers,
while others might like the bronze.

Edward L. Beard said that the carnation is never seen in such
perfection as in the humid climate of England. The average car-
nation here is not a success. The speaker lately received from
England twenty varieties, in cuttings rooted in two or three-inch
pots, which are as robust as cabbages, and this vigor is due to the
conditions of climate. They are fond of lime and he puts lime
rubbish in his pots, and they forsake all other soils for that. Lime
is deficient in our soils. It is an enemy to all worms, which are
very destructive to carnations, especially a little white worm that
attacks the roots ; but lime is a preventive of its injuries. In potting
some carnations, he left two without lime, which were both attacked
by this white worm and died, while all the others were promising.
Our summers are too hot as well as too dry for carnations, and
when cuttings are left, either by amateurs or commercial florists, to
take their chance, they fail in getting strong plants. The new
kinds are not grown to compare with the old varieties. The speaker
has raised some good seedlings ; among others a true scarlet, and
he thought this a good field for raising seedlings. The carnation
must have peculiar conditions of soil and atmosphere, and the red
spider and green fly must be kept from them ; many collections
suff"er from these insects.

The pansy is easy to grow, but it is not so easy to get a good
strain ; our growers have not the patience to comply with the

208 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

necessary conditions. A package of seed will produce many
varying kinds, but the florist's ideal is difficult to get. You may
find in a package twenty-five good kinds, with perhaps one rara
avis, and if you are willing to sacrifice the rest, and take up those
saved, the last of April, and plant them on the north side of a
fence, putting in a load of leaf-mould, and then go on with hj'-
bridizing, isolating the plants, you may get one pod of good seed
from each plant. The pansy does not bestow its gifts at sight ;
like good people, good pansies are scarce. There is the same
trouble with them as with carnations ; they deteriorate in summer,
and the speaker throws them away in midsummer. They will not
form seed in a hot, dry atmosphere; He thought better strains
could be procured from the continent of Europe, than from Eng-
land. The wonderful English and Scotch varieties exist on this
side of the Atlantic only in fiction, and the named varieties of this
class are difficult to import. He has saved good seed and raised
good varieties. T^he quantity was comparatively small, but some
of the seed was of the best quality. Pansies must be brought into
flower early in spring ; those produced the last of May are poor in
comparison with the early blooms. There is a mistake in manur-
ing them too heavily in cold frames ; he had planted some with-
out a layer of manure underneath, which he sometimes gives them,
and others with leaf-mould preponderating, and liquid manure as
the plants came into flower, and they did better than those heavily
manured. Heavy manuring breeds slugs, which are very injurious,
especially in heav}' clay soils, where they will cut the flowers all
to pieces. The remed}" is to strew soot among the plants. He
would put his money into leaf -mould for pansies, rather than into
manure. The only way to keep pansies from deteriorating in hot
weather is to lift the plants from the frames, and set them on the
shady side of a fence or wall. The pansy ought to be viewed by
some standard, and there is no question that thejarge, regularly
formed, and distinctly colored and marked flowers are more beau-
tiful than the washj^ ones so common in commerce, where the colors
are run together, without being distinctly outlined according to the
florist's ideal.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder confirmed what the preceding speakers
had said, and added that he had grown the carnation only in pots,
and that he could do nothing with them unless he kept them as
cool and as near the light as possible. Ho wondered that with our

HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSES. 209

clear, bright sun, which perfects seed so admkably, more had not
been done here in hybridizing, especially with the encouragement
derived from our success with the camellia and azalea, in which
we have equalled, if we have not surpassed, any other part of the
world.

Mr. Atkinson said that the high standard pansies, whose exist-
ence Mr. Beard had doubted-, do exist, but the seed canot be pur-
chased. Charles Turner told the speaker that anybody was foolish
to expect to get the best quality of seed ; that was always reserved.
Every grower must save the best every time and always. You
must save your own seed if you want the best, for the growers do
not produce it in sufficient quantity. As to the standard of a
perfect pansy, no one is compelled to adopt it, but it is absolutely
necessary' to have a high standard. The carnation is often found
by the side of old walls, showing the importance of lime to its
growth. In his remarks on the carnation he spoke of it exclusively
in pot culture, and not of tree carnations.

The subject for the next Saturday was announced as " The Cul-
ture of Hybrid Perpetual Roses, for Private Gardens, for Sale,
and for Exhibition Purposes."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 29, 1883.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder announced the decease of Dr. Louis
fedouard Berckmans, of Rome, Georgia, a corresponding member
of the Society, a pupil of Van Mons, and a co-worker with
Esperen, Bivort, and other leading Eui'opean pomologists, and
himself eminent among them. He moved the appointment of a
committee to prepare memorial resolutions, which motion was
carried and the Chair appointed Mr. Wilder, Leander Wetherell,
and John C. Hovey, as that Committee.

The meeting was then dissolved.

210 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Culture of Hybrid Perpetual Roses, for Private
Gardens, for Sale, and for Exhibition Purposes.

E. W. Wood was called on, and said that he should speak first
of roses in private gardens. Graat improvements have been
made in Hybrid Perpetual Roses in the last ten 3'ear8, and espe-
cially in the continuity of their bloom, so that they are now much
more desirable than formerly, and are better entitled to the name
of Perpetuals. In laying out grounds, it was formerly an objec-
tion to beds of roses on a Iftwn, that they were not handsome
after blooming, but, now, with careful selection of varieties, a bed
may be made an ornament to the front lawn, or woithy of the
most conspicuous place in the flower garden, from the time when
they begin to bloom until frost, and will afford flowers for cutting
every day ; in short the Hybrid Perpetual Rose has become one of
the most satisfactory flowering plants.

For market. Hybrid Perpetual Roses take precedence of all
other flowers. Some florists have discarded all other flowers, and
give their attention wholly to roses. We are favorably situated
for growing H3-brid Perpetual roses under glass, especially the
bright colored kinds, and in New York we may see in the florists'
windows " Boston rosebuds " offered for sale. The New York
florists have taken the most skilful rose growers from the houses
here, but even then have not succeeded in equalling those grown
here. More money is invested in the cultivation of roses for sale,
than in that of any other flower, and the cultivation is increasing,
both under glass and out-doors. It is one of the most profitable
summer flowers. The showy newer varieties are valuable not
only for their beauty, but for profit.

The increase in the exhibition of roses is shown by the very
gratifying increase in the number of contributors to our shows.
For cultivation under glass, it is a great help to bud roses on the
strongest growing stocks, as they are much more vigorous and
afford a profusion of bloom. This method is adopted b}' the best
English exhibitors, and here Mr. Dawson, of the Arnold Arbo-
retum, has been experimenting to ascertain the best stocks. It
has been objected that stocks throw up suckers, which injure the
grafts, and the speaker had seen such cases, and a friend related

HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSES. 211

an instance where, on pulling off the suckers from a lot of
imported roses, which appeared to be growing very vigorously,
half of them were found entirely, and others nearly dead ; but
there is little difficulty in distinguishing between the shoots from
the stock, and those from the graft, and the former will do no
injury if taken off seasonably. '

President Hayes said he had seen roses displfl3'ed in the florists'
windows in Ottawa and Montreal, Canada, labelled " Boston buds."

William H. Spooner said that the rose is a thing of beauty and
therefore a joy. It is the leading flower of our gardens toda^' .
He prefers them, both for garden and exhibition purposes, grafted
on the Manetti stock ; for light soils such are certainly preferable.
The bud or graft should be inserted not more than six inches from
the roots, and when finally planted should be set two or three inches
under ground, when it will send out roots the first year. The past
season has been very unfavorable to roses, on account of the ex-
treme drought. Boieldieu, Mile. Marie Eady, Comtesse Serenye,
and Elizabeth Vigneron, have proved almost entire failures. The
buds were so tight that they would not open. Mme. Gabriel Luizet
proved beautiful under the trying season. Alfred Colomb, Jean
Liabaud, Victor Verdier, and J. Stuart Mill, have done well ; Magna
Charta did admirably, growing well and flowering freely, and
proving hardy. La Eosi^re, a dark kind, very much like Prince
Camille de Rohan, if not identical with it, has done better than ever
before, as have also Abel Carri^re, and Jean Soupert. The Duke
of Wellington was fine. The Climbing Victor Verdier is one of the
best garden roses. The Cheshunt Hybrid has Tea foliage, and
suffered from the winter, but in an ordiuar}' season would prove
hardy. La France and Souvenir de Mons. Boll did well. The
Climbing Bessie Johnson is a veiy strong grower and flowered
freely. Mabel Morrison proved not to be a good bloomer in dry
weather. Firebrand proved a strong grower, but a poor flowerer.
Marie Baumann, an old kind, did well. Baron de Boustetten is
among the best. Charles Lawson, a Bourbon, gave a mass of
bloom, but is not suited for exhibition. John Hopper is good.
The Duke of Edinburgh is not up to the standard. Jules Margottin
and the climbing variety of the same, both did well.

Some of the Hybrid Perpetual roses have very beautiful foliage.
Dupuy Jamain is almost as good in this respect as Baroness Roths-
child. Captain Christy is a Hybrid Tea, with beautiful foliage, but

212 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a little tender. Mme. Charles Wood is a good flower, but the
plant is a poor grower. Louis Van Houtte is the best rose of its
color, but is not very hard}' and has proved almost a total failure.
Senateur Vaisse is an admirable garden rose, and so is the Marquise
de Castellane, in most seasons. Dr. Andry is perfectly hardy, but
Mme. Eugenie Verdier is a little tender. Fisher Holmes is an
improvement on Gen. Jacqueminot. With the multitude of vari-
eties, the Hybrid Perpetuals are the class for general cultivation.
Some of the newer shades are very desirable. Moss roses did not
generall}' do \^ell the past season. Of the three perpetual varieties,
Salet, Mrs. W. Paul, and James Veitch, all flowered well ; the last
is a dark kind but not a very good grower. The Common Moss
did not do well. Laneii, which is the next best, did well. The
Crested Moss, which is never very healthy, will flower freely if it
can be made to grow vigorously.

In answer to an inquiry whether as good varieties of roses could
not be produced here as in Europe, Mr. Spooner said that the}'
could, but the European growers have the advantage of larger
stocks, to hybridize and produce seed from.

Joseph H. Woodford said that roses will stand any quantity of
manure. He knew a grower who dug trenches between his roses
and buried the contents of his cesspool in them to their great ad-
vantage. The reflection of the sun from the snow, when the sap
is just starting, will burn the bushes ; a little litter thrown over
them will prevent this. It is true that budded roses are apt to
throw up suckers, but any one at all fsimiliar with them, can dis-
tinguish the suckers from the grafts. The best way is to put the
whole stock under ground, and get them on their own roots. He
would not grow roses long in one place, but would renew them
once in four years, if wanted for exhibition. They are much better
from young, vigorous plants than from old, gnarled roots. He has
some fifteen years old, which he cuts in closely, and gets good
blooms from them, but not as good as from younger plants.

Mr. Spooner said that he has plants of the Duke of Edinburgh,
which have been standing ten years on the same spot, and give as
good blooms as ever.

Edward L. Beard said that there is no question that roses dete-
riorate by standing long in one place. In England, rose growers
exhibit flowers chiefly from one year old plants, known as maidens.
Most of them change the soil every year ; roses will exhaust it in

HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSES. 213

two or three years, and by constant manuring it becomes too light
and friable for the needs of the rose. The second year the plants
are cut back. They must be shifted from year to year, for no
feeding will take the place of shifting ; manure will not supply the
want of fresh loam. Where a rose has done well one season it
will not always do so the next. The difference is caused by the
difference in the ripening of the wood ; in autumn the wood of some
is hard and well ripened, while that of others is soft and green when
the fall frosts come. The Baroness Rothschild is irregular in
blooming, and in this climate is a failure out-doors ; a good bloom
is the exception. The transition of roses from rest to bloom is too
sudden here, and they do not do as well as in England, where it is
more gradual. The darker roses rarely reach perfection out-doors
here, and many of the newer shades are of doubtful permanent
success. Gloire de Bourg la Reine, for instance, fades so rapidly
as to be worthless, and we shall have to adhere to the standard
kinds. His great theory is that change of soil is essential to
success, and rose growers are fortunate if they have the oppor-
tunity to act upon it.

William C. Strong agreed with Mr. Beard as to the necessity of
change in soil, because in supplying food we change the character
of the soil. The rose requires a compact soil ; one approaching
clay is best, but by applying cow manure we make the soil so
light that the roots suffer. The Manetti stock is adapted to heavy
as well as light soils. Mr. Strong alluded to the rose grafted on
a Japan stock, exhibited by Mr. Dawson of the Arnold Arboretum,
and said that he was struck with the result, but his own experience
with that stock had not been satisfactory. The plants have not
flourished as well as those on the Manetti stock. They have done
well at the Arboretum, in light soil, out-doors, and have also suc-
ceeded in pots. There is no reason why we should not propagate
roses here as readily as abroad ; cuttings of soft wood root freely,
and we can graft the Manetti stock with scarcely a miss ; budding
is not so successful. For the public, grafting is the best way of
procuring plants.

Mr. Strong thought exhibitions of roses very misleading, and
that there shduld be some way of making distinctions that would
guide the public. The visitors are enthusiastic, and get the vari-
eties they see in the prize stands, and are doomed to disappoint-
ment, because they are unable to give them the care requisite to

214 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

produce perfect blooms, and it cannot be expected that the public
generally ever will give such care. He agreed with the last
speaker that the new roses, with delicate shades of color, are of
doubtful permanent success, though possibly care may preserve
them. Our exhibitions rival those of England, but the new hybrid
kinds cannot be produced by the public generally. They want
hardy kinds, like Baron Prevost, though they may not take the
first prize. If we lead the public up to too high a plane, they will
be discouraged and give up ; but there are roses that can be pro-
duced by the majority of cultivators with great success, and that
will give great satisfaction.

John G. Barker agreed with the last two speakers in regard to
the advantage of changing the soil for roses ; where there are but
a few beds it is not difficult to change the plants and the soil.
There is no doubt that beds of roses can be made beautiful through
the season. He covers the soil in his beds with pine needles, and
plants gladioli between the bushes, which hide the mulching, and
then edges with candj'tuft, sweet alyssum, or mignonette. The
kinds he has selected are all among those mentioned by Mr.
Spooner. He cultivated Safrano, Bon Seline, and other tender
kinds in a bed at the Botanic Garden, where they stood for several
years. They were covered with leaves, and stakes were driven
down, with cross pieces firmh' fastened to the tops so that heavy
snows should not break down the bushes. If taken up and put
in frames they are preferable to bands of coleus and iresine for
ornament. Both hardy and tender kinds can be made to yield
such effects as cannot be produced by bedding plants.

Mr. Strong spoke of the Japanese Rosa rugosa as of very
luxuriant and dense growth and fine foliage. It is beauti-
ful in bud and flower (though the flowers are single), and also
when the hips are ripe. It produces a striking effect at a dis-
tance.

Mr. Barker recommended grouping this species on the shady
side of beds of hardy shrubs.

Mr. AVood said that a few years ago he set out twenty-four
Bon Seline and the same number of Safrano roses, and put boards
round them and tied down and covered the plants, aftd the}' came
out in spring in excellent condition, but he did not cut a perfect
bloom before the first of September, which was not long before they
were cut oflT by frost. Both these kinds will form buds freely all

HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSES. 215

summer, but the hot sun burns them, and therefore such a bed
must be partially shaded ; it will not do in the full sun.

Mr. Beard agreed with Mr. Wood in regai'd to tender roses, and
said that he had planted thirty* or forty bushes, which have stood
the winters. The varieties chosen by Mr. Wood were not so good
for the purpose as the more double kinds, such as Homer, Agrip-
pina, and Souvenir de la Malmaison, which come to greater per-
fection. There is no question that they are hardy enough to stand
the winter with sufficient covering. If they are killed down thej' will
send up strong shoots, but will give no bloom until cool weather.

Mr. Spoouer said that Gloire de Dijon, Devouiensis, etc., came
through the winter with protection, but did not flower freely.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder said that this discussion showed that
the Society has made great progress in the fundamental prin-
ciples of rose culture, and in establishing what constitutes a good
rose, desirable for general cultivation here. Many years ago he
carried off the Society's prize for the best collection of roses, for
nine successive years. Since then he has seen great changes ; we
have learned to classif}' the collections, which were then miscella-
neous, and have learned the constituents of a perfect rose. Many
of the varieties mentioned by Mr. Spooner have taken their places
as permanently as the Baldwin apple or Bartlett pear. Baronne
Prevost, John Hopper, and Dr. Andry, have such constituents of
excellence that, though better kinds in some respects maj- exist,
all things considered they will retain their places for years to
come. We have already got large collections of roses, but we
desire fragrance, and hj'bridizing with Tea roses gives this, but
it also gives tenderness, yet, by covering them up, and great care,
we can carry the Hybrid Tea roses through the winter and get
some good blooms, but they will never be permanent dwellers in
our gardens. The Salet and Laneii are the only moss roses he
cultivates ; the latter is robust, and, unlike most moss roses,
makes good roots. Mr. Wilder related an anecdote of George C.
Thorburn, who imported a lot of the Common Moss rose, and wrote
back to the European nurseryman that our American cultivators
preferred roses with roots. The Laneii is hard}* and a strong-
grower ; it will take care of itself, and will not be displaced. It
is of better color than the Common Moss, but not quite so mossy.
The Manetti stock was introduced by Thomas Rivers fifty years
ago, and the speaker had never found one equal to it ; but the

216 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

rose grower must be wide awake, and not let the suckers from the
stock rob the graft. The stock must be buried below the surface.
He wondered that more varieties of Hybrid Perpetual roses had
not been produced here, and spoke of the success attained b}- the
late Henry B. Ellwanger in this direction, and of the loss to horti-
culture in his death. Mr. Ellwauger's effort was to add fragrance
to the Hybrid Perpetual rose, and he had produced one as good as
the Alfred Colomb, which he named for the speaker.

President Hayes said that he had learned from these discussions
how to cultivate roses. He had been successful in growing them,
and believed in changing the soil ; they do not give satisfaction
when remaining in one place for a long time.

Mr. Strong dissented from the opinion that grafted roses gener-
ally root from the graft. His experience had been that it happens
only in rare instances, and he doubted the advantage if they did,
for the Manetti stock is so much more vigorous.

Mr. Spooner said that he knew that many varieties, among which
are Prince Camille de Rohan, John Hopper, Magna Charta, Avocat
Duvivier, and Jules Margottin, do root freely from the graft.

On motion of E. W. Wood, a Committee, consisting of John B.
Moore, William H. Spooner, E. W. Wood, William C. Strong
and Marshall P. Wilder, was appointed to report a list of the best
hardy roses as continuous bloomers in out-door culture, and a
list of the best hardy roses adapted to general cultivation.

The subject for the next Saturday was announced as "Manures ;
their Preparation and Application."

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS,

FOR THE YEAR 1883.

By WILLIAM H. SPOONER, Chairman.

At the close of the year's official duties, there is some satisfac-
tion in taking a brief retrospect of its work. While our position
involves weekly labor and responsibility, there is compensation in
the endeavor to add something to the general interest in floricul-
tural subjects.

The exhibitions, as a whole, have not reached the standard of
former years, with the exception of the Annual and Chrj'santhemum
Shows ; the former, in choice plants, was uncommonly fine, and
the latter was never equalled. It is many years since cultivators
have had to contend with such a long-continued season of extreme
drought, and it undoubtedly affected the general exhibits.

We desire to call attention in the Prize Schedule for 1884, to
the changes in the Azalea and Rose show in March, particularly to
the additional prizes for bulbs, which it is hoped will greatly add
to the interest and success of the show ; to the additions at the
Rose Exhibition, in Juue, and also to the important changes
and additions to the prizes for the Chrysanthemum Show.

We will first notice the

AZALEA AND ROSE SHOW.

March 22.

For the display of Indian Azaleas, we were again indebted to
Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, whose enthusiasm in the cultivation of
this beautiful plant continues unabated. The prizes were all
awarded to Col. Wilder, with the exception of one for a specimen
plant, to John L. Gardner.

218 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hybrid Perpetual Roses, in pots, were verj- poor. Of cut blooms,
an unusually fine display was made by John B. Moore & Son and
William C. Strong ; there were also splendid blooms of Mar^chal
Niel, from E. M. Wood & Co., — the largest and most perfect
specimens of this rose ever shown in our Hall. Mr. Wood's facili-
ties for growing this beautiful rose are unsurpassed ; he could cut
at one time about ten thousand blooms.

Orchids were exhibited by H. H. Hunnewell and F. B. Hayes.
Greenhouse plants were shown by H. H. Hunnewell and John L.
Gardner. There was no exhibit of hard}^ shrubs, c^'clamens,
pansies, or tulips. Fine Heaths were shown by Francis B. Hayes
and John L. Gardner ; the latter also exhibited excellent Primulas.
Good Cinerarias were presented by William Patterson, and the
best violets shown for several years were also from him, and from
John L. Gardner. The latter was the only contributor of forced
bulbs, and, as usual, excelled in well-grown hyacinths. Camellias
were exhibited by Francis B. Ha^'cs, Hovej' & Co., and Marshall
P. Wilder.

E. M. Wood & Co. contributed a group of the beautiful Lilium
eximium Harrisii.

Woolsou & Co., of Passaic, N. J., presented an interesting col-
lection of Narcissus, a class of plants rapidly becoming popular
for forcing and for garden culture. E. L. Beard's display of
Fancy Pansies, was remarkable, not only for the wonderful beauty
and variety of color, but for the large size and perfect form of the
flowers ; they were the best ever shown.

Henry R. Comley exhibited seedling carnation No. 1 ; color,
pure white, serrated edges, perfect flower, with no indication of
bursting ; very fragrant and a free bloomer. Also, No. 2, white,
inner petals delicately tinted pink, serrated edges ; and No. 3,
creamy white, serrated edges.

PELARGONIUM EXHIBITION.
May 12.

This was again a failure, not a single competitor offering for
an}' of the prizes for pelargoniums.

John L. Gardner and Marshall P. Wilder were contributors of
Indian Azaleas ; from the latter came Louis Van Houtte^; color,
delicate rose, edged white, lower divisions dark purple ; also.

EEPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 219

Mme. Iris Lefebvre, color pure white, striped with pink ; and
Jean Vervaene. The most noticeable plant of the exhibit was
from S. R. Payson, ah'z : Denclrobium Falconeri.

Admirably grown Tulips were shown in good varieties by John
L. Gardner, and Hyacinths by Miss E. M. Harris. From William
A. Bock came excellent seedling Pelargoniums ; there were also
fine named kinds from E. Sheppard.

EHODODENDRON SHOW.
June 9 and 13.

The dry weather proved a serious drawback to this exhibition,
and the postponement of the awards of the Hunnewell Premiums
from the 9th to the 13th was an unfortunate error in judgment on
the part of the Committee. H. H. Hunnewell and President Hayes
contributed fine blooms on the 9th and also on the 13th (the
former not competing for the prizes) , but the very warm weather
had seriously affected the flowers by the 13th.

President Francis B. Hayes was the chief contributor for the
leading prizes, receiving the first prizes for twenty-four, twelve, six,
and three tender varieties ; and also for a single truss of any tender
variet}', which he took with Duchess of Bedford.

John L. Gardner was first for eighteen hardy varieties, and
Hovey & Co, were second. President Hayes was first for ten
hardy varieties.

E. Sheppard was the only contributor of Hardy Azaleas, and
received the first prize. The awards for Tree Paeonies and
Gennan Iris were made on the 9th ; the first, as usual, to Mar-
shall P. Wilder ; and that for Iris, to Francis B. Hayes.

Cut flowers were excellent, the displa}' being made b}' W. K.
Wood, Mrs. E. M. Gill and Miss S. W. Story.

Hardy Clematis were shown, of better quality than for several
years, b}' Joseph H. Woodford, and John B. Moore & Son.

Francis Parkman presented some very good seedling Ghent
Azaleas.

From Hovey & Co. came seedling Cereus No. 2, C. M. Hovey.
From the same came also a semi-double seedling Azalea ; color,
pure white with lemon centre.

220 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 26.

Probably no plant suffered more from the extremely dry season
than the Rose, especially when this followed a severe winter like
the last ; from these causes the Annual Rose Exhibition did not
equal that of last year. A large number of flowers were shown,
but none of them were of superior qualit3\ Sunday and Monday
immediately preceding the show, were among the hottest days of
the season, so that many of the best blooms were burned on the
bushes. Such varieties as Alfred Colomb, E. Y. Teas, and Boiel-
dieu, were destroyed for exhibition purposes ; even Mme. Gabriel
Luizet, one of the finest of all roses for general culture, could not
bear the severe scorching, while the dark varieties, such as La
Rosi^re, Abel Carri^re, Prince Camille de Rohan, Jean Liabaud,
and Mons. Boncenne, were badly burned. The principal contribu-
tors were John B. Moore & Son, John L. Gardner, Francis B.
Hayes, Warren Heustis, John S. Richards and William H. Spooner.
Ellwanger & Barrj', of Rochester, N.Y., presented alarge collection.

Subscription Prizes for Hybrid Perpetual Roses.

These were again sharply contested for.

A Silver Vase, value 850, for twenty-four roses of diflerent
varieties was awarded to John L. Gardner ; no list of varieties was
furnished.

A Silver Vase, value $15, for three roses of different varieties,
to Warren Heustis.

A Silver Vase, value $25, for six roses of different varieties, to
John S. Richards.

A Silver Vase, value $15, for three Roses of one variety, to John
L. Gai'dner for Abel Carri^re.

A Silver Vase, value $25, for six roses of one variety, to Francis
Skinner, Jr., for Charles Lefebvre.

A Silver Challenge Vase, value $200, for twenty-four varieties,
three specimens of each, to John B. Moore & Son, for the second
time. The varieties shown were :

Abel Carrit^re, Annie Wood,

Alfred Colomb, Baroness Rothschild,

I

I

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 221

Boieldieu,
Camille Bernardin,
Comtesse de Serenj^e,
rrau9ois Miclielon,
Hippolj'te Jamain,
Jean Soupert,
Magna Charta,
Marchioness of Exeter,
Maurice Bernardin,
Mme. Boutin,

Mme. Gabriel Luizet,
Mme. Marie Finger,
Mme. Victor Verdier,
Mons. Bonceune,
Paul Neyron,
Perfection de Lyons,
Pierre Notting,
Prince Camille de Rohan.
Souvenir de Spa,
Thomas Mills.

Society's Prizes.

For twenty-four distinct varieties, two of each, John B. Moore
& Son were first, with

Alfred Colomb,
Baroness Rothschild,
Barth^lemy Joubert,
Boieldieu,
Camille Bernardin,
Caroline de Sansal,
Charles Turner,
Duke of Connaught,
Duke of Edinburgh,
Dupuy Jamain,
£tienne Levet,
Fisher Holmes,

Jean Liabaud,
Jean Soupert,
Marie Baumann,
Marguerite de St. Amande,
Mme. Victor Verdier,
Paul Neyron,
Prince Camille de Rohan,
Richard Laxton,
Richard Wallace,
Senateur Vaisse,
Souvenir de Spa.
S. Revnolds Hole,

For the best twelve and six, J. S. Richards was the successful
competitor ; no list of varieties was furnished.

Moss Roses. — For the best six, the first prize was awarded to
John B. Moore & Son ; for the best three, to William H. Spooner,
for Crested, Common, and White Bath.

All the prizes for the general display were awarded, the contri-
butions being numerous ; the first was gained by Norton Brothers.

Stove and Greenhouse Plants. — The best six varieties were
contributed by John L. Gardner and Hovey & Co. For a single
specimen, the first prize was given to John L. Gardner, for
Erica ventricosa Bothwelliana. Of Orchids, three varieties were
presented by F. L. Ames and R. M. Pratt, receiving the first and
5

222 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

second prizes, respectively. For a single plant, the prize was
awarded to H. H. Hunnewell, for Odontoglossum vexiUarium. A
miscellaneous collection of Orchids was exhibited by F. L. Ames.
Clematis were shown by Francis B. Hayes ; excellent seedling
Gloxinias by John B. Moore & Son ; displays of flowers by E.
Sheppard, Mrs. L. P. Weston, Miss S. W. Story, and Mrs. E. M.
Gill. From C. J. Power came a collection of plants grown in
moss, and from John C. Hovey came the Herbaceous Paeony, No.
3, Grandiflora ; flower large, very double, opening flat ; color, light
rose, very fragrant,

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 18, 19, 20, and 21.

The arrangement of this exhibition was entirely different from any
adopted in former years, and it seems to us a change in the right
direction. The plant and flower department of our shows is con-
stantly increasing, and it has been apparent for several years that
more room was needed for the proper display of the plants. This
3'ear the entire upper hall was devoted to plants and flowers, the
former being arranged on platforms on each side of the hall, in
front of the miiTors, thus giving more space to each contributor.
The reflection of the plants in the mirrors, added greatly to the
general effect. Between the mirrors were stands for cut flowers,
while in the centre of the hall tables were placed for miscellaneous
displays of plants and flowers. This arrangement proved much
more satisfactory to exhibitors, and a large number of visitors
expressed their appreciation of the change.

Stove and Greenhouse Plants. — In the display of these, F. L.
Ames was first, with

Alocasia Sedeni., Croton 3fortii,

Alocasia Thibautiana, Dion edule,

Alocasia zebrina, Kentia australis,

Anthurium Veitchii, Maranta 3fakoyana,

Anthurium Warocqueanum, Maranta Veitchii,

Asparagus plumosus nan^is, Phyllotoinixcm Lindeni.

In Specimen Flowering Plants, President Francis B. Hayes
received the first prize for six varieties. For a single specimen,

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 223

F. L. Ames was first and second with Dipladenia BoUviensis and
Epidendrum prismatocarpum.

For Variegated Leaved Plants, six varieties, Hovey & Co.
were first, with

Alocasia macrorhiza, Eurya latifolia,

Ananassa sativa, Phormium Colensoi, '

Dieffenhachia Bausei, Yucca quadricolor.

The best single specimen came from John L. Gardner, Eurya
latifolia var.

For Caladiums, the first and second prizes were awarded to
Waldo Adams.

For Ferns, six varieties, to F. L. Ames, for

Davdllia Mooreana, Nephrolepis davallioides fur-
Gleichenia Mendelii, cans,

Lastrcea Ricliardsii multifida, Polypodium ornatum.
Microlepia hirta cristata.

Mr. Ames was also first for Adiantums, with

A. concinnum latum, A. scutum,

A. Feruviamim, A. trapeziforme,

A. princeps, A. Williamsii.

For a Tree Fern, Hovey & Co. were first with Alsophila australis,
Drac^nas, six varieties, came from S. R. Payson, viz. :

D. amabilis, D. Hendersonii,

D. Baptistii, D. Sliepherdii,

D. Goldieana, D. Young i.

For Crotons, F. L. Ames was first, with

Baron Frank, • Neville,

Cronstadti, Prince of Wales,

Hawkeri, Queen Victoria.

For a single specimen of Palm, the first prize was awarded to
Hovey & Co. for Pritchardia Pacifica.

Nepenthes, — three plants ; the first prize for these was awarded
to F. L. Ames, for N. Hookeriana, N. Intermedia, and N. Eaffle-
siana.

224 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Agaves, Cacti, and Succulents were shown by Hovey & Co.,
receiving prizes.

Gladioli. — This part of the exhibit was perhaps the poorest for
many years, owing doubtless to the drought ; E. Sheppard was the
only contributor.

Dahlias were excellent, from John L. Gardner, Francis B.
Hayes, C. W. Hoitt, of Nashua, N. H., James Willey, and John
Parker.

Cut Flowers, considering the unfavorable season, were remark-
ably good, Mrs. E. M. Gill, Mrs. L. P. Weston, and President
Hayes, being the contributors.

One of the most attractive and interesting features of the exhi-
bition, was a collection of I^ymphceas, Victoria regia, and Nelumhium
speciosum from E. D. Sturtevant of Bordentown, N. J. This
exhibit was made at the request of your Committee, and the result
fully justified their efforts ; the two tanks which Mr. Sturtevant
filled with flowers and leaves were constantly surrounded by
admiring visitors, and were the special novelties of the display.

Mr. Sturtevant has kindly furnished us with the following
detailed account of his method of culture :

" I have a basin in my garden, built of brick and cement, fiftj'
feet by thirty-six, and two and a half deep. I find that in such a
basin, the water is more readily warmed by the sun than in a pond
with a bottom of natural earth. This extra warmth is of the
greatest service in growing the tender Nymphaeas, and is no det-
riment whatever to the growth and health of the hardy ones. Soil
is not spread over the whole bottom of the basin, but is placed in
compartments of cemented brickwork, about ten or twelve inches
deep, or in wooden boxes, placed at various intervals. Abundant
root room, and room for the spread of the foliage is necessary for
the development of fine specimens. Soil from the bed of a pond
or river is not at all essential. The compost which I use is simply
ordinary garden loam and good horse or cow manure, in nearly
equal quantities. The hardy varieties are planted out permanently.
Of the tender varieties, such as Nymjihoea Devoniensis, N. dentata,
etc., in March or April I take tubers about the size of a hickory
nut, pot them in three-inch pots, and place in a tank of water under
glass, which is kept steadily at a temperature of about 80°. They
soon begin to grow and are shifted perhaps once into larger pots
before planting out. Early in June, or as soon as the water is

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 225

warm enough for bathing with comfort, the young plants are turned
out of the pots into the beds of soil in the basin. No artificial
heat whatever was given, after planting out, to the plants which bore
the flowers exhibited by me in Boston. Grown in this manner, I^.
Devoniensis and N. dentata have produced flowers twelve inches,
and leaves twenty-five inches, in diameter, a single specimen cover-
ing a space twenty feet across.

No attempt is made to winter very large flowering crowns ; they
are worthless, and only the small tubers which form around the
flowering plant during the growing season are preserved. These
ripen oflT and shed their leaves in autumn, and are placed, a quantity
together, in ordinary flower-pots, and covered with clean sand.
These pots are placed in tubs or tanks of water in a greenhouse.
The tubs are placed in some position where the water is kept at a
temperature of 60°. Treated in this manner the bulbs generall}'
remain dormant until spring ; though they may be wintered in a
lower temperature, I have found 60° the safest. The purple and
blue species are 'increased only b}' seed. Young plants of these,
kept in pots during the summer, will in autumn ripen off into
tubers which are wintered in the same manner as the other kinds.
The following is a list of those exhibited :

NymphcBa alba candidissima, Nymjphoea pygmcea^

" dentata^ " Zanzibar iensis,

" Devoniensis, " rubra,

The leaves and flowers of the Victoria regia exhibited, were taken
from a plant grown in the open air, with the aid of some artificial
heat. It was raised from a seed which germinated about Christmas,
1882. The plant produced its first flower .July 20, 1883.

New and Desirable Plants. At this Exhibition we had from
Messrs. Hovey & Co., a plant of Ficus elastica aurea var., a new
variety of recent introduction — a form of India-Rubber plant, with
pretty golden-edged leaves.

From F. L. Ames, Nepenthes Mastersiana, described as a hand-
some hybrid between N. sanguinea, and N. distillatoria, the
pitchers large, cylindrical, and of a deep red color. Also Arblia
Chabrieri, an elegant small growing species, with linear leaves
of a deep green color, the midrib bright orange.

From H. H. Hunnewell, Cattleya aurea, in the wa.j of C. Dowiana,
but rather lighter in color ; and Osmanthus ilicifolius var. (Japan

226 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Evergreen Oak) . Mr. Hunnewell also exhibited a beautiful assort-
ment of plants, which were not entered for competition in the prize
collections.

From David Allan, gardener to R. M. Pratt, Polypodium plum-
osum. The general collection of plants, including Crotons, Ferns,
and Lycopods, of Mr. Allan, was one of the most attractive and
useful to the horticulturist ever made in our exhibitions, and re-
flected great credit upon the cultivator.

Native Flowers were largely contributed by Mrs. P. D. Rich-
ards, E. H. Hitchings, Carrie S. Leeds, Frank H. Forbes and Mrs.
G. R. Peckham.

From E. & C. Woodman came a new Coleus, Progress.

Miss E. H. Craft and Miss Annie M. Tilley presented designs of
dried flowers.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 8 and 9.

The opportunity of observing the "Glory Flower" in all its varied
hues, was this year far superior to anj' previous occasions, the
collections of plants being larger and finer than ever before.

Dr. H. P. Walcott staged a large and elegant variety, as did
also E. W. Wood. Norton Brothers, Marshall P. Wilder, John L.
Gardner, and Hovej' &, Co., furnished excellent plants, but of
a smaller size than the first two exhibitors. Cut Chrysantheraums
were shown hy Edwin Fewkes, H. P. Walcott, the State Lunatic
Hospital, at Worcester, and E. W. Wood, to whom were awarded
the prizes. Cut blooms were also shown by Mrs. E. M. Gill, Mrs.
L. P. Weston, E. Sheppard, W. H. Lincoln, and V. H. Hallock,
Son, and Thorpe, of Queens, N. Y.

For six Chrysanthemum plants. Large Flowered varieties, H. P.
Walcott was first, with

Empress of India, Lady Hardinge,

Fingal, Nil Desperandum,

Jardin des Plantes, Prince of Wales.

E. W. Wood was second, with

Bouquet Fait, Hiver Fleuri,

Elaine, Peter the Great,

Fair Maid of Guernsey, The Damio.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 227

For four Pompon Chrysanthemums, H. P. Walcott was first,
with

Curiosity, Mile. Marthe,

Salamon, Golden Mile. Marthe.

E. W. Wood was second, with

Golden Circle, Mongolfier,

Semu'amis, Mile. Marthe.

For a specimen plant. Large Flowered, the first prize was awarded
to H. P. Walcott, for .Crimson King, and the second to E. W.
Wood, for Snowball.

For a specimen plant, Japanese, the first prize to H. P. Wal-
cott, for Triomphe du Chatelet, and the second prize to E. W.
Wood, for Elaine.

For a specimen plant, Pompon, the first prize •was awarded to
E. W. Wood, for Golden Circle, and the second to H. P. Walcott.

For display of plants of all classes, the first prize was given to
H. P. Walcott, the second to E. W. Wood, and the third to Nor-
ton Brothers.

For twelve cut blooms, Large Flowered or Chinese, the first
prize was taken by Edwin Fewkes, with

Antonelli, Mabel Ward,

Baron Beust, Pink Perfection,

Crimson King, Prince Victor,

George Peabody, Sunflower,

Jardin des Plantes, Venus,

Lord Derby, White Eve.

The second prize went to H. P. Walcott, and the third to the
State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester.

For six cut blooms, the first prize was awarded to Edwin
Fewkes, for

Empress of India, Miss Mary Morgan,

Guernsey Nugget, Prince of Wales,

John Salter, Temple of Solomon.

The second to H. P. Walcott, for

Crimson King, Lord Wolseley,

Empress of India, Prince Alfred,

John Salter, Queen of England.

228 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The third prize was awarded to E. W. Wood.

In the display of thirty varieties of Pompon and Japanese cut
blooms, H. P. Walcott was first, Edwin Fewkes second, E. W.
Wood third, and the State Lunatic Hospital, Worcester, fourth.

Seedling Chrysanthemums were again shown in considerable
numbers, grown from American seed, and were remarkably fine.
Dr. H. P. Walcott exhibited a number of new varieties in cut
blooms, several of them with very noticeable flowers. His seed-
ling, Pontiac, raised two years ago, evidently of the same parentage
as the variety President Parkman, which it resembles in habit of
growth, foliage, and time of flowering, is very full, of a soft
canary color, a profuse and early bloomer, and thus far has re-
sisted mildew in a very marked way.

E. W. Wood also exhibited some very excellent seedlings,
grown from seed raised by himself ; several of them were equal to
some of the kinds now in commerce.

For Orchids, three varieties : the first prize was taken by F. L.
Ames, with Vanda ccerulea, Cypripedium, Sedeni and Odonto-
glossum Andersoni, and the second by E. W. Gilmore, with
Oncidium ornytJiorhynchum, Ly caste Skinneri and Onddium
Forbesii.

For a single plant, the first prize went to F. L. Ames for Cypri-
pediiim Harrisianum, and the second to E. W. Gilmore for Den-
drobium formosum.

David Allan, gardener to R. M. Pratt, exhibited a beautiful
specimen, the finest ever shown here, of that curious plant, Ouvi-
randa fenestralis, the Lace or Skeleton plant, for a description of
which see " Curtis's Botanical Magazine," Vol. 82, plate 4894. Mr.
Allan also presented a very beautiful and rare collection of cut
flowers.

F. L. Ames supplied a miscellaneous collection of orchids and
cut flowers.

MISCELLANEOUS EXHIBITS.

Camellias were shown by President Francis B. Hayes, for
several weeks in succession, of finer qualit}' than ever before.

January 2d, W. C. Page exhibited a seedling Carnation, called
Victor ; color, bright crimson pink, striped, edges serrated, fra-
grant.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 229

February 17th, several seedling Carnations were shown by Sew-
all Fisher, viz. :

Fisher's Early White^ raised in 1878, from pistillate parent, De-
graw ; very early, pure white, very fragrant, and with no indication
of bursting.

Anna Webb, a large flower of deep crimson-maroon color, ser-
rated edges ; very fragrant, does not burst.

Dana, bright pink color, not large.

Jessie Lee, a large flower, white edges striped with pink,
bursts.

Maria, color, rosy white, striped with dark pink, some of the
petals clear rose.

Marion, a seedling of 1882 ; pistillate parent, Earl}'' White ;
staminate parent, Cardinal ; color, cream}' white, the edges of the
petals delicately pencilled with deep pink lines ; no indications of
bursting in the flower.

Shawmut, a seedling of 1882 ; staminate parent, Astoria ; ground
color pale j-ellow; edges flecked with red.

Mr. Fisher has entered his seedling carnation, Fisher's Early
White, for the Prospective Prize for a seedling flowering plant.
Your Committee at the invitation of Mr. Fisher, visited his estab-
lishment at Framiugham Centre, in December, 1882, when they
saw this carnation growing in perfection, together with other
seedlings. Mr. Fisher claims for it earliness and productiveness,
and under his culture it fully justified the claim ; the plants looked
healthy, and were full of buds and flowers ; the beds were mulched
with tobacco stems, which seems to be an excellent system for
promoting the health of the plants. As this variety is in the hands
of several cultivators, the Committee prefer to wait another year,
before recommending any further award.

April 9th, V. H. Hallock, Son, & Thorpe of Queens, N. Y.,
sent a large collection of seedling carnations which reached the
rooms too late for the meeting of the Committee. The collection
contained some very good varieties ; the flowers were consider-
ably wilted before the Chairman saw them, but the following
varieties seemed the most noticeable :

Black Knight, ver}' dark.

Charles Henderson, bright pink, fringed.

Cymbeline, bright lemon, bordered and flaked orange.

230 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Fairy, white, beautifully scalloped purple.

Jeanette, pure white.

Mrs. A. BolJcer, delicate rose, fringed.

Petunia, white, bordered and flaked purple.

President Wilder, very dark maroon, fringed.

Robert Manning, scarlet.

Valentine, white, deeply flaked and edged pink.

February 18th, H. H. Hunnewell exhibited a magnificent col-
lection of cut Orchids in variety ; the finest display ever made
before the Societ}'. The same day came from President Hayes
an excellent specimen of the beautiful Clianthus Dampieri, and
from John L. Gardner a bunch of fifty flowers of the charming
violet Marie Louise, the finest samples of this variety that we have
ever seen, being immense double fiowers.

March 3d, Edward L. Beard presented an admirable group of
Hyacinths, Lily of the Valley, and Narcissus ; and again on the
10th, a fine collection. Hon. Marshall P. Wilder exhibited
Azaleas in bloom, two years from the seed.

March 31st, from F. L. Ames came a collection of cut Orchids
excelling anything of the kind he has ever before shown.

During the earl}^ spring months, John B. Moore «fe Son and
William C. Strong were frequent exhibitors of Hybrid Perpetual
Roses, making larger and more frequent displays than ever before.

April 7th, Edwin Fewkes placed upon the tables two new helio-
tropes, Swauley Giant — very large, and White Lady.

April 14th, from Woolson & Co., Passaic, N. J., came Primula
Sieboldii in variety. Narcissus, and Chionodoxa Lucilice, or Glory
of the Snow.

April 21st, Marshall P. Wilder sent Azalea Mme. Charles Van
Eeckhaute, color, pure white, crisped petals.

July 7th, Francis Parkman exhibited a beautiful and striking
collection of Venetian Poppies in various colors.

July 14th, Dr. H. P. Walcott presented a group of Delphiniums,
which have never been excelled, if equalled ; the flower spikes
were large, full and perfect in form.

August 11th, William H. Spooner placed on the table a seedling
Gladiolus, No. 500 ; in color, the three or sometimes four or five
lower divisions bright lemon shading to white, tipped scarlet ; the
other divisions rosy carmine to scarlet, a white line running-
through each petal; full spike, strong grower. Also No. 501, a

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 231

cross between Diamond and Richard Cceur de Lion ; color, pale
rose, profusely striped with carmine pink, a white stripe extend-
ing through the centre of each of the upper divisions ; purple
throat, similar to Richard t!oeur de Lion ; lower divisions deep
carmine pink ; a strong grower.

Notwithstanding the excessively dr}' weather of the season, the
exhibition of Gladioli was much finer in prize varieties than for
several years. Those of Mrs. T. L. Nelson and O. B. Hadwen,
of Worcester, were remarkably good, as were also those of F.
Bacheller, of Lynn.

Messrs. C. L. Allen & Co., of Queens, N. Y., presented a very
good variety of Seedling Gladioli, three varieties of which they had
named Martha Washington, Emma Thursb}', and Bayard Taylor.

The general displa}' of miscellaneous flowers was one of the best
of the season. President Ha^-es contributed a choice collection of
Hybrid Perpetual Roses, Dahlias, etc., Warren Heustis about two
dozen very excellent specimens of the same ; and Edwin Fewkes,
fine roses. Ex-President J. F. C. Hyde, presented a group of his
beautiful Gladiolus, Hyde's White ; James Cartwright exhibited
fine seedling Gladioli ; from Mrs. L. P. Weston came a large col-
ection of cut flowers, and from E. L. Beard a small number of
flowers of his excellent strain of seedling Tuberous Rooted Be-
gonias. 0. B. Hadwen was awarded the prize for a single spike
of Gladiolus, the variety being Baroness Burdett-Coutts.

F. Bacheller was first for ten spikes, with

Andromeda, Jupiter,

" Arabi Pasha, Leander,

Baroness Burdett-Coutts, Marie,

Beatrix, Meyerbeer,

Carnation, Parmentier.

In Phlox Drummondi, Mrs. T. L. Nelson was first with an
admirable collection in well assorted varieties. President Hayes
contributed the variety Violacea, of very deep color. From John
C. Hovey, came Monibretia crocosmoeflora.

August 25th, Asters were shown, which were remarkably good
considering the dry weather, by E. Sheppard, John L. Gardner,
Francis B, Hayes, James Nugent, M. B. Faxon, and Mrs. E. M.
Gill.

232 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

From R. T. Jackson came Campanula rotundifoUa var.
alba, with a small white flower, collected at Trenton Falls,
N. Y.

September 1st, the display of Liliuin lancifoliwm and Tropaeo-
lums, was very meagre — the poorest for many years. In Single
Dahlias, there was no competition for the prizes. Marigolds were
of inferior quality.

Mrs. P. D. Richards presented a collection of twelve species of
Solidago (Golden Rod), viz. :

S. altissima, S. neglecta,

" arguta, " nemoralis,

" bicolor, " odora,

. ^^ Canadensis, '•'■ puberula,

" lanceolata, " sempervirens,

" latifolia, ' " serotina.

September 8th, the exhibit of Double Zinnias was much larger
than for several years, seven collections competing for the prizes.
The first was awarded to Mrs. William Latham, the second to
Hovey «& Co., and the third to H. B. Watts.

Dianthus were also more extensively shown, and in finer assort-
ments of colors ; there were five competitors in this class, the first
prize being given to E. Sheppard, the second to Mrs. Austin W.
Ward, and the third to H. B. Watts.

September 20, President Hayes exhibited a single bloom of the
new rose. White Baroness ; color pure white, form like that of its
parent. Baroness Rothschild.

The prizes for Herbaceous Plants have not attracted as
much competitive interest as, was hoped. Mrs. L. P. Weston
has been the only continuous exhibitor through the season ;
her contributions have been excellent, instructive, and carefully
named ; lists of the varieties were furnished the Committee
from week to week, and to her was awarded a Silver Medal
for the greatest number of first prizes during the season, for
Herbaceous Plants.

Prizes have been awarded from the Hunnewell fund to the
amount of $70.00. The special appropriation of SlOO.OO for
winter exhibits has all been awarded.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 233

The amount of money prizes and gratuities awarded is 81,499,
out of the appropriation of $1,500.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

Wm. H. Spooner,
Jos. H. Woodford,
James Cartwright,
David Allan,
F. L. Harris,
E. L. Beard,

Committee

on

Plants and

Flowers.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS

AND FLOWERS.

January 6.

Gratuities : —

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, Cut Flowers, $1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " 1 00

Miss S. W. Story, " " 100

January 13.

Oratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Camellias, 1 00

Mrs, E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers, 1 00

January 20.

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Camellias, 3 00

Miss S. W. Story, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " «« 1 00

January 27.
Gratuities : —

James Cartwright, Cypripedium insigne, 2 00

Francis B. Hayes, Camellias, 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers, 1 00

February 3.
Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hajes, Camellias, 2 00

Jackson Dawson, Gen. Jacqueminot Roses, 1 00

February 10.
Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Camellias, 2 00

Miss S. W. Story, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, " " 1 00

February 17.
Gratuities : —

H. H. Hunnewell, Cut Orchids 10 00

William C. Strong, Gen. Jacqueminot Roses 2 00

Jackson Dawson, English Prinmlas, 2 CO

Hovey & Co., Camellias, 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Miss S. W. Story, «' " 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 235

Fbbkuart 24.
Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Camellias, $2 00

Hovey & Co., " 2 00

William C. Strong, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, 1 00

W. K. WoodjFreesia refrada alba odorata, 1 00

John L. Gardner, Violets in pots, ■ . 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Miss S. W. Story, " " 1 00

March 3.
Gratuities : —

Edward L. Beard, Hyacinths, Lily of the Valley, etc.,

James Cartwright, Cyclamen,

Francis B. Hayes, Camellias,

Hovey & Co., "

John L. Gardner, Marie Louise Violets, .
John B. Moore & Son, Hybrid Perpetual Roses,
William C. Strong, " " "

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers, ....

Miss S. W. Story, «' » ....

March 10.

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Camellias, Roses, etc.,
Hovey & Co., Camellias, ....

*' " Andromeda Japonica,
Edward L. Beard, Hyacinths and Tulips,
William C. Strong, Hybrid Perpetual Roses,
Benjamin G. Smith, Gloxinias and Begonias,

'• " " Seedling Abutilon, .
Miss S. W. Story, Cut Flowers,
Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " . .

March 17.
Gratuities : —

William C. Strong, Hybrid Perpetual Roses,
Francis B Hayes, Camellias and Roses,
Miss S. W. Story, Cut Flowers,

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

00
00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00

2 00
2 00
1 00

AZALEA AND ROSE SHOW.

March 22.

Indian Azaxeas. — Six named varieties, in pots, Marshall P. Wilder, $12 00
Two named varieties, in pots, Marshall P. Wilder, . . . 8 00
Specimen plant, named, in pot, John L. Gardner, . . . 5 00

236 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Indian Azaleas. — Four named varieties, in not exceeding ten-inch

pots, Marshall P. Wilder, $8 00

Second, Marshall P. Wilder, 6 00

Single plant, of any named variety, in not exceeding an eight-inch

pot, Marshall P. Wilder 3 00

Second, Marshall P. Wilder, 2 00

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Three plants, in not over eight-inch

pots, distinct named varieties, Francis B. Hayes, . . . 6 00

Second, John B. Moore & Son, 5 00

Twelve cut blooms, of six distinct named varieties, two of each,

John B. Moore & Son, 6 00

Second, William C. Strong, 4 00

Six blooms, of four distinct named varieties, John B. Moore & Son, 3 00

Second, John B. Moore & Son, 2 00

Single bloom, of any named variety, Francis B. Hayes, Baroness

Rothschild, 1 00

Tender Roses. — Twelve blooms of Marechal Niel, E. M. Wood &

Co., 3 00

Orchids. — Three plants, in bloom, H. H. Hunnewell, . . . 8 00

Single plant in bloom, H. H. Hunnewell, Odontoglossum Insteayi, 3 00

Second, Francis B. Hayes, Dendrohium nohile, . . . 2 00
Greenhouse Plants. — Specimen, in bloom, other than Azalea or

Orchid, named, H. H. Hunnewell, Chorozema varia, . . 5 00

Second, John L. Gardner, Imantophyllum miniatum, . . 4 00

Heath. — Single plant, in bloom, Francis B. Hayes, . . . 3 00

Second, John L. Gardner, 2 00

Primulas. — Three plants. Single Flowered, of distinct varieties, in

bloom, John L. Gardner, 2 00

Cinerarias. — Four varieties, in not over nine-inch pots, in bloom,

William Patterson, 4 00

Single plant, in bloom, William Patterson, 2 00

Violets. — Six plants, in bloom, William Patterson, . . . 2 00

Second, John L. Gardner, 1 00

Hyacinths. — Twelve distinct named varieties, in pots, one in each

pot, John L. Gardner, 5 00

Six bulbs, in pots, distinct named varieties, one in each pot, John

L. Gardner, 4 00

Single named bulb, in pot, in bloom, John L. Gardner, . . 2 00
Narcissus. — Four six-inch pots, two bulbs in each, in bloom, John

L. Gardner, 3 00

Jonquils. — Four six-inch pots, six bulbs in each, in bloom, John L.

Gardner, 3 00

Camellias. — Display of named varieties, cut flowers with foliage,

not less than twenty blooms, Francis B. Hayes, . . . 4 00

Second, Ho vey & Co., . . . " 3 00

Six cut blooms, of six named varieties, with foliage, Hovey & Co., 3 00

Second, Francis B. Hayes, 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 237

Cut Flowers. — Display^ filling fifty bottles, W. K "Wood,
Second, Miss S. W. Story,

Hand Bouquets. — Pair, Hovey & Co.,

Second, James Nugent, ......

Basket of Flowees. — Best arranged, Mrs. E. M. Gill, .

Gratuities : —

Marshall P. Wilder, Collection of Azaleas,
E. M. Wood & Co., Cut Roses,
John L. Gardner, Hybrid Perpetual Roses,
" " " Polyanthus and Epacris,

Francis B. Hayes, Collection of Plants, .

D. Zirngiebel, Pansies, ....

E. Sheppard, " ....
Henry R. Comley, Carnations and Bouvardias,
H. H. Hunnewell, Chorozema Eenchmanni,
Benjamin G. Smith, Gloxinias, .
Edwin Fewkes, Cut Flowers,
James Nugent, " "

#3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

4 00

12 00

10 00

1 00

3 00

10 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

March 31.
Gratuities : —

F. L. Ames, Orchids,

John B. Moore & Son, Hybrid PerpetualRoses,

William C. Strong, " " "

Hovey & Co., Camellias, etc.,

Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers,

Mrs. A. D, Wood, " "

Miss S. W. Story, " '«

Miss E. M, Gill, " "

April 7.
Gratuities : —

John B. Moore & Son, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, ....

Hovey & Co., Camellias,

Edwin Fewkes, New Heliotropes,

Marshall P. Wilder, Azaleas,

John L. Gardner, Anthurium Scherzerianum and Dendrobium

chrysotoxum,

E. Sheppard, Rhododendrons and Pelargoniums, ....

Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, .......

Miss E. M. Gill, «' "

Miss S. W. Story, " "

April 14.
Gratuities : —

E. Sheppard, Dendrobium Devonianum thyrsiflorum,
Francis B. Hayes, Franciscea eximia, Azaleas, and other flowers, .
6

12 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

3 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

1 00

1 00

3 00
3 00

238 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Woolson & Co., Passaic, N. J., Primula Sieholdii in variety, Nar-
cissus, and Chionodoxa, $2 00

Hovey & Co., Camellias, . . . 2 00

Edward L. Beard, Pansies, Anemone, and Polyanthus, . . . 1 00

Miss S. W. Story, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, " " 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " '« 1 00

Apru, 21.

Gratuities : —

Edward L. Beard, Lily of the Valley, in pots, 2 00

E. Sheppard, Pelargoniums and Azaleas, . . . • . . 1 00

Joseph Tailby, Cypripedium villosum, . . . . . . 1 00

Marshall P. Wilder, Azalea Mme. Charles Van Eckhaute, . . 1 00

Mrs. L. P. Weston, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Mrs. E, M. Gill, " «' ....... 1 00

Miss S. W. Story, " " 100

Mrs. A. D. Wood, " " ....... 1 GO

Apeil 28.

Gratuities : —

Edward L. Beard, Pansies, 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Mat 5.
Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Erica speciosa, 1 00

" " Cut Flowers, . . . . . . . 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " 1 00

Miss S. W. Story, " " 1 00

W. H. Badlam, " " 1 00

PELARGONIUM EXHIBITION.

Mat 12.

Indian Azaleas. — Single plant in pot, named, John L. Gardner, . $G 00

Second, Marshall P. Wilder, . 5 00

Third, " " 4 00

Tulips. — Twenty-four blooms, distinct, named varieties, John L.

Gardner, 4 00

Second, John L. Gardner, 3 00

IItacinths. — Twenty of different colors. Miss E. M. Harris, . . 5 00

Table Design, other than a Basket of Flowers, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . 4 00

Second, Miss S. W. Story, 3 00

Herbaceous Plants. — Largest and best arranged collection, cor-
rectly named, J. W. Manning, 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 239

Gratuities : —

William A. Bock, Pelargoniums,
E. Sheppard, "

" " Fancy "

Dr. H. C. Meriam, Caltha palustris fl. pi.
W. H. Badlam, Primulas and Anemones,
Miss L. P. Weston, Cut Flowers,
Mrs. A. D. Wood, " "

May 19

Gratuities : —

Marshall P. Wilder, Azaleas,
E. Sheppard, Cattleya Mossice,
John C. Hovey, Narcissus,
Miss Anna C. Kenrick, Magnolias,
Miss S. W. Story, Cut Flowers,
Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Mat 26.
Gratuities : —

Hovey & Co., Plants and Flowers,

E. L. Beard, Primulas, Kanunculus, and Anemones,

Mrs. R S. Joyce, Cut Flowers,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, "

E. H. Hitchings, Native Flowers,

Miss S. W. Story, Cut Flowers,

• • • •

. #2 00

• • • •

2 00

• • • •

1 00

, and Pansies,

1 00

• • • •

1 00

> • • •

1 00

1 00

2 00

2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

•

2

00

•

00

,

00

,

00

•

00

•

00

RHODODENDRON SHOW.
June 9.

Tree Peonies. — Six named varieties, Marshall P. Wilder,
German Iris. — Twelve distinct varieties, Francis B. Hayes, .
Cut Flowers. — Display, filling 100 bottles, W. K. Wood,

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Third, Miss S. W. Story,

Native Plants. — Display of named species and varieties, one bottle

each, E. H. Hitchings,

Clematis. — Early named varieties, display of cut blooms, Joseph H
Woodford,

Second, John B. Moore & Son,

Table Design, other than a basket of flowers, Miss S. W. Story,

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Gratuities : —

H. H. Hunnewell, Rhododendrons and Azaleas,

Francis B. Hayes, "

Hovey & Co., " and Azaleas,

$3 00

3 00

4 00
3 00

2 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

4 00

3 00

10 00

8 00

3 00

240

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Francis Parkraan, Seedling Ghent Azaleas,
Benjamin G. Smith, Rhododendrons, Azaleas, and Clematis,
Jackson Dawson, Seedling " . . .

'* " Rare Shrubs, . ...

James Cartwright, Lcelia purpurata, ....

June 13.
Postponement of Award of Hunnewell Prizes.
Rhododendrons. — Twenty-five tender varieties, named, Francis B

Hayes, for

Hayes,

Twelve tender varieties, named, Francis B. Hayes,

Second, " " "

Six tender varieties, named, " " "

Three tender varieties, named. " " "

Single truss of any tender variety, named, Francis B.

Duchess of Bedford, .....
Eighteen hardy varieties, named, John L. Gardner,

Second, Hovey & Co.,

Ten hardy varieties, named, Francis B. Hayes, .

Hardy Azaleas. — Any or all classes, fifteen named varieties, one

truss each, E. Sheppard, .......

Gratuities : —

H. H. Hunnewell, Rhododendrons and Azaleas,
Francis B. Hayes, " ...

" " " Erica ampullacea Barnsii,
Hovey & Co,, Pseonies and Rhododendrons,
E. Sheppard, Azaleas and "

John B. Moore & Son, Clematis and Paeonies, .
George Craft, Cut Flowers, . . . .

June 16.

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Rhododendrons, Roses, and Clematis,
William H. Spooner, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, .
Benjamin G. Smith, " " " . .

Miss S. W. Story, Cut Flowers, ....
Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " ....

$1 00

1 GO

2 00
2 00
2 00

10 00

6 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

10 00

6 00

6 00

8 00

3 00
6 00
2 00

4 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

3 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 26.

Special Subscription Prizes.

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Twenty-four Roses, of diflPerent vari-
eties, named, John L. Gardner, Silver Vase, value,

$50 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 241

Three Eoses of different varieties, named, "Warren Heustis, Silver

Vase, value, $15 00

Six Roses of different varieties, named, John S. Richards, Silver

Vase, value, 25 00

Three Roses of one variety, John L. Gardner, for Abel Carriere,

Silver Vase, value, 15 00

Six Roses of one variety, Francis Skinner, Jr., for Charles

Lefebvre, Silver Vase, value, . . . . . . 25 00

Twenty-four varieties, three specimens of each, to John B. Moore
& Son, to be held for three consecutive years, this being the
second year of the award, Silver Challenge Vase, value, . 200 00

Society's Special Prizes.

Hybkid Pekpetual Roses. — Six blooms of Alfred Colomb, John B.

Moore & Son, 4 00

Six blooms of Baroness Rothschild, Francis B. Hayes, . . . 4 00

Six blooms of Mme. Gabriel Luizet, John L. Gardner . . . 4 00

Six blooms of Mme. Victor Verdier, John B. Moore & Son, . 4 00

Six blooms of Mons. Boncenne, Francis B Hayes, . . . 4 00

Regular Prizes.

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Twenty-four distinct named varieties,

two of each variety, John B. Moore & Son, . . . . 12 00

Second, Warren Heustis, 10 00

Twelve distinct named varieties, John S. Richards,

Second, John L. Gardner,

Third, Benjamin G. Smith, .......

Six distinct named varieties, John S. Richards, ....

Second, Francis B. Hayes,

Third, John L. Gardner, ' . .

Moss Roses. — Six named varieties, three clusters of each, John B.
Moore & Son, .........

Three named varieties, three clusters of each, William H. Spooner,
Second, John B. Moore & Son, ......

Tea and Bourbon Roses. — Twelve cut blooms, named, Mrs. E. M.

Gill 3 00

General Display, of one hundred bottles of Hardy Roses, Norton

Brothers, . • . . . ... . . . 7 00

Second, John S. Richards, . 6 00

Third, John B. Moore & Son 5 00

Fourth, Francis B. Hayes, 4 00

Fifth, William H. Spooner, 3 00

Stove and Greenhouse Flowering Plants, no Orchid admissi-
ble.— Six distinct named varieties, in bloom, John L. Gardner, 8 00

Second, Hovey& Co., 6 00

Specimen Plant, in bloom, other than Orchid, named, regard being

had to new and rare varieties, John L. Gardner, . . . 4 00

8

00

6

00

4

00

4

00

3 00

2 00

4 00

3

00

2

00

242 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Orchids. — Three named varieties, in bloom, F. L. Ames, . . $6 00

Second, Robert M. Pratt 5 00

Single plant, H. H. Hunnewell, for Odontoglossum vexillarium, . 3 00
Sweet Williams. — Thirty trusses, not less than six distinct varieties,

E. Sheppard, 3 00

Second, Hovey & Co., . . 2 00

Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, in one of the Society's glass

vases, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 4 00

Second, Miss.S. W. Story, 3 00

Herbaceous Plants. — Collection, Mrs. L. P. Weston, . . . 2 00

Gratuities : —

F. L. Ames, Orchids, 10 00

" " Ixora Williamsii, . 2 00

Robert M. Pratt, Plants and Cut Flowers, 5 00

John C. Hovey, Herbaceous Peonies, 3 00

Francis B. Hayes, Yucca variegata, . . . . . . 2 00

" " " Clematis, 1 00

A. P. Calder, JVymphea var., 1 00

C. J. Power, Collection of Plants, grown in moss, . . . . 2 00

J. W. Manning, Evergreens, ........ 2 00

E. Sheppard, Cut Flowers, 2 00

Mrs. L. P. Weston, " " 2 00

Miss S. W. Story, " " 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " 2 00

E. H. Hitchings, Kalmia latifolia, 1 00

Frank H. Forbes, Wild Roses, 1 00

June 30.

Gratuities : — '

Hovey & Co., Rhododendrons, 2 00

Jackson Dawson, Shrubs, ......... 1 00

Miss S. W. Story, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " .. 1 00

JULT 7.

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Twenty-four blooms, of twenty-four
distinct named varieties, in vases, John B. Moore & Son,

• Second, William H. Spooner,

Delphiniums. — Six named varieties, Benjamin G. Smith,

Second, E. Sheppard,

Cut Flowers. — Display, filling one hundred bottles, W. K. Wood

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Third, Mrs. L. P. Weston,

Table Design. — Best arranged, Mrs. E. M. Gill, ...
Herbaceous Plants. — Collection, Mrs. L. P. Weston, .

4 00
3 00

3 00

2 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

3 00
2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 243

Gratuities : —

Benjamin G. Smith, Delphiniums,
Miss E. M. Harris, Lilies,
James Nugent, Sweet Peas,
Miss S. W. Story, Cut Flowers,
Hovey & Co., " "

E. H. Hitchings, Wild "

July 14.

Gloxinias. — Six distinct varieties, in pots, Edward L. Beard, .
Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, in one of the Society's glass

vases, W. K. Wood,

Second, Miss S. W. Story,

Herbaceous Plants. — Collection, Mrs. L. P. Weston, .

Second, A. McLaren,

Gratuities : —

Miss E. M. Harris, Hollyhocks,
E. L. Beard, Dahlias and Gloxinias,
Edwin Fewkes, Iris, Dahlias, etc,
John L. Gardner, Erica Juliana,
John Robinson, Tamarix Chinensis,
Mrs L. P. Weston, Asclepias tuberosa,
James Nugent, Lilium longiflorum, .
Miss S. W. Story, Cut Flowers,
Mrs. L. P. Weston, " " . .

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " . .

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Basket of Flowers,
Mrs. A. J. Dolbear, Native Flowers,

July 21.

HoLYHOCKS. — Twelve blooms, of twelve distinct colors, E. Sheppard,
Second, John L. Gardner, .......

Six blooms, of six distinct colors. Miss E. M. Harris, .
Three blooms, of three distinct colors, Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Cut Flowers. — Display, filling one hundred bottles, W. K. Wood,

Second, Mrs. E. M. GUI,

Third, Mrs. L. P. Weston,

Herbaceous Plants. — Collection, Mrs. L. P. Weston, .

Gratuities : —

Jonas H. French, Orchids,

Hovey & Co., Lilium Batemanni and L. Jloveyii, . . . .

Miss E. M. Harris, Hollyhocks,

Mrs. E. M. Gill "

E. Sheppard, Phloxes,

James Nugent, Cut Flowers,

Miss S. W. Story, " "

f 1 00
1 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
2 00

5 00

3

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

2 00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

2 00

1 00

1

00

2 00

4

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

4 00

3

00

2 00

2

00

3

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

244

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

July 28.

Htdbangeas. — Three plants of different varieties, in pots, the second
prize to C. H. Hovey, . .

Pelakgoniums. — Six double and single varieties, named, the second
prize to Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Perennial Phloxes. — Six distinct named varieties, one spike each,
E. Sheppard, ..........

Sweet Peas. — Display, filling twenty-five bottles, James Nugent, .

Herbaceous Plants. — Collection, Mrs. L. P. Weston, .

Gratuities : —

E. Sheppard, Phloxes and Hollyhocks,

Hovey & Co., Hydrangeas, . . .

E. L. Beard, Tuberous Rooted Begonias,

Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers,

Mrs. L. P. Weston, " <«

Mrs. E. M. Gill, ""........

Miss S. W. Story, " "

Hovey & Co., <« <<

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Basket of Flowers,

W. K. Wood, Vase of Flowers,

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Plants,

August 4.

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Twelve blooms, of twelve distinct named
kinds, Jo'hn B. Moore & Son,

Second, John B. Moore & Son,

Stocks. — Six varieties, one cut plant of each, William Patterson, .
Balsams. — Twelve spikes, not less than eight varieties, E. Sheppard,
Cut Flowers. — Display filling one hundred bottles, Francis B. Hayes,

Second, W. K. Wood,

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Vase of Flowers. — The second prize to Mrs. A. D. Wood,
Native Ferns.— Display, Mrs. P. D. Richards,
Herbaceous Plants. — Collection, Mrs. L. P. Weston, .

Gratuities : —

John B. Moore & Son, Hybrid Perpetual Roses,

Francis B. Hayes, Petunias, . ....

E. Sheppard, Dianthus and Dahlias, ....

Miss S. W. Story, Cut Flowers,

Edwin Fewkes, << i»

$3 00

1 GO

3

00

3

00

2

00

2 00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

00

00

00

00

00

August 11.

Perennial Phloxes. — Ten distinct named varieties, one spike each,

John B. Moore & Son,

Second, E. Sheppard,

3 00
2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 245

Petunias. — Collection, filling thirty bottles, one spray in each,
Francis B. Hayes, .........

Second, James Nugent,

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Cut Flowers. — Display, filling one hundred bottles, Francis B.
Hayes,

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Third, W. K. Wood,

Native Flowers. — Collection, Mrs. A. J. Dolbear,

Second, E. H. Hitchings,

Herbaceous Plants. — Collection, Mrs. L. P. Weston, .

Gratuities : —
Francis B. Hayes, Roses, Asters, etc., ......

E. Sheppard, Phlox, Hollyhocks, and Petunias, ....

Joseph G. Coolidge, Petunias, .......

Mrs. L. P. Weston, Cut Flowers,

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, « "

Miss S. W. Story, « '<

Mrs. H. D. Wilmarth, Sabbatia chloroides, .....

August 18.

Gladioli. — Twenty named varieties, in spikes, Mrs. T. L. Nelson,
Second, O. B. Hadwen, .

Ten named varieties, in spikes, F. Bacheller, . . . .
Six named varieties, in spikes, F. Bacheller, . . . .

Second, Mrs. T. L. Nelson

Single spike, named, O. B. Hadwen, for Baroness Burdett-Coutts,
Display of named and unnamed varieties, filling one hundred

bottles, James Cartwright,

Cut Flowers. — Collection, of not less than twenty-five named
species of Annuals, Mrs. E. M. Gill, ....

Phlox Drummondi. — Fifty bottles, not less than six varieties, Mrs
T. L. Nelson, .........

Second, James Nugent, .......

Herbaceous Plants. — Collection, Mrs. L. P. Weston, .

Gratuities : —
C. L. Allen &Co., Queens, N. Y., Seedling Gladioli,
James F. C. Hyde, Hyde's White Gladiolus,
Francis B. Hayes, Roses, Dahlias, etc..
Edwin Fewkes, Roses, etc.,
Warren Heustis, Hybrid Perpetual Roses,
E. Sheppard, Dahlias, ....
Daniel Duffley, Helianthus,
John C. Hovey, Clematis Davidsoni,
Mrs. L. P. Weston, Cut Flowers,

$3 00

2 00

1 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

8 00

6 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

6 00

3 00

2

00

1

00

2

CO

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

246

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers, $1 00

Miss S. W. Story, " " 1 00

W. K. Wood, Display of " ....... 1 00

John Parker, <<.<<< 1 00

August 25.

Asters. — Large Flowered, thirty blooms, not less than ten varieties,

E. Sheppard, 4 00

Second, Francis B. Hayes, ....... 3 00

Third, M. B. Faxon 2 00

Victoria, or Rose Flowered, thirty blooms, not less than eight vari-
eties, John L. Gardner, . 4 00

Second, James Nugent, ........ 3 00

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 2 00

Pompons, thirty sprays, not less than six varieties, one spray in

each bottle, Francis B. Hayes, . . . . . . 3 00

Basket of Flowers. — Best arranged, Mrs. E. S. Joyce, . . 2 00

Herbaceous Plants. — Collection, Mrs. L. P. Weston, . . . 2 00

Gratuities : —

Mrs. E. M Gill, Asters and Gladioli,
Mrs. L. P. Weston, Asters,
E. Sheppard, "

Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers,
Mrs. L. P. Weston, " ««
Miss S. W. Story, " "
John Parker, " "

00
00
00
00
00
00

1 00

September 1.

Trop-eolums. — Display, filling twenty-five bottles, the second prize
to Adin A. Hixon, .........

Marigolds. — Display, filling twenty-five bottles, three flowers in
each, Adin A. Hixon, . .

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Third, Francis B. Hayes,

Cut Flowers. — Display, filling one hundred bottles, Francis B.
Hayes, ...........

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Third, Mrs. L. P. Weston,

Herbaceous Plants. — Collection, Mrs. L. P. Weston,

Gratuities : —

E. Sheppard, Dahlias, Petunias, and Phloxes,
Francis B. Hayes, Dahlias and Hydrangeas,
Adin A. Hixon, Asters and Petunias,
Joseph Conilcy, Secdliag Pelargoniums,
Miss Sarah W. Story, Cut Flowers,

2 00

3 00

2

00

1

00

4

00

3 00

2

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 247

John Parker, Cut Flowers, $1 00

E. H. Hitchings, Native Flowers, 2 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, twelve species of Golden Rod, . . . 1 00

September 8.

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Twelve blooms, of twelve named

varieties, in vases, John B. Moore & Son, . . . . 3 00
Double Zinnias. — Twenty-five flowers, not less than six varieties,

Mrs. William Latham, 3 00

Second, Hovey & Co., , 2 00

Third, H. B. Watts, 1 00

DiANTHUs, Annual and .Biennial varieties. — Fifty bottles, single

trusses, E. Sheppard, 3 00

Second, Mrs. Austin W. Ward, 2 00

Third, H. B. Watts, 1 00

Herbaceous Plants. — Collection, Mrs. L. P. Weston, . . . 2 00

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Roses and Dahlias, 2 00

Mrs. Austin W. Ward, Dianthus and Sweet Peas, . . . . 1 00

Adin A. Hixon, Pelargoniums, ........ 1 00

Mrs. L. P. Weston, Cut Flowers, 1 00

" " " Asters, 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " 1 00

Miss S. W. Story, " 1 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 18, 19, 20, and 21.

Hunnewell Premiums.

Evergreen Trees and Shrubs. — Display in pots, of other than

Native Evergreens of New England, William C. Strong, . $8 00
Second, Hovey & Co., 6 00

Special Prize, offered by Samuel Smith, of Newport, R. I.

Single Dahlias. — Twenty-five bottles, one spray each, not less than
twelve varieties, Edwin Sheppard, a Piece of Plate of the
value of 12 00

Society's Prizes.

Greenhouse Plants. — Twelve Greenhouse and Stove Plants, of dif-
ferent varieties, one Dracasna and one Croton admissible,

F. L. Ames, 30 00

Second, Samuel R. Payson, 25 00

Third, Hovey & Co., 20 00

248 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Specimen Floweking Plants. — Six named varieties in bloom,

Francis B. Hayes, f 10 00

Second, John L. Gardner, . . . . . . . . 8 00

Single named specimen, F. L. Ames, for Dipladenia Boliviensis, 6 00

Second, F. L. Ames, for Epidendrum prismatocarpum, . . 3 00
Variegated Leaved Plants. — Six named varieties, not offered in
a collection of Greenhouse Plants ; Crotons and Dracaenas

not admissible, Hovey & Co., . . . . • . . 12 00

Single specimen, named, not offered in any collection, John

L. Gardner, for Eurya latifolia var., 5 00

Caladiums. — Six named varieties, Waldo Adams, . . . . 5 00

Second, Waldo Adams, 4 00

Ferns. — Six named varieties, no Adiantums admissible, F. L. Ames, 6 00

Second, Hovey & Co., 4 00

Adiantums. — Six named varieties, F. L. Ames, . . . . 5 00

Tree Fern. — Single specimen, named, Hovey & Co., for Alsophlla

australis, .......... 6 00

Drac^nas. — Six named varieties, Samuel R. Payson, . • . 6 00

Second, Hovey & Co., 5 00

Crotons. — Six named varieties, in not exceeding six-inch pots,

F. L. Ames, 4 00

Second, Samuel E. Payson, 3 00

Palm. — Single specimen, named, Hovey & Co., for Pritchardia

Pacifica, 5 00

Second, F. L. Ames, for Phenicophorum Sechellarum, . . 4 00

Nepenthes. — Three plants, F. L. Ames, 5 00

Agaves. — Six distinct named varieties, Hovey & Co., . . . 5 00

Second, Francis B. Hayes, 4 00

Cacti. — Twelve named species and varieties, Hovej" & Co., . • 5 00
Succulents. — Collection (other than Agaves, Yuccas, or Cacti) of

twelve named species and varieties, Hovey & Co., . . . 5 00
Begonias. — Tuberous Rooted, six seedling varieties, the second

prize to Hovey & Co., ........ 3 00

Gladioli. — Best display and best kept, filling one hundred bottles,

E. Sheppard, 10 00

Dahlias. — Twelve named varieties, John L. Gardner, . . . 5 00

Second, Francis B. Hayes, 4 00

Third, John Parker, 3 00

Six named varieties, Charles W. Hoitt, Nashua, N. H., . . 3 00

Second, James Willey, 2 00

Single named flower, John L. Gardner, 2 00

Second, Charles W. Hoitt, " . 1 00

Liliputian Dahlias. — General display, James Willey, . . . 3 00
Cut Flowers. — Best display, and best kept during the exhibition,

filling one hundred and fifty bottles, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . . 16 00

Second, Mrs. L. P. Weston, 14 00

Third, Francis B. Hayes, • . . 12 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 249

Basket of Flowers. — Best arranged, and best kept through the
exhibition, Mrs. E. S. Joyce,

Table Design. — Best, and best kept through the exhibition, Miss
S. W. Story,

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Plants,

Hovey & Co., "

Samuel E. Payson, Ferns and Crotons,

John B. Moore & Son, Hybrid Perpetual Roses

E. L. Beard, Tuberous Rooted Begonias,

P. G. Hanson, Celosias, - .

W. C. Strong, Foliage of Trees and Shrubs,

John L. Gardner, Seedling Gloxinias,

William H. Spooner, Double Stocks,

A. A. Hixon, Petunias,

J. W. Manning, Helianthus, fl. pi., .

E. & C. Woodman, New Coleus Progress,

John Parker, Dahlias,

E. Sheppard, " ...

E. D. Sturtevant, Nelumhium speciosum,
" " Victoria regia,
" " Nymphaeas, in variety,

Hovey & Co., Flowers of Nymphaeas,
Benjamin Gray, "

F. L. Ames, Cut Flowers, .
A. A. Hixon, "
Miss E. H. Craft, " " . .
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Flowers,
E. H. Hitchings, " "
Carrie S. Leeds, " "
Frank H. Forbes, Bouquet of Native Flowers,
Mrs. G. R. Peckham, " " "
Annie M. Tilley, Design of Dried Flowers,

$5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

8 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

5 00

5 00

15 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

Oratuity : —
John L. Gardner, Dahlias,

October 6.

3 00

October 20.

Gratuities : —

John L. Gardner, Erica hyemalis,

" " " Dendrobium chrysanthum,
Hovey & Co., Nymphasas,

2 00
2 00
1 00

250

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 8 and 9.

Chrysanthemums. — Six Large Flowered, or Chinese, H. P. Walcott,

Second, E. W. Wood,

Six Japanese, H. P. Walcott, .......

Second, E. W. Wood,

Four Pompons, H. P. Walcott,

Second, E. W. Wood,

Specimen Plant, Large Flowered, or Chinese, H. P. Walcott,

Second, E. W. Wood,

Specimen Plant, Japanese, H. P. Walcott,

Second, E. W. Wood,

Specimen Plant, Pompon, E. W. Wood, .....

Second, H. P. Walcott, ........

Display of named plants, in pots, all classes, not less than ten
varieties, H. P. Walcott,

Second, E. W. Wood, . ,

Third, Norton Brothers,

Twelve cut blooms, Large Flowered, or Chinese, Edwin Fewkes,

Second, H. P. Walcott,

Third, State Lunatic Hospital, Worcester, ....

Six cut blooms. Large Flowered, or Chinese, Edwin Fewkes,

Second, H. P. Walcott,

Third, E. W. Wood,

Display of thirty distinct named varieties of Pompons and Jap-
anese, cut blooms, H. P. Walcott,

Second, Edwin Fewkes, .

Third, E. W. Wood,

Fourth, State Lunatic Hospital, Worcester, ....
Orchids. — Three varieties, in bloom, F. L. Ames, ....

Second, E. W. Gilmore,

Single Plant, in bloom, F. L. Ames,

Second, E. W. Gilmore, ........

^8 00

G 00

8 00

6 00

4 00

3 00

4 00

3 00

4 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

15 00

12 00

8 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

6 00

5 00

4 00

3 00

8 00

6 00

4 00

3 00

Gratuities : —

John L. Gardner, Chrysanthemum Plants,

Marshall P. Wilder, " "

Hovey & Co., " "

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Chrysanthemums, .

Edwin Fewkes, " "

Mrs. L. P. Weston, "

V. H. Hallock, Son & Thorpe, Queens, N. Y., Cut Chrysanthemums

E. Shcppard, Chrysanthemums and Pelargoniums, ...

Francis B. Hayes, Epacris Plants,

8 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 251

T. W. Dee, Fittonia argyrea, $2 00

F. L. Ames, Anthurium Andreanum and Cut Flowers, . . . 5 00

Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 2 00

Miss S. W. Story, Cut Flowers, 1 00

November 24.
Gratuity : —

George W. Saunders, Pansies, 1 00

December 1.

Gratuity : —

John L. Gardner, Cypripedium insigne, . . . . . . 2 00

SILVER MEDALS.

February 17. Francis B. Hayes, Camellias and Clianthus Dampieri.

*' 24. John L. Gardner, Double Flowered Blackberry.
Azalea and Rose Show, March 22. E. M. Wood & Co., Lilium longiflorum

exihtium Hari'isii.
" " " " " " Woolson & Co., Narcissus in variety.

" " " ." " " Edward L. Beard, Fancy Pansies.

March 31. F. L. Ames, Orchid Flowers.

May 29. David Allan, Gardener to R. M. Pratt, Dendrohium thyrsifiorum.
June 9. Hovey & Co., Cereus No. 2, C. M. Hovey.

Rose and Strawberry Show, June 26. Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y.,

Collection of Hardy Roses.
" " " " " " John B.Moore & Son, Seedling Gloxinias.

July 14. Henry P. Walcott, Seedling Delphiniums.

Annual Exhibition, September 18 --21. Hovey & Co., Ficus elastica aurea.
" " " '* F. L. Ames, Nepenthes 3fastersiana.

" " " " " " Aralia Cliabrieri.

" " ■ " '* H. H. Hunnewell, Cattleya aurea.

" " " " " " Collection of Orchids.

" " " " " " Collection of Crotons

and Draca3nas.
" " " " " " Osmanthus ilicifolius

var.
" «' " " David Allan, Gardener to R, M. Pratt,

Polypodium plumosum.
" " " " David Allan, Gardener to R. M. Pratt,

Collection of Crotons.
" «« " " David Allan, Gardener to R. M. Pratt,

Collection of Ferns and Lycopods.
" " " " Edmund D. Sturtevant, Bordentown,

N. J., Nymphcsa Zanzibarensis.
Chrysanthemum Show, November 8 and 9. E. W. Wood, Seedling Chrysan-
themums.

252 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Chrysanthemum Show, November 8 and 9. Henry P. Walcott, Seedling

Chrysanthemums.
" " " '♦ Henry P. Walcott. Seedling

Chrysanthemum, Pontiac.
» " " " F. L. Ames, Orchids.

" " " " David Allan, Gardener to R. M.

Pratt, Cut Flowers.
" " " " David Allan, Gardener to R. M.

Pratt, Ouviranda fenestralis.
December 1. Mrs. L. P. Weston, Exhibits of Herbaceous Plants.

FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATES OF MERIT.

January 20. W. C. Page, Seedling Carnation Victor.
March 10. Sewall Fisher, " " Anna Webb.

Azalea and Rose Show, March 22. Henry R. Comley, Seedling Carnation

No. 1.
" " " " June 13. Hovey & Co., Lilium Takasango.
Rose and Strawberry Show. June 26. John C. Hovey, Herbaceous Paeony

No. 3, Grandiflora.
" " " " August 11. William H. Spooner, Seedling

Gladiolus No. 501.
" " " " " 18. C. L.Allen & Co., Queens, N.Y.,

Gladioli Martha Washington, Em-
ma Thursby, and Bayard Taylor.
" " " " " 18. John C. Hovey, Monthretia cro-

cosmcBJlora.
" " " " " 25. JohnCRoyey, Amaryllis ffallii.

Chrysanthemum Show, November 8 and 9. Henry P. Walcott, Seedling

Chrysanthemums.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON FRUITS

FOB THE YEAR 1883.

By E. W. WOOD, Chairman.

With the exception of Apples and Peaches, the fruit crop, the
past season, has been above the average, both in quantity and
quaUty. Considering that it was the non-fruiting year with our
apple orchards, the exhibits have been remarkably good; and
this was especially noticeable with the Baldwins, which were shown
at the Annual and later exhibitions in extent and quality com-
paring favorably with fruitful years.

The heavy body of ice remaining upon the ground almost through
the entire winter injured the strawberry vines in man}' places, but
the favorable, weather after the spring opened,, produced an un-
usually heavy crop where the vines escaped injury. The later
fruits suffered from the severe drought which prevailed throughout
the State, there being no- rainfall after the first of July, sufficient
to reach the roots of pear trees, until late in October, and the late
varieties of pears, except in favorable locations, or where the vigor
of the trees was sustained by irrigation, were not up to the average
in size, though good in quality.

The past season has been remarkably favorable for the grape in
open culture ; there has been very little mildew, and the grape
suflfers less from long-continued heat and drought than any other
fruit — in fact it requires this condition of the atmosphere to give
it its highest quality.
7

254 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The prizes offered for late Apples and Pears, March 22, were al^
awarded.

Strawbekries. — The show at the special exhibition of this
fruit, June 26, compared favorably with those of previous j-ears.
The Committee have tried, by offering premiums covering a wide
range of varieties, to increase the exhibition of this fruit, and at
the same time to show the merits of the different varieties by com-
parison. No fruit shows so much change in the varieties offered
from j-ear to year, as the strawberry. Some of the best known and
most popular kinds of a few years since, have not appeared upon
our tables the past year. But a single dish each of the Triomphe
de Gand, Hovey, and Jucunda, was shown ; and of the large number
of new varieties that have appeared within the past few j^ears, but
a small part seem to have established themselves so as to prove
that they have come to stay ; perhaps among these may be named
the Sharpless, Charles Downing, and Hervey Davis.

The first prize for the best four quarts shown was again awarded
for the Sharpless. The Special Prize of ten dollars offered by Hon.
Marshall P. Wilder, for the best four quarts of the variety of finest
form, color, and quality, was awarded to a new seedling grown by
Warren Heustis, which he has named Belmont. This seems to be
a promising new variety ; in color and quality it resembles the
Sharpless, but is much better in form.

Cherries. — Owing to unfavorable weather at the time of ripen-
ing, the exhibits of this fruit were not as good as usual ; of the
fourteen prizes offered, but nine were awarded.

Currants were well represented in their season, the Versaillaise
being the principal red variety shown, and the Transparent and
Dana's Transparent the principal white kinds ; the former taking
the prize when shown in competition with the latter. This fruit is
easily grown, reliable for a crop, and meets with ready sale.

Raspberries were shown in more than the usual quantity'. A
new variety shown by C. M. Atkinson, gardener to John L. Gard-
ner, called McLaren's Prolific, attracted special notice ; the berries
were of good size and color, the quality good, and the plants are
said to be of vigorous growth and productive.

Blackberries. — The prizes offered for this fruit were all awarded,
but the amount shown was limited. We are still waiting for a
hardy variety, equal in size and quality to the Dorchester, which
would very quickly increase the production of this desirable fruit.

REPORT or THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 255

Gooseberries. — There are comparatively but few growers of
this fruit, and the competition was limited. There being little
demand for gooseberries for market, their cultivation is confined
almost entirely to amateurs.

Plums were again shown in liberal quantity, several growers
after competing in all the classes for which prizes were offered,
placing eight or ten varieties on the table for exhibition. It is
evident that the growers have found some means to prevent
the ravages of the curculio, which threatened not man}' years
since to exterminate the plum from our list of fruits.

Peaches have not met the expectation which the apparent good
condition of the trees in the spring promised. The competition
has been limited, and while a part of the fruit shown was of good
size and quality, a larger portion than usual showed that the trees
from which it was picked were affected by that fatal disease, the
yellows ; but the peach tree is so easily and quickly grown and so
profitable when productive, that the demand for trees is increasing
every year.

Grapes. — Of the forty-two prizes oflTered for Native Grapes
during the year, forty were awarded, and among the varieties
most generally grown the competition was strong, and the fruit
of superior quality. The prizes of seventy-five and twenty-five
dollars for Pocklington grapes at the Annual Exhibition were
taken by John Charlton, of Rochester, N. Y., and Joseph S.
Chase, of Maiden . John B. Moore & Son made a display of
their seedling, Francis B. Hayes. It seemed perfectly ripe, and
in quality was unquestionably the best white grape on exhibition.
John Pocklington showed two new white grapes, Nos. 1 and 2, and
claimed that they were to be classed among the early varieties.
As the specimens shown did not appear to be fully ripe, he stated
that the season with him had not been favorable, having been
unusually wet, and the}' had not ripened as early as usual. George
A. Stone showed the Empire State, a white grape not ripe enough
to judge accurately of its quality. A. J. Bigelow showed, October
6, eight bunches of Concords the average weight being twenty-one
and five-eighths ounces, the three heaviest bunches averaging
twenty-two and one-half ounces. The bunches were well formed,
and the berries large, even, and well ripened.

Foreign Grapes. — The show of this fruit was much larger than
for many years. August 25, John S. Fallow showed ten varieties.

256 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and at the Annual Exhibition, besides competing in every class,
he placed fifteen varieties upon the table for exhibition. The
bunches were large and well formed, but not quite large enough to
take either of the two special prizes offered for the last five years
but never awarded.

Peaks. — Of the one hundred and forty-one prizes offered for
pears, one hundred and thirty-eight were awarded. "While the
crop has not been as abundant as in some previous j'ears, the
specimens shown have been uniformly of good quality and above
the average in size. No new pears of special merit have been
brought to the notice of the Committee. Several dishes of the
Keiffer have been shown, and although of good size, form, and
color, its quality must place it among the cooking rather than the
dessert pears.

Apples. — Of the one hundred and eight prizes offered, seventy-
three have been awarded, a much larger number than usual on the
off or non-fruiting year. Even a slight tendency to a more even
distribution, in succeeding years, of this fruit, so desirable for
domestic uses, is a fact to be noted and an encouragement to
further efforts in this direction.

The only new fruit entered for a Prospective Prize was the
Seedling Strawberrj', Banquet, by J. R. Hawkins, Mountainville,
Orange Count}', N. Y.

The Committee have awarded in prizes and gratuities eight
hundred and fifty dollars, leaving an unexpended balance of just
one hundred dollars ; this balance is largely from the unawarded
prizes for apples and peaches.

The summing up for the year is encouraging for the growers of
fruit. Fruit has suffered less than any other crop from the
long continued dry weather. There has been a ready sale for all
kinds at good prices ; there have been no severe storms that have
seriously injured fruit, and the weather has been favorable for
gathering and marketing. The three most serious obstacles to
fruit-growing in this State are the pear blight ; the 3^ellows among
peach trees, and the codling moth. Any one who can, from study
or experience, render any aid in overcoming these enemies of fruit-
growers, will confer a favor not onl}' upon cultivators, but upon
every lover of fruit.

We would again acknowledge our obligation to the Pomological
Society, whose action upon the recommendation of its President

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 257

we hope will soon result in eliminating from our schedules, prize
cards, and reports, the senseless prefixes to the names of many of
our fruits.

E. W. Wood,

P. B. HOVEY,

Benjamin G. Smith,

Warren Fenno, } Committee.

Jacob W. Manning,

Charles F. Curtis,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS.

March 22.

Winter Apples. — Any variety, C. Terry, Northern Spy, . . $3 00

Second, John B. Moore & Son, " " . . 2 00

Winter Pears. — Any variety, Warren Fenno, Josephine of Malines, 3 00

Second, B. G. Smith, Duchess of Bordeaux, . . . . 2 00

Gratuities: —

A. S. Mcintosh, Collection of Apples and Pears, . . . . 2 00

Robert Manning, Lady Apples, . . . . . . . 1 00

Edward Sumner, Lemons, 1 00

March 31.
Gratuity: —

J. W. Talbot, Apples and Pears, 1 00

April 14.

Gratuities: —

C. E. Grant, Apples and Pears, 1 00

Francis B. Hayes, Strawberries, 2 00

April 21.

Gratuity: —

William H. Hunt, Hunt Apples, 1 00

June 9.

Gratuity: —

C. E. Grant, Apples and Pears, 1 00

June 16.
Gratuity:

William Doran & Son, Strawberries, 1 00

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY SHOW.

June 26.
Special Prize offered hy Hon. Marshall P. Wilder.

Strawberries. — For the best four quarts of the variety of finest

form, color, and quality, Warren Heustis, Belmont, . . #10 00

Special Prizes offered hy the Society.

Strawberries. — For the best four quarts of any variety, Warren

Heustis, Sharpless, Silver Cup, value, 20 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS =

259

Second, Joseph D. Fitts, Providence, E. I., Jersey Queen, . $10 00
Third, James H. Kimhall, Providence, R. I., Manchester,

Harris's Treatise on Insects

Regular Prizes.

Strawberries. — Four quarts of Downing, William Doran & Son, 3 00

Second, E. W. Wood, 2 00

Miner's Prolific, L. W. Weston, 3 00

Seth Boyden, E. W. Wood, 3 00

Sharpless, E. W. Wood, 3 00

Wilder, Joseph Burnett, 3 00

Second, Marshall P. Wilder, , 2 00

Two quarts of Bidwell, James H. Kimball, . . . . . 2 00

Second, Marshall P. Wilder, 1 00

Brighton Pine, Warren Fenno, 2 00

Champion, Joseph D. Fitts, 2 00

Charles Downing, Warren Fenno, . . . . . . 2 00

Second, E. W. Wood, 1 00

Col. Cheney, Joseph D. Fitts, 2 00

Second, William Doran & Son, ] 00

Cumberland Triumph, Marshall P. Wilder, 2 00

Hervey Davis, Marshall P. Wilder, 2 00

Jersey Queen, Joseph D. Fitts, . 2 00

Second, James H. Kimball, ....... 1 00

Jucunda, C. E. Grant, 2 00

Manchester, Joseph D. Fitts, 2 00

Second, Marshall P. Wilder, 1 00

Miner's Prolific, Joseph D. Fitts, 2 00

Monarch, Joseph D. Fitts, 2 00

Second, C. E. Grant, ; . 1 00

Seth Boyden, E. W. Wood, 2 00

Second, Marshall P. Wilder, 1 00

Sharpless, George V. Fletcher, 2 00

Second, Warren Heustis, ........ 1 00

Any other variety, Warren Heustis, Belmont, . . . . 2 00

Second, Joseph D. Fitts, Gypsy, 1 00

Collection of not less that six varieties, one quart of each, Joseph

D. Fitts, 4 00

One quart of any new variety, not previously exhibited, J. R.

Hawkins, Mountainville, N. Y., Banquet, . . . . 3 00

Second, Joseph D. Fitts, Seneca Queen, 2 00

Fifty berries of any variety, Warren Heustis, . . . . 2 00

Cherries. — Two quarts of any variety, I. P. Langworthy, . . 2 00

Second, C. E. Grant, , ... 1 00

Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety, Francis B. Hayes,

Victoria Hamburg, 3 00

Second, Francis B. Hayes, Blaek Hamburg, . . . . 2 00

Third, E. Sheppard, " " 1 00

260

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities :

C. E. Grant, Cherries, Strawberries, and Apples,
A. D. Capen, Cherries and Strawberries, .
Marshall P. Wilder, Strawberries,
J. E. Hawkins, Raspberries, ....

July 7.
Two quarts of any variety, Warren Heustis,

Strawberries.

Belmont,

Cherries. — Two quarts of Black Eagle, C. E. Grant,
Two quarts of Black Tartarian, •' "

Two quarts of Downer, '* "

Second, Samuel Lockwood, ....
Two quarts of any other variety, C. E. Grant, Napoleon,
Second, Horace Partridge, May Duke,

Gratuity : —

B. G. Smith, Raspberries and Currants,

July 14.

Cherries. — Two quarts of any variety, Warren Fenno, Downer,
Raspberries. — Two quarts of any variety, C. E. Grant, Cuthbert,

Second, William Doran & Son, Franconia, . . .

Currants. — Four quarts of any Red variety, B. G. Smith, Versail
laisCj .... .......

Second, E. W. Wood, "Versaillaise, ....

Third, William Doran & Son, "

Two quarts of any White variety, B. G. Smith, Transparent,
Second, B. G. Smith, Dana's Transparent,

Gratuities : —

C. E. Grant, Raspberries and Currants,
John L. Gardner, McLaren's Prolific Raspberries,

A. D. Capen, Raspberries, ....
M. W. Chadbourne, Currants and Gooseberries,

B. G. Smith, June-Berries, ....

July 21.

Raspberries. — Not less than four varieties, two quarts of each,

William Doran & Son,

Second, B. G. Smith, .

Two quarts of any variety, William Doran & Son, Franconia,
Second, A. D. Capen, Franconia, ......

Blackcaps. — Two quarts of any variety, C. E. Grant, Mammoth,
Currants. — Two quarts of Dana's Transparent, B. G. Smith,

Second, C. E. Grant,

Two quarts of Versaillaise, Lemuel Clapp,

Second, B. G. Smith,

$2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

2 00
2 00
2 00
2 00

1 00

2 00
1 00

2 00

2 00
2 00
1 00

00
00
00
00
00

1 00
1 00

1 00
1 00
1 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1 00

2 00

1

00

2

00

I

00

. PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 261

Two quarts of any other variety, B.G. Smith, Transparent, . $2 00

Second, William Doran & Son, Cherry, . . . . ..... 1 00

Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, A. S. Mcintosh,

Dorchester, . .... . " . . .,' ".. ' . 2 00

July 28.

Currants. — Two quarts of any Eed variety, B. G. Smith, Versail-
laise, ... . . . ■ . ■ '.'".'■.'.

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, Versaillaise, . *. / .
Two quarts of any Whit6 variety, M. W. Chadbourne, Transparent,

Second, B. G. Smith, Transparent, . . '. .■ .;
Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, A. S; Mcintosh, Dor-
chester,' . . ■ . ' . ■ . . ■...'.■•

Second, James Nugent, Dorchester, . .

Gooseberries. — Two quarts of any Native variety, B. G. Smith,
Smith's Seedling, . . . . . .

Second, Warren Fenno, Downing, . • . .

Gratuity : —
Francis B. Hayes, Foreign Grapes, i .. *> . 3 00

August 4.

Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, James Nugent, Dor-
chester, 2 00

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, Dorchester, . ^ . ... 1 00

Gooseberries. — Two quarts of any Foreign variety, B. G. Smith,

Whitesmith, ..... . . . ... 2 00

Second, B. G. Smith, Bang-Up, . . . .. . . 1 00

Pears. —Summer Doyenne, E. W. Wood , .. 2 00

Second, Peveril Meigs, . . . . ,. . . . 1 00

Any other variety, Horace Eaton, Andre Desportes, . . . 2 00

Second, Hovey & Co., Quimper, . . ,, • . . . 1 00

Apricots. — Any variety, Moses Darling, Jr., ' ,. . . . 2 00

Gratuity : —
Samuel Hartwell, Peachfes and Apples, . . . . . . 1 00

August 11.

Apples. — Sweet Bough, Warren Fenno, ....

Any other variety, Lemuel Clapp,' Williams, .

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Williams, ....

Pears. — Beurre Giflfard, Warren Fenno, ... :-

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, ... • . • .• .- .
' Any other v-ariety, Robert Manning; Bloodgood, . -".

Second, George Frost, Quimper, . . . . • .

Gratuity : —
Samuel Hartwell, Apples, Pears, iind Peaches, . , ... -♦ . ... 1 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

. 1 00

2 00

1 00

262

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

August 18.

Apples. — Red Astrachan, J. T. Foster, .
Second, C. C. Shaw, ....
Williams, Joseph Coolidge, .
Second, Samuel Hartwell, .
Pears. — Clapp's Favorite, Horace Eaton,
Second, Warren Fenno,
Elizabeth, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, .

Second, Warren Fenno,
•Any other variety, C. N. Brackett, Brandywine,
Second, Hovey & Co., "

Figs. — Any variety, Francis B. Hayes, .

Gratuities: —

Horace Partridge, Foreign Grapes, .
George Frost, Pears, .....

Robert Manning, Pears and Blackberries,
Samuel Hartwell, Pears, Apples, and Peaches,
Mrs. Benjamin Fobes, Figs, ....

Warren Fenno, Pears,

M. W. Chadbourne, Pears, ....

August 25.

Pears. — Bartlett, Mrs. Mary Langmaid.

Second, Charles L. Fowle,
Rostiezer, M. W. Chadbourne,

Second, Horace Eaton,
Tyson, A. S. Mcintosh, .

Second, Samuel Mcintosh,
Any other variety, Warren Fenno, Ananas d' ete.

Second, Horace Eaton, Petite Marguerite,

$2 00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

•)

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

I

00

1

00

1

00

2 00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2 00

I

00

2

00

1

00

Gratuities: —

Samuel Hartwell, Pears, Apples, and Plums, . . . .
John S. Farlow, ten varieties of Foreign Grapes, Silver Medal.

September 1.

Apples. — Any variety, Samuel Hartwell, Gravenstein,

Second, " " Holden, .

Pears. — Bartlett, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, ....

Second, T. M. Davis,

Any other variety, Horace Partridge, Belle Lucrative, .

Second, C. E. Grant, Flemish Beauty,
Peaches. — Any variety, Samuel Hartwell, Crawford's Early,
Plums. — Any variety, Horace Eaton, Washington, .

Second, John B. Moore & Son, Sharp's Emperor,

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

263

Native Geapes. — Six bunches of any variety, John B. Moore & Son,

Moore's Early,

Second, J. "W. Talbot, Cottage,

Gratuities : —

C. E. Grant, Grapes and Pears,

Horace Eaton, Plums, .

F. J. Butcher, "

Samuel Hartwell, " and Apples,

B. G. Smith, Grapes,

September 8.

Apples. — Gravenstein, Francis Smith,

Second, Samuel Hartwell,

Porter, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, L. W. "Weston,

Any other variety, Samuel Hartwell, Holden,

Second, " " Pumpkin Sweet, .

Peaks. — Andrews, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, ....

Second, Charles F. Curtis,

Boussock, Horace Eaton,

Second, C. N. Brackett,

Any other variety, Hovey & Co., Hanna's, ....

Second, Warren Fenno, Esperiae,

Peaches. — Collection, Samuel Hartwell,

Plums. — Collection, not less than four varieties, Horace Eaton,

Second, John B. Moore & Son, ......

Any one variety, John B. Moore & Son, Yellow Gage, .

Second, F. J. Dutcher, McLaughlin, ....

Native Grapes. — Six bunches of Delaware, Cephas H. Brackett,

Second, Horace Partridge,

Hartford, Cephas H. Brackett,

Second, T. M. Davis,

Moore's Early, John B. Moore & Son,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, •

Any other variety, B. G. Smith, Creveling, ....

Second, S. G. Damon, Adirondac, . . . .

$2 00

1 GO

1 00

1 00

1 00

I 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

Gratuity: —
C. E. Grant, Peaches, Pears, and Apples,

1 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 18, 19, 20, and 21.

Special Prize offered by George A. Stone, Rochester, N. Y.

Native Grapes. — Twelve bunches of Pocklington, John Charlton,

Rochester, N. Y., $75 00

Six bunches, Joseph S. Chase, 25 00

264

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Special Prizes offered hy the Society.

Twelve Gravenstein Apples, Samuel Hartwell, ....
Twelve Bartlett Pears, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, ....
Twelve Peaches of any variety, Samuel Hartwell, Crawford's Early,
Twelve bunches Native Grapes of any variety, John B. Moore & Son,
Moore's Early,

Regular Prizes

Apples. — Baldwin, John Cummings,

Second, Mrs. A. M. Winn,

Third, C. L. "Weston,
Danvers Sweet, John Cummings,

Second, C. N. Brackett,
Dutch Codlin, Lemuel Clapp,
Holden, Samuel Hartwell,
GraA^enstein, Warren Heustis,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, .

Third, Lemuel Clapp,
Hubbardston, L. W. Weston,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, .

Third, M. W. Chadbourne,
Hunt, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, C. N. Brackett,
Lady's Sweet, Warren Fenno,
Lyscom, Samuel Hartwell,
Northern Spy, John B. Turner,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, .
Porter, Mrs. A. M. Winn,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, .
Pumpkin, George W. Stevens,

Second, Lemuel Clapp,
Rhode Island, John L. D'Wolf,

Second, C. N. Brackett,

Third, Samuel Hartwell,
Eoxbury, John L. D'Wolf, .

Second, Mrs. M. T. Goddard,

Third, C. N. Brackett,
Tompkins King, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, Hovey & Co.,
Tolman Sweet, J. T. Foster,

Second, Josiah Crosby,

Third, Lemuel Clapp,
Washington Royal, Josiah Crosfey,
Washington Strawberry, Lemuel Clapp,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Any other variety, Samuel Hartwell, Gloria Mundi,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Pound Sweet, .

$5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 GO

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

265

Crab Apples. — Hyslop, Cephas H. Brackett,

Second, Mrs. Austin W. Ward,
Transcendent, Warren Fenno,
Pears. — Angouleme, John McClure,

Second, W. S. Janvrin,

Third, Warren Fenno,
Anjou, Mrs. Mary Lan^maid,

Second, W. S. Janvrin,

Third, C. N. Brackett,
Bartlett, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, N. D. Harrington,

Third, George S. Harwood,
Bosc, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, .

Second, Warren Fenno,

Third, Charles F. Curtis, .
Boussock, George S. Harwood,

Second, Horace Eaton,
Clairgeau, W. P. Plimpton, .

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Third, Jesse Haley, .
Comice, Horace Eaton,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Dana's Hovey, I. D. White, .

Second, E. W. Wood,

Third, Hovey & Co., .
Diel, A. S. Mcintosh, .

Second, Walker & Co.,
Hardy, Mrs. H. P. Kendrick,

Second, Jesse Haley, .
Goodale, C. E. Grant, .

Second, Marshall P. Wilder,
Howell, Jesse Haley,

Second, B. G. Smith,
Lawrence, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Louise Bonne of Jersey, George S. Harwood

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,
Lucrative, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, Horace Partridge,
Marie Louise, Warren Fenno,

Second, Walker & Co.,
Merriam, Charles F. Curtis, .

Second, Marshall P. Wilder,
Nelis, Warren Fenno, .

Second, T. M. Davis,
Onondaga, Marshall P. Wilder,

Second, Horace Eaton,

$2 00

1 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

8 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

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1 00

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1 00

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1 00

2 00

1 00

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1 00

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1 00

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1 00

266

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Paradise, William A. Crafts,

Second, Hovey &Co.,
Seckel, George S. Harwood,

Second, John L. Bird,

Third, George E. Peters, .
Sheldon, Mrs. H, P. Kendrick,

Second, George S. Harwood,

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,
Souvenir du Congres, B. G. Smith

Second, Marshall P. Wilder,
St. Michael Archangel, Walker & Co.,

Second, T. M. Davis,
Superfin, Warren Fenno,

Second, E. W. Wood,
Urbaniste, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, John L. Bird,
Vicar, A. S. Mcintosh,

Second, Warren Penno,
Any other variety, Marsliall P. Wilder, Clapp's Favorite,

Second, Augustus Bacon, Flemish Beauty,
Peaches. — Crawford's Early, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, Elijah H. Luke, .....
Crawford's Late, Samuel Hartwell,
Foster, Samuel Hartwell, .....

Second, John B. Moore & Son, ....
Any other variety, A. W. Felton, Yellow Rareripe,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Grosse Mignonne,

Nectarines. — Warren Fenno,

Plums. — Collection of not less than four varieties, Samuel Hartwell

Second, John B. Moore & Son, .
Any one variety, B. G. Smith, Coe's Golden,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Jefferson,
Natite Grapes. — Six bunches of Brighton, D. A. Wasson,

Second, John McFarland,
Concord, John B. Moore & Son,

Second, Cephas H. Brackett,
Delaware, Joseph S. Chase, .

Second, John B. Moore & Son,
Massasoit, John B. Moore & Son,

Second, Cephas H. Brackett,
Moore's Early, Horace Eaton,

Second, John B. Moore & Son,
Wilder, Joseph S. Chase,

Second, Cephas H. Brackett,
Worden, Samuel Hartwell,

Any other variety, John B. Moore & Son, lona Seedling,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Norwood, ....

$2 00
GO
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

1 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

1 00

2 00
1 00

00
00
00
00
CO
00
00
00
00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

267

Foreign Grapes. — Four varieties, two bunches of each, John S

Farlow,

Second, Elijah H. Luke,

Third, Benjamin G. Sraitli, ....

Two bunches of Black Hamburg, George Iligginson,

Second, John S. Farlow,

Third, C. E. Grant,

Wilraot's Hamburg, John S. Farlow, . . .
Second, George Higginson, ....
Muscat of Alexandria, John S. Farlow,
Any other variety, John S. Farlow, Pope's Hamburg,
Second, George Higginson, White Frontignan, .
Cranberries. — Half-peck, A. M. Tilley, .

Gratuities : —

Francis Smith, Gravenstein Apples,
Warren Fenno, Pears and Apples,
W. A. Morse, " "

L. W. Weston, " "

C. E. Grant,

Samuel Hartwell, " "

I. D. White, Pears, ' .
M. W. Chadbourne, Pears,
C. N. Brackett, "

William T. Hall, '«

John Cummings, "

Augustus Bacon, "

Horace Partridge, "
PIovey& Co., "

Marshall P. Wilder, "
E. S. Converse, "

Francis B. Hayes, "
John S. Farlow, Foreign Grapes,
B. G. Smith,

Jonathan Mann, Hamburg Grapes,
William Richardson, Concord Grapes
G. W. Jameson, Barberries,
William Doran & Son, Raspberries,
0. M. Holmes, Cranberries,
John B. Moore, Display of the Francis
Medal.

$8 00

6 00

4 00

4 00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3 00

5

00

5 00

4 00

2 00

1

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

3 00

1

00

3

00

2 00

2

00

2

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

1 00

00

00

00

00

B. Hayes Grape, Silver

Gratuities : —

September 29.

N. D. Harrington, Pears, .
D. W. Lothrop, Seedling Pear,
S. G. Stone, Isabella Grapes, .

1 00
1 00
I 00

268?

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

October 6.

AppLES.-^Gravenstein, Francis Smith,

'Second, Samuel Hartwell, • .

■ Porter,. Francis Smith, . .. . .

Second, C. W. Grant, . . .
Any other variety, Lemuel Clapp, Washington Strawberry,

■Second,-. Samuel Hartwell, Hubba^dston,
Peaes. — Angouleme, Mrs. H. .P. Kendrick,

■Second, John McClure, . .
Bosc, George S. Harwood, .

Second, Warren Fenno,
Clairgeau, W. P. Plimpton, .

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,
Cornice, George S. Harwood,

.Second, Warren Fenno,
Louise Bonne of Jersey, George S. Harwood,

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,
Seckel, P. Kenney,

Second, George S. Harwood,
Sheldon, Mrs. H. P. Kendrick,

Second, George S. Harwood,
Superfin, Warren Fenno,

Second, Augustus Bacon, .
Urbaniste, John L. Bird,

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,
Any other variety, A.- S. Mcintosh, Diel,

Second, C. E. Grant, Goodale,
Quinces.— Benjamin G. Smith,

Second, Horace Eaton,
Native Grapes. — Six bunches of Brighton, Horace Eaton,

Second, Joseph S. Chase, .
Concord, John B. Moore & Son,

Second, Horace Eaton,
Delaware, E. Snow,

Second, Joseph S. Chase, .
Zona, John B. Moore & Son,

Second, B. G. Smith, .
Isabella, J. V. Wellington, .

Second, B, G. Smith, .
Massasoit, Horace Eaton,
Moore's Early, John B. Moore & Son,

Second, Horace Eaton,
Wilder, John B. Moore & Son,

Second, IIoraceEaton,
Any other variety, John B. Moore & Son, Francis B. Hayes,

Second, C. E. Grant, Catawba, . .

$2 00

1

00

2 00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

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1

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2

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1

00

2

00

1

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2

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1

00

2

00

1

00

2

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1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2 00

1

00

2

00

2 00

I

00

2

00

1

00

2 00

1

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

269

Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety, John L. Gardner,
Black Hamburg, .........

Second, E. W. Wood, Wilraot's Hamburg, . . . .

Gratuities : —

T. L. Perkins, Apples,

C. W. Grant, "

C. E. Grant, Apples and Pears,

Samuel Hartwell, Apples and Peaches, ......

Francis Smith, Apples, Pears, and Peaches, . . . . .

A. S. Mcintosh, Pears,

Warren Fenno, Pears, . .

M. W. Chadbourne, Pears and Grapes,

B. G. Smith, Grapes,

William H. Wilcox, Grapes, ........

John B. Moore & Son, Peaches,

A. J. Bigelow, Concord Grapes, Silver Medal.

November 8 and 9.
French Premiums,

Apples. — Baldwin, John Cummings,

Second, J. T. Foster,
Hubbardston, L. W. Weston,

Second, M. W. Chadbourne,
Hunt, Samuel Hartwell,
Lady's Sweet, Warren Fenno,
Northern Spy, Samuel Hartwell, .
Rhode Island, A. S. Mcintosh,
Roxbury, Cephas H. Brackett,
Tolman Sweet, J. T. Foster,
Tompkins King, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, John Parker,
Pears. — Angouleme, Warren Fenno,

Second, John McClure,
Anjou, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, .
Cornice, John C. Park, .

Second, Warren Fenno,
Dana's Hovey, Warren Fenno,

Second, Hovey & Co.,
Glout Morceau, Augustus Bacon, .

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, .
Josephine of Malines, Warren Fenno,
Langelier, C. E. Grant, .

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, .
Lawrence, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, .

Second, John McClure,
8

3

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270

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Nelis, T. M. Davis, ....

Second, Warren Fenno,
Vicar, Walker & Co., ....

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, .
Any other variety, A. S. Mcintosh, Diel,

Second, Augustus Bacon, Easter Beurre,

Gratuities : —

C. W. Grant, Apples,

Samuel Hartwell, Apples, .

Marshall P. Wilder, Pears,

Warren Penno,

M. W. Chadbourne,

C. E. Grant,

Mrs. Mary Gardner,

Augustus Bacon,

A. S. Mcintosh,

Horace Eaton, Quinces,

$2 00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

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1 00

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES,

FOR THE YEAR 1883.

By CHARLES N. BRACKETT, Chairman.

The closing of another exhibition season reminds us of a duty
which, by custom and in conformity to our By-Laws, we owe the
Society, of rendering to it an account of our labors for the
year, together with the amount of awards in prizes and gratuities
which have been made.

In reviewing the season, which has in many respects been a most
remarkable one, your Committee cannot but feel gratified at the
progress made, and the good degree of success which has attended
the efforts of contributors under so many disadvantageous circum-
stances.

The excessive drought and scorching sun of the past summer
were not propitious for the production of fine specimens of vege-
table growth, and the efi'ect was shown in a marked manner at
some of our weekly exhibitions. But, in spite of these discour-
agements, the displays, on the whole, have been most gratifying,
and no lack of interest has been manifested on the part of con-
tributors.

The show of forced vegetables, during the early portion of the
season, as has been the case for several years past, was con-
fined to a few contributors. To President Hayes, Josiah Crosby,
and Cephas H. Brackett, we have been indebted for the occasional
exhibition of choice specimens during the months of February and

272 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

March. These gentlemen were the onl}^ contributors previous to
the opening exhibition, March 22, and continued to show speci-
mens of Rhubarb, Cucumbers, Mushrooms, Lettuce, Radishes,
Dandelions, Tomatoes, and Parsley, from week to week all through
their season. At the Azalea Show, the exhibition of vegetables
grown under glass was much better than last year, all the first
and most of the second prizes being awarded.

The general weekly displays during the season, though
satisfactory, were not so extensive perhaps as in some former
j^ears, which was, no doubt, owing mainly to the long continued
drought.

The earliest specimens of Peas were shown by M. W. Chad-
bourne, June 16. The varieties were Bliss's American AYonder,
and Breck's Excelsior. The first and second prizes were both
awarded to the American Wonder, a first-class pea, and a great
acquisition.

The first and second prizes for potatoes, Jul}' 14, were taken with
Hebron and Clark. The exhibition of Sweet Corn has not been
as abundant or as good as usual, the late varieties having been
more or less injured by the dry weather. The first and second
prizes were awarded July 21 for Marblehead. No variet}' equal to
it in quality can compete with this corn in earliness, but, on account
of its great liability to smut, it is considered unprofitable bj* many
who have grown it largel}' for market the past two or three sea-
sons. The first prize for Earl}' Crosby corn was taken by Josiah
Crosby, July 28.

The first exhibition of Tomatoes, of out-door growth, was made
July 14 by George Hill ; the variety was the Emery. The speci-
mens were exceedingly' fine ones. With many who grow the
tomato largely for market, the Emerj' is rapidl}' taking the place
of the old Boston Market.

Jul}' 21 being prize da}', the first prize was awarded for Acme.
This variety also took first and second prizes at all succeeding
shows during the season, in competition with Paragon, Emeiy,
Boston Market, Trophy, and Livingston's Perfection. Livings-
ton's Perfection and Favorite appear to be identical ; both are
subject to blight, and neither, in our estimation, is any improve-
ment on the Acme or Paragon. After Mr, Livingston introduced
the Acme, we think there was very little room left for improvement,
either in form or quality. It is also worthy of note that, while a

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 273

host of so-called new or improved varieties appear and disappear
with every season, this variety has gone on steadily increasing in
favor from its first introduction, until it is now almost universally
acknowledged to be the best and most valuable of all. The Acme,
Paragon, and Emery, we consider the best three of the many varie-
ties before the public. If confined to but one variet}^, we should
choose the Acme.

The season has been favorable for Melons, and they have been
shown in gi-eat perfection. August 18 the first prize was awarded
to George Hill, for Greenflesh, and he again received the same
prize September 1. As usual, his specimens were superb, and in
the best possible condition, as some of your Committee can testify.

The shows of Celer}', Egg Plants, and Cauliflowers were worthy
of special mention. Josiah Crosby's splendid specimens of celery
at the Annual Exhibition took both the special and first regular
prizes. John Cummings did the same with cauliflowers, his speci-
mens of Early Dawn being the best we have ever seen ; they
attracted the attention of all who entered the Hall. Some remark-
ably fine specimens of Egg Plant were exhibited during the season
by Joseph G. Coolidge and George D. Moore.

At the Annual Exhibition, we have to report the largest and
best show of Potatoes ever made by this Society. This crop has,
the past season, been more than an average one, both in quality
and yield, and was sufficiently advanced when the dry weather set
in to escape the drought. There were ninety-five dishes in com-
petition for the fifteen prizes, which, it is hardly necessary to say,
were all awarded. The largest contributor was John Cummings,
who showed a fine collection of thirty varieties. Aaron Low was
next, with a collection of twenty varieties. The first prize for the
best four varieties was taken by Mr. Cummings, who also took the
first prize for the best dish of Clark, and the first for "any other
variety " was awarded him for King. For Rose, Samuel Hartwell
was the successful competitor, and John B. Moore was first for
Hebron.

It is one of the easiest things in the world to raise new varieties
of the potato from seed, but it is not so easy to make advances on
the best varieties in cultivation. Experience shows that the most
hopeful and promising seedlings at the start, often prove worthless
in the course of further experiment, and the time and labor of cul-
tivating many thousand seedlings is required to secure a single

274 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

variety in all respects worthy of cultivation. Among the newest
of the new in the way of seedling potatoes, at the Annual Exhi-
bition, were the Advance and North Star, from Albert Bresee, of
Hubbardton, Vt. For many years Mr. Bresee's name has been
made familiar throughout the country as the originator of the
Early Rose and other valuable varieties now in general cultivation.
Mr. Bresee's seedling, Advance, was first shown here by him at
the Annual Exhibition in 1882, and favorably noticed in our report
of that year. Those who have grown it in this vicinity the past
season all speak of it in terms of unqualified praise. Mr. Bresee
says, in regard to these two seedlings, "The Advance and North
Star originated in 1874 or 1875, from a seed ball of the Early
Rose, fertilized with the Climax by planting them in alternate hills
with the Rose. I have never found any seed balls on the Early
Rose when planted alone. For many years I have grown seedlings
from the Rose in the manner described, and have succeeded in
obtaining two or three varieties which I fully believe to be of much
value. As to the time of ripening, some seasons the Advance
ripens quite as early as the Rose, at others a very few days later.
Charles Downing writes me, ' the Advance is a little earlier, and
of better quality than the Rose.' J. J. H. Gregory writes, ' In
yield and size it rather surpasses the Rose, and it is earlier.' The
North Star is a very strong grower, large yielder, and of first
quality, and should not be planted on very rich or moist land."
Mr. Bresee further says : " Some years ago I tried to make some
arrangement with a noted dealer in seed potatoes for the sale of
these seedlings, but, as I could not make any trade with him with-
out giving him all the profits, I came home and gave them out
without making one dollar, so you can see that I have no axe to
grind."

From our own experience, having grown a small quantity of the
Advance by way of trial, the past season, we are free to say that
we think it possesses merits of a high order, and we feel satisfied
that, as soon as known, it will take its place among our most
popular varieties.

Before closing this report, we would call the attention of con-
tributors to important changes in the Schedule of Prizes for the
coming year, and especially to the number, or quantity of speci-
mens, which will be required in future where peas, potatoes,
onions, etc., are exhibited.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 275

The amount of $514 has been awarded in prizes and gratuities
the past year, leaving an unexpended balance of $16 to be returned
to the treasury.

Annexed will be found a list of the awards which have been
made by your Committee.

Respectfully submitted,

C. N. BRACKETT, Chairman.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR
VEGETABLES.

February 3.

Oratuity: —

Francis B.. Hayes, Rhubarb, f 1 00

February 10.

Gratuities : —

Josiah Crosby, Celery, 2 00

Francis B. Hayes, Rhubarb, . • . . . . . . 1 00

February 17.
Gratuity : —

Cephas H. Brackett, Cucumbers and Rhubarb, . . . . 3 00

February 24.
Gratuity : —

Josiah Crosby, Lettuce and Radishes, 2 00

March 3.

Gratuity : —

Josiah Crosby, Lettuce and Radishes, 2 00

March 10.
Gratuity : —

Josiah Crosby, Lettuce, 1 00

March 17.
Gratuity : —

Josiah Crosby, Radishes and Lettuce, . . • . • . 2 00

AZALEA AND ROSE EXHIBITION.

March 22.

Radishes. — Four bunches of Turnip Rooted, Josiah Crosby, . . $3 00

Second, George F. Stone, 2 00

Long Scarlet, Josiah Crosby, ....... 3 00

Cucumbers. — Pair, Cephas H. Brackett, . . . . . . 3 00

Dandelions. — Peck, George F. Stone, 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 277

Lettuce. — Four heads, J. Crosby, $3 00

Second, George F. Stone, 2 00

Parsley. — Two quarts, William Patterson, . . . • . 2 00

Gratuities : —

C. H. Brackett, Mushrooms and Cucumbers 2 00

C. M. Atkinson, Parsley, 1 00

March 31.
Gratuity : —

Josiah Crosby, Lettuce, 1 00

April 14.

Gratuity : —

Francis B. Hayes, Cucumbers and Lettuce, 2 00

April 21.

Gratuity : —

C. H. Brackett, Mushrooms and Cucumbers, 2 00

April 28.
Gratuity : —

George W. Pierce, Lettuce, 2 00

Mat 5.

Gratuity : —

Josiah Crosby, Dandelions, 1 00

Mat 12.
Gratuities : —

John B. Moore, Asparagus, 2 00

Samuel Hartwell, " 1 00

Josiah Crosby, Carrots and Radishes, . . . . '. . 1 00

Mat 19.

Gratuities : —

C. H. Brackett, Tomatoes and Ehubarb, * . 2 00

Samuel Hartwell, Asparagus and Rhubarb, 1 00

Mat 26.

Gratuities : —

Josiah Crosby, Collection, . 3 00

C. H. Brackett, " 2 00

C. W. Grant, Rhubarb, 1 00

June 2.
Gratuities : —

C. H. Brackett, Tomatoes and Cucumbers, 1 00

M. W. Chadbourne, Rhubarb, • . 1 00

Marshall P. "Wilder, Marquis of Lome Cucumbers, . . . . 1 00

278

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

June 9.

Carrots. — Twelve Short Scarlet, J. Crosby,
Radishes. — Twelve Turnip Rooted, J. Crosby,
Asparagus. — Four bunches, J. B. Moore,

Second, L. W. Weston,
Cucumbers. — Pair, C. B. Lancaster,
Lettuce. — Four heads, Josiah Crosby,

Second, Warren Heustis, .
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, Samuel Hartwell,

Gratuities : —

Samuel Hartwell, Asparagus, .

Josiah Crosby, Collection,

C. H. Brackett, Tomatoes. . . .

Gratuity : —
Josiah Crosby, Cucumbers,

Gratuity :
M. W. Chadbourne, Peas,

June 13.

June 16.

June 23.

Gratuities : —

M. W. Chadbourne, Cucumbers,
C. B. Lancaster, "

$2 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00

1 00

2 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

1 00
1 00

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY SHOW.

June 26.

Whitcomb Prizes.

Beets. — Twelve Turnip Rooted, Warren Heustis, - . . . $2 00

Twelve Egyptian, Josiah Crosby, . 2 00

Second, Warren Heustis, 1 00

Onions. — Twelve, Josiah Crosby, 2 00

Cucumbers.— Pair, E. W. Wood, 2 00

Second, Josiah Crosby, 1 00

Cabbages. — Four, Josiah Crosby, 2 00

Second, Warren Heustis, ........ 1 00

Lettuce. — Four heads, John L. Gardner, 2 00

Peas —Peck, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Second, Samuel G. Stone, 1 00

Gratuities : —

C. H. Brackett, Tomatoes, . 1 00

Samuel Hartwell, Laxton's Alpha Peas, 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

279

July 7.
Onions. — Twelve, Josiah Crosby, ....
Squashes. — Four Long Warted, Warren Heustis, .
Cabbages. — Four, Josiah Crosby, Henderson's Early,
Second, Warren Heustis, " "

Gratuity : —
H. S. Messenger, Marquis of Lome Cucumbers,

JULT 14.

Potatoes. — Peek, L. W. Weston, Hebron,
Second, C. B. Lancaster, Clark,

Gratuities : —

Samuel Hartwell, Champion Peas, ....

George Hill, Emery Tomatoes, ....

C. E. Grant, Collection of Beans, ....

July 21.

Cabbages. — Four Drumhead, Josiah Crosby, .
Tomatoes. — Twelve, C. N. Brackett, Acme, .

Second, S. Hartwell, Boston Market,
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, S. Hartwell, Marblehead,

Second, C. N. Brackett, "

Gratuity : —
M. W. Chadbourne, Potatoes,

July 28.

Squashes. — Four Marrow, Josiah Crosby,

Second, Warren Heustis, ....
Sweet Corh. — Twelve ears, J. Crosby, Crosby,

Second, L. W. Weston, Weston's Early, .

Third, C. E. Grant, Crosby,
Tomatoes. — Twelve, Samuel Hartwell, Acme,

Second, C. N. Brackett, "

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Collection of Peas,
M. W. Chadbourne, Hebron Potatoes, . •
L. W. Weston, u u . ,

Warren Heustis, Rose Potatoes,

August 4.

Squashes. — Four Marrow, Josiah Crosby, ....

Second, Warren Heustis, .......

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, L. W. Weston, Weston's Early, .

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Crosby, .....

$2 00
2 00
2 00
1 00

1 00

00
00

00
00
00

3 00

00
00
00
00

1 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00
1 00

280

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tomatoes. — Twelve, C. N. Brackett, Acme, .
Second, Samuel Hartwell, "

Third, C. N. Brackett, Perfection,

Go-atuities : —

Samuel Hartwell, Potatoes and Tomatoes,
"Warren Heustis, " " Peppers,

August 11.

Greenflesh Melons. — Four, George Hill,
Tomatoes. — Twelve Acme, C. N. Brackett,
Second, Samuel Hartwell,
Emery, Samuel Hartwell, ....
Second, C. N. Brackett, ....
Any other variety, Samuel Hartwell, Perfection,
Second, Samuel Hartwell, Trophy, .
Egg Plant. — Four Round Purple, Joseph G. Coolidge,
Second, George Hill,

Gratuities : —

Josiah Croshy, Onions,
C. H. Cutler, Celery,
Samuel Hartwell, Collection,
C. E. Grant, "

M. B. Faxon, "

August 18.

Greenflesh Melons. — Four, George Hill,
MusKMELONS. — Four, Samuel Hartwell,
Egg Plant. — Four, J. G. Coolidge, .
Second, Daniel Duffley,

Gratuities : —

C E. Grant, Lima Beans,
C. N. Brackett, Tomatoes,
J. G. Coolidge, "

Samuel Hartwell, Collection,
Francis B. Hayes, "

August 25.

Potatoes. — Peck, John Cummings, Rose,
Second, Samuel Hartwell, Hebron,

Beans. — Large Lima, two quarts, B. G. Smith,
Second, .C. E. Grant, .....

Peppers. — Twelve, Warren Heustis,

Second, Horace Eaton, ....

$3 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

3 00

2 GO

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

3 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 281

Gratuities : —

George Hill, Melons, $2 00

M. W. Chadbourne, Melons 1 00

E. W. Wood, Lima Beans, I 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Sweet Corn, . . . . * . . . . 1 00

Samuel Hartwell, Collection, 2 00

C. E. Grant, " . 1 00

September 1.

Watermelons. — Pair, Samuel Hartwell, Black Spanish, . . 3 00

Second, " " Mountain Sweet, . . 2 00

Greenflesh Melons.— Four, George Hill, 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Gratuities: —

C. E. Grant, Lima Beans, 1 00

W. C. Strong, Ensilage Corn, 1 00

Francis B. Hayes, Collection, 1 00

September 8.

Cauliflowers. — Fou;-, John Cummings, 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, , . . 2 00

Celery. — Four roots, Josiah Crosby, 3 00

Gratuity : —

Samuel G. Stone, Lima Beans, 1 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 18, 19, 20, and 21.

Special Prizes.
Cauliflowers. — Best four specimens, and best kept during the exlii-

bition, John Cummings, $5 00

Celery. — Best four specimens, and best kept during the exhibition,

Josiah Crosby, . 5 00

Regular Prizes.

Beets. — Twelve Turnip Rooted, George F. Stone, . . . . 3 00

Second, Walter Russell, 2 00

Third, George Hill, 1 00

Carrots. — Twelve Long Orange, George Hill, . . • • 3 00

Second, Josiah Crosby, . . . . • ... . 2 00

Third, John L. D'Wolf, 1 00

Intermediate, Josiah Crosby, 3 00

Second, George Hill, 2 00

Third, Francis B. Hayes, • . 1 00

282

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

, John Cummings,

Parsnips. — Twelve Long, John L. D'Wolf,

Second, Francis B. Hayes,

Third, George Hill, .
Potatoes. — Four varieties, one peck each

Second, Aaron Low, .

Third, C. N. Brackett,
Clark, John Cummings,

Second, Aaron Low, .

Third, C. B. Lancaster,
Hebron, John B. Moore,

Second, John Cummings, .

Third, Samuel Hartwell,
Peck of Rose, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, John Cummings, .

Third, J. G. Coolidge,
Any other variety, John Cummings, King,

Second, Aaron Low, Jones Prize,

Third, L. W. Weston, Early Vermont,
Salsify. — Twelve specimens, John L. D'Wolf,

Second, George F. Stone, .
Turnips. — Twelve Flat, George Russell,

Second, George F. Stone, .

Third, John Cummings,
Swedish, George F. Stone, .

Second, Francis B. Hayes,

Third, Mrs. M. T. Goddard,
Onions. — Peck of Danvers, George Hill,

Second, John Cummings, .

Third, George D. Moore, .
Red, George Hill, .

Second, John Cummings, .

Third, Walter Russell,
White Portugal, Josiah Crosby,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, .

Third, John Cummings,
Greenflesh Melons. — Four, C. E. Grant,

Second, John Cummings, .

Third, Warren Heustis,
MusKMELONS. — Four, John Cummings,

Third prize to S. A. Merrill,
Watermelons. — Pair, Sidney Lawrence, Cuban Queen,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, " "

Third, " " Black Spanish,

Squashes. — Four Canada, George Dorr, .

Second, Josiah Pratt,

Tliird, John L. D'Wolf,
Hubbard, John Cummings, .

$3 00

2 00

1

00

4 00

3 00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

GO

3

00

2

00

1

CO

3 00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2 00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2 00

1

00

3

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 283

Second, Walter Russell, $2 00

Third, J. G. Coolidge, •. 1 00

Marblehead, John Cummings, ....... 3 00

Marrow, George Hill, 3 00

Second, Walter Russell, 2 00

Third, John Cummings, 1 00

Perfect Gem, C. N. Brackett, 3 00

Second, John Cummings, ........ 2 00

Third, Walter Russell, 1 00

Turban, Aaron Low, . . . . . . . . 3 00

Second, John Cummings, 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Cabbages. — Four Drumhead, Samuel Hartwell, . . . ' . 3 00

Second, John Cummings, ........ 2 00

Third, C. B. Lancaster, , . . 1 00

Red, Jolm Cummings, ......... 3 00

Second, Francis B. Hayes, 2 00

Savoy, """....-.... 3 00

Second, John Cummings, 2 00

Third, C. B. Lancaster, 1 00

Cauliflowers. — Foui;, John Cummings, . . . . . . 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Celery. — Four roots, Josiah Crosby, . . . . . • 3 00

Second, George D. Moore, 2 00

Endive. — Four roots, A. F. Allen, 2 00

Lima Beans. — Two quarts, Samuel G. Stone, . . . . . 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, 2 00

Third, E. W. Wood, 1 00

Corn. — Sweet, twelve ears, John Cummings, . . . . • 3 00

Second, S. A. Merrill, • . . 2 00

Third, J. G. Coolidge, . . ' 1 00

Field, twenty-five ears, traced, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, . . . 3 00

Second, C. N. Brackett, 2 00

Third, Horace Eaton, . 1 00

Egg Plants. — Four Round Purple, George D. Moore, . . . 3 00

Second, J. G. Coolidge, 2 00

Third, A. F. Allen, 1 00

Tomatoes. — Three varieties, Aaron Low, 4 00

Second, S. G. Stone, 3 00

Third, George W. Pierce, 2 00

Acme, Twelve specimens, John B. Moore, 2 00

Second, John Cummings, • . . 1 00

Emery, George W. Pierce, 2 00

Second, Mrs. A. M. Winn, 1 00

Paragon, John Cummings, . . . « . . . . • 2 00

Second, Samuel G. Stone, #1 00

284

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Perfection, George W. Pierce, . . . .

Second, Francis B. Hayes, ....

Any other variety, Walter Russell, Boston Market,

Second, Mrs. A. M. Winn, Livingston's, .
Marttnias. — Twenty-four specimens, George W. Pierce

Second, C. E. Grant, ....
Okka. — Twenty-four specimens, A. F. Allen,

Second, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, .
Peppers. — Twenty-four, Josiah Crosby, .

Second, C. N. Brackett,

Third, George F. Stone, .

$2 00

00
00
00
00
00
CO
00
00
00

1 00

Gratuities : —

Warren Heustis, Lettuce,

Aaron Low, Collection of Potatoes, . . . .

Francis B. Hayes, " ".......

Albert Bresee, New Seedling Potatoes, Advance and North Star,

E. F. Bowditch, Potatoes,

C. E. Grant, Tomatoes,

C. N. Brackett, "

John Cummings, Collection, ........

Gratuity : —
S. G. Stone, Lima Beans,

September 29.

1 00

2 00
2 00

2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

3 00

1 00

October 6.

Cauliflowers. — Four, Samuel Hartwell,
Celery. — Four Roots, Josiah Crosby,

Gratuity : —
Samuel G. Stone, Lima Beans,

2 00
2 00

1 00

November 8 and 9.

Cauliflowers. — Four, the second prize to Samuel Hartwell,
Celebt. — Four roots, Josiah Crosby, ....
Second, C. E. Grant,

Gratuity : —
Cephas H. Brackett, Tomatoes and Cucumbers,

1 00

2 00
1 00

2 00

286 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

was planted a clematis or some other hardy climbing plant. It is
only just to say, that on account of the sudden change to warm
weather the rhododendrons were not in as good condition as they
otherwise would have been, but with a favorable season, and the
consummation of the contemplated improvements, the rhodo-
dendron tent will be a very attractive and interesting feature of
the place.

Near the woods and a little be^^ond the rhododendron tent,
there is building a large stone mansion house, which, when com-
pleted and the surroundings improved as proposed, will add
greatly to the attractiveness of the estate.

The large pit for the protection of half-hardy plants has been
enlarged to twice its former capacity. The value of this pit can
hardl}^ be over-estimated, and we repeat what we said in a former
report, that the many who have small estates and have not the
facilities of a greenhouse, could not do better than to build a pit
or partition off a portion of the cellar, where many of the half-
hardy plants, so valuable for ornamental purposes, can be protected
with very little trouble. In this pit are kept the choice Hybrid
Rhododendrons, Indian Azaleas, Hollies, and all half-hardy
plants. Hydrangeas, many of which are not hardy, but are val-
uable for summer decorative purposes, may be safely kept in such
a pit, or a cool cellar. Mr, Comley informed us that he gave
special attention to ventilation every mild day, keeping it at an
average temperature of 38° to 40°, and avoiding all dampness
as much as possible.

The grapery was found in a flourishing condition.

All over the grounds additional improvements are constantly
being made. We all know that progress marks all the steps of
Mr. Hayes, and we hope to have the pleasure of making such
notes from time to time as will be of interest to the Society. We
hardly need to add that our visit, as on former occasions, was one
of much pleasure.

Residence of Benjamin G. Smith, Cambridge.

On the 31st of July the Committee visited the estate of Mr.
Smith, on Fayerweather street, Cambridge, which contains about
two acres. Mr. Smith retired from business some twenty 3'ears
ago, and for amusement and recreation has since followed the
pursuit which we all so much love and delight in. With what

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 287

success his labors have been attended, the numerous exhibitions of
his products which you all have witnessed speak for themselves.
Mr. Smith has several times taken in the aggregate more prizes
for fruits in one year at the Society's exhibitions than any other
exhibitor. At the request of the Committee he has furnished us
with the following notes, which will be read with interest and will
commend themselves to all in like situations.

Mr. Smith says the collection comprises about lift}' varieties of
Apples, and he commends the Red Astrachan, Williams, Graven-
stein, Hubbardston, Baldwin, Garden Ro^'al, Hunt, Mother, Rhode
Island, Roxbury, Washington Strawberry, and Foundling. He finds
the Hunt more delicious than the Roxbury, and it keeps equally
as well. The Garden Ro3^al is one of the best summer dessert
apples, standing among apples as Dana's Hove}' among pears.

About fifty varieties of Pears are grown, beginning with
Doyeun^ d'Ete, and passing on with Giffard, Clapp's Favorite,
Boussock, Howell, Sheldon, Seckel, Urbaniste, Dana's Hove}-,
Lawrence, etc. All the trees are standards, and many of them,
for the sake of economy in room, have several varieties grafted on
each without any apparent detriment to fruit or trees. Thinning
of the larger kinds is judiciously looked after. The Pound pear is
especially commended for culinary purposes ; parboiled and then
cooked with a little syrup, Mr. Smith has it on his table nearly
every day in May and June.

He has four varieties of Peaches, namely, Crawford's Early
and Late, George the Fourth, and Coolidge's Favorite, and one
variety of Nectarine, but the trees are all short lived, and none
have been satisfactory.

Of Quinces there are four varieties, the Orange and Rea's
Mammoth being the best. The latter is of very large size, Mr.
Smith having taken the first prize at the Autumn Exhibition,
October 10, 1882, with twelve fruits, weighing together nine
pounds and twelve ounces.

There are nine varieties of Plums, — Coe's Golden, Pond's,
Bradshaw, Smith's Orleans, Imperial Gage, Green Gage, Peach,
and Bavay's Green Gage. Early in the season the trees are
showered with a solution of whale oil soap, which is a preventive of
caterpillars, and Mr. Smith thinks it renders the trees and fruit
distasteful to other insect depredators. The trees are healthy,
and bear fair crops.

288 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

There are three varieties of Cherries, which do well, bearing
heavy crops, and ripening perfectly. Mr. Smith recommends that
dwarf trees should be planted, as they could be more easily pro-
tected from the birds.

Of Raspberries there are nine varieties, but the Franconia is
preferred, though Mr. Smith speaks of the Souchetti (white) as
a favorite berry, and Shaffer's Colossal as a very robust grower
and quite prolific.

Among four varieties of Blackberries, the Dorchester is consid-
ered best of all.

Mr. Smith has nine varieties of Currants, and thinks the French
Transparent the best for table and exhibition purposes. His best
currants are produced on bushes on a slope facing north, behind
the barn, and where the liquid fertilizing material from the barn
cellar finds its way to the garden. He has also shown the Ver-
saillaise, Victoria, Red Dutch, Dana's Transparent, and Black
Naples.

There are eight varieties of foreign and native Gooseberries.
This is a favorite fruit with Mr. Smith, and he has cultivated it
with great success. The soil in which they are planted is a strong
loam over two feet deep, and liberally enriched on the surface each
year with cow manure. The location is in a border under the partial
shade of apple trees and a high board fence a little further north.
Mr. Smith gives us as a secret of success, severe pruning, and early
thinning out about two-thirds of the berries ; and with hellebore
powder the currant worms are guarded against. At the time of
our visit many of the varieties were ripe, and the Committee
enjoyed a practical test of the success attained. For ten years
scarcely an instance of mildew has been seen. The varieties are
Whitesmith, of which the specimens were magnificent, Wellington's
Glory, Yellow Amber, Glenton Green, Downing, and several un-
named sorts.

Of Strawberries, there are nine varieties. For quality the Iler-
vey Davis, Wilder, and Hovey, are considered the leading sorts,
but for size and profusion of bearing, the Sharpless is ahead of
the others.

Juneberries (Amelanckier) and Blueberries, although rather
novel as garden fruits, are grown with good success.

Of Hardy Grapes there are thirty-three kinds on trellises,
arbors, and stakes. Moore's Early he commends highly for its

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 289

many excellent qualities, and for table use he thinks well of the
lona, Brighton, and Eumelan, but informs us that for jellies Mrs.
Smith prefers the common wild grape.

The Cold Grapery is a lean-to structure, facing the south ; the
varieties of grapes planted are Black Hamburg, Victoria
Hamburg, Muscat Hamburg, Golden Hamburg, Duchess of
Buccleugh, and Lad}' Dowues. It will be noticed that there
is quite a variety, which ripen their fruit at different periods
of the season ; they have all done well together and have not
failed to produce a satisfactory crop for eight successive years
since thej' first came into bearing. No artificial heat is used, and
Mr. Smith says he experiences no trouble in the management ; no
exciting stimulants are used. The vines are planted inside, but
never watered there, the roots being encouraged to occupy the out-
side border only. Pruning at the proper time is carefully attended
to, as well as pinching the laterals and thinning the fruit in season.
Powdered sulphur is scattered freelj' about the walls and leaves, and
mildew, thrip, or red spider is scarcel}' seen. Ventilation is given
by top sliding sashes only ; in the warm months the ventilators are
open day and night, but in cool damp weather they are closed.

Vegetables are successfully grown in abundance for table use.
Mr. Smith's success with Lima Beans for many years is well-
known to us all. Like some of our market gardeners, he has
abandoned the French system of growing Celery, and plants it on
the level as he would any other crop, and gives as a reason that it
is more easily cultivated, and when earthed up the water cannot
stagnate about the roots and rot the leaves.

While our report shows that much attention has been given to
the useful department, the ornamental has not been neglected.
We find a collection of a hundred varieties of Hybrid Perpetual
Roses, and a good selection of hardy fiowering shrubs, among
them fine specimens of the very desirable Hydrangea paniculata
grandijlora, also Lilies, Paeonies, Phloxes, Delphiniums, Iris, etc.,
with very fine beds of Rhododendrons, Andromedas, and Aza-
leas,— finel}' grown plants, which are mulched in autumn with
leaves, that remain undisturbed the succeeding summer. Mr.
Smith believes fully in the cultivation of hardj^ plants and shrubs
for permanent decorative purposes, and speaks with much pleasure
of the great satisfaction he has derived from introducing them
into his grounds.

290 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A small octagonal conservatory, attached to the house, is filled
each winter with about three hundred plants, access being had by
glass doors directly from the library, making that room a cheerful
and pleasant place to spend the cold daj's of winter. We have
noticed in successful cultivation there. Carnations, Heliotropes,
Amaryllis, Cyclamens, and the usual other varieties of winter
flowering plants.

Undoubtedly some will ask how all that we have described is
done ; we answer, with the help of one man, a common laborer,
who does the heavier work, Mr. Smith doing the rest himself,
his aim being to make a pleasant home, and to cultivate every
variety of fruit worth growing for a private family.

The Committee express great satisfaction at their visit, and only
regret that the invitations to such places are not more frequent.
They award Mr. Smith a gratuity of $20.

The attention of the members of the Society is called to the
change in the arrangements of the Prizes of the Garden Com-
mittee for the year 1884, and it is earnestly desired that there may
be a lively competition for all the premiums. We ask all the
members to aid the Committee as much as possible, by calling
their attention to any place or places, a knowledge of which
would be of interest or profit to the Society.

John G. Barker,
Wm. H. Spooner,
E. W. Wood,
C. N. Brackett,
Henry Ross,
C. W. Ross,

Committee
on Gardens.

REPORT

OP THE

COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS,

FOR THE YEAR 1883.

The Committee of Arrangements respectfully submit the follow-
ing report :

Although the season, on account of dry weather, has been some-
what unfavorable to the cultivator, yet the display of fruits,
vegetables, plants, and flowers at the several exhibitions has been
very fine, and much better than could have been expected.

The Azalea and Rose Show in March was one of the finest ever
held b}^ the Society, and was greatly admired by the numerous
visitors, as was also the Exhibition of Roses, Strawberries, and
Early Vegetables, in June.

The Annual Exhibition, on the 18th, 19th, 20th, and 21st of
September was a most successful one, and the fine display of
Fruits, Plants, Flowers, and Vegetables was unsurpassed in quality
and beauty, and greatly admired by the many who had the good
fortune to visit the halls, and was highly satisfactory to the mem-
bers of the Society.

The Chrysanthemum Show in November, was a decided success,
and the beautiful collections exhibited by various growers have
never been surpassed. The receipts were highly satisfactory,
being more than double those of any other display of the kind.

The exhibitions throughout the year have been carefully looked
after and arranged by the Committee, and have proved interesting
and attractive to thousands, and we may in truth say that the
interest felt in the growth and prosperity of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society is as great, if not greater than ever before.

From the date of the formation of the Society in 1829, a lively
interest has been taken in its welfare, and from a small beginning
it has become one of the most flourishing institutions in the city.

292 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The details of the various exhibitions have been so fully and
faithfully given in the interesting reports of the Committees on
Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables, that it is unnecessary for us to
enlarge upon them, as it would, of necessity, be only a repetition ;
and, as the receipts and expenses are all given in the Treasurer's
Report, the members can ascertain from that the pecuniary results
of the exhibitions.

C. H. B. BRECK, Chairman.

■"2 on
ott.

J

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON THE LIBRARY,

FOR THE YEAR 1883.

There has been but little in the affairs of the Library during the
year which calls for special comment. Its growth has been about
the same as for many 3-ears past.

The income of the Stickney Fund has been expended in the
prescribed manner, the Society's appropriation sufficing to keep
up our subscription to the periodicals.

An increase in the amount granted a year ago, has enabled the
Committee to have a great deal of binding done, thereby making
fit for circulation much that in an unbound state was necessarily
withheld.

Some of this j^ear's acquisitions, of sufficient importance to
deserve notice by title, are Giacomo Zanoni's Istoria Botanica,
Bologna, 1675 ; Karsten's Floea Columbiae, a splendid work, in
two large folio volumes, containing colored plates and descriptions
of two hundred South American plants, and Jaubert and Spach's
Illustrations of Oriental plants, in five volumes, quarto, with five
hundred plates.

The successive parts of the Herefordshire Pomona and the
Orchid Album have been received as they were issued, and cannot
fail to be of great interest to our members. The principal nur-
serymen, seedsmen, and florists, of America and Europe, have
furnished their catalogues, as in previous years.

The sum of one hundred dollars has been spent upon the Card
Catalogue. About nine thousand cards have been written this
3'ear, against thirteen thousand in 1882, a considerable portion of
the time having been spent in placing the cards in alphabetical
order in the drawers, a labor demanding the greatest possible

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 295

care, for any mistake in arrangement can onl}' be detected by
accident. This work has proceeded as far as the letter G, and it
Is intended to arrange all the cards now ready before writing any
more, but by the end of the coming year we believe that at least
thirty thousand cards will be in place.

The present year is noteworthy in the annals of botanical litera-
ture. That magnificent work, the Flora Danica, begun by the
Danish Government one hundred and twenty-two years ago, has
reached its conclusion. In 1761, the first fasciculus appeared, its
title-page declaring that the work was to contain figures of the
plants growing spontaneously in the kingdoms of Denmark and
Norway, in the duchies of Sleswick and Holstein, and in the seig-
nories of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst ; and though all these
dependencies have dropped away in the long march of time, leav-
ing, of all those named, only Deninark under the Danish crown,
this noble undertaking has progressed from year to year until now,
at the end of four generations since its beginning, it stands com-
plete, unsurpassed by»any work of its kind.

This 3'ear finishes the first half of the term for which the Stickney
fund is available for the use of our Library. The importance of
this gift to us can hardly be overrated, for it has paid for the
greater part of our most important books. It is this fund which
has made it possible for us to gather in this room where we now
sit, the finest collection of horticultural books in the world. By
the thoughtfulness and kindness of Mr. Stickney, we have been
enabled to purchase the elegant and sumptuous works with which
our shelves are loaded ; the ancient and curious books of gardener's
craft, by which we can trace the development of this pure and
delightful occupation from its earliest stages ; the records of
the labors of those who have made the aflflnities of plants the
study of their lives ; the accounts of the experiments, observa-
tions, and conclusions of the man who, by his " Origin of
Species," not only changed the whole course of biological study,
but also suggested new methods in all branches of inquiry, and
the publications, equally valuable in another direction, of practical
cultivators.

So great, however, has been, and is, the activitj' of these classes
of workers, not only in observing and testing, but in publishing,
that this fund will find full employment during the rest of the
century.

296 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

This Committee has, on former occasions, urged the necessitj' of
having all the books in this room, not only for the convenience of
readers, but for safety, and an incident which has recently occurred
gives force to these representations. Some of the persons to
whom our halls were let on the evening of November 28th, broke
open the bookcase at the head of the northern stairway leading to
the upper hall. This case contains many sets of agricultural and
horticultural reports which have been obtained by great effort on
the part of the Librarian, and which would be very difficult to
complete again, if broken. None of the books appear to have
been abstracted this time, yet the occurrence shows that they are
not safe in their present position.

In conclusion, this Committee must again make its annual state-
ment that the bookcases are crowded. Behind the books exposed
to view, hundreds of others are packed, unseen and therefore
unnoted.

For the Committee,

f
W. E. ENDICOTT, Chairman.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS.

Books Purchased.

Pierre, L., Directeur du Jardin Botanique de Saigon. Flore Forestiere de
la Cochin Chine. 5e Fascicule, in continuation. Folio. 16 plates.
Paris.

Jaubert, M. le Comte, et M. Ed. Spach. Illustrationes Plantarum Orien-
talium, ou Choix de Plantes Nouvelles ou Peu Connues de I'Asie
Occidentale. 5 vols. 4to. 500 plates and 4 maps. Paris : 1842-
1857.

Cesati, V., and others. Flora Italiana. Fasc. 29-31, in continuation. 8vo.
7 plates. 1883.

Willkoram, Maurice. Illustrationes Florae Ilispaniae, insularunique Balear-
ium. Livraisons 4, 5, and 6, in continuation. 4to. 28 plates.
Stuttgart: 1882.

Flora Danica. Fasc. 61, completing the work. Folio. 60 colored plates.
Ilauniae: 1883.

Hallier, Dr. Ernst. Flora von Deutschland. Licferungen 57-95, in con-
tinuation. Small 8vo. Many colored plates. Gcra-Uuternihaus :
1882-1883.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE.- 297

•
Schkuhr, Christian. Botanisches Handbuch der mehresten theils in Deutsch-
land wildwachsenden, theils auslandischen in Deutschland unter
freieni Himmel ausdauernden Gewiichse, Zweite mit dem Nach-
trag der Riedgraser verniehrte Auflage. 4 vols, in 6. 8vo. 485
colored plates. Leipsic : 1808.

Seboth, Jos., and F. Graf. Alpenpflanzen. Nos. 42-46, in continuation.
16mo. 45 colored plates. Prague : 1882-83. Also, the English
Text to the first three series. Edited by Alfred W. Bennett.
London.

Jenkinson, James. A Generic and Specific Description of British Plants;
translated from the Genera et Species Plantarum of the celebrated
Linnseus, etc. 8vo. 5 plates. Kendal : 1775.

Meyer, Ernestus. De Plantis Labradoricis. 16mo. Leipsic : 1830.

Provancher, L'Abbe L., Cure de Portneuf. Flore Canadienne, ou Descrip-
tions de toutes les Plantes des ForSts, Champs, Jardins, et Eaux du
Canada, accompagnee d' un Vocabulaire des Termes Techniques, et
de Clefs Analytiques. 8vo. 2 vols, in 1. 420 wood-cuts. Que-
bec: 18«2.

Rafinesque, C. S., A.M., M.D. Medical Flora, or Manual of the Botany of
the United States of North America, containing Figures and De-
scriptions of Medical Plants. 2 vols. 12mo. Wood-cuts. Phila-
delphia: 1828-1830.

Bongard, M. Observations sur la Vegetation de I'lsle de Sitchka. 4to,
pamphlet. 1831.

Bruhin, Th. A. Vergleichende Flora Wisconsins. Svo. 1876, 1877, 1878.

Ward, Lester F., A.M. Guide to the Flora of Washington and vicinity.
8vo. Map. Washington: 1881.

Hemsley, W. B. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Vol. 3, Part 14, October,
1882; Part 16, November, 1883, in continuation. 4to. 10 plates.

Karsten, Hermann. Florae Columbiae Terrarumque Adiacentium Specimina
Selecta in Peregratione Duodecim Annorum observata. 2 vols.
Folio. 200 colored plates. Berlin : 1858-1869.

Meyen, F. J. F., Ph. D., M. D., etc. Outlines of the Geography of Plants,
etc. Translated by Margaret Johnston. 8 vo. Plate. London: 1846.
[Published by the Ray Society.]

Warner, Williams, & Moore's Orchid Album. VoL 2, Parts 17-24; Vol. 3,
Parts 25-29, in continuation. 4to. 52 colored plates. London-
1882, 1883.

Mueller, Baron Ferd. von. Eucalyptographia. Decades 3-8, in continuation.
4to. 60 plates. Melbourne : 1879-1882.

Moore, Thomas, F. L. S., and George Jackraan, F. R. H. S. The Clematis
as a Garden Flower, etc. 8vo. 17 plates. London : 1872.

Bentham, George, and J. D. Hooker. Genera Plantarum. VoL 3, Part 2,
completing the work. Svo. London : 1883.

Baillon, H. The Natural History of Plants. Translated by Marcus M.
Hartog. Vols. 1 and 2. 811 wood-cuts. Royal Svo. London:
1871.

298 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

4

Smith, Sir James Edward, M. D., F. R. S. A Grammar of Botany, illustra-
tive of Artificial as well as Natural Classification, with an Explanation
of Jussieu's System. To which is added a reduction of all the Genera
contained in the Catalogue of North American Plants to the Natural
Families of the French professor ; by the late Henry Muhlenburg,
D.D. 8vo. 21 colored plates. New York : 1822.

The Botanist's Calendar and Pocket Flora, arranged according to the Lin-
uEean System. To which are added references to tlie best figures of
British Plants. 2 vols. 16mo. London : 1797.

Zanoni, Giacomo. Istoria Botanica, etc. Folio. 80 plates. Bologna : 1G75.

Linnean Society's Journal, — Botany. Vols. 18 and 19, and Nos. 123-129, in
continuation. 8vo. London: 1880-1883.

Schlechtendahl, D. F. L. von (vols. 1-34), und Dr. Aug. Garcke (Neue
Folge, vols. 35-43). Linna^a; ein Journal fiir die Botanik in ihrem
ganzen Umfange. 43 vols. 8vo. Many plates. Berlin : 1826-1882.

Dodel-port, Dr. Arnold and Caroline. Anatomical and Physiological Atlas of
Botany. Parts 5 and 6, large folio, 12 colored plates; also hand-
books, small 8vo. in continuation. 1883.

M'Alpine, D., F. C. S. The Botanical Atlas, a Guide to the Study of Plants,
containing representations of the leading forms of plant life. 2 vols.
Large 4to. Vol. 1, Phanerogamia ; Vol. 2, Cryptogamia. 52 col-
ored plates. Edinburgh : 1883.

Todaro, Augustine. Hortus Botanicus Panormitanus, etc. Vol. 2, Fasc.
2 and 3, in continuation. Folio. 4 colored plates. Palermo : 1879-
1882.

Keith, Rev. Patrick, Clerk, F. L. S. A Botanical Lexicon, or Expositor of
the Terms, Facts, and Doctrines'of the Vegetable Physiology, brought
down to the present time. 8vo. London : 1837.

Saunders, W. Wilson. Refugium Botanicum. Vol. 2, Parts 2 and 3, and
Vol. 5, Part 3, completing the set. 8vo. 72 plates. London : 1872,
1879, 1882.

Hooker, W. J., LL.D., F. R. A. & L. S., etc. Companion to the Botanical
Magazine. 2 vols. 8vo. 32 colored plates. London : 1835 and
1836.

Darwin, Charles, M. A., LL.D., F. R. S. The Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured
Races in the Struggle for Life, fith edition. Small 8vo. London :
1882.

Muller, Prof. Hermann. The Fertilization of Flowers. Translated and
edited by D'Arcy W. Thompson, B. A., with a preface by Charles
Darwin. 8vo. 186 wood-cuts. London : 1883.

Masters, Maxwell T., M. D., F. R. S. Life on the Farm. Plant Life. Small
8vo. London : 1883. [Handbook of the Farm Series.]

Balfour, Jolin Hutton, A. M., M. D. Edin., F. R. S., Sec. R. S. E., F. L. S.
A Manual of Botany, being an Introduction to the Study of the
Structure, Physiology, and Classification of Plants. ath edition.
963 wood-cuts. Small 8vo. Edinburgh, 1875.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 299

Balfour, John Hutton. The Botanist's Companion, or Directions for the
Use of the Microscope, and for the Collection and Preservation of
Plants, with a Glossary of Botanical Terms. 2d edition. Small
8vo. 21 wood-cuts. Edinburgh: 1875.

Hofmeister, Dr. Wilhelm. Translated by Frederick Currey, M. A.,
F. R. S., On the Germination, Development, and Fructifica-
tion of the Higher Cryptogamia, and on the Fructification of the
Coniferaa. 8vo. 65 plates. , London : 1862. [Published by the
Ray Society.]

Karsten, H. Pharmaceutische Medicinische Botanik. Lieferungen 7-12,
in continuation. 8vo. Many wood-cuts. Berlin: 1882,1883.

Zippel, Hermann, and Karl Bollmann. Repriisentanten Einheimischer Pflan-
zenfamilien. 2d Abtheilung, 3d Lieferung, in continuation. 8vo.,
with folio atlas of 12 colored plates. Braunschweig: 1882.

Christy, Thomas, F. L. S. New Commercial Plants, with directions how to
grow them to the best advantage. No. 5. 8vo. London.

London, George, and Henry "Wise. The Retir'd Gardiner. 2 vols. Bvo.
Plates. London : 1706.

The Theory and Practice of Gardening, etc. Translated from the French
Original, printed at Paris, Anno 1709, by John James, of Greenwich.
4to. 32 plates. London : 1712.

Hogg, Robert, LL.D., F. L. S., editor. The Herefordshire Pomona, Parts
5 and 6, in continuation. Folio. 25 colored plates. London and
Hereford : 1882 and 1883.

Barron, Archibald F. Vines and Vine Culture, being a Treatise on the Cul-
tivation of the Grape Vine ; with Descriptions of the Principal Vari-
eties. 8vo. 31 plates and 48 wood-cuts. London : 1883.

Bridgeman, T. The Florist's Guide, containing practical directions for the
cultivation of Annual, Biennial, and Perennial Flowering Plants, of
diflferent classes. Herbaceous and Shrubby, Bulbous, Fibrous, and
Tuberous Rooted, including the Double Dahlia. 12mo. New York :
1835.

Green, Roland. A Treatise on the Cultivation of Ornamental Flowers ; com-
prising remarks on the requisite Soil, Sowing, Transplanting, and
General Management, with directions for the general treatment of
Bulbous Flower Roots, Greenhouse Plants, &c. 12mo. Boston and
New York : 1828.

Journal of a Horticultural Tour through some parts of Flanders,
Holland, and the North of France, in the Autumn of 1817, by
a Deputation of the Caledonian Horticultural Society [Patrick
Neill, John Hay, and James Macdonald]. 8vo. Plates. Edin-
burgh: 1823

Journal de la Societe Imperiale et Centrale d'Horticulture de France, Fevrier,
1867. 8vo. pamphlet. [Towards completing the set.]

Iowa Horticultural Society. Report for 1867, by W. W. Beebee, Secretary,
and Report for 1870, by D. W. Adams, Secretary. 2 vols. 8vo.
Des Moines : 1868 and 1871. [Towards completing the set.]

300 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Beddome, Major R. H., Conservator of Forests. The Flora Sylvatica for
Southern India, containing quarto plates of all the principal'Timber
Trees in Southern India and Ceylon, accompanied by a Botanical
Manual, with Descriptions of every known Tree and Shrub, and
analysis of every Genus not figured in the plates. 2 vols. 4to., 359
plates. Madras: 1869-1873.

Lavallee, Alphonse. Arboretum Segrezianum ; Icones Selectae Arborum et
Fruticum in Hortis Segrezianis coUectorum. Livraison 5, in con-
tinuation. Folio, 5 plates. Paris.

Forbes, James. Salictum Woburnense, or a Catalogue of Willows, Indigenous
and Foreign, in the collection of the Duke of Bedford, at Woburn
Abbey, systematically arranged. 4to. Frontispiece, and 140 col-
ored plates. London : 1829. [Not published ; only 60 copies print-
ed.]

Hale, P. M. The Woods, Forests, and Timbers of North Carolina. 12mo.
Raleigh: 1883.

English Forests and Forest Trees, Historical, Legendary, and Descriptive,
with numerous illustrations. 8vo. London : 1853.

McWilliam, Robert, Architect and Surveyor. An Essay on the
Origin and Operation of the Dry Rot, with a view to its Pre-
vention or Cure. To which are annexed Suggestions on the
Cultivation of Forest Trees, and an abstract of several Forest
Laws, from the reign of Canute to the present time. 4to., plates.
London: 1818.

Fries, Ella. Icones Selectae Hymenomycetum, Vol. 1, Parts 4-10; Vol.
2, Parts 1-8, in continuation. Folio. 150 colored plates. Upsal :
1877.

Gonnermann, Dr. W. and Dr. L. Rabenhorst. Mycologia Europsea. Heften
7-9, completing the work. Folio. 18 colored plates.

Lucand, L. Figures peintes de Champignons. Fasc. 3 and 4, in continua-
tion. 4to., 50 colored drawings.

United States Entomological Commission. First Annual Report, for the year
1877, relating to the Rocky Mountain Locust, etc. 8vo. Map, 6
plates, and 101 wood-cuts. Washington : 1878.

Saunders, William, F. R. S. C, etc. Insects Injurious to Fruits. 8vo. 440
wood-cuts. Philadelphia : 1883.

Cooke, Matthew, Chief Executive Horticultural Officer. A Treatise on the
Insects Injurious to Fruit and Fruit Trees of the State of California,
and Remedies recommended for their Extermination. 8vo. pam-
phlet. 75 wood-cuts. Sacramento : 1881.

Royal Agricultural Society of England. Journal, Second Series, Vol. 19,
Part 2. 8vo. London : 1883.

Compleat Body of Husbandry, etc. Compiled from the Original
Papers of the late Thomas Haje, Esq., and enlarged by com-
munications from the collections of Col. Stevenson, Mr. Randolph,
Mr. Hawkins, Mr. Storey, Mr. Osborne, the Reverend Mr. Turner,
and others. 2d edition. 4 vols., 8vo Plates. London : 1758.

302 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Main, James, A. L.S. Popular Botany. 16mo. Many plates and wood-cuts.
London : 1835. J. D. W. French.

Krelage, J. H. Aschenanalysen von Hyacinthus Orientalis. Gelbe Hya-
cinthen. 2 pamphlets 8vo. Berlin : 1883. [From the Garten
Zeitung.] The Author.

Gibb, Charles, Abbotsford. Quebec. Report on Russian Fruits. A Paper
from the Eighth Report of the Montreal Horticultural Society. "Svo.
pamphlet. Montreal : 1883. The Author.

Barry, William C. New and Rare Fruits, 1882. New and Noteworthy Trees,
Shrubs, and Conifers. 2 pamphlets, Svo. Rochester: 1883. 2
copies. The Author.

Pabor, William E. Fruit Culture in Colorado. A Manual of Information
compiled by him. 8vo. pamphlet. Colored plates. Denver : 1883.
The Author.

Green, Charles A. Green's Fruit Grower, 1881, 1882. Folio. Rochester,
N. Y. : 2 copies. The Publisher.

Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue of American Grape Vines ; a Grape Grow-
er's Manual, by Bush, Son, & Meissner. Viticulturists and Proprietors
of the Bushberg Vineyards and Grape Nurseries, Jefferson County,
Missouri. 3d edition. Royal 8vo. 3 colored plates, and many
wood-cuts. St. Louis : 1883. Isidor Bush.

Boutteville, L. de, D.-M., et A. Hauchecorne. Le Cidre, etc. 5th edition.
12mo. Rouen. Ch. Joly.

Joly, Ch. Note sur le Potager Royal de Frogmore. 8vo. pamphlet. [Ex-
trait du Journal de la Societe Nationale d'Horticulture de France. 3
serie, t. V., 1883, pp. 329-334.] The Author.

L'Horticulture et les Engrais Chimiques. Experiences faites a Saint-Ouen-
I'Aumone (Seine etOise) par M. Alfred Dudoiiy. Rapport presente
a I'Assemblee Generale de la Societe des Agriculteurs de France, le
31 Janvier, 1883, par M. Ch. Joly. 8vo pamphlet. Paris: 1883.
M. Joly.

Exposition Internationale d' Horticulture, organisee d'apres I'Auguste Autori-
sation de Sa Majeste I'Empereur, par la Societe Imperiale d' Horti-
culture de Russie, a St. Petersbourg, en Mai, 1883. Svo. pamphlet.
St. Petersburg : 1883. M. Greig, President.

Joly, Charles. Note sur la Xle Exposition Internationale de Gand. [Ex-
trait du Journal de la Societe Nationale d' Horticulture. 3e serie,
t. v., 1883, pp. 470-475.] Svo. pamphlet. Paris : 1880. The Author.

Societe Nationale et Centrale d' Horticulture de France. Journal 1871-1882,
12 vols., in numbers. Also, Journal 3e Serie, Tome 4, Janvier,

1882, and Tome 5, Janvier, 1883. 2 pamphlets, Svo. Paris, ^he
Society. Address of M. Alphonse Lavallee, President, August 1(5,

1883, 4to., 4 pages, and Souvenir de 1' Exposition de Mai, 1883,
Photo-lithograph. Ch. Joly.

Societe Centrale d' Horticulture du Dcpartementde la Seine Inferieure. Bul-
letin, Tome 24, 3e et 4e Cahiers de 1882 ; Tome 25, 2e Cahier de
1883. 3 pamphlets. Svo. Rouon. Tiie Society.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 303

Societe d' Horticulture de la Sarthe. Bulletin, 8 trimestres, 1872-1880.
Also, ler et 2e trimestres, 1883. 10 pamphlets, 8vo. Le Mans.
The Society.

E. Societa Toscana di Orticultura. Bulletino, Anno 1, 1876. 8vo. Flor-
ence : 1876. Also, the volume for 1883, in monthly numbers. Flor-
ence : 1883. The Society.

Primo Congresso degli Orticultori Italian! tenuto in Firenze dal 20 al 25 Mag-
gie, 1880. 8vo. Florence : 1880. Tuscan Horticultural Society.

Joly, M. Ch. Compte Eendu de la 2e Exposition Nationale de la Federation
Horticole Italienne a Turin. 8vo. pamphlet. [Extrait du Journal
de la Societe Nationale d'Horticulture. 3e s6rie, t. IV., 1882, pp.
730-736.] The Author.

Montreal Horticultural Society and Fruit Growers' Association of the Prov-
ince of Quebec. Eighth Eeport, for the year 1881-2. 8vo. pam-
phlet. Montreal : 1883. 7 copies. Henry S. Evans, Secretary.

Worcester County Horticultural Society. Transactions for A. D. 1882, with
the Premium Schedule for 1883. 8vo. pamphlet. "Worcester, 1883.
Edward W. Lincoln, Secretary.

New York Horticultural Society. Monthly Eeports, etc. 9 pamphlets. 8vo.
James Y. Murkland, Secretary.

Western New York Horticultural Society. Proceedings at the Twenty-eighth
Annual Meeting, Eochester, January 24 and 25, 1883. 8vo. pam-
phlet. Eochester: 1883. P. C. Eeynolds, Secretary.

New Jersey State Horticultural Society. Proceedings at the Eighth Annual
Meeting, held at Freehold, January 9 and 10, 1883. 8vo. pam-
phlet. Newark : 1883. E. Williams, Eecording Secretary.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. Programme for the year 1883. 8vo.
pamphlet.

Mississippi Valley Horticultural Society. Transactions for the year 1883.
Vol. 1. By William H. Eagan, Secretary. 8vo. Indianapolis:
1883. Parker Earle, President.

Ohio State Horticultural Society. Sixteenth Annual Eeport, for the year
1882-83. 8vo. pamphlet. Columbus: 1883. George W. Camp-
bell, Secretary,

Indiana Horticultural Society. Transactions for the year 1872. By William
H. Eagan, Secretary. 8vo. Indianapolis : 1883.

Illinois State Horticultural Society. Transactions f9r the year 1882. 8vo.
Morris : 1883. O. B. Galusha, President.

Missouri State Horticultural Society. Eeport for the year 1882. 8vo. pam-
phlet. Jefferson City : 1883. S. M. Tracy, Secretary.

Kentucky Horticultural Society. Proceedings, September 20-22, 1881. 8vo.
pamphlet. Frankfort : 1882. Minutes of the Eegular Annual Meet-
ing, September 26 and 27, 1882. 12mo. pamphlet. Louisville:
1882. J. Decker, Secretary.

Michigan State Horticultural Society. Twelfth Annual Eeport of the Secre-
tary, 1882. 8vo. Lansing: 1883. 10 copies. Charles W. Gar-
field, Secretary.

304 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Kansas Horticultural Society. Eeport for the year 1882. Vol. 12. Svo.
Kansas City, Mo. : 1883. The Society.

Wisconsin Horticultural Society. Transactions 1876, 1879-80, 1880-81, 1881-
82 (3 copies of the last). 6 vols. Svo. Madison: 1876-1882. Wil-
liam Trelease, Secretary.

Minnesota Horticultural Society. History from 1866 to 1873. 8vo. St.
Paul: 1873. Transactions 1874-1878, 1880. 5 pamphlets andl vol.,
completing the set. 8vo. Minneapolis and St. Paul : 1874-1880,
James Bowen, Librarian.

Fruit Growers' Association and International Show Society of Nova Scotia.
Transactions and Reports, 1883. 8vo. pamphlet. Halifax ; 1883.
C. R. H. Starr, Secretary.

Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, Reports for the years 1881 and 1882;
with the Reports of the Entomological Society. Printed by order
of the Legislative Assembly. 8vo. Many wood-cuts. Toronto :
1882, 1883. The Secretary of the Department of Agriculture, and
another copy from B. Gott.

Wilder, Marshall P. , President of the American Pomological Society. Address
at the Nineteenth Session of the Society, held in Philadelphia,
September 12, 13, and 14, 1883. 8vo. pamphlet. Boston : 1883.
The Author.

Maine State Pomological Society. Transactions for the year 1882, including
the Proceedings of the Meeting held at Waterville, January 30 and
31, 1883. Svo. pamphlet. Augusta: 1883. George B. Sawyer,
Secretary.

Sturtevant, E. Lewis, M. D. Indian Corn. Presented by request at the
Annual Meeting of the New York State Agricultural Society, Jan-
uary 22, 1879, and reprinted from the Thirty-eighth Annual Report,
1878. Svo. pamphlet, new edition, with postscript. Tlie Author.

Souvenir of a visit to Messrs. Suttons' Seed Establishment. Itinerary, and
Notes for Visitors to the Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, during
the Royal Agricultural Show week, July, 1882. 2 pamphlets, square
Svo. J. D. W. French.

Investigation of the Scientific and Economic Relations of the Sorghum
Sugar Industry, being a report in response to a request from
the Hon. George B. Loring, United States Commissioner of
Agriculture, by a Committee of the National Academy of
Sciences, November, 1882. Svo. Washington : 1883. The Com-
missioner.

United States Department of Agriculture. Report of the Commissioner for
the years 1881 and 1882. Svo., many plates. Washington: 1882.
Hon. George B. Loring, Commissioner.

. Special Reports, Nos. .53-65, December,

1882, to September, 1883. Also, New Series, Division of Statistics,
Nos. 1 and 2, October and November, 1SS3. 15 pamphlets, Svo.
Washington : 1888. The Commissioner.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 305

United States Department of Agriculture. Miscellaneous Special Report,
No. 2. Proceedings of a Convention of Agriculturists, held at the
Department of Agriculture, January 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, and 29, 1883.
(Second Convention.) 8vo. pamphlet. Washington, 1883. The
Commissioner.

. Chemical Division. Bulletin No. 1. An

Investigation of the Composition of American Wheat and Corn.
Cliiford Richardson, Assistant Chemist. 8vo. pamphlet. Wasliing-
ton : 1883. The Commissioner.

Sociedad Rural Argentina. Anales : Revista quincenal de Ganaderia y
Agricultura. Vol. 16, Nos. 11, 15, 16, 18, and 19, and Vol.
17, Nos. 1 and 7-24. 24 numbers, large 8vo. Buenos Ayres :
1882 and 1883. D. Leonardo Pereyra, Presidente Comision Direc-
tiva.

American Agricultural Review and Journal of the American Agricultural
Association, May, 1882. 8vo. pamphlet. A. W. Cheever. Journal,
November, 1882, January, 1883, and February and March (extra),
1883. 3 pamphlets. 8vo. New York, Chicago, and London. J. H.
Reall, Secretary.

Transactions of the Agricultural Societies of the State of Maine, for 1853.
Arranged from Official Returns, by E. Holmes, Secretary of tUb
Board of Agriculture. 8vo. Augusta : 1854.

Maine State Agricultural Society. Report of the Secretary, and Transactions
of the several County Agricultural Societies for the year 1855. By
E. Holmes, Secretary. 8vo. Wood-cuts. Augusta- 1859.

Mame Board of Agriculture. Twentieth Annual Report of the Secretary, for
the year 1875. 8vo. Augusta : 1875.

Wasson, Samuel. A Survey of Hancock County, Maine. 8vo. pamphlet.
Augusta : 1878.

New Hampshire Board of Agriculture. Tenth and Eleventh Annual Reports
for the years 1880 and 1881, by James C. Adams, Secretary. 8vo.
William H. Hills.

Massachusetts Board of Agriculture. Thirtieth Annual Report of the Secre-
tary, with Returns of the Finances of the Agricultural Societies for
1882. 8vo. Boston : 1883. John E. Russell, Secretary.

Essex Agricultural Society. Transactions for the year 1882, with the Sixtieth
Annual Address, by Francis H. Appleton. Order of Arrangements,
Premiums, and Committees, at the Sixty-third Annual Exhibition, at
Salem, Septe-nber 25 and 26, 1883. 2 pamphlets. 8vo. Charles P.
Preston, Secretary.

Hampden Agricultural Society. Thirty-eighth Annual Report, etc., with List
of Premiums for 1883. 8vo. pamphlet. Springfield : 1883.

Connecticut State Board of Agriculture. Sixteenth Annual Report of the
Secretary, 1882-83. 8vo. Hartford : 1883. T. S. Gold, Secretary.

New York State Agricultural Society. Transactions, Vol. 32, 1872-1876.
8vo. Albany : 1878. Also, Journal, Vol. 20, 1870, in numbers.
8vo. Albany. T. L. Harison, Secretary.

306 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

Georgia Department of Agriculture. Publications for 1880, 1881, and 1882.
Vols. 6, 7, and 8, 3 vols., 8vo. Atlanta : 1881-1883. Circulars, Nos.
34-38, 40-46, and 48. 13 pamphlets. 8vo. Atlanta: 1882-1883. Also,
a Manual of Poultry, prepared under the direction of the Commis-
sioner. 8vo. pamphlet. Atlanta : 1883. J. T. Henderson, Commis-
sioner.

Randolph County (Indiana), Agricultural, Horticultural, and Mechanical
Association. Thirteenth Annual Fair, at Winchester, September
11-14, 1883; Premium List. 8vo. pamphlet. Winchester: 1883.
D. E. Hoffman, Secretary.

Nebraska State Board of Agriculture, and the State Horticultural Society.
AnnualReports to September, 1879. 8vo. pamphlet. Lincoln: 1880.
Hon. Robert W. Purnas, President of the State Horticultural Society.

Colorado State Board of Agriculture and State Agricultural College. Report,
1881-1882. Denver: 1883. Also, Fourth Annual Register of the
Agricultural College, 1881-1882, 1882-1883. 2 pamphlets, 8vo.
Fort Collins: 1883. E. A. Sawtelle.

California State Agricultural Society. Transactions during the year 1882.
8vo. Sacramento : 1883. Edwin M. Smith, Secretary.

Massachusetts State Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin, Nos. 1-5.

* July to November, 1883. 5 pamphlets, 8vo. Prof. C. A. Goess-

mannn, M. D., Director.

New York State Agricultural Experiment Station. First Annual Report of
the Board of Control. 8vo. Albany : 1883. E. Lewis Sturtevant,
A. M., M. D., Director.

Houghton Farm Experiment Department. Series 1, Nos. 1 and 2, Agricul-
tural Physics, 1882 •, Metereology and Soil Temperatures, by D. P.
Penhallow, B. S. Series 8, Nos. 1 and 2, Diseases of Plants, 1882;
Normal Condition of Cellular Structure and Peach Yellows, by D. P.
Penhallow, B. S. 2 pamphlets, royal 8vo. 4 plates. Professor
Penhallow.

Annuaire des Eaux et For^ts, pour 1883. 22e annee. 24mo. Paris : 1883.
Publisher of the Revue des Eaux et Forets.

Scottish Arboricultural Society. Transactions, Vol. 10, Part 2. 8vo.
pamphlet. Edinburgh : 1883. John McLaren, Jr., Secretary and
Treasurer.

Gibb, Charles, Abbotsford, Quebec. Hasty Notes on Trees and Shrubs in
Northern Europe and Asia. 8vo. pamphlet. Montreal : 1883.
[From the Report for 1883 of the Montreal Horticultural &nd Fruit
Growers' Association of Province of Quebec], 2 copies. The
Author.

United States Census Office. Forestry Bulletin, No. 23. Broadside; Map,
etc. Washington: January 15, 1883.

Hough, Franklin B. Report upon Forestry, prepared under the direction of
the Commissioner of Agriculture, in pursuance of an Act of Congress
approved August 15, 187G. 8vo. Vol. 2. Washington : 1880. VoL
3, 1882. The Commissioner.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 307

New Jersey State Agricultural Experiment Station. First, Second, and Third
Annual Reports, for the years 1880, 1881, and 1882. 8vo. pamphlet.
George B. Hurff, Assistant Chemist.

Maryland Farmer. Twenty numbers, to complete volumes. 8vo. Balti-
more : 1874-1881. Ezra Whitman, Editor and Publisher.

Annual Report of the Director of the Arnold Arboretum to the President and
Fellows of Harvard College, for 1881-1882. 8vo. pamphlet. Cam-
bridge : 1883. Charles S. Sargent, Director.

Report of the Joint Committee on Public Lands in Relation to the Public
Garden, July, 1850. Boston City Document, No. 18. 8vo. pamph-
let. Boston : 1850. Benjamin G. Smith.

Boston Department of Parks. Seventh Annual Report of the Board of Com-
missioners, January 28, 1882. 8vo. pamphlet. Maps. Boston :

1882. Benjamin G. Smith. Eighth Annual Report, January 27,

1883. 8vo. pamphlet, 3 maps and 3 photographs. Boston : 1883.
The City of Boston.

Brooklyn Park Commissioners. Twenty-second and Twenty-third Annual
Reports for 1881 and 1882. 2 pamphlets. 8vo. Brooklyn : 1882 and
1883. Andrew A. Smith, Secretary.

Baltimore Park Commissioners. Twenty-third Annual Report, for the Fiscal
Year, ending December 31, 1882. 8vo. pamphlet. Maps. Balti-
more : 1883.

Chicago South Park Commissioners. Reports to the Board of County
Commissioners of Cook County, for the years 1878, 1879, 1881, and
1882. 4 pamphlets. 8vo. Chicago: 1878-1882. H. W. Harmon,
Secretary.

Cleveland, H. W. S. Suggestions for a System of Parks and Parkways for
the City of Minneapolis. 8vo. pamphlet. Map. Minneapolis : 1883.
The Author.

Garfield, Charles. Embellishment of School Grounds. 8vo. pamphlet.
[From the Michigan Horticultural Report, 1883.] The Author.

Mount Auburn Cemetery. Annual Report to the Trustees, with the Reports
of the Treasurer and Superintendent. January, 1883. Svo. pam-
phlet. Boston: 1883.

Pine Grove Cemetery. Twenty-ninth Annual Report of the Board of Com-
missioners, together with a Schedule of the Receipts and Expendi-
tures for the year 1882, and a Catalogue of the Proprietors of Lots.
Svo. pamphlet. Lynn : 1883. John G. Barker, Superintendent.

United States Department of Agriculture. Report upon Cotton Insects, pre-
pared under the direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture, by
J. Henry Comstock, Entomologist to the Department. 8vo. 3 plates,
77 wood-cuts. Washington : 1879. The Commissioner of Agri-
culture.

. Division of Entomology. Bulletin No. 1.

Report of Experiments, chiefly with Kerosene, upon the Insects inju-
riously affecting the Orange Tree and the Cotton Plant, made under
the direction of the Entomologist.

308 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

United States Department of Agriculture. Division of Entomology. Bulletin
No. 2. Reports of Observations on the Rocky Mountain Locust
and the Chinch Bug. Together with Extracts from the Corres-
pondence of the Division, on Miscellaneous Insects.

Bulletin No. 3. Reports of Observations and Experiments in the
Practical Work of the Division, made under the direction of the
Entomologist, Charles V. Riley. 3 pamphlets. 8vo. Washington :
1888. Charles V. Riley.

United States Entomological Commission. Bulletin No. 3. The Cotton
Worm, etc. By Charles V. Riley. 8vo. pamphlet. 84 wood-cuts.
Washington: 1880.

Bulletin No. 6. General Index, and Supplement to the Nine Re-
ports on the Insects of Missouri, by Charles V. Riley, M. A., Ph. D.
8vo. pamphlet. Washington: 1881. The Secretary of the Interior,
by request of the Author.

Scudder, Samuel H. The Pine Moth of Nantuckefr, Ketinia Frustrana. 8vo.
pamphlet. 1 colored plate. Boston : 1883. [Published by the
Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture ] 2 copies.
The Author.

Maine State College of Agriculture, and the Mechanic Arts. Annual Reports
of the Trustees and Officers for 1870, 1872-1877, 1881, and 1882. 9
pamphlets. 8vo. Augusta: 1871-1882. Merritt C. Fernald, President.

Kansas State Agricultural College. Catalogue, 1882-1883. 8vo. pamphlet.
Manhattan: 1883.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Eighteenth Annual Catalogue of the
Officers and Students, with a Statement of the Course of Instruction,
etc. 1882-1883. Boston: 1882.

Illinois Industrial University. Tenth and Eleventh Annual Reports of the
Board of Trustees, 1879-1882. 2 vols. 8vo. Springfield: 1881,
1882. Also, Biennial Report to the State Superintendent of Public
Institutions, by the Regent, November 17, 1882, and Catalogue and
Circular, 1882-1883. 2 pamphlets. 8vo. Champaign : 1882, 1883.
James D. Crawford, Librarian.

Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. Bulletin No. 3, November,
1880, and No. 6, May, 1883. 2 pamphlets. 8vo. S. A. Forbes,
Director. [Contains papers by Professor Forbes, on the Food of
Birds, and on the Regulative Action of Birds upon Insect Oscilla-
tions.]

Smithsonian Institution. Annual Report of the Board of Regents, showing
the Operations, Expenditures, and Condition of the Institution for
the year 1881. 8vo. Wood-cuts. Washington : 1883.

Essex Institute. Bulletin, Vol. 13, 1881 ; Vol. 14, Nos 1-6. 8vo. Salem:
1881-1883. The Institute.

Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings, Vol. 21, Parts 2 and 3,
December, 1880, January, 1882. 2 pamphlets. 8vo. Plates. Bos-
ton : 1882. Memoirs, Vol. 3, No. 5. 4to. pamphlet. 3 pliites.
Boston : 1882. The Society.

BEPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 309

Indiana Department of Geology and Natural History. Twelfth Annual Re-
port, by John Collett, State Geologist, 1882. 8vo. 38 plates.
Indianapolis : 1883. D. E. Hoffman.

La Nature. January, 1883. 8vo. pamphlet. Paris. Ch. Joly.

Annual Eeport of the Chief Signal Officer to the Secretary of War, for the
years 1872, 1879, 1880, and 1881. 4 vols. Svo. Many charts, etc.
Washington : 1873, 1880, and 1881. Also, duplicate copies. Brig-
adier and Brevet Major General W. B. Hazen, Chief Signal Officer
of the Army.

Signal Service Notes, No. 1. Eeport on the Michigan Forest Fires of 1881,
by Sergeant William O. Bailey. No. 2, on the Use of Homing Pig-
eons for Military Purposes, by 1st Lieut. William E. Berkheimer.
2 pamphlets. 8Vo. Washington: 1882. No. 4, The Use of the
Spectroscope in Meteorological Observations. By Winslow Upton,
A M. Prepared under the direction of the Chief Signal Officer of
the Army. 8vo. pamphlet. 3 charts. Washington : 1883. The
Chief Signal Officer.

Signal Service Professional Papers, No. 2. Isothermal Lines of the
United States, 1871-1882. By Lieut. A. W. Greely. 4to. pamphlet.
12 charts. Washington: 1881. The Chief Signal Officer.

Lynn Public Librasy. Twentieth Annual Eeport of the Trustees, for the
year 1882. Svo. pamphlet. Lynn : 1883. Edward S. Davis, Pres-
ident of the Trustees.

Astor Library. Thirty-fourth Annual Eeport of the Trustees, for the year
1882. 8vo. pamphlet. New York : 1883. F. Saunders, Librarian.

Mercantile Library Association of the City of New York. Sixty-second An-
nual Eeport of the Board of Direction, May, 1882-April, 1883.
8vo. pamphlet. New York : 1883.

Library Company of Philadelphia. Bulletin. New Series, Nos. 11 and 12,
July, 1883, and January, 1884. 2 pamphlets. Svo. IJoyd P.
Smith, Librarian.

Quaritch, Bernard. General Catalogue of Books, Parts 2 and 3. 2 vols.
Svo. London: November, 1881, and May, 1882. The Pub-
lisher.

Friedlander, E. & Sohn. Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis et Mathematica.
Svo. Berlin : 1883. The Publishers.

United States Bureau of Education. Eeport of the Commissioner for the
year 1881. Svo. Washington: 1883. Circulars of Information,
Nos. 3-G, 1882 ; Nos. 1-3, 1883. 7 pamphlets, Svo. Washington :
1882, 1883. Also 8 other pamphlets and broadsides relating to
Education. Hon. John Eaton, Commissioner.

American Antiquarian Society. Proceedings at the Annual Meeting held at
Worcester, October 21, 1882, and at the Semi-Annual Meeting,
April 25, 1883. Also List of Publications, compiled by Nathaniel
Paine. 3 pamphlets. Svo. Worcester : 1883.

New England Historic Genealogical Society. Proceedings at the Annual
Meeting, January 3, 1883. Svo. pam^jhlet. Boston. 1883.

310 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Minnesota Historical Society. Biennial Eeport to the Legislature of Minne-
sota, Session of 1883. Bvo. pamphlet. Minneapolis : 1883.

Bowdoin College. Eighty-first and Eighty-second Annual Catalogues, for the
Academic years 1882-1883 and 1883-1884. 2 pamphlets. 8vo.
Brunswick : 1882, 1883. The Librarian.

Boston; What to See, and How to See it. 32mo. Boston: 1883. Moses
King, publisher.

Central and Western Nebraska, and the Experience of its Stock Growers.
Nebraska and its Settlers ; What they have done, and how they
do it; its Crops and its People. Creameries and Dairying in
Nebraska. Corn is Ifing, and How it Rules in Nebraska. 4 pam-
phlets. 8vo. Compiled by J. T. Allan. Omaha: 1882, 1883.
The Compiler.

Texas ; Resources, Soil, and Climate of. Eeport of A. W. Spaight, Commis-
sioner of Statistics. 8vo. Map. Galveston : 1882. E. A. Saw-
telle.

Eeport of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year ending June 30,

1882. 8vo. pamphlet. Washington : 1882.

In Memoriam. Henry Brooks EUwanger. Small 4to. pamphlet. Eochester :

1883. George EUwanger.

In Memoriam. Dr. John A. Warder. Svo. pamphlet. [From the American
• Journal of Forestry, August, 1883.] Hon. Marshall P. Wilder. 6
copies.

Periodicals Purchased.

English. — Gardeners' Chronicle.

Gardeners' Magazine.

Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener.

The Garden.

Gardening Illustrated.

Curtis's Botanical Magazine,

Florist and Pomologist.

Journal of Botany.

Journal of Forestry.
French. — Eevue Horticole.

Eevue des Eaux et For^ts.
Belgian. — Illustration Horticole.

Flore des Serres.

Belgique Horticole.

Revue de 1' Horticulture, Beige et iStrangere.
German. — Botanischc Zeitung.

Gartenflora.
American. — Country Gentleman.

Anieriean Journal of Forestry.

American Naturalist.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 311

Periodicals Eeceived in Exchange.

Gardener's Monthly.

Canadian Horticulturist.

Ladies' Floral Cabinet.

Rural Californian.

American Garden.

Vick's Illustrated Monthly Magazine.

Green's Fruit Grower.

Bowditch's Magazine.

Seed Time and Harvest.

Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.

Botanical Gazette.

The Scientific Roll.

Maine Farmer.

The Home Farm.

Mirror and Farmer.

New England Farmer.

Massachusetts Ploughman.

American Cultivator.

New England Homestead.

American Agriculturist.

Rural New Yorker.

The Husbandman.

American Rural Home.

Maryland Farmer.

Florida Dispatch.

Prairie Farmer.

The Industrialist.

Boston Daily Advertiser.

Boston Morning Journal.

Boston Post.

Boston Daily Globe.

Boston Evening Transcript.

Daily Evening Traveller.

The Cottage Hearth.

Books, etc., Wanted.

^@F^ Persons having any of the hooks in the following list to dispose of will
oblige ly addressing the " Librarian of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, Horticultural Hall, Boston."

Bolton's Filices Britannicse, Part 2. 4to. Huddersfield, 1790.

Sowerby's English Botany, Supplement to the 1st edition; Vol. 5, including

all the plates beyond No. 2,960.
Curtis's Beauties of the Rose. Vol. 2. 4to.
Parnell's Grasses of England. 8vo. Edinburgh : 1845.

312 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Murray, Andrew, on the Synonymy of various Conifers, — all but Part 1.

. Notes upon Californian Trees, all but Part. 1.

Bateman's First Century of Orchidaceous Plants.

Lindley's Folia Orchidacea, Part 9.

Floral World, 1866.

Koyal (London), Horticultural Society's Journal, between Vol. 9, 1854, and
Vol. 6 [New Series?], 1880.

Annales de la Societe d'Horticulture de Paris, January, 1832.

Bulletin de la Societe d'Horticulture du Departement de la Seine Inferieure
(formerly Societe de Eouen), Tome 5, Cahier 4; Tome 7, Cahier
1 ; Tome 14, Cahier 2. Also, Tome 2, Cahier 8 ; Tome 3, Cahiers
2 and 6 ; being Cahiers 1, 2, and 3 of Tome 1 of Pomologie (pp. 1-52,
53-76, and 77-108). Also, Tome 1, Cahier 6, Pomologie (pp. 159-
175) ; Tome 2, Cahier 3, Pomologie.

Bulletin de la Societe d'Horticulture de la Sarthe. All previous to 1872.

Indiana Horticultural Society. Transactions at the first nine sessions, pre-
vious to 1871.

Missouri Horticultural Society. Reports previous to 1880, except that of the
5th meeting, in 1864,

Iowa State Horticultural Society. Reports previous to 1867; also 1868, 1869,
1871 and 1874.

Nebraska Horticultural Society. Transactions, other than 1871, 1872, 1877-
1878, and 1879.

Ontario Fruit Growers' Association. Reports previous to 1869.

Pennsylvania Fruit Growers' Society. Reports previous to 1867.

Ohio Nurserymen and Fruit Growers' Convention Reports. Ohio Pomologi-
cal Society's Reports, except the Fourth and Eighth Sessions, 1852
and 1857.

United States Patent Office Agricultural Reports, 1839, 1842, 1843.

United States Department of Agriculture ; Special Reports, 14 and 15, First
Series.

Reports of the Consuls of the United States on the Commerce, Manufactures,
etc., of their Consular Districts. Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 8-10, 14, 16, 18-20,
23, 27-29.

Virginia Commissioner of Agriculture, First Annual Report.

Illinois Entomological Reports ; First, by B. D. Walsh.

Iowa Forestry Annual, — all but No. 5, 1879.

Boston Park Reports. City Documents, No. 123, 1869 ; No. 15, 1879 ; Nos.
84, 111, 118, 1880; Nos. 23, 93, 124, and 134, 1881; No. 148, 1882,
and No. 150, 1883.

Central Park, New York. Second Report, 1859, with map.

Brooklyn Park Reports. 12th, 1871, 13th, 1872, and all subsequent to 1882.

Fairmount Park. Fourth Annual Report of the Commissioners, with illustra-
tions.

The Phytologist. First series, 1842-1855.

Revue liorticole. First Series, Vols. 1-3, Paris: 1829-1840; Second Series,
Vols. 1-5, 1841-1846.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 313

The Flower Garden. Published by Beach & Son, Brooklyn. Sept. 1872-

June 1874, 8 numbers. American Garden : The four numbers for

1876, July and October, 1877, and January, 1878, and the four

numbers for 1879.
California Horticulturist. Vols. 7 and 8, and the January, February, March,

April, and July numbers of Vol. 9.
Semi-Tropic California, January, 1881, and March, 1882.
The Semi-Tropical (Jacksonville, Fla.). Vol. 1, 1875, the March number

of Vol. 3., and the March number of Vol. 4.
Journal of the New York State Agricultural Society. Vol. 11, Nos. 1, 4, 7,

and 9. Vol. 12, No. 12. Vol. 13, Nos. 10, 11, and 12. Vol. 14,

Nos. 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12. Vol. 15, Nos. 3, 4, 6, 7, and 12.

Vol. 16, No. 2, and the whole of Vols. 17, 18, and 19.
American Agricultural Association Review and Journal, January, 1882, and

February and March, 1883.
New England Farmer. 8vo. 1864. Part of Vol. 16.
American Agriculturist. Vol. 1, No. 2; Vol. 2, No. 1; and Vols. 9, 11, 15,

22, and 23.
Country Gentleman. Vol. 2, Nos. 27, 28, 29, and 30. Also, Title page and

Index.
American Farmer.. Fifth Series. Vol. 3, Nos. 7-12, January-June, 1862,

and the succeeding volumes to 1873, inclusive, also the numbers for

October and December, 1877, and April- to December, inclusive,

1878.
Maryland Farmer, March, 1875.

Anales de la Sociedad Rural Argentina. Vol. 16, Nos. 3, and 20.
American Agricultural Annual, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, 1867, 1868, and 1869.
American Horticultural Annual, Nos. 1, 4, and 5, 1867, 1870, and 1871.
Prairie Farmer Annual, Nos. 3 and 4, 1869 and 1870.
Massachusetts Agricultural College, 1st, 2d, 3d, 17th, 18th, 19th, and 21st,

Annual Reports.
Ontario School of Agriculture, 1st, 2d, and 3d Reports, 1875, 1876, and 1877.

REPORT

OF THE

Secretary and Librarian

FOR THE YEAR 1883.

Besides the gradual increase of work in all departments, the
most noteworthy variation from the former work of the Secretary
has been the printing of extra copies of the reports in the "Even-
ing Transcript," of the meetings for discussion. The report of
each Saturda3-'s meeting has thus been placed on our tables the
following week, and has proved highly acceptable to members of
the Society and others. Under these circumstances special pains
have been taken to make the reports as accurate and complete as
the time admissible for preparing a report for a daily paper, and
the space allowed, would permit.

In the library, drawers for the accommodation of the Card Cata-
logue have been added to all the bookcases in the smaller room,
and in doing this the bookcases, which were much settled b^' the
weight of the books, have been, in effect, rebuilt, and are now
more substantial than ever before. In replacing the books they
have been better classified, and the improvement of the classifi-
cation, as well as the completion of imperfect volumes and sets
throughout the librar}^, has been diligently pursued. The increase
of the appropriation for binding, etc., has permitted the thorough
repair, which was much needed, of the ancient books mentioned
in the report of the Library Committee for 1882, as purchased
during that year, and also the reduction, to some extent, of the
accumulation of books needing binding. This work also will be
continued during the coming year, and it is beHeved that the
present appropriation will, if continued for a few j'ears, enable
us to entirely clear off this accumulation.

ROBERT MANNING,

Secretary and Librarian.

TREASURER'S REPORT,

FOR THE YEAR 1883;

RECEIPTS.

Cash on hand as per last report,
Rent of Halls, .
" " Stores, .
Admissions and Assessments,
Library, Sale of Books,
Sale of Histor}',
Sale of Transactions,
Mount Auburn Cemetery, .
Annual ^Exhibitions, .
Special Rose Prizes, .
Sundries, ....

EXPENDITURES

Labor, ......

Salaries, ......

Incidentals, .....

Interest, ......

Taxes, ......

Repairs on Building,

Heating ($415.95) and water (Sl4.38),less

paid by tenants.
Lighting, .....

Furniture and Fixtures, ...
Prizes, ......

Committee of Arrangements, .
Committee on Publication and Discussion
Stationery, Postage, and Printing, .
Stickuey Fund, ....

Carried forward,

$8,332 38

7,439 72

10,119 00

890 00

30 00

10 50

4 00

4,399 G8

950 61

10 00

. 94 12

$32,280 01

$1,073 02
2,275 00

156 75
3,454 16
3,522 32

262 53

430 33
955 07
513 20
2,770 65
429 85
25 00
997 19
710 95

»• ■ —

^17,576 02

316

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

Brought forward,
Library, ......

$17,576 02
330 00

Card Catalogue, ....

100 00

Reduction of Floating Debt,

. 9,000 00

Rights on Montgomery Place, .
Damages from Accident, and Legal S

50 50

)er-

vices,

Cash on hand December 31, 1883, .

. 1,080 98
. 4,142 51

4j!QO OQA 01

ASSETS.

Real Estate, Furniture, and Exhibition ware, . $256,585 56
Library last year, .... $21,646 12

Added this year, 1,000 00

22,646 12

Bonds, C, B. & Q. R. R., at par, . 1,500 00

Stereotype Plates, and copies of History, 394 00

CashonhandDecember 31, 1883, . 4,142 51

$285,268 19

LIABILITIES.

Mortgage debt, bearing interest at 4^
per cent, per annum, due October 1,
1888, ......

Loan, without interest, payable to Har-
vard College in 1899,

Note pa3-able to Massachusetts National

Surplus,

MEMBERS.

Number of Life Members per last report.
Added during the year,

Deceased,

$60,000 00

12,000 00

3,000 00

75,000

00

$:

210,268

19

. 583

. 13

596
8

588

treasurer's report. 317

Annual Members per last report, . 274
Added during the year, . . 17

291

Deceased, ... 5

Discontinued, ... 2

— 7

284

Total number of members, 872

Income from membership :

13 Life Members, .... $390 00

17 Annual Members, ... 170 00

165 Assessments, .... 330 00

$890 00

The Finance Committee having audited the accounts of the
undersigned, made and have subscribed to, on a book kept for that
purpose, the following report :

Tlie Massachusetts Horticultural Society

In account with George "W". Fowle, Treasurer.

Credit.

By balance in treasury, December 31, 1882, . . $8,332 38

" Total income as per receipt book, . . . 23,947 63

$32,280 01

Contra Debit.

To cash paid out as per disbursement book, . . $28,137 50
" Balance to new account, ..... 4,142 51

$32,280 01

Boston, February 1, 1884. We have examined the above
account, and find it correct, and the balance of cash on hand
fort3'-one hundred and forty-two dollars and fifty-one cents, as
stated.

(Signed) H. H. Hdnnewell, ^ ^.^^^^^^

Francis B. Hayes,

T, , T A 1 Committee.

Fred K L. Ames,

11

318 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

For the year 1883 the average income of the Society, from rental
of Halls, Stores, and Mount Auburn Cemetery has been about the
game as in 1882. The floating debt of $12,000 has been reduced
to $3,000 during the past year, and this balance of $3,000 will be
paid in January, 1884, from funds now on hand.

The mortgage debt of $60,000, at 5 J per cent, interest, has been
renewed for five years, coming due October 1, 1888, and the
annual rate of interest has been reduced to 4^ per cent.

The rental of Stores for 1884 is expected to show an increase of
about twenty-five hundred dollars.

GEO. W. FOWLE, Treasurer.

Boston, February 7, 1884.

r.^"-'

MOUNT AUBURN CEMETERY.

319

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6

320 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

Massachusetts Hobticultueal Society,

To the Peopkietors of the Cemetbey of Mount Auburn, Dr.

For one-fourth part of the following expenditures for grading new lands for
sale during 1883 :

Ivy Path.

240 days, men, $480 00

2 " man and horse, 7 00

$487 00

Chant and Watriss Lot.

\m% days, men, $277 00

4565^ " man and horse, 1,598 63

1,875 63

Pearl Avenue to Eagle Avenue.

145 days, men, $290 00

184i^ " man and horse, 644 87

934 87

$3,297 50

One-fourth part of $3,297.50 is . . . $824 38

J. W. LOVERING, Sup't.

Mount Auburn, Dec. 31, 1883.

I certify the foregoing to be a true copy of accounts of improvements for
the year 1883, rendered by the Superintendent.

H. B. Mackintosh, Treasurer.

Passa^wsetts loriMfaral Sorietg,

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1884.

President.
FRANCIS B. HAYES, of Boston.

Vice-Presidents.

JOHN B. MOOKE, of Concord. BENJAjVnN G. SMITH, of Cambridge.

JOHN CUMMINGS, of Woburn. CHAEX,ES H. B. BRECK, of Boston.

Treasurer and Superintendent of the Building.
GEOEGE W. FOWLE, of Boston.

Secretary and Librarian.
ROBERT MANNING, of Salem.*

Recording Secretary.
ROBERT MANNING, of Salem.

Professor of Botany and Vegetable Physiology.
JOHN ROBINSON, of Salem.

Professor of Entomology.
SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, of Cambridge.

■i»>^*^*^s^*^

^tarjdin^ Comn^ittee^.

Executive.

The President, FRANCIS B. HATES, Chairman.

The Ex-Pbesidekts, MARSHALL P. WILDER, CHARLES M. HOVEY, JAMES

F. C. HYDE, WILLIAM C. STRONG, FRANCIS PARKMAN, WILLIAM

GRAY, Jr.; Chairman of Finance Committee, H. H. HUNNE-

WELL; F. L. AMES, CHARLES H. B, BRECK, JOHN C.

HOVEY, HENRY P. WALCOTT.

* Communications for the Secretary, on tlie business of the Society, should be addressed to him at Horticul-
tural IlaU, Boston.

322

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Finance.
H. HOLLIS HXTNNEWELL, CHAIRMAN.
FRANCIS B. HAYES.

Publication and Discussion.
BENJAMIN G. SMITH, Chairman.

F. L. AMES.

JOHN B, MOORE,

WILLIAM H. HUNT.

Establishing Prizes.

CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS, Chairman.

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FLOWERS, VEGETABLES, AND GARDENS,

EX OFFICII S; C, M. ATKINSON, P, BROWN HOVEY, JOHN B. MOORE.

Library.

WILLIAM E. ENDICOTT, Chairman.

THE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY

AND THE PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY, EX OFFICII S;

HENRY P. WALCOTT. FRANCIS H. APPLETON.

J. D. W. FRENCH. E. P. RICHARDSON.

Gardens.
JOHN G. BARKER, Chairman.
CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, FLOWERS, AND VEGETABLES,

EX OFFICIIS;
GEORGE S. HARWOOD, CHARLES W. ROSS, JOHN E. PEABODY.

P. BROWN HOVEY.
BENJAMIN G. SMITH.

Fruit.
E. W. WOOD, Chairman.
CHARLES F, CURTIS.
J. W. MANNING.

O. B. HADAVEN.
WARREN FENNO.

Plants and Flowers.
WILLIAM H. SPOONER, Chairman.
PATRICK NORTON. JAMES CARTWRIGHT. J. H. WOODFORD.

F. L. HARRIS. DAVID ALLAN. EDWARD L, BEARD.

Vegetables.

■

CHARLES N. BRACKETT, Chairman.
JOSIAH CROSBY. GEORGE W. PIERCE. WARREN HEUSTIS.

CHARLES E, GRANT. SAMUEL HARTAVELL. CEPHAS H. BRACKETT.

Committee of Arrangements.

EDWARD L. BEARD, CHAIRMAN.

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, FLOWERS, VEGETABLES, AND

GARDENS, EX OFFICIIS;
JOHN C. HOVEY. WILLIAM H. HALLIDAY. C. M. ATKINSON.

JAMES COMLEY. CHARLES F. CURTIS. JOSEPH H. WOODFORD.

WARREN HEUSTIS. NATHANIEL T. KIDDER.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

Change of residence, or any inaccuracies, should be promptly reported to the Secretary.

Adams, George E.,
Albro, Charles,
Alger, R. F.,
Allan, David,
Ames, Frank M.,
Ames, Frederick L.,
Ames, George,
Ames, P. Adams,
Amory, Charles,
Amory, Frederick,
Araory, James S.
Anderson, Alexander,
Andrews, Charles L.,
Andrews, Frank W.,
Andros, Milton,
Appleton, Edward,
Appleton, Francis H.,
Appleton, Wm. S.,
Atkins, Elislia,
Avery, Edward,
Ayer, Adams,
Ayling, Isaac,

Bacon, George,
Bailey, Edwin C,
Baker, William E.,
Bancroft, John C,
Banfield, Francis L.,
Barnard, Rev. C. F.,
Barnard, James M.,
Barnard, Robert M.,
Barnes, Walter S.,
Barnes, William H.,
Barney, Levi C,
Barratt, James,
Barrett, Edwin S.,
Barrows, Thomas,
Bartlett, Edmund,
Bates, Amos,

Medford.

Taunton.

Becket.

Mount Auburn.

Canton.

North Easton.

Boston,

Brookline.

Boston.

Hingham.

Swampscott.

Boston.

Brookline.

Reading.

Peabody.

Boston.

Belmont.

Boston.

Brookline.
Concord, N. H.
Boston.
Milton.
Boston.

Everett.

Somerville.

Boston.

Cambridgeport.

Concord.

Dedham.

Newburyport.

Hingham.

Bates, Caleb, Kingston.

Bayley, John P., Boston.
Beal, Alexander, Dorchester.
Beckford, D. R., Jr., Dedham.
Bell, Joseph H., Quincy.

Bemis, Emery, Grantville.

Berry, James, Boston.

Bickford, Weare D., AUston.
Birchard, Charles, Framingham.
Black, James W.,

Boston.

Newbern, N. C.

Boston.

Brookline.

Chicago, 111.

Springfield.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Boston.

New London, Ct.

Stoneham.

Boston.

Somerville.

Blagg, Samuel,
Blanchard, J. W.,
Blaney, Henry,
Blinn, Richard D.,
Bliss, William,
Bocher, Ferdinand,
Bockus, Charles E.,
Bond, George W.,
Borland, John N.,
Botume, John,
Bouv6, Thomas T.,
Bowditch, Azell C,
Bowditch,J.Ingersoll, Boston.
Bowditch, Wra. E., "

Bowker, William H., "
Brackett, Cephas H., Brighton.
Brackett, Charles N., Newton.
Bradish, Levi J., Boston.
Bragg, Samuel A. B., Mattapan.
Breed, Henry A., Lynn.
Bresee, Albert, Hubbardton, Vt.

Brewer, John Reed, Boston.
Brewer, Otis, "

Brigham, William T., "
Brimmer, Martin, "

Brintnall, Benjamin, "
Brooks, Francis, Medford.

Brown, Charles E., Yarmouth, N. S

Brown, Edward J.,

Brookline.

324

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Boston.

Woburn.

Essex Junc.,Vt.

Stoneham.

Dedham.

Boston.

Southborough.

Brown, G. Barnard,

Brown, George B.,

Brown, Jacob,

Brownell, E. S.,

Bruce, Nathaniel F.

Bullard, John R.,

Bullard, William S.

Burnett, Joseph,

Burnham, T. 0. H. P.,Boston.

Burr, Fearing, Hingham.

Burr, Matthew H., "

Buswell, Edwin W., New York, N.Y

Buswell, Frank E., " " "

Butler, Aaron, . Wakefield.

Butler, Edward K., Jamaica Plain.

Butte rfield, Wm. P., Arlington.

Cadness, John, Flushing, N. Y.

Cains, William, South Boston.

Calder, Augustus P., Boston.

Capen, John, "

Carlton, Samuel A.,

Carruth, Charles,

Carruth, Nathan,

Carter, Miss Sabra,

Chamberlain, C. W.

Chapin, N. G.,

Chapman, Edward,

Chase, A. J.,

Chase, Daniel E.,

Chase, Hezekiah S.,

Chase, William M.,

Cheney, Benjamin P., Boston.

Child, Francis J., Cambridge.

Somerville.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Wilmington.

Arlington.

Brookline.

Arlington.

Lynn.

Somerville.

Boston.

Baltimore, Md.

Child, William C,
Childs, Francis,
Childs, N. R.,
Claflin, Henry,
Claflin, William,
Clapp, Edward B.,
Clapp, E. W.,
Clajip, James PL,
Clapp, William C,
Clark, Orus,
Clark, William S.,
Clark, W. L.,

Medford.

Charlestown.

Dorchester.

Brighton.

Newton.

Dorchester.

Walpole.

Dorchester.

Worcester.

Amherst.

Neponset.

Clarke, Miss Cora H., Jamaica Plain.

Clay, Henry,
Cleary, Lawrence,
Clement, Asa,
Cleveland, Ira,
Cobb, Albert A.,
Coburn, Isaac E.,
Codman, James M.,
Codman, Ogden,
Coffin, G. Winthrop,
Coffin, William E.,
Converse, E. S.,
Converse, Parker L.,
Coolidge, Joshua,
Copeland, Franklin,
Cox, George P.,
Coy, Samuel I.,
Crocker, George O.,
Crocker, Uriel,
Crosby, Josiah,
Crowell, Philander,
Crowell, Randall H.,
Cummings, John,
Curtis, Charles F.,
Curtis, George S.,
Gushing, Robert M.,

Daggett, Henry C,
Damon, Samuel G.,
Dana, Charles B.,
Darling, Charles K.,
Davenport, Edward,
Davenport, Geo. E.,
Davenport, Henry,
Davis, Curtis,
Davis, Hervey,
Dawson, Jackson,
Deblois, Stephen G.,
Denny, Clarence H.,
Denny, R. S.,
Denton, Eben,
Dewson, Francis A.,
Dexter, F. Gordon,
Dickerman, Geo. II.,
Dickinson, Alex.,
Dike, Charles C.
Dinsmore, Wm. B.,
Dix, Joseph,

Dorchester.

West Roxbury.

Dracut.

Dedham.

Brookline.

Everett.

Brookline.

Lincoln.

West Roxbury.

Boston.

Maiden.

Woburn.

Watertown.

West Dedham.

Maiden.

Boston.

New Bedford.

Boston.

Arlington.

Chelsea.

Woburn.
Jamaica Plain.

Boston.

Boston.

Arlington.

Brookline.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Boston.

Cambridge.
Cambridgeport.
Jamaica Plain.
Boston.

Dorchester.

Braintree.

Boston.

Somerville.
Cambridgeport.
Stoneham.
New York, N.Y.
Boston.

MEMBEES FOR LIFE.

325

Dorr, George,
Dove, George W.W.,
Durant, William,
Durfee, Mrs. F. B.,
Durfee, George B.,
Dutcher, F. J.,
D'Wolf, JohnL.,

Eaton, Horace,
Eldridge, Azariah,
Eldridge, E. H.,
Ellicott, J. P.,
Endicott, William E.,
Eustis, William C,
Everett, George,
Everett, Otis,
Everett, William,

Fairchild, Charles,
Farlow, John S.,
Faxon, John,
Fay, Mrs. K. L.,
Fenno, J. B.,
Fewkes, Arthur H.,
Fewkes, Edwin,
Fillebrown, John,
Fisher, James,
Fisher, Warren,
Flagg, Augustus,
Fleming, Edwin,
Fletcher, George V.,
Fletcher, J. Henry,
Fletcher, John W.,
Flint, Charles L.,
Flint, David B.,
Flynt, William N.,
Foster, Francis C,
Foster, John H.,
Fowle, William B.,
Freeland, Chas. Wm.
Freeman, Abraham,
French, J. D. W.,
French, Jonathan,
Fuller, Henry Weld,

Galvin, John,
Gardner, Henry N. ,

Dorchester.
Andover.
Boston.
Fall River.

Hopedale.
Boston.

Quincy.
Yarmouthport.
Boston.
Jamaica Plain.
Canton.
Hyde Park.
Concord.
Boston.

Gardner, John L.,
Gibbs, Wolcott,
Gillard, William,
Gilson, F. Howard,
Glover, Albert,
Glover, Joseph B.,
Goddard, A. Warren,
Goddard, Mrs. M. T.,,
Gorham, James L.,
Gould, Francis,
Gould, Samuel,
Gray, James,
Gregory, J. J. H.,
Greig, George,
Grinnell, Joseph,
Groom, Thomas,
Grundel Hermann,
Guild, J. Anson,

Brookline.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Reading.

Boston.

Brookline.

Newton.

Jamaica Plain.

Arlington.

Boston.

Wellesley.

Marblehead.

Newton.

New Bedford.

Dorchester.

Brookline.

Belmont.

Newton.

Quincy.

Chelsea.

Boston.

Newton Highl'ds

Arlington.
Boston.

Hadwen, Obadiah B., Worcester.

Hall, Edwin A.,
Hall, George A.,
Hall, George R.,
Hall, .John R.,
Hall, Lewis,
Hall, Stephen A.,
Hall, William F.,

Cambridgeport.

Chelsea.

Fort George, Fla.

Boston.

Cambridge.

Revere.

Brookline.

West Newton.
Belmont.
Belmont.
Chelsea.
Boston.
Watertown.
Monson.
Cambridge.
Boston.
Auburndale.
,Boston.
Dorchester.
Boston.

West Roxbury.
Belmont.

Halliday, William H., Boston.

Hammond, Gard. G., "

Hammond, Samuel, "

Hanson, P. G.,

Harding, C. L.,

Harding, George W., Dorchester.

Harding, Lewis B., Boston.

Harding, W. C, "

Hardy, F. D., Jr.,

Harrington, L. B.,

Harris, Charles,

Hart, William T.,

Hastings, Edm. T.,

Hathaway, Seth W., Marblehead. •

Haughton, James, Boston.

Haven, Alfred W., Portsm'th, N. H.

Hayes, Daniel F., Exeter, N. H.

Hayes, Francis B., Boston.

Hay ward, Daniel H., No. Cambridge.

Hazeltine, Hazen, Boston.

Woburn.
Cambridge.

Cambridgeport.

Salem.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Boston.

326

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Head, Charles D., Brookline.

Hilbourn, A. J., Chelsea.

Hill, George, Arlington.

Hill, John, Stoneham.

Hilton, William, Boston.
Hitchings, E. H., "

Hodgkins, John E., Chelsea.

Hollis, George M., Grantville.

HoUis, John W., Brighton.

Holt, Mrs. S. A., Winchester.

Hooper, Kobert C, Boston.

Hooper, Thomas, Bridgewater.
Horner, Mrs. C. N. S., Georgetown.

Hovey, Charles H., Cambridgeport.
Hovey, Charles M., "

Hovey, John C, "

Hovey, P. Brown, "

Howe, George, Boston.

Howland, John, Jr., New Bedford.
Hubbard, Charles T., Boston.

Hubbard, G. G., Cambridge.

Hubbard, J. C, Boston.
■ Hubbard, William J., "
Huckins, J. W.,

Humphrey, F. J., Dorchester.

Humphrey, G. W., Dedhara.
Hunneman, Jos. H., Boston.

Hunnewell, Arthur, Wellesley.
Hunnewell, H. H.,
Hunnewell, Walter, "

Hunt, Franklin, Boston.
Hunt, Moses, "

Hunt, William H., Concord.
Hyde, James F. C, Newton.

Inches, Henderson,
Inches, Herman B., "

Jackson, Abraham, Boston
Janvrin, William S., Revere
Jeffries, John, Jr.,
Jenks, Charles W.,
Joyce, Mrs. E. S.,

Kendall, J. R., Woburn.

Kendrick, Mrs. H. P., Allston.
Kennard, Charles W., Boston.
Kennedy, George G., "

Kent, John,
Keyes, E. W.,
Keyes, George,
Kidder, Henry P.,
Kidder, Nath'l T.,
Kimball, A. P.,
King, Franklin,

Charlestown.
Denver, Col.
Concord.
Boston.

Dorchester.

Kingman, Abner A., Brookline.

Kingman, C. D.,
Kinney, John M. ,
Kinsley, Lyman,
Kittredge, E. A.,

Middleborough.
Roxbury.
Cambridgeport.
Boston.

Lamb, Thomas, Boston.

Lancaster, Charles B., Newton.

Lane, John, E. Bridgewater.

Lawrence, Amos A., Brookline.

Lawrence, Edward,

Lawrence, James,

Lawrence, John,

Lee, Henry,

Leeson, Joseph R.,

Lemme, Frederick,

Leuchars, Robert B., Boston.

Lewis, A. S., Framingham,

Lewis, William G., "

Lincoln, George,

Locke, William H.,

Lockwood, Rhodes,

Lodge, Giles H.,

Charlestown.

Groton.

Boston.

Newton Centre.
Arlington.

Kakas, Edward,
Ki'ndall, D. S.,
Kendall, Edward,

Loftus, John P.,
Boston. Loomis, Jason B.,

" Lord, George C,

Loring, Alfred,
Loring, Caleb W.,
Loring, George B.,
Lovett, George L.,
" Low, Ariel,

Medford. Lowder, John.

Lowell, Augustus,
Medford. Luke, Elijah H.,

Woodstock, Ont. Lunib, William,
Cambridgeport. Lunt, Charles U.,

Boston.

Hingham,

Belmont.

Charlestown.

Swampscott.

Newport, R. I.

Chelsea.

Newton.

South Hingham.

Boston.

Salem.

Boston.

(I

Watertown.
Boston.

Cambridgeport.
Boston.
Jamaica Plain.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

327

Lyman, Theodore,
Lyon, Henry,

Mahoney, John,
Mann, James F.,
Mann, Jonathan,
Manning, Jacob W.,
Manning, Mrs. L. B.
Manning, Robert,
Mansfield, Henry S.,
Marshall, Frederick,
Martin, Darius A.,
Martin, John S.,
Matthews, Nathan,
McCarty, Timothy,
McClure, John,
Merriam, Herbert,
Merriam, M. H.,
Merrifield, W. T.,
Mills, Charles H.,
Minton, James,
Mixter, Charles,
Moore, John B.,
Moore, John H.,
Morrill, Joseph, Jr.,
Morse, Samuel F.,
Morse, Sidney B.,
Morse, William A.,
Motley, Thomas,
Mudge, George A.,
Mudge, George W.,
Munroe, Otis,

Brookline.
Charlestown.

Boston.
Cambridge.

Reading.
,Reading.
Salem.
Blackstone.
Everett.
Chelsea.
Boston.

Providence, R.I,

Revere.

Weston.

Lexington.

Worcester.

Boston,

Dorchester.

Boston.

Concord.

Boston.

West Roxbury.
Portsm'th, N. H
Lynn.
Boston.

Needham, Daniel, Groton.
Newhall, George, Dorchester.
Newman, J. R., Winchester.

Newton, Rev. W. W., Boston.
Nickerson, Albert W., Dedham.
Norton, Charles W., Allston.
Nourse, Benjamin F., Boston.
Nourse, Benjamin F., Cambridgeport.

Oakman, Hiram A., No. Marshfield.

Osgood, Jas. Ripley, Boston.
Otis, Theodore C, "

Oxnard, George D., "

Packer, Charles H., Boston.

Page, Thomas,
Paine, Robert T.,
Palmer, John P.,
Park, John C,
Parker, Augustus,
Parker, Harvey D.,
Parkman, Francis,
Partridge, Henry,
Partridge, Horace,
Paul, Alfred W.,
Peabody, John E.,
Pearce, John,
Peck, O. H.,
Peck, W. G.,
Peirce, Silas,
Penniman, A. P.,
Perkins, Augustus T.,
Perkins, Edward N.,
Perkins, William P.,
Perry, George W.,
Philbrick, William D.,
Phillips, John C,
Pierce, Dean,
Pierce, George W.,
Pierce, Henry L.,
Pierce, Samuel B.,
Poole, Benjamin C,
Poor, John R.,
Potter, Joseph S.,
.Prang, Louis,
Pratt, Lucius G.,
Pratt, Robert M.,
Pratt, William,
Pray, Mark W. ,
Prescott, C. H.,
Prescott, Eben C,
Prescott, W. G.,
Prescott, William G.,
Preston, George H.,
Preston, John,
Pringle, Cyrus G.,
Proctor, Thomas P.,
Prouty, Gardner,
Putnam, Joshua H.,

Ramsay, A. H.,
Rand, Edward S.,
Rand, Miss E. L.,

Boston.

Somerville.

Boston.

Boston.

Jamaica Plain.

Dunkirk, N. Y.

Somerville.

Dighton.

Salem.

West Roxbury.

Denver, Col.

Arlington.

Boston.

Waltham.

Boston.

Brookline.

((

Maiden.

Newton Centre.

Boston.

Brookline.

Everett.

Dorchester.

Chelsea.

Somerville.

Arlington.

Boston.

West Newton.

Boston.

Winchester.

Maiden.

Cornwallis, N.S.

Boston.

Quincy.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Charlotte, Vt.

West Roxbury.

Littleton.

Brookline.

Cambridge.
Boston.
Newton Hi^hl'ds.

328

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rand, Oliver J.,
Rawson, W. W.,
Ray, James F.,
Ray, James P.,
Ray, Joseph G.,
Reed, George W.,
Richards, John J.,
Richards, William B.,
Richardson, C. E.,
Richardson, Geo, C,
Rinn, J. Ph.,
Robhins, I. Gilbert,
Robbins, Nathan,
Robeson, W. R.,
Robinson, John,
Rogers, John H.,
Ross, Henry,
Ross, M. Denman,
Ross, Waldo O.,
Ruddick, Dr.Wm. H.,
Russell, George,
Russell, John E.,
Russell, Walter,

Sampson, George R.,
Sanborn, Amos C,
Sanford, O. S.,
Sargent, Charles S.,
Sargent, Ignatius,
Saville, Richard L.,
Sawtelle, Eli A.,
Sawyer, Timothy T.,
Scott, Charles,
Scudder, C. W.,
Sears, J.Montgomery,
Seaver, Nathaniel,
Seaver, Robert,
Shaw, C. C,
Shaw, S. P.,
Sheafe, Charles C,
Sheafe, William,
Sheldon, Oliver S.,
Shimmin, Charles F.,
Sliorc'j', John L.,
Skinner, Francis,
Slack, Charles W.,
Smith, IJonjamin G.,

Cambridgeport.

Arlington.

Franklin.

a
((

Boston.

Cambridge.

n

Boston.

Arlington.

Boston.

Salem.

Boston.

Newton.

Boston.

South Boston.
Woburn.
Leicester.
Arlington.

New York, N.Y
Cambridgeport.
Oxford, Md.
Brookline.

Boston.

Charlestown.

Newton.

Brookline.

Boston.

East Boston.

Jamaica Plain.

Milford, N. H.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Brookline.

Milton.

Boston.

Lynn.

Boston.

Cambridge.

Smith, Calvin W.,
Smith, Charles H.,
Smith, Chauncey,
Smith, Edward N.,
Smith, George O.,
Smith, James H.,
Smith, W. B.,
Snow, Eben,

Grantville .
Jamaica Plain .
Cambridge.
San Francisco.
Boston.
Needham.
Boston. %

Cambridge.

SnoWjMissSalomeH., Brunswick, Me.

^parhawk, Edw'd C,
Spaulding, Edward,
Spaulding, M. D.,
Speare, Alden,
Spencer, Alfred M.,
Springall, George,
Springer, John,
Stetson, Nahum,
Stickney, Rufus B.,
Stimpson, George,
Stimpson, H. H.,
Stone, Amos,
Stone, George F.,
Stone, Phineas J.,
Story, E. Augustus,
Strong, William C,
Sturgis, John H.,

Brighton,

Jamaica Plain.

Boston.

Newton Centre.

Dorchester.

Maiden.

Sterling.

Bridgewater.

Somerville.

New York, N.Y-

Cambridge.

Everett.

Newton,

Charlestown,

Brighton.

Newton Highl'ds.

Boston,

Sturgis, Russell Jr,, "

Sturtevant, E. Lewis, Geneva, N. Y.
Sumner, Edward, Dedham.
Surette, Louis A., Concord,
Swain, Charles D., Roxbury.

Taft, John B.,
Tappan, Charles,
Taylor, Horace B.,
Thacher, Alfred C,
Thayer, Henry,
Thayer, Njithaniel,
Thurlow, Thomas C,
Tidd, Marshall M.,
Tilton, Stephen W.,
Todd, John,
Tolman, Benjamin,
Tolman, Miss H. S,,
Torrey, Everett,
Turner, John IM.,
Turner, Roswell W.,

Boston.

Dorchester.

No. Cambridge,

Boston.

Newburyport.

Woburn.

Boston,

Hinghara.

Concord.

Boston.

Charlestown.

Dorchester.

Boston,

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

329

Turner, Eoyal W.,

Randolph.

Wheelwright, A. C,

Boston.

Whipple, John A.,

((

Underwood, Guy C,

Boston.

White omb, Wm, B.,

Medford.

Upham, Henry,

Brookline.

White, Benjamin C,

Boston.

White, Edward A.,

( (

Vass, William J.,

Brookline.

White, Francis A.,

Brookline.

Vose, Benjamin C,

Hyde Park.

Whitely, Edward,

Cambridge.

Whiting, Nathaniel,

Brookline.

Wainwright, Wm. L.

, Braintree.

Whitmore, C. 0.,

Boston.

Wakefield, E. H.,

Chelsea.

Whittle, George W.,

Somerville.

Walcott, Edward,

Pawtucket.

Whytal, Thomas G.,

New York, N.Y,

Walcott, Henry P.,

Cambridge.

Wilbur, G. B.,

Watertown.

Wales, George 0.,

Braintree.

Wilcutt, Levi L.,

West Roxbury.

Walker, Edw. C. E.,

, Dedham.

Wilder, Edw. Baker,

, Dorchester.

Walker, Samuel A.,

u

Wilder, Henry A.,

Boston.

Walker, T. W.,

Waltham.

Wilder, Marshall P.,

Dorchester.

Walley, Mrs. W. P.,

Boston.

Willard, E. W.,

Newport, R. I.

Ward, John,

Newton.

Williams, Aaron D.,

Boston.

Wardwell, W. H.,

Newton Centre.

Williams, Benj. B.,

(t

Ware, Benjamin P.,

Beach Bluff.

Williams, Philander,

Taunton.

Warren, George W.,

Boston.

Willis, George W.,

Chelsea.

Washburn, Andrew,

Hyde Park.

Willis, J. C,

Boston.

Wason, Elbridge,

Brookline.

Wilson, Henry W.,

South Boston.

Waters, Edwin F.,

Newton Centre.

Wilson, Wm. Power

, Boston.

Watts, Isaac,

Newton.

Winship, F. Lyman,

Brighton.

Webber, Aaron D.,

Belmont.

Woerd, Charles V.,

Waltham. ^

Weld, Aaron D.,

Boston.

Woerd, C. V., Jr.,

( £

Weld, George W.,

Newport, R. I.

Wood, Luke H.,

Marlborough.

Weld, Dr. Moses W.

, West Roxbury.

Wood, R. W.,

Jamaica Plain.

Weld, Richard H.,

Boston.

Wood, William K.,

West Newton.

Weld, William G.,

a

Woods, Henry,

Dorchester.

West, Mrs. Maria L.

, Brookline.

Woodward, Royal,

Brookline.

Weston, Leonard W.

, Lincolm

Wright, George C,

West Acton.

Weston, Seth,

Revere.

Wrisley, Frank,

New York, N.Y.

Wetherell, Leander,

Boston.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Abbott, S. L., M. D.

, Boston.

Burley, Edward,

Beverly.

Adams, C. S.,

Framingham.

Burr, Charles C,

Newton.

Allen, Andrew F.,

Arlington.

Butler, Edward,

Wellesley

Allen, Calvin,

Boston.

Allen, C. L.,

GardenCity,N.Y.Capen, Aaron D.,

Mattapan.

Ames, K. W.,

Boston.

Carter, Maria E.,

Woburn.

Anderson, Charles J.

, Longwood.

Cartwright, James,

Wellesley.

Atkinson, Chas. M.,

Brookline.

Chadbourne, M. W.,

Watertown.

Atkinson, Edward,

((

Chaffin, John C,

Newton.

Atkinson, W. B.,

Newburyport.

Chapin, Gardner S.,

Arlington.

Chapin, George H.,

Watertown.

Bacon, Augustus,

Boston.

Chase, Joseph S.,

Maiden.

Bacon, William,

<(

Cheney, Amos P.,

South Natick.

Badlam, William H.,

, Dorchester.

Clark, James W. ,

Framingham.

Bard, James,

Framingham.

Clark, Joseph,

Manchester.

Barker, John G.,

Lynn.

Clark, Joseph W.,

Dedham.

Batchelder, G. W.,

Dorchester.

Cobb, Jonathan H.,

i(

Beard, Edward L.,

Cambridge.

Coe, Henry F.,

West Roxbury.

B«ebe, J. Arthur,

Boston.

Collins, Frank S.,

Maiden.

Beer, Carl,

Groton.

Comley, James,

Lexington.

Bird, John L.,

Dorchester.

Cox, James F.,

Abington.

Bliss, B. K.,

New York.

Crafts, William A.,

Boston.

Bock, William A.,

No. Cambridge

. Crosby, J. Allen,

Jamaica Plain.

BoUes, Matthew,

Boston,

Cruickshanks, J. T.,

Natick.

Bolles, William P.,

((

Curtis, Daniel T.,

Boston.

Bolton, John B.,

Somerville.

Curtis, Joseph H.,

(I

Boott, William,

Boston.

Bottomly, Robert,

Belmont.

Darling, Moses, Jr.,

South Boston.

Bowditch, E. Francis

1, Framingham.

Davenport, A. M.,

Watertown.

Bowditch, James H.

, Brookline.

Davis, Frederick,

Newton.

Bradlee, John T.,

Boston.

Davis, Thomas M.,

Cambridgeport.

Breck, Charles H.,

Brighton.

Demar, John A.,

Lexington.

Breck, Charles H. B.

>

Dolbear,Mrs. Alice J

..Somerville.

Brooks, George,

Brookline.

Doogue, William,

Boston.

Brown, A. S.,

Jamaica Plain.

Duffley, Daniel,

Brookline.

Brown, Atherton T.,

Boston.

Dunn, Thomas,

Newport, R. I.

Brown, Benjamin F.

, Charlestown.

Dupee, James A.,

Brookline.

Brown, Jona., Jr.,

Somerville.

.

Brown, Joseph T.,

Boston.

Eaton, Jacob,

Cambridgeport.

Bullard, George B.,

Hingham.

Edgar, William,

Newtonville.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

331

Falconer, John,

Falconer, William,

Farrier, Mrs. C,

Faxon, Edwin,

Faxon, M. B.,

Felton, Arthur W.,

Fenno, Warren,

Fisher, Sewall,

Fletcher, Edwin,

Foster, Joshua T.,

Fowle, Charles L.,

Fowle, George W.,

French, William E., Boston.

Frohock, Eoscoe E., Maiden,

Rochester.
Glencove, N.Y.
Stoneham.
Jamaica Plain.
Melrose.
West Newton.
Revere.
Framingham.
Acton.
Medford.
Dorchester.
Jamaica Plain.

Frost, George,
Frost, Stiles,
Fuller, T. Otis,

Gane, Henry A.

West Newton.

Boston.

Needham.

West Newton.

Neponset.

Medford.

Maiden.

Chelsea.

Boston.

Brighton.

Jamaica Plain.

Concord.

Dorchester.

Hatch, Samuel,
Hayes, John L.,
Hayward, George P.,
Hazleton, H. L.,
Hersey, Alfred H.,
Hersey, Edmund,
Heustis, Warren,
Hewins, James,
Hews, Albert H.,
Hill, Benjamin D.,
Hill, Miss Katie A.,
Hinckley, Mrs. D. F.
Howe, Rufus,

Gardiner, Claudius B.,Newburyport.
Gardner, John, • Boston.
Garfield, Charles, Medford.
Gaut, Samuel N., Somerville.
Gilbert, John, Boston.

Gilbert, Samuel, "

Gilbert, W. A.,
Gill, Mrs. E. M.,
Gleason, Herbert,
Godbold, G. A.,
Goddard, Thomas,
Goodwin, Lester,
Gould, WilUam P.,
Grant, Charles E.,
Gray, Howard,
Gray, William, Jr., "

Gray, William, 3d, "

Greene, Malcolm C, "

Grew, Henry, Hyde Park.

Grover, William O., Boston.
Guerineau, Louis, Malvern, Ark.

Hall, William T., Revere.
Hamlin, Delwin A., South Boston.
Harris, Miss Ellen M., Jamaica Plain.
Harris, Frederick L., South Natick.
Hartwell, Samuel, Lincoln.
Harwood, George S., Newton.

Boston.

Cambridge.

Hingham.

Boston.

Hingham.
<(

Belmont.
Medfield.
No. Cambridge.
Peabody.
Lowell.
, Chelsea.
Marlborough.

Ireland, George W., Somerville.

Jameson, G. W.,
Jones, Moses,
Jordan, S.amuel,
Judkins, Rev. B.,

East Lexington.
Brookline.
Yarmouth.
West Dedham.

Kelley, George B.,

Kelsey, Fred W.,

Kendall, Jonas,

Kennard, Martin P., Brookline.

Kenrick, Miss A. C, Newton.

Jamaica Plain.
Waverly, N. Y.
Framingham.

Lamprell, Simon, Marblehead.
Lang, John H. B., Dorchester.
Langmaid, Mrs. Mary, Somerville.
Langworthy,Rev.I.P., Chelsea.
Leavens, E. W., Maiden.

Lee, Charles J., Dorchester.

Lee, Francis H., Salem.

Livermore, Miss M., Mount Auburn.
Loring, Charles G., Boston.
Loring, John A., "

Lothrop, David W., West Medford.
Lothrop, H. A., Sharon.

Lothrop, ThorntenK., Boston.
Lowell, John, Newton.

Marcou, Mrs. J., Cambridge.

Markoe, G. F. H., Boston.
May, F. W. G., Boston.

McDermott, Andrew, "
Mcintosh, A. S.,

332

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

McLaren, Anthony,
Mellen, George M.,
Meriam, Dr. H. C,
Merrill, J. Warren,
Merrill, S. A.,
Mills, William,
Minton, Peter J.,
Morandi, Francis,
Morandi, Francis W.
Morton, James H.,
Murray, Daniel D.,
Muzzey, Eev. A. B.,

Forest Hills.

Brookline.

Salem.

Cambridgeport.

Wollaston.

Somerville.

Forest Hills.

Maiden.

)

Boston.

Brookline.

Cambridge.

Nightingale, Crawford,Dorchester.
Norton, Michael H., Boston,
Norton, Patrick, "

O'Brien, James,

Park, William D.,
Parker, John,
Parsons, William,
Patterson, James,
Payson, Samuel R.,
Phillips, Nathaniel,
Pickering, Mrs. E.G.,
Pierce, Samuel H.,
Plimpton, W. P.,
Power, Gharles J.,
Pratt, Mrs. Mary L.,
Prince, Thomas,
Purdie, George A.,
Putnam, Charles A.,
Putnam, Henry W.,

Randall, Macey,
Ranlett, S. A.,
Richards, John S.,
Richardson, E. P.,
Richardson, Horace,
Richardson, S. W.,
Ridler, Charles E.,
Roberts, Edward,
Rogers, John F.,
Ross, Charles W.,

Jamaica Plain.

Boston.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Cambridge.

Lincoln.

West Newton.

S. Framingham

Hingham.

Boston.

Wellesley Hills

Salem.

Sharon.

Melrose.

Brookline.

Lawrence.

Framingham.

Boston.

Kingston.

Hyde Park.

("ambridge.

Newtonville.

Saflford, Nathaniel F.,
Saunders, Miss M.T.,
Saville, George,
Sawtell, J. M.,
Schlegel, Adam,
Schmitt, Georg A.,
Scott, A. E.,
Scott, George H.,
Scudder, Samuel H.,
Shattuck, F. R.,
Shedd, Abraham B.,
Shedd, Arthur B.,
Sheppard, Edwin,
Sheppard, S. A. D.,
Simpson, Michael H.,
Snow, Eugene A.,
Southworth, Edward,
Spooner, William H.,
Sprague, Charles J.,
Squire, John P.,
Starbird, Louis D.,
Stevenson, Hamilton,
Stone, Eliphalet,
Stone, Samuel G.,
Storer, Charles,
Story, Miss Sarah W.,
Strahan, Thomas, Jr.,
Sullivan, J. L. D.,
.Swan, Charles W.,

Tailby, Joseph,
Talbot, Josiah W.,
Tapper, Thomas,
Terwilliger, S. F.,
Tobey, Miss M. B.,
Torrey, Bradford,
Trautman, Martin,
Turner, Nathaniel W.

Milton.

Salem.

Quincy.

Fitchburg.

Boston.

Brookline.

Lexington.

AUston.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Lexington.

Chicago, 111.

Lowell.

Newton.

Saxonville.

Melrose.

Quincy.

Jamaica Plain.

Boston.

Arlington.

Maiden.

Woburn.

Dedham.

Charlestown.

Natick.

Brighton.

Chelsea.

Somerville.

Boston.

Wellesley.

Norwood,

Canton.

Saratoga, N. Y.

Brookline,

Boston.

Safford, Fred'k M., Dorchester.

Underwood, Wm. J., Belmont.

Van der Veur, P. W., New York, N.Y.
Vaughan, J. C, Chicago, 111.

Walker, Charles H., Chelsea.
Walker, Joseph T., Boston.
Walker, William P., Somerville.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

333

Waterer, Hosea,
Webster, John,
Weld, Francis M.,
Wellington, Jos. V.,
Wells, Benjamin T.,
Weston, Mrs. L. P.,
Wheatland, Henry,
Wheeler,Miss Ann C.
Wheildon, Wm. W.,
White, Nelson B.,
Whitney, Joel,
Whiton, Starkes,
Wilde, Hiram,

South Natick.
Salem.

Jamaica Plain.
Cambridge.
Boston.
Danvers.
Salem.

, Cambridgeport.
Concord.
Norwood.
Winchester.
HinghamCentre
Randolph.

Wilraarth, Henry D.
Wilson, B. Osgood,
Wilson, George W.,
Wis wall, Henry M.,
Withington,HenryH,
Wolcott,Mrs.H.L.T
Wood, Mrs. AnnaD.
Wood, E. W.,
Woodford, Jos. H.,
Woolson, George C.
Wright, Daniel,

, Jamaica Plain.

Watertown.

Maiden.

Watertown.

. , Jamaica Plain.

., Boston.

, West Newton.
<( <(

Newton.
, Passaic, N. J.
Lowell.

Zirngiebel, Denys, Needham.

EXTRACTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.

SECTION XXVL— Life Members.

The payment of thirty dollars shall constitute a Life Membership, and
exempt the member from all future assessments ; and any member having
once paid an admission fee, may become a Life Member by the payment of
twenty dollars in addition thereto.

SECTION XXVII. — Admission Fee and Annual AissteesMENT.

Every subscription member, before he receives his Diploma, or exercises
the privileges of a member, shall pay the sum of ten dollars as an admission
fee, and shall be subject afterwards to an annual assessment of two dollars.

SECTION XXIX. — Discontinuance of Membership.

Any member who shall neglect for the space of two years to pay his annual
assessment, shall cease to be a member of the Society, and the Treasurer
shall erase his name from the List of Members.

The attention of Annual Members is particularly called to Section XXIX.
12

HONORARY MEMBERS.

A * denotes the member deceased. Correspondents of the Society and others will
confer a favor by communicating to the Secretary information of the decease,
change of residence, etc., of Honorary or Corresponding Members.

♦Benjamin Abbott, LL. D., Exeter, N. H.

*JoHN Abbott, Brunswick, Me.

*HoN. John Quincy Adams, LL. D., late President of the United States,

Quincy.
♦Professor Louis Agassiz, Cambridge.

♦William T. Aiton, late Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew, England.
♦Thomas Allen, late President of the St. Louis Horticultural Society, St.

Louis, Mo., and Pittsfield, Mass.
♦Hon. Samuel Appleton, Boston.
♦Hon. James Arnold, New Bedford.
♦Edward Nathaniel Bancroft, M. D., late President of the Horticultural

and Agricultural Society of Jamaica.
♦Hon. Philip P. Barbour, Virginia.

♦Don Angel Calderon de la Barca, late Spanish Minister at Washington.
♦Robert Barclay, Bury Hill, Dorking, Surrey, England.
♦James Beekjvian, New York.
♦L'Abbe Berlese, Paris.
♦Nicholas Biddle, Philadelphia.
♦Dr. Jacob Bigelow, Boston.
♦Mrs. Lucy Bigelow, Medford.
♦Le Chevalier Soulange Bodin, late Secr6taire General de la Society

d'Horticulture de Paris.
Hon. George S. Boutwell, Groton.
♦Josiah Bradlee, Boston.
♦Hon. George N. Briggs, Pittstield.
♦Hon. James Buchanan, late President of the United States, Lancaster,

Penn.
♦Jesse Buel, late President of the Albany Horticultural Society, Albany,

N. Y.
♦Hon. Edmund Burke, late Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C.
♦Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, Geneva, Switzerland.
Hon. Horace Capron, Ex-U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture, Washington,

D. C.
♦Commodore Isaac Chauncey, U. S. Navy, Brooklyn, N. Y.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 335

*Ward Chipman, late Chief Justice of New Brunswick, St. John.

♦Lewis Clapier, Philadelphia.

*HoK. Henry Clat, Lexington, Ky.

H. W. S. Cleveland, Chicago, 111.

*Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Bart., England.

*Zaccheus Collins, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, '
Philadelphia.

*Roswell L. Colt, Paterson, N. J.

Caleb Cope, Ex-President of the Pennsylvania ^Horticultural Society, Phila-
delphia.

*WiLLiAM CoxE, Burlington, N. J.

*JoHN p. Cdshing, Watertown.

♦Charles W. Dabnet, late U. S. Consul, Fayal, Azores.

*HoN. John Davis, LL. D., Boston.

*SiR Humphry Davy, London.

*Gen. Henry Alexander Scammel DeaIiborn, Roxbury.

*James Dickson, late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society of London.

*Mrs. Dorothy Dix, Boston.

*Capt. Jesse D. Elliot, U. S. Navy.

*HoN. Stephen Elliot, LL. D., Charleston, S. C.

*HoN. Henry L. Ellsw^orth, late Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C.

*Alltn Charles. Evanson, late Secretary of the King's County Agricultural
Society, St. John, N. B.

*HoN. Edward Everett, LL. D., Boston.

*HoN. Horace Everett, Vermont.

*F. Faldermann, late Curator of the Imperial Botanic Garden, St. Petersburg.

*HoN. Millard Fillmore, late President of the United States, Buffalo, N. Y.

*Dr. F. E. Fischer, late Professor of Botany at the Imperial Botanic
Garden, St. Petersburg.

*HoN. Theodore Frelinghuysen, late President of the American Agricul-
tural Society, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

*Joseph Gales, Jr., late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society,
Washington, D. C.

*Georgb Gibbs, New York.

* Stephen Girard, Philadelphia.

*HoN. Robert T. Goldsborough, Talbot County, Maryland.

*Ephraim Goodale, South Orrington, Maine.

*Mrs. Rebecca Gore, Waltham.

*HoN. John Greig, late President of the Domestic Horticultural Society,
Canandaigua, N. Y.

*Mrs. Mary Griffith, Charlies Hope, N. J.

*Gen. William Henry Harrison, late President of the United States,
North Bend, Ohio.

*S. P. Hildreth, M. D., Marietta, Ohio.

*Thomas Hopkirk, late President of the Glasgow Horticultural Society.

*David Hosack, M. D. late President of the New York Horticultural
Society.

336 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*Lewis Hunt, Huntsburg, Ohio.

♦Joseph K. Ingersoll, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural

Society, Philadelphia.
*Gen. Andkew Jackson, late President of the United States, Nashville,

Tenn.
*Mes. Martha Johonnot, Salem.

*Jared Potter Kirtland, M. D., LL. D., East Rockport, Ohio.
*Thomas Andrew Knight, late President of the Horticultural Society of

London.
*Gen. La Fayette, La Grange, France.
*Le Comte De Lasteyrib, late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society

of Paris.
L. A. H. Latour, M. p., Montreal, Canada.
*Baron Justus Liebig, Giessen, Germany.

*Prof. John Lindley, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society of London.
Frankxin Litchfield, U. S. Consul at Puerto Cabello, Venezuela.
*Joshua Longstreth, Philadelphia.
♦Nicholas Longtvorth, Cincinnati, Ohio.

♦Jacob Lorillard, late President of the New York Horticultural Society.
*John C. Loudon, London.
*HoN. John A. Lowell, Boston.
♦Baron Charles Ferdinand Henry Von Ludavig, late Vice-President of

the South African Literary and Scientific Institution, Cape Town,

Cape of Good Hope.
♦Hon. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.
Col. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.

♦Hon. James Madison, late President of the United States, Montpelier, Va.
♦Mrs. Charlotte Marryatt, Wimbledon, near London.
Joseph Maxwell, Rio Janeiro.

D. Smith McCauley, U. S. Consul-General, Tripoli.
♦Hon. Isaac McKim, late President of the Horticultural Society of Mary-
land, Baltimore.
Rev. James H. Means, Dorchester, Mass.
♦James Mease, M. D., Philadelphia.
♦Lewis John Mentens, Brussels, Belgium.
♦Hon. Charles F. Mercer, Virginia.
♦Francois Andre Michaux, Paris.
Donald G. Mitchell, New Haven, Conn.
♦Samuel L. Mitchill, M. D., LL. D., New York.

♦Hon. James Monroe, late President of the United States, Oak Hill, Va.
♦Alfred S. Monson, M. D., late President of the New Haven Horticultural

Society, New Haven, Conn.
♦Hon. a. N. Morin, Montreal, Canada.
♦Theodore Mosselmann, Antwerp, Belgium.
Baron R. Von Osten Sacken, Heidelberg, Germany.
Bakon Ottenfels, Austrian Minister to tlie Ottoman Porte.
John Palmer, Calcutta.

HONORAEY MEMBERS. 337

♦Hon. Joel Parker, LL. D., Cambridge.
Samuel B. Parsons, Flushing, N. Y.

*HoN. Thomas H. Perkins, Brookline.

*A. PoiTEAu, late Professor in the Institut Horticole de Fromont.

*HoN. James K. Polk, late President of the United States, Nashville, Tenn.

*JoHN Hare Powel, Powelton, Pa.

*Henry Pratt, Philadelphia.

*WiLLiAM Prince, Flushing, N. Y.

*Rev. George- Putnam, D. D., Roxbury.

*CoL. Joel Rathbone, late President of the Albany and Rensselaer Horti-
cultural Society, Albany, N. Y.

♦Archibald John, Earl.of Roseberry, late President of the Caledonian Horti-
cultural Society.

* Joseph Sabine, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society of London.
*DoN Ramon de la Sagra, Havana, Cuba.

*Henrt Winthrop Sargent, FishkUl, N. Y.

*SiR Walter Scott, Abbotsford, Scotland.

*John Shepherd, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool, England.

*JoHN S. Skinner, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.

George W. Smith, Boston.
*Stephen H. Smith, late President of the Rhode Island Horticultural Society.
*HoN. Charles Sumner, Boston.
*HoN. John Taliaferro, Virginia.

*Gen. James Talmadge, late President of the American Institute, N. Y.
*Gen. Zachart Taylor, late President of the United States, Baton Rouge,

La.
*James Thacher, M. D., Plymouth.

John J. Thomas, Union Springs, N. Y.

* James W. Thompson, M. D., Wilmington, Del.
♦Grant Thorburn, New York.

*M. Du Petit Thouars, Paris.

*Le Vicomte Hericart de Thurt, late President of the Horticultural
Society of Paris.

*MoNS. TouGARD, late President of the Horticultural Society of Rouen,
France.

*Gen. Nathan Towson, late President of the Horticultural Society, Wash-
ington, D. C.

*HoN. John Tyler, late President of the United States, Williamsburg, Va.

*Rev. Joseph Tyso, Wallingford, England.

*HoN, Martin Van Buren, late President of the United States, Kinder-
hook, N. Y.

♦Federal Vanderburg, M. D., New York.

*Jean Baptiste Van Mons, M. D., Brussels, Belgium.

*Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer, Albany, N. Y.

♦Joseph R. Van Zandt, Albany, N. Y.

♦Benjamin Vaughan, M. D., Hallowell, Me.

♦Petty Vaughan, London.

338 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*Rev. N. Villeneuve, Montreal, Canada.
*PiERKE Philippe Andre Vilmorin, Paris..
* James Wadsworth, Geneseo, N. Y.

*Nathaniel Wallich, M. D., late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta.
*Malthus a. Ward, M. D., late Professor in Franklin College, Athens, Ga.
*HoN. Daniel Webster, Marshfield.
*HoN. John Welles, Boston.
*Jeremiah Wilkinson, Cumberland, R. I.
Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Boston.
*rREDERiCK Wolcott, Litchficld, Conn.

*Ashton Yates, Liverpool, England. *

*Lawrence Young, late President of the Kentucky Horticultural Society,
Louisville.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

A * denotes the members deceased.

*JoHN Adlum, Georgetown, D. C.

*DoN Francisco Aguilar t Leal, U. S. Vice-Consul at Maldonado, Banda

Oriental del Uruguay.
*MoNs. Alfrot, Lieusaint, France.

James T. Allan, Ex-President of the Nebraska State Horticultural Society,
Omaha, Neb.

A. B. Allen, New York.

*Rev. Thomas D. Anderson, D.D., South Boston.
*Thomas Appleton, late U. S. Consul at Leghorn, Italy.
*CoL. Thomas Aspinwall, Late IT. S. Consul at London, Brookline.

P. M. Augur, State Pomologist, Middlefield, Conn.
*IsAAC Cox Barnet, late U. S. Consul at Paris.

Patrick Barrt, Ex-Chairman of the General Fruit Committee of the Amer-
ican Pomological Society, Rochester, N. Y.
*AuGUSTiNE Baumann, Bolwillcr, Alsace.
*Eugene Achille Baumann, Rahway, N. J.
*JosEPH Bernard Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

Napoleon Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

D. W. Beadle, St. Catherine's, Ontario.

Professor W. J. Beal, Lansing, Michigan.
*NoEL J. Becar, Brooklyn, N. Y.
*Edward Beck, Worton College, Isleworth, near London.

Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, Peekskill, N. Y.
*Louis £douard Berckmans, Rome, Ga.

Prosper J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga.
♦Alexander Bivort, late Secretary of the Societe Van Mons, Fleurus, Bel

gium.
*Tripet Le Blanc, Paris.

*Charles D. Bragdon, Pulaski, Oswego Co., N. Y.
* William D. Brinckle, M. D., Philadelphia.

*George Brown, late U. S. Commissioner to the Sandwich Islands, Beverly.
*JoHN W. Brown, Fort Gaines, Ga.
*Dr. Nehemiah Brush, East Florida.
*Arthur Bryant, Sr., late President of the Illinois State Horticultural

Society, Princeton, 111.
*RoBERT BuiST, Pliiladelphia.
*Dr. E. W. Bull, Hartford, Conn.

William Bull, Chelsea,* England.

340 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rev. Robert Burnet, Ex-President of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion, Pictou, N. S.
Alexander Burton, United States Consul at Cadiz, Spain„
IsiDOR Bush, Bushberg, Jeflferson Co., Mo.
George "W. Campbell, Delaware, Ohio.
♦Francis G. Carnes, New York.
*CoL. Robert Carr, Philadelphia.
*Rev. John O. Choules, D. D., Newport, R. I.
*Rev. Henry Colman, Boston.
*James Colvill, Chelsea, England.
Benjamin E. Cotting, M. D., Boston^
♦Samuel L. Dana, M. D., Lowell,
*J. Decaisne, late Professeur de Culture au Museum d'Histoire Naturelle,

Jardin des Plantes, Paris.
♦James Deering, Portland, Me.
*H. F. Dickehut.

♦Sir C. Wentworth Dilke, Bart., London.,
♦Hon. Allen W. Dodge, Hamilton.
Rev. H. Honttv^ood D'Ombrain, Westwell Vicarage, Ashford, Kent, Eng-
land.
♦Andrew Jackson Downing, Newburg, N. Y.
Charles Downing, Newburg, N. Y.
Parker Earle, Cobden, 111.

♦F. R. Elliott, late Secretary of the American Pomological Society, Cleve-
land, Ohio.
George Ellw anger, Rochester, N. Y.
♦George B. Emerson, LL. D., Winthrop.
♦Ebenezer Emmons, M. D., "Williamstown.
♦Andrew H. Ernst, Cincinnati, O.
♦Nathaniel Fellows, Cuba.
♦Henry J. Finn, Newport, R. I.

♦W. C. Flagg, late Secretary of the American Pomological Society, Moro, 111.
♦Michael Floy, late Vice- President of the New York Horticultural Society,

New York City.
♦John Fox, "Washington, D. C.
♦Hon. Russell Freeman, Sandwich.
Andrew S. Fuller, Ridgewood, N. J.
Henry Weld Fuller, Roxbury.

Hon. Robert W. Furnas, President of the Nebraska State Horticultural
Society, Brownville, Neb.
♦AuGUSTiN Gande, late President of the Horticultural Society, Department

of Sarthe, France.
♦Robert H. Gardiner, Gardiner, Me.
♦Benjamin Gardner, late U. S. Consul at Palermo, Sicily.
♦Capt. James T. Gerry, U. S. Navy.

♦Abraham P. Gibson, late U. S. Consul at St. Petersburg.
♦R. Glendinning, Chiswick, near London.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 341

Professor George L. Goodale, Cambridge.-

Charles W. Gordon, U. S. Consul at Rio Janeiro.

Professor Asa Gray, Cambridge.

O. B. Hadwen, Ex-President of the Worcester County Horticultural Society,
Worcester.
*Charles Henry Hall, New York.

♦Abraham Halsey, late Corresponding Secretary of the New York Horti-
cultural Society, New York.
*Db. Charles C. Hamilton, late President of the Fruit Growers' Association

and International Show Society of Nova Scotia, Canard..
*Rev. Thaddeus Mason Harris, D. D., Dorchester.
*Thaddeu8 William Harris, M. D., Cambridge.
* John Hay, late Architect of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.
♦Bernard Henry, late U. S. Consul at Gibraltar, Philadelphia,

Shirley Hibberd, Editor of the Gardener's Magazine, London.
*J. J. Hitchcock, Baltimore.

Robert Hogg, LL. D., Editor of the Journal of Horticulture, London.
♦Thomas Hogg, New York.

Thomas Hogg, New York.

J. C. Holding, E:^-Trea3urer and Secretary of the Cape of Good Hope
Agricultural Society, Cape Town, Africa.

Rev. S. Reynolds Hole, Caunton Manor, Newark, Nottinghamshire,
England.

Fisher Holmes, Sheffield, England.

Sir Joseph Hooker, K. C. S. I., Director of the Royal Botanic Garden,
Kew, England.

JosiAH HooPES, West Chester, Penn.

Professor E. N. Horsford, Cambridge.
*Sanford Howard, Chicago, 111.

*Dr. William M. Howsley, late President of the Kansas State Horticul-
tural Society, Leavenworth.
♦Isaac Hunter, Baltimore, Md.
♦Isaac Hurd, Cincinnati, Ohio.

George Husmann, Napa, Cal.
♦Professor Isaac W. Jackson, Union College, Schenectady, N. Y.
♦Thomas P. James, Cambridge.

Edward Jarvis, M. D., Dorchester.

J. W. P. Jenks, Middleborough.

William J. Johnson, M. D., Fort Gaines, Ga.

Samuel Kneeland, M. D., Boston.
♦MoNS. Laffay, St. Cloud, near Paris, France.

♦David Landreth, late Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society, Bristol, Pa.

C. C. Langdon, Mobile, Alabama.
♦Dr. William LeBaron, late State Entomologist, Geneva, 111.

G. F. B. Leighton, President of the Norfolk Horticultural and Pomological
Society, Norfolk, Va.

342 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*E. S. H. Leonard, M. D., Providence, R. 1.

*Andre Leroy, Author of the Dictionnaire de Pomologie, Angers, France.

J. Linden, Ghent, Belgium.

Hon. George Lunt, Scituate.
*r. W. Macondrat, San Francisco, CaL
* James J. Mapes, LL. D., Newark, N. J.
*A. Mas, late President of the Horticultural Society, Bourg-en-Bresse, France.

Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, Editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle, London.
*James Maury, late U. S. Consul at Liverpool, England.

T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N. Y.
*'WiLLiAM Sharp McLeat, New York.
*James McNab, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Thomas Meehan, Editor of the Gardener's Monthly, Germantown, Pa.
*Allan Melvill, New York.
*JoHN Miller, M. D., late Secretary of the Horticultural and Agricultural

Society of Jamaica.
*Stephen Mills, Flushing, N. Y.
*Charles M'Intosh, Dalkeith Palace, near Edinburgh.

J. E. Mitchell, Philadelphia.
*Giuseppe Monarchini, M. D., Canea, Isle of Candia.

]6douakd Morren, Editor of the Belgique Horticole, Liege, Belgium.
*HoRATio Newhall, M. D., Galena, 111.
*David W. Offley, late U. S. Consular Agent, Smyrna, Turkey.

James Ombrosi, U. S. Consul, Florence, Italy.
*JoHN J. Palmer, New York.
*ViCTOR Paquet, Paris.

*JoHN W. Parker, late U. S. Consul at Amsterdam, Holland.
*Andre Parmentier, Brooklyn, N. Y.

William Paul, Waltham Cross, London, N.
*SiR Joseph Paxton, M. P., Chatsworth, England.
*JoHN L Payson, late U. S. Consul at Messina, Sicily.
*CoM. Matthew C. Perry, U. S. Navy, Charlestown.

*David Porter, late U. S. Charge d' Affaires at the Ottoman Porte, Con-
stantinople.
■"Alfred Stratton Prince, Flushing, N. Y.
♦William Robert Prince, Flushing, N. Y.

P. T. QuiNN, Newark, N. J.

Rev. Rushton Radclyffe, London, England.
*WiLLiAM Foster Redding, Baltimore, Md.

D. Redmond, Ocean Springs, Miss.

Dr. S. Reynolds, Schenectady, N. Y.
"■John H. Richards, M. D., Illinois.

Charles V. Riley, Entomologist to the U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.
*MoNS. J. RiNZ, Jr., Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany.
*Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgewortli, Herts, England.

William Robinson, Editor of The Garden, London.

COREESPONDING MEMBERS. 343

*Bernhard Roesek, M. D., Bamberg, Bavaria.
*Dr. J. Smyth Rogers, New York.
*Capt. William S. Rogers, U. S. Navy.
*Thomas Rotch, Philadelphia.
*George R. Russell, Roxbury.

John B. Russell, Newmarket, N, J.
*Rev. John Lewis Russell, Salem.

William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
*WiLLiAM Shaler, late U. S. Consul-General at Havana, Cuba.
*William Shaw, New York.
*Caleb R. Smith, Burlington, N. J.
*Daniel D. Smith, Burlington, N. J.

*GiDEON B. Smith, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.
*JoHN Jay Smith, Germantown, Penn.
*Horatio Sprague, late U. S. Consul at Gibraltar.

Robert W. Starr, Port William, Nova Scotia.

Dr. Joseph Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas.
*Capt. Thomas Holdup Stevens, U. S. Navy, Middletown, Conn.

William Fox Strangeway, British Secretary of Legation at Naples, Italy.

Dr. J. Strentzel, 'Martinez, Cal.
*JuDGE E. B. Strong, Rochester, N. Y.
*James p. Sturgis, Canton, China.

William Summer, Pomaria, S. C.

Francis Summerest.
*Prof. Michele Tenorb, late Director of the Botanic Garden at Naples,

Italy.
♦James Englebert Teschemacher, Boston.
*Robert Thompson, Chiswick, near London.
*George C. Thorburn, New York.

Prof. George Thurber, Editor of the American Agriculturist, New York.
*JoHN TiLSON, Jr., Edwardsville, Illinois.

*Cav. Doct. Vincenzo Tineo, Director of the Botanic Garden at Palermo.
*Luther Tucker, Editor of the Cultivator, Albany, N. Y.
♦Carey Tyso, Wallingford, England.
*Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belgium.
♦Alexander Vattemare, Paris.
♦Emilien de Wael, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society, Antwerp,

Belgium.
♦John A. Warder, M. D., late President of the Ohio State Horticultural
Society, North Bend.

Anthony Waterer, Knapp Hill, near Woking, Surrey, England.
♦J. Ambrose Wight, Editor of the Prairie Farmer, Chicago, 111.

Benjamin Samuel Williams, Holloway, London, N.

Professor John Wilson, Edinburgh University, Scotland.
♦William Wilson, New York.
♦Hon. J. F. Wingate, Bath, Me.
♦Gen. Joshua Wingate, Portland, Me.
♦Joseph Augustus Winthrop, Charleston, S. C.

CONTENTS.

Page

Prefatory Note, 159

Business Meeting, April 7, 1883 ; Delegates to the Meeting of the Ameri-
can Pomological Society, p. IGl; Standard of Classification of Roses,
161; Appropriations for 1883, 161, 162; Election of Members, . . 162

Business Meeting, May 5; Standard of Classification of Roses, p. 162;

Letter from the Imperial Russian Horticultural Society, . . . 162, 163
Business Meeting, June 2; Decease of Parker Barnes announced, p. 163;

Plates of Tuberous Rooted Begonias, 163 ; Election of Members, . . 163

Business Meeting, July 7; Delegates to the Meeting of the American
Pomological Society, pp. 163,164; Project of a Grand Horticultural

Exhibition, 164; Election of Members, 164

Business Meeting, August 4 ; Delegate to the Meeting of the American
Pomological Society, p. 1G5; Decease of Dr. John A. Warder, Lemuel
Clapp, and George Craft announced, 165 ; Committee on Nominations,

165 ; Election of Members, 165

Business Meeting, September 1 ; Resolutions in Memory of Dr. John A.
Warder, pp. 166, 167; Lemuel Clapp, 167, 168; Parker Barnes, 168, 169;
George Craft, 169 ; Report of Nominating Committee presented, 169,
170 ; Declination of C. H. B. Breck and Vote of Thanks, 170 ; Election

of Members, 170

Business Meeting, September 22; Execution of Mortgage authorized, . 170,171
Business Meeting, October 6; Annual Election, pp. 171, 173, 174; Appro-
priation for Committee of Arrangements, 171, 172; Committee on Rules
for Exhibitions, 172; Lepidoptera Exhibited, 172; Remarks of Presi-
dent Hayes, Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Rev. A. B. Muzzey, and Mrs. H.

L. T. Wolcott, 172, 173; Election of Members, 173

Business Meeting, November 3; Appropriations for 1884 174

Business Meeting, December 1 ; Reports of Committees on Plants and
Flowers, Fruits, Vegetables, Publication and Discussion, and of
Secretary read, p. 175; Further time granted Committees on Library,
Gardens, and of Arrangements, 175; Award for Exhibition of Lepidop-
tera, 175; List of Prizes for 1884 reported, 175; Report of Committee on
Large and Interesting Trees, 175; Professor Robinson added to Com-
mittee, 175; Improving Nomenclature of Fruits, 176, 176; Member
added to Committee on Rules, 176 ; Meetings for Discussion announced,

176; Election of Members 176

Business IMeeting, December 8; Reports of Committees on Library and
Garden read, p. 170; Schedule of Prizes adopted, 177; Exemption of •
Horticultural Societies from Taxation, 177

11 CONTENTS.

Page
Meeting fob Discussion ; Hedge Plants and Hedges, by John J. Thomas,

pp. 177-183; Discussion, 183-187

Business Meeting, December 15; Rules for Exhibitions, .... 187,188
Meeting foe Discussion; Greenhouse for an Amateur, by William D.

Philbrick, pp. 188-195; Discussion, 192-200

Business Meeting, December 22 ; Report of Committee of Arrangements
read, p. 201 ; Exemption of Horticultural Societies from Taxation, 201 ;

Appointment of Treasurer and Secretary, 201

Meeting FOE Discussion ; Carnations and Pansies, . . . . . . 201—209

Business Meeting, December 29; Decease of Dr. L. E. Berckmans an-
nounced, 209

Meeting foe Discussion • Hybrid Perpetual Roses, 210—216

Kepoet of the Committee on Plants and Flowees; Introduction, p.
217; Azalea and Rose Show, 217, 218; Pelargonium Exhibition, 218,
219; Rhododendron Show, 219; Rose and Strawberry Exhibition,
220-222; Annual Exhibition, 222-226; Chrysanthemum Show, 226-228;
Miscellaneous Exhibits, 228-233 ; Prizes and Gratuities awarded, . . 234-252
Repoet of the Committee on Feuits, pp. 253-257 ; Prizes and Gratuities

awarded, . . . . , 258-270

Repoet of the Committee on Vegetables, pp. 271-275 ; Prizes and Gra-
tuities awarded, , 276-284

Repoet of the Committee on Gaedens ; Introduction, p. 285 ; Pine Hill,
the Residence of Hon. Francis B. Hayes, 285, 286 ; Residence of Ben-
jamin G. Smith, 286-290

Repoet of the Committee of Aeeangements, 291, 292

Repoet of the Committee on Publication and Discussion, . . . 293
Repoet of the Committee on the Libeaey, pp. 294-296; Library Acces-
sions, 296-311; Books, etc., wanted, 311-313

Repoet of the Seceetaey and Libeaeian, 314

Report of the Teeasueee, 315-318

Repoet of the Finance Committee, 317

Mount Aubuen Cemeteey, 319, 320

Officees and Standing Committees foe 1884, ■ 321, 322

Membees of the Society: Life, pp. 323-329; Annual, 330-333; Honorary,

334-338; Corresponding, 339-343

Exteact fbom the Constitution and By-Laws, ...... 333

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