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LIBRARY

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL

COLLEGE

No.

SOURCI

OOCL .

SB
21

m3k2

This book may be kept out

TWO WEEKS

only, and is subject to a fine of TWO
CENTS a day thereafter. It will be due on
the day indicated below.

TRANSACTIONS

Passa cljiisctts firrtiailtoral ^metg

FOR THE YEAE 1906

PART I

BOSTON
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND SIX

CHAPEL l^f^^-f>1

Massachusetts Horticultural Society
* 1906

The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts
under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and Publications.

Communications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi-
cations, exhibitions, and membership, may be addressed to William
P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, No. 300 IMassachusetts
Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts.

J. Woodward Manning,

Chairman Committee
James H. Bowditch y on

John A. Pettigrew [ Lectures and

Edward B. W'ilder | Publications

E. W. Wood

CONTENTS

The Inaugural Meeting 7

Horticultural Papers and Discussions

On the Importation of Beneficial Insects from One

Comitry to Another. Bij L. 0. Hoivard, Ph. D. 11

Garden Accessories: Their PossibiUties in Country

and City Gardens. Bi/ Loving Underwood . . 21

General Discussion on the Best New England Fruits.

Opened by E. W. Wood 27

General Discussion on Vegetable Growing. Opened

by Warren W. Raivson ..... 33

Worn-out Farms and their Possibilities. By Prof. W.

AI. Munson . 37

General Discussion on Hardy Flowers. Opened by

Edward 0. Orpet ....... 51

General Discussion on Tender Flowers. Opened by

William N. Craig . . . . . . 61

General Discussion on Small Fruits. Opened by

Wilfrid Wheeler 69

30665

THE INAUGURAL MEETING, JANUARY 6, 1906.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE *■

190G, Part I.

INAUGURAL MEETING.

The Inaugural Meeting of the Society for the year 1906 was
held at Horticultural Hall, Boston, on Saturday, January 6, at
twelve o'clock, noon.

In the absence of President Estabrook, Vice-President Hunne-
well presided, and there were thirty members present.

Mr. Hunnewell said, in calling the meeting to order, that it was
to be regretted that the condition of President Estabrook's health
was such that it was not advisable for him to be with us during
the colder months of the year.

He then called for the annual reports for the year 1905 which
were presented as follows:

Report of the Board of Trustees.

Report of the Treasurer.

Report of the Secretary and Librarian.

Report of the Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture, Wil-
liam H. Spooner.

Report of the Finance Committee, Walter Hunnewell, chairman.

Report of the Committee on Lectures and Publications, J. Wood-
ward Manning, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions, J. K. M.
L. Farquhar, Chairman.

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers, x\rthur H.
Fewkes, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Fruits, AYilfrid ^Yheeler, Chair-
man.

Report of the Committee on Vegetables, ^Yarren W. Rawson,
Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Gardens, Oakes Ames, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on School Gardens and Native Plants,
Henry Saxton Adams, Chairman.

Report of the Inspector to the State Board of Agriculture,
Francis H. Appleton.

The reports read were separately accepted and with a few which
were omitted on account of lack of time or of which only a summary
was given were referred to the Committee on Lectures and Pub-
lications.

Mr. Rawson, in connection \nth his report, read a tribute to
the memory of Joshua C. Stone, for the past six years a member
of the Committee on Vegetables. It was voted that the memorial
be incorporated in the report of the Committee on Vegetables.

Adjourned.

William P. Rich,

Secretary.

HORTICULTURAL PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS.

ON THE IMPORTATION OF BENEFICIAL INSECTS
FROM ONE COUNTRY TO ANOTHER.

BY L. O. HOWARD, Ph.D.

Delivered before the Society with stereopticon illustrations,
January 13, 1906.

(Author's abstract.)

There are many large groups of insects which are parasitic
in their habits and which destroy other insects. There are other
large groups which are predatory in their habits and feed upon
other insects. There is hardly an injurious insect which does
not have its natural enemies in its own class. Sometimes the
natural enemies will have the upper hand and the injurious species
will be greatly reduced in numbers. Again the natural enemies
will be reduced and the injurious species will abound. AVherever
an injurious insect exists under normal conditions and in its orig-
inal home, its natural enemies as a rule keep it in check and pre-
vent its unlimited multiplication. But now with the large-scale
•expansion of agriculture and horticulture, and with the constantly
increasing rapidity of traffic between countries, it has frequently
happened that injurious insects have been introduced from one
country to another without their natural enemies, and have conse-
quently multiplied to an enormous degree. The United States
has suffered especially from accidentally introduced insect pests
mainly coming from Europe. About one-half of the injurious
insects of first-class importance now existing in the United States
were accidentally introduced from some foreign country.

A great interest in the handling of insects by means of their
natural enemies has constantly been increasing in many parts of
the Avorld since the year 1888 when the strildngly successful search
for the natural enemies of the fluted scale (Icerya purchasi) was
begun under the auspices of the United States Department of
Agriculture. But the idea was an old one. Dr. Asa Fitch, for-

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

merly the State Entomologist of Xew York, was probably the
first entomologist in America or elsewhere to take this question
into serious consideration. In 1854, following a disastrous attack
upon the wheat crop of the eastern United States by the wheat
midge {Diplosis tritici), a species accidentally introduced from
Europe during the early part of that century, Doctor Fitch made
a careful study of the insect both in this country and from the
European records, and was impressed with the fact that in Europe
the insect in ordinary seasons did no damage, and that when
occasionally it became so multiplied as to attract notice it was a
transitory evil which subsided soon. He compared the insects
taken from wheat in flower in France with those taken from wheat
in flower in New York, and he found that in France the wheat
midge consisted of but seven per cent of the insects thus taken
while its parasites consisted of eighty-five per cent; whereas in
New York the wheat midge formed fifty-nine per cent of the
insects captured and there were no" parasites of which he could
be certain. He then came to the conclusion that it was a question
of introducing the parasites into the United States, and he made
an effort by correspondence with English entomologists, which
however was a failure owing to the fact that he was unable to
enlist the active cooperation of his correspondents.

Later William LeBaron, State Entomologist of Illinois, at-
tempted to transport a parasite of the oyster-shell bark-louse of the
apple from one part of the State of Illinois to another part of the
same State where the parasites seemed to be lacking. Some slight
success was reported, but the parasite subsequently proved to be
one of general American distribution.

Another international attempt was made in 1873, when Planchon
and Riley introduced an American predatory mite into France.
The mite was an enemy of the grapevine Phylloxera, and became
established in France, but produced no appreciable results in the
way of checking the pest. In 1874 efforts were made to send cer-
tain parasites of plant-lice from England to New Zealand, but with-
out recorded results of value. In 1880, in an article in the Annual
Report of the Department of Agriculture for that year, the speaker
shoAA'ed that the transportation of scale-insect parasites is especially
easy and especially desirable. In 1883 Prof. C. V. Riley imported a.

PARASITES FOR IXSECT PESTS. 13

■common European parasite (Apanteles gloinerafus) of the im])orted
cabbage worm from England into the United States. It has since
established itself in this country and is a valuable aid in cabbage
culture.

All previous experiments were completely overshadowed by
the remarkable results of the importation of Novius {Vedalia)
cardinalis, a ladybird, from Australia into California in 1889.
For three years beginning with 1886, Professor Riley, then Ento-
xnologist of the Department of Agriculture, had recommended
to the authorities in Washington that an effort be made to study
the natural enemies of the scale in Australia and to introduce
them into California, since he had determined by correspondence
that Australia was the original home of the species and that on
that continent the scale was not especially injurious. California
fruit growers petitioned Congress to the same effect. Finally,
during the winter of 1887-88, the Secretary of State, at the request
of the Commissioner of Agriculture and of Professor Riley and
of Mr. Frank McCoppin, of California, Commissioner-General
to the Melbourne Exposition, appropriated funds for this purpose;
and an assistant in the Division of Entomology, IMr. Albert Koebele,
was sent to Australia on the jNIelbourne Exposition fund. He
found the famous ladybird, Vedalia cardinalis, in North Adelaide,
and made several sendings to southern California where the insects
were cared for by another assistant in the Division of Entomology,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, jNIr. D. W. Coquillett. In less
than a year, on Californian soil, the ladybird had multiplied so
extensively as to practically destroy the fluted scale and to reduce
it to a condition where it Avas no longer a factor in the cultivation
of oranges and lemons. The same insect was later introduced
from California into New Zealand and into Portugal and into
Egypt, with similar striking results. In 1893 !Mr. Koebele resigned
from the Department of Agriculture and AAas employed by the
State Board of Horticulture of California to proceed again to
Australia and other points in a general search for beneficial insects.
He made extensive trips and imported a number of beneficial
insects into California, one of which, a ladybird known as Rhizo-
bius veyitralis, proved to be of value in reducing the numbers of
the black scale in such pqrtions of California as were near the

14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sea, notably in the large olive plantations owned by Mr. Elhvood
Cooper, of Santa Barbara. Hundreds of thousands of the beetles
were distributed in California, and in some localities kept the-
black scale in check. Away from the moist coast regions, how-
evei'j it proved to l)e less effective.

Subsequently the speaker introduced from Italy a curious little
Chalcidid parasite known as ScuteUisfa cijanca, and endeavored
to acclimatize the species in Louisiana upon the wax scale. The
parasites, however, died out. Later other specimens of the same
parasite were sent to the speaker from South Africa by Mr. C. P.
Lounsbury with the statement that it is there a parasite of the
black scale. \Vith Mr. Lounsbury's help. South African specimens
were introduced into California and there colonized by Mr. E. M.
Ehrhorn, Horticultural Inspector for Santa Barbara County,
and Mr. Alexander Craw, Quarantine Officer of the State Board
of Horticulture. The first successful introduction occurred in
1900, and during the following years it was constantly distributed
in California and by the close of 1903 many orchards had been
practically freed from the black scale and the good work still
continues.

After Mr. Koebele's second oriental trip he resigned his position
in California and was employed by the newly estal)lished Hawaiian
Republic for the purpose of traveling and collecting beneficial
insects to be introduced into Hawaii. He has since continued
his work under that government and has imported many insects
some of which are said to have accomplished good results. For
example, a ladybird known as Coccinella repanda was brought by
him from Australia and China and is said to have exterminated
plant-lice on sugar cane and other crops. Another ladybird,
Crijpiolaemus motif rouzieri, is said to have destroyed the scale
insects on coffee plants and other trees; while a Chalcidid para-
site known as Chalcis ohscurata, introduced from China and Japan,,
is rejiorted to have multiplied enormously at the expense of an
injurious caterpillar which had attacked banana and palm trees.

The San Jose scale, while attacked by various internal para-
sites proved in the eastern United States to thrive in spite of their
presence, and in 1901 and 1902 Mr. C. L. Marlatt, Assistant
Chief of the Division of Entomology pf the Department of Agri-

PARASITES FOR INSECT PESTS. 15

culture, made a trip of exploration in oriental countries, lasting
more than a year. He found the original home of the San Jose
scale to be North China, where its original host plant is a little
haw apple which grows wild over the hills. He found there every-
where a ladybird known as Chilocorus similis, feeding in all stages
upon the San Jose scale. Specimens of these were shipped to
Washington and bred freely, afterwards being sent in colonies-
to various parts of the United States. The colonies at Washington
were practically exterminated the second year by an American
parasite of ladybird beetles, and among the colonies sent out
those in the North did not succeed in establishing themselves.
In the South, however, the species increased and is still maintain-
ing itself although the universal use of the lime, sulphur, and salt
washes has prevented it from becoming an important feature in
the insect fauna of that region.

After jNIr. Koebele left California to go to Hawaii, jNIr. George
Compere was sent by the State Board of Horticulture of Cali-
fornia to make investigations and to send to California such bene-
ficial insects as he deemed of probable value. Later he entered
the employment of the government of Western Australia, and has.
since been traveling in various parts of the world, partly in the
interest of Western Australia and jxirtly in the interest of the State
of California. Several species have been discovered by him and
sent to California, all of them being desirable additions to the
California fauna, although the last reports from the Commissioner
of Horticulture do not indicate that any of them have as yet done
work of any great value. Mr. Compere's latest importation into
California is a European Ichneumon fly known as Calliephialtes
messor, a species which occurs commonly throughout Europe and
which has been recorded as an European enemy of the wax moth
(Galleria mellonella). This parasite was found in Spain feeding
upon the codling moth larvae, and he imported specimens into
California. It is said to have already established itself there and
to promise good results. Mr. Compere has also imported several
beneficial insects into Western Australia, the one which he thinks,
will accomplish the best results being a parasite of the so-called
fruit fly {Ceratitis capifafa) which he found in Brazil.

The speaker described his visit of the previous summer to Europe
to originate an extensive effort to import the European parasites.

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of the gypsy moth and the brown-tail moth into Massachusetts
and to accHmatize them in that State. He showed that both of
these insects are well known in Europe and are by no means as
injurious on that continent as they prove to be in Massachusetts.
They are known to have many natural enemies and parasites in
Eiu'ope. Fifty-two species of })arasites have been recorded for
the gypsy moth by Euro])ean entomologists, and nearly the same
number for the brown-tail moth. The speaker visited Europe
during June and July, 1905, and secured the sending from Italy,
Austria, parts of Germany and Switzerland of large numbers of
parasitized full-grown larvae and pupae of the gypsy moth to
Boston. From these specimens were reared six distinct species
of parasites, and of these about 500 puparia of Tachina larvarmn,
one of the largest and most important of the European parasites,
were secured and kept for overwintering in an apparently healthy
condition. Numerous specimens of a smaller Tachina fly were
also secured. The other parasites from these particular sendings
were unimportant. Arrangements were made in Europe with a
large number of experienced collectors and with the official ento-
mologists of different countries, so that the work of sending para-
sitized specimens over to America will be continued systematically
for two years to come. The work of 1905 has shown that it is
an easy matter to import these parasites in living condition, and,
with the abundance of food which they will find in Massachusetts,
there can be little doubt that they will establish themselves and
will rapidly increase, eventually bringing about the same condition
of natural equilibrium that exists in Europe.

The assistance and cooperation of official European entomolo-
gists were. readily gained, both on account of their general interest
in such matters and of the fact that the United States can be of
use to their countries in a similar way. Thus already, the speaker
stated, he had shipped sendings of Diaspis pentagona and Mytil-
a.s-pi.i ciiricola to official entomologists in Italy and France in the
hope that American parasites of these species will issue on European
soil.*

*During the winter of 1905-06, 116,000 nests of the brown-tail moth were brought
over from many different localities in Europe. These were installed in the labora-
tory at SauRUs, and at the date of writing over 40,000 primary parasites have issued
and are being colonized in the vicinity of Boston. L. O. H. May 31, 1906.

PARASITES FOR INSECT PESTS. 17

It will appear from what has been said that some excellent
results have been obtained in this introduction work. Very many
experiments have resulted negatively, and many of the insects
imported have not proved to be of great success, but every natural
enemy of an injurious species, once established, is more or less
of a help in the warfare against the pest. When a great success
is achieved like that of the introduction of the Australian ladybird
or the African Scutellista, the saving which results far more than
compensates for the expenses of long-continued travel and investi-
gation.

Finally, it must be stated that in experimental work of this kind,
v,-hen conducted by the right men, there is no danger. The his-
toric cases of the introduction of the English sparrow into the
United States, of the East Indian mongoos into the West Indies,
and of the European rabbit into Australia, are often mentioned
in connection with these importations of beneficial insects and
as warnings. But parasitic insects are always parasitic upon other
insects and nearly always upon injurious species. Predatory
insects are always predatory upon other insects. There is not the
slightest danger that any of these importations will become destruc-
tive to agriculture except in the indirect way in which a secondary
parasite, by destroying a primary parasite, may thus liberate an
injurious insect from attack. Persons engaged in this work,
therefore, should be able readily to distinguish between primary
parasites and hyperparasites.

Referring in conclusion to the importation of the natural enemies
of the g}T3sy moth and brown-tail moth, the speaker stated that
the prospects on the whole are favorable for eventual relief. He
stated, however, that this relief will not be speedy, and property
holders in the infested regions must not relax their efforts to keep
the injurious insects down. Observations during the past years
have shown that the complete defoliation which results from the
attacks of the insects will kill certain varieties of trees in two
seasons, and if work against the insects is remitted while waiting
for the parasites to develop, the consequent loss will be very great.

18 massachusetts horticultural society.

Discussion.

At the conclusion of Dr. Howard's address the Chairman stated
that opportunity was offered for any questions on the subject.

James H. Bowditch said that he would like to ask the Lecturer
if he would not advise the acceptance, as a matter of additional
precaution, of the offer of Hon. Ellwood Cooper of California,
who guarantees to introduce effective parasites for the sum of
$25,000, to be paid only when the work is a proven success.

Dr. Howard replied that he had a good opinion of Mr. Cooper
and that the work in California in the line of introduction of para-
sitic insects had in some instances been successful, but if the work
in Massachusetts should prove a success how should we know
when both were working in the same field, whether his parasites
or those of the U. S. Department of Agriculture were producing
the better results? And, therefore,, how would the State know
whether to pay Mr. Cooper the remuneration mentioned ?

Mr. Bowditch replied that it did not make any difference to
us, the sufferers, whose parasites they were, provided we got rid
of the pests. Mr. Cooper proposes to employ George Compere,
who has just been favorably spoken of by Dr. Howard, to work
with him. When a man is critically ill a consultation of doctors
is both proper and desirable and that is the condition in which
we now find ourselves in relation to this great trouble that has
come upon our woodlands and orchards. He said he should be
sorry and disappointed if Mr. Cooper refused to work with Dr.
Howard.

Mr. Bowditch stated that he had consulted with the Attorney
General of the State to learn if it were possible to have the 125,000
set aside for this purpose out of the remaining unexpended balance
of the general state appropriation of $300,000, and was informed
that the question should properly come from Supt. Kirkland,
who had promised to make the inquiry. He had also received
a letter from W. D. Sohier, Esq., who was of the opinion that
the better way would be to engage Mr. Cooper by private sub-
scription, and to this Mr. Bowditch agreed. There was no doubt
that the amount required could be raised easily and he could see
no objection to the business men of Massachusetts taking up the

PARASITES FOR INSECT PESTS. 19

matter and employing Mr. Cooper to perform this work. There
had been received already an offer from an Ex-President of this
Society, Mr. Nathaniel T. Kidder, to be one of five to contribute
.S5000 each under proper conditions, for this purpose. He said
that he certainly hoped that Dr. Howard and Mr. Cooper would
join forces, and that we ought not to neglect any plan that seems to
offer additional prospect of permanent relief.

GARDEN ACCESSORIES: THEIR POSSIBILITIES IN
COUNTRY AND CITY GARDENS.

BY LORING UNDERWOOD, BOSTON.

Delivered before the Society with stereopticon illustrations,
Januaiy 20, 1906.

It gives me a pleasure to meet you today for the purpose of
discussing with you some features of ornamental gardening, such
as fountains, pools, pergolas, arbors, trellises, bowers, terraces,
walls, balustrades, summer-houses or garden-houses, benches,
urns, tables, and figures.

You will pardon me if I take advantage of the chance the stere-
opticon offers me to monopolize most of the discussion.

While treating with garden accessories I wish to point out the
opportunity for their use in small city-yard gardens; such little
formal gardens as might easily be made out of the typical unsightly
back-yard; but I will first speak of these features in cormection
with the ornamentation of larger gardens.

When I was asked by the lecture committee to give a talk on
this subject of garden accessories, or garden ornaments, or garden
furniture, as you may choose to call it, I thought it would be more
interesting and more instructive to treat the subject in a general
way rather than to talk about each particular style of garden orna-
ment by itself; for the reason that the successful use of these
features in a garden or on the grounds of a country place must
depend not only upon the design of the accessories themselves
but upon the positions they occupy. The most beautiful arbor,
pergola, summer-house, or fountain may look ugly if it is not
appropriately placed so as to appear in keeping with its surround-
ings. The introduction of such garden accessories as these together
with terraces, pools, walls, sundials, tables, and the like has been
made possible by the ever increasing use of our gardens and home
grounds as out-of-door living rooms.

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The great wave of "garden magic" that is sweeping over us
and is being so enthusiastically encouraged by many magazines
and writers of today is awakening in us the fact that we ought
to make more use of our gardens apart from the pleasure of gather-
ing and caring for flowers; and we ought to make them look
attractive by the introduction of features that will give charm
when there are no flowers in bloom, as is always the case in this
climate six or seven montlis out of the year. There is more to
gardening than the mere raising of flowers. If any person does
not think so he had much better raise his flowers as he would
vegetables, in simple beds by themselves, rather than make a
feeble attempt to dress up his grounds with fantastically arranged
flower beds. And this same princi})le holds true in regard to the
employment of garden accessories. Better make no attempt to
use them at all, if it cannot be done more artistically than we
sometimes see in some country places which have been absolutely
ruined by spotting them with hideous statues and flimsy iron
fountains and the like; but such cases are comparatively rare.

One of the most useful of garden accessories and one that looks
appropriate in almost any garden is a summer-house, or garden-
house, or exedra, as it is sometimes called in Italian gardens.
No matter whether your garden is large or small, formal or natur-
alistic, there is generally a cozy sjjot where a simimer-house would
fit nicely. The intense heat of our summer sun in New England
almost necessitates such a shady retreat where one may sit and
enjoy the beauty of the surroundings. I dare say all of you can
recall many gardens beautiful enough in themselves but decidedly
unliveable because of this hot sun.

The summer-house need not be a pretentious affair unless the
grounds around it are rigidly formal. Some of the most charming
ones are made of red cedar with the bark left on, or of rough oak,
roofed with stout beams and thatched with straw or pine needles.
I have in mind two such simple structures, illustrations of which
I will now show you. This one I had the interesting experience
of constructing unaided on my ])lace in Belmont, and I think I
learned more about carpentering during the time it was being
erected than I could have in years of study in theory. Surely if
bruised hands and hammered thumbs coiuit for anvthing I accom-

GARDEN ACCESSORIES. 23

plished great things. This summer-house is unique because it
is thatched with pine needles. This thatch is a simple one to
make and was suggested to me by the falling of the dead needles
from the pine trees under which the summer-house is built. The
roof was first covered with heavy tarred roofing paper and upon
this was spread a thick coating of coal-tar. AYhile the tar was
still warm, brown pine needles were spread on by the bushel basket
full and the whole was raked smooth until the needles lay quite
flat. The house is absolutely rain-proof, and the yearly supply
of dead needles from the trees overhead makes up for the loss of
those that decay in the process of weathering. Of course it is an
ideal structure for vines and climbers, and these help its appearance
by giving it an air of repose and dignity. When we consider the
many uses that a summer-house may afford we wonder that there
are not more of them.

Other accessories that give a shady retreat in a garden are per-
golas, arbors, trellises, and bowers. These might all be classed
as cousins in the garden family, or even closer relations, so much
do they resemble one another, both in form and purpose, namely:
the covering of pathways with vines and greenery, letting in just
enough light and air to produce comfort, and to make vistas through
the glimmering light and shade. Flowering vines never appear
to better advantage than when trained on the posts and cross-beams
of a pergola, making an airy tunnel of greenery and bright color.
But the raising of vines and climbers is not alone excuse enough
for building a pergola. Such a structure should lead to something,
to a garden seat or a summer-house, or it should connect one part
of a garden with another. The pergola may be an elaborate affair
of stone columns supporting heavy oak beams, interlaced over-
head like those seen in Italy, or it may be made entirely of wood
with simple upright posts and cross-beams with the bark left on.
Many of the attractive arbors of lattice work seen in some of our
old Colonial gardens are modified pergolas, and they are often
used for the purpose of raising grapes. #

Another feature that is not introduced enough in our gardens
and one that always produces a magical effect when properly used,
is water as a fountain, or in a simple pool where one may raise
water plants. The very sound and appearance of water in a gar-

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

den produces a cooling effect, and aside from the enjoyment derived
from the musical splashing of a little fountain, the reflection of
sky and flowers will give a charm to a garden never to be forgotten.

The only objections that I have ever heard to this kind of garden
accessory are that it is expensive to supply the water, and that
mosquitoes will breed in these miniature ponds. As for the cost
of supplying water, I know this to be very small even in the City
of Boston, for I had a fountain and pool constructed for the Garden
Studio last summer and the charge is but ten dollars a year for a
continuous supply through a three-eighth inch jet. One need
not fear of mosquitoes breeding if there are a few fish in the water,
for it is well known that mosquito larvae will be eaten by them as
fast as the mosquitoes' eggs are hatched. The most serviceable
material for building fountains and water basins is composition
stone, made of cement, and it produces a simple and artistic effect
that is vastly different from the hideous appearance of most of the
iron work of this nature. I venture' to say that many of our gar-
dens have not enough of the air of seclusion which is generally
so necessary for the successful introduction of fountains or pools.
It is the restful kind of garden surrounded by hedges or trees that
invites this sort of accessory.

The garden seat is an accessory that should be welcome in any
garden. How transient many gardens seem because of the absence
of a convenient bench that would invite one to take time enough
to enjoy the surroundings. There is hardly a limit to the number
of designs suitable for garden seats and benches, and yet how
homely is the stereotype affair we so often see in parks and public
gardens. Now that composition stone has become so useful for
making garden ornaments, there is not much difficulty in finding
graceful seats and benches that will last forever. Good ones can
be bought for about twenty dollars. Some of the more elaborate
seats are covered to keep out the sunlight, and to give a chance
for climbers to grow upon them. Many of these are quite large
so that they have the appearance of small summer-houses.

The much discussed Italian garden is dependent upon such
accessories as walls and terraces and steps, but this form of garden-
ing is often misunderstood by people who try to fit it into loca-
tions where it is absolutely uncalled for; and the term Italian garden

GARDEN ACCESSORIES. 25

is applied by the unthinking to any kind of garden that has in the
least degree a formal layout. Of course it is on the hillside that
this sort of garden is built in Italy. A flat situation calls for a
different treatment, and, although walls are often used with success
in level gardens, they are walls that are quite different from the
heavy retaining-^ all of the Italian garden; they are used more as
one would use a hedge. Walls and terraces are to a garden what
the walls of a house are to its interior. Their excuse for being
should be for support or for giving an air of privacy and protection.
I think you will agree that such gardens have a charm quite dis-
tinct from all others.

Other accessories that serve a useful purpose and are much
admired for their ornamental qualities are well-curbs, urns and
pots, tables, sundials, gazing-globes, and figures. I have seen
many little gardens where one of these decorative pieces served
as a keynote to the entire situation, around which paths and flower
beds were arranged in such a manner as to make an agreeable
picture of the whole. x\t the intersection of paths, at the end of
a walk or pergola, or in front of a garden-house are some of the
situations where these pieces may be placed so as to give one the
impression that they must be where they are or else the garden
would lose much of its charm. The relation that these smaller
garden ornaments bear to their surroundings must be as carefully
studied as the placing of the larger accessories.

I should like to take up in detail each of these smaller accessories
but the time allotted for this lecture is not sufficient. However,
I want to call your attention to the great possibilities in this field
of garden accessories as applied to the city back-yards. These
yards, as they exist for the most part in the homes of our well-to-
do people, are a disgrace to the community. Neat, some of them
may be, but what ugliness is to be seen when one looks out of a
dining-room window and sees an assortment of clothes and clothes-
lines, ash-barrels, garbage-boxes and the like, all up and down the
line.

To convince you that these yards can be made beautiful, and
at the same time practicable and serviceable, let us look at some
illustrations of two Boston yards that have been successfully
remodeled.

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

One is a l)ack yard on Beacon Street, the accessory features of
which are almost complete, the other is The Garden Studio that
1 had the interesting experience of installing last summer. This
yard is dependent upon its accessories for its attractiveness. For
there is but little sunlight to support vines and other plants except
the shade-enduring varieties. Because these city yard-gardens
must be made attractive during fall, winter, and spring, when
there is little vegetation, it is necessary to treat them in this semi-
architectural fashion by the introduction of such garden accessories
as I have mentioned.

Let us hope that the ever increasing regard for our gardens as
places that should give comfort and beauty combined will lead
to a fuller appreciation of the proper use of garden accessories.

GENERAL^DISCUSSION'ON THE BEST NEW ENGLAND
" FRUITS.

OPENED BY E. W. WOOD, WEST NEWTON, MASS.

Saturday, January 27, 1906.

A discussion on the subject of the best varieties of fruit adapted
for general cultivation in New England was held at Horticultural
Hall today. James H. Bowditch of the Committee on Lectures
presided and introduced as the first speaker E. W. Wood of West
Newton.

Mr. Wood said that the subject today, that of the best varieties
of fruits for cultivation in New England, was an important one,
especially for those intending to begin fruit growing in this section
of the country. It is essential to know what varieties do well here
and are the most profitable to grow, for it costs no more to grow
good fruits than those of an inferior quality.

Years ago this market was flooded with innumerable varieties
of pears, especially, of French and German origin, and as the pear
is a long-lived tree, many of the products of these old trees are
even at this day brought in for identification and are scarcely known.

The apple is our most important production in the fruit line,
and of the thousands of varieties in existence the following list can
be recommended : Astrachan, Williams, Gravenstein, Hubbardston,
Mcintosh, Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, and Roxbury Russet.
A small selection from the great number in general cultivation but
all of them will be found valuable.

The pear is undoubtedly the next important fruit in New Eng-
land and can be grown more successfully and of better quality
in the immediate vicinity of Boston than in any other part of the
country, and we are not ashamed to compare ours with those of
other localities.

In years past at the exhibitions of this Society Marshall P.

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Wilder showed 317 named varieties of pears and Charles M.
Hovey, 2G0. Col. ^Yilder was asked how many of these he would
advise growing. He replied by holding up his two hands, upon
the fingers of which could be enumerated the most desirable varie-
ties.

Mr. AVood recommended the following list of pears: Bartlett,.
Bosc, Sheldon, Seckel, Dana's Hovey, and Anjou.

The Bartlett is so well known that it hardly needs mention and
the Bosc is one of the finest. The Sheldon is also well known
and a good market variety. The Seckel is the standard of quality
with which all others are compared.. The Dana's Hovey, a seed-
ling from the Seckel, is a favorite and one of the best selling sorts
on the market. It is sometimes called the Thanksgiving pear
from the season in which it is at its best. The Anjou is considered
the best winter pear although it has lately shown a disposition to
scab and some are grafting it over to other varieties; but this
trouble can doubtless be obviated by proper spraying.

Peaches, as you all know, are uncertain and we have to take
chances w-ith this crop. It is a good plan to plant a few each year,
thus replacing those that succumb to disease or are killed by the
winter weather. However, in Connecticut they are doing more
than we are and are making it reasonably successful.

Among the varieties recommended are the Crawford's Early,
Crosby, Foster, Oldmixon, Carman, and Elberta. In many
seasons the Crosby bears a crop when others fail. The Elberta,
a new variety introduced within ten years, is a handsome peach,
resembling the Crawford.

Cherries should receive more attention than they have had.
The best sorts are the Black Tartarian, Downer's Late, and Gov.
Wood.

Interest in plums has increased during the last few years with
the introduction of several varieties from Japan, among which
the Abundance and Burbank are noteworthy. Of our own kinds
the Bradshaw, Washington, and Lombard will prove more satis-
factory than others.

In grapes the list of desirable varieties is a long one but the
following are recommended: Worden, Concord, and Moore's-
Early, for purple varieties; Niagara and Pocklington for white;:

THE BEST NEW ENGLAND FRUITS. 29

and the Brighton for red. The Brighton has foreign blood in it
and is a specially good grape.

Perhaps no fruit pi'oduces a greater quantity in the space required
than does the strawberry, and it is profitable in a larger area if the
home market is catered to. The local trade should be supplied
by home growers instead of having to depend on shipments from
the city commission merchants.

The INIarshall is the noblest berry we have ever had; it is of good
form and color and of large size. It is claimed that it is not as
productive as some other kinds, but this is owing to its being grown
too thick; the matted leaves preventing the ripening of the fruit.
The Clyde is not to be compared with the Marshall in quality.
Other good varieties are the Brandywine, Bubach, Sample, and
Minute jNIan. The Minute Man is one of the more recently intro-
duced varieties and is a handsome berry, of medium size, bright
colored and attractive.

In currants the two best kinds are the Versaillaise and Fay's.

Blackberries and raspberries are too uncertain to grow in market
quantities and we cannot compete with the growers further south.
The Dorchester and Kittatinny prove satisfactory for domestic
use and for commercial purposes.

James, H. Bowditch called attention to the work of Luther
Burba nk in California and to his very successful efforts in the
hybridization and improvement of various kinds of fruit.

John L. Bird spoke highly of the Comice pear which he considered
the best pear in his orchard and will keep until January. He said
the Comice and the Josephine are two extra quality pears.

Mr. Wood remarked that the Comice is not productive enough
to be admitted into his list.

Lysander S. Richards called attention to the Sheldon pear which
he said was showing signs of degeneration from some cause which
he could not understand, and that it cracked badly with him. He
endorsed what had been said of the Marshall strawberry and that
it was without doubt the best variety in the market. Seven-eighths
of the berries shipped out of Scituate were Marshalls.

Edward B. Wilder said that the reason of the raspberry crop
being so uncertain was that the canes were not protected in the

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

winter. He always laid down his canes and covered them with a
little earth and was always sure of a good crop.

jNIr. Wood remarked that no one around here now grows rasp-
berries to any extent; it involved too much extra labor and care.

Samuel H. Warren said that raspberries were grown in his town
(Weston) to a considerable extent. He formerly grew the Cuthbert,
but had experienced a good deal of trouble from knot in the roots,
and he now grew a newer variety, the Marlboro. Raspberries
were not very hardy; he formerly kept a bed for ten years, now
he has to renew it about every four or five years. Speaking of the
Dorchester blackberry he said that he did not consider it very
hardy and, unless it was laid down and covered with earth, it was
a very uncertain crop. He preferred the Snyder and if he were
going to set out blackberries today it would be the Snyder variety,
although it was not ec[ual in quality to the Dorchester.

He said that the success of the Clyde strawberry depended
wholly upon the season and that it was the Avorst of all kinds in
wet weather, for then it would rot badly. The Senator Dunlap,
a variety of recent introduction, though not a large berry, was of
extra quality.

John Ward stated that the cultivation of strawberries had been
his occupation for the past sixty years and he gave some of the
results of his observations.

The old way was to set out the plants in the spring and leave
them to grow in a matted bed, taking care not to have them cover
the ground too closely. In the last few years he had seen the
result of setting out plants in August and September, instead of
in the spring, and he had been inciuced, some five years ago, to
try that course. Taking the plants from the alleys of an old bed,
they grew slowly and made but poor plants to stand the winter
and bear fruit the next season. To have good, thrifty growth
they must be young, vigorous plants taken from plants set the fall
before, and if the ground becomes dry after setting water must be
liberally applied.

Three years ago he set out a lot of plants about the middle of
August; the weather was favorable and they made a good growth
before winter. The land was fertilized with stable manure about
the same as for other crops, and in November they were covered

THE BEST NEW ENGLAND FRUITS. 31

with coarse, strawy stable manure, put on early enough to have
the rains carry the strength underground before the ground was
frozen. There were planted three varieties, Marshall, Sample,
and Clyde. They were set in rows one foot apart and ten inches
apart in the row, with an alley of two feet between every two rows.
The lot of land was 132 by 12 feet or 1584 square feet. On this
lot were picked 364 quarts, being at the rate of 10,000 baskets to
the acre. He exhibited the products of this lot at the Society's
exhibition, taking the Special Lyman Prize for the best four quarts
of Marshall, $15.00; also the first prizes for two quarts of Marshall,
Sample, and Clyde, $3.00 each. Last year they did not do as well,
not having so good plants, and a dry season, but they promise well
for the coming year.

Rev. Charles L. Hutchins said that he always envied those who
had information to impart and he had come to this meeting with
the object of asking questions and of securing some of this informa-
tion. He was practically interested in fruit growing.

Although irrelevant to this discussion he desired to call attention
at this time to an association recently organized by those interested
in the culture of asparagus. It is called the Massachusetts Aspar-
agus Growers' Association, and one of its objects is to investigate
the asparagus rust for which no remedy has as yet been found.
The association is in close touch with the Hatch Experiment Sta-
tion at Amherst and also with the Department of Agriculture at
Washington, and it hopes to be of service to asparagus growers
who are invited to join the association.

Another point that he wished to inquire about was as to the
desirability of setting out dwarf trees as fillers in a young orchard
of standards. Prof. Brooks of Amherst advises the setting out of
dAvarf trees and Prof Waugh recommends them for planting
between the standards. He would like to know if Mr. Wood or
any others present had ever had experience in this matter.

Mr. Wood replied that Prof. Waugh is the only person he knows
of who is cultivating dwarf fruit trees to any extent. If all you
want is large fruit you can get it on small trees, but it should be
remembered that the dwarf pear is grown on the quince root and
it will not do well on dry soil. The quince stock thrives best in
heavy, moist land and, therefore, is not to be recommended for the
average orchard.

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Aaron Low stated in reply to Mr. Hutchins' question that he
would recommend peaches and plums for fillers in an apple orchard
rather than dwarf trees. In the matter of strawberry culture
careful consideration of location is required. Some varieties will
not do well unless in the proper conditions. Be sure to inquire
first what variety will succeed best in your location and on your
soil. The variety that grows well on one man's farm might not
on another on account of the difi'erences in the soil and other con-
<litions. He said that the ^^ilson's Albany was a good cropper
but a poor berry, being of a sour flavor, and has been largely
superseded by such varieties as Sample and Clyde which are better
adapted to all localities.

Mr. AYarren disagreed with Mr. Low as to the quality of the
Wilson's Albany strawberry. He said if it was allowed to stand
until ripe it is a most excellent fruit. Its poor reputation had been
acquired by picking it for market before it was sufficiently matured.
The strawberry is a hardy plant and he believed in setting out the
plants in the fall and thereby gaining the advantage of two months'
growth, for they start to grow before you think they are ready
for it. Covering them with leaves is a good thing for winter pro-
tection if removed early enough in the following season.

In regard to the cracking of pears he said that a few years ago
the pears in his orchard cracked badly, but a good dressing of
hard-wood ashes had overcome the trouble.

GENERAL DISCUSSION ON VEGETABLE GROWING.

OPENED BY WARREN W. RAWSON, ARLINGTON, MASS.

Saturday, February 3, 1906.

A meeting for the consideration of the subject of vegetable grow-
ing was held at Horticultural Hall today. Hon. Warren W.
Rawson, Chairman of the Committee on Vegetables, opened the
discussion and spoke as follows:

The necessary requirements for growing good vegetables are
proper soil, good seed, thorough cultivation, and careful attention.

The soil for most vegetables should be of a sandy nature with a
good subsoil for drainage. A soil of this nature is especially
adapted to such crops as lettuce, spinach, radishes, cucumbers,
beets, asparagus, rhubarb, parsnips, peas, beans, celery, tomatoes,
and early cabbages. A heavier soil with a clay subsoil is best for
such crops as onions, late cabbage, early celery, and summer
lettuce. The light or sandy soil can be cultivated much earlier
than the heavy soils and will produce two or three crops each season,
while the heavy soil in most cases produces only one.

The cultivation of the soil is a very important item to the crop
as well as the amount and kind of fertilizer applied. The better
the soil is prepared the earlier and better the crop. It should
never be worked when wet and not too early in the spring before
the frost is out because it is then cold and wet. In this locality
it often happens that land is prepared in the month of March and
then such crops as spinach, lettuce, and radishes are sown. But
it is better not to plant the above until April for then the ground
seldom freezes at night thus resulting in a better germination of
the seed. It will also grow better t]ien than when it is planted too
soon.

On the heavier soils very little is done until the last of April or
the first of May. If the land is twice plowed and well harrowed

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUR-^L SOCIETY.

it slioulil be in proper condition for any crop. I think all land
should be plowed in the fall.

The selection of the seed is very important and requires consider-
able care and attention. Seed is different from any other article
to purchase. Each farmer or market gardener should lay out a
plan of his place so that he will know just how much territory he
will plant to certain crops. Then he can tell how much seed it
will take of the different kinds and can make out his order to the
seedsman for the necessary quantity, estimating the quantity by
the amount of land to be planted. There are many different
ways of purchasing seeds; some will shop around, buying one kind
in one store and another kind in another place, one kind at one
time and another kind at another time. Some pay cash and some
get trusted until the seed is sown and the crop matured. In the
latter case it not infrequently happens that the purchaser will go
to the seedsman in the fall and find fault with some kind of seed
that did not do well in order to get some reduction on the bill,
whereas in reality the blame should be placed on climatic condi-
tions or the method of planting. There are also quite a number
of people who buy at the lowest price, thinking that what they save
on their seed bill is so much off on the expense account. The
seedsmen know these customers and know how to treat them.
They will always have trouble with their seeds for the reasons I
have mentioned. But there are those, and they are nearly always
the prosperous ones, who make out their order, take it to the seeds-
man in whom they have confidence, and tell him that they want
the best he has regardless of price. Such men never have any
trouble with their seeds and the seedsman does all he can for them.
With these men the seeds are always satisfactory and also the price.

The cultivation and care of the crop is the main thing after the
planting is done and should be attended with great care, because
on this depends in many cases the success or failure of the crop.

The amount of fertilizer necessary for each crop depends upon
the crop to be grown and the condition of the soil. Here we have
to take into account the preceding crop and how the soil was treated
for that crop. An application of twenty cords of fine stable manure
per acre is sufficient for almost any crop grown. Stable manure
has been proved to be a complete manure, but if a second crop is

VEGETABLE GROWING. 35

to be grown on the same land an additional ton of some special
fertilizer suitable to that crop is often necessary.

Irrigation is a very important factor in the growing of crops,
especially in the maturing of them. All vegetables are composed
of from seventy to ninety per cent of water and there is a time in
the growth of every crop when it requires a large amount of moisture ;
that is when it is maturing and at that time irrigation is very bene-
ficial; especially is this true in a dry season.

^Yithin the past twenty years a good deal of attention has been
given to the growing of vegetables in greenhouses under glass.
It has been found that crops can be grown to greater perfection
under glass than in the field and by the use of glass many crops
can be grown for market all the year round, practically making
them continuous. These crops which are grown continuously
at a profit are lettuce, cucumbers, radishes, parsley, and tomatoes.
All of these can be grown to greater perfection in houses than out-
side. In fact all crops grown in houses can be grown easier and
better than in the field.

But, after all, the growing of all crops depends more on the man
than anything else. Providing all the other requirements are to
be had, his experience and knowledge of the soil, the crops adapted
to it, and the proper rotation of crops are important factors in the
growth and maturing of every crop.

By far the most important fact to consider is whether the crop
pays for the growing. This can only be ascertained by keeping
careful account of every crop grown. By doing this you can tell
whether this or that particular crop is profitable and if it is not it
would be better to discard it and grow only those that do pay, and
those with which you have the best success. This success may
result from your knowledge of growing the crop or because the
soil is particularly adapted to that crop. At the present time
those who are most successful confine themselves to growing a
few of the most stable and those which are in demand.

In the course of the discussion that followed Mr. Rawson stated,
in reply to a question concerning the use of electricity as an aid
to vegetable growing, that he had found the arc electric light bene-
ficial in the growing of lettuce under glass and that he was now

36 JLA.SSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

experimenting with electricity directly applied to the soil. This
method promises to be of still greater benefit. He said if any
doubted the stimulating effect of electricity on the growing of crops
under glass he would be glad to have them see two of his lettuce
houses, one of which is arranged with electrical apj)liances and
the other without them. The difference in the result is very
marked in favor of the electrically treated crop.

He was still in the experimental stage of this subject and he hoped
in the course of a year to report the conclusions reached in more
detail.

Referring to the matter of the sterilization of the soil he said
that after the experience of eight years he had found it most suc-
cessful and satisfactory; in fact it was the best thing he ever did
in the greenhouse line and the most profitable. Electricity and
sterilization were two entirely different things and one would not
do the work of the other.

Mrs. E. M. Gill remarked that forty years ago she knew of a
woman who made a practice of putting earth in an oven before
potting her plants.

In answer to another question J\Ir. Rawson said that the trouble
with most farms was the lack of proper treatment. The soil was
not worked enough and he advised one plowing in the fall fol-
lowed by two more in the spring. The soil should be thoroughly
worked over to produce good crops.

In reply to further inquiries he stated that in sandy soil manure
would last only a single year; that the cause of lettuce not heading
up was too much heat and it should be planted in the coolest part
of the garden, even if a little shaded; that tomatoes were not
productive enough for a profitable greenhouse crop; and that
manure should not be put in the ground in the fall, except for a
crop of rhubard.

He stated also that in growing cucumbers in the greenhouse
bees were necessary for fertilizing the blossoms and that he bought
regularly fifty swarms a season.

There was as yet a limited sale for endive and some other foreign
vegetables but they will be grown more extensively in the future.

A vote of thanks was tendered Mr. Rawson for his exceedingly
interesting contributions to the meeting.

WORN-OUT FARMS AND THEIR POSSIBILITIES.

BY PROF. W. M. MUNSON, UNIVERSITY OF MAINE.

Delivered before the Society, February 10, 1906.

Systematic efforts are being made in several of the New Eng-
land states to dispose of the "abandoned" or "worn-out" farms,
or to reclaim them. , It seems particularly fitting, therefore, that
this society, which for three-fourths of a century has stood for the
best that there is in New England agriculture, should consider
for a little time the reason for the existence of these abandoned
holdings, the ways in which they may best be reclaimed, and
some of the possibilities of the future.

Reasons for Abandoned Farms.

There is in the American people an inherent spirit of unrest.
As a people we are never "settled." In the United States, as one
impatiently exclaims, "A man builds a house to spend his later
years in, and sells it before the roof is on; he brings a field into
tillage, and leaves other men to gather the crops; he embraces a
profession, and gives it up; he settles in a place, which he soon
after leaves to carry his longing for change elsewhere. If his
private affairs leave him any leisure, he plunges into politics.
If, perchance, he has a few days vacation, he will travel hundreds
of miles to shake off his happiness in a railway train."

One of the first reasons for the abandoned farms of New Eng-
land, then, is the inherent restlessness of the American boy. That
this innate restlessness should take active form, however, was a
direct result of changed conditions. The conditions and problems
presented to the New England farmer of today are very different
from those of even half a century ago. In the earlier days, the
chief end of the farmer was to supply the immediate food require-
ments of his family and of his few animals, w4th possibly a small

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

surplus to barter for clothes, or the material from which to make
them. Today, the farmer is essentially a business man, buying
and selling, and competing with other business men.

The early farmers of New England worked hard, lived simply,
and had few debts; but also had few of the comforts of life, as we
understand them at present. A race of sturdy, efficient men and
women was the result; men and women who haye made their
mark wherever they have gone, in the gradual settlement and
deyelopment of the country. There was, however, in spite of
the intense loyalty of these sons of New England, a feeling of un-
rest; a sense of being cramped; a reaching out after newer fields
and quicker returns. And this feeling was intensified as the
views of young men were broadened by contact with others during
the period of the civil war.

Many farms of the East have been literally carved from the
hillsides, and the labor incident to the management of such farms
is great. As a result, even during the first half of the last century,
many of the best young men were attracted away from the old
homes to the newly developing Northwest Territories. With
improved transportation facilities, which developed rapidly after
about 1S50, bringing eastern farms into direct competition with
the cheap and fertile lands of New York, Ohio, and Michigan,
and soon with the black prairie lands of Illinois, Minnesota and
the Red River, — lands which could be had almost free of cost —
the value of all agricultural lands in the East fell. The New Eng-
land farmer found himself, with depleted soil and rigorous climate,
growing wheat and corn which had to compete in the open market
with similar products from the rich lands already mentioned.
He found himself raising sheep and cattle in the old expensive
way, to compete with the product of the great plains. He found
his sons leaving the old home and joining the ranks of the factory
hands; or moving west, to grow up with the country, and swelling
the ranks of those with whom he must compete. In other words,
with the development of agriculture in the West there was a corre-
sponding retrogression in the East.

Instead of meeting the problems mentioned in the forceful,
intelligent way we should expect from the sons of New England,
the farmer of the East lost his grip and his spirit. He sought

POSSIBILITIES OF WORN-OUT FARMS. 39

other professions, crowded the ranks of the factory workers, and
increased the consuming population at the expense of the pro-
ducers. "Abandoned" and neglected farms became common.
They, were commonly referred to as "worn-out farms"; but this
term was a misnomer. The hillsides of New England abounded,
and still abound, in plant food, and here is where the New England
farmer missed his opportunity.

Until the outbreak of the civil war, the American people were
a people of small undertakings. The country stores and peddlers'
carts handled the inland trade, and the business of the whole
country was done locally. If, in the face of the sharp competition
already referred to, the farmers of New England had exercised
their Yankee ingenuity to make two blades of grass grow where
one grew before, in other words, had shown more faith in the land
and had worked it to better advantage, there would never have
been the "decadence of New England agriculture" so often men-
tioned. But the continual reliance upon hay as the leading crop,
and the failure to handle in a rational manner, land that might
easily be cultivated, lost the day for a time at least.

Another very important reason for the abandonment of certain
New England farms, or portions of farms, is the fact that even in
close proximity to such farms may be found other lands that are
equally productive, or more so, and that are easier of cultivation.
In other words, our forefathers, in carving their farms out of the
forest, almost invariably chose the hillsides, even though the land
was rocky and relatively poor; for the valleys were frosty by
reason of the absence of atmospheric drainage, while the surround-
ing forests protected the hillsides from the sweep of winter winds
and summer gales.

As the forests have been cleared away, the hills are swept alike
in summer and in winter; the valleys have become better drained,
and the relatively poorer character of the hill soil has become
manifest. As a result of this, the owner of such lands, even though
he may remain in the vicinity of his old home, sees that as a busi-
ness proposition it is sometimes wiser to apply his energies to the
more easily cultivated fields.

As our fathers moved westward, with the development of Ohio,
Indiana, and Michigan, the same mistakes were again made.

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

«

One settler would locate a square mile of territory in a most advan-
tageous section. Another, to be nearer human neighbors, would
select an adjoining tract which, upon development, proved rela-
tively worthless. And so the constant change is continued, from
one side of the continent to the other.

In New England, fortunately, these relatively poor areas, if
left to themselves, will soon become reclothed with Nature's own
covering, the forest. For this reason, every owner of New Eng-
land's farms should be an earnest sympathizer with the principles
of rational forest management. The "bushy pasture" of our
day may be the most valuable part of the farm in our children's
day.

A third very important factor in the accumulation of abandoned
farms, is that of injudicious management. The old notion that
"anybody could be a farmer," has been the cause of the undoing
of a vast number of farms, as well as of a much larger number of
farmers. Injudicious cropping, slovenly tillage, continued removal
of plant foods without returning an equivalent, failure to remove
excessive amounts of water, have all combined to bring about
the condition often referred to as "worn-out land."

The Problem of Worn-out Lands.

Admitting, as we must, the fact of a large number of depleted
farms in New England, some of which are abandoned, and others
which should be, as human habitations, the question naturally
arises, AVhat are we going to do about it?

So-called "worn-out" lands may be the result of several dis-
tinct conditions, viz.: (1) They may lack humus, either from
too much or from too little cultivation. (2) They may lack plant
food. (3) They may have become acid. (4) They may need drain-
ing. (5) They may need tilling.

Lack of Humus.

In its native condition, the land is covered with forests and
other forms of vegetation. As the leaves fall, or the plants die,
they decay and become incorporated with the soil as organic

POSSIBILITIES OF WORN-OUT FARMS. 41

matter, or "humus." It is this organic matter which makes the
soil mellow, dark colored, and rich; which changes a sterile
clay-bank into a fertile clay-loam field. It makes the soil soft
and sponge-like, enabling it to hold moisture and air, thereby
lessening extremes of temperature and hastening chemical activ-
ity. It also, in itself, supplies plant food.

"When land is brought under cultivation, its virgin condition
is gradually lost. The humus is gradually used up, and if not
replaced, the land becomes hard and "dead." If clay, it
bakes and turns up in great clods or lumps when plowed; if sand,
it "leaches." This is the result which may be expected when
hoed crops or grain crops are grown on the same land for a long
series of years. One great value of stable manures is the supply
of humus which accompanies the plant food.

Whether a soil is deficient in humus, is usually evident with-
out experiment; the texture of the soil being a sufficient guide.
If there is a deficiency, it may be supplied by stable manure, muck,
leaves, or by turning under a green crop. But in the absence of
the spongy texture which the presence of humus insures, the appli-
cation of excessive amounts of commercial fertilizer is useless
and wasteful. Many so-called worn-out soils contain an abun-
dance of plant food, but it is not available because of the physical
condition of the land.

Lack of humus may result from too little cultivation, as well
as from "running" the land. One of the greatest drawbacks,
to successful agriculture in some parts of New England, has been
the blind reliance upon hay as the money crop. There are, within
sight of my office, hay fields which to my own knowledge have not
been plowed or fertilized for fifteen years, and it is not uncommon
for fields to be mown for twenty or twenty-five consecutive years
without renewal. Such fields not only use up the available supply
of humus, but the grass plants themselves die or are crowded out.
The remedy for such fields is evident.

Lack of Plant Food.

The only sure way to determine whether plant food of a certain
kind is needed, is to ask the question directly of the land. In
certain cases the chemist may render assistance; but in general

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

he can only suggest possibilities. The particular sample of soil
Avhich he analyzes may be deficient in certain elements, but a sam-
ple two rods distant may tell an entirely different story. Again,
the chemist is unable to tell how much of the plant food present
is available to the plant; differences of mechanical conditions
having an important influence in this respect. Even the poorest
soils, as pointed out by Roberts,* have an abundance of food for
several crops, while the richer ones may have enough for several
hundred. By the action of the acids present in the roots of growing
plants, and by exposure to the open air, due to tillage, this natural
supply of food is gradually made available. Frequently, however,
the amount available at any one time is not sufficient to produce
satisfactory returns; hence the necessity of an artificial supply,
in other words, fertilizer.

The Need of Lime.

For more than two thousand years, lime, in some form, has
been employed for agricultural purposes. Its effect upon plant
life is not as a direct fertilizer, but as an agent for neutralizing
an acid condition of the soil, which is unfavorable to plant growth,
and liberating plant food which may be in an available form.
In New York, Pennsylvania, and especially in Rhode Island,
liming is practiced extensively and with very favorable results.

The need of lime on upland soils is often indicated by a growth
of sorrel and by the failure of grass, clover, root crops, etc. to make
a satisfactory growth, even when well tilled, properly drained,
and thoroughly enriched. A simple chemical test may also be
TQade by placing a piece of blue litmus paper, which may be ob-
tained at any drug store, in contact with a little moistened soil
from the field. If the soil is in an acid condition, the blue paper
will become red.

Lime, when added to the soil, unites with the acid substances
tending to neutralize or "sweeten" the soil. It also acts upon
potash compounds in such a way that lime takes the place of the
potash, setting the latter free for the use of the plants. It favors

* Roberts, Fertility of the land.

POSSIBILITIES OF WORN-OUT FARMS. 43

the growth of clover and other leguminous crops which utilize
the free nitrogen of the air, and thus saves the expenditure of
money for this most costly plant food.

A word of caution may not be out of place in this connection,
for excessive amounts of caustic lime may be injurious to the
very plants which are benefited by moderate amounts. This
seems to be specially true of leguminous plants, particularly if
the soil is but slightly, or not at all, acid. It is likewise true of
the potato, for, as shown by the Rhode Island Experiment Station,*
lime favors the growth of the potato scab fungus.

The Need of Drainage.

Water is the medium by which the plant food of the soil is made
available. This water, however, must not be in the form of stand-
ing water, for such a condition is injurious both to soil and to
plant.

That soil is best fitted for plant growth in which the spaces
between the particles of soil are filled with air, and the particles
themselves are coated with a film of moisture. It may be stated
as a general rule that "All lands in which the spaces between the
soil particles are filled with water within less than four feet of the
surface, would be benefited by underdraining."

At this time, and with this company, however, a discussion of
the theory and practice of underdrainage is unnecessary. Suffice
it to say, it is a self-evident fact that the first step in reclaiming
some of the abandoned farms of New England, is the removal
of surplus water.

The Need of Tillage.

As is well understood by every intelligent cultivator of the soil,
the physical condition of the land is of much more importance
than mere richness in plant food. Plant food is of no consequence
unless the plant can make use of it, and hard or lumpy soil will

* The most valuable studies of the effects of line upon the "worn-out" soils of New
England are those of the Rhode Island Station.

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

not produce good crops, no matter how much fertihzer may be
apphed.

Any clay soil may be so injured by one season's injudicious
management as to render it comparatively worthless for several
succeeding years ; and there is very little doubt that a large propor-
tion of the "worn-out" farms of Xew England are unproductive
simply because not in proper physical condition. As already
stated, the average New England hillside contains a sufficient
amount of food material to produce good crops; tillage, by improv-
ing the texture of the soil, is the key to unlock this store. On
those lands devoted to the hay crop, the practice, at long intervals,
of turning over the soil after haying and, after two or three super-
ficial workings, re-seeding, cannot be too strongly condemned.
The value of tillage in aiding chemical processes is readily seen.
By warming the soil and admitting oxygen, the decomposition
of organic matter is hastened, plant food is set free, and nitrifi-
cation is promoted. The latter is, perhaps, the most important
of the effects of cultivation. Nitrogen is abundant, being an
important element of every plant and animal, and forming four-
fifths of the atmosphere; yet this is the element which is most
difficult to secure and most expensive to buy. The good farmer
provides his supply of available nitrogen from year to year, largely,
by stirring the soil.

What of the Future?

Thus far in this discussion an attempt has been made to bring
to mind, as concisely as may be, some of the possible reasons for
the unproductive farms and portions of farms which have been, or
apparently should be, abandoned. Having ascertained the reason
for the condition existing in a given instance, the application
of specific remedies is not a difficult problem.

Deficiency in plant food may be met by the use of concentrated
fertilizers. Lack of humus, as already indicated, one of the most
common troubles, may be corrected by the use of green manure,
as clover, in those cases where stable manure is riot available.
In cases of acidity of the soil, when leguminous crops cannot be
grown for the supply of humus, an application of lime at the rate

POSSIBILITIES OF WORN-OUT FARMS. 45

of from one to two tons per acre will accomplish wonders. The
application of wood ashes, which contain 30 to 40 per cent of
lime, with varying amounts of potash and phosphoric acid, are
also frequently used with remarkable results.

(The speaker here quoted numerous figures from the crop reports
of the U. S, Department of Agriculture showing that in almost
every instance where New England soils are devoted to crops
requiring cultivation, the results compare very favorably with
those of western regions.)

The Possibilities of Fruit Growixg.

The younger generation can scarcely realize that fruit growing
is still in its infancy in New England, and that in this direction is
the most hopeful outlook for the future of New England agricul-
ture. From the earliest settlements on the Massachusetts coast till
the present day, fruit has been grown in New England. Peaches,
plums, pears, and apples galore have been introduced from England
France, and Belgium. Until about fifty years ago, however, there
was very little of the fruit we know today; and that little was
produced, largely, in the gardens of a few enthusiastic lovers of
fruit. Apples were then produced from natural seedlings, growing
without care or attention, and were of more importance for cider
than for any other purpose. Pears of delicious quality were grown,
but mostly on a small scale for home use or home markets.

But now all this is changed. We are beginning to recognize
the fact that a large part of New England, rough though it be, and
difficult of manipulation for the ordinary farm operations, is well
adapted to the production of fruits of the highest color and finest
quality. We are beginning to realize that with a moderate annual
expenditure for labor and plant food, we may reap a rich and sure
return; and that right at our doors are the best markets in the
world for a commodity which we can produce as readily as we can
make shoes or cotton cloth.

Over much of the area of New England, apple trees grow almost
spontaneously; and wherever, in the past, seeds may have been
scattered, we may find trees growing. These old trees, though

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

neglected and broken by storms, usually produce some fruit every
year and are frequently loaded to the ground. When given half
the chance of ordinary farm crops these same old trees, re-grafted
to varieties of recognized merit, become the most valuable assets
of the farm. In this connection I have in mind an old orchard in
southern Maine, set more than SO years ago, and naturally some-
what decrepit now. In three successive years recently, this orchard,
covering about two and one-half acres, yielded 650, 400, and 350
bushels respectively; which brought the owner $480, $300, and
$350, or an estimated net profit to the owner of 75 per cent.* These
old moss covered, neglected veterans, hardy as maples and refusing
to die, stand as living witnesses to the possibilities of New England's
hillsides.

Nor is the testimony confined to these old veterans. Very many
modern instances of men who have accumulated a competence
from old rocky pastures by the aid of the apple tree might be cited.
Phineas Whittier, Maine's "apple king," began his labors as a
fruit grower about 1850 with the purchase of 90 acres of most
unpromising rocky pasture and woodland for the sum of $400, of
which he was only able to pay $75 down. Apple trees were set
wherever a place could be found among the rocks, and today there
are substantial buildings, including fruit cellars and evaporating-
house; and the annual returns from the orchard, which now covers-
nearly 100 acres, are from $3000 to $6000.

Only a few weeks ago, in conversation with the owner of an
"abandoned farm" in Maine, the following interesting facts were-
brought out : The owner a resident of Waterford, Oxford County,
was a young married man and wished to branch out somewhat in
his farming operations. In 1886 an abandoned farm of 136 acres,
one and a half miles from home, was bought for $650. This is
what is known as a hill farm, and apple seedlings grew almost
spontaneously. At the time of purchase there was a thick growth
of natural apple seedlings over the abandoned fields. "Some of
these had been top worked, and that year yielded 20 barrels of
fruit. The same year the owner set three hundred trees and began
grafting the other seedlings. Such wood and timber as there was.

♦Cited by D. H. Knowlton, Me. Pom, Soc.

POSSIBILITIES or WORN-OUT ^RMS.

47

on the place was sold on the stump at S4.00 per thousand, instead
of spending time and labor in clearing.

During the first three years the young orchard was cultivated
and planted to corn, the old trees being in pasture, but there was an
annual application of 8 to 15 pounds per tree of fertilizer made up
of 200 / nitrate of soda, 600 f muriate of potash, 600 §■ ground bone.

As indicating the earliness of fruiting, one of the top grafted
trees, the third year from grafting, produced three barrels of
Baldwins, and the fifth year five barrels. The tenth year (1896)
there were sold from the place 275 barrels of Baldwins at $1.00
per barrel, mostly from the top worked trees, of which there were
about three hundred.

In 1900 there were sold 600 bbls. at $1.43^ per bbl.

' 1901 "

« " 30 "

" 2.50 "

* '

• 1902 "

" " 350 "

" 1.25 "

' 1903 "

" " 350 "

" 1.75 "

' 1904 "

" " 550 "

" 1.43 "

t'

' 1905 "

" « 375 -

" 2.65 "

The high prices realized are due to the excellent fruit and the
fact that it is held in a storage house — built on the place from the
profits of the orchard — until the price is satisfactory. In 1900
and 1904 the net returns from this small hillside orchard on one of
Maine's abandoned farms were nearly $500. In 1905 the net
returns were $700, and the orchard is not yet at its best bearing age.

In 1886 this gentleman in question was in debt $1500. In twenty
years he had raised a sturdy family; paid every debt, and about
$1000 in doctors' bills; built a stable, a storage house, and repaired
other buildings; and has a snug bank account, substantially in-
creased by the past year's returns. Best of all his boy is an enthu-
siastic helper and will follow in his father's footsteps.

The case cited is not an isolated one. There are hundreds of
farms in Maine, and no doubt in other sections of New England
as well, that would give even better returns on a similar investment.
Last year a farm of 57 acres, on which is a thrifty Baldwin orchard

* Serious attack of pink rot.
t Sold in November.

48 MASSAC^fJSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of 150 trees, was placed upon the market at $1000. This same
farm has repeatedly returned $500 from the trees alone. The
rest of the farm has been in hay until it is one of the "worn-out"
farms; but the buyer of such property is sure of liberal interest.

I have not referred to the brilliant successes of Terrill and
Kinney of Vermont; Ricker of Maine; Solon Chase, whose record
with "them steers" is familiar to many; nor to the larger operators
like Hale of Connecticut, and others of Massachusetts, who have
shown the possibilities in fruit growing. Suffice it to say there are
hundreds of small orchards throughout New England which during
the past ten years have averaged their owner a net profit of 15 to
40 per cent on the investment. And this is better than raising
corn at 25 cents per bushel 2000 miles from market, or ten hours
daily work in the factory. It is better than raising hogs or even
peddling milk. It is an occupation which takes a man out into
God's sunlight during the day; which develops his power of obser-
vation and his love for growing plants; and which leaves oppor-
tunity for home life, for study and for social development during
the long winter evenings.

(The speaker here introduced letters from practical orchardists
showing what had actually been done on "abandoned farms.")

Value of Orchard Lands.

In view of the recognized value of the orchard crop, it is indeed
surprising that orchard land, in close proximity to railroad and
steamboat points should be held so low. It is more i=;urprising
that there are not numerous syndicates for the exploitation of these
orchard lands. There is not the slightest doubt that with proper
management the owner of apple orchards in New England is surer
of a liberal return on his investment than is the owner of orange
groves in Florida or of silver mines in the West.

Some of the best orchard lands in Maine may be bought for
from $5.00 to $50.00 per acre; and I know of hundreds of acres
within 100 miles of Portland that might rival the great orchards
of the Ozarks.

The orchards already in bearing, as in one case already cited,

POSSIBILITIES OF WORN-OUT FARMS. 49

are sold at surprisingly low figures. But there is every indication
that the tide has turned and that the fruit interests of the East are
to receive a measure of the attention which their importance de-
mands.

I would not minimize the difficulties attending fruit growing.
Mice and countless hordes of insects and fungous enemies demand
that the fruit grower be ever on the alert. But there is no business
or occupation which will permit a man to "sit and sing himself
away to everlasting bliss." The successful orchardist must wage
an eternal warfare, just as is the case with any other successful
business man.

An Investment Plan.

A few years ago the secretary of the Maine State Pomological
Society outlined a scheme for forming a fruit growers stock com-
pany which, while it seemed altogether feasible, has not, so far as
I am aware, been carried out in New England, though similar
organizations are very successful elsewhere. In the West and the
South, companies have purchased land, planted trees on a large
scale, sold capital stock, and declared satisfactory dividends.
What has been done there can be done in, New England.

There are few if any absolutely safe investments that will appre-
ciate in value as rapidly as a New England orchard. Excellent
fruit land may be purchased almost anywhere in New England
for $10 to $50 an acre. If set with desirable sorts of apples, and
given intelligent treatment, these same lands will at the end of ten
years be worth at a low estimate $100 an acre; while in fifteen
years they will be returning a handsome dividend on a valuation
of from $300 to $800 an acre. The increasing value of the orchard
from year to year, up to twenty-five years of age, is an important
factor in the problem. To be sure the orchard must be cared for
and protected during the first ten years; but this is not by any
means a dead load to carry. Many of the lands which may be
included in the tracts purchased, already contain profitable bearing
orchards. Small fruits or sweet corn, potatoes and other hoed
crops may be grown in the young orchard to meet the expense of
cultivation and fertilization. "Fillers" of Wealthy or some other

50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

early maturing sort, which will come into bearing in five years,
will pay the expense of the orchard before the main trees reach
their prime.

An investment of this nature will certainly stand investigation
at the hands of conservative capitalists.

Possibilities in other Directions.

^Yhile I firmly believe in the future of New England as an apple
producing region, there are many other ways in which the abandoned
farms may be utilized to advantage. The reclaiming of "poverty
flats," and similar unpromising areas in other sections of Massa-
chusetts, has shown the capabilities of some of the lands as market
gardens. The unqualified success which attends the intelligent
management of dairy herds in all parts of New England; the
almost unlimited demands for the superior sweet corn which is
grown in Maine and elsewhere; the success attending the extensive
operations of Professor Sanborn of New Hampshire, in the line
of general farming; the rapid advance in the production of potatoes,
since the introduction of improved methods ; all of these and many
more actual, commercial operations, go to show the possibilities
in the direction of a new agriculture for New England.

GENERAL DISCUSSION ON HARDY FLOWERS.

OPENED BY EDWARD O. ORPET, SOUTH LANCASTER, MASS.

Saturday, February 17, 1906.

A general discussion of the subject of hardy perennial flowers
and their culture was held at Horticultural Hall today. Edward O.
Orpet opened the discussion and spoke on the topic of the day
substantially as follows:

He said that this was the second time he had spoken before this
Society on the subject of hardy garden flowers. This style of gar-
dening had been crowded out in years past by the formal carpet
garden, but was now rapidly coming to the front again and was
receiving the attention its merits deserve. William Robinson of
England has done more than any other man living in advocacy of
the hardy garden. He brought out the woodland flowers and called
attention to the fact that many of the wild plants were more beauti-
ful in the garden than in the wood.

There are two systems in common use in the arrangement of the
hardy garden ; the massing of plants for color effects, and the mixed
border. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages
which will be brought out in the course of this discussion. It is
generally necessary to include some tender plants and some annuals
in the hardy garden to fill the gaps which are sure to occur and to
insure a continuous succession of floral effects throughout the season.

It is a difficult matter to make all kinds of plants grow in the
same soil, especially when we consider the vast territory from which
the various species have been drawn. Lilies, for example, do not
like a rich soil, but phlox and larkspur cannot be overfed, and others
prefer a poor soil.

In the preparation of the garden it is essential to work the soil

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

thoroughly to the depth of eighteen inches and to fertihze all
through. This will enable it to go through a dry season success-
fully, for we are likely to have every year at some time in the course
of the season such a dry period, when the value of this deep cul-
tivation will be appreciated.

Bulbous plants are quite a factor in the hardy garden; narcissi
are splendid plants for planting in the spring garden; but the
variety Horsfieldii is subject to disease and he knew of no way to
successfully propagate it ; it will die out after a few years. He had
never heard of a person who could successfully perpetuate Narcissus
Horsfieldii or Liliiim mtratum.

There are only three good columbines : Aquilegia cccrulea, blue;
A. chrysantha, yellow; and A. Canadensis, red. Another of our
native species, A. longissinna, was at one time grown in the Harvard
Botanic Garden but has long since disappeared and it seems to
have been dropped from cultivation. The European varieties are
unworthy of a place in our gardens."

Ivarkspurs are important in the garden and should be permanent
inhabitants of the border. There has been some trouble with
them in recent years from the spikes blasting and blackening,
caused by insect attacks. This can be remedied by spraying with
a solution of Ivory soap or some other insecticide. Delphinium
grandifloru'm can be treated as an annual and made to produce
masses of intense blue late in the season, by sowing outdoors in
May.

German irises have always been a good thing for the hardy gar-
den, but owing to the very serious disease now prevalent among
them he would not advise planting them any more.

There are very many beautiful native plants which do splendidly
in the hardy garden; among them may be mentioned the Asclepias
tuberosa, or butterfly weed, a really splendid thing; and the Mer-
iensia Virginica with its intense blue is desirable. The Thalic-
trums are especially valuable; some have foliage as beautiful as
the maidenhair fern and are useful for mixing with bouquets of
sweet peas.

Peonies have suddenly sprung into a very wide popularity;
indeed, we are in the midst of a peony craze, all due to the revolution
in popular opinion concerning hardy plants. We have just worked
up to an appreciation of the value of the peony in the hardy garden.

HARDY FLOWERS. 53

Phlox is another indispensable plant and the names of desirable
varieties are legion, and the colors likeAvise. It is one of the most
vigorous feeders of all and should not be allowed to remain over
two years in one situation for it will starve itself out in that time.
To secure late flowering, even into October, it is only necessary
to cut off the early spikes and others will follow later.

The lupin also is indispensable ; its only defect is in dying down
early in the summer, leaving a naked space in the garden; the most
suitable variety is polyphyllus.

Pyrethrums, or as Robinson calls them, painted daisies, single
and double, are highly recommended and they can be divided
safely soon after flowering.

The following is a list of absolutely reliable lilies: auratum
platijphyllum, Hansoni, Henryi, Baieviannoe, iigrinum and its
variety flore pleno, Thunhergianuvi or eJecjans, speciosum album
and melpojnene, superhum, and Canadense. They require deep
planting, about one foot, and it is a mistake to plant them other-
wise. Amidst rhododendrons is an ideal place in which to plant
lilies. The California lilies, Humholdti and pardalirmm, although
very handsome species, will not succeed in the East.

Anemo7ie Japonica, a valuable fall flowering plant, although
reputed to be hardy, he found impossible to keep through the winter
without protection, and he had been obliged to grow it in pots,
taking it under cover during the colder months of the year.

Many other plants that are hardy in Europe he had found were
not so in this part of the country. Canterbury bells (Campanula)
were never hardy with him; foxgloves (Digitalis) suffered terribly
from the attacks of field mice; and other border plants, especially
along stone walls, were subject to the ravages of this insidious pest
for which there seems to be no remedy; and he could not make
any success with hollyhocks. Coreopsis lanceolata and grandiflora
were not reliably hardy, and he had experienced trouble with
Campanula persicifolia Ma;rJieimii not wintering.

Most of the hardy perennials are old and well-known species and
there have been comparatively few new things introduced in recent
years. Among the best of the new introductions are Incarvillea
Delavayi, if it is hardy; Asiilbe Davidii, six feet in height, with
reddish-pink flowers; Polygonum Baldschuanicuvi of Chinese

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

origin, shrubby, passing out of flower the first week in November;
Rehmannia angulaia, a beautiful plant but not hardy with him;
Lycoris squamigera (Amaryllis Hallii) perfectly hardy, flowers
rose-pink, blooms in the late summer and fall; and a new species
of Meconopsis collected by Wilson and just introduced from China;
this last of doubtful hardiness.

There are doubtless many other plants in China, Thibet, and
Siberia which will be valuable additions to the hardy garden. We
have hardly begun to know the floral wealth of these cotmtries and
many new^ treasures doubtless await the collector. We owe the
introduction of many new plants to the doctors stationed in these
far-away places, for there seems to be affinity between doctors and
botany.

Inquiry is often made for plants suitable for shaded places. For
this purpose may be especially recommended Fortune's variety of
the lily-of-the-valley, which grows and thrives amazingly under
pine trees. It is excellent both in quality . and quantity. By
covering it in the winter with straw spread over the snow the frost is
retained for two weeks longer and the flowering period thereby
lengthened. Other species suitable for shady places are English
daisies and primroses, Vinca minor, Aegopodiuin Podagraria,
Cypripedium specfabile or reginoe, and Primida Sieboldii.

There are some undesirable plants in hardy borders of which a
warning is necessary for they thrive at the expense of others.
Among these are Boltonia asteroides, a terrible thing to spread,
extending sometimes one to three feet in a single season; Helian-
thus rigidus has the same habit; Monarda didyma deteriorates in
the center and should be occasionally replanted; Physostegia
Virginiana has wonderful vigor and should have no place in the
mixed border; Achillea Piarmica, the pearl, spreads and grows
amazingly; and Aegopodium Podagraria has cost the New York
parks thousands of dollars to eradicate.

Mr. Orpet presents in connection with his remarks the following
lists of what he considers the best twelve perennial plants and the
best twelve ferns.

hardy flowers. 55

Best Twelve Perennials.

TriUium grandiflomm Campanula persicifolia

Merieyisia Virginica Papaver orientale

Asclepias tuherosa Dictamnus Fraxinella

Lupinus polt/phylhis Veronica longijolia siihsessilis

Aconitum autumnale Helianthus mollis

Anemone Japonica Lychnis viscaria, flare pleno.
with alternatives of Delphinium, Phlox, Iris, Pceonia, and Aqui-
legia.

Best Twelve Ferns.

Aspidium marginale Adiantuvi pedatum

" acrostic hoides Phegopteris hcxaganoptera

" Goldieanum Woodwardia angustifolia

Osmunda cinnamomea " Virginica

" Claytoniana Dicksonia punctilobula

" regalis Onoclea Struthiopteris

Mr. Orpet said that the Veronica longijolia, var. subsessilis was
one of the best hardy perennials and if he could only choose one
out of them all it would be this. Lilies have a habit of disappearing
after a year or two; also the new Japanese varieties of tree peonies,
with large single flowers, are not hardy and die out after a few years.
He said that no remedy was known for the hollyhock disease. He
did not approve of spreading manure on the flower-bed borders;
it was unsightly and hard to scrape off. The better way was to
thoroughly mix it with the soil at the beginning and to renew it in
the same way when necessary.

Mr. Orpet stated that Ajiemone Japonica is a doubtful plant, and
he left out Lilium candidum because he had found a better one to
put in. He never dreamed of planting Lilium tenuifolium in New
England; he knew of no more treacherous plant. It would be all
right if you could grow it but it is certain to die out. He recom-
mended instead Lilium pomponiuvi. He doubted if there was a
bulb of the new Lilium Sutchuense in this country. Lilies should
be planted a spade's depth, or about twelve inches, so as to get the
stem roots which are emitted above the bulb.

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It is safe to transplant immediately after flowering. A good way
to cover the ground left bare after the dying down of perennial
poppies is to fill in with scarlet salvias for fall flowering. This
plan works out very cleverly in preserving the color scheme of the
garden, as the color of the poppies is too strong for almost anything
else to go with it, although some salmon colored new varieties of
oriental poppies are now coming on.

In reply to a question why he did not recommend hardy chry-
santhemums he said he had wondered why they were not grown
more, but in his experience they were crippled up with the cinch
bug stinging the stems, and what the bugs left the winters usually
killed. He could not grow them outdoors but recommended grow-
ing them in pots.

In reply to an inquiry as to the desirability of covering the hardy
garden with leaves in winter Mr. Orpet said that it is never a mis-
take to cover anything. The hardy garden should not be dug over
except when it became necessary to renew the plants.

Duncan Finlayson asked Mr. Orpet which he considered the
better system, the mixed or the massed borders.

Mr. Orpet said that on the whole he preferred the mixed borders.
In the mass system there is bound to be in time great gaps. He
liked the old-fashioned border. He noticed Mr. Bowditch in the
audience and he would like to have him express his opinion on this
point.

James H. Bowditch said, in reference to the two systems of hardy
planting, mixed or massed, that it was hard to condemn any system
without knowing the conditions attending it and the purpose it was
designed to serve. There are spring gardens and summer gardens,
and even winter gardens, each of which requires its own special
treatment. In general terms, however, gardens of small area are
usually better treated by the mixed border method, whereas large
gardens lend themselves, oftentimes, most admirably to the mass
system.

J. Woodward Manning said that he considered Amaryllis Hallii
one of the most beautiful of our hardy plants but he had found
Lycorus squamigem, which was supposed to be the same thing, not
hardy. He thought these two plants might have some horticul-

HARDY FLOWERS. 57

tural differences. Some of the original plants of A. Hallii are still
in existence in Massachusetts. In his experience Polygonum Bakl-
schuanicum was really hardy.

In his business he had to do with about 3000 plants; there were
1200 named varieties of phlox, 800 of delphiniums, and many
Japan irises; but among them all he thought there were really not
more than 20 distinct kinds of each. When we buy plants we often
buy a great variety of names instead of distinct kinds.

William N. Craig in response to a request spoke on the culture
of Eremurus. He said he grew four varieties: Elwesianus, robus-
tus, Bungei, and Hiinalaims. They were grown in a mixture
of meadow muck, loam, leaf mold, and sand, about two feet in
depth, and received a coating of leaves as a winter protection.
Spikes of E. rohusius and Himalaicus seven to seven and a half
feet high were produced annually. Great care was needed in trans-
planting as the roots were exceedingly brittle and easily broken.

Replying to the statement made by Mr. Orpet concerning the
hardiness of Anemone Japonica, Mr. Craig said that it had proved
perfectly hardy at North Easton and had withstood 25° below zero
with merely a light protection of leaves. Plants raised from root
cuttings would not flower so soon the first season after planting out.

Continuing, Mr. Craig said that Rehmannia angulata propagated
itself abundantly from the stolons; some plants had wintered out,
but some were stored in a frame in case the others died. He would
add Lilium Brotvnii and L. excelsum to the list of reliable sorts of
lilies. To secure a late bloom of herbaceous phloxes some of the
shoots on each clump might be pinched back early in the season,
and cuttings taken in April, rooted in sand, and planted out the mid-
dle of May, during moist weather, would produce splendid heads
in October.

Annual hollyhocks, if sown in March, would bloom in July;
some of these were of undesirable colors, but the race promised to
be a valuable one. Montbretias, divided and planted out in Octo-
ber, were perfectly hardy on well-drained ground with a coating
of leaves over them. Galionia {Hyacinilms) candicans planted
with Papaver orieniale followed the latter and covered over the bare-
ness caused by the dying down of the Papaver after blooming.
Malva moschafa aiha and Veronica longifolia subsessilis he consid-
ered two very valuable perennials.

-58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Personally he preferred mixed borders of perennials without the
attempt at massing, and considered them most appropriate for all
but the largest places. In very large beds and borders, however,
massing was necessary to secure a good effect ; individual plants pro-
ducing no effect at all.

John W. Duncan said of Anemone J apnnica that he considered
it one of the best hardy perennials for this locality. From experi-
ence he had found it difficult to manage in southern New England,
but here where the nights were cooler it did much better. The
finest lot of it he ever saw was on an estate on the North Shore last
autumn, some time during early September. There was a perfect
mass of fine flowers. On inquiry of the gardener in charge as to its
treatment he learned that it had been planted there for several
years, the ground first being deeply trenched. No protection was
given until the ground froze, when a covering of dry leaves was all
that was necessary.

Speaking of garden lilies Mr. Duncan thought it a mistake for
Mr. Orpet to omit from his list Lilivm candidum, and that the Si-
berian coral lily, L. teuuifdlium, should be in every collection. He
inquired concerning Lilium Sutrhuoisc which had been recently
introduced from China, if it had been tried in this country. Speak-
ing of other hardy flowers he said that a writer in a recent magazine
mentioned Galanthus iiiralis and G. Elicesii, Anemone blanda, Iris
Histrio, I. Bakeriana, etc., as flowering during the winter months
in the north, but in his experience these did not bloom until April
or May.

Mr. Orpet replied that he did not believe these plants bloomed
in the north in winter; that Lilium Sufchuense had been figured
in the gardening papers but he did not know that it had been tried
here. He had not included Lilium candidum in his list as he had
found one to take its place, and Lilium tenuifolium had not been
satisfactory with him.

Mr. Craig remarked that he had snowdrops in flower January
10, and within two weeks had crocuses, English primroses, and
winter aconite in bloom. He said that some plants would flower
in the winter even in New* England.

Duncan Finlayson by request made a statement of his method of
handling Anemone Japonica. He said that late in the fall after

HARDY FLOWERS. 59

the flowers were cut by frost he Hfted them up and stored them in
a cold frame covered over with a wooden shutter, with a Httle air
space. This was all the attention they received until early in the
spring when they were planted out in the flowering bed.

As Anemone Japon ica is a late flowering plant he set out between
them Canterbury bells, and when the latter were through flowering
they were thrown away, as by that time the Anemones would need
the room. They were then given some fertilizer, such as sheep
manure, and thoroughly watered. By this treatment he found they
flowered splendidly each year and by this arrangement he got two
flower crops from the same bed. Of course, he said, plenty of
fertilizer and water was the secret of his success in this case.

Mr. Finlayson gave also his method of handling Aquilegias, or
columbines. Late in the fall he planted them in their flowering
beds and between them early flowering bulbs. They were pro-
tected during the winter with green boughs and uncovered early in
the spring. By the time the early bulbs were through flowering the
■columbines were showing flowers. Just as soon as the latter were
out of bloom he cut the flower stems and transplanted them to a
little nursery and planted the beds with other late flowering plants,
such as begonias. By this treatment he got three crops of flowers
out of the same bed and kept the garden attractive throughout the
season. These methods may be repeated each year, or some
changes can be made to give a greater variety.

GENERAL DISCUSSION ON TENDER FLOWERS.

OPENED BY WILLIAM N. CRAIG, NORTH EASTON, MASS.

Saturday, March 3, 1906.

A general discussion of the subject of tender flowers was held
today at Horticultural Hall. It was opened by William N. Craig
who spoke as follows :

The subject assigned me today is much too big for a single morn-
ing's discussion. I propose to speak but little of that vast army of
plants known as greenhouse subjects, but rather to devote my
remarks to annuals, a class known and esteemed and which is with-
in the reach of anyone possessing a garden. These may be divided
into three classes: First, Hardy Annuals, which can be soAvn and
flowered in the open air; Second, Half Hardy Annuals, which
require to be started under glass and later transferred to the open ;
and Third, Tender Annuals, which rec|uire greenhouse culture all
the time. The two first named classes will be chiefly referred to,
for their popularity with the great army of flower lovers is unques-
tioned.

Annuals, with the possible exception of nasturtiums, prefer
ground which has been deeply dug and liberally manured. To be
effective they should be used in masses rather than dotted about
as individual plants. While some can be relied upon to provide
a fine floral display all summer long until cut down by frost, others
are more fleeting and, as in the case of poppies, must be replaced
by late sown annuals or else bad gaps will be apparent. A little
judicious selection will, however, insure a constant supply of bloom.

Sweet peas are by long odds the most popular of all hardy annuals.
The immense improvement in them is mainly due to the life work
of that most painstaking specialist, the late Henry Eckford of Eno--
land, who has completely revolutionized this flower, and whose
name will ever be held in grateful remembrance for the great work
he has done in this field.

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

•

Succinctly put, some of the essentials of successful sweet pea
culture have been described as follows: manure liberally, dig
deeply, sow early, brush quickly, water freely, and dispod speedily;
to which we would add, sow thinly or thin severely. Many failures
in sweet pea culture are caused by sowing far too thickly; six
inches apart each way is sufficiently thick to leave the plants if
strong haulms, and excellent flower stems are desired.

A selection of a dozen first class kinds is, Dorothy Eckford, white;
Prince of Wales, rose; Gladys Unwnn, pink; Duchess of Suther-
land, blush; Miss Willmott, orange-pink; King Edward VII,
scarlet; Lady Grisel Hamilton, lavender; Hon. Mrs. G. Kenyon,
primrose yellow; Jeannie Gordon, bicolor; Black Knight, maroon;
America, red striped; and Navy Blue, blue.

The best six separate colors are, in my opinion, Dorothy Eckford,
Hon. Mrs. Kenyon, Lady Grisel Hamilton, King Edward VII,
Miss ^Yillmott, and Gladys Unwin. If confined to one variety I
would select that beautiful orange variety. Miss Willmott.

Some of the 1906 novelties that are offered promise to be great
acquisitions, especially the Harry Eckford, a magnificent orange
variety which it is hoped will long perpetuate the name of its es-
teemed raiser. The Evelyn Byatt, Phyllis Unwin, and Helen
Lewis all promise well.

Asters, next to sweet peas, are, perhaps, the most esteemed of
annuals both for cutting and massing. Especially good varieties
are the Single Chinese, Queen of the Earlies, Mary J. Sernple,
Ostrich Plume, and Giant Comet. Several diseases affect them,
a stem rot or wilt which seems to have its inception in the seedling
boxes under glass, for it is practically unknown amongst plants
sown and grown altogether outdoors. No cure for this has been
found nor yet for the "Yellows" which troubles some growers;
new ground is the best preventive for these diseases. Root lice
are sometimes troublesome, causing the plants to wilt and die
when attacked, and entomologists do not seem to know their life
history. New land should be used if possible to avoid them. Black
beetles are best kept in check by hand picking; they are trouble-
some when the flowers are opening.

Schizanthus, commonly called butterfly flower, is one of the most
beautiful of annuals both for outdoor and pot culture. For the

TENDER FLOWERS. 63^

latter purpose the comparatively new and dwarf Schiza7ifhus
JVisetonensis is the best. By sowing seed late in July nice flowering
plants can be had in six-inch pots for Christmas. Later sowings
will give a succession until outdoor sown ones come in season. The
flowers last a week in water and make beautiful table centerpieces.
Some of the taller growing sorts, such as pinnatits roseus, grandi-
florus ociilatus, and retusus alba make grand pot plants for spring
blooming; but being tall growing they require persistent pinching.
They should be staked out like chrysanthemums and flowered in
ten-inch pots.

A beautiful piazza group for late spring can be made with Lil-
ium candidum rising from a bed of Schizanthus grandiflorus ociila-
tus, with an edging of Calceolaria Golden Gem.

Salpiglossis is a beautiful annual. It does best raised under
glass and planted out in the same way as asters; seed sown outdoors
does not give as good returns.

Amongst poppies none is more beautiful than the Shirley. Of
double sorts the Bride, INIikado, and Danebrog are good. These
plants, if used for mass effect in the flower garden, must be followed
by some other annual as they leave big gaps after flowering. The
Yellow Tulip or ^Mexican poppy (Hunnemannia fumarice folia)
lasts splendidly in water, keeping three to five days. It has yellow
Eschscholzia like flowers and silvery foliage.

The annual larkspurs are worthy of more extended cultivation
whether for massing or cutting, and the rosy-scarlet variety is espec-
ially beautiful, as are also one or two chrysanthemums, notably
tricolor Burridgeanum and its varieties. Leptospie maritima with
large, yellow, sweet-scented flowers carried on long stems makes
a useful border plant and is excellent for pot culture, blooming
freely in February and March.

Xo annuals give more satisfactory results as bedding plants than
verbenas; planted in beds or masses along the borders they bloom
from June to October without a break. Separate shades are per-
haps preferable but mixed colors look A^ery well. Phlox Drum-
mondii carries larger and showier flowers than verbenas but is not
so persistent a bloomer; it is, however, a beautiful annual and the
scarlet shades are especially rich and brilliant.

The petunia is one of the most easily grown and showy annuals

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and the Giant type is very fine. For window box culture it is also
excellent. Nasturtiums are most useful annuals and should have
a place in even the most select gardens. The dwarf varieties in
masses are very showy and the tall sorts are excellent for running
over rocks, fences, or unsightly objects. They are probably the
most desirable of all flowering plants for window box culture.

Zinnias are a common and rather stiff growing plant, but if cut
flowers are desired in quantity at a minimum of cost they have no
equal.

Pentstemons treated as annuals are very desirable bedding plants.
From seed sown in February excellent plants can be procured by
May. From cuttings taken in October from the outdoor plants
and kept over winter in a frame in flats of sand an earlier crop of
flowers can be obtained, although the seedlings seem to make the
most vigorous plants. These can now be procured in one or two
separate colors and are worthy of a place in every garden.

Antirrhinums for clumps and masses are very useful. Sown at
the same time as Pentstemons they also make strong plants by May,
and even if not in flower they cover the ground with nice green
foliage. The dwarf varieties are particularly good.

I have only touched on a few annuals as I believe the discussion
will bring out many more which time will not permit me to name.
I would like before closing to say a few words for geraniums of
the single English round-flowering type. Grown in frames and
housed when chrysanthemums are going past, they acceptably fill
a gap in decorative plants at a very dark and floriculturally dull
season. These plants flower well in a house with a minimum
temperature of 50° to 52° and i rather dry atmosphere; six-inch
pots are suitable in which to flower them. A few very excellent
sorts are Emile Zola, orange-salmon; Albion and Snowdrop, pure
white; J. M. Barrie, bright cerise; Richmond Beauty, scarlet with
white feathering on the upper petals; Jacquerie, dark crimson-
scarlet; Paul Crampel, scarlet; and Gertrude Pearson, deep pink.

This class of geraniums is of no value for bedding but for flower-
ing under glass in December, January, and February they are with-
out a peer. They ship well, make desirable room plants, and the
softer shades can be used to good advantage as dinner table center-
pieces.

TENDER FLOWEES. 65

Wilfrid Wheeler inquired if in Mr. Craig's experience he had
found that it made any difference in sweet peas whether the rows
were planted running north and south or east and west.

Mr. Craig replied that rows running north and south do best.

Mr. Wheeler said that the aster beetle was a disgusting bug to
handle and he had tried successfully a weak solution of Paris green
and water; one teaspoonful of Paris green to two gallons of water.
If this were used often it would not be necessary to pick the beetles.
By sterilizing the soil one could get rid of the wilt in the greenhouse.
He had got good results in Antirrhinums by wintering them in a
cold frame and they did better after being so treated. For nas-
turtiums the poorer the soil the better they bloomed. The best lot
he ever saw was growing in two inches of soil on rocks at Fal-
mouth, Massachusetts, near the shore. They w^ere growing almost
on bare rock and it was a beautiful sight.

Mr. Craig said that he had forgotten to mention Nicotiana
Sandercp, which was introduced last year and had jumped into
popularity, and then almost as suddenly mto unpopularity. The
gardeners around Lenox pronounced it worthless, but in some places
it had produced pleasing effects, although the color is rather harsh.
It seems to do better in partial shade and some of the more recent
introductions are an improvement in colorings.

Another Nicotiana is sylvestris with large pure white flowers and
broad foliage and stands the full svmshine which Sanderce does not.
He recommended also N. affinis and its varieties.

Robert Cameron remarked that the hybrids of Nicotiana affinis
were not so good as the parents and in his opinion not as pleasing;
they would be better if the fragrance of afpnis could have been put
into them. He called attention to the merits as a garden flower of
Salvia splendens which was grown best from seed, and recom-
mended Gilias as very pretty. He said that Torenia was a most
beautiful annual and stocks should not be left out of the list. It
was a mistake, hq said, to plant these garden annuals in small
patches; they do best in large masses. The pyramidal forms of
Celosia were very fine, and the Lcgonia semperfiorens types were
desirable.

Duncan Finlayson stated that he had used Nicotiana Sanderw
last year, growing it in partial shade, with a background of green

66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

foliage, and it was very effective. It was a mistake to plant it in
rich ground for it flowers better in poor soil. It proved very satis-
factory to his people and he was going to use it again this year. It
blooms from frost to frost.

James Wheeler said that he had found N. Sanderoe grown in pots
in the ground very satisfactory. It blooms much better if the pot
is plunged in the ground and if pot bound it is all the better for it.

Mr. Craig was asked to recommend plants suitable for growing
in window boxes. He replied by saying that the best plant for the
purpose that he could call to mind was the Tom Thumb nastur-
tium; it was a persistent bloomer and he knew of nothing so satis-
factory. Sweet alyssum came next and scarlet geraniums were
good. Plants with a drooping tendency should be used for the win-
dow box. There was not sufficient depth of earth for sweet peas,
and zinnias were too coarse and stiff.

Mr. Finlayson suggested petunias as desirable for the window
box, and said there were several varieties on the market which
would be excellent for the purpose.

John L. Chapman said he had done well with Nicotiana San-
derce as a pot plant, and called attention to the claims of the single
varieties of geraniums for the summer garden.

]Mr. Craig said that we are too apt to get down to a commercial
basis on everything, even to geraniums, and that while the market
called for double flowers he thought that the large single-flowered
geraniums were more desirable. He said that those grown in five
or six-inch pots were destined to be very popular here among the
florists, and he could not imagine a better Christmas plant than
some of these single-flowered varieties of the geranium. Particu-
larly desirable are Richmond Beauty, Jacquerie, and Paul Crampel
for Christmas colors.

Thaddeus Friend spoke of his experiences with sweet peas the
past season which had been unfortunate. They came up well and
progressed as far as the budding stage but got,no farther. They
had always done well in previous years. Perhaps the season was
wrong, he said, or perhaps he had planted them during the wrong
quarter of the moon. He had planted the seed late.

Mr. Craig said that they were probably planted too late to obtain
any results, although sometimes the flowering stems will die down.

TENDER FLOWERS. 67

The secret of sweet pea culture is to get them into the ground when
the soil is moist, and never to plant in the same soil for two succes-
sive seasons. The ground should be trenched six inches and the
seed planted three inches deep.

Edward B. Wilder spoke of the trouble he had had with his
asters from a rot at the base of the stems and asked if there was a
remedy for it.

Mr. Craig replied that the stem rot seems to start in the propa-
gating house, and the cause of the trouble is the condition of the
soil in the hot bed which weakens the plant and renders it more
susceptible to disease. The fact that seed saved from diseased
plants, if sown out of doors, came healthy seems to prove this to
be the true cause of the wilt of the aster.

James Wheeler emphasized the statement that an important
factor in the cultivation of asters and sweet peas was new soil. If
these plants are grown in new places there will not be much trouble
from disease. If your plants are diseased try new ground and be
sure not to use new manure ; and a mulching of the beds is produc-
tive of good results. He knew of nothing that made a better dis-
play than Salvia splendens, and Helianthus ciicumerifolius was
also desirable.

Arthur H. Fewkes remarked that lobelia had not been mentioned
thus far. He thought it one of the desirable things for the garden.

A lady asked what was the best green to grow for foliage for vases
of summer flowers.

Mr. Craig recommended Spiraea Japonica and the Thalictrums
as effective foliage plants, but in most cases the foliage of the plants
themselves was the best.

James Wheeler said that the common garden asparagus was very
desirable for this purpose. He further stated that he thought it a
mistake for the general public to plant in masses except in the
greenhouse.

Wilfrid Wheeler remarked that Cobca scandens should be more
used as an ornamental plant.

Mr. Craig said that Calliopsis, Gaillardia, chrysanthemums,
and most annuals should be grown in masses. The Coreopsis was
especially effective, and verbenas and nasturtiums should be in-
cluded in the list. Mention had been made of the Shasta daisy

68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

but he thought it not what the introducer recommended it to be.
He had not seen any good results from it. He beheved there were
some good varieties in existence but he had not seen them.

Duncan Finlayson suggested Canterbury bells and foxgloves
used as annuals, which could be done if the seed was sown early in
the spring.

Mr. Cameron spoke favorably of the everlastings and of the mari-
golds which would furnish bloom until the frost comes. He said
there were few annuals for spring flowering that made a more
splendid show than Silene peyidula if planted in mass.

J. Woodward Manning recommended the dwarf forms of mari-
golds which he thought more desirable than the tall growing vari-
eties. He also spoke favorably of the Godetia of which the finest
bed he had ever seen was at Bar Harbor, Maine, where they seem
to do better than further inland; they were as good and as beautiful
as he had seen in England.

Mr. Craig added Godetia and also Clarkia to the catalogue of
desirable annuals, but stated that people seeing them in Europe
are so impressed with their appearance as they grow there that they
come back and sow large areas of them; but find they will not stand
the hot sun of our American summers. He said that mignonette
needs rich soil and that the seeds should be sown the first of April,
not later than the tenth, and covered lightly with soil.

GENERAL DISCUSSION ON SMALL FRUITS.

OPENED BY WILFRID WHEELER, CONCORD, MASS.

Saturday, March 10, 1906.

A meeting of the Society for the consideration of the subject of
the cuhure of small fruits in New England was held today. Wilfrid
Wheeler, Chairman of the Committee on Fruits, opened the dis-
cussion and spoke as follows :

The subject of small fruits is a large one and to be treated suc-
cessfully it should be taken up in different branches by specialists.
Some general culture methods can be given, but these must be
modified to suit the individual needs of the various small fruits.
The care of the strawberry is quite different from that of the rasp-
berry, currant, etc.

Under the head of small fruits are included the strawberry, rasp-
berry, blackberry, gooseberry, dewberry cranberry, currant, and a
few others which are hardly used enough to mention. Then there
are our native small fruits like the blueberry, huckleberry, and
thimbleberry. There have been some attempts to cultivate the
blueberry, especially in Maine, although the experiments have
not been entirely satisfactory, and we shall have to wait a few years
before we have our cultivated blueberry farm. But some idea of
the importance of the wild native crop can be obtained from the
statistics of the state of Wisconsin which markets 20,000 bushels
of blueberries, valued at $80,000. This is referred to because it is
believed that there are varieties of our native fruits which would
lend themselves to cultivation and prove not only profitable, as in
the case of the dewberry, but a great addition to many of our
gardens.

The importance of our cultivated small fruits will be more appre-
ciated when one considers their wide range of cultivation and
adaptability. At present some member of the group is under

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cultivation or growing wild in every country in the world. No
other group of either hardy or tropical plants can make this claim.
We have these small fruits in northern countries like Sweden and
Norway, in the mountains of the Tropics, in the islands of the
Pacific, in Australia, in China and Japan; and, in fact, everywhere
that man has cultivated the soil we find them always a source
of pleasure with their beautiful appearance and delicious flavors.

Here in the United States, where our climate gives us a greater
range than most other countries in which to cultivate small fruits, we
find all species growing under varying conditions. You will hardly
see a garden in the country without a variety of small fruits. Even
the landscape artists are using some of them in order to produce
certain effects of color and beauty, as in the case of the ornamental
raspberries which are often used to cover bare and rocky hillsides.

The ease with which small fruits lend themselves to cultivation,
the quick returns, the economy of space, and the small amount of
care required are all great factors in their popularity.

So many of us are moving from place to place that we cannot
afford to wait six or eight years for the pear and apple or even four
years for the plum and peach to reach their perfection, but we
must have some fruit growing and preferably those that give quick
returns. So here we look to the small fruit to fill a place that is
entirely unique in the field of horticulture.

To the amateur, that is the man with a garden which he culti-
vates for recreation, these small fruits are indispensable not only
as a source of supply but as a means by which he is induced to
work out in the open both morning and evening and fill his lungs
Avith God's pure fresh air. Then from an economic standpoint the
amateur fruit grower is at an advantage for no one can afford to
buy fruit who has land enough to grow it upon.

Small fruit growing for amateurs is yet in its infancy here in New
England. We find that while a man may spend thousands of dol-
lars vipon greenhouses for flowers and vegetables, he will hardly
grow enough strawberries, raspberries, etc., for his own table. And
while gardeners are encouraged to grow and exhibit fine plants and
beautiful flowers, there seems to be little inducement held out for
them to grow fine specimens of fruit. It is believed that some day
on our larger private estates we shall see the fruit gardener in his

SMALL FRUITS. 71

place as a specialist, and then we shall expect good results. It is
often asked why it is that there is not more experimental work done
on private places, for it seems as if there, without the keen competi-
tion of the commercial world, would be the chance for quiet experi-
ment and test.

The experimental work on small fruits as yet does not amount
to much, so many of our best varieties are chance seedlings or have
been picked up growing in a wild state; and with strawberries, at
least, in very few of them can their ancestry be traced back more
than three generations. The variety test of fruits by our experi-
ment stations really effects only a very small area about the stations,
for many of our states are so large that entirely different conditions
prevail one hundred miles from the station. Instead of sending
out reports from the station's own grounds it would be better to
send agents through the state and give reports of the fruit as it is
found growing in the different sections of the state. The experi-
mental work of the stations should be in the effort to create and
establish new varieties of merit, keeping careful records of the crosses
by which results were obtained.

To the commercial grower these small fruits are a source of profit
when well handled and there is many a farmer who looks anxiously
forward to the success or failure of the strawberry crop; knowing
that this will determine the financial results of his year. The gen-
eral interest in the use of small fruits dates back about fifty years,
hut it is within less than twenty years that this advancement has
been most rapid; for while markets were supplied locally fifty years
ago the great increase in the use of refrigerator cars has opened up
a vast section of fruit growing country in the South and Southwest,
and we now have our markets supplied from January to September
with these small fruits, beginning with strawberries and ending
with blackberries. New England does not grow as many straw-
berries now as were grown fifteen years ago. Owing to the low
prices which prevailed at that time many people were discouraged
from embarking in or proceeding further with this enterprise, al-
though there would be a good opening for any surplus crop in New
England if it were shipped to southern cities in refrigerator cars, for
it is a poor rule that Avont work both ways; and if the southern
growers supply us before our berries are ripe why should not we
supply them after their berries are gone.

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In choosing a location for the cuUivation of small fruits try to get
one where there is some natural ^Yindbreak from the north and
northwest. Nothing does a plantation more harm than sweeping
winds. In summer the ground is dried and baked by the wind;
dust from other fields is blown over the fruit, and the fruit itself
dried up and made worthless. In an open winter the coverings,
mulches, etc. are blown oif and the canes and plants are badly
damaged by the cold wind striking directly upon them. Here in the
north we have been too careless in the past by cutting off the woods
and trees, and, unless the land is to be entirely cleared, a belt of
trees should be left about every large field to serve as a windbreak,
and where this is impossible evergreens like white and Norway
spruce should be planted.

Of the strawberry Dr. Boteler said: "Doubtless God could have
made a better berry but doubtless God never did," and A. J. Down-
ing, one of the pioneers in the strawberry field, truly said: "Ripe
blushing strawberries eaten from the plant, or served with sugar
and cream are certainly Arcadian dainties with a true paradisical
flavor," and fortunately they are so easily grown that the poorest
owner of a few feet of ground may have them in abundance.

Certainly the strawberry is the most widely grown fruit in culti-
vation and probably, all things considerejd, the most popular. Its
history is not much older than the discovery of America for we have
a record of a description of it, in 14S5 from one Juan de Cuba. A
later writer spoke of it as follows.

"When we contemplate the relation which the strawberry plant
bears to other parts of nature, to the sun which expands its blossoms,
to the winds which sow its seeds, to the brooks whose banks it em-
bellishes; when we contemplate how it is preserved during a winter's
cold capable of cleaving stones, how it appears verdant in the spring
without any pains employed to preserve it from frost and snow,
how, feeble and trailing along the ground, it should be able to
migrate from the deepest valleys to alpine heights, to traverse the
globe from north to south, from mountain to mountain, forming
on its passage over prairie and plain a thousand mingled patches
of checkerwork of its fair flowers and scarlet or rose colored fruits
with the plants of every clime, though myriads of animals are mak-
ing incessant and vmiversal havoc upon it, yet no gardener is neces-

SMALL FRUITS. 73'-

sary to sow it again, we are struck with wonder and admiration at
so precious a gift." Other writers both old and new have written
pages and volumes upon this subject and yet we find it never grows
old. No fruit is so easily adaptable to all kinds of cultivation, and
no fruit lends itself more readily to hybridization. About six natu-
ral species are known and from these have been produced in differ-
ent parts of the world the present great number of varieties with all
their varied form, color, productiveness, and flavor.

The strawberry, and this is true of all small fruits, needs a well
worked soil, the nature of which need not matter a great deal pro--
vided it has the necessary plant food and moisture conditions.
However, all things considered, a new soil, that is one which has
not been planted a great many years, is best; but if you are restricted
to old soil, do not plant often in the same place; rotate your land
with other crops, planting legumes between crops of strawberries.

In preparing new land which has been in grass, and this applies
to small fruit on a large scale, first see that it is well drained ; plough
it in the summer just after cutting the hay (subsoiling at this time
wMl be very beneficial) ; then sow a crop of buckwheat, cow peas, or
beans which should be ploughed in green. Keep the land well
harrowed up to the time it freezes. It is better to cultivate this
ground the second year with some early crop, like cow peas or
beans, which have been well manured, following these with another
crop of buckwheat which is ploughed in green, and the ground
kept harrowed as during the previous year. Just before the ground
freezes in the fall plough in a liberal dressing of manure, about ten
to twelve cords per acre on new land. The first ploughing in the
spring brings this manure which was ploughed under in the fall up
to the surface just where the plant roots need it. After ploughing
apply a dressing of 12 bushels of lime, 30 bushels of wood ashes,
and 800 pounds of ground bone per acre. This dressing will be
found all right for new land and for old land increase the amount
of manure and ground bone. This fertilizer should be lightly
harrowed into the soil with a smoothing harrow; then level the
ground off and mark out the rows, running them north and south,
either three and one-half or four and one-half feet apart according
to your location, and method of growing. If a wide matted row
is used plant from four to four and one-half feet apart; if a narrow

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

row plant three and one-half feet. Set the plants from fifteen inches
to two feet apart in the row; but this rule cannot always be followed
exactly, as many varieties run so much, that they would cover the
ground if set four feet apart. It is not a good plan, however, to
allow them to run so much, for this will reduce the fruit cro]), the
plants becoming exhausted by making too many runners.

If the plants have been purchased and have come some distance
it is well to unpack them in a cellar and bed the roots with some
good cool soil in a shady location, if not ready to plant. ^Yhen
ready to set shorten the roots at least one-half and remove all large
leaves. It is best to set plants as early in the season as possible
before there is much foliage, thus saving this waste in the vitality
of the plant. Just before setting puddle the roots in water and clay,
if possible, and do not have the plants dropped on the ground much
faster than they can be set, for the sun and wind will do them more
damage in five minutes than the plants can recover in three weeks.

In setting be sure to firm the soil well about the roots of the
plants; you cannot get it too firm. If the ground is mellow and
soft the hand can be used for setting, but a trowel is better, provi(fed
it is not too large; set the crown of the plants a little higher than
the level of the soil so that no earth can be drawn over it in after
cultivation. i\.s soon as the bed is set it is well to go over it close
to the rows with a scuffle hoe. This serves to level the soil and also
to create a dust mulch near the plants, at the same time not dis-
turV)ing the roots. This scuffle hoeing should be repeated at least
twice l)efore a horse cultivator is allowed in the field, for as a rule
the ground does not need stirring in the middle of the rows for at
least one week after planting. The summer cultivation consists in
keeping the ground well stirred, not only between the rows, but
about the plants, at the same time removing all weeds. As soon as
the first runners appear take them off in order to get the plants well
established before making new plants.

As soon as a sufficient number of plants are set about the j^arent
plant to form a bed, cut oft" all the runners which attach this plant to
its offs])ring; and it is a very good plan at this time to entirely re-
move the ])arent as it has a tendency to make plants where they are
not needed, and is worthless for fruiting. Keep all weeds removed
from the bed as long as thev grow, and when the ground is frozen

SMALL FRUITS. 75

slightly mulch the bed with coarse meadow hay held in place by brush
or trash wood. The previous directions apply mostly to plants
grown in a commercial way and under the matted row system. Many
of our gardeners and amateurs adopt this method; however, for a
small place summer or fall setting of pot grown plants in hills is
to be preferred. In the latter method the preparation of the soil
and the after cultivation are much the same as described in the
former system, except that the original plant is not allowed to re-
produce itself, and hand labor takes the place of horse cultivation.
This method produces a number of very heavy crowns which bear
abundantly the following season. The plants for a bed vmder the
hill system may be set one foot by fifteen inches apart in beds five
feet wide, and if due care is taken of the plants the results from a
small area of ground will be very gratifying. Whichever method
you adopt the plants should be sprayed at least once a month
during the summer and twice in the spring before the blossoms
appear. This spraying is entirely in the nature of a fungicide as
there is no serious trouble from leaf eating insects.

During the blooming season, if dry, it is well to stir the soil lightly
enough to form a dust mulch, and as soon as the berries are half
grown lightly cover the ground with some fine meadow hay or cut
straw; this will serve to keep the berries clean as well as to make
moisture conditions better. Pick the fruit as early in the day as
possible, for it is firm and cool then and will keep better and retain
its flavor to perfection. Fancy berries should never be picked in
deep receptacles; they should never touch each other as the skin
bruises very easily and the berries will quickly spoil.

If the fruit is for market make two qualities at the time of pick-
ing so it will not be handled twice. The first quality berries
should be marketed in trays and the difference in price will repay
for extra labor and handling.

The ten best varieties of the strawberry for commercial purposes
in this locality are Senator Dunlap, Parson's Beauty, Sample,
Brandywine, Glen INIary, INIinute Man, Clyde, Haverland, Mead,
and Bismarck.

The five best varieties for the home garden are Marshall, Sena-
tor Dunlap, Granville, Brandywine, and Nick Ohmer.

The strawberry has few insect enemies; probably the worst is

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the white grub, the hirvae of the June beetle, and as this grub
works iniderground on the roots it is hard to fight after it is well
established. These grubs are more numerous on old soils, sod land,
or on land where potatoes have been previously grown. The best
way to rid the soil of this pest is by frequent rotation of crops.
This grub dislikes most root crops, like beets, turnips, etc., and it
will not work in buckwheat; so if strawberries follow any of these
crops very little trouble will be experienced. The leaf eating insects
are few, and under ordinary conditions do but little harm. Some
seasons the rosebug works destructively on the foliage, and there
is also a small black beetle, the strawberry weevil, that bores holes
in the leaves. This pest does not appear very often and is not
considered dangerous.

The bush fruits to which I wish to call your attention for a few
minutes are not as extensively cultivated as the strawberry, prin-
cipally because they are not quite as easily grown. They require
more skilled labor in their management; they take longer to pro-
duce fruit; and the attacks of insects and fungus diseases are more
numerous ; and these conditions mean less profit for the grower.

The raspberry is probably the most popular of the bush fruits,
being cultivated in most sections of this country where small fruits,
are grown at all. The greatest drawback to the successful growing
of the raspberry here is our northern winter, for it frequently hap-
pens that even with protection the canes are killed and a year's
work is lost. In choosing a location for a raspberry plantation it
is best to get land that has an abundance of moisture in it, at the
same time being well drained. Hillsides facing the north or north-
east are generally good places for raspberries, provided they are
not too steep.

The raspberry is propagated by root cuttings or suckers which can
be taken directly from the ground on which they grew and planted
in the permanent beds, or, and this is a better method, by pieces of
the roots taken in the early spring and planted in nursery rows,
keeping the ground well stirred about them. The following year
these may be put in the permanent plantation. The ordinary
method of planting is in rows four to five feet apart, but, as there
are many objections to this arrangement, it is better to mark out
the field six feet apart each way, thus allowing cultivation in both

SMALL P^RUITS. 77

directions, at the same time making better space about the plants
for picking the fruit and tying and pruning the canes. Root
suckers can be removed more easily in this way, and the fruit is
exposed more evenly to the sun.

The first year a root crop can be planted among raspberries
grown six by six feet and will help defray the expenses of planting
and caring for them. However, if a root crop is planted, cultiva-
tion can only be carried on in one. direction, and this will necessitate
more hand labor. In our climate the canes should be laid down
and covered with soil early in November. The following spring,
as soon as danger from cold drying winds is over and before the
buds swell under the cover, remove the soil and tie the canes up to
a stout stake. The first year's crop should pay the first cost of set-
ting. The fruiting canes are cut away as soon as the berries are
picked and the new canes pinched back in order to make them
branch low for it is better to head back the bushes in order to make
them stocky and more able to support the weight of berries. Spring
pruning consists in cutting out all dead wood and shortening the
laterals to about six buds. It is a good plan to sow some legumi-
nous crop among raspberries. Cut the crop when green and leave
the top on the ground as a mulch for the plants ; this will keep down
excessive suckers and weeds during the fruiting season; and after-
wards this crop can be ploughed in. The best varieties of rasp-
berries for this locality are Cuthbert, Loudon, Miller, and Worthy.

The black raspberries, or Black Caps as they are frequently
called, are grown very extensively in Central New York where
more than ISDO tons of the fruit are annually dried or evaporated.
This promises to become an important industry especially where
local markets are too far away to be supplied with fresh fruit.
This dried product which is shipped to places where there is no
fresh fruit sells for 15 to 25 cents a pound, and 750 pounds are
often dried from one acre. This class of raspberries is not as popu-
lar as the Reds, but is grown in many gardens for variety. These
black caps root from the tips, and are better planted in the spring.
Among the best varieties are Kansas, Gregg, Ohio, Palmer, and
Tyler.

The Purple Canes which are hybrids of the Red and Black Caps
are among the most productive of all raspberries. The best vari-
eties are Columbian, Shaffer, and Cardinal.

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The blackberry can be treated very much the same as the rasp-
berry as regards planting and general cultivation. The best vari-
eties are Snyder, Agawam, Dorchester, and Early Harvest. Dew-
berries are being grown extensively in some parts of the country
and bid fair to become popular garden berries. The best varieties
are Lucretia and Windom.

Currants and gooseberries are chiefly grown in the north and are
more important as cooked fruits than fresh. The large amount
of currant jelly, gooseberry jam and other products made from these
fruits will always keep them in demand, and the ease with which
they are grown will make them profitable.

The currant is propagated by layers and cuttings, the latter
method being most common. The ripened wood is cut in the fall
into pieces six to eight inches long and is stored in a dry sandy cellar
during the winter. In the spring these cuttings are placed in a
bed out of doors and are well watered and mulched until they root.
They are then planted in rows and treated as any nursery stock.
The currant does well on any good garden soil, and one advantage
of it is that it can be planted in a young pear or apple orchard, thus
enabling the owner to get some returns from his land before the
pears or apples come into bearing.

Set currant bushes at least four feet apart in the rows and the
rows six feet apart, and apply plenty of manure at the time of plant-
ing. The currant produces best on two and three-year-old wood and
all older wood should be removed. A satisfactory winter protection
is to bank up a foot of soil about the base of the bushes. The best
varieties are Fay's Prolific, Cherry, and Wilder, for red, and White
Grape and W'hite Imperial, for white. Black currants are little
used here except in ornamental planting, but Black Naples is
sometimes grown. The fruit is credited with some medicinal
properties. The common enemy of both the currant and goose-
berry is the currant worm. This must be carefully guarded against
or the tender leaves will be destroyed in a few hours. Spray the
bushes with a solution of Paris green, or arsenate of lead, or dust
them with hellebore, and look out Tor a second crop of worms.

The gooseberry is not a popular fruit in America, but in England
it is highly prized and grows to a very large size. The only demand
for the gooseberry here is as a green fruit, and yet there is not a

SMALL FRUITS. 79

more delicious berry when ripe than some of the EngHsh and
American varieties. The gooseberry is propagated by layers and
cuttings, the former method being the better. Cultural methods are
very much the same as for the currant. Mildew is the greatest
enemy of the gooseberry but the careful selection of varieties will
tend to reduce this evil. The best varieties are, American: Down-
ing, Houghton, and Red Jacket; English: Chautaucjua, Industry,
and Columbus.

The cranberry, which I will not attempt to discuss in detail, is a
very important crop in Massachusetts. Some idea of the amount
of this fruit marketed here can be obtained from the following fig-
ures. In 1875 the crop in Massachusetts was estimated at 110,184
bushels, valued at $288,113; in 1885, 315,387 bushels, valued at
$788,467. So if the crop has more than doubled in the ten years
between 1875 and 1885, it must certainly be valued at over one
million dollars at present. A few other statistics may be of inter-
est, but as these refer to the years 1875 and 1885 they are perhaps
of not as much value as more recent ones.

1875 1885

Bushels. Value. Bushels. Value.

The Strawberry 1,156,801 $214,940 3,929,497 qts. .$406,859

Currant ' 146,558 10,605 318,588 28,631
Blackberry There was no

report in 1875. 382,163 38,624

Red Raspberries 335,694 32,841

The spraying of all small fruits will be a necessity in a few years,
if indeed it is not now. The ravages of insect pests, of fungous
growths, mildew and blight, can only be successfully held in check
by constant spraying, and the sooner growers come to realize this
the less we shall hear of failures with small fruits.

The profitable part of small fruit culture is not entirely in the
dollars and cents which may be derived from it, but rather in the
experience, the out-of-door life, the closer touch with nature, and
above all in the unlimited amount of keen enjoyment and entire
satisfaction one realizes in the production of delicious and beauti-
ful fruit.

so MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

As Mr. J. F. C. Hyde, who did much for fruit cuUure, said in
an address before the Massacluisetts Board of Agricuhure in 1868,
"Then cuhivate fruit; plant for yourselves; plant for your children;
plant for your neighbor away off in distant cities; plant for the
stranger that may come among you; plant for all and let all enjoy
earth's richest fruits without stint or measure."

]Mr. Wheeler stated, in concluding his remarks, that he had en-
deavored to keep in mind the needs of both amateur and profes-
sional growers, although it was difficult to apply the same methods
to both classes of growers.

Lysander S. Richards of Marshfield said he could not let the
omission of the Marshall strawberry from the list of the best ten
commercial varieties go by without noticing it. It ranks high in
JMarshfield where it was first brought out by Marshall Ewell. He
, noticed the Brandywine in the list of the best ten, but he consid-
ered it one of the poorest and had discarded it. Many seem to have
bad luck with raspberries from winter killing. He did not lay down
his plants and rarely suffered from this cause, but his location on
the South Shore may be the reason for it. He considered the Cuth-
bert as the most hardy and popular. He recommended keeping
a flock of hens in the raspberry patch, for where they went the
vines were more luxuriant and the berries larger.

]\Ir. Wheeler stated in regard to the Marshall strawberry that
it bloomed too early and the buds were liable to be injured by the
frost. He had no fault to find with the cjuality of the fruit. The
reason it did so well in Marshfield was that it was much warmer
there than in towns north and west of Boston. In answer to a ques-
tion he said that he did not advise the cultivation of strawberries
under currant bushes.

Samuel H. Warren said that he had no fault to find with the
Marshall fruit but it was not a profitable berry to grow; you do not
get much of a crop. You will always find that a variety does best
where it originated, for there are found the conditions best suited
for it. He preferred setting out plants in the fall, thereby gaining
four to ten weeks' growth.

William N. Craig quite agreed with the plan of setting out straw-
berries in the fall, thereby getting a crop in ten months. He said

SMALL FRUITS. 81

that he preferred cultivation in hills as the berries were of better
quality than those grown by the matted system. The INIarshall
does not do as well as some other varieties, but it is splendid for pot
culture. The Senator Dunlap does better.

Raspberries should be protected during the winter by covering
with any kind of coarse litter. He thought the Cuthbert the best
variety, but the Columbian was also good. Gooseberries do not
appear to be very popular in America. The skins are too thin and
do not stand our hot sun. Of varieties, the Industry and Colum-
bus do best. In currants, if he could plant only one variety it
would be La Versaillaise. Black currants are not as popular here
as in Europe where they bring high prices. The taste for them
has to be acquired but it improves on acquaintance.

He noticed that Mr. Wheeler had not mentioned the strawberry-
raspberry which is often shown at our exhibitions. It has some
uses as an ornamental shrub but is hard to keep from spreading
overmuch, and the fruit, although handsome to look upon, is worth-
less. Mr. Craig thought small fruit culture was a minor factor in
New England and must remain so.

Mr. Richards condemned the system of fall planting of straw-
berries; he had never had any success with that method. It was
the last thing he should think of, setting out plants in the fall.

Mr. Wheeler recommended spring planting for commercial
growers and fall planting for amateurs.

John Ward remarked that the Marshall cannot be grown around
here at a profit; one gets a few good berries but no large crop. It
is an uncertain berry and in three years out of four will fail. The
Sample would produce four times as much. He advised young,
strong plants for fall planting.

Mr. Warren said that the fall planting of strawberries was not
very well understood. He practised fall planting for he got a better
established bed for the following season. For amateurs he would
advise setting out pot-grown plants in August. The demand for
pot-grown plants had increased enormously in recent years. The
plants should be taken from beds which had never fruited; and it
was a mistake to take plants from an old bed.

Mr. Wheeler said that the subject of the forcing of small fruits
had not been introduced but raspberries could be fruited under

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

glass. The principal trouble was in pollenization which had to be
clone by hand.

Joseph S. Chase saiti that the best gooseberry was the Triumph.
He had grown all kinds and liad discarded all but this. He con-
sidered it the best variety grown in this cotmtry.

!Mr. Wheeler said that the Triumph gooseberry was more adapted
for commercial growers than for amateurs. He asked Mr. Chase
how he got rid of mildew.

'Sir. Chase replied that he cut it oti" and burned it.

Mr. Craig stated that some doubt seemed to be expressed as to
the value of fall planting of strawberries for small growers. He
advised planting in July and August and the loss would be a very
small percentage. A neighbor of his set otit five thousand plants
last ]May and only five hundred lived, which showed the folly of
spring planting.

Mr. ^Yheeler spoke of the custom of growing strawberries in a
barrel, and mentioned a report of twenty- five plants thus grown
which produced forty quarts. A whiskey barrel was used with
stones in the bottom for drainage and a drainpipe in the center.
Holes two and a quarter inches in diameter were bored in the sides
in which the plants were set out. They were frequently given
liquid manure and protected in the early spring.

]\Ir. ^^'arren inqtiired if Mr. Wheeler had ever tried this experi-
ment.

Mr. Wheeler replied that he had not.

Mr. Warren said that he had tried it without success and would
not advise it, but his lack of success may have been on account of
his not getting the right brand of whiskey barrel. He said such
experiments resulted in a faikire ninety-nine times out of a hun-
dred.

Mr. Craig remarked that one great trouble in barrel culture was
in not getting tiie soil sufficiently firm all around the barrel. He
said that kerosene oil barrels, washed out, were just as good as
whiskey barrels for this purpose.

George F. Wheeler said that the average person must use potted
strawberry plants, and that fall planting should be recommended.

An inquiry was made concerning the Mead and Commonwealth
strawberries which Mr. ^^'heelcr answered bv statine; that the Mead

SMALL FRUITS. 83

was rather a soft berry, but he was experimenting with it, and that
the Commonwealth was not sufficiently productive and he would
not advise planting it.

Mr. Warren said that the Commonwealth strawberry originated
at Beverly near salt water, and where the Marshall could be grown
the Commonwealth would succeed equally as well. He could get
no crop from either in his locality (Weston, Mass.).

TRANSACTIONS

ass;ic|uscits j) orticiilturd ^irdctg

FOR THE YEAE 1906

PAET II

BOSTON
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND SEVEN

Massachusetts Horticultural Society
1906

The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts
under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and Publications.

Communications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi-
cations, exhibitions, and membership, may be addressed to William
P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, No. 300 Massachusetts
Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts.

J. Woodward Manning, ]

Chairman \ Committee

James H. Bowditch \ on

John A. Pettigrew [ Lectures and

Edward B. Wilder | Publications.

E. W. Wood J

CONTENTS

Annual Reports for the Year 1906

Report of the Board of Trustees . . . . 91

Report of the- Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions 99

Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers . 101

Report of the Committee on Fruits . . . . 139

Report of the Committee on Vegetables . . . 157

Report of the Committee on Gardens . . . 169

Report of the Committee on Children's Gardens 175

Report of the Delegate to the State Board of Agri-
culture 217

Report of the Inspector to the State Board of Agri- '

culture ........ 219

Report of the Committee on Lectures and Publica-
tions 221

Report of the Secretary and I^ibrarian . . . 223

Report of the Treasurer . . . . , . 231

The Annual Meeting, November 17, 1906 . . 239

Necrology, 1906 245

Officers, Committees, and Members, 1906 . . 257

ANNUAL REPORTS FOR THE YEAR 1906.

MASS. HORT. SOC, 1906

PLATE 1

A Group of Chrysanthemums 1906

TRANSACTIONS

nmxthmii^ "§mim\i\m\\ f octet n.

1906. PART II.

REPORT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR THE
YEAR 1906.

Four meetings of the Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society have been held during the year 1906 with an
average attendance of ten members.

A condensed statement of the business transacted at these meet-
ings is herewith respectfully presented to the Society.

January 6. An appropriation of $400.00, in addition to the
income of the French and Farlow Funds, was voted for library
purposes for the year 1906; and $250.00 was voted to the Com-
mittee on Prizes and Exhibitions for the arrangement of the exhibi-
tions of the Society during the current year.

On motion of Mr. Manning the following vote was passed:

Voted: — That the Trustees of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
hereby approve of the appropriation of a sum not to exceed $25,000.00
from the unexpended balance of the sum authorized by Chapter 381 of
the Acts of the year 1905 to be expended for suppressing the gypsy and
brown-tail moths, to employ the Hon. EUwood Cooper of Santa Barbara,
California, to provide a pennanent remedy for said pests by the intro-
duction of parasites or by other natural means, subject to the approval
of the Department of Agriculture, under a guaranty which shall be
approved by the Governor of the Commonwealth.

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

That the Secretaiy be itistructed to send a copy of this vote to -the
Superintendent appointed under said Act for suppressing the gypsy and
brown-tail moths.

The following named persons having become eligible in accord-
ance with the requirement of the By-laws were elected to member-
ship in the Society:

Herman L. Winter of Somerville, proposed by A. F. Estabrook.
Edwin D. Hauthaway of Sharon, proposed by A. F. Estabrook.
]\Iiss Louise Howe of Brookline, proposed by Charles H. Stearns.
William E. Xickerson of Cambridge, proposed by Wm. J.
Stewart.

George H. ^Maxwell of Xewton, proposed by Henry S. Adams.

April 21. A communication from Prof. A. H. Kirkland, Super-
intendent of the Commission for the Suppression of the Gypsy
and Brown-tail INIoths, was read, acknowledging the receipt of the
vote of the Board, passed January 6. He assured the Society
that any proposition which promised to be of help in the work here
would be investigated, and its suggestions and plans would have
his careful consideration.

A communication from Wm. J. Stewart, Secretary of the Ameri-
can Rose Society, was read also, expressing sincere thanks for the
courtesies extended to his society during the exhibition at Horti-
cultural Hall, March 23.

Mr. Farquhar, Chairman of the Committee on Prizes and Exhi-
bitions, to which was referred the arrangement of the details of
the Schedule for 1907, reported as follows:

That the Committee on Fruits will accept the best features of the
proposed new schedule with modifications in favor of small exhi-
bitors.

That the Committee on Plants and Flowers feels that the changes
proposed are too sweeping and that the schedule as it stands is
impracticable; but it is willing to incorporate certain features of
it on the lines of the 190G schedule.

That the Committee on Vegetables disapproves of the plan as
it would discard nearly all small exhibitors.

Mr. Elliott said that the proposed new schedule, as far as roses

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 93

were concerned would, if adopted, eliminate the commercial grower,
and he thought this class of exhibitors should be given an oppor-
tunity to exhibit its productions.

Mr. Manning said that the proposed schedule practically wipes
out the commercial man, and if changes are to be made they
should be in the line of improvement without endangering the
interests of this class to which he himself belonged.

Mr. Farquhar replied that the Society in recent years had done
everything possible to draw in the commercial element. It had
invited the various trade societies to hold their annual conventions
in our halls and had endeavored to extend to them all possible
encouragement. He disclaimed any intention in the new schedule
of discriminating against this class of exhibitors.

Prof. Sargent stated that the report of the Committee on Prizes
and Exhibitions did not appear to be in proper shape for action,
and he moved, and it was voted to refer the report back to the com-
mittee for further consideration, and to report at its convenience
at a future meeting of the Board.

Prof. Sargent referred to his recent visit to one of the fortnightly
exhibitions of the Royal Horticultural Society in London. These
exhibitions are held from one to five o'clock with an admission fee
of fifty cents. Although no money prizes w'hatever were offered,
a splendid exhibit of roses, hippeastrums, and orchids was produced.
The awards made were medals and certificates.

The following named persons were elected to membership in
the Society:-

Albert C. Burrage of Boston, proposed by Charles H. Watson.

Mrs. Leonard P. Kinnicutt of Worcester, proposed by George
E. Francis.

Vincent Buitta of Newton Upper Falls, proposed by C. E. Rich-
ardson.

Mrs. Isabelle Ladd Cutting of Lexington, proposed by Geo. W.
Jameson,

Miss Catherine A. Codman of Dedham, proposed by J. K. M.
L. Farquhar.

Mrs. Charles F. Cutler of Boston, proposed by Wm. H. Bowker.

Charles S. Strout of Biddeford, Maine, proposed by C. E. Rich-
ardson.

"94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mrs. INIargaret Woodward of ^^'orcester, proposed by George
E. Francis.

Eliab Parker of Roxbury, proposed by C. E. Richardson.

John McKenzie of Chestnut Hill, proposed by J. K. M. L.
Farquhar.

On motion of Prof. Sargent it was voted to recommend to the
•Society at its annual meeting the election of the following named
persons to corres]:)on(ling membership:

Dr. Henry L. Ridley, Director Botanic Garden, Singapore.
Lieut. Col. David Prain, Director Royal Gardens, Kew, England.
Senor Don Salvador Izquierdo, Santiago, Chile.
Miss E. Willmott, AVarley Place, Essex, England.

August 4. A communication was received from James Wheeler
offering his resignation as a member of the Plant and Flower
Committee. It was voted to accept the resignation of Mr. Wheeler
and T. D. Hatfield was elected in his place for the remainder of
the year.

It was voted also, on motion of INIr. Craig, that the Secretary be
requested to express the thanks of the Society to James Wheeler
for the valued service he has rendered as a member of the Com-
mittee on Plants and Flowers.

Mr. Hill reported that legal proceedings had been entered
against the contractors of the stonework of the building on account
of the defective material used.

It was voted that the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions be
authorized to issue a schedule for the exhibitions of March and
May, 1907, and that the consideration of the rest of the schedule
be referred to a future time; the total amount to be awarded not
to exceed the appropriation already made.

On motion of Mr. Craig it was voted that the appropriation for
prizes and gratuities for the year 1907 be distributed pro rata among
the several committees on the basis of the 1905 schedule.

The following appropriations were voted:

For alterations and additions to the plumbing work in the base-
ment of the building in accordance with the estimate of Pierce &
€ox, $456.00.

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 95

For repairs on the roof of the buildmg in accordance with esti-
mates presented by the architects, "Wheelwright & Haven, $880.00,
and the architects' commission of ten per cent.

For pamphlet boxes for the arrangement of the collection of
horticultural trade catalogues in the library, a sum not exceeding
$75.00.

Mrs. William D. Mandell of Boston, proposed by Wm. Tracy
Eustis, was elected a member of the Society.

December 8. It was voted that the State Board of Agriculture
of Massachusetts be invited to hold its winter meeting in Decem-
ber, 1907, in the halls of this Society.

A communication was received from X. B. "White of Norwood
suggesting that the INIassachusetts Horticultural Society take some
action in regard to the bill before Congress granting to originators
of new plants the right to obtain patent for same. On motion of
Mr. Manning it was voted that the communication of jNIr. "White
be laid on the table.

Communications were presented from Edwin Jenkins of Lenox,
Edwin L. Lewis and Walter W'arburton of Taunton, containing
protests against some recent awards made by the Committee on
Vegetables, and, on motion of Mr. Hill, it was voted that a special
committee of three be appointed by the President to consider the
matter and report to the Board as early as possible. It was further
voted that this special committee be authorized to employ such
clerical assistance as may be required at an expense not exceeding
$100.00. The President appointed the committee as follows:
William C. Endicott, Chairman, George E. Cabot, and Walter C.
Baylies.

INIr. Hill moved that a rule be inserted in future schedules pro-
viding for the disposition of such protests and offered the following
rule which was adopted:

Whenever any exhibitor shall consider himself personally aggrieved
by any award of a prize he may file a written protest with the Secretary
immediately after such award. The Secretary shall forthwith transmit
such protest to the committee that made the protested award and such
committee shall thereupon reconsider such award. No protests shall be
considered unless made as provided in this rule.

96 MASSACHUSETTS UORTICULTL'RAL SOCIETY.

On motion of Mr. Craig a special appropriation of $10.00 was
voted on acconnt of expenses of the annual meeting; and, on
motion of Mr. ^Manning, an appropriation not exceeding $300.00,
including the income of the John Lewis Russell Fund, was voted
for the Committee on Lectures and Publications for the year 1907.

Mr. Farquhar, for the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions,
rei:)orted that the schedule for 1907 had been prepared and moved
and it was voted to proceed with its publication.

It was voted also to appropriate $250.00 for the expenses and
arrangement of the exhibitions of the ensuing year.

On motion of Prof. Sargent it was voted that the Gardeners' and
Florists' Club of Boston be invited to use one of the halls of the
Society, free of expense for lighting and service, for its class in
landscape gardening during the present winter, and that an appro-
priation not to exceed $50.00 be allowed for additional lighting
apparatus.

It was voted also, on motion of Prof. Sargent, that a committee
of three be appointed to investigate and report on the administra-
tion of the affairs of the Society's building. The President ap-
pointed on this committee Messrs. C. S. Sargent, H. P. Walcott,
and A. F. Estabrook.

A committee of four consisting of Messrs. Estabrook, Manning,
Farquhar, and Sargent was appointed to bring in a list of nomina-
tions for the various committees for the year 1907. This com-
mittee presented the following list which was unanimously adopted:

Committees of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society for the Year 1907.

Finance: — Walter Hunnewell, Chairman, A. F. Estabrook,

Stephen M. Weld.
Library: — C. S. Sargent, Chairman, T. O. Fuller, Samuel Hen-

shaw, Charles W. Jenks, Henry P. Walcott.
Lectures and Publications: — Wm. P. Rich, Chairman, J. W^ood-

ward Manning, Walter S. Parker, John A. Pettigrew,

Edward B. ^Vilder.

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 97

Prizes and Exhibitions: — John K. M. L. Farquhar, Chairman,

^ym. N. Craig, Arthur H. Fewkes, Isaac H. Locke,

Wm. H. Spooner, Wilfrid Wheeler.
Plants and Flowers: — Arthur H. Fewkes, Chairman, Robert

Cameron, Wm. N. Craig, T. D. Hatfield, William

Nicholson.
Fruits: — Wilfrid Wheeler, Chairman, Charles F. Curtis, J. Willard

Hill.
Vegetables: — Isaac H. Locke, Chairman, Duncan Finlayson,

Josiah B. Shurtlcff, Jr.
Gardens: — Charles W. Parker, Chairman, Oakes Ames, George

Barker, Wm. N. Craig, Wm. H. Elliott, A. H. Fewkes,

J. A. Pettigrew, W\ W. Rawson, W. P. Rich, H. P.

Walcott, S. M. Weld.
Children's Gardens: — Henrv S. Adams, Chairman, Edward R.

Cogswell, Jr., Harry S. Rand, W. E. C. Rich, Wm,

P. Rich.

The following named j^ersons were elected to membership in
the Society:

William Sim of Cliftondale, proposed by xVaron Low.

Herbert A. Clark of Belmont, proposed by A. F. Estabrook.

Harry F. Hall of Waban, proposed by W. W^ Rawson.

F. Wm. Rane of Boston, proposed by W^. W". Rawson.

George W^ Tufts of Rockport, proposed by C. E. Richardson.

Edward W. Sanborn of Boston, proposed by F. S. Davis.

E. Allan Peirce of Waltham, proposed by J. K. M. L. Farquhar.

George E. Adams of Kingston, R. I., proposed by W\ P. Rich.

John P. R. Sherman of Newton, proposed by A. F. Estabrook.

William P. Rich,

Secretary.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PRIZES AND
EXHIBITIONS FOR THE YEAR 1906.

BY JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, CHAIRMAN.

Your Committee on Prizes and Exliibitions is pleased to be
able to report favorably on the work of the past year. The ex-
hibitions, with perhaps one exception, have shown improvement
over those of the preceding year.

Invitations extended to the National Carnation, Rose, and Peony
Societies in Boston, in conjunction with our own, were heartily
responded to. Several exhibitors of carnations and roses came
from Illinois and other western states, and one peony exhibitor
brought a collection of blooms from Nebraska.

The Carnation Exhibition held January 24th and 25th, and the
Rose Exhibition on March 23rd, 24th, and 25th have been regarded
as occasions marking unprecedented advancement in the develop-
ment of these two important fioricultural subjects; an advance-
ment due almost entirely to the florists of tliis country in their
efforts to obtain better market flowers.

The most notable exhibit of the year was undoubtedly the new
rose, Richmond, which already seems to outclass the famous Ameri-
can Beauty.

At the March Exliibition ]Mr. Thomas Roland of Nahant exhib-
ited an exceptionally fine group of florists' decorative foliage and
flowering plants. The plants were well grown and tastefully
grouped.

The exhibition of July 7th was remarkable for a splendid dis-
play of hardy, herbaceous plants, indicating a growing interest
in this desirable class. A magnificent display of Delphinium
hybridum from Brookline, Mass., was probably the finest ever
brought before the society. At this exhibition, also, INIr. Robert
Canieron, Superintendent of the Harvard Botanic Garden, made a
grand display of stove and greenhouse plants.

The Fruit and Veo-etable Exhibition in October brought out a

100

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

list of entries, many of them bv new exhibitors from distant places.

There has been a falling off in the exhibits of large chrysanthe-
mum plants, due, doubtless, to the great expense and amount of
labor necessary to produce the magnificent specimens which for
many years haye distinguished the Xoyember Exhibitions of the
Society.

ImproYement has been made in the general arrangement of the
exhibitions which has met the commendation of yisitors. This
im[)royement is largely due to the labors of INIr. Robert Cameron
of Cambridge and Mr. James Wheeler of Brookline, and also
to the ready cooperation of the exhibitors to this end.

The receipts at the two pay exhibitions, namely, the Spring and
Chrysanthemum Shows, amounted to $2019.50, an increase of
$110.75 oyer last year.

JoHX K. jNI. L. Farquhar
William N. Craig
Arthur H. Fewkes
Warren W. Raw\son
William H. Spooxer
Wilfrid Wheeler

Committee on
Prizes and
Exhihitions.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OX PLANTS AND
FLO\YERS FOR THE YEAR 1906.

BY ARTHUR H. FEWKES, CHAIRMAN.

A review of the exhibitions of the year shows them to have been
of unusual interest, owing largely to the meeting with us of three
national associations : the American Carnation Society in January,
the American Rose Society in IMarch, and the American Peony
Society in June.

It seems to us that the policy of encouraging such societies to
meet here and to hold their exhibitions in conjunction with our
own is a commendable one and should be adopted as often as
circumstances will jiermit, for it brings in many exhibitors and
exhibits which we would get in no other way.

It not only increases the size of our exhibitions but creates a
wider public interest in them as well.

We find there has been a considerable increase in the number
of awards over the preceding year and a slight increase in the
number of exhibitors. There were six hundred and seventy-three
awards of all kinds in 1905 and seven hundred and forty in 1906,
an increase of sixty-seven; and there were one hundred and forty-
three persons and firms who made exhibits at various times during
1905 and one hundred and fifty during 1906, an increase of seven.

But while there has been an increase in both exhibits and exhibi-
tors the actual money expended, including all special prizes, was
seventeen dollars and seventy-five cents less than the preceding
year.

The improvement may have been due mostly to the association
with us of the different national societies, but we feel that there
has been a genuine revival of interest in many lines. It is true
that in the classes mentioned last year as falling behind there has
been no appreciable improvement, but in the classes which appeal
most strongly to the unprofessional grower there has been con-
siderable improvement.

102 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The first exhibit of the year was made January 13: a Japanese
form of Azalea Indica, {A. Indica, var. amocna). It was exhibited
under the name of Azalea Hinodigero by J. Woodward INIanning
and awarded Honorable Mention. This plant is quite interesting
as it is one of the so-called hardy varieties of Azalea Indica. The
variety is much like the old one under the same name but differs
in not having a hose-in-hose corolla, and in color, which is a much
lighter shade. If it should prove hardy in this section it will be-
come a most valuable shrub, but as the old amoena will live over
winter only under the most favorable conditions we are inclined
to think the same may be said of this variety.

The next exhibition was held on January 24 and 25. It was
kept open two days on account of the meeting of the American
Carnation Society and proved to be one of the most beautiful
exhibitions ever held here, as well as the finest show ever held by
the American Carnation Society.

The regular prizes oflfered by the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society were quite well competed for notwithstanding the greater
attractions offered by the Carnation Society.

The miscellaneous exhibits, not in competition, were quite
numerous and several special awards were made.

Oakes Ames was awarded a Silver IMedal for a collection of
orchids which though not remarkable for their gorgeous beauty
were, however, very interesting from a botanical point of view and
served to illustrate the great diversity of form found in this great
family.

Alexander Ogg was awarded a First Class Certificate for seedling
Amaryllis plants which, though not out of the ordinary as varieties,
showed great precocity in the matter of reaching a blooming size,
they having bloomed in about eighteen months from the seed;
a quite remarkable thing in this class of plants.

The Lowthorpe School of Horticulture exhibited several plants
of Mahernia odorata which showed much skill in cultivation and a
Cultural Certificate was awarded for them.

J. E. Rothwell showed an interesting seedling orchid, Lselio-
cattleya Gen. French, a cross between Cattleya triance and Lcelia
cinnaharina. The cross was made in February 1900, the seed
sown in June 1901, and flowered in January 1906. It was a
beautiful orchid and was awarded a Silver Medal.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 1 03

H. A. Jahn's seedling carnation No. 49, a promising light pink,
was awarded Honorable Mention, and Norris F. Comley was given
the same award for a seedling Acacia with habit like A . heterophylla.

The Spring Show, March 23, 24, and 25, was one long to be
remembered, for besides our regular exhibition the American
Rose Society met in Boston and held its exhibition in connection
with our regular March show, making the most beautiful display
of roses ever held here and, as many have said, the finest exhibition
of roses ever staged in any country.

The roses exhibited were mostly of the Tea and Hybrid Tea
varieties such as are grown for commercial purposes.

It is interesting to note the advance made in the number of
varieties available for this purpose. Where a few years ago the
Bride and Bridesmaid, American Beauty and Liberty were about
all the varieties obtainable, we now have in addition such varieties
as Kaiserine Augusta Victoria, Mrs. Pierpont Morgan, Souvenir
du Pres. Carnot, ^Nlrs. Oliver Ames, Wellesley, Killarney, and
Richmond. The last, the greatest advance in crimson roses that
has been made in many years, was shown in its greatest perfection.

In connection with the above list the varieties Bon Silene and
Safrano should be mentioned so as to record the fact that these old-
time favorites are still grown for market and exliibition along
Avith their more pretentious rivals. There was a time, during the
seventies and early eighties, when these two varieties were practi-
cally all the kinds that were grown for market purposes. A few
Lamarques and Gloire de Dijons wei"e seen, but Bon Silene and
Safrano seemed to be what fasliion demanded until the advent
of the glorious Mareschal Niel which seemed to start a demand
for larger flowers and more variety in form and color, resulting in
the planting and testing of a great many varieties. Among these,
one of the older French varieties, the Catherine Mermet, was
found to be the most in demand and the most profitable to grow.
It was planted for a number of years to the exclusion of almost
every other variety until the appearance of its white sport, the
Bride, and the later sport, the Bridesmaid. These two reigned
supreme for a considerable period driving the Bon Silene and
Safrano to the wall, but Dame Fashion seems to be getting into a
more sane mood and is recognizing beauty in many other varieties.

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and questions not whether they are old or new, only demanding
that they be obtainable in unlimited quantities and of fine quality.

The prizes for cut roses offered by the INIassachusetts Horti-
cultural Society were considerably overshadowed by those offered
by the Rose Society and received but little attention from com-
petitors, but the carnation display was very fine and the prizes for
plants in pots were quite freely competed for; the Acacias and
Rambler roses maldng the most striking feature of the show in the
plant department.

A considerable number of special awards were made, the most
important of which was the award of a Silver Gilt INIedal to Henry
H. Barrows for Nephrolcpis Whitmani, another sport from the
Pierson fern, and the handsomest of all. In appearance it is
similar to the variety ehganiissima but of better form and still
more elegant habit.

M. H. Walsh made a fine display of Rambler roses in pots and
tubs. They were nearly all varieties of his own originating, several
of them ha\'ing received special awards at previous exhibitions.
One of his newest ones, Delight, was awarded a First Class Certifi-
cate. It is a single flower of a bright reddish-pink color with
white center;. a strong grower and remarkably free bloomer.

A Silver Medal was awarded for a very fine Cattleya, shown
by E. O. Orpet: Cattleya Thayeriana superba. It is a magnificent
flower and a great improvement on the type.

A Silver Medal was also awarded to Mrs. B. B. Tuttle for the
beautiful pure white Dendrohiuin superbum Dearei. This was the
first time the variety was ever shown in Boston in good form and
it attracted much attention.

Another orchid, which received a special award, was exhibited
by Lager & Hurrell. It was a superior type of Cattleya SchrodercB,
a remarkably fine form and received a First Class Certificate.

E. O. Orpet was awarded Honorable ^Mention for La'Jiocattleya
Coronis, {Laelia chmabarina X Cattleya labiata).

Adiantwrn Edgari, exhibited by W. W. Edgar, was awarded
Honorable Mention. It is a promising fern of the cuneaiuin type.

Asparagus Crawshawii, exhibited by James Crawshaw, was
awarded Honorable Mention. It is a graceful vine, similar in
habit to Asparagus plumosus, but the branches are less regularly
arranged and the green is different in shade, having a bluish tinge.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 105

Anthony C. Zvolanek exhibited a collection of sweet peas, all
varieties of his ovra originating, and all suitable for winter flowering.
Mr. Zvolanek is making a specialty of these early-flowering varieties
and deserves great credit for his efforts along this line. He is
gi^•ing us kinds in a great variety of colors suitable for winter
flowering. By careful selection there is no doubt that these winter
sorts will soon be obtainable in as many and as beautiful shades as
can be found among the later-flowering kinds. A First Class
Certificate was awarded him for the collection.

Tvxo bright red seedling carnations were exhibited for special
honors: Gov. Guild by Peirce Brothers, and Beacon by Peter
Fisher. They were both awarded Honorable INIention and are
both promising varieties, the former being slightly lighter in shade
than the latter.

Mr. Fisher was also awarded Honorable Mention for his seedling
Carnation No. 500.

A fine display of Mahernia odorata, for which a cultural Bronze
[Medal was awarded, was made by Thomas Roland.

The plants were trained in a variety of forms showing that much
time and skill had been spent in their cultivation.

Honorable ^Mention was awarded Mrs. J. Alontgomery Sears
for a collection of seedling Amaryllis; they were of large size and
fine in form and color.

The [May Exhibition, May 5, was a better show than we have
had at this season for many years. The regular prizes, except
those for Zonale and Ivy Pelargoniums, were well competed for
and the miscellaneous displays were numerous and interesting.
The most prominent among these were the displays from the Har-
vard Botanic Garden and from the Langwater Gardens. The
former comprised fine displays of spring flowers, narcissi, and pan-
sies. The latter was a beautiful and* instructive display of narcissi,
comprising over forty varieties from the open ground. Notably
fine among these were Mad. de Graaff, Queen of Spain, Leedsii
Duchess of Westminster, Bicolor Victoria, Glory of Leyden,
Peter R. Barr, Incomparabilis Figaro and Beauty.

A Silver ^ledal was awarded for this display.

Honorable Mention was awarded W. W. Rawson for a new
class of narcissi, called Nmrissu.'} Poetaz, hvbrids between N.

106 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

polyanthus and X. poeticus. The varieties shown were Louise,
Triomphe, and Alsace. If the class proves hardy they will be
valuable additions to the list of garden bulbs.

A prominent feature of the show was a large vase of Lilium
candidum, a lily which was once grown in almost every garden but
late years has nearly disappeared, owing to a disease which has
attacked it, making its cultivation most difficult. That it is pos-
sible to grow it in all its former glory was amply proven by
this vase of magnificent blooms grown by Wm. N. Craig of the
Lang water Gardens. A First Class Certificate was awarded
liim for superior cultivation of this flower.

The Rhododendron Show, June 2, was a fairly good exliibition
as a whole, but was rather early for rhododendrons. Hardy
azaleas were at their prime and were well shown, and the displays
of hardy ornamental trees and shrubs were good, but in other classes
the exhibits were meager.

The miscellaneous displays were quite numerous and included
many things of interest.

J. E. Rothwell was awarded First Class Certificates for LopUo-
cattlexja Acts and LaeUocattleya 7narguerite. The first is the result
of a cross between Lcelia tenehrosa and Cattleya Mendelii. It is a
fine bold flower with rosy-white petals and sepals, and deep maroon
lip with light yellow blotches.

The other resulted from Lcelia purpurata crossed with Cattleya
Mossice var. vestalis. The sepals and petals are rosy-purple;
the lip crimson with white border and deep yellow throat.

Honorable Mention w^as awarded T. C. Thurlow for a new
Viburnum exhibited under the name of Viburnum Odama. It is a
promising shrub of bold habit.

The Peony Exhibition was held on June 15, 16 and was a very
successful one. The annual meeting of the American Peony
Society was held here at this time and their exhibition was held
in conjunction with our own, resulting in the finest exhibition of
peonies ever held in this country. There were several exhibits
from out the state but by far the greater part of the displays were
from local growers who felt it incumbent upon them to make the
exhibition as successful as possible and to keep up the reputation
of Boston as a peony center.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 107

Although there was good competition in many of the classes a very
large part of the exhibition was made up of displays not in compe-
tition. Among these were many new varieties, both imported and
native seedlings.

The imported varieties which received special awards were
Therese and Aurore shown by E. J. Shaylor. The former is a
large full flower, loosely built, with long and quite broad petals of a
delicate blush color with center nearly white. This received a
First Class Certificate.

The other variety, Aurore, received Honorable Mention. It is
a very large and showy, semi-double bloom, flesh white in color.

A large number of seedlings were shown by George Mollis and
T. C. Thurlow.

The variety shoM'n by jNIr. Hollis under the name of Loveliness
and awarded a First Class Certificate was the most distinct in his
collection. It is a very large, full flower, with broad petals, of a
rich rosy-pink color. It has a fine habit and strong stems.

The varieties Pride of Essex, Merrimac, and Gov. Guild were
selected from Mr. Thurlow' s collection as the most distinct and
desirable. The first is a very large bloom with broad, oval petals,
resembling somewhat a Nelumbium bloom. The color is nearly
white with yellow stamens showdng among the petals.

Merrimac is a large and full flower with long petals of a fine
blush color, showing the yellow stamens intermixed. This variety
received Honorable Mention as well as the variety Gov. Guild, a
fine deep crimson mth no trace of purple.

Other special awards were a Silver Medal to ^Ym. Miller for a
collection of Eremuri. Tliis was the finest display of these plants
ever made here. It included the varieties E. Himalaicus, E.
Turkestanicus, E. Elwesianus, E. robustus, and E. robustus superbus.

A First Class Certificate was awarded the Blue Hill Nurseries
for the golden-leaved negundo, Acer Neguudo Odessianum. The
leaves are a bright yellow color and do not burn in the sun as many
golden-leaved shrubs and trees unfortunately do.

They also received Honorable IMention for Fagus sylvatica
'purpurea major, or the broad-leaved purple beech. This is a fine
tree wdth very broad deep purple leaves.

W. W. Rawson was awarded Honorable Mention for Gladiolus

lOS MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cardinali^ Ackermamii, a handsome salmon colored variety, blotched
with crimson on a blush ground.

Frederick J. Rea received Honorable Mention for AucJiusa
Italica var. Dropmore, a variety much larger and finer than the
type.

The Blue Hill Nurseries put up a display of herbaceous flowers
which was remarkable for the large numbers of species and varieties
exibited, fine arrangement, and neatness of labeling. Attention
should be called to the latter point as the specially printed cards
used made the collection a very instructive one. A Silver ]Medal
was awarded for this.

Wm. N. Craig brought from the Langwater Gardens a fine lot
of Miltonia vexillaria which was so well grown that a Cultural
Certificate was awarded him.

The Rose Exhibition was held June 22 and was better than we
have had for several years. There was very good competition in
several of the classes for hybrid perpetual roses, but on the whole
was not what it should be and it would seem that less interest than
such a popular flower deserves is being taken in their cultivation.
Judging by the majority of flowers exhibited this conclusion forced
itself upon us, for with few exceptions they gave evidence of ordi-
nary care only. We believe with the same care given garden roses
that was bestowed upon them some twenty years ago we could
have flowers of as good cjuality and exhibits as fine as was then the
rule.

There was a considerable number of displays not in competition
most of which were meritorious, particularly the exhibits of Cam-
panula Medium in pots from ^Nlrs. John L. Gardner and Mrs. A. W.
Blake; herbaceous plants from the Blue Hill Nurseries and Mt.
Desert Nurseries; peonies from E. J. Shaylor, T. C. Thurlow,
Dr. Charles S. Minot, and George Hollis; and the collection of
early-flowering chrysanthemums from Walter Hunnewell.

Special Awards were made to George Hollis for seedling peony,
]Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, which received a First Class Certificate.
It is a very large, full, rather flat flower, with broad petals of a
fresh, rosy-pink color.

Walter Hunnewell was awarded Honorable ^Mention for the new
Rambler rose Rubin. It is a very free variety, larger than Crim-

REPORT OF C0:MMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 109

son Rambler, deeper in color and very promising. He was also
awarded a Bronze Medal for a collection of early-flowering chry-
santhemums. These varieties are remarkable for their earliness
as they were in full bloom thus early in the season and were all
raised from cuttings taken at the usual time. As a flower for
summer cutting they are quite valuable. The varieties shown
were Robbie Burns, Goacher's Pink, Goacher's Crimson, Fire-
light, ]Marie ]Massie, White Marie ^Nlassie, Ryecroft Pink, Horace
Martin, jNIrs. Xonin, Emily Grunnewald, Ideal, and Ralph Curtis.

The exhibition on July 7, although a Saturday show, was the
finest summer exhibition we have had for many years. With the
exception of Pentstemons all the classes were well competed for
and in addition there were many fine miscellaneous exhibits.
Particularly interesting among these were the display of herbaceous
plants from the Harvard Botanic Garden, filling eighty-four vases,
and the display of the Farquhar rose made by J. W. Duncan
from the Boston Park Department. The latter was a beautiful
exhibit and well illustrated the great value of this as a free-flower-
ing variety, when of sufficient age, as well as its remarkable grow-
ing abilities. The flowers exhibited were cut from plants grown
as creepers in a large bed, and it is worthy of note that this variety
is a great success when grown iu this way.

Duncan Finlayson was given a Cultural Certificate for a finely
grown Dendrobium thyrsiflorum, and Honorable Mention was
awarded Mrs. Frederick Ayer for the new marguerite. Queen
Alexandra, a variety with pure white ray petals and brownish-
crimson disk, the latter often producing a succession of white ray
petals thereby making a flower with an anemone-formed center.

On July 14 J. Tailby & Son were awarded Honorable ^Mention
for a new hybrid Richardia, Mrs. Joseph Tailby. It is a cross
between R. albo-maculata and R. EUioitiana and is apparently a
strong grower, bearing a flower nearly as deep in color as EUioitiana.

The same award was also given them for Lonicera tragophi/lla,
a species with large yellow flowers and glaucous, perfoliate leaves.
The specimen exhibited was not of sufficient strength to allow of
correct judgment of its value.

The Sweet Pea Show on July 21 was quite a sviccessful one.
There was a large and instructive display of sweet peas well shown
and competed for.

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Besides the sweet peas there were a number of miscellaneous
displays of interest, including a new Cypripedium, C. Rolfei, from
J. E. Rothwell, for which he received a First Class Certificate.
It is a cross between bellatulum and RotJischildianum. The
sepals and petals are creamy white tinged green and marked with
minute dots arranged in distinct lines. The lip is white, heavily
shaded, mottled and spotted with pink. Dahlias made their first
appearance for the season at this show and Avere shown each
succeeding Saturday until the Chrysanthemum Show in November,
at w^hich there was quite a creditable display. Advancement in
varieties along the line of earliness, and a remarkably mild season,
made it possible to exhibit these flowers for so long a time.

The exhibition on August 4 was a very interesting one and in-
cluded fine displays of perennial phloxes, annuals, and hardy
herbaceous flowers. There were also many exhibits not in com-
petition, all excellent in their way.

Lager & Hurrell exhibited the fine Vanda Miss Agnes Joachim,
a white variety shaded lilac, with deeper colored lip finely spotted,
and the throat shaded brownish yellow.

E. F. Dwyer & Son were awarded Honorable jNIention for
Heuchera bryzoides, a fine hardy, herbaceous plant, very useful
for cutting.

A First Class Certificate was awarded the Blue Hill Nurseries
for the double form of Gypsophylla paniculata. It is a unique
plant and makes a useful one for cutting.

The exhibition on August 18 was another very successful one
although but few prizes were offered. It was a delightful exhibi-
tion of summer garden flowers such as can be grown by any one
who loves a garden. The displays of herbaceous phloxes and
gladioli were particularly fine and dahlias were shown in large
numbers.

The Blue Hill Nurseries showed the new hybrid Rugosa rose,
Conrad F. Meyer, for which they were aM^arded Honorable Men-
tion. It is a considerable advancement in this valuable new class
and is a full double flower, bright pink in color and very sweet.

Honorable Mention was awarded a remarkable plant shown by
Walter Hunnewell, Senecio clivortim, a new herbaceous plant
from West China, of gigantic proportions. It is a fine bold plant

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. Ill

for moist situations, with large yellow flowers and very large
orbicular leaves.

On August 22 the committee visited the nursery of E. F. Dwyer
& Son, Lynn, INIassachusetts, to examine a clematis plant which
appeared in the nursery, presumably from seed. Flowers from
this vine have been shown at two different times pre\ious to this
at the Hall, but not in sufficient quantity to be fairly judged. It
is a strong growing vine, with heavy foliage and axillary clusters of
somewhat bell-shaped flowers which are white, delicately shaded
lavender.

There was some question as to its identity, but the authorities
at the Harvard Botanic Garden pronounced it to be Clematis
heracleifolia var. stans form. It should make a valuable vine for
trelUs and pergola work and we considered it of sufficient merit to
be generally grown; we therefore awarded it a First Class Certifi-
cate.

On September 1 the committee visited the Bay State Nurseries,
North Abington, Massachusetts, to see a pure white seedUng
Stokesia cyanea. This is the first white variety of this plant on
record. Unfortunately the only flower on the plant had faded,
but there still remained enough of it to show that it was pure white
and of sufficient promise to warrant the award of Honorable
Mention. If the plant fulfills its promise it will be a valuable
addition to the herbaceous plants and worthy of liigher honors.

The Annual Exhibition, September 5, as a whole, was an excel-
lent one, but in the classes for decorative plants the same apathy-
was noticeable among the growers as has been apparent for several
years past, and the burden of the decorative displays fell upon the
Harvard Botanic Garden, Mrs. John L. Gardner, A. F. Estabrook,
and R. & J. Farquhar & Co. Specimen plants were contrib-
uted by a few others, but the fact becomes more apparent each
year that the interest in this class of plants is waning.

On the other hand the interest in outdoor flowers and plants is
increasing wonderfully and among these the dahlia is in the lead.
The displays of this flower practically filled the lecture hall, al-
though the prizes offered were comparatively few and small.

Among the miscellaneous displays there were several noteworthy
plants which received special awards. The Blue Hill Nurseries

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

showeil Lathyrns latifolius Pink Gem and Liatris pi/cnostachya
superha. Honorable mention was awarded the former wliich is a
pretty shade of pink and a welcome addition to the perennial peas.
The latter is a magnificent, strong growing variety of tliis fine
plant and well worth the First Class Certificate which it received.

Among the tuberous begonias shown by H. H. Rogers were
specimens of the new crested class, grandiflom erecta cristata.
These were awarded Honorable ]Mention as they are distinct in
form and make a pleasing variety in this class.

The aquatics shown by H. A. Dreer were as usual very interest-
ing and were awarded a First Class Certificate. The Nelumbiums
in his collection were particularly noticeable. He also exhibited
several new foliage plants wliich were all awarded Honorable
Mention and were as follows: Adiantum scutum ramosum, a variety
approaching the well-known Farlerjense in form; Maranta Gouletii,
a variety with a center marking in the leaf resembling a silver
feather; Asparagus Duchenii, a new species from Belgian Congo,
in the way of Asparagus Sprengeri but of coarser growth; Pteris
Childsii, a form of Pteris serrulata apparently, with very finely
fringed edges and crested tips; Adiantum macro phyUum album
striatum, a variety more curious than beautiful.

At the Annual Exhibition of Fruits and Vegetables, October 10,
11, there were several exhibits of flowers, mostly dahlias. The
Blue Hill Nurseries made a display of the new Acotiitum Fisheri
for which a First Class Certificate was awarded. It is a very fine
form, with deep blue flowers in compact, but much branched
spikes. The leaves are very glossy, thick, and leathery. They
were also awarded Honorable ^Mention for Actaea Japonica, a
handsome, strong growing species.

Two seedling dahlias were shown by Joseph C. Forbes and
awarded First Class Certificates. One, Ruth Forbes, a large and
showy decorative variety of a bright mauve-pink color, and New-
port, a cactus variety, bright rich crimson in color and with fine
stem.

The Chr}'santhemum Show, November 2, 3, 4, though weak in
chrysanthemums was, nevertheless, a most successful fall exhibi-
tion. The prizes transferred from the Annual Exhibition proved
a great help to it, in fact, the chrysanthemums formed only one
feature of what is rapidly becoming a great fall floral festival.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

113

The competitors in the classes for large, trained chrvsanthemum
plants have almost entirely dropped out, so that it has become
necessary to introduce other features to take their place and for
this reason in part it was thought best to concentrate as much as
possible the principal decorative features of what has heretofore
been known as the Annual Exhibition, upon this November Show,
as the September Show no longer attracts either the exhibitor or
the public as it did some years ago.

This scheme of merging the two fall shows, as much as possible,
into one, proved a decided success this season and made the Novem-
ber one a very interesting and profitable affair. In the classes for
chrysanthemum blooms the quality has never been surpassed and
as a matter of record we herewith give lists of the varieties which
were included in the two collections which took first and second
prizes respectively in the class for Twenty-five Specimen Blooms,
as the varieties enumerated include the best of the kinds grown for
exhibition purposes at the present time. The first prize was awarded
to R. ^Y. Paterson of Lenox, Mass., and the second to Peter B.
Robb, of ^yhitins^'ille, Mass.

The varieties shown bv ^Ir. Paterson were :

Mrs. J. E. Dunne
Leila Filkins
]\Iafeking Hero
Nellie Pockett
Mrs. J. A. Miller
C. J. Salter
Australie
Mrs. Wm. Knox
May Inglis

Mrs. Wm. Duckham
llerza

Mrs. IMorton F. Plant
Donald McLeod
Mrs. Greenfield
IMaynell '
Ben Welles
Beatrice May

I\Irs. Henry Partridge

Brighthurst

Mrs. George Heaume

Wm. Duckham

F. S. Vallis

]\Ille. Marie Liger

Cheltoni

]\Irs. George Mileham

jNIr. Robb's varieties were:

Percy Plumridge
Col. D. Appleton
Ben Welles
Lord Salisbury
Nellie Pockett
Valerie Greenliam
C. J. Salter
John Fraser

Merstham Red
Cheltoni

Mrs. Wm. Duckham
Gen. Hutton
Mad. Von Andre
Beatrice May
Wm. Duckham
J. H. Salisbury
W. R. Church

F. S. Vallis

W. A. Etherington

Mrs. C. J. Salter

Mrs. G. A. JVIiller

Mrs. Geo. Mileham

Merza

Lady Hopeturn

S. J. Wright

114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

An innovation was introduced at this show in the way of decorated
dinner tables which proved quite an attraction. They were com-
peted for by the retail florists of Boston and were judged by a
committee of ladies of the Society.

As usual there were many displays not in competition; many of
them fully as interesting as those that were.

Particularly so was the table of single-flowered chrysanthemums
from ]\Iiss E. Jackson Clark of Pomfret, Connecticut, for which
she received a Silver Medal. Her display filled an entire table
the length of the hall and included about fifty varieties in all colors
common to the flower. They were greatly admired and it seems
probable that tliis class is destined to be in much demand in the
future.

A First Class Certificate was awarded Chas. H. Totty for a white
sport from the chrysanthemum Wm. Duckham with wliich it is
identical except in color which is pure white. Louis Dupuy was
awarded Honorable ^Mention for a new seedling chrysanthemum
of bright cerese-pink color, without name, which makes a fine
variety to grow as a commercial plant or for decorative purposes,
a use for which it seems well adapted as the plants shown were
very showy and effective by artificial light.

H. A. Jahn showed two varieties of carnations for which he
received Honorable Mention; No. 1 a very free flowering white
and No. 2 a rich crimson flower of considerable promise.

A vase of violets shown by William Sim was awarded Honorable
^Mention. The variety is a sport froni Princess of Wales and seems
to be an improvement on that variety.

Honorable Mention w^as awarded the Cobbet School of Lynn for
a very creditable display of hardy, pompon chrysanthemums
grown in the school yard.

The F. R. Pearson Co. showed still another sport from the Boston
fern which was in the way of elegantissima but with curly pinnte.
Honorable Mention was awarded this.

Ficus altis»ima from the F. W. Fletcher Co. was awarded Hon-
orable ^Mention. It is a strong growing plant with bold foliage
much like Ficus pandurata but wnth the leaves veined with white.

The same award was given E. O. Orpet for a display of seedling
Cattleyas and Laelias. Several handsome and interesting varieties
were included in the collection.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 115

The same award was also given Peter B. Robb for a seedling
Cattleya Louise, C. velutma X C. labiata. It has a bright crimson
lip with white edge, while the other parts of the flower are brownish
crimson.

Two handsome new plants were shown by the Julius Roehrs Co. :
Tillandsia Duvalliana and Begonia Rex, The Marquis. The first
bears a paddle-shaped spike of bloom, the bracts of which are a
deep pink color from which protrude the characteristic flowers of
a deep blue color, altogether a most striking plant.

The begonia has deep black-green leaves, shaded and mottled
dark pink, making a very beautiful variety.

Besides the above special awards a First Class Certificate was
given to W. A. Riggs, gardener to E. A. Clark, for superior arrange-
ment of specimen chrysanthemum blooms in one of the Society's
large cliina vases. They were superior blooms, remarkably well
arranged, and added much to the general effect of the exhibition.

The last exhibit of the year was made by Oakes Ames who showed
a well-grown plant of Cymbidium elegans, or as it was once called,
Cyperorchis. It is a very rare species with brownish yellow flowers
and crimson spotted lip; more remarkable botanically than horti-
culturally.

During the year we have awarded in money prizes and gra-
tuities / $3557.00

Two Society's Silver Gilt Medals

Three Appleton Silver Gilt INIedals

Nine Society's Silver Medals

One Society's Bronze ]Medal

Three Appleton Bronze iNIedals

At an estimated value of .... . 137.00

Total value of all awards $3694.00

Appropriation for 1906 .... $3925.00
Special appropriation for Chrysanthemum

Show 160.00

Total appropriation .... 4085.00
Amount awarded 3694.00

Unexpended balance .... $391.00

116 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

We have also awarded

TAventy-one First Class Certificates

Five Cultural Certificates

Forty-nine Honorable Mentions

Twenty Votes of Thanks
Besides the above we have awarded from the

Henrv A. Gane Memorial Fund . . $16.00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS AND
FLO"\\^RS.

1906.

January 24 and 25.

Primula Sinensis. — Six plants in not less than six-inch pots:

1st, E. J. Mitton, S,5; 2d, William Whitman, S3; 3d, Mrs. J. L. Gard-
ner, $2.
Primula Stellata. — Six plants in not less than six-inch pots:

1st, William \^^litman, $5; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3; 3d, Mrs. C.
C. ConYerse and Mrs. Lester Leland, $2.
Primula Obconica Varieties. — Six plants in not less than six-inch pots:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, S6; 2d, G. F. Fabyan, $3; 3d, G. F. Fabyan,
$2.
Violets. — Best bunch, one hundred blooms, Double:

1st, J. T. Gale, $3; 2d, Malcolm Orr, $2; 3d, H. F. Calder, $1.
Best bunch, one hundred blooms. Single:

1st, Dr. C. G. Weld, $3; 2d, H. F. Woods, $2; 3d, G. W. Ayer, $1.
Carnations. — Best vase, twenty-five blooms, White:
1st, H. A. Stevens Co., Lady Bountiful, $3.
Best vase, twenty-five blooms, Scarlet:

1st, H. A. Stevens Co., Manley, $3.
Best vase, twenty-five blooms, Light Pink:

l.st, L. E. Small, Fiancee, $3; 2d, R. D. Kimball, Enchantress, $2.
Best vase, twenty-five blooms, Daybreak colored:

1st, Backer & Co., Enchantress, $3; 2d, E. A. Wood, Enchantress,
S2; 3d. H. A. Stevens Co., Enchantress, $1.
Best vase, twenty-five blooms. Dark Pink:

1st. H. A. Stevens Co., Mrs. Lawson, $3; 2d, H. A. Stevens Co., Pink
Patten. S2; 3d, Backer & Co., Pink Patten, SI.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS, 117

Best vase, twenty-five blooms, Crimson:

1st, Backer & Co., Harry Fenn, $3; 2d, H. A. Stevens Co., Harry
Fenn, S2.
Best vase, twenty-five blooms. Striped:

1st, William Nicholson, Mrs. Patten, $3; 2d, H. A. Stevens Co., Mrs.
Patten, $2; 3d, Backer & Co., Mrs. Patten, $1.
Best vase, twenty-five blooms, Yellow:

1st, Backer & Co., Seedling No. 14, $3; 2d, Backer & Co., Seedling
No. 78, $2; 3d, Backer & Co., Eldorado, $1.

Gratuities: —

H. A. Stevens Co., Display of Carnations, $4.

H. A. Jahn, Display of Carnations, $2.

William Nicholson, Carnations, $1.

Mrs. A. W. Blake, Laelia superhiens and Cypripedium nitens, $3.

Julius Roehrs Co., Vase of Oncidiums and Phalaenopsis, $2.

William ^^Tiitman, Cattleyas, S2.

J. E. Rothwell, Vase of cut Orchids, $3.

William Whitman, Primula obconica, $3.

Harvard Botanic Garden, Calanthes and Primulas, $8.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, Chorizema plants, $3.

Harvard Botanic Garden, Display of Strobilanthes, Cyclamen, and

Lachenalias, $4.
Thomas Stock, Vase of Bouvardia and Centaurea, $1.
Augustus Zirngiebel, Pansies, SI.
Julius Roehrs Co., Display of Forced Lilacs, $3.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Collection of Flowers, $3.

Spring Exhibition.

March 23, 24, 2.5.
Theodore Lyman Fund.

Indiax Azaleas. — Six distinct named varieties:

1st, Edward MacMulkin, $15; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, §10; 3d, E.
W. Breed, $8.

Society's Prizes.

Palms. — Pair, in pots or tubs:

1st, William Whitman, $15; 2d, G. F. Fabyan, $12; 3d, Mrs. J. L.
Gardner, $8.
Ericas. — Six, not less than three species:

1st, Edward MacMulkin, $8; 2d, Dr. C. G. Weld, $5.
Orchids. — Three plants:

1st, G. F. Fabyan, $10; 2d, J. E. Rothwell, $6; 3d, E. W. Converse,

118 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hard-wooded Greexhouse Plants. — Two or more genera, four, in
bloom :
1st, Dr. C. G. Weld, $10; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6.
Acacia. — Specimen plant :

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $10; 2d, Dr. C. G. Weld, $Q; 3d, Mrs.
Frederick Ayer, $4.
Climbing Rose. — Specimen plant, in bloom:

1st, M. H. Walsh, $10; 2d, M. H. Walsh, $6; 3d. M. H. Walsh, $4.
Collection of Rambler and other Roses. — Suitable for landscape
and decorative purposes, grown in pots or tubs:
1st, M. H. Walsh, $35; 2d, M. H. Walsh, $25; 3d, M. H. Walsh, $15.
Hardy Primroses and Polyanthuses. — Twelve plants, distinct varie-
ties:
1st, William Whitman, $6; 2d, William Whitman, $4; 3d, Mrs. J. L.
Gardner, $2.
Cyclamens. — Ten plants:

1st, G. F. Fabyan, $20; 2d, E. J. Mitton, $15; 3d, G. F. Fabyan, $10.
Ten plants, in not over seven-inch pots:

1st, G. F. Fabyan, $12; 2d, Dr. C. G. Weld, $8; 3d, E. J. Mitton, $6.
Single plant:

1st, Dr. C. G. Weld, $5; 2d, E. W. Converse, $4.
Cinerarl\s. — Six varieties:

1st, G. F. Fabyan, $15; 2d, E. J. Mitton, $10; 3d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner,
$6.
Specimen plant:

1st, Dr. C. G. Weld, .$4; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3.
Cineraria stellata. — Six plants:

1st, William Whitman, $12; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $8.
Specimen plant:

1st, William Whitman, $4; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3; 3d, William
Whitman, $2.
Hyacinths. — Twelve named varieties:

1st, William Whitman, $10; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6; 3d, Bussey
Institution, .$4.
Six named varieties in pots, one in each pot:

1st, William Whitman, $5; 2d, William Whitman, $4; 3d, Mrs. J. L.
Gardner, .$3.
Three pans, not to exceed twelve inches, ten bulbs of one variety in each :
1st, WiUiam ^Vhitman, $10; 2d, G. F. Fabyan, $6; 3d, Mrs. J. L.
Gardner, $4.
Single pan, not to exceed twelve inches, with ten bulbs of one variety:
1st, William Whitman, .$5; 2d, William Whitman, $4; 3d, Mrs. J. L.
Gardner, $3; 4th. Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $2.
Tulips.- — Six eight-inch pans, nine bulbs of one variety in each:

1st, William Whitman, $8; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6; 3d, Bussey
Institution, $4.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 119

Three eight-inch pans, nine bulbs of one variety in each :

1st, Dr. C. G. Weld, $4; 2d, WiUiam Whitman, $3; 3d, WiUiam Whit-
man, $2.
Three ten-inch pans, twelve bulbs of one variety in each:

1st, William Whitman, $6; 2d, William Whitman, $5; 3d, Bussey
Institution, $4.
Polyanthus Narcissus. — Four eight-inch pots, five bulbs in each:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6.
Jonquils. — Six pots, not exceeding eight inches:

1st, WiUiam Whitman, $4; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3; 3d, Bussey
Institution, $2.
Narcissuses. — Six eight-inch pots, distinct varieties, single or double:
1st, WiUiam WTiitman, $10; 2d, Bussey Institution, $6; 3d, Mrs. J.
L. Gardner, $4.
Three eight-inch pots:

1st, WiUiam Whitman, $5; 2d, WiUiam Whitman, $3; 3d, Mrs. J.
L. Gardner, S2.
Lily of the Valley. — Six pots, not exceeding eight inches:

1st, William Whitman, $4; 2d, Lowthorpe School of Horticulture, $3.
Crocuses. — Three ten-inch pans, three distinct varieties:

3d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $2.
Tritoni.^s. — Six pots, in varieties:

2d, Dr. C. G. Weld, $3.
Roman Hyacinths. — Six eight-inch pans, ten bulbs in a pan:

1st, William Whitman, $5; 2d, Bussey Institution, $3.
Amaryllises. — Six pots, distinct varieties:

1st, G. F. Fabyan, SIO.
Collection of Herbaceous Spir.eas. — Not less than three varieties:

1st, WiUiam Whitman, $10.
Displ.'VY of E.-vster Pl.^nts:

1st, Thomas Roland, $25.
General Display of Spring Bulbous Plants. — All classes:
1st, WiUiam Whitman, $30; 2d, Bussey Institution, $20.
Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Twelve blooms in not less than four named
varieties:
1st, Col. Charies Pfaff, $10; 2d, Mrs. C. C. Converse and Mrs. Lester
Leland, $6.
Twelve blooms of Llrich Brunner:
2d, J. McFariand, $6.
Tender Roses in vases:
2d, W. H. Elliott, $12.
Twenty-five blooms of The Bride:

1st, W. H. Elliott, $10.
Twenty-five blooms of Bridesmaid:

1st, W. H. EUiott, $10.
Twenty-five blooms of Liberty:
l.st, W. H. EUiott, $12.

120 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Twenty-five blooms of any other variety:

1st, W. H. Elliott, Killarney, $10; 2d, R. T. McGorum, Souvenir
du'President Carnot, S6; 3d, J. McFarland, Souvenir du President
Carnot, $4.
Carnations. — Twenty-five blooms of any named Crimson variety:

1st, M. A. Patten, Harry Fenn, $5; 2d, S. J. Goddard. Hariy Fenn,
$4; 3d, Backer & Co., Harry Fenn, $3.
Twenty-five blooms of any other Dark Pink variety:

1st, T. F. Mathews, Mrs. T. W. Lawson, $5; 2d, E. A. Wood, Mrs.
T. W. Lawson, S4; 3d, H. A. Stevens Co., Pink Patten, $3.
Twenty-fi\"e blooms of any named Light Pink \'ariety:

1st, William Nicholson, Enchantress, $5; 2d, G. E. Buxton, Enchan-
tress, $4; 3d, M. A. Patten, Enchantress, $3.
Twenty-five blooms of any named Scarlet ^■ariety:

1st, H. A. Stevens Co., J. H. Manley, $5; 2d, S. J. Goddard, Cardinal,
S4; 3d, M. A. Patten, J. H. Manley, $3.
Twenty-five blooms of any named White variety:

1st, G. E. Buxton, Lady Bountiful, $5; 2d, S. J. Goddard, Lady
Bountiful, $4; 3d, William Nicholson, Lady Bountiful, $3.
Twenty-fiA'e blooms of any named Yellow Variegated variety:

1st, Backer & Co., Golden Glow, $5; 2d. Backer & Co., Eldorado, $4.
Twenty-five blooms of any named White Variegated variety:

1st, M. A. Patten, Mrs. M. A. Patten, $5; 2d, F. R. Pierson Co.,
Variegated Lawson, $4; 3d, William Nicholson, Mrs. M. A. Patten,
$3.
Pansies. — Forty-eight cut blooms, not less than twenty-four varieties.

1st, Mrs. E. M. Gill, S3.
Violets. — Bunch of one hundred blooms of Lady Hume Campbell:
1st, Malcolm Orr, $3; 2d, E. Bingham, $2; 3d. H. F. Calder, $1.
Bunch of one hundred blooms of any other- Double variety :

1st, H. F. Woods, Swanley White, $3; 2d, H. F. Woods, Marie Louise,
$2; 3d, N. F. Comley, Swanley White, $1.
Bunch of one hundred blooms of Princess of Wales :

1st, Wilham Sim, $3; 2d, N. F. Comley, $2; 3d, E. Bingham, $1.
Bunch of one hundred blooms of any other Single variety:

1st, William Sim, Governor Herrick, $3; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer,
California, $2; 3d, H. F. Woods, California, $1.

Gratuities: —

E. W. Breed, Azaleas, $4.

William Whitman, Specimen Azalea Madame van der Cruyssen, $2.

E. W. Converse, Dendrobiums, $4.

William Whitman, Cattleya, $1.

Lager & Hurrell, Display of Orchids, $10.

Peter Murray, Display of Orchids, $5.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 121

Julius Roehrs Co., Orchids and Foliage Plants, $5.

E. W. Converse, Display of Cyclamen and Primulas, $5.

Bussey Institution, Forced Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants, $12.

G. F. Fabyan, Acacias, $3.

R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Display of Spring Bulbs, $25.

Mrs. A. W. Blake, Display, of Spring Bulbs, S8.

W. W. Rawson, Bed of Tulips, $10.

J. McFarland, Vase of Lily of the Valley, $1.

^I. A. Patten, Two Vases of Carnations, $4.

Peter Fisher, Three Vases of Carnations, $4.

William Nicholson, Three Vases of Carnations, $2.

Backer & Co., Vase of Carnations, SI.

S. J. Goddard, Vase of Carnation Helen Goddard, $1.

Guttman & Weber, Vase of Carnation Victory, $2.

J. T. Gale, Two vases of Sweet Peas, $2.

Malcolm Orr, Vase of Sweet Peas, $1.

A. T. Zvolanek, Vase of Sweet Peas, $1.

James Anderson, Display of Stocks, $2.

Mrs. H. F. Durant, Angraecimi, $2.

Mrs. J. M. Sears, Amarj-llis and Gardenias, $4.

J. H. WTiite, Strelitzia and Adiantums, $4.

Thomas Roland, Mahernias and Bougainvilleas, $5.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Display of Flowers, .$2.

May 5.

Calceolarias. — Six varieties, in pots:

1st, G. F. Fabyan, $1.5; 2d, G. F. Fabyan, $10.
Pelargoxiums. — Six named Show or Fancy varieties, in not less than
eight-inch pots, in bloom:
1st, G. F. Fabyan, $10; 2d, G. F. Fabyan, $6.
Tulips. — Forty-eight blooms, not less than twelve varieties:

1st, William Whitman, $5; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $3; 3d, William ^Vhit-
man, $2.
Hardy Narcissuses. — Collection of fifty vases of not less than ten named
varieties :
1st, Langwater Gardens, $10; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $6.
Pansies. — Forty-eight blooms, not less than twenty-four varieties:

1st, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $3; 2d, Mrs. E. M. Gill, $2; 3d, J. B. Shurtleff,
Jr., $1.

Gratuities: —

Dr. C. G. Weld, Calceolaria Golden Gem, $4.

Harvard Botanic Garden, Display of Spring Flowers, Narcissuses,

and Pansies, $8.
William Whitman, Tulips and Hyacinths, $3.

122 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

W. J. Clemson, Display of Tulips, SI.

E. W. Converse, AtyianjUis Johnsoni and Cattleya Mendelii, $3.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Display, $1.

Rhododendron Exhibition.

June 2.

H. H. Hunneivell Fund.

Rhododendrons. — Twelve distinct varieties of unquestioned hardiness,
named:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, SIO.
Six distinct varieties of unquestioned hardiness, named:
1st, Mrs. A. W. Blake, So; 2d, G. F. Fabyan, $3.
Hardy Azaleas. — Twelve varieties, one vase of each:

1st, Mrs. A. W. Blake, S6; 2d, William Whitman, $4; 3d, T. C.
Thurlow & Co., S2.
Six varieties, one vase of each:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, S4; 2d, William Whitman, $3.
Cluster of trusses, one variety:

1st, William Whitman, $3; 2d, William Whitman, $2; 3d, William
^Vhitman, $1.

Society's Prizes.

German Irises. — Thirty-six vases of three trusses each, of not less than
twelve varieties:
1st, William Whitman, $5.
H.'VRDY Pyrethrums. — Display of thirty bottles, Single and Double, six
or more varieties:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, S5; 2d, William Whitman, $3.
Hardy Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. — Display of not less than
twenty genera and thirty species and varieties, named, cut blooms
or foliage:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, SIO; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, .56.
Tree Peonies. — Not less than five varieties:

1st, William Whitman, SIO; 3d, T. C. Thuriow & Co., S6.
Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — Distinct species and varieties, not less
than ten genera, grasses admissible, thirty bottles:
1st, Blue Hill Nurseries, $10.

Gratuities : —

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Display of Rhododendrons, $10.
T. C. Thurlow & Co., Azaleas and Peonies, $3.
William Whitman. Iris and Azaleas, $3.
Blue Hill Nurseries, Iris and Aquilegias, $2.
J. E. Rothwell, Vase of cut Orchids, S3.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 123

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Magnolia fuscata, SI.

Harvard Botanic Garden, Display of Herbaceous Flowers, $8.

G. F. Fabyan, Vase of Stock White Column, $1.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Display, $3.

Peony Exhibition.
June 15 and 16.

Special Prizes offered by Kelway & Son, Langport, England.

Herbaceous Peonies. — Collection of eighteen named varieties, single or
double:
1st, William Whitman, Silver Gilt Medal; 2d, George HoUis, Bronze
Medal.

Society's Prizes.

Herbaceous Peonies. — ■ Collection of thirty or more varieties, double,
one flower of each:
1st, William Whitman, $15; 2d, H. A. Stevens Co., $12; 3d, James
McKissock, $8; 4th, George Hollis, $6; 5th, T. C. Thurlow & Co.,
$4.
Collection of twelve named varieties, double, six flowers of each:

1st, William Whitman, $12.
Specimen bloom, double:

1st, Dr. C. G. Weld, $2; 2d, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $1.
Collection of twelve or more named varieties, single:

1st, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $4; 2d, William Whitman, $3.
Collection of twelve or more named varieties, Japanese single, includ-
ing all single varieties destitute of pollen:
1st, George Hollis, $4.
Vase of blooms on long stems, arranged in the Society's large china
vases :
1st, Dr. C. G. Weld, $10; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $6; 3d, E. B. Wilder, $4.
Collection of six named double varieties. White, one flower of each:
1st, A. H. Fewkes, $3; 2d, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $2; 3d, H. A. Stevens
Co., $1.
Collection of six named double varieties. Rose Pink:
1st, A. H. Fewkes, $3; 2d, H. A. .Stevens Co., $2.
Collection of six named double varieties, Salmon Pink:

1st, H. A. Stevens Co., $3.
Collection of six named double varieties, Red or Crimson:
1st, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $3; 2d, H. A. Stevens Co., $2.
Vase of twenty-five blooms, double. White or Blush:

1st, H. A. Stevens Co., $5.
Vase of twenty-five blooms, double. Pink or Rose:
1st, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $5.

124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Vase of twenty-five blooms, double, Red or Crimson:
1st, William Whitman, S5; 2d, H. A. Stevens Co., $3.

For Non-Commercial Growers Only.

Collection of twelve named varieties, double, one flower of each:

1st, I. L. Blanchard, $6; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $4; 3d, James McKissock,

Gratuities: —

E. J. Shaylor,

Peonies

, $15.

A. H. Fewkes.

a

S6.

Mrs. E. M. Gill,

it

$6.

C. W. Ward,

it

$5.

Mrs. Daniel Low,

$3.

J. H. White,

"

S2.

E. L. Lewis,

a

$2.

T. C. Thurlow & Co.

a

$2.

Mrs. J. B. Lawrence

"

S2.

Mrs. C. H. Glazier,

"

$1.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner,

Gloxinias, $6.

Mrs. Oliver Ames, Sr., Water Lilies, $5.

William Whitman,

Cattleya

Gaskelliana,

Rose and Strawberry Exhibition.

June 22 and 23.

Special Prizes.

Theodore Lyman Fund.

Hardy Roses. — Twenty-four distinct named varieties, three of each
variety.
1st, Miss S. B. Fay, $25.

Society's Prizes.

Twelve named varieties, three of each :

1st, Miss S. B. Fay, $12.
Six named varieties, three of each:

1st, Miss S. B. Fay, $6.
Twenty-four named varieties, one of each:

1st, Miss S. B. Fay, $12; 3d, William Whitman, $6.
Eighteen named varieties, one of each:

1st, Miss S. B. Fay, $8; 2d, William Whitman, $6.
Twelve named varieties, one of each:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $6; 2d, Wrtliam Whitman, $4.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 125

Six named varieties, one of each:

1st, G. F. Fabyan, $4; 2d, Dr. C. G. Weld, $3; 3d, Mrs, C. C. Converse
and Mrs. Lester Leland, $2.
Best collection of Hybrid Tea Roses:

1st, Miss S. B. Fay, $8.
Six blooms of Baroness Rothschild:

1st, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $3; 2d, J. C. Chaffin Estate, $2; 3d, Mrs. C.
C. Converse and Mrs. Lester Leland, SI.
Six blooms of ^Irs. John Laing:

1st, Mrs. C. C. Converse and Mrs. Lester Leland, $3; 2d, Dr. C. G.
Weld, %2.
Six blooms of General Jacqueminot:

1st, Dr. C. G. Weld, $3; 2d, Mrs. C. C. Converse and :^Irs. Lester
Leland, $2.
Six blooms of Ulrich Brunner:

1st. Miss S. B. Fay, $3; 2d, Mrs. C. C. Converse and :Mrs. Lester
Leland, $2.
Six blooms of any other variety:

1st. Dr. C. G. Weld, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, WiUiam Whitman,
$1.
Six blooms of Frau Karl Druschki:

1st, Miss S. B. Fay, $3; 2d, Dr. C. G. Weld, SI.
Six blooms of Mrs. R. G. ShaiTnan Crawford:

1st, Miss S. B. Fay, $3; 2d, Dr, C. G. Weld, $1'.
Six blooms of Margaret Dickson:

1st, Miss S. B. Fay, $3; 2d, G. F. Fabyan, SI.
General Collection. — One hundred bottles of Hardy Roses, in the
Society's racks:
1st, Miss S. B. Fay, S15; 2d, W. J. Clem.son, $10; 3d, Mrs. E. M. Gill,
$8; 4th, J. C. Chaffin Estate. $6; 5th, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5.
Sweet Williajis. — Display, eighteen vases, of three trusses each, not
less than six varieties:
1st, William Whitman, $3; 2d, Dr. C. G. Weld, $2; 3d, Wilfrid
Wheeler, $1.

Gratuities: —

Langwater Gardens, Display of Roses, S4.
Miss S. B. Fay, " " " $3.

W. J. Clemson, " " " ?3.

Mrs. A. W. Blake, " ' "

Mrs. E. A. Wilkie,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Display of Roses, Peonies, etc.,
T. C. Thuriow & Co., Display of Peonies, $12.
E. J. Shaylor, " " " $5.

George Holhs, " " " $4.

Dr. C. S. Minot, " " " $4.

A. H. Fewkes, " " " $1.

126 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mt. Desert Nursery, Single Peonies, 33.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Campanula Medium, in pots, $6.

Mrs. A. W. Blake, " " " " $5.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, " " cut flowers, $4.

Mt. Desert Nursery, Herbaceous Plants, $5.

Mrs. J. B. La\ATence, " " $3.

William Whitman, Display of Flowers, $-4.

Warren Heustis, Display of Flowering Trees and Shrubs, $5.

July 7.

Hardv Roses. — Collection, named, not less than tw-elve varieties, filling
fifty vases, one rose in each vase:

2d, William WTiitman, $8.
Iris Kaempferi. — Collection of varieties filling twenty-five vases:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $8; 2d, William Whitman, $5.
Campanula Medium. — Collection, not less than fifteen bottles:

1st, William Whitman, S4; 2d. Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3.
Delphiniums. — Display, thirty vases of three spikes each:

1st, William ^Miitman, $10; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6.
Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — Thirty bottles, distinct sj^ecies and
varieties, not less than ten genera, grasses admissible:

1st, Bay State Nurseries, S8; 2d, Blue Hill Nurseries, $6.

Gratuities: —

Harvard Botanic Garden, Display of Herbaceous Flowers, $8.
Blue Hill Nurseries, " " " " $5.

Mrs. J. B. Lawrence, " " " " $3.

Bay State Nurseries, Herbaceous Flowers and Roses, $4.
William Whitman, Crimson Rambler Roses, $1.
Mrs. J. B. Lawrence, " " " $1.

Mrs. A. W. Blake, Vase of Hemerocallis fulva, $1.

" " " Brassia verrucosa, $1.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, Tuberous Begonias, $2.
George HoUis, Display of cut Geraniums, $1.
Arthur Ouimet. Double-flowered Pomegranate, SI.
Thomas Doliber, Display of Flowers, S3.
Mrs. E. M. Gill. " " " $3.

July 21.

AcHiMENES. — Six, of six varieties, in not over ten-inch pans:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $10.
Sweet Peas. — Display of named varieties filling thirty vases, twenty-five
1^*" sprays in each, cut flowers with their own foliage:
1st, W. J. Clemson, $8.
Best twelve varieties, named, six sprays of each:

1st, Joseph Thorpe, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, William Whit-
man, $1.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 127

Fifty sprays, any named Light Pink or Blush variety:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, Countess of Spencer, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis,
Gladys Unwin, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson, Gladys Unwin, $1.
Fifty sprays, any named White variety:

1st, O. B. Kenrick, i$3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson,
$1.
Fifty sprays, any named Rose colored variety :

1st, E. L. Lewis, American Queen, $3.
Fifty sprays, any named Blue or Purple variety:

1st, E. L. Lewis, Helen Pierce, $3.
Fifty sprays, any named Lavender variety:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, Mrs. George Higginson, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson,
Lady Grisel Hamilton, $2; 3d, O. B. Kenrick, Lady Grisel Hamil-
ton, $1.
Fifty sprays, any named Red or Crimson variety:

1st, O. B. Kenrick, King Edward VII, $3.
Fifty sprays, any named Orange or Salmon variety:

1st, W. J. Clemson, Miss Willmott, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, Miss Willmott,
$2; 3d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, Lady Mary Currie, $1.
Fifty sprays, any named variety, any other color:

1st, E. L. Lewis, Maid of Honor, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, America, $2;
3d, O. B. Kenrick, Stanley, SI.
Hardy Aquatic Flowers.— Collection, named:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $10.

Gratuities: —

W. W. Rawson, Display of Sweet Peas, $5.

E. L. Lewis, " " " " $2.

W. J. Clemson, " " " " $1.

Joseph Thorpe, Dahlias, $2.

E. L. Lewis, Hollyhocks, $1.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Clerodendron fallax, $2.

William Whitman, Hydrangeas, $10.

J. E. Rothwell, Vase of Orchids, $2.

Blue Hill Nurseries, Phlox and Lilies, $1.

G. F. Fabyan, Shirley Poppies and Hypericum Moserianum, $3.

R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Herbaceous Flowers, $5.

Mrs. A. W. Blake, " " $5.

Mrs. J. B. Lawrence, " " $3.

Harvard Botanic Garden, Herbaceous Flowers and Aquatics, $10.

William WTiitman, Display of Flowers, $3.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " " $2.

August 4.

Perennial Phloxes.— Twelve named varieties, one truss of eat-h:

1st, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $8; 2d, William Whitman, $6; 3d, H. A.
Stevens Co., $4; 4th, W. C. Winter, $2.

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — Thirty bottles, distinct species and
varieties, not less than ten genera, grasses admissible:
1st, Blue Hill Nurseries, $10.
Annuals. — General display, named, not less than twenty-five varieties,
filling not less than one hundred bottles:
1st, William Whitman, SIO; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $8; 3d, Mrs.
E. M. Gill, S6.

Gratuities: —

T. C. Thurlow & Co., Display of Phlox, $4.
Langwater Gardens, " " " $.3.

Blue Hill Nurseries, " " " $2.

William Whitman, Herbaceous Plants, $3.
Harvard Botanic Garden, Display of Perennials, $8.

■' " " " " Annuals, $6.

Towle's Dahlia Gardens, Display of Dahlias, $3.
Mrs. J. B. Lawrence, " '' " $2.

A. E. Johnson, " " " $2.

W. C. Winter, " " " $2.

Joseph Thorpe, " " " SI.

W. G. Winsor, " " " $1.

Lager & Hurrell, Orchids, $2.
Mrs. A. W. Blake, Display of Balsams, S2.
Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Display of Pentstemons, $1.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Display of Flowers, $2.
Mrs. J. B. Lawrence, " " " S2.

August 18.

Perennial Phloxes. — General display in not less than thirty vases,
named :
1st, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $6; 2d, F. W. Spinney, $5; 3d, Blue Hill
Nurseries, $3; 4th, William Whitman, $2.
Gl.\dioli. — Twelve named varieties, one spike of each:

1st, J. K. Alexander, $5; 2d, William Whitman, $3; 3d, J. L. Childs,
S2.
Display of named and unnamed varieties, filling one hundred vases,
arranged for effect with any foliage:
1st, J. L. Childs, S8; 2d, C. S. Pratt, $Q; 3d, J. K. Alexander, $4.
China Asters. — Display of Large Flowered of all classes, named, not less
than fifty vases, three flowers in each:
1st, William Whitman, $6; 2d, William Whitman, $4; 3d, O. B.
Kenrick, $2.

Gratuities: —

W. J. Clemson, Asters and Gladioli, $2.
A. E. Johnson, Dahlias, .S3.
J. K. Alexander, " $2.

AWARDS FOR PLAXTS AND FLOWERS. 129

Towle's Dahlia Gardens, Dahlias, $2.
Mrs. J. B. Lawrence, " $2.

W. G. Winsor, " $2.

W. W. Rawson, " $2.

W. C. Winter, " $1.

William Whitman, ^'ase of Lilium tigrinum, $1.
Harvard Botanic Garden, Herbaceous Flowers, $S.
Blue Hill Nurseries, " " $6.

Mrs. A. W. Blake, " " S3.

Mrs. J. B. LawTence, " " $1.

. Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " $2.

Annual Exhibition of Plants and Flowers.

September 5 and 6.

Palms. — Pair, in pots or tubs:

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, S12; 2d, William Whitman, $10; 3d, Mrs.
J. L. Gardner, $S.
Six Greenhouse and Stove Plants. — Decorative sisecimens of different
named varieties:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $20; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $15; 3d, Mrs.
J. L. Gardner, $10.
Caladiums. — Six named varieties:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $10.

Ferns. — Five named varieties:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $12.

Specimen, other than Tree Fern:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $4.

Adiantums. — Five named species:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $10.
Dracaenas. — Six named varieties:

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $8; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6.
Crotons. — Twenty plants, not less than eighteen named varieties, in not
less than six-inch pots:
1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $20.
D.\HLL\s. — -Show, eighteen blooms, named varieties:

1st, J. K. Alexander, $4; 2d, E. W. Ela, $3; 3d, H. F. Burt, $2.
Fancy, eighteen blooms, named varieties:

1st, E. W. Ela, $4; 2d, W. H. Symonds, $3; 3d, W. C. Winter, $2.
Cactus, eighteen blooms, named varieties:

1st, E. W. Ela, $4; 2d, Mrs. H. A. Jahn, $3; 3d, W. P. Lothrop, $2.
Decorative, twelve blooms, named varieties:

1st, W. G. Winsor, $3; 2d, W. D. Hathaway, $2; 3d, F. L. Tinkham
$1.
Show, twelve blooms, named varieties:

1st, J. K. Alexander, S3; 2d, E. W. Ela, $2; 3d, W. P. Lothrop, $1.

130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Fancy, twelve blooms, named varieties:

1st, E. W. Ela. $3; 2d, Mrs. H. A. Jahn, $2; 3d, W. P. Lothrop, $1.
Best single bloom of any class, introduction of 1903 or later:

1st, W. G. Winsor, F. G. Baker, $2; 2d, J. H. Flint, Elberton, SI.
Pompon, twelve vases of three blooms each:

1st, J. K. Alexander, $3; 2d, W. D. Hathaway, $2; 3d, E. W. Ela, $1.
Single, twelve vases of three blooms each:

1st, E. W. Ela, S3; 2d, W. P. Lothrop, $2; 3d, W. C. Winter, $1.
Largest and best collection of named varieties, one vase of each :

1st, Mrs. L. M. Towle. $8; 2d, E. W. Ela. $6; 3d, W. C. Winter, $4.
Hardy Herb.\ceous Flowers. — Thirty bottles, distinct species and
varieties, not less than ten genera, grasses admissible:

1st, Blue Hill Nurseries, $10; 2d, Bay State Nurseries, $8.

For Amateurs only.

Dahlias. — Twenty-five named varieties, large flowered, all classes, one
flower of each:
1st, J. H. Fhnt, 86; 2d, W. F. Hall, $4; 3d, .J. H. Flint, $2.

Graiuities: —

Harvard Botanic Garden, Display of Foliage Plants, $40.

R. & J. Farquhar & Co., " " " " $10.

J. R. Clarke, Herbaceous Plants, $2.

Bay State Niu-series, Display of Phlox and Herbaceous Plants, $5.

William Whitman, Display of Palms, $6.

J. K. Alexander, Display of Dahlias, $2.

Mrs. H. A. Jahn, " " " $1.

W. D. Hathaway, " " " $1.

Lager & Hurrell, Display of Orchids, $5.

J. K. Alexander, Display of Gladioli, $1.

H. H. Rogers, Display of Tuberous Begonias, $1.

Blue Hill Nurseries, Display of Grasses, $2.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Display of Flowers, $3.

Mrs. A. W. Blake, " " " $3.

Annual Exhibition of Fruits and Veget.\bles.

October 10 and 11.
Gratuities: —

Towle's Dahlia Gardens, Collection of Dahlias, $3.
Blue Hill Nurseries, Display of Herbaceous Plants, $2.

awards for plants and flowers. 131

Chrysanthemum Show.

November 2, 3, 4.

Special Prizes.

Henry A . Gane Memorial Fund.

Chrysanthemums. — For the best specimen plant of Marcia Jones, Henry
A. Gane, Mrs. H. A. Gane, or any of the sports or seedlings of these
three varieties:
2d, E. J. Mitton, $6.

H. H. Hunnewell Fund.

Hardy Coniferous Trees. — Display in pots and tubs, named:
1st, R. & J. Farquhar & Co., $25.

Society's Prizes.

Chrysanthemums. — Display of eight named plants in not over twelve-
inch pots, any or all classes, distinct varieties:
1st, J. S. Bailey, $75; 4th, W. H. Elliott, $30.
Two Japanese Incurved:

1st. J. S. Bailey. $10; 3d, W. H. Elliott, $4.
Two Refiexed, distinct named varieties:

1st, J. S. Bailey, $10; 3d, W. H. Elliott, $4.
Specimen Japanese Incurved, named variety:

1st, J. S. Bailey, $6; 2d, E. J. Mitton, $4; 3d, W. H. Elliott, $3.
Specimen Refiexed, named variety:

1st, J. S. Bailey, $6; 3d, W. H. Elliott, .|3.
Specimen Pompon, named variety:

2d, W. H. Elliott, $4.
Specimen plant of any variety not included in the above classes:

1st, G. F. Fabyan. $6; 3d, W. H. Elliott, $3.
Six plants of six different varieties, grown to six stems with one bloom
to each stem, in seven-inch pots:
1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $10; 2d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $S; 3d, William
Whitman, $6.
Begonia Rex. — Ten pots, of ten varieties:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $8; 2d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $6.
Best Arranged Group of Foliage and Flowering Plants, — covering
two hundred square feet:
1st, William Whitman, $50; 2d, Edward MacMulkin, $35; 3d, Sidney
Hoffman, $25.
Orchids. — • Display arranged for effect with foliage plants, covering a
space of not more than fifty square feet:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $25; 2d, Edward MacMulkin, $15.

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Special Prizes.

Josiah Bradlee Fund,

Chrysanthemums. — Twenty-five blooms, of twenty-five distinct varieties,
named :
1st, R. W. Paterson, S25; 2d, P. B. Robb, $15; 3d, William Whitman,
SIO.
Six vases of six named varieties, ten blooms each:
1st, William "^^^aitman, $30.

Henry A. Gane Memorial Fund.

Chrys.^xthemums. — For the best six specimen blooms of Mrs. Jerome
Jones, Yellow Mrs. Jerome Jones, or any of the sports or seedlings
of these two varieties:
1st, A. F. Whitin, $6; 2d, James Nicol, S4.

Society's Prizes.

Twelve blooms. Incurved, named, in vases:

1st, Mrs. C. C. Converse and Mrs. Lester Leland, $6.
Twelve blooms, Japanese, named, in vases:

1st, P. B. Robb, $S; 2d, Mrs. C. C. Converse and Mrs. Lester Leland, $6.
Twelve blooms, Japanese Incm-ved, named, in vases:

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $8.
Twelve blooms, Reflexed, named, in vases:

1st, Mrs. C. C. Converse and Mrs. Lester Leland, $8.
Twelve blooms, Anemone, named, in vases:

1st, ]\Irs. C. C. Converse and Mrs. Lester Leland, $8.
Twelve sprays. Pompon, distinct :

1st, P. B. Robb, $5; 2d, Mrs. C. C. Converse and ]Mrs. Lester Leland,
$3; 3d, Mrs. C. C. Converse and "Sirs. Lester Leland, $2.
Six best varieties, named, introductions of the current year:

1st, William Whitman, $6; 2d, Mrs. C. C. Converse and Mrs. Lester
Leland, $4.
Vase of blooms on long stems. Pink, named:

1st, G. F. Fabyan, Morton F. Plant, $10; 2d, A. F. Whitin, William
Duckham, $8; 3d, Mrs. E. M. Gill, Dr. Enguehard, $6.
Vase of ten blooms on long stems, Red, named:

1st, William Whitman, John Shi-impton, $10; 2d, G. F. Fabyan, John
Shrimpton, $8.
Vase of ten blooms on long stems, White, named:

1st, Wilham ^\^litman, Merza, $10; 2d, William Whitman, Nellie
Pockett, $8; 3d, G. F. Fabyan. Beatrice May, $6.
Vase of ten blooms on long stems. Yellow, named:

1st, A. F. "VMiitin, Cheltoni, $10; 2d, S. A. Borden, Col. Appleton, $8;
3d, William Whitman, Col. Appleton, $6,

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AXD FLOWERS. 133

Vase of ten blooms on long stems, any other color, named :

1st, G. F. Fabyan, Donald McLeod, $10; 2d, James Nicol, Harrison
Dick, $8; 3d, A. F. Whitin, Kate Broomhead. $6.
Orchids. — Display of named species and varieties, filling not less than
t'rt'enty bottles:
1st, J. E. Rothwell, Appleton Silver Gilt ^Nledal; 2d, Edward Mao
Mulkin, Appleton Bronze Medal.
Carxations. — Twenty-five blooms of any named Crimson variety:
1st, Backer & Co., $4.
Twenty-five blooms of any named Daybreak colored variety:

1st, P. Dexter, $4; 2d. Exeter Conservatories, S3.
Twenty-five blooms of any named Dark Pink variety:

1st, Backer & Co., S4.
Twenty-five blooms of any named Light Pink variety:

1st, Backer & Co., Rose Pink Enchantress, $4.
Twenty-five blooms of any named Scarlet variety:

1st, Backer & Co., Robert Craig, $4; 2d, Backer & Co., Victory, $3;
3d, Backer & Co., Flambeau, $2.
Twenty-five blooms of any named White variety:

1st, Peter Fisher, White Perfection, $4; 2d, Backer & Co., Puritan,
$3.
Twentj^-five blooms of any named Yellow Variegated variety:

1st, Backer & Co., Sunrise, $4; 2d, Backer & Co., Eldorado, $3; 3d,
Backer & Co., Yellow King, $2.
Twenty-five blooms of any named White Variegated variety:
1st, Backer & Co., Mrs. M. A. Patten, $4.

Special Prizes for Decorated Dinner Tables.

For the best Decorated Dinner Table laid for six covers :

1st, Sidney Hoffman. $75 and a Silver Gilt Medal; 2d, J. J. Casey, $50
and a Silver Medal; 3d, Houghton & Clark, $35 and a Bronze Medal.

Gratuities: —

E. A. Clark, Vase of Chrysanthemums, $10.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Display of Chrysanthemums, $S.
W. H. EUiott, " ' " ^ " $8.
Dr. C. G. Weld, Five Standard Chrysanthemums, $5.
John Shepard, Display of Chrysanthemums, $4.

F. R. Pierson Co., Two vases of Carnation Winsor, $2.
Peter Fisher, Vase of Carnation Evangeline, $1.

W. H. Elliott, Two vases of Roses, Richmond and Wellesley, $6.
Waban Rose Conservatories, Roses Wellesley and American Beauty,

$6.
Julius Roehrs Co., Display of Orchids, $10.
Lager & Hurrell, " " " $5.

Wilham Whitman. Cattlcya labiata. $1.

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

N. A. Lindsey, Display of Dahlias, M.

G. H. Walker, " " " $1.

W. C. Winter, " " " $1.

C. D. Sias, Six specimen plants of Begonia Gloire de Lorraine, $6.

Edward MacMulkin, Display of Palms, $25.

R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Palms, $10.

G. F. Fabyan, " $3.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, " $1.

Society's Silver Gilt Medal.

March 23. H. H. Barrows, Xephrolepis Whiimanii.

Society's Silver Medals.

January 24. Oakes Ames, Rare Orchids of botanical value.

" " J. E. Rothwell, Laelio-cattleya General French^ (C. Triance

var. delicata X L. cinnabarina.)
March 23. E. O. Orpet, Cattleya Thayeriana superba.

" " ]\Irs. B. B. Tuttle, Dendrobium superbum Dearei.
May 5. Langwater Gardens, Display of Narcissuses.
June 15. Blue Hill Nurseries, Display of Herbaceous Flowers.

" " William Miller, Collection of Eremuri.
November 2. Miss E. J. Clark, Collection of Single Chrysanthemums.

Society's Bronze Medal.
June 22. Walter Huhnewell, Early Flowering Chrysanthemums.

First Class Certificates of Merit.

January 24. Alexander Ogg, AmaryUis of remarkable growth.
March 23. Lager & Hurrell, Cattleya Schroderce.

" " A. C. Zvolanek, Seedling winter Flo^vering Sweet Peas.
June 2. J. E. Rothwell, Laelio-cattleya Acis.

" " " " " " Marguerite.

June 15. George Hollis, Seedling Peony Loveliness.
" " T. C. Thurlow & Co., Seedling Peony Pride of Essex.
" " Blue Hill Nurseries, Acer Negundo Odessianum.
" " E. J. Shaylor, Peony Therese.
June 22. George Hollis, Seedling Peony Mrs. Julia Ward Howe.
July 21. J. E. Rothwell, Cypripedium Rolfei. (C. bellatulum X C. Roths-

childianum.)
August 4. Blue Hill Nurseries, Gypsophila pnniculata, i\. pi.
August 22. E. F. Dwyer & Son, Clematis heracleafolia var. stans form.
September 5. Blue Hill Nurseries, Liotris pycnostachya superba.

" " Henry .\. Dreer, Display of Aquatics.

October 10. Blue Hill Nurseries, Aconitum Fishcri.
" " J. C. Forbes, Seedling Dahlia Ruth Forbes.

" Newport.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

135

November 2. C. H. Totty, Chrysanthemum, Sport from WiUiam Duck-
ham.

November 2. W. A. Riggs, Superior vase arrangement of specimen
flowers of Chrysanthemums.

Honorable Mentions.

January 13. J. W. Manning, Azalea Hinodigiro.
" " H. A. Jahn, Seedling Carnation No. 49.
" " N. F. Comley, Seedling Acacia.
March 23. Peter Fisher, Carnation Beacon.

" " " " " Seedhng No. 500.

" " Mrs. J. M. Sears, Seedling Amaryllis.
" " James Crawshaw, New Asparagus.
" " Peirce Brothers, Seedling Carnation Governor Guild.
" " W. W. Edgar, Adiantum Edgari.

" " E. O. Orpet, Laelio-cattleya Coronis. (L. cinnabarina X C.
labiata.)
May 5. W. W. Rawson, Narcissus poeiaz Louise, Triumph, and Alsace.
June 2. T. C. Thurlow & Co., New Viburnum, Viburnum Odama.
June 15. T. C. Thurlow & Co., Seedling Peony Merrimac.

" " " " " Governor Guild.

E. J. Shaylor, Peony Aurora.
W. W. Rawson, Gladiolus cardinalis Ackermanni.

F. J. Rea, Anchusa Italica var. Dropmore.
Blue Hiil Nurseries, Fagus sylvatica purpurea major.

June 22. Walter Hunnewell, Display of Rose Rubin.

July 7. Mrs. Frederick Ayer, Marguerite Queen Alexandra.

July 14. Joseph Tailby & Son, Hybrid Richardia Mrs. Joseph Tailby.

" " " " " Lonicera tragophylla.

August 4. Lager & Hurrell, Vanda Miss Agnes Joacquim.
" " E. F. Dwyer & Son, Heuchera bryzoides.
" 18. Blue Hill Nurseries, Hybrid Rosa rugosa Conrad F. Meyer.
" " Walter Hunnewell, Senecio clivorum.
September 5. Blue Hill Nurseries, Lathyrus latifolius Pink Gem.
H. H. Rogers, Begonia grandiflora ereeta cristata.
A. F. Estabrook, Display of Foliage Plants.
Henry A. Dreer, Adiantum scutum ramosum.

" " " Adiantum macrophyllum album striatum.
" " " Maranta Gouletti.

" " Ptcris Childsii.
" " " Asparagus Duchenii.
October 10. Blue Hill Nurseries, Acteea Japonica.
November 2. H. A. Jahn, Carnation Jahn's White No. 1.

" " " " " Jahn's Crimson No. 2. '

136

IVLVSSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

November 2. William Sim, Vase of New Violet, Sport from Princess of

Wales.

" Cobbet School, Lynn, Display of Pompon Chrj'santhemums.

" " F. R. Pierson Co., New Fern, Sport from Nepkrolepis Pier-

soni elegantissima.

'• " P. B. Robb, Seedling Cattleya Louise.

" " F. W. Fletcher Co.. Ficus aUissima.

" " E. O. Orpet, Seedling Cattleyas and Laelias.

" " Julius Roehi-s Co., TiUandsia Duvaliana.

" " " " " New Begonia Rex The Marquis. •

" " John Nilan, Seedling Impatiens.

" " J. S. Bailey, New Fern.

" " Louis Dupuy, New Chrysanthemum.

" 10. Oakes Ames, Cymbidium elegans (Cyperorchis elegans).

Votes of Thaxks.

June 2. E. J. Shaylor, Five varieties of Paeonia officinalis.
" " C. W. Parker, Iris.
" " N. F. Comley, Seedling Magnoha.
June 15. Walter Hunnewell, Peonies.

" " C. W. Parker, Iris pallida Dabnatica.
July 7. Park Department of the City of Boston, Display of the Farquhar

Rose, exhibited by J. W. Duncan.
August 4. E. F. D\\yer & Son, Seedling Phlox.
" G. B. Gill, Vase of Dahlias.
" E. L. Lewis, Sweet Peas.
" C. W. Parker. Roses and Lilium superbwn.
" J. E. HaR, Myrius communis.
" W. W. Rawson, Display.
August 18. H. B. Watts. Pompon Asters.
September 5. W. W. Rawson, Lilium Philippinense.

" " Joseph Breck & Sons. Collection of Dahlias, Marigolds, etc.

" " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Herbaceous Plants.

" " w. W. Rawson, Display of Dahlias.

" G. B. Gill, Vase of Dahlias.
" G. E. Davenport, SeedHng Dahlias.
October 10. N. H. Daniels, Celosia cristata, bicolor variety.

Cultur-AlL Awards.
Society's Bronze Medal,
March 23. Thomas Roland, Superior cultivation of Mahernia odorata.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AXD FLOWERS.

137

First Class Certificates op Merit.

January 24. Lowthorpe School of- Horticulture, Mahernia odorata.
March 23. M. H. Walsh, Seedling Rambler Rose Delight.
May 5. Langwater Gardens, Vase of Lilium candidum.
June 15. W. N. Craig, Miltonia vexillaria.

July 7. Duncan Finlayson, Superior cultivation of Dendrobium thyrsi-
florum.

Arthur H. Fewkes
Robert Cameron
William N. Craig
T. D. Hatfield
William Nicholson

Committee

Plants and Flowers.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OX FRUITS FOR THE

YEAR 1906.

BY WILFRID WHEELER, CHAIRMAX.

To those who have been interested enough in the fruit growing
industry of ^Massachusetts to follow its course during the past sea-
son rather unusual conditions have been noticed. The mild winter
gave promise of a good crop of fruit, yet apples, plums, and bush
fruits, owing to the severe weather late in the season, were not as
abundant as was expected ; particularly was this true in the case of
plums of wliich at least three-c[uarters of the crop were ruined by
the cold weather in ^Nlarch. Apples as a rule throughout the state
were not as good as usual in quahty; but there were exceptions to
this, for in some places they were found above the average. These
conditions are largely due to the care which the orchards receive;
those" trees which have been allowed to run down are each year
bearing a poorer quality of fruit which has to be disposed of on the
market, while the few trees that are cared for are constantly im-
pro\'ing and returning to their owmers, not only an increase in
dollars and cents, but a great deal of satisfaction by sho^\ing that
fruit can be grown in Massachusetts which surpasses the much
renowned western article.

Massachusetts has never been considered a good peach gro^^■ing
state, principally on account of our changeable climate, but, judging
from the appearance of the orchards which were visited by the
chairman of the Fruit Committee this past year, peach growing in
Massachusetts has a very bright future. Tliis may perhaps be
confined to certain localities, yet with the proper exposure peaches
can be grown in this state better than in any other as far north as
we are. The central and western parts of the state seem to be
better adapted for peach groA\*ing, chiefly on account of the numer-
ous hills which have a rocky, clay soil in vdiich the peach thrives.

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Plums and apples also are found at their best in these sections;
but ^Massachusetts as a whole presents more possibilities for the
fruit grower than have ever yet been dreamed of. It has accessible
markets; it has the soil and climate; and all it needs to produce
abimdantly and profitably are energy and capital. The ever
increasing demand for good fruit both for home consumption and
export ought to induce the expenditure of more capital in the fruit
growing industry in ^Massachusetts. There are extensive areas
all over the state which are admirably adapted to the growing of
the best fruit. Our markets are constantly demanding a higher
grade of fruit which can be supplied in better condition by our
local growers than from the orchards of the West and South. One
lamentable fact about fruit growing in ^Massachusetts is the lack
of young men with power and brains Avho can take up this important
industry. Most of the men who are now engaged in the Mork have
grown up with their orchards; many of them are past the prime
of life and cannot give their orchards the care which they formerly
did. City life appeals more often to the young man and it should
be the duty of every person who is interested in horticulture to use
his or her influence to keep our young men in the country.

The •strawberry crop was abundant this year and of good quality;
yet many beds were hurt by the open winter. The other small
fruits — currants, gooseberries, raspberries, and blackberries, where
not hurt by the winter, yielded good crops.

Our exhibitions have been very successful the past year in regard
to the number and variety of fruits shown, although the Strawberry
Show was smaller than usual. At this exhibition several very
interesting new varieties of the strawberry were shown ; chief among
which were three varieties by H. L. Crane of Westwood, unnamed
seedlings numbered 196, 104, and 233. The chairman of the Fruit
Committee afterward visited the farm of ]Mr. Crane and found that
these strawberries in their growing condition exceeded the promise
of those specimens which were at the exhibition.

Samuel H. Warren of Weston exhibited very fine Golden Gate,
a variety of much promise, for which he was awarded the Benjamin
H. Pierce Fund prize. The Flub was also exhibited for the first
time. "Other classes were well competed for, but the number of
new varieties was not large.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX FRUITS. 141

The midsummer exhibitions were well filled. with fine exhibits.
Never were apples so abundant as at the August 18 exhibition when
there were over fifteen entries in class 298 for Williams, and com-
petition was very close, as all specimens were well grown. Duchess
of Oldenburgh apples were also very fine. The interest manifested
in these summer exhibitions is rather local but they serve to bring
out varieties of fruit which we would not get at any other time.
Among some of the best exhibits during the summer were Sweet
Bough apples by G. V. Fletcher; seldom are such large and fine
specimens seen; collection of peaches by David Fiske; apples and
plums by Elliott Moore; and currants and gooseberries by W. G.
Kendall.

At the Annual Exhibition all classes Avere well competed for and
in addition we were very fortunate in ha\ing an exhibition of fruit
from the Massachusetts Agricultural College, consisting of over
twenty plates, containing many varieties of plums, grapes, and
peaches seldom seen on our tables. The specimens were well
grown and great interest was shown in this exhibit for which a
Silver ^Nledal was awarded.

DaA"id L. Fiske exhibited two very fine collections of peaches,
containing the following varieties: Foster, Oldmixoh,- ' El'berta,
Heighly, [Mountain Rose, Champion, Early Crawford, Crosby,
Fitzgerald, Belle of Georgia, Late Crawford, and Stump. These
were all very fine specimens. It is doubtful if any state in the
Union could have shown a better collection of twelve varieties of
peaches.

Grapes were not very abundant at this exhibition but some very
fine Moore's Early and Green JMountain were shown by J. S.
Chase.

The committee had spent a good deal of time in preparing for
the Annual Fruit and Vegetable Exhibition, and a great deal of
interest was manifested in this show, for it was the first for some
years to be held separate from the flower exhibition. The main
and small halls were well filled with both fruits and vegetables, the
fruit occup}dng the center of the main hall and also the smaller hall.
The exhibition was not only a success from the number of exhibits,
but also from the great variety of fruit shown, and from the many
interesting collections; chief among which were exhibits from the

142 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

State Agricultural Colleges of Maine, Rhode Island, and ISIassa-
chusetts; also from the State Board of Agriculture of North Caro-
lina. These exhibitions proved to be one of the most attractive
features of the show and were greatly admired by all.

The apples from Maine were among the best ever seen in the hall
and contained such varieties as Akin, x\rctic, Boiken, Hurlbut,
Fallawater, Mother, Milding, Northwestern Greening, Nutting,
Dudley, Rolf, and Hyslop Crab. Nutting and Dudley are both
seedling apples from northern Aroostook County, iNIaine, and are
welcome additions to the list of winter apples. Both are very fine
in appearance and promise to become widely cultivated. The
exliibit from ]\Iaine was awarded a Silver Aledal.

The Rhode Island exliibit was entirely of apples and while not
as well grown as those of Maine were good average specimens, and
showed a range of over twenty varieties. This exhibit was awarded
a Silver INIedal.

The exhibit of apples from North Carolina rather surprised our
local growers, for we are apt to think our northern grown apples
are the best, but we still have a lot to learn in regard to apple grow-
ing if we are to be compete with our southern neighbors. These
specimens from the South were not only large, well colored, and of
good shape, but were of remarkably fine quality. They included
such varieties as Northern Spy, Ben Davis, Gloria ]Mundi, ^Mother,
Spitzenburg, Fallawater, Hoover, Virginia Beauty, Pewaukee, Stay-
man Winesap, York Imperial, and Buckingham. This exhibit
received Honorable INIention.

The INIassachusetts Agricultural College sent a very interesting
exhibit of pears and apples grown on dwarf trees. This included
many foreign pears as well as our more common varieties of apples.
There were also very fine specimens of apples among the single
entries. A Bronze Medal was awarded for the exhibit of fruit
growTi on dwarf trees.

These exhibits from the different State Agricultural Colleges are
not only interesting and instructive, but they bring to our exhibi-
tions a Avider range and a greater variety of fruit than we could hope
to get in any other way. It is very interesting to note at our exhibi-
tions that different localities in the state suit different fruits. The
apple, peach, and plum are grown better in the central and northern

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX FRUITS. 143

part of the state; grapes in the eastern part; and pears in the
immediate vicinity of Boston; indeed, ahiiost in Boston for the
Roxbury, Dorchester, and Jamaica Plain districts may be said to
carry off the greater number of our prizes for pears.

These latter named fruits were very abundant tlois season and
we had some fine specimens on exhibition. Among these were a
collection of over twenty varieties shown by E. B. Wilder; Bosc,
Dana's Hovey, and Seckel by W. G. Kendall; Anjou, Sheldon,
Lawrence, and Sieulle by F. W. Dahl; Duchess, Sheldon, and
Marie Louise by E. Torrey. W. G. Kendall showed a few speci-
mens of the Worden-Seckel pear which should be more \\idely
grown as a garden pear; its beauty, flavor, and productiveness are
unsurpassed.

The grape while not extensively cultivated for the market in this
section is nevertheless a very popular garden fruit, and the exhibit
this year proved that we can grow very fine specimens right here in
INIassachusetts. Among the most interesting exhibits was one by
J. S. Chase consisting of fourteen varieties as follows: Brighton,
Herbert, ^^ilder, Esther, ]\IcPike, Nector, lona, Rogers No. 30,
Delaware, Vergennes, Centennial, Ulster Prolific, Pocklington,
and Prentiss. jNIr. Chase also showed some very fine seedling
grapes. Numbers 8, 20, 19, and 22.

Number 8 is the most promising of the lot and is to be recom-
mended chiefly for its delicious lemon flavor. The grape is white,
medium size, thin sldn, and the pulp melting and juicy. The
bunches exhibited were not very good shape.

Number 20 is an early grape, dark blue, fair quality, and bunch
and berry of good size.

Number 22 is red in color, berry large, bunch medium, some-
what like Salem, good flavor, skin thick, and pulp melting.

Number 19, black in color, bunch small, berry large, good ciuality,
is rather a promising variety.

Edward Farrar exliibited some very fine Pocklington, Niagara,
and Worden grapes; W. G. Kendall, fine Isabella, Salem, and
Delaware; and C. F. Hayward, fine Concord and Niagara.

One very interesting exhibit was from Solomon Ryder of Truro,
Massachusetts. This contained many seedling apples and peaches,
and a few pears from a tree supposed to have been planted by the

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Puritans at Truro two hundred years ago, the pears were small
and of poor quality having probably reverted to the original t^-pe.

Peaches and plums were quite abundant considering how late
this exhibition was held. G. V. Fletcher showed some fine speci-
mens of both peaches and plums.

There have been but two exhibits of hot-house fruit during the
year and the committee feels that it would be best to offer but one
prize for these fruits, making this prize large enough to attract
some exhibits of this character to at least one show in the year.

The Chrysanthemum Exliibition was rather disappointing as
far as the fruit part of it was concerned; there were fewer entries
than in former years and the fruit was not up to the standard of the
October Exhibition. The committee feels that ^vith the reduced
appropriation for 1907 it would be better to eliminate the fruit
from the Chrysanthemum Exhibition and use the money thus saved
in maldng a success of the October Show.

The fruit market for 1906 has been generally very satisfactory;
prices have kept up very well on pears, apples, and peaches, while
small fruits, and particularly fancy stock, have sold above the
average.

There have been ten exhibitions during the year at which fruit
has been shown, and in these ten exhibitions there were one hun-
dred and seventy-three classes open to competition; of these one
hundred and sixty were competed for.

The committee's awards are as folloAvs :

For Prizes and Gratuities $1041.00

Three Silver Uedah 22.50

One Bronze Medal ....... 3.75

1067.25

Appropriation for fruit, 1906 ..... 1275.00
Amount awarded 1067.25

Unexpended balance . . . . . . 207.75

The committee has also awarded
Two Votes of Thanks
One Honorable Mention

AWARDS FOR FRUITS. 145

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS.
1906.

January 24.

E. B. Wilder, Vicar and Langelier Pears, Vote of Thanks.

Spring Exhibitiox.

M.\RCH 23, 24, 25.

Winter Apples. — For the best collection, not less than four varieties:
1st, G. V. Fletcher, $5; 2d, A. E. Rartshorn, S4; 3d, C. M. Handley,
S3.

Peoxy Exhibition.
June 15 and 16.
Gratuity: —
G. V. Fletcher, Display of jMarshall Strawberries, S3.

Rose and Str.\wberry Exhibition.

June 22 and 23.

Special Prizes.

Theodore Lyman Fund.

Strawberries. — Four quarts of any variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Marshall, $12; 2d, S. H. Warren. Golden Gate,
$10; 3d, I. E. Coburn, Marshall, $8; 4th, G. F. Wheeler, Minute
Man, S6; 5th, John Ward, Marshall, S5.

Benjamin H. Pierce Fund.

Strawberries.^ One quart of any seedling introduced since 1902:
1st, S. H. Warren, Golden Gate, $10.

146 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Regular Prizes.

Strawberries. — For the largest and best collection, not less than fifteen
baskets of two quarts each and not less than five varieties:
1st, I. E. Coburn, S20; 2d, G. F. Wheeler. S15.
Ten baskets, not less than three varieties, two quarts each:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, SIO; 2d, I. E. Coburn, SS; 3d, G. F. Wheeler, $5.
Five baskets, of five varieties, one quart each:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $6; 2d, I. E. Coburn, $5; 3d, G. F. Wheeler, $4.

/ ' ' ' 7 7 7 >

For the largest and best collection, not less than six varieties, twelve
specimens of each variety, shown on plates:
1st, I. E. Coburn, $5.
Two quarts of Brandy wine:

1st, I. E. Coburn, $3; 3d, G. F. Wheeler, $1.
Two quarts of Clyde:

1st, G. F. AMieeler, $3; 2d, John Ward, $2.
Two quarts of Haverland:

1st, I. E. Coburn, $3; 3d, G. F. Wheeler, $1.
Two quarts of Marshall:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, I. E. Coburn, $2; 3d, John Ward, $1.
Two quarts of Minute Man:

1st, G. F. ^Mieeler, $3; 2d, I. E. Coburn, $2; 3d, John Ward, $1.
Two quarts of Sample:

1st, I. E. Coburn, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, G. F. Wheeler, $1.
Two quarts of Senator Dunlap:

2d, G. F. Wheeler, $2.
Two quarts of any other variety:

1st, S. H. Warren, Golden Gate, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Common-
wealth, $2; 3d, G. F. WTieeler, Granville, $1.
One quart of any new variety, not previously exhibited:

1st, H. L. Crane, No. 196, $5; 2d, H. L. Crane. No. 104, $4; 3d,
H. L. Crane, No. 233, $3; 4th, S. H. Warren, Hub, $2.
Cherries. — Two quarts of any variety:
1st, G. V. Fletcher, Guigue Noir, $3.
Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety:

1st, W. C. Winter, Black Hamburg, $.5; 2d, AV. C. Winter, Muscat
of Alexandria, $4.

July 7.

Strawberries.-.— Two quarts of Commonwealth:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, .'S3; 2d. B. M. Smith, S2; 3d, G. F. Wheeler, $1.
Two quarts of any other variety:

1st, B. M. Smith, North Shore, $4; 2d, G. F. Wheeler, President, $3.
Raspberries. — Two quarts of any Red variety:

3d. W. J. Clemson, Cuthbert, $1.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS. 147

Cherries. — For the largest and best collection, not less than three varie-
ties, two quarts of each:
1st, O. B. Kenrick, $5.
Two quarts of Black Tartarian:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, C. S. Smith, $2.
Two quarts of Downer:
1st, C. S. Smith, $3.
Two quarts of any other variety:

1st, C. B. Travis, Black Eagle, S3; 2d, C. B. Travis, Elton, $2; 3d,
G. V. Fletcher, Black Eagle, $1.
Currants. — Two quarts of any Red variety:

1st, W. J. Clemson, Fay's, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, La Versaillaise,
$2; 3d, W. J. Clemson, La Versaillaise, $1.
Two quarts of any White variety:

1st, E. L. Lewis, WTiite Grape, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, White Grape,
$2.

Gratuity : —

W. J. Clemson, Colimibus Ciooseberries, $1.

July 21.

Raspberries. — Two quarts of any variety:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, Worthy, .$3.
Blackcaps. — Two quarts of any variety:

1st, Mrs. C. C. Converse and Mrs. Lester Leland, Columbian, $3.
Currants. — Two quarts of any Red variety:

1st, W. G. Kendall, Wilder, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, La Versaillaise,
$2; 3d, D. L. Fiske, Red Cross, $1.
Two quarts of any "White variety:

1st, H. R. Kinney, T\Tiite Grape, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, White Grape,
$2; 3d, J. S. Chase, White Imperial, $1.
Gooseberries. — Two quarts of any variety of American origin:

1st. W. G. Kendall. Chatauqua, $3; 2d. J. S. Chase, Triumph, $2;
3d, F. H. Evans, Triumph, SI.
Two quarts of any variety of Foreign origin:

1st, W. J. Clemson, Industry, S3; 2d, G. L. Brown, "UTiitesmith,
$2; 3d, Wilfrid WTieeler, Industry, $1.
For the largest and best collection, not less than three varieties, one
quart each, American or Foreign varieties admissible:
1st, J. S. Chase, S3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2.

Gratuity: —

M. W. Chadbourne, Dorchester Blackberries and Red Astrachan
Apples, $1.

August 4.
Apples. — Red Astrachan:

1st, E. L. Wheeler, $3; 2d, M. W. Chadbourne, $2; 3d, D. L. Fiske, $1.

148 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Sweet Bough:

1st, G. V. Fletcher. S3; 2d. C. B. Tra\as, S2; 3d, Elliott Moore, SI.
Yellow Transparent:

1st, EUiott Moore, S3; 2d, G. L. Brown, $2; 3d, J. S. Chase, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, Wilfrid TMieeler, Williams, S3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Williams,
$2; 3d. J. L. Bird, Oldenburg, SI.
Pears. — Giffard:

1st, J. L. Bird, S3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, W. C. Winter. SI.
Any other variety:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, Clapp's Favorite, S4; 2d, G. '\'. Fletcher,
Clapp's Favorite, S3; 3d, W. J. Clemson, Clapp's Favorite, $2;
4th, J. L. Bird, AVilder, SI.
Blackberries. — Two quarts of Dorchester:
1st, M. W. Chadbourne, $3.
Any other variety:

1st, ]M. W. Chadbourne, SeedUng, $3; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, Kitta-
tinny, $2.
Peaches. — Open culture, any variety:

1st, D. L. Fiske, Greensboro. S3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Greensboro, $2;
3d, D. L. Fiske, Sneed, SI.

Gratuity: —

E. L. Le^^•is, Collection of Plums, SI.

August 18.

Apples. — Oldenburg:

1st, A. F. E.stabrook, S3; 2d, H. A. Clark, S2; 3d, W. P. Milner, SI.
Chenango :

1st, C. F. Curtis, S3; 3d, G. L. Brown, $1.
Williams :

1st, C. F. Curtis, S3; 2d, Elliott Moore, S2; 3d, Wilfrid Wheeler, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Sweet Bough, S3; 2d, Elliott ]\Ioore, Gravenstein,
S2; 3d, T. Valentine, Sour Bough, SI.
Pears. — Rostiezer:

1st, M. W. Chadbourne, S3; 2d, Mrs. C. C. Converse and Mrs. Lester
Leland, S2.
Clapp's Favorite:

1st, H. A. Clark, S3; 2d, S. S. Symmes, S2; 3d, EUiott Moore, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Bartlett, S3; 2d, M. W. Chadbourne, Bartlett,
$2; 3d, J. L. Bird, Tyson, SI.
Peaches. — For the largest and best collection, not less than three varie-
ties:
1st, D. L. Fiske, S4.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS. * 149

Single plate of any variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Greensboro, $3; 2d, D. L. Fiske, Greensboro, $2;
3d, D. L. Fiske, Cannen, $1.
Plums, Japanese, — Abundance:

1st, E. L. Lews, $3; 2d, -Elliott Moore, $2; 3d, S. S. Symmes, SI.
Burbank :

1st, S. S. Symmes, $3.
Any other variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Bradshaw, S.3; 2d, C. L. Wheeler, Red June, $2;
3d, W. P. Hutchinson, Lincoln, $1.
For the largest and best collection of Plums, not less than three varieties:
1st, E. L. Lewis, $4; 2d, EUiott Moore, $3; 3d, D, L. Fiske, $2.
Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety:

1st, Mrs. E. M, Gill, Dorchester, $3; 2d, Mrs. C. C. Converse and Mrs.
Lester Leland, Wilson's, $2; 3d, M. W. Chadbourne, Dorchester,
$1.
Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety:
1st, W. C. Winter, Black Hamburg, $3.

Gratuity: —

S. H. Warren, Display of Pan-American Strawberry, $2.

Annual Exhibition of Plants and Flowers.

September 5 and 6.

Special Prizes.

Benjamin V. French Fund.

Apples. — Gravenstein:

1st, J. L. Bird, $3; 2d, EUiott Moore, S2; 3d, W. Heustis & Son, $1.

Marshall P. Wilder Fund.

Pears. — Bartlett:

1st, W. H. Derby, $3; 2d, J. M. Swett, $2; 3d, H. A. Clark, $1.

Society's Prizes.

Pears. — Bartlett:

1st, William Milman, $5; 2d, W. H. Derby, $4; 3d, C. F. Curtis, $3;
4th, W. Heustis & Son, S2.

150 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Any other variety, twelve specimens:

1st, W. G. Kendall, Souvenir du Congres, $4; 2d, C. F. Curtis, Bous-
sock, $3; 3d, M. W. Chadbourne, Sheldon, $2; 4th, C. W. Libby,
Flemish Beauty, $1.
Apples. — Mcintosh:

1st, Elliott Moore, .S3; 2d, W. P. Milner, $2.
Porter:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, J. L. Bird, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, Elliott Moore, Gravenstein, $4; 2d, H. A. Clark, Oldenljurg,
$3; 3d, \Y. G. Kendall, Maiden Blush, $2; 4th, G. V. Fletcher,
Gravenstein, $1.
Peaches. — Crawford's Late:
1st, D. L. Fiske, $3.
Oldmixon Freestone:

1st, D. L. Fiske, $3; 2d, O. B. Kenrick, $2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, $1.
Elberta :

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, D. L. Fiske, $2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, $1.
Carman :

1st, F. H. Evans, $3.
Any other variety :

1st, D. L. Fiske, Champion, $4; 2d, C. F. Curtis, Champion, $3;
3d, D. L. Fiske, Foster, $2; 4th, W. P. Hutchinson, Waddell, $1.
For the best six varieties suitable for the New England market, twelve
specimens of each:
1st, D. L. Fiske, $8; 2d, D. L. Fiske, $6.
Plums. — Collection of not less than four varieties, twelve specimens of
each:
1st, W. P. Hutchinson, $4; 2d, Elliott Moore, $3; 3d, G. V. Fletcher,.
$2; 4th, O. B. Kenrick, $1.
Lombard :

1st, J. L. Bird, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, O. B. Kenrick, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Yellow Egg, $3; 2d, O. B. Kenrick, Bradshaw,
$2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, Bradshaw. $1.
Japanese Plusis. — Collection of not less than four varieties, twelve
specimens of each:
3d, D. L. Fiske, $2.
Single plate of any other variety:
1st, E. L. WTieeler, Hale, $3.
Native Grapes. — Green Mountain:

1st, J. S. Chase, $3; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $2.
Moore's Early:

1st, J. S. Chase, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2.
Moore's Diamond:

1st, C. W. Libby, S3; 2d, J. S. Chase, $2.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS. 151

Any other variety:

1st, W. G. Kendall, Worden, $3; 2d, C. W. Libby, Lucille, $2; 3d,
J. S. Chase, Rogers No. 30, $1.

Gratuity : —
Massachusetts Agricultural College, Display of Fruit, Silver Medal.

Annual Exhibition of Fruits and Vegetables.
October 10 and 11.

Special Prizes.
Theodore Lyman Fund.

Apples. — Fletcher Russet :

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, W. H. Teele, $2; 3d, C. F. Curtis, $1.
Tompkins Iving :

1st, E. R. Farrar, $3; 2d, D. L. Fiske, $2; 3d, EUiott Moore, $1.
Fameuse :

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, E. E. Cole, $2; 3d, M. W. Chadbourne, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, C. E. Swain, Mcintosh, $3; 2d, Isaac Locke, Gravenstein, $2;
3d, E. M. Bruce, Holland Pippin, $1.
For the best six varieties of commercial apples, twelve of each:

1st, Elliott Moore, $5; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $4.

Samuel Appleton Fund.
Apples. — Baldmn:

1st, E. M. Bruce, $3; 2d, Elliott Moore, S2; 3d, E. E. Cole, $1.
Hubbardston :

1st, H. W. Brigham, $3; 2d, G. F. Wheeler, $2; 3d, E. M. Bruce, $1.
Pears. — Bosc:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $2; 3d, Mrs. C. C. Con-
verse and Mrs. Lester Leland, $1.
Sheldon:

1st, Elbridge Torrey, $3; 2d, H. A. Clark, $2; 3d, S. S. Symmes, $1.

Benjamin V. French Fund.

Apples. — Rhode Island Greening:

1st, Massachusetts Agricultural College, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn,
$2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, $1.

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Marshall P. Wilder Fund.

Pears. — Anjou:

1st, E. M. Bruce; S3; 2d, F. W. Dahl. S2; 3d, William Milman, U.
Grapes. — Concord, twelve bunches:

1st, C. F. HayM-ard, $3; 2d, E. R. Lincoln, $2; 3d, E. R. Farrar, $1.
Worden :

1st, E. R. Farrar, $3; 2d, J. S. Chase, $2; 3d, W. G. Kendall, $1.

Society's Prizes.

Apples. — For the best six varieties of dessert apples, twelve specimens
of each:
1st, G. V. Fletcher, $5; 2d, Elliott :Moore, $4.
Rome Beauty:

1st, Mrs. S. M. Davis, $3.
Mcintosh :

1st, E. M. Bruce, $3; 2d, Isaac Locke, $2; 3d, Massachusetts Agricul-
tural College, $1.
Maiden Blush:

1st, H. R. Kinney, $3; 2d, Mrs. C. C. Converse and Mrs. Lester Leland,
$2; 3d, W.G. Kendall, $1.
Sutton:

Lst, Massachusetts Agricultural College, $3; 2d, H. A. Clark, $2;
3d, D. L. Fiske, $1.
"Washington Strawberry :

1st, Elliott Moore, $3; 2d, E. B. Wilder, $2; 3d, Miss S. W. Story, $1.
Wealthy:

2d, E. R. Teele, $2; 3d, C. M. Handley Estate, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, E. M. Bruce, Bellflower, .$3; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, Porter, $2;
3d, Massachusetts Agricultural College, Fall Pippin, $1.
Crab Apples. Hyslop, twenty-four specimens:

1st, Elliott Moore, $3; 2d,'c. M. Handley, $2; 3d, W. H. Teele, $1.
Any other variety:

2d, W. A. Green, Tran.scendent , $1.
Pears. — Bosc, twenty-four specimens:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $5; 2d, H. A. Clark, $4; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, $3;
4th, W. H. Derby, S2. *
Collection of not less than four varieties of the best table pears other
than Bo.sc or Bartlett:
Lst, F. W. Dahl, .S6; 2d, E. B. Wilder, $5; 3d, J. L. Bird, $4; 4th, G.
V. Fletcher, $3; 5th, Mrs. C. C. Converse and Mrs. Lester Leland,
$2.
Angouleme :

Lst, Elbridge Torrey, S3; 2d. W. H. Derby, $2; 3d, F. W. Dahl, $1.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS. 153

Clairgeau :

1st, W. H. Derby, $3; 2d, F. W. Damon, $2; 3d, C. F. Curtis, $1.
Cornice :

1st, J. L. Bird, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, E. R. Lincoln, $1.
Dana's Hovey:

1st, F. W. Damon, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, W. G. Kendall, $1.
Diel:

1st, F. W. Damon, $3; 2d, E. B. Wilder, $2; 3d, C. E. Swain, $1.
Fulton:

1st, C. F. Curtis, $3; 2d, F. A. Kelley, $2; 3d, F. L. Weston, $1.
Lawrence :

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, W. A. Green, $2; 3d, E. B. Wilder, $1.
Louise Bonne of Jersey:

1st, W. H. Derby, $3; 2d, E. B. Wilder, $2.
Merriam :

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, F. W. Damon, $2; 3d, C. F. Curtis, $1.
Onondaga :

1st, Mrs. C. C. Converse and Mrs. Lester Leland, $3; 2d, J. L. Bird, $2;
3d, C. B. Travis, $1.
Seckel :

1st, F. W. Damon, $3; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, Elbridge Torrey, Marie Louise, $5; 2d, J. L. Bird, Urbaniste,
$4; 3d, J. L. Bird, Paradise of Autumn, $3; 4th, C. E. Swain, Marie
Louise, $2; 5th, F. W. Dahl, Vicar, $1.
Quinces. — Any variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Orange, $3; 2d, Isaac Gragg, Orange, $2; 3d,
G. V. Fletcher, Champion, SI.
Peaches. — Any variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Elberta, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Oldmixon, $2;
3d, G. V. Fletcher, Coolidge's Favorite, $1.
Plums . — Any variety :

1st, W. P. Hutchinson, Monarch, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Yellow Egg,
$2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, Bradshaw, $1.
Native Grapes. — • For the largest and best collection, not less than six
varieties of six bunches each:
let. J. S. Chase, $5.
Six bunches of Brighton :

1st, C. W. Libby, $3; 2d, J. S. Chase, $2; 3d, E. R. Farrar, SI.
Six bunches of Delaware:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, J. S. Chase, $2; 3d, E. R. Farrar, $1.
Six bunches of Herbert:

1st, C. W. Libby, $3; 2d, J. S. Chase, $2.
Six bunches of Lindley:

1st, J. S. Chase, $3^ 2d, C. W. Libby, $2.
Six bunches of Niagara:

1st, C. F. Hayward, $3; 2d, E. R. Farrar, $2; 3d, C. Sander, $1.

154 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Six bunches of Pocklington:

1st, E. R. Farrar, $3; 2d, H. R. Kinney, $2; 3d, F. H. Jackman, $1.
Six bunches of Prentiss:

1st, J. S. Chase, S3.
Six bunches of Wilder:

1st, J. S. Chase, $3.
Six bunches of any other variety:

1st, C. Sander, Moore's Diamond, $4; 2d, W. G. Kendall, Isabella,
$3; 3d, C. W. Libby, Moore's Diamond, $2; 4th, W. G. Kendall,
Salem, $1.

Gratuities : —

E. B. Wilder, Collection of Pears, $5.

G. V. Fletcher, Collection of Peaches, $2.

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Collection of Apples, Silver

Medal.
Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station, Collection of Apples,

Silver Medal.
Massachusetts Agricultural College, Collection of Apples and Pears

grown on dwarf trees. Bronze Medal.
Solomon Ryder, Exhibit of Apples, Pears, etc.. Vote of Thanks.

Chrysanthemum Show,
November 2, 3, 4.

Benjamin V. French Fund.

Apples. — Baldwin:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3; 2d, E. M. Bruce, $2; 3d, Mrs. A. W. Blake,
$1.
Rhode Island Greening:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3; 2d, Elliott Moore, $2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, $1.

Society's Prizes.

Apples. — For the best four varieties of dessert apples, twelve specimens
of each:
1st, Elliott Moore, $5; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $4; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn,
$3.
Hunt Russet:

1st, G. F. Wheeler, $3.
Mcintosh:

1st, T. E. Mentzer, $3; 2d, C. C. Rice, $2; 3d, E. M. Bruce, $1.
Northern Spy.

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, H. A. Clark, $2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn, $1.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS. 155

Roxbury Russet:

1st. W. O. Allen, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, J. L. Bird, $1.
Wagener :

1st, W. H. Spooner, $3.
Any other variety:

1st, John Coolidge, King, $3; 2d, William Costain, King, $2; 3d,
EUiott Moore, Red Canada, $1.
Pears. — For the best five varieties of Winter Pears, twelve specimens
of each :
1st, F. W. Dahl, $6; 2d, E. B. Wilder, $5; 3d, J. L. Bird. $4; 5th,
M. W. Chadbourne, $2.
Angouleme :

1st, Elbridge Torrey, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2; 3d, J. L. Bird. $1.
Anjou:

1st. F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, William Milman, $2; 3d, E. M. Bruce, $1.
Bosc:

1st, J. B. Shurtleff, Jr., S3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d. E. B. Wilder,
$1.
Dana's Hovey:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; .2d, J. L. Bird, $2; 3d, C. E. Swain, $1.
Seckel:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, J. L. Bird, $2.
Vicar:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, E. B. Wilder, $2; 3d, Joseph Burnett, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, J. L. Bird, Cornice, $4; 2d, F. W. Dahl, Clairgeau, $3; 3d, John
Curley, Diel, $2; 4th, C. E. Swain, LawTence, $1.
Quinces. — Orange:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3.
Champion:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, Manuel de Souza, $2; 3rd, E. M. Bruce, $1.
Any other variety:

id, G. L. Brown, Pear, $1.
Foreign Grapes: — Two bunches of any variety:

1st, W. C. Winter, $5.
Cranberries. — Half-peck:

1st, H. J. Thayer, Bugles, $3; 2d, H. J. Thayer, Howe's, $2; 3d, H.
J. Thayer, Early Black, $1.

Gratuity : —

G. V. Fletcher, Collection of Apples, $1.

Wilfrid "Wheeler 1 Commiitee
Charles F. Curtis !• on

J. WiLLARD Hill J Fruits.

REPORT OF THE C0:MMITTEE ON VEGETABLES FOR
THE YEAR 1906.

BY WARREX W. RAWSON, CHAIRMAN.

The exhibitions of vegetables the past year have been very satis-
factory and the offering of more and larger prizes has tended to
bring out exhibits that for quantity and quality far exceeded those
of pre\ious years.

The members of the committee feel that their efforts have been
well rewarded and we are especially proud of the October and
November exhibits which were the best ever exhibited by the
Society.

Verv few new varieties of vegetables have been brought out but
there has been a marked improvement in the old varieties wliich
have attained a very high standard of excellence. There have
been very few" articles of inferior quality exhibited and the compe-
tition for prizes has been closer than ever before.

We regret very much that the prizes for next year have been
reduced as we feel that in order to keep up the interest which has
been showTi the past year they should be increased rather than
diminished. We also feel that the cutting out of many of the
exhibitions will not be for the best interests of the Society for it is
bound to reduce the number of exliibitors as well as to lessen the
size of the exhibits.

It is our earnest desire that the standard of excellence attained
the past year wnll be kept up but we feel this to be impossible with
less exhibitions and smaller premiums.

The committee of 1906 will assist in every way possible the com-
mittee of 1907 and hope they will take up the matter where we have
left it and be more successful in obtaining appropriations for the
following year.

As a committee we have not been fairlv treated and feel that the

158 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

vegetable department deserves as much consideration as any other,
but no more. It is the department which is generally recognized
as the most beneficial to the people at large whether looked upon in
a private or commercial sense.

The amount of prizes offered for 1906 was $1200.00. Of tliis
SI 125.00 was aAvarded to exhibitors as premiums, lea\ing a surplus
of $75.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR VEGETABLES.

1906.

January 24 and 25.

■Cauliflowers. — Four specimens:

1st, E. R. Teele, $3; 2d, C. M. Handley Estate, $2; 3d, W. H. Teele,
$1.
Celery. — Four roots:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, S3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, W. H. Teele,
$1.
Lettuce. — Four heads :

1st, G. D. Moore, S3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, S2.
Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens:

1st, H. A. Stevens Co., $3.
Parsley. — Two quarts :

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, S2; 2d, Mrs. C. C. Converse & Mrs. Lester Leland,
$1.
Radishes. — Four bunches:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3.
Salsify. — Twelve specimens :

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3.

Spring Exhibition.
March 23, 24, 2.5.

William J . Walker Fund.

Cucumbers. — Pair:

1st, C. H. Metcalf, $3; 2d, W. W. Rawson, $2; 3d, J. W. Shaw, SI.
Dandelion. — Peck:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES. 159

Xettuce. — Four heads :

1st, W. W. Rawson, $3; 2d. A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, H. R. Kinney,
$1.
Mushrooms. — Twelve specimens:

1st, H. A. Stevens Co., $3; 2d, H. R. Kinney, $2.
Parsley. — Four quarts:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2.
Radishes. — Four bunches of Turnip Rooted:

1st, A. E. Hart.shorn, $3; 2d, W. W. Rawson, $2.
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks:

1st, H. R. Kinney, $3; 2d, W. H. Derby, $2; 3d, Anson Wheeler, $1.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, C. F. Newhall, $3; 2d, W. W. Edgar, $2.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than four varieties:

1st, H. R. Kinney, $5; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $3.

May 5.
William J. Walker Fund.

Asparagus. — Four bunches, twelve stalks each:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3; 2d, Edwin Parker, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson,
$1.
Beets. — Twelve specimens:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3.
Oucumbers. — Pair of White Spine:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3; 2d, E. M. Bruce, $2.
Any other variety: .

1st, C. H. Metcalf, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2.
Dandelion. — Peck :

1st, J. B. Shurtleff, Jr., $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $4.
Parsley. — Four quarts:

1st, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson,
$1.
Radishes. — Four bunches:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, .$3; 2d, Edwin Parker, $2; 3d, Vincent Buitta,
$1.
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, open culture:

1st, Edwin Parker, .|3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2.
Spinach. — Peck :

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than four varieties:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $5; 2d, Edwin Parker, $3.

160 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

June 2.
Theodore Lyman Fund.

Asparagus. — Four bunches, twelve stalks each:

1st, Edwin Parker, S3; 2d, G. F. Wheeler, S2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn, $1.
Beets. — Twelve specimens, open culture:

1st, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $3.
CARROTS. — Four bunches:

2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2.
Cucumbers. — Pair:

1st, B. M. Lincoln, S4; 2d, C. W. Metcalf, $3; 3d, G. D. Moore, $2;
4th, A. E. Hartshorn, $1.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, G. D. Moore, $4; 2d, E. L. Lewis, May King. $3; 3d, E. L. Lewis,
Tennisball, $2; 4th, E. L. Lewis, Big Boston, $1.
Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens:

1st, Mrs. Alice Warburton, $3.
R.\DiSHES. — ^ Four bunches:

1st, Edwin Parker, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Rhub.\rb. — Twelve stalks, open culture:,

1st, Edwin Parker, $3; 2d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $2; 3d, Mrs. Alice
Warburton, $1.
Spinach.— Peck:

1st, Edwin Parker, .?3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn, $1.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than four varieties, decorative
arrangement to be considered:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $5; 2d, Edwin Parker, $3.

Rose and Strawberry Exhibition.

June 22 .\nd 23.

Beets. — Twelve Turnip Rooted, open culture:

1st, W. W. Rawson, $3; 2d, Edwin Parker, $2; 2d, W. Heustis &
Son, $1.
Cabbages. — Four specimens:

1st. W. W. Rawson, Early Spring, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son," Wake-
field, $2; 3d, W. Heustis & Son, Early Spring, $1.
Carrots. — Four bunches:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3.
Cucumbers. — Four specimens:

1st, W. W. Rawson, .$3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, B. M. Lincoln,
$1.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES. 161

Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, Edwin Parker, Black Seeded Tennisball, S3; 2d, E. L. Lewis,
Deacon, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, Immensity, $1.
Peas. — Gradus, half-peck.

1st, William Whitman, $3; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $2; 3d, W. J.
Clemson, $1.
Eclipse or Nott's Excelsior:

1st, W. J. Clemson. $3; 2d, I. E. Coburn, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Any other variety:

1st. W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, Mrs. AHce Warbinton,
$1.
Onions. — Twelve specimens:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, Edwin Parker, $2; 3d, W. W. Rawson,
$1.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than six varieties, decorative
arrangement to be considered:
1st, Edwin Parker, $5; 2d, W. J. Clemson, S4.

July 7.

Beans. — Half-peck of Wax:

1st, Edwin Parker, $3; 2d, W. W. Rawson, $2; 3d, Joseph Thorpe, $1.
Half- peck of Green:

1st, W. W. Rawson, $3; 2d, G. D. Moore, $2; 3d, Joseph Thorpe, $1.
Beets . — Twelve specimens :

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, W. W. Rawson, $2; 3d, W. Heustis & Son, .$1.
Cabbages. — Four specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, G. D.
Moore, $1.
Cucumbers. — Four specimens:

1st, G. D. Moore, $3; 2d, W. W. Rawson, $2; 3d, T. Valentine, $1.
Lettuce. — Four heads :

1st, T. Valentine, S3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Onions. — Twelve specimens:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, .$2; 3d, Edwin Parker, $1.
Peas. — Half-peck, late varieties:

1st, Joseph Thorpe, $3; 2d, Mrs. Alice Warburton, S2; 3d, Mrs.
Alice Warburton, $1.
Squashes. — Smnmer, Long Warted, four specimens:

1st, T. Valentine, $3; , 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2.
Summer Scallop, four specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son. $3.
To.matoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, $2; 3d, Mrs. Frederick
Ayer, $1.

162 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CoLLECTiox OF VEGETABLES. — Not less than eight varieties; decorative
arrangement to be considered:
1st, W. J. Clemson, $8; 2d, E. L. Lewis, S.5; 3d, T. Valentine, $4;.
4th, Edwin Parker, $3.

Gratuities : —

A. E. Hartshorn, Summer Squashes, $1.
W. W. Rawson, Carrots, $1.

July 21.

Beans. — Horticultural, four quarts in pod:

1st, Joseph Thorpe, $2; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Beets. — Twelve specimens:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, Edwin Parker, $1.
Cabbages. — Four specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, A. E.
Hartshorn, $1.
Carrots. — Twelve specimens:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, W. W. Rawson, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson, $1.
Onions. — Twelve specimens, dry:

1st, J. J. Lyons, $3; 2d, W. W. Rawson, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Squashes. — Summer, three specimens:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3; 2d, T. Valentine, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Scallop, three specimens:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, Mrs. Alice^War-
burton, $1.
Tomatoes. — ^ Twelve specimens:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, Stone, $3; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, Eclipse, $2;.
3d, W. W. Rawson, .$1.

Gratuity : —

Vincent Buitta, Collection, %3.

August 4.

Beans. — Horticultural, four quarts, in pod:

1st, Aaron Low, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Beets. — Twelve specimens :

1st, E. L. Lev\is, $3; 2d, Edwin Parker, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Cabbages. — Four specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, W. Heustis
& Son, SI.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES. 163

Carrots. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Edwin Parker, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Onions. — -Twelve specimens, dry:

1st, W. H. Derby, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, J. J. Lyons, $1.
Squashes.— Marrow, three specimens:

1st, T. Valentine, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears: •

1st, G. F. Wheeler, $3; 2d, E. L. Lems, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, $2; 3d, William Sim, $1.

Gratuities : —

Vincent Buitta, Collection, $2.
John Ryan, Collection, $1.

August 18.

Beans. — Two quarts, shelled:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, Mrs. Alice Warburton, $2; 3d, Joseph
Thorpe, $1.
Cabbages. — Three specimens:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, Vincent
Buitta, $1.
Celery. — Four roots of any variety.

1st, Joseph Thorpe, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, S2; 3d, E. L. Lewis,
$*1.
Melons. — Four specimens:

1st, WilHam Sim, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, Mrs. A. W. Blake,
$1.
Onions. — Twelve specimens:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, T. Valentine, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson, $1.
Peppers. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Edwin Parker, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, Chinese Giant, $2; 3d, E. L.
Lewis, Ruby King, $1. ,
Potatoes. — • Twelve specimens of any variety:

l.st, E. L. Lewis, Rose, $3; 2d, E. L. Le\vis, Hebron, $2; 3d, E. L.
Lewis, Aroostook, $1.
Squashes. — Marrow, three specimens:

1st, J. P. Wyman, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, Edwin Parker, $1..
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears of any variety:

1st, E. L. Lewis, Excelsior, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, Market, $2; 3d,
W. J. Clemson, $1.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, Joseph Thorpe, S2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.

164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than six varieties, decorative
arrangement to be considered:
1st, E. L. Lewis, $8; 2d, Edwin Parker, $5; 3d, Mncent Buitta, S3.

Gratuity : —

"William Sim, Tomatoes, $1.

Annual Exhibition of Plants and Flowers.
September 5 and 6.

Beans. — Lima, two quarts:

1st, Mrs. A. W. Blake, S3; 2d, Mrs. E. M. Gill, $2; 3d, Edwin Parker,
SI.
Beets. — Twelve specimens:

1st, W. W. Rawson, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, Edwin Parker, SI.
Cabbages. — Three of any variety, trimmed:

1st, T. Valentine, S3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, S2.
Celery. — Four roots:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, S3; 2d, T. Valentine, S2; 3d, Edwan Parker, $1.
Melons. — Sweet :

1st, E. L. Lewis, Montreal, S3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, Maule's ]\Iodern,
$2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, Tip Top, SI.
Watermelons:

1st, Edwin Parker, S3.
Native Mushrooms. — Named collection of not less than five edible
varieties :

1st, G. E. Morris, S3.
Onions. — Twelve specimens:

1st, E. L. Lewis, S3; 2d, T. Valentine, S2.
Parsnips. — Twelve specimens:

1st, W. W. Rav.-son, S3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, S2.
Squashes :

1st, W. W. Rawson, S3; 2d, T. Valentine, $2; 3d, Charies Scully, SI.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Edwin Parker, Stone. $3; 2d, Edwin Parker, Jewell, S2; 3d,
C. W. Libby, Jewell, $1.
Collection of Veget.\bles. — Not less than six varieties, decorative
arrangement to be considered:

1st, E. L. Lewis, S8; 2d, Ed\nn Parker, So.

awards for vegetables. 165

Annual Exhibition of Fruits and Vegetables.

October 10 and 11.

Beets . — - Twelve specimens :

1st, W. W. Rawson, S3; 2d, W. H. Derby, S2; 3d, Edwin Parker, SI.
Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, S3; 2d, F. Heeremans, S2; 3d, W. J. Clemson,
$1.
Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, trimmed:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, W. W. Rawson, $1.
Three Savoy, trimmed:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, W. W. Rawson, $2; 3d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner,
$1.
Carrots. — Twelve Long Orange:
1st, E. L. Lewis, $3.
Twelve Intermediate:

1st, Mrs. AHce Warburton, S3; 2d, Edwin Parker, $2; 3d, W. J.
Clemson, SI.
Cauliflowers. — Four specimens:

1st, W. H. Teele, $4; 2d, C. M. Handley, $3; 3d, DeSouza Brothers, S2.
Celery. — Best kept during the exhibition, four roots of Paris Golden:
1st, W. Heustis & Son, S3; 2d, Joseph Thorpe, $2; 3d, C. H. Metcalf,
$1.
Any other variety:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, S3; 2d, Edwin Parker, $2; 3d, J. A. Nixon, $1.
Corn. — Sweet, twelve ears:

1st, F. Heeremans, $3; 2d, A. C. Wakefield, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, SI.
Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine:

1st, C. H. Metcalf, S4; 2d, W. W. Rawson, $3; 3d, Frank Pierce, $2.
Pair of any other variety:

1st, Mrs. R. C. Winthrop, $3; 2d, Giraud Foster, $2; 3d, Frank Pierce,
$1.
Culinary Herbs, Green. — Collection, named:

1st, J. A. Nixon, $3; 2d, Edwin Parker, S2.
Egg Plants. — Four Round Purple:

1st, Mrs. R. C. Winthrop, $3; 2d, Edwin Parker, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis,
SI.
Endive. — Four specimens:

1st, Vincent Buitta, S3; 2d, Vincent Buitta, S2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, Edwin Parker, S3; 2d, W. W. Rawson, Black Seed, $2; 3d, W.
W. Rawson, Butter, $1.
Onions. — Twelve Danvers:

1st, F. Heeremans, S3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, W. H. Derby, $1.

166 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Twelve Red:

1st, Mrs. R. C. Winthrop, $3; 2d, F. Heeremans, $2; 3d, Edwin
Parker, SI.
Twelve "Wliite:

1st. E. M. Bruce, S3; 2d, Edwin Parker, $2; 3d, Mrs. Alice Warburton,
SI.
Parsley. — Two quarts:

1st, James Anderson, $3; 2d, E. W. Breed, $2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn,
$1.
Parsnips. — Long, twelve specimens:

1st, W. W. Rawson, $3; 2d. W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, John Ryan, $1.
HoUow Crown:

1st, W. W. Rawson, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Peppers. — Twelve specimens of Squash:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, Edwin Parker, $2; 3d, Mrs. Alice Warburton,
$1.
Any other variety:

1st. E. L. Lewis. $3; 2d, Edwin Parker, $2; 3d, James Anderson, $1.
P0TATOE.S. — Twelve Hebron:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, S2; 3d, Edwin Parker, $1.
Twelve Rose:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, Edwin Parker, $2.
Twelve any other variety:

1st, E. L. Lewis, Green Mountain, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, Aroostook,
$2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, Carman I, $1.
Radishes. — Four bunches:

1st, W. W. Rawson, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, S2; 3d, W. Heustis
& Son, $1.
Salsify. — Twelve specimens:

1st. W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, Giraud Foster, $2; 3d, W. Heustis &
Son, $1.
Squashes. — Three Bay State:

1st, W. H. Derby, .$3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, SI.
Three Hubbard:

1st, W. W. Rawson, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, T. Valentine, $1.
Three Hybrid Turban:

1st, W. H. Derby, $3; 2d, W. W. Rawson, $2; 3d, G. F. Wheeler, $1.
Three Marrow:

1st, W. W. Rawson, S3; 2d, T. Valentine, S2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, SI.
Tomatoes. — Twelve Belmont or Beauty:
3d, Edwin Parker, $1.
Twelve Stone:

1st. W. W. Rawson, $3; 2d, Edwin Parker, S2; 3d, J. A. Nixon. $1.
Twelve of any other variety:

l.st, Edwin Parker, S3; 2d, Giraud Foster, S2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Turnips. — Twelve Flat:

l.st, Elliott Moore, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, Giraud Foster, SI.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES. 167

Twelve Swedish:

1st, C. M. Handley, $3; 2d, Joseph Thorpe, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than ten varieties, decorative
arrangement to be considered:
1st, W. J. Clemson, $15; 2d, W. W. Rawson, $10; 3d, Joseph Thorpe,
$8; 4th, W. Warburton, $5.

Special Prizes.

Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than fifteen varieties, decorative
arrangement to be considered:
1st, Edwin Parker, $50; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $30; 3d, F. Heeremans, $20.

Gratuities : —

Vincent Buitta, Collection, $10.

W. W. Rawson, " $10.

W. H. Teele, " $5.

P. Mead, " $2.

J. J. Oaks, Tree Tomato, $2.

C. W. Parker, General Collection, Bronze Medal.

Mrs. R. C. Winthrop, Collection, First Class Certificate of Merit.

Giraud Foster, " First Class Certificate of Merit.

Chrysanthemum Show.

November 2, 3, 4.

Special Prizes.

Celery. — Eight roots, commercial grown :

1st, E. L. Lewis, a Silver Medal; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, a Bronze
Medal.

Regular Prizes.
Beets. — Twelve specimens:

1st, W. W. Rawson, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, Edwin Parker,
$1.
Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck:

1st, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, EUiott Moore,
$1.
Cabbages. — Three Red, trimmed:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, Mrs. Alice War-
burton, $1.
Three Dnmihead:

1st, W. W. Rawson, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Three Savoy:

1st, Mrs. Alice Warburton, $3; 2d, W. W. Rawson, $2; 3d, A. E.
Hartshorn, $1.

168 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cauliflowers. — Four specimens:

1st, W. H. Teele, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $1.
Celery. — Four roots, Pascal, best kept :

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $5; 2d, W. W. Rawson, $3; 3d, Edwin Parker,
S2; 4th, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, Edwin Parker, $5; 2d, Mrs. Alice Warburton, $3; 3d. E. L. Lewis,
$2; 4th, W. Heustis & Son, $1.
CoRX. — Yellow or Field, tw^enty-five ears, traced:

1st, Elliott Moore, $3; 2d, Elliott Moore, $2; 3d. A. F. Stevens, $1.
Cucumbers. — Pair:

1st, Frank Pierce, $3; 2d, W. W. Rawson, $2.
Endive. — Four specimens :

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, Edwin Parker, $2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn, $1.
Leek. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Edwin Parker, $3; 2d, E. M. Bruce, $2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn, $1.
Lettuce. — Four heads, best kept :

1st, Mrs. Alice Warburton, Boston, $5; 2d, Mrs. Alice Warburton,
Succession, $3; 3d, W. W. Rawson, Crumple Leaf, $2; 4th, Edwin
Parker, $1.
Parsxips. — Twelve specimens of Long Smooth :

1st, W. W. Rawson, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn,
$1.
Twelve specimens of Hollow Crown:

1st, W. W. Rawson, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Radishes. — Four bunches:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, W. W. Rawson, $2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn,
$1.
Salsify. — Twelve specimens:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, W. Heustis
& Son, $1.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Edwin Parker, $3; 2d, E. M. Bruce, $2; 3d, W. C. Winter, $1.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than ten varieties, decorative
arrangement to be considered:
1st, E. L. Lewis, $15; 2d, Edwin Parker, $10; 3d, W. W. Rawson,
$7; 4th, Mrs. Alice Warburton, $5.

Gratuities : —

Elliott Moore, Egg Turnips, $1.

Joseph Breck Corporation, Collection of Vegetables, $1.

Warren W. Rawsox 1 Committee
William H. Derby \ on

Warren H. Heustis J Vegetables.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS FOR THE

YEAR 190G.

BY WILLIAM P. RICH, SECRETARY.

The reduction in the number of prizes offered by the Society
the present year through the Committee on Gardens has had the
effect of reducing the number of entries and also the labors of the
committee. Four \dsits of inspection have been made which are
reported upon as follows:

Charles W. Parker's Estate, jNIarblehead Neck,

On June 11, by invitation of Charles W. Parker, Esq., the com-
mittee visited his estate, "Redgate," at Marblehead Neck. Viewed
from the standpoint of the truest ideal in landscape gardening this
is one of the most notable places on the North Shore of Massachu-
setts, and is an estate which may well be taken as a model for
the treatment of such places on our rocky coast.

About twenty years ago Mr. Parker bought a tract of rough land,
twenty-five acres in extent, rising gradually from the ledges of the
harbor shore to an eminence of seventy-five feet. The land, or
rather rock, was covered with, a dense growth of native shrubbery,
such as blueberry, bayberry, juniper, and wild roses, with not a
tree except a few stunted cedars.

The problem was to convert this rough hillside into a setting for
a summer home, and yet to utilize its natural features. To this
task Mr. Parker set himself with enthusiastic interest, guided by his
own artistic ideas of landscape arrangement, and the result is very
satisfactory. Even the original occupants of the ground, many
of which still remain in scattered colonies, lift up their heads higher,
bloom more freely, and show larger flowers and fuller fruit, as if
pleased with the improvements that have been made and stimu-
lated by the cultivated examples around them.

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Here and there amidst the smootJi, green turf, a gray boulder or
projecting ledge arises, and at its base is massed a collection of
brilliant phloxes, or hollyhocks, or golden glow, their colors richer
by proximity to the sea.

Trees of many kinds and of large size are abundant, all planted
by ]Mr. Parker. Then there are the orchards, the vegetable and
herb gardens, and the small-fruit borders. There is also a small
artificial pond with a profusion of pink and white water lilies, and
in the midst of a rocky setting a miniature Japanese garden sur-
prises the visitors. At every turn something of novelty and interest
comes into view, and ever>'^'here as one looks up from the observa-
tion of these things, are charming views of inland landscapes, the
harbor, and the blue sea beyond.

Though not entered for any prize of the Society the committee
is pleased to award "Redgate" a Silver Medal, as a slight token of
appreciation of the excellent taste and judgment displayed by its
owner in its horticultural improvement.

Dr. C. S. Minot's Peony Garden, Milton.

On June 20 a delegation of the committee again \isited the peony
garden of Dr. Charles S. Minot at Milton, which had been entered
for the Society's prize for the best peony garden. Mr. Arthur H.
Fewkes, a member of the committee, has kindly furnished the
folloA\ing description of the garden :

"The grounds were found in the same neat and flourisliing condi-
tion as last year, but the effect of an additional year's growth was
noticeable in the increased vigor of the peony plants and more
profuse bloom. As the visit was made later in the month than
before, the varieties in bloom were much different and included
many of the finest varieties extant.

The plan of this garden seems to be nearly an ideal one in its
tasteful arrangement of rectangular beds, intersected by grass
walks, and the entire absence of any artificial accessories.

The scheme of the entire garden, the peonies forming but a part
of the whole, is such that one approaches it gradually through two
other portions which are divided from each other by slight hedges,
so that after the flowering season of the peonies is over, the absence

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 171

of their flowers is hardly noticeable in the general effect, for the
other portions of the garden are filled with later blooming perennials.
While a few early flowering bulbs and late flowering plants are
planted wth the peonies the main idea and effect is distinctly a
peony garden, the other plants only serving to brighten the beds
before and after the peonies have bloomed.

The general features of the estate were so well described in the
report of the last %dsit that the need of further remarks, other than
in connection with the methods of cultivation practiced, and a few
words in conclusion, seem unnecessary.

The natural soil of the garden is a clayey loam and the most
satisfactory method of planting has been found to be deep cultiva-
tion accomplished by making a hole two or three feet in diameter
for each plant, removing the soil to the depth of eighteen inches
and digging into the bottom a heavy dressing of cow manure.
The pulverized soil is then returned and the plant set out, no ferti-
lizer of any kind coming in direct contact with the newly planted
roots. The young roots soon become sufficiently strong to pene-
trate to the fertilized soil at the bottom and at that depth are less
affected by dry weather.

The points wliich impressed themselves upon the committee
as the most desirable and worthy of imitation in this garden were
the partial separation of the peony garden proper from the main
garden, thereby removing from the main body of the garden the
objectionable feature of a large number of flowerless plants after
the blooming season is over, and at the same time so arranging
them that when in bloom they make a most attractive and effective
feature of the garden scheme; and the arrangement of the plants
in a series of rectangular beds cut out from the soil leaving strips
of grass between them wliich serve as walks, giving free access
for the examination of varieties; wliile the effect of the whole is
enhanced by the surrounding green of the grass, which of course
must be kept short and smooth by frequent use of the lawn mower."

Morton F. Plant's Estate, Groton, Conn.

September 21 the committee inspected the estate of INIorton F.
Plant at Groton, Connecticut, now in the second year of its entry
for the H. H. Hunnewell Triennial Premium.

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The main features of this magnificent property have been de-
scribed in the pre\'ious reports of this committee for the years 1904
and 1905.

Although late in the season the display of flowering plants was
very fine and the whole estate showed evidence of the continued
improvement that is being made in converting a barren ledge of
rock into a garden of beauty.

During the past winter several large trees have been transplanted
to the estate and are doing well and add greatly to the general effect.
The superintendent, Thomas W. Head, is so much gratified with
the success of this experiment that he is planning to set out more
the coming winter. The greenhouses were in their usual fine
condition and the chrysanthemum houses, especially, promised a
little later most magnificent returns.

This estate is destined to become one of the grandest in New
England, and the members of the visiting committee were much
impressed with the advance that has been made since it came
under their observation.

Mrs. John L. Gardner's Estate, Brookline.

September 27 the committee visited the estate of Mrs. John L.
Gardner at Brookline which is now in its third and last year of entry
for the H. H. Hunnewell Triennial Premium.

Not much in the way of description need be added to the reports
of previous visits to this place. Perhaps the feature which most
impresses itself upon the visitor is the great stretches of lawn,
bordered by grand old trees, an adornment of an estate never
surpassed by any floral plantations however beautiful.

William Thatcher is the superintendent and head gardener
and the general appearance of the place reflects credit upon his
skilful management.

The committee takes pleasure in adding this estate to the roll
of those honored by the Society as the recipient of the H. H. Hunne-
well Triennial Premium.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GARDENS.

173

Prizes and special awards have been awarded as follows :
H. H. Hioineivell Triennial Premium.

For an estate of not less than three acres, which shall be laid out
with the most taste, planted most judiciously, and kept in the best
order for three consecutive years :

First, Mrs. John L. Gardner, Brookline . . . $160.00

Society's Prizes.

For the best Garden of Peonies, not commercial :
First, Dr. Charles S. Minot, Milton .

30.00

Special Awards.

Charles W. Parker's Estate "Redgate" at Marblehead Neck,

Silver JNledal

Oakes Ames
George Barker
William N. Craig
William H. Elliot
x\rthur F. Estabrook
Arthur H. Fewkes
Charles W. Parker
John A. Pettigrew
Willia:\i p. Rich
Henry P. Walcott

Committee

on
Gardens.

I

REPORT OF THE COM^SIITTEE OX CHILDREN'S
GARDENS FOR THE YEAR 1906.

BY HENRY SAXTOX ADAMS, CHAIRMAN.

The work of your committee during the year 1906, as pointed
out in our last report, has been devoted entirely to the encourage-
ment of gardening among children. The result has proved, we
believe, the wisdom of the change in the work of our committee.
We have before us a definite policy in which all members of the
committee are interested, a condition which is necessary for the
best results.

It is with a feeHng of regret that we have to report the resignation
of Mr. Charles W. Jenks from the committee. He has long been
an active member and has rendered most valuable servdce. Dur-
ing the past year he visited a large number of the gardens entered
for prizes and we had hoped the new field would prove as interest-
ing to him as the more botanical work of the committee in the past.
We owe to Mr. Jenks a vote of thanks and take this opportunity
to express to him our appreciation of the work he has done for the
committee.

A study of the problems before us has resulted in a much more
definite idea of what we are trying to do. School gardening is
undoubtedly today on a much firmer basis than ever before. It is,
in fact, recognized by modern educators to be one of the best
forms of industrial education in our schools which cannot be
replaced by any other subject. Secretary Martin of the State
Board of Education so ably defined the value of school gardens at
our conference in December that we need spend no further time
on their educational advantages. Let us inquire, rather, into the
relation of children's gardens to our society. Our interest is
. centered in horticulture and whatever we can do to promote it is of
vital interest to us. We believe there is no better way to encourage
gardening than to teach the children to love and to grow plants.

]76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Through the chikhva we reacli the jiarents and ultimately intro-
duce gardening to the homes as can be done in no other way.
What worthier work could a horticultural society do than this?
Think what it means to the future of horticulture and the lives of
our people.

Home gardening has been slow in its development in this country
due largely to ignorance of gardening methods and to the indif-
ference of those interested professionally or otherwise toward
making gardening popular. It is gratifying to feel that we have
behind us today a multitude of interested and enthusiastic persons ;
we have also the backing of prominent educators who say garden-
ing should be taught in all public schools; and, finally, the Society
of American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists has devised
a plan, through its special committee for teaching horticulture in
the public schools, showing that the trade has become interested
in the movement. We are especially pleased to find extracts of
our last report cjuoted several times in the address of iNIr. E. V.
Hallock before the convention of the society at Dayton last August.

Our work is bringing us into closer touch with those interested
in the movement both in the state and in the country at large.
Following the policy of last year your chairman has visited most
of the school gardens entered for prizes and has also extended his
studies to a number of representative gardens outside of the state.
The School Farm at New York City and representative gardens
in Pliiladelphia were thus \dsited at a personal expense of time
and money. A similar trip to the State Normal School at Hyannis
proved most interesting. The various members of the committee
have visited a large number of both school and home gardens and
your chairman wishes to express his appreciation of the interest
and time given over to this work. It has been no small task but
one which is of great value to the movement.

Under the auspices of the Wellesley Village Improvement Asso-
ciation your chairman has obtained most valuable experience in
organizing and directing a school garden. He has been enabled
to enter into the sj)irit of the movement as could hardly have been
done by any other method. A successful garden was maintained
at W'ellesley this year with an intelligent and enthusiastic, though
inexperienced, young woman for teacher. We call your special
attention to the report of this garden to be found further on.

children's garden conference. 177

Our 1905 report was issued early in the year and requests for it
have been received from all over the country. We feel that it
■contains much valuable information and that our efforts are bear-
ing fruit. It has been most gratifying to hear the words of com-
mendation from those who entered for prizes last year and the
expression of their satisfaction of the fairness of our awards.

As the result of a suggestion made at our first school garden con-
ference, a school garden institute was held under the auspices of
the ]\Iassachusetts Agricultural College in cooperation with our
society in April. The society gladly gave the use of the hall and
the meeting was Avell attended. The program was most carefully
prepared and proved of great value to those Avishing to take up
school garden work.

The year has shown a marked advance toward the day when
school gardening will be taught in all our schools. The cry from
all over the country is, Where can we get experienced teachers ?
This demand must be heeded and those institutions whose busi-
ness it is to educate teachers must take up the movement. Shall
the normal schools or the agricultural colleges take up this work?
Shall they unite in tliis instruction? If so, Where will they get
properly trained instructors? This is the great problem and one
which must be thoughtfully met. When shall we have a Massachu-
setts School of Horticulture with School Gardening one of its
main departments? School gardening opens a ncAv field for
energetic and enthusiastic young women who love gardening and
children. The remuneration will not be large but should at least
equal that of other specialized teaching work.

Children's Garden Conference.

The success of our conference last year led us to hold a similar
'One in December and, although we had no exhibition of children's
herbarium sheets as last year, the conference was v^ell attended.
During the meeting we placed on exhibition various photographs,
notebooks, etc. of children's garden work which -had been sent
in to us. A very interesting display was also made of photographs,
etc. of the Brookline school o-ardens.

178 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In arranging the program for the conference a logical treatment
of today's needs was undertaken and we believe successfully car-
ried out. Secretary INIartin spoke admirably on the educational
value of school gardens. With their necessity in public schools so
ably pointed out Professor Waugh and Principal Baldwin con-
sidered the education of school garden teachers. A school super-
intendent feels the pulse of the public and Mr. Marsh spoke on
the relation of children's gardens to the public. We were very
much pleased to have Mr. Henry G. Parsons of the School Farm,
New York City, present at the meeting. He spoke very enthu-
siastically of the work they are doing and the discussion which
followed was most energetic. Altogether the conference was
a great success.

The meeting was presided over by your chairman, who, after
reviewing the objects of the conference and discussing briefly the
work of the year, announced the prizes awarded for school gardens,
school grounds, and children's home gardens. The new prize
circular for 1907 was also discussed and distributed. The addresses
are given in connection with this report.

School Gardens.

When the entries for school garden prizes were in, June 1, there
were found to be twenty-three which was a gain of eleven over
last year. The competition was divided into two classes, those
gardens which had entered before, and new gardens. Tliis was
"tried as an experiment, hoping thus to give the newer gardens
greater opportunity for the prizes. This, however, will not be
done again as we expressly state in our new circular that the
awards will be based on Avhat the gardens are really accomplishing
under the existing conditions and not on mere size and fine feathers.

As a whole the gardens this year were most satisfactory. While
some were poorly planned and apparently carelessly managed
the majority showed a decided improvement. We are now even
more impressed than last year that while there are many other
things needed by a school garden teacher, a thorough understand-
ing of gardening and a love for it are of greatest importance. For

children's garden report. 179

example, in the matter of crops grown, some gardens are full of
bare ground late in summer, after the early crops have been removed,
showing failure to understand how to plant for succession.

Reports of a number of school gardens are printed in connec-
tion with this report.

School Grounds.

Prizes for school gi'ounds were new to the work of our committee
this year and but three schools entered. We believe this to be
one of the most important fields for our efforts and hope for a
larger entry list next year. Unfortunately but two of the schools
sent in reports and but two of our three prizes were awarded.
We have provided six prizes for 1907.

Every school yard in the state should have something done to
beautify it if there is a yard at all. Many of our country school
grounds are bare and neglected, while often in the city the yard
is either all brick or concrete. A large number of these yards can
be cleaned up and beautified at small expense and such work will
help to make our children neat, home-loving citizens. We want
to emphasize the fact that both this work and school gardening
need not in any way interfere with the children's playground.
It will increase the use of it, rather, as there are always some chil-
dren that cannot enter into the games of the majority and they
find pleasure and recreation among the plants. It might well be
said right here that school gardening is loved by the children and
that the so-called "toughest boys" in school often become the
most interested and are accordingly greatly benefited by it.

The report of the Tracy school follows.

Children's Home Gardens.

The entries for children's home gardens numbered 259, a very
decided gain over any previous year. We adopted this year an
entry card and each child entering had to fill out a card and have
it indorsed by a parent or teacher. The difficulties of our method
of awarding home garden prizes were again clearly brought out

180 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

during the year and our three years' experiment has shown us that
a different method is needed. Next year our awards are to be
given to organizations managing children's home gardens and not
to the children themselves. This money may then be distributed
in the form of prizes to the children most faithful in their work
which can be easily determined by local inspectors or may go into
the general expense account.

Our difficulties were as follows. First; of the large number of
gardens entered but few could receive prizes. Second; the great
distribution of the gardens over a large territory made it practically
impossible to \dsit all of the gardens even once during the season.
Third; where so many children were involved it is very difficult
to get them to send in a letter describing the garden as shown from
the few reports received as compared with the entries; and lastly,
the money awarded becomes so widely distributed that in most
cases it does comparatively little good towards carrying on the
home garden movement. We think these difficulties ^^^ll be
overcome by treating directly with the organizations that carry
on the home garden work. It is as difficult to make children of
the ages desired carry on gardening as anything else unless kept
up to it by some older person. It is not that they do not love the
work but they must be encouraged and told how to do it. We
wish therefore to encourage Woman's Clubs, Improvement Asso-
ciations, and other organizations to take up home garden work.

We have increased the number of prizes to be awarded at our
children's exhibition and will in this way award the children directly
for their efforts. Some school garden letters follow.

Children's Exhibitions.

Two children's exhibitions were held this year, one in July and
one in September. The July exhibition was held in the small
exhibition hall filling two long tables and a portion of the side
tables. We were very much surprised at the amount of material
brought in and were in every way satisfied with the experiment
which we were trying. It was a good beginning and made us
hope for better results later on.

childken's garden report. 181

The September show filled the lecture hall and was undoubtedly
the largest and best children's exhibition ever held in this country,
perhaps in the world. Not only were the school and home gardens
represented with products but there were several hundred boys
and girls in attendance full of enthusiasm and spirit." We were
literally swamped and it was with great difficulty that we suc-
ceeded in awarding the prizes. Some of the products shown were
as fine as ever seen in our regular exhibitions and the interest
certainly equalled, if not exceeded, anything ever seen before in
our halls. We are glad to say that our children's herbarium exliib-
its of pre\'ious years which interested comparatively few have
been superseded so successfully.

Next year we plan for one large show in September and hope
to see even more visitors than this year. We estimate there were
upwards of 500 visitors during the two hours of exhibition. At
both exhibitions the Cobbet School received first prize for School
gardens and a description of the September exhibit of this school
is herewith given.

The exhibit of the Cobbet School filled two long tables and was
characterized by the same variety of products as in June. Such
products as eggplant, peppers, endive, and the large numbers of
varieties of beans and root crops were notable. The flowers shown
included many varieties of hardy flowers, annuals, and such others
as gladioli, cannas, and dahlias. The most novel features of the
exhibit were the eighteen varieties of herbs, raised from seed at the
school garden, the final fruit of several years of experiment, and
the display of seeds of vegetables, hardy flowers, and annual flowers.
Such valuable lines of work are brought clearly to the attention
of other workers by these exhibitions and thereby any achievement
of one school is soon known and duplicated in many other places.

Our prize list for the next September show has been increased
and we hope to have a large and successful exhibit. All schools
and children having gardens are cordially invited to be present
and to bring in their garden products. ^

Looking Onward.

Our appropriation for the year 1906 was practically all used,
proving that the increase received last year was none too much.

182 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

We wish to thank the Trustees for the help ^Yhich they have given
us and hope that we will be able to use our even larger appropriation
for 1907 with an equal feeling of confidence that it has been well
spent.

The year has been a most successful one and we report marked
progress in our work. We are still only beginning and hope that
our efforts may prove stimulating to other organizations to carry
on a similar work. We ask the hearty cooperation of all who are
interested that success may attend our efforts in what we believe
to be a vital movement for the future of gardening among our
people.

Abstracts of Addresses made at the Children's Gar-
den Conference.

Held at Horticultural Hall, Boston, December 15, 1906.

The Educational Value of School Gardens.

BY HON. GEORGE H. MARTIN, SECRETARY STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION,
BOSTON, MASS.

It is hardly necessaiy, in view of the widespread and rapidly spreading
interest in school garden work, that I should appear here this afternoon
to speak of the educational advantages of them. They have been already
discovered by the t\vo organizations in the state which are devoted to the
agricultural and horticultural interests. The State Board of Agriculture
is fully alive to the importance of school gardening as preparatory in a
way and supplementary in another way to the agricultural work of the
state for which it is organized, and the Horticultural Society has already
gone so far in its leadership in the movement that any discussion cannot
be for the purpose ♦f convincing them. The superintendents of the state
are rapidly becoming interested in the movement and they have discovered
educational advantages. The fact that last year there were some three
hundred school gardens in the state is evidence of this. While it would
seem from the report which Mr. Adams has read of the prizes that were
given, that school gardening was comparatively limited in its scope and

children's garden conference. 183

but a small number of places are undertaking this work, there is not a
county in the state in which there are not school gardens and the towns
and cities are already taking up the work with increased interest. They
are going about it with increased intelligence; year by year it is better
organized and better related to the other school work than at the start;
and yet there is room for development.

There seem to me to be three strong educational reasons why the school
garden movement should spread until it becomes universal, for it is my
own personal feeling that the time is coming when the school garden will
be considered as important in the equipment of any public school as the
library. The first educational reason is that the garden appeals to the
interest of the children in seeing something happen and in watching the
development of the plant life in their gardens. In watching, too, the
development of animal life, insect life, and bird life in connection with
their gardens. There is always .something for the child to look forward
to, always something to excite his curiosity and his wonder, and we know
how profound those feelings are in interesting the child. He is expecting
something to happen and is inclined to be eager to see whether it does
happen and if so when and how, and by and by, why it happens. This
is the feature of it which gives the garden its chief educational value in
that it appeals to the child more directly than any other form of school
work. We have had nothing before which satisfied those feelings ; all the
school acti\'ities in the past connect themselves very slightly with life of
any sort. Most of them have been in the air rather than on the ground
and the advantage is that this work is on the ground. It keeps the child
where he is and is within his reach. That is the first educational advan-
tage.

The second reason is that it allies itself with the other school activities
as perhaps no single school activity does. That is true of any form of
manual school work but this touches at more points than anything else
we can think of and it brings an air of reality and vitality to the other
school exercises. It allies itself directly with what we call the language
work, taking it out of the air into the ground, out of the theoretical into
the real, out of the scholastic atmosphere into the atmosphei'e of real life.
The opportunities for developing both the oral and written language of
the child through the school garden seem to me almost endless. It allies
itself not only with the literaiy work but with the drawing. It brings
that too into the realm of reality. It gives the child a reason for doing
the work that is set for him to do and it adds life and interest to every
feature of the drawing work, every department of it. It connects itself
and may connect itself much more than it has in the past, as Mr. Baldwin
has shown in his Hyannis work, with the nimiber work. He has shown
what it does for the arithmetic work. Children find in connecting their
arithmetic with their gardening work they are dealing with real things in a
real way and for a purpose which is their own, for every problem has an
end. They are doing these because there is something there that they

184 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICI'LTURAL SOCIETY.

want to find out. The children ^A•rite in connection with it because there
are things there that they cannot describe in words. It is because they
want to use these things that makes the work so effective. It connects
itself not only with the language, the number, and drawing, but it connects
itself and lays a foundation for a nuich more advanced work in the higher
departments of school, and I have felt veiy strongly that the school garden
is an essential to the high school; it is the most effective laboratory a
high school could use. The department of biology would be vitalized if
it were connected with the school garden and familiarity with the features
of school gardening would do as much for the study of literature, rendering
plain the figures of rhetoric with which literature abounds. I believe it
is idle for any teacher to try to teach literature by explaining in words
what these figures mean. Both for the high and the elementary schools
the school garden is to come in and will be found to be the most effective
and useful laboratory that can be maintained today.

A third reason is the social side of the garden. It connects itself so
closely with the home life of the child. That is our one great need at
present. It is to be the work of the immediate future to bring the school
and home back into their old-time relations and I think by means of this
work it can be done. The children are applying at home what they have
learned at the school garden and this will be a means of binding the two
together. Such work as Mr. Hastings has done in Fitchburg is useful
especially in a city where perhaps a school garden may not be practicable
but where in every home there are opportunities for giving the children
the same sort of training.

These seem to me, Mr. Chairman, the three most essential features ; the
fact that it appeals to the instinctive cra\dng of the child for life process,
the fact that it renders vital other school work, and that it tends to con-
nect the school and home as nothing else does. I may seem extravagant in
my claims but I have learned to become interested in it and every year as
I have watched it it has grown upon me as one of the valuable features
possible in public school work.

Horticultural Education for School Garden Teachers.

BY F. A. WAUGH, PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDEN-
ING, M.\SS.\CHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AMHERST, MASS.

In all the conferences on school gardens that we have held and in all
discussions on these topics the first practical question to come up has
been that of knowing how to make the garden itself. In other words the
horticultural question seems to be fundamental. Over and over this
point has been emphasized, that a school garden must be successful first

children's garden conference. 185

as a garden before it can be a successful educational enterprise. This
of course is requiring a good deal of the teacher, because horticulture is a
long long art; and if one must be an expert teacher, and before that an
expert horticulturist, that is certainly asking a good deal for $45 a month.
It is hardly to be expected that every school teacher will become an expert
horticulturist and yet we cannot for a moment relax our emphasis on this
point. Again and again it appears imperati\'ely that we must know more
horticulture.

Having determined so much, the next question follows clo.sely after.
Where, how, and when are school garden teachers to get their knowledge
of horticulture? Someone said a long time ago that to train a good woman
you must begin with her grandmother. In a somewhat similar way, tO'
make a good horticulturist you should begin with the grandmother. Hor-
ticultural education ought to begin early. It certainly is a great advan-
tage to every teacher to be born on a farm. The early farm experience is
invaluable. It is especially so to a young man, but even the girls get a
good deal out of farm life. That experience of childhood on the farm is
worth everything to the one who takes it rightly. I know there are some
to whom this farm life has meant nothing, and my heart bleeds for those
men and women who look back on such a childhood with bitterness. To
me it seems the most delightful experience a child can have. It seems
to me the best possible foundation for all kinds of education. Out of this
experience there should come a true love of rural life in all its large aspects
— a love of growing plants, of animals and of the land. There should be
a real love for the soil. There are times when I go into the field as the
mellow furrows are being turned by the plow when the whole land looks
good enough to eat. If one's experience of country life has given him or
her this feeling with regard to the soil and to all those things connected
with it that is the best possible foundation for teaching school gardening.

This sort of an experience and enthusiasm should create through the
teacher a school garden atmosphere which is invaluable in this line of
teaching. All of us know that each particular school has its special atmos-
phere. The high school has its bookish atmosphere. The technical school
has its scientific atmosphere; and so the school garden should have a gar-
den atmosphere. This fundamental condition for success should grow
out of the natiu'al love and enthusiasm of the soil which I have attempted
to sketch.

When teachers undertake to learn school gardening they should ged
their instruction in a garden. Now there are all kinds of gardens, and all
are good; but for this purpose I should say that a well-kept garden is
essential. For the purpose of the present discussion it is convenient to
divide all gardens into two classes, the amateur gardens and the profes-
sional gardens. The point of view in these two different schemes is
radically diverse. The amateur garden is conducted for the fun of it,
\\hile the professional gardener grows plants for profit only. I should
say that a better atmosphere for the school garden teacher is to be

186 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

secured in the professionally conducted garden. I would recommend
that the school garden teacher get his or her knowledge of gardening
from the professional gardener.

There are special garden courses, or courses in general horticulture now
being established in various schools; and we may expect that in the future
these will give some opportunity for the training of school garden teachers.
Various academies are now enlarging their work so as to include agri-
cultural and horticultural courses. Yet for thorough work in school
gardening these secondaiy schools can hardly furnish the proper grade of
teachers. In looking for such teachers it is somewhat natural to turn
toward the larger institutions which are better equipped for this sort of
work. Of course I am prejudiced in this matter — a prejudice which I
freely admit, but there seems to me to be no fair question but that the
best opportunity for teaching horticulture in this neighborhood is to be
found at the Massachusetts Agricultural College. We have at college
many acres of orchard, garden, and woodland, as well as fields devoted
to general farm crops, and fields devoted to special experiments, all
managed as well as circumstances allow. All the various agricultural
activities of this country and climate are rather fully exemplified. And
while that material up to the present time has not been used for
the education of school garden teachers it is easily capable of being
turned to such account. There are some of our graduates who now
leave college to teach. They must be to some extent prepared for
school garden work; but teachers who look forward to real teaching and
real school garden work need both normal school training and agricultvu'al
college training. It would seem therefore the natural and the best way
to arrange this matter through some form of cooperation between the
normal schools and the state agricultural college. It seems both wise
and convenient that normal school graduates who wish to take up school
gardening should go to the agricultural college for their instruction in
horticulture; and it seems equally proper that students of the agricultural
college who intend to take up teaching should go to the normal school to
secure their teaching methods. I see no difficulty in arranging some plan
of cooperation between these institutions. Already steps are being taken
at the agricultural college with the help of funds to be provided by the
state for beginning some work of this kind. I understand that some
negotiations are already underway looking toward such forms of coopera-
tion as I have suggested. We may fairly expect therefore that in the
near future we shall have opportunities of a large sort here in Massachusetts
for those teachers \\ho wish to prepare themselves well for school garden-
ing. This may look like a large contract; for at present we know that
not all teachers attend the normal schools even, and it may be expecting
too much to ask them to attend the two colleges. Nevertheless if the
present plans are carried out I am sure it will not be hard for more ambi-
tious ones at least to get a great deal more training in the future than has
been available in the past. The great problem in school gardening is to

children's garden conference. 187

get the teachers, and the teacher's great problem is to get her knowledge
of horticulture. We hope to do our share in providing her with reasonable
opportunities.

School Garden Work and the Normal School.

BY W. A. BALDWIN, PRINCIPAL STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, HYANNIS, MASS.

In the brief time at my disposal I cannot do better than to analyze the
forces which have driven the Hyannis Normal School to take up the
school garden work. I venture to consider this account as worthy of
presentation because I believe that it is typical of what is happening or
must soon happen to every progressive normal school.

Modern pedagogy demands that there must be a basis in sense percep-
tion along every line. We are, therefore, driven to one of two courses.
First, let the child alone to get such experiences as may come to him.
Second, select or help him to select such typical experiences as would
seem to furnish him with the needed basal experiences.

We used to leave the matter to chance and we inclined even to disregard
the valuable experiences gained by the child in this haphazard way. With
the advance in science it has become impossible to leave the whole matter
to providence and we have been inclined to go as far the other way, leav-
ing nothing to individual initiative. The result has been such work as
the regulation sloyd manual training.

In slavish imitation of others we had put sloyd into our Training School.
It was not producing the desired results and we began to consider the
matter. The problem as it presented itself to us was something like this:

What form or forms of manual training are best adapted to produce
the desired results? We were then driven to consider more carefully
than ever before just what results we were aiming to secure. This has
proved for us a fruitful question which is not yet fully answered. We
soon became convinced, however, that such work should possess the
following characteristics :

1. It should grow out of the environment of the child.

2. It should come as a response to something from within the normal
child.

3. It should be typical of important world activities.

4. It should furnish ample opportunities for the child to act himself
out in connection with typical activities and relations to things and to
people.

The first three are to such an audience as we have today obvious. The

last is less obvious but vastly important. Let us consider it for a moment.

Unless a child is allowed to act himself out there is no opportunity to

188 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

discover his weakness and to help him to grow strong. If he acts himself
out with things which are not typical there is no especial gain. If the
relations are artificial and unusual false associations are formed, false
standards are established, wrong habits and a wrong attitude toward life
are fostered. These results have troubled the thoughtful observer in
connection with regulation manual training in wood and iron, and even
in regulation cooking courses, when not connected with home needs, and
sewing, when based upon a system of models.

Becoming dissatisfied with the regulation manual training we looked
about for something better. We found several forms which pleased us
and which we are using but none which, on the whole, proved so satis-
factory as has school gardening. It furnishes for us all of the requisites
given above.

It gives some organic unitj^ to our nature study.

It furnishes one center for correlation of our so-called regular school
work.

It helps on the physical side by getting the children and teachers out-
of-doors a part of the day.

It helps to establish proper relations between the school and the home
and the world.

It is true that some city normal schools are, by the artificial conditions
with which they and their graduates have to contend, deprived of many
of these privileges, but the majority of the graduates of our normal schools
may and should use some form of school garden work in connection with
their school work.

I have already said and written so much regarding the use of the school
garden as a basis for other school work and social work that I will only say
here that anj-one who is interested enough to write for a catalogue may
receive some account of our work along that line.

It seems wise to us to put this work in three times during our nine years
of primary and grammar schools. The reasons I shall be glad to state if
anyone is interested to have them.

Until last year we had not given school garden work to our normal
students. They had observed the work of the children and, in some
cases, had gained experience in teaching the subject during their practice
tenn, but the majority went out without any adequate experience which
would enable them to do the work in the schools where they were to teach.
Gradually it dawned upon us that we were doing for our normal students
just what we were criticising others for doing with the children, viz.,
depending upon any chance experiences which they might have picked
up and upon a little observation work, as a basis for understanding' this
very important branch of school work.

We have now made the school garden an intrinsic part of our course
in botany. Every student has his own garden. This experience is sup-
plemented by observation and discussion of the work of the children of
the Training School and by as much teaching as it is possible to allow.

children's garden conference. 189

The present demand for teachers in this subject would not warrant
every student in paying so much attention to this subject were there no
other gain. We, however, believe that apart from such demand this
kind of work furnishes a splendid opportunity to put into concrete form
some of the most important principles of modern pedagogy, principles
which ought to underlie all good teaching.

I ought to say in closing that such preparation does not insure success-
ful work in this subject on the part of every graduate. This is particularly
true if the graduate is expected to inaugurate the school garden movement
in a town or village. Such inauguration needs a person of strong person-
ality, sanguine temperament, and much common sense. Given such a
person with such training and I do not fear for the results.

Children's Gardens and the Public.

BY FRANK M. MARSH, SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS, FAIRHAVEN, MASS.

I am always glad to speak upon this question of children's gardens,
because of the fact that it seems to me to be a movement Which perhaps
above all others may be an entering wedge to really enrich the school life
of our boys and girls, and at the same time, plant roots and ideas which
may result in a more wholesome, more enjoyable, and possibly more prof-
itable life.

It is a clearly recognized fact that all our education in the past decade
has been toward the city and toward urban conditions. This tendency
has developed so many evils both in overcrowding the city conditions and
in depopulating the covmtry towns and villages that it seems to me any
movement which may serve as a check to the unwise migration to city
and commercial and manufacturing centers may be worthy of encourage-
ment. The whole subject of better rural conditions and more wise use
of the uncultivated areas of New England would mean a happier and
more profitable life for many of the young men and women who drift
into the humdrum, unsatisfying, and sometimes destructive conditions
which they attempt to cope with in the crowded centers. It seems to me
that these conditions may be checked at least, if there can be developed
a more wholesome respect for rural life and a more intelligent application
of the efforts of young men and \\omen to the cultivation of the soil and
the establishment of attractive homes.

After these most excellent papers which have just been listened to by
you with so much interest, from the attention which has been given to
this subject in the last few years, and after many successful experiments
on a small scale, I think there is at this time, not much need for argument
in a gathering of this sort, in favor of children's gardens or in favor of
attention to horticultural and agricultural betterment.

190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

When you stop to think how much of hfe depends upon the products
of the soil, how much of Hfe is affected by environment, we can easily see
that the time is not far oflf when there is to be a reaction, we trust, which
will mean that more people, when properly informed and guided, will
prefer the safe and wholesome and comfortable conditions of the New
England village and homestead, rather than the unhealthy and soulless
employment found in mill or factory; and it is for the sake of creating
this better attitude and more intelligent understanding of the opportunities
and enjoyments of rural or village life, that the study of gardening and
horticulture in our schools should be introduced. I think we may fairly
presume that this is an assumption which will not be questioned. This
topic, however, calls for discussion of the school garden and the public.
The public of course may mean almost anything. We might as well
admit and recognize at the verj^ start that the public or public opinion is
a factor which has to be seriou.sly considered. The schools are public
schools. In a way, they have to be what the public demands, and what
the public is willing to support. Hence it seems to me that the immediate
problem for children's garden workers and for those that have horticul-
tural and rural improvement schemes to advance, is to create an intelli-
gent and proper attitude on the part of the public toward these movements.

During the year we have been frequently asked how to make school
garden work successful, and the answer to such a question would have to
be so varied for different communities and for different individuals that
of course we have been unable to give any satisfactory answer, and as I
understood this to be a veiy informal meeting, I will take the privilege of
offering a bit of testimony as to the introduction and progress of this
movement in the town which I represent.

Some four years ago, the superintendent caught a bit of inspiration
from one of the original American school garden enthusiasts, the former
chairman of this committee, and after mulling the matter over, broached
the matter to members of the school board. They at least could see no
barm in the proposition and in a way were led to become somewhat inter-
ested in it, possibly with a little feeling of skepticism and doubt, but yet
with some confidence that it might be worth \\hile, and specially because
we were not to ask for any money out of the public treasuiy. We proceeded
on faith, getting some of the boys and girls interested, getting a friend to
plow, getting the President of the Improvement Association and other
officers sufficiently interested to lend a hand with spade and fork in con-
verting a rough corner lot near the school building into a well-graded plot
and by quiet agitation developing enough momentum of opinion, to at
least make some defenders of the movement when the first bit of ridicule
and public doubt aro.se. For a time there was discussion on this side and
on that, some were ready to cry fad, fad, and foolishness; others were
ready to admit the excellence of the idea, while expressing feelings that
it was impractical; others expressing interest and enthusiasm. I think
probably this would be the normal condition when such movement was

children's garden conference. 191

introduced anew. Next the children were inoculated with intere.st and
ambition and hope, and this became contagiou.s, and much work and
much profit from this undertaking was accomplished by the children.
Someone had to bear the brunt of the planning, someone had to see that
conditions were such that success was certain, and w^hen everything was
plotted and planted all sorts of hopes and fears were entertained as to
what the results might be. To make a long story short, the careful,
orderly, and bountiful results were suoh that the skeptics and scoffers
grew less and faded away, from the time the first shoots appeared, until
the rough plot of ground blossomed with* flowers and plants of many
varieties, and teemed with vegetable growth which was both good to look
upon and profitable for consumption. So well had the children done
their work in the beginning, so faithfully had they cultivated their grow-
ing plants that some of the good ladies and interested men who had tried
experiments in their own yards, thought there must be some sort of trick
about the thing; some mysterious feature as to how it was done. Several
people thought it must be in the seed and at once inquired where we
obtained the seeds.

After this successful summer there was no further opposition or criticism,
and for the past three years many have been the kind words and comments,
and generous has been the encouragement and attitude. The public con-
fidence needed to be won. To do this, it was neces.sary to demonstrate
the feasibility and the profit in such a movement. The Improvement
Association which happened to be made up of men and women who could
appreciate the value of such a movement, were ready to make an appro-
priation, and by this time the school department was willing to pay for
some of the necessary tools and some of the larger items.

The next year the Improvement Association was only too glad to dupli-
cate its contribution. The school department had no hesitation in pay-
ing part of the expenses of maintenance. The Improvement Association,
furthermore, was ready to extend the mo\ement and expend more money
in starting home gardens, and for two years has successfully carried on
this work, creating a special committee to direct it.

This year the school department, representing the public as it does,
recognizes the fact that it is a legitimate expenditure from the public
treasury to pay for the major part of the expenses of supervising and
maintaining this department of school work, and I think it is safe to say
that public opinion has been won in favor of children's gardens at school
and at home.

The question has been raised by the previous speakers as to two very-
important features which now perhaps need attention more than others.
First, the educational value of the movement, which is generally admitted;
second, shall the colleges and normal schools provide better training for
teachers who shall carry on this work.

In discussing this matter of children's gardens recently, I ventured to
point out that while an enthusiast with perseverance and careful study

192 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

could win over public opinion in favor of the movement, it was not an
easy matter to find such an enthusiast or such a teacher to carry out this
work, and we ventured to suggest that" the state of Massachusetts might
better spend some of its money in the establishment in all our normal
schools of departments or at least courses for the training of our teaching
forces along these lines. Some of this work is done at some of the normal
schools, but in few is it done in such a way as to really inspire enthusiasm
on the part of the graduates ov a broad understanding of the aim and
policy and general purpose of such a movement. It is too often touched
so lightly that the graduate fs not prepared to even introduce the work;
is not prepared to help mold public sentiment; is not prepared to over-
come the obstacles which are bound to appear. My contention is that the
state can well afford for many reasons to create such departments in the
normal schools and to make them of such interest and importance that
some of the teachers at least will be capable and anxious as they go out
into the rural and village schools to develop a more intelligent interest^
a more generous attitude toward rural conditions, and a better knowledge
of the possibilities and enjoyments of non-urban life. I say the state can
better afford to do this than afford many other expenditures which will
bring fewer returns. It has been said that the public school should aim
to produce best men, best women; if you please, the best citizens possible.
In a democracy the chief care of the state is to improve and train its
members who are the foundation of the republic. I have often asserted
that the home and the family is the most potent and effective unit in our
social and political life, and it is the improvement of our homes and the
consequent love of home which the children's garden movement engenders,
that is to bring about the rewards for whatever is put into this movement.
I may have mentioned in your presence before, that there will be no lack
of patriotism, genuine patriotism, on the part of the people who have
homes which they love and which they would be willing to defend at any
cost.

I am impressed with the fact that thousands and thousands of dollars
are expended by the state for immense armories and military equipment
and expenses with all their pomp and glitter, and at the same time I think
of these armories as being used only infrequently by a few. We can recall
that the very l)est fighting and the very best defense that has ever been
made was not done by the trained and richly equipped red-coats of Great
Britain, but by the embattled farmers and home lovers of Charlestown
and Boston and Bunker Hill. As our late lamented Senator Hoar once
said, " Times were when men were proud to strike for their altars and
their fires, but you hear very little of men striking for their flats and,
furnaces." The men who will be most anxious to defend their country
the men who will be most patriotic to stamp out the evils of city corrui)tion
and commercial crime, will not be the men who frequent the crowded
cities and factories, who live like cliff dwellers in the high apartments of
our great cities, but it will be the sturdy, home loving, patriotic citizen

children's garden conference. 193

■who has been kept in bette» tone and in a better environment in a home-
like home and has developed a higher appreciation of what life may mean.

The state furthermore can better afford to give some thought to this
phase of her development, since it is without question upon the soil and
upon the country that humanity must depend for supplying the commodi-
ties which go to make up the activities of the city, and for supplying man
with the necessities and comforts of life. The great problem of the slums
in our cities, and the great problem of the village and country slums may
be improved by instructing these people as to the possibilities of a plot
of ground properly cultivated, and when we think of our vast areas of
Massachusetts land now unused, and the many who are practically starv-
ing in the crowded centers, it would seem a legitimate in^■estment for the
state to expend public money upon any movement which would tend to
encourage the better appreciation and development of our agricultural
and horticultural resources.

The points which I should like to make are these: that the educational
value of children's gardens is becoming questioned less and less ; that
public opinion as a force has to be recognized and won in favor of this
movement. To do this, the introduction of the movement must be well
planned; the soil must be well prepared; and the workers of the soil must
be carefully inoculated with correct ideas and right attitudes and aims.
Societies and associations with similar aims must be enlisted and drafted
in aid of the movement. The newspaper can be a powerful force in adver-
tising and spreading the news of the movement, but what is needed most
of all is courage on the part of the state to provide as well for this phase of
education in training teachers for this work as in training teachers of
arithmetic, of geography, or of language; that it is the business of the
state to help create a better attitude toward the betterment of rural and
village conditions and especially to train children to be men and women
who ^^■ill organize such homes that the homes themseh^es will be enjoyable
to old and young and be incentives to patriotic and loyal citizenship. We
can teach civics and talk about citizenship but we shall get very little
civic righteousness or undefiled patriotism unless we can establish a whole-
some and nourishing background of excellent homes and home life, and
I believe there is no other one movement which can be made to serve in
the development of good homes and finer sentiments than the movement
for better gardens, better home surroundings, and more attractive life
away from the deadening influences of the factory and competition of
the crowded city.

194 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The School Farm at De Witt Clinton Park.

BV HENRY G. PARSONS, NEW YORK CITY.

Our work in New York City is not connected with the schools directly.
It is under the Park Department, and, therefore, by the laws of New York
City, we are not allowed to teach. The work is strictly recreation work
because it is in the Park. Those employed in the work are called attend-
ants, not teachers, and when some of the would be teachers came in the
spring looking for positions they were very much surprised at the ques-
tions they were asked, and probably a few of the questions would interest
you. They knew it was gardening and they thought, perhaps, they would
be asked some questions in horticulture, and they were, but when they
were asked if they knew how to wash windows; if they knew how to sew;
if they could cook; if they knew anything about sanitation or hygiene;
if they had studied physical geography; their breath was taken away and
they naturally wanted to know why so much was expected, and I thought
you would be interested in our view-point.

The person in charge of the garden should have either an agricultural
or horticultural training, either from a school or college or from actual
experience in commercial work, for it will help matters very much. But
it is not absolutely essential, for that kind of information you can get from
a great many people. It is better that the head of the work be of the
kind that knows how to acquire information. Gardeners and florists are
always enthusiasts about their work and usually quite willing to give
helpful advice. A man or woman may be a good gardener and yet not
suited to run a children's garden. The persons who get along best with
the children and who get the most out of the garden for the children, are
jacks-of-all-trades. If a person has known poverty and has been forced
to do things with their hands by their own efforts, if they have had to do
with the things of life, and, at the same time, they are educated people
and they connect these things with life's problems, they are able to place
the garden and its connection with life in general before the children as
nobody else can.

In our garden we do all these things. The second year we established
a tiny farmhouse in connection with the garden, and so introduced the
spirit of the home in the play. If a teacher cannot cook, and does not
know something, it need not be much, of the question of nutrition, and
what the simple vegetables of the child's plot are expected to furnish us
when placed upon our tables, how far can she go with practical information
in an.swering a child's questions. Indeed she will not be able to stir the
child's mind to the questioning point. If the teacher has only that class
of information which is obtained under the head of nature study they are
able to talk about how a bean sprouts; but if they have been fortunate

children's garden conference. 195

enough to have had an agricultural training, they will be able to tell much
more about the sprouting and later on the more important facts of the
bean as a food and the great part it plays in the economy of the world.

The child grows beets and should learn how to select good beets. Many
children have to do the marketing. They should know how to get the
best value for their money. The children should know the difference
between the radish which they buy at the store and the radish they grow
in their garden. We tell our visitors and children that you cannot buy
at Sherry's radishes like those we grow in our little gardens. The teacher
should be able to tell the children facts about the radish that will have a
live interest to them. The radish furnishes a juice with some minerals
in it; but in its growth it so combines the minerals and water and carbon
from the earth and air as to give the juice a peculiar value to mankind.
Look in the dictionary for anti-scorbutic. It is because of its value as a
remedy and preventative of scurvy that the radish has been so highly
thought of for thousands of years. It is one of our oldest known vege-
tables. Now the teacher who merely takes a course in horticulture may
come into the children's garden quite unequipped, as compared to the
teacher whose natural tendency has always been that of the jack-of-all-
trades.

I had some experience with a teacher who had graduated from a fine
agricultural college, specializing in nature study. But she had not studied
soils, and in our garden we have a great variety of soils. We have clay of
several colors and sand of several colors, and I had expected to rely on
this teacher for such information. She had studied more entomology
than I had, but she had not studied about the things which we wanted to
know about. The ladybug and aphis are thick in our garden, but she
could not talk familiarly about them. She objected to the handling of
worms. When a boy or girl brings a great big caterpillar in the middle
of their hand to make inquiries and the teacher shies at it. the child does
not ask why, but because of the teacher's attitude instinctively thinks,
"It will hurt me." We really have comparatively few insects or animals
that children cannot handle without injury. If the teacher causes the
child to fear the unknown, because of her attitude, she has done the child
a wrong, and closed many doors of interesting information in the world
of nature.

I think the training of the garden is ideal for women who want to be
mothers. In the little house and garden the children play the game of
life in miniature. AVashing, ironing, sewing, sweeping, dusting, cooking,
entertaining guests, planting the vegetables in their little individual
farms, weeding, watering, watching the insects and from this watching
learning to protect some insects and to destroy others. Some nature
study teachers instil a false sentiment about taking life. We had a num-
ber of visitors one day who were shocked to see a little girl farmer kill a
butterfly. But the small girl knew more about the cabbage butterfly
than the tender-hearted ladies, and was able to show a reason for its

196 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

destruction by taking them to the badly eaten cabbage heads. Shall we
grow cabbages or shall we grow cabbage worms? If both are present one
must die, and the decision rests with us. AVe do grow some cabbages
e^•ery year and allow them to be destroyed by the wonns, so that the
children will know the reason for destroying the white butterfly. We
should not teach children that it is wrong to take life, for the basis of the
world is that one life furnishes the means of life to another by dj-ing in the
act. And if we are to live successfully we must destroy other life which
would injure us. The best instruction would teach the child to distinguish
its friends from its enemies. We class our insects under three heads: good;
bad; unknown. The good we protect. The bad we destroy. And every-
thing else we let alone because we do not know whether it is worth more
ali-\-e or dead. Mosquitoes, flies; the farther we go into the possibilities of
the garden the closer the real home life is bound to it, and the mere
horticultural side sinks farther and farther into insignificance.

The teacher and children are together studying the elementary laws
of life, and learning rules of life that will be applicable anywhere. Not
in the garden only, but in the home, the school, and on the street.

I took the class from the N. Y. University Summer School, who were
studying to teach in children's gardens, to visit our garden last summer
and the children cooked and served us with a meal made up of the products
of the garden. We have learned that nearly everything that we grow-
in the garden is edible in some country. But all the information that is
gained appeals more to the teacher than to the child. The child wants
to go to the garden because it is the most interesting play they know.
Here they can use their hands and their imagination. Here for a time
they possess the earth and here the small farmer has a chance to be the
ideal toward which we are striving for him, the normal child.

School Garden Reports.

Report of the South End Industrial School Garden,
RoxBURY, Mass.

BY S. MYRTA ABBOTT, TEACHER.

First Prize, Class A, 1906.

The garden class, in connection with the South End Industrial School
and made up of pupils from that school, was first organized in the spring
of 1902. The garden that year was in Medford, where use was given of a
piece of land free from expense, and the garden children journeyed from
Roxbury to Medford once each week to tend their plots. In the summer

^^#•^11^,

|¥^'

SCHOOL GARDEX REPORTS. 197

of 1903 the experiment was tried of cultivating a portion of the school
grounds at Bartlett Street in Roxbury. This experiment was not a great
success for although the splendid shade trees thrived, because of the culti-
vation about their roots, the gardens did not. Accordinglj^ — for garden
work had become a fixture of the school — a lot, adjoining that of the
school and situated between rows of tenements, was purchased and here
there has been a good garden for three summers under the patronage of
a Garden Committee of the Industrial School.

The garden plot is 54 X120 feet and is divided into 25 individual plots
arranged symmetrically as may be about a stone pile in the center of the
garden. A three-foot border for annuals and perennials surrounds the
garden on three sides. For the cultivation of this plot three classes each
week of two hours each have been found necessary. Thus each child
spends, under the supervision of the teacher, six hours a week in the cul-
tivation of Jiis garden.

The care of the gardens has been untiring and in produce each child
reaped the result of his faithful work. A record of produce for the summer
of 1906 was kept and is submitted below:

Lettuce, 358 heads; Carrots, 803; Beets, 578; Beans, 358 quarts;
Spinach, 61 quarts; Parsnips, 394; Parsley, 158 quarts; Kale, 103 quarts;
Kohlrabi, 332; Radishes, 243 dozen; Squash, 12; Pumpkins, 4.

In connection with the school garden there have been started home
gardens and window boxes supervised by one of the Garden Committee.
The greatest interest has been taken by all the members of the class in
these home gardens which are surely deser\'ing in their aim to beautify
squalid surroundings with plants and flowers.

On the same day as the fall exhibition of school gardens by the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society there was held in Roxbury an exhibit of
products of both school and home gardens. Individual prizes of books
on gardening, of tools, of plants and seeds were awarded to the three best
gardens of each group, namely, school and home gardens.

Garden work has proved especially beneficial to children in Roxbury,
for so many must needs live in the congested tenement districts. To
foster the child's inherent sense of beauty, to teach him to do' useful work
with his hands, to get results and to appreciate these results, have been
the aims of the promoters and benefactors of this garden work at the South
End Industrial School.

198 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Report of the Orphans' Home Garden, New Bedford,

Mass.

BY E. M. FLETCHER, SXJPT.

Second Prize, Class A, 1906.

For three years we had a tiny garden in a corner of our large play-
ground. Flowers and vegetables crowded each other in every foot of
the plot, though we added a few feet to the enclosure every year. The
children were so keenly interested that the much needed vacation employ-
ment for our boys and girls was suggested. Encouraged by the success
of our small experiments, we planned a larger work.

This year the owners of adjoining lots kindly gave us the use of a plot
180 X 50 feet. The land is level and easily worked, though the witch
grass has been hard to overcome after the first turning of the sod for years.
The grass will be less troublesome next year. No definite study of soil
formation or fertilizers was attempted this season. Incidentally we learned
that different fertilizers are best for crops that grow above and below
the ground. More attention was paid to the condition of the soil, impress-
ing the fact that it should be well pulverized, not too dry, yet to be easily
crumbled. The fineness and finnness of the soil preventing evaporation
of the water supply keeping it near the surface for seeds and the roots of
plants. The garden was plovred April 17th. Five tons of dressing were
wheel-harrowed in and the planting began at once.

With tape and line and drawn to a scale, the walks and individual beds
were laid out. The two main walks running north and south, dividing
the three rows of beds, were four feet wide. The walks between the beds
were two feet ^vide.

The beds were 13 X 4 ft. and occupied a little less than half the plot.

The larger part of the garden was worked in coinmon by all the children.
A rotation of crops was planted, as well as in the individual beds.

We had a supply of good tools and learned to care for them properly.
Some of the tools were given, several other tools, a watering pot, and
photographs of the garden were paid for by money given by interested
visitors, of whom we had a great many.

The greater part of our flower seeds and many of the vegetable seeds
were from the Government Agricultural Department.

The cucumber, melon, squash, carrot, onion, beet and parsley seed,
also the pease and beans, were bought with the money received from sell-
ing flour barrels. Later, in the same way, 58 tomato and 300 celery
plants were bought. 20 cabbage, one dozen cauliflower plants and some
sweet potatoes from the Azores were given us. Some valuable dahlia
bulbs were loaned for the season.

SCHOOL GARDEN REPORTS. 199

Canna bulbs, salvia plants and hydrangeas were given.

On the east side of the individual beds, next a stone wall, we had dahlias,
poppies, marigolds, balsams, and salvia. On the opposite side were sweet
peas and a row of Early Rose potatoes.

Across the fifty foot front, near the street, there were dwarf nasturtiums,
mignonette, pinks, and asters.

After the beds were made, numbered and apportioned to the children,
a line was stretched across each row from north to south, held in place by a
child in each walk, the seed furrows made, and seed planted.

Every bed had two rows of beets, with spinach in alternate beds, carrots,
onions, lettuce, radish, and flowers selected by the owner of the bed. How
deep to plant the seeds was a question in face of such vaiying theories.
"Four times the diameter of the seed," or the usual one inch average.
Both methods were tried with little difference in result.

The distance between rows was studied, also the distance apart of the
various plants in their rows. We discovered the quantity of seed required
for a certain space, carefully noticed the quality of different seeds, and
learned how and when to transplant. The vegetable rows in the entire
garden ran north and south to get the full benefit of the sun.

The children made three plantings of radishes and lettuce. String
beans were planted where spinach had grown.

Only a few of the common enemies attacked the flowers and vegetables.
Cutworms injured the sweet peas and rust spoiled a few of the beans.
That experience was general in this vicinity, however.

In the common garden we had sixteen kinds of vegetables. There were
three plantings of corn and of beans, yielding from July to October, and
two plantings of pease, of which the first were picked on May 30. Part
of this ground was used for celery later.

In the absence of definite knowledge the conflicting theories regarding
the cultivation of celery are. to say the least, bad for the celery. Though
the crop is not a failure a new theory will be tried next year.

All other crops in the individual and common gardens were most success-
ful.

There was a constant supply of flowers from the annuals, perennials
and bulbs. From dahlias, gladioli, and cannas we have many seedling
bulbs for use next year.

The children were delighted to take flowers and leaves from their own
gardens for botanical and drawing studies at school, or to carry a handful
of flowers to a favorite teacher. This same feeling of ownership and a
dawning sense of self-support added a flavor to the vegetables as they
appeared upon their tables from day to day. There was also the spirit of
a division of income with younger brothers or sisters in the home, which
was not least in value among the many profitable lessons during the long
season.

There were many instances that confirmed the theories regarding the
advantages of school gardens and showed the logical reasons for the exis-

200 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tence of ours, in particular. To an institution where children are trained
to the activities of self-dependence and helpfulness to others who may
be dependent upon them, perhaps the most significant feature is the
practical training through which a boy may find in the gardener's occupa-
tion an honorable business for life.

Report of the South Natick Garden Club.

BY S. MYRTA ABBOTT, TEACHER.

Third Prize, Class A, 1906.

The South Natick Garden Club, which owes its origin and maintenance
to the kind generosity of Mrs. R. G. Shaw of Wellesley, was organized in
April, 1905, and is composed each year of sixteen girls and boys selected
from the South Natick Grammar School. The garden is situated in the
Hunnewell Playground close to the Charles River, a situation desirable,
both because the river mists keep the soil moist, and the children can fill
their water cans very easily. The portion of ground chosen was 40 X 120
feet and, after it was plowed, was enclosed by wire netting with rustic
posts at the entrance and two exits. Each individual plot was staked off
12 X 14 feet; the rest of the enclosure was staked off for a two foot border,
extending on all four sides just wdthin the wire netting and for paths.

It was found best to divide the sixteen members of the class into two
sections; the first section meeting on Tuesday afternoons at half-past
three, and Saturday mornings at half-past nine; and the second section
meeting on Thursday afternoons at half-past three, and Saturday morn-
ings at eleven. By this arrangement each child worked in his garden,
under the supervision of the teacher, for at least four hours each week.

In the beginning the garden was plowed, the paths were dug, and the
netting was put up. Since that time, the children have done all the
work, the staking off, the manuring, the digging each fall and spring, and
the fertilizing.

Notebook work was kept up systematically along with the other work.
Products were counted and recorded; a table of dates of planting was
made; a diagram of each garden was drawn; and a diary was faithfully
kept each garden day. From this diary one may learn that the spring
months — April and May — were spent in raking off leaves from bullis,
spading manure into gardens, preparing beds and borders and planting
seeds; that June was given over to gathering of early crops and replant-
ing; that July was a busy month spent in weeding, always weeding, in
gathering crops, and replanting; that August was a month devoted to
watering and cultivating the soil; that September was a time of gathering

SCHOOL GARDEN REPORTS. 201

crops, of gathering seeds for next year's planting; that October was a
month of harvest and clearing away; and that November was a time for
covering bulbs, spading up beds, and thorough manuring.

Each child in his allotted 12 X 14 feet has had both summers a row each
of parsley, radish, beet, carrot, purple-top turnip or spinach, kohlrabi,
parsnip, onion, golden-eyed wax beans, tomato, cabbage, cucumber, and
lettuce; and of these by care in rotation he has had four crops of radish,
two of wax beans, two of turnip, and three of lettuce.

The two-foot borders which extend on all four sides of the garden and
which each child has taken keen delight in were gay with wild sunflowers,
wild asters, zinnia, sweet-william, bachelor's button, snap-dragon, cosmos,
mignonette, California and Shirley poppies, French and African marigolds,
asters, calendula, sweet alyssum and candytuft; and tulip, narcissus,
daffodil and hyacinth; and fox-glove, Canterbury-bells, hollyhocks,
rudbeckia, pansies, dahlias, coreopsis, forget-me-not, dianthus pink, and
columbine. A part of the border was devoted to a seed-frame. On the
netting were nasturtiums, sweet-peas, morning-glories, clematis on the
rustic posts, honey-suckle; also gourds, cucumbers, pumpkins and —
after a year's experimenting, tomatoes and summer squash.

The produce was sufficient — were every other testimonial wanting —
to prove the worth of the gardens.

The results of this two years' garden work in South Natick have been
manifestly good. Everything has been provided most bountifully, tools
and a neat little house," set conveniently in the bushes, to keep them in.
Although but sixteen have profited yearly by the work and instruction,
yet the influence of the garden has spread far beyond the immediate mem-
bers of the garden club. Little produce has been sold, by far the greater
part has gone to the homes. Parents have, of course, become interested
and, in a few cases, have helped prepare bits of land at home for a vege-
table garden. Flower beds and borders, such as everyone in the country
has, have thrived better because of the application bf liquid manure,
ceaseless cultivation, and soil mulching; knowledge of which was gained
in the "Garden." There is every reason whj^ the garden at South Natick
should be a success; it is charmingly situated; it is most liberally provided
for; and it is an object of interest and delight and even pride to all passers-
by who have only good-will for the South Natick Garden Club and its
Garden.

202 massachusetts horticultural society.

Report of the Wellesley Village School Gardexs.

BY ALICE PARK, TEACHER.

Awarded Honorable Mention, Class A, 1906.

The Wellesley School Gardens were started on ]\Iay 5, 1906. They
were situated in a lot behind the Hose House which had formerly been a
very neglected corner used as a piece of the road, and then levelled oS and
fenced in bj' the Fire Department. The Department verA- kindly loaned
it to the Village Improvement Society for the Gardens. There were six-
teen plots in all, each ten by twelve feet, eight on each side of the middle
path. The children had to pay fifty cents a piece for the privilege of
having a garden. All sixteen showed great eagerness and interest in the
work.

Each child was provided with a hoe, a rake, and a spade bearing his
number, and there were also a dozen trowels and weeders, four watering
pots, and grass shears for general use. The gardens were divided into
eleven ten foot rows twelve inches apart. The three rows bordering on
the middle path were devoted to flowers and the rest to vegetables. There
was also a border two feet wide all around the outside fence. On the first
day. May 5, peas, lettuce, sweet alyssum, and radishes were planted; on
May S corn, pumpkins, and dwarf nasturtimns were planted in the gardens
and gourds and dahlias in the east border; on May 11 Swiss chard and
beets were planted in the gardens while scarlet rurmer beans, trailing
nasturtiums, and sunflowers were put in the south and west borders. It
■was on this day that the radishes and sweet alyssum were found to be well
up, much to the delight of the young enthusiasts. Golden wax beans
and garden cress, were planted in the gardens on ]\Iay 15. and morning
glories in the west borders. At first it was verj^ drj- and the children had
to water eveiy day, but in July and a part of August there was so much
rain that no watering was needed and everything flourished. Crops which
were supposed to be failures suddenly took a start and grew at a veiy
lively pace. Lettuce and beets were the only things that had to be re-
planted. On IMay 18 tomato plants were set out, three to each garden,
and zinnias were also planted. By this time the radishes, peas, sweet
alyssum, and lettuce were all well up. On June 5 the first radishes were
pulled and on June 29 the Alaska peas and some of the Nott's Excelsior
were picked. About the second week in July all the flowers were in full
bloom and the gardens began to have a more festive look. The flowers
were looked upon with scorn by many of the boys as taking away just so
much room from the A^egetables, but they were objects of great pride to
the girls. On July 17 all the pea vines were pulled up and the beans
began to need picking, the Swiss chard also came at this time, and on July
24 the first tomatoes were taken home.

SCHOOL GARDEN REPORTS. 203

All the children asked repeatedly if they might have gardens another
year and their enthusiasm and willingness to work ha^•e been great all
summer, except in very hot weather, and in the very weedy times. They
have all been asked whether they felt that the gardens had helped them
in anyway and all have agreed most heartily that they have. The small
boy came with his mother's recommendation that he had never done
anything for more than three weeks without losing all interest and pleasure
and it was this boy who was never late, who was absent twice only, and
who was the first to ask (about July 1) if he could have his own garden
next year.

Many of the boys on entering the gardens were very doubtful whether
any crops would ever be taken away by the rightful owners as so many
boys would steal and destroy at night, so they said. No such act of vio-
lence was ever committed and the gardens have been entirely umnolested.
Even on the Fourth of July there was no harm done, one or two burnt
cannon crackers being the only evidence that there had been a Fourth.

Of course it is difficult to tell in just one summer how much a factor the
gardens have proved in character building, but it seems impossible that
so much continued application and industry, and such interest in growing
things could fail to be of moral benefit.

Report of the Cobbet School Garden, Lynn, Mass.

BY PHILIP EMERSON, PRINCIPAL.

First Prize, Class B, 1906.

The Cobbet School Gardens are completing their fifth year of develop-
ment, and make report on this season's work and advance. All lines of
garden work pre^^ously tried have been continued: the wild garden,
the bed of geographical plants, spring bulbs and annuals, hardy flowers,
vegetables, the use of cold frames, the utilization of garden material in
the drawing and written work of the several classes, and -work in nature
study that shall make the garden work intelligent. The work along
several lines has expanded: in place of the patches of grains and fiber
plants raised for several years past, small plots of the typical hardy grasses
of farms and lawns have been established to familiarize the children with
their characteristics; a variety of named narcissi and other spring bulbs
are being established this autumn; a larger variety of annuals were raised
from seed this year than ever before; the beds of hardy flowers were
extended and both their variety and total quantity were multiplied.
While no more space was given vegetables the number of varieties suc-
cessfully grown was increased; to the twelve sashes of cold frames already

204 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in use we have this autvimn added eight more. Some new lines of work
have been successfully undertaken. Our school yard has been outgrown
and we have established large plots for multiplying hardy plants in the
yards of two lots adjoining the school, and one in a church yard. A plot
of some 4500 square feet in another yard adjoining the school has been
used for individual gardens for every child of the fourth grade, and for
the vacation school in the summer. The method of caring for the gardens
by pupils and teachers has been most successfully developed to the end
of securing the most training to the pupils and good gardens therewith.
The year's success may be measured financially. The treasurer of the
Cobbet School City, Master Ellsworth Stone, has issued checks for over a
hundred dollars worth of business. The sales of hardy plants and other
products from the garden have amounted to some forty dollars. We are
proud to have won the two first prizes of five dollars each for the best
exhibits at the exhibitions held under your auspices in Boston, and at
the two exhibitions of the Houghton Horticultural Society of Lynn the
school won sixteen first prizes, eight second prizes and six gratuities,
amounting to some eighteen dollars in all. We send herewith exhibits
of school work showing how this aids the garden work and is aided by it.
Finally the Principal has by lectures before bodies of teachers and village
improvement societies, and by articles contributed to educational and
popular periodicals, shared in spreading the movement to other com-
munities.

The garden of individual plots for fourth grade children has been a most
satisfactory feature of the year's work. This practical experience of
everj^ boy and girl in preparing the soil, planting, weeding, cultivating,
harv'esting, and in every way caring for a variety of quick growing crops,
— radishes, lettuce, scullions, beans, beets, candytuft and the like, — lays
the necessary basis for successful home gardens. This spring one ambi-
tious sixth grade boy, a lawyer's son, bought a half dollar's worth of seeds,
and planted every sort an inch or more deep. Of course but few sorts
were able to push to the surface and grow. The little folks that are
trained to plant their seeds correctly, first discussing what is advisable,
then watching their teacher plant a few, then planting themselves with
the teacher's helpful criticism, soon learn to plant so as to secure results.

The large measure of success we have attained this year has been in
considerable measure due to the special teacher assigned to the school by
the Committee. She is given no class, but spends most of her time in
transforming misfits among the children into pupils who are well placed
in their grades, enabling some to skip a grade, and saving others from
being kept back a year. In autumn and spring she uses some days to
take little groups of the fourth grade boys and girls out for periods of
work at their individual gardens. The plan should be adopted wherever
a school has such individual garden plots.

During the summer the same garden was used by a large class from the
vacation school, and the Cobbet Principal prepared directions for the
vacation school teachers, several of which directions are enclosed herewith.

SCHOOL GARDEN REPORTS. 205-

During past years the school room experiments, discussions and text
conclusions have been prepared by the Principal. This year we have
used the textbook entitled First Principles of Agriculture which is pub-
lished by the American Book Company. We find its experiments and
simple, practical treatment of topics admirably adapted to elementary
school use. Certain topics have been assigned for emphasis in eveiy grade.
Use of the book has improved this phase of garden work, and we recom-
mend the book to others.

From our experience in propagating hardy plants, we would heartily
recommend the work to other schools as finely suited to school work.
It affords opportunity to study the life history of these hardy plants
throughout the cycle of a year's seasons, it awakens a vital interest in a
plant as an individual that cannot be true of annuals in marked degree,
and by the dissemination of plants propagated by the children to the
homes of the district a valuable measure of civic improvement is secured.
Some hundreds of hardy plants were given away in May to children who
had kept good home gardens in 1905, and dozens of chrysanthemums
were presented to our fellow schools in Lynn. About eight hundred
plants of many varieties were sold to citizens and schools at an average
price of about five cents a plant. While this provides an income to the
school garden it also enables citizens to purchase plants most conveniently
and at half the price a dealer would be obliged to charge even when a
quantity should be ordered. Our own stock of hardy plants has been
notably increased: last year we had seven or eight varieties of unnamed
iris, we now have eighty named varie):ies of German, Spanish, English
and Japanese iris; in 1905 we had two sorts of hardy chrysanthemums,
we now have some seventy named varieties; last year we had a half-dozen
named varieties of hardy phlox and other clumps of unnamed sorts given
by home gardens of our district, since then we have purchased over two
dozen of the best varieties to be obtained as a basis for future work in
propagation of these plants.

The Cobbet yard has many large elms and maples, and it was necessary
to place the gardens at the borders of the school yard although this brought
them beneath the trees. Since most of the beds are shaded by trees
above, and since the soil is impoverished by the greedy roots of the trees,
it is a continual struggle to get satisfactory results. Moreover the sunny
southwestern side of our tall school buildings is occupied by the boys'
playground, which is too small to take any space for growing plants in
preference to growing boys. We are still experimenting to find what
plants will thrive best on the northeast side of the building, which faces
the street. We have overcome our lack of space in our own yard, at the
center of our city, by prevailing upon our neighbors to share with us
unu.sed portions of theirs; we have overcome our lack of funds with which
to purchase soil, seeds, tools, and special varieties of plants by raising
money by sale of the products of the garden; we have overcome our owr>
ignorance of how to grow vegetables and flowers by combining study-

206 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of what others have done with continual experiments on our own part;
and we intend to overcome remaining obstacles so far as the demands
of other important phases of school work will afford time and energy.
We have been greatly encouraged to continued effort in the past by the
approval of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and highly prize
this opportunity of placing our results in comparison with those attained
elsewhere.

A similar account might be given in detail of cannas, hardy lilies and
other species. We have also secured other new species and varieties
from seed in our cold frames. A new phase of our work in disseminating
hardy plants, and of educating the children thereby, has commenced this
year. The pupils gather the seeds of the annuals and the hardy plants
in the gardens, and another spring these will be both given away and sold
to children and others in our district for planting at home. It will be
noted that this gives familiarity with the entire cycle of a plant's life,
on the educational side.

We find that the school garden is a means of educating the children
in many other lines than agriculture. It occasions much manual training
in the use of tools in construction; there are stakes and labels to be made;
stakes and fences to be painted; glass to be set in cold frame sashes;
straw mats to be woven to cover the cold frames; and much work with
wood for varied purposes. The gardens gi-\'e opportunity to train the
pupils to manage not alone concrete ideas and to manage things, capabil-
ities that are slighted in work with books, but they also afford opportunities
for training boys and girls to manage one another, and there is so little
cooperation in constructive activity in the average school that the schools
give practically no training to the capability that all possess of managing
men. We believe that while a garden of individual plots has essential
values which should make it fundamental to any well-rounded school
garden scheme, yet the general school garden in whose care all share,
and wherein no individual pupil owns specified portions separate from his
fellows, has superior values in many ways. At the Cobbet School the
gardens are now in the joint care of the Principal and a Garden Commission
appointed by the Mayor of the boys' playground government. The
Commission appoints such assistants as clerks, salesmen, draughtsmen,
and photographers, while all the boys are organized into groups of three
for caring for the garden. Every group has a foreman who is responsible
to the Principal and Commission for the work and order of his workmen.
Written contracts giving in detail stents of work in spading, weeding,
seeding, transplanting, etc., are prepared and assigned by the Commission
to the foremen on their application for work. They apply to their teachers
for such school time as will not necessitate their absence from lessons in
which their standing is low, and during the hour or so of time thus granted
work out the contract. They then report to Principal or Commission for
approval of their work. The character of the second contract given to
any group of workers depends upon the efficiency shown in performing

SCHOOL GARDEN- REPORTS. 207

the first contract. The plan has proved practical in our experience and
we commend it to others.

The measure of success we have attained has been in the face of diffi-
culties rather than in view of uniformly favorable circumstances.

Report of the School Gardens, Fairhavex, Mass.

BY MISS AXX.\ BAILEY TROWBRIDGE.

Second Prize, Class B, 1906.

Although school gardening is now accepted as part of the training of
the boys and girls in the grammar grades of Fairhaven, yet the interest
and enthusiasm aroused four years ago has never waned, and each year
the results of the youthful gardeners attract more and more attention.

In reviewing the work of the past season we feel that a more thorough,
practical knowledge has been gained in the contact with the soil than
ever before; pupils have worked out for themselves the causes of success
or failure in their little garden plots; over-abundance of moisture, sterility
of soil and drought have been encountered, discussed and dealt with in
the most feasible manner. In this miniature farming village good-fellow-
ship has existed at all times, and intense seriousness emphasized the work
of the season just closed.

In the verj^ early spring, ))efore labor could be assumed out of doors,
a definite series of lessons, relating to gardening and illustrated by experi-
ments, w-as carried on in the school room. A study of soils was made,
the essentials of germination considered, the effect of moisture, depth
of planting, and kindred topics debated upon. Notebooks were kept
showing drawings which served to illustrate the experiments performed
by the boys and girls during their laboratory period. With the month
of May work was begun in earnest in the open air. The plan of the gardens,
as shown in the report of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society for 1905,
was carried out as usual, the method of planting still the same. The east
border was devoted to flowers and vegetalales, and where a row of zinnias,
phlox, or lettuce failed to develop for a young worker, there was an abun-
dant supply to be obtained from this well-stocked border. Thus trans-
planting was taught and effected.

Some of the native shrubs as clethra and viljurnum which were placed
in the gardens last spring by ambitious boys bloomed profusely and that
moisture-loving shrub, the RJwdodendron viscosum, adapting itself to its
new environment offered us its fragrant blossoms.

A study of our most common weeds was carried on through the spring
and summer months. First, it was necessary that every boy and girl

208 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

should be able to recognize at sight these obnoxious plants; so we devoted
some time each day in making the acquaintance of pigweed, ragweed,
purslane, and others; then their method of propagation was noted and
the best method of extermination determined upon. It seemed difficult
for some of the little nature students to comprehend why it was necessary
to devote so much care and attention in order to secure the most successful
crops of zinnias or ageratum, while that daintiest and most beautiful of
flower-clusters. Queen Anne's lace (wild parsley) matured without care
or attention and was never allowed the companionship of our garden
plants.

In May the boys brought from the woods some ferns Mhich were new
to our wild garden as the hay-scented fern (Dicksonia pundilobula) , the
lady fern (Asplenium Filix-foemina), and the silvery spleenwort {As-
plenium thelypter aides), besides adding to the species already possessed.

The middle of August it was decided to hold an exhibition of garden
products, showing results of amateur work. The little people had, with
few exceptions, been in attendance regularly every Tuesday morning
during vacation days to care for their possessions and carry home their
baskets of flowers and vegetables, and so, that the friends and parents
might have a better knowledge of what these young cultivators of the
soil were accomplishing, tables were placed in the shade of the trees bor-
dering the garden and each boy and girl prepared and arranged a display
of whatever his garden contained: corn, beets, turnips, carrots, beans,
tomatoes were to be seen, as well as a wealth of zinnias, cosmos, ver-
benas, candji:uft, alyssum, ageratum, nasturtiums, calendulas, phlox, etc.,
Although the gardens receive many visitors on week-days and especially
on Sundays through the summer months, yet a large number of interested
ones came to the exhibition and commended the work of our young folks.

We are often asked, "Of what use is this knowledge of gardening to our
boys and girls? " The public schools of today are a power in the countiy
and the average boy or girl who, during his school life, has had 'two years
of systematic work in the school garden has acquired a spirit of thrift
and economy, a love of neatness and beauty in surroundings which sooner
or later extends to the home. It is the home-loving boys and girls, the
boys and girls with an interest in home environment who make the best
neighbors, the best citizens, and the best communities. "To add to the
resources of one's life — -Think how much that means!" says John Bur-
roughs.

So Godspeed to the school gardens of America and the little people
with the spade and hoe!

•is!

school garden reports. 209

Improvement of School Grounds.
Report of the Tracy School, Lynn, Mass.

BY FRANK L. WHIPPLE, PRIXCIPAL.

First Prize, 1906.

Permit me herewith to submit a report of the Tracy School garden,
Lynn, Massachusetts, and of the school yard improvements.

At the beginning of the school year 1905-1906, the Tracy School yard
consisted of about 25,000 square feet of land, in the form of a trapezoid,
the parallel sides being 225 and 275 feet respectively. The width 100 feet.
There was no school garden in the yard and the condition of the grounds
was that of the ordinary city school yard.

Improvements.

During the year the city authorities gave to us an addition to the
grounds of about 15000 square feet of land. Two old buildings were torn
down and removed; three old cellars in the new lot were filled; and a
public dump was removed from the land. Both the original and the
additional lands were graded by the addition of about 200 cubic feet of
gravel; 100 feet of curbing has been set along the street borders of the
grounds; a two-rail gas-pipe fence has been set along the northern border
of the yard or on the Linwood street side of the yard; a new board fence
has been set along the eastern boundary; an old apple-tree has been re-
moved and two horse chestnut trees have been trimmed into shape; a
water pipe has been encased near the center of the yard for watering or
fountain purposes; and the yard or grounds have been beautified by the
plotting of several flower-beds.

Gardens.

The Tracy School gardens consist of five flower beds, well laid out.

1. A border garden. This consists of a border garden along the
eastern side of the yard 10 feet wide and 340 feet long, the ends broaden-
ing to a width of twenty or twenty-five feet. This space was in early
spring filled with soil and bordered with sod one foot in width. The
broadened ends were set out with shrubs to the distance of fifty feet from
the extremities and interspersed with such plants as the Japanese sun-
flower and golden-glow. Between the.se broadened ends and for a dis-
tance of two hundred forty feet were planted in sections seeds of the more
common annuals. Annual, biennial, and perennial plants, were contrib-
uted by the children and carefully planted and appropriately arranged in
this space. In the background and along the fence were set dahlias and

210 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hollyhocks. In front and along the border of the green sod for the entire
distance of 340 feet, a band of sweet alyssum, six inches wide, and another
of portulaca of the same width, have been continually in bloom. The
general effect of this garden has been a source of admiration to the pupils
and neighbors during the entire season. From this plot were exhibited
at the fall exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society on Sep-
tember 15. in Boston, a collection of 160 bottles containing different
varieties of annuals, biennials, and perennials. At the fall exhibition
of the Lynn Horticultural Society the Tracy School exhibit consisted
of a collection of 272 bottles with as many varieties and shades of the
common flowering annuals, biennials, and perennials.

2. Two crescents. Within the curved portions of the border garden
are two crescents, 30 feet long, and in their widest portions, 6 feet wide.
These crescents have a border of green sod one foot in width. Within
this a border of ageratum and salmon colored geraniums. These crescents
being situated in the northeast and southeast corners of the yard have
given a very beautiful effect to the border garden, and to the yard in gen-
eral.

3. A center piece. The center piece, so called, is situated in the center
of the school yard. It is 30 by 45 feet and in the shape of a rhombus,
or "diamond." It serves as the dividing line between the playground
of the boys and girls. In the oval center of this rhombus is a bed of cannas.
Deep red geraniums surround the oval. The bed is tipped with silver-
leafed geraniums. This has been the beauty spot of the whole yard
during the entire season. This also has a border of green sod one foot in
width.

4. A semicircle. — At the southern end of the school building is a
semicircle grass-plot, 50 feet in diameter, bordering on the Walnut street
side of the yard and having a Japanese barberry hedge along the street
border. In the center of this semicircle is an oval flower-plot, set with
a border of ageratum and within a bedded mass of salmon color geraniums.

5. On the southern end of the school building climb four Boston ivies,
planted by the four highest classes of the school.

Material.

The soil was furnished, !by the city; or, in other words, it was reclaimed
from the additional lot of land used for the yard extension. Upwards
of one hundred cubic yards were thus reclaimed. The fertilizing substance
was solicited by the boys from a neighbor and wheeled to the school
grounds in wheelbarrows, after having been removed from the stable
cellar. The sod was solicited by the boys and cut by them a mile from
the school building. The shrubs were bought with money raised through
an entertainment given by the pupils of the school. The seeds were
bought with money contributed by the teachers. Plants of various kinds
were sent in Vjy the neighbors. Tools were contriV)uted by a friend of
school gardens, etc.

SCHOOL GARDEN REPORTS. 211

Labor.

The gardens were designed by the teachers and pupils. The soil was
drawn by the city authorities. The smaller gardens were made by the
pupils. The sodding was done by the pupils. The shrubs were planted
by teachers and pupils. The seeds were planted by the pupils under the
direction of the teachers. The plants were set and transplanted by pupils
under the supervision of the teachers. The watering and weeding by the
pupils. In fact, practically all of the work has been done by the pupils,
under the charge of the Tracy School City government, inspired by the
teachers. The responsibility of the garden and school yard has been in
the hands of the School City government from the beginning. During
the vacation the committees appointed by this government took excellent
care of the gardens and handed them over to the school in September in
first-class condition. The photographs accompanying this report were
taken on the last day of the vacation.

Prizes.

A special prize was awarded the Tracy School for a general exhibit of
flowers from its garden, by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, on
September 15, at its fall exhibition, in Boston.

A first prize was awarded the Tracy School for the best collection of
flowers from a school garden in the city of Lynn, by the Lynn Horticul-
tural Society at its fall exhibition, in September. Ten other first prizes
were awarded by the Lynn Horticultural Society for special varieties of
annuals and perennials. This same society has also awarded to the Tracy
School the first prize for the best school garden in the city of Lynn.
Other prizes have been awarded but we are not at liberty at present to
speak of them.

Results.

The Tracy School gardens have aroused in the hearts of the pupils a
spirit of pride for their school. They have drawn the pupils and teachers
closer together in a common interest. They have developed in the pupils
a respect for the gardens of the neighbors. Through these gardens the
children have gained a knowledge of flowers and their culture. They have
aroused a desire in the hearts of the children to have gardens of their
own. We feel, also, that they have had an influence in educating the finer
nature of the children. The neighbors have also taken a pride in their
own yards and have been seen working their old yards into beauty spots.
The work has been highly spoken of by school authorities, parents, teachers,
pupils, and neighbors. We hope to do more the coming year.

212 massachusetts horticultural society.

Children's Home Garden Reports.

ROGER NEWTON PERRY, WORCESTER, MASS.

First Prize, 1906. (Boys.)

I have a garden 60 feet long and 25 feet wide. As soon as the snow
was off the ground I covered it with manure that my father gave me.
April 9 I made my hotbeds out of a window 6 ft. X 3 ft., filling it with
manure two-thirds full and covered the rest with dirt.

The next day I planted tomato, celery, lettuce, and cabbage seed.

Two days later I saw some of the seeds were up. April 19 my father
let me take the horse and plow to plow the ground with. I evened it as
fast as I got ready to plant my seeds. I made 2 drills across my garden
and planted Gradus peas 2i inches deep.

April 24 planted 4 rows of sweet corn, dropping 6 kernels to a hill and
planting 2 feet apart. April 25 I made drills and planted sweet peas,
parsnips, radishes, and onions. I covered the radishes about an inch,
the rest 2h inches deep. April 27 sowed my white Swede turnips 2^ inches
deep. When they were some size I thinned them out.

May 2 sowed my parsley and beets 2§ inches deep. Sold my radishes.
May 3 planted my second planting of sweet corn. Had 3 rows. May 5
planted pole beans and cucumbers in hills. To every hill of beans I put
a pole into the ground and put the beans 3 inches deep. About the middle
of May I transplanted 2 rows of lettuce, 4 of cabbage, and 1 of tomatoes,
raised in my hotbeds. At this time my celery was looking fine. I went
out to look at it one hot day and found almost every plant torn up and
wilted in the hot sun. My dog thought she smelled a rat in the hotbed
and dug up my celery hunting for it. I did n't feel very cool about it
and looked for the dog but could n't find her. So then I set the celeiy out
in small boxes and kept it very wet for some time.

May 29 thirmed my beets. The middle of June I dug 3 trenches where
I had had radishes and peas. Put in plenty of manure and set out my
celery. I have had to bank it as fast as it grows to bleach it. Some
squash vines came up in my garden and bore 68 lbs. of squash that I sold
at retail. My turnips and radishes did not prove to be very good, but the
rest of my vegetables were a success.

I had 12 plants of tobacco given me to set out. The most of my seeds
were given me. My parsley, beets, and pepper seeds were bought. I did
not know my peppers after they came up and hoed them up for weeds.
I have not sold my celery or parsnips yet. I raised my vegetables for
market and not for exhibition, and sell them as soon as ready.

I have sold more at wholesale this year, selling to stores and a restaurant.
From your farmer friend,

Roger Newton Perry.
Worcester, Mass.

Oct. 22, 1906.

^iL? T\f^Jia»MBi L^Mf-LXI

SCHOOL GARDEN REPORTS. 213

ALFRED BOISEAU, AYER, MASS.

Second Prize, 1906. (Boys.)

My garden is in a little valley back of the house. Half of it slopes west,
and the other side to the east. The western side is somewhat sandy.

I spaded up the land to the depth of nine inches and fertilized the soil
with phosphate because the land was rather poor. My required seeds
were radish, squash, peas, and nasturtium, but I planted others which
were beets, potato, and tomato. I planted the peas and beets two inches
deep and laid the seeds two inches apart. I planted the radish and carrot
in a similar manner. Put the squash seeds in hills six feet apart and put
four seeds in a hill. It may be interesting to know that I put six inches
of loam over the ashes where I planted the squash seeds.

I planted the tomato in hill also. I dug holes six inches deep and put
in them the plants which I had bought. In planting potato you have to
cut a piece with the eye in it which I planted in rows. I raised both
White and Green Mountain varieties. I planted the nasturtium seed
about one inch apart and when they grew up and blossomed they were
all colors. When they began to grow I watered them every night at
sundown until they were able to grow themselves.

I pulled up the weeds once or twice a week. I had vegetables for the
family during the greater part of the summer. Next year I intend to
plant the seeds early enough for the June exhibition in Boston. I got
the first prize for the best general collection among the second year boys
in Ayer. For several years we have had an exhibition of children's garden
products about the middle of September. This year we were glad to have
Mr. Jenks visit our exhibition as well as our gardens.

Yours truly,

Alfred Boiseau.
Ayer, Mass.

Oct. 29, 1906.

GLADYS LUCAS, READING, MASS.

First Prize, 1906. (Girls.)

My garden is 8 feet by 3 feet. The soil was very poor but papa has
made it in very good condition by manuring it. I could not wait for papa
to spade it so I spaded it myself, April 17, which is a back-aching job;
the next morning I was lame and sore all over. April 19 trimmed the
edge of my garden and planted my verbenas, marigolds, and pansies in a
box. I kept them on the kitchen table until they all were up, then I put
them on the backdoor steps. They were there only three or four days
when my brother fell down the steps, boxes and all. I saved a number

214 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of my marigolds, two verbenas, and as my pansies Avere small, I could
not save any.

April 19 also I planted my sweet peas outdoors. May 1 I saw the first
sweet peas up. May 16 I planted my sweet alyssum, candytuft, dianthus,
California poppies, mignonette, cosmos, bachelors' buttons, Drummond
phlox, larkspur, and nasturtiums. I also have four geraniums in my
garden which I kept all winter in the house. I watered my garden with
a watering pot the first of the year, but after my plants were all up I
watered it with the hose.

Out of nineteen different kinds of seed I had fifteen kinds come up.
The insects did not trouble me at all. The weeds did not as I pulled
every one I saw; so by watching very closely I got ahead of the weeds
instead of the weeds getting ahead of me. As I had flowers the only use
I could make of them was to give them to sick people and people that had
none.

EDNA C. BROWN, AYER, MASS.

Second Prize, 1906. (Girls.)

I became interested in gardening this summer because my brothers
have had home gardens for several summers.

My garden was dug up for me and I raked out the stones and smoothed
it off. I planned where I would have the rows and arranged for the beds.

The first year was required to have beets, cucumbers, beans, lettuce,
and sunflowers. I also had carrots and radishes. I put the beets and
lettuce in beds, the beans, radishes, and carrots in rows, and the cucumbers
in hills.

I had one bed of lettuce and transplanted another bed out of it. We
used and gave away about fifty heads. I picked about a peck of beans.
I had six or eight hills of cucumbers and I raised about four dozen.

The garden exhibit was the 12th of September. I received the second
prize on my sunflowers and second prize on my beets and carrots. I
have some beets and carrots in a box in the cellar now.

I have enjoyed working in my garden this summer and I hope to have
a better one next year.

AWARDS OF PRIZES.

215

Prizes axd Gratuities Awarded, 1906.

EXHIBITION OF THE PRODUCTS OF CHILDREN'S GARDENS.

July 7.

For the best general collection from a school garden:

First, Cobbet School, Lynn $5 00

Second, South Natick Garden Club 4 00

Third, Rice School, Boston 3 00

Fourth, South End Industrial School, Boston . . . . 2 00
Fifth, Martin School, Boston 1 00

Special Prizes. 50 cts. each: Hancock School, Boston; Pond Court
Garden, Clinton; South Lancaster School Garden; Woman's Club Garden,
Watertown; Trinity House Garden, Boston. 25 cts. each: Ira Allen
School Garden, Boston; Church Home Garden, South Boston.

For the best general collection from a home garden:

Third, Roger Newton Perry, Worcester $2 00

Fourth, Gladys Lucas, Reading . . . . . . . 1 50

Fifth, Alfred Young, Newton 1 00

Special Prizes. 25 cts. each: George A. Lawson, Jr., Reading; Timothy
Riley, Newton.

EXHIBITION OF THE PRODUCTS OF CHILDREN'S GARDENS.

September 15.

For the best general collection from a school garden:

First, Cobbet School, Lynn $5 00

Second, Trinity House Garden, Boston . . . . . 4 00

Third, Sewall School, Brookline . . .* . . . . 3 00

Fourth, South Natick Ga/den Club 2 00

Fifth, South End Industrial School,. Boston . . . . 1 00

Special Prizes. $L00: Tracy School, Lynn. 50 cts. each: Hancock
School, Boston; Woman's Club Garden, Watertown; Orphans' Home
School Garden, New Bedford; Homecroft School Garden, Watertown;
Homecroft Neighborhood Garden, Watertown; Washington Allston
School, Brighton.

For the best general collection from a home garden:
First, Rockwood Reed, Shrewsbury . . . . . . .$3 00

Second, Mildred A. Reed, Shrewsbury . . . . . 2 50

Third, Everett and Harold Record, West Boylston . . . 2 00
Fourth, Francis E. Jones, Worcester . . . . . . 1 50

Fifth, Edith F. Bartlett, Shrewsbury 1 00

Special Prizes. 50 cts.: Gladys M. Bai'tlett, Shrewsbury. 25 cts.
each: Ernest and Louis Herbolzheimer, Reading; Allen W. Hixon,
Worcester; George A. Lawson, Jr., Reading; Roger Newton Perry,
Worcester; Frank A. Woods, Groton; Charles Boughan, Newton; Leon
Briggs, Ayer; Benjamin Davenport, Ayer; Frank E. Griffin, Ayer; Alfred

216 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. t

Boiseau, Ayer; Julia and Jennie Herbolzheimer, Reading; Ruth M.
Lawson, Reading; Gladys M. Lucas, Reading; Esther Fay, Reading.

PHIZES AWARDED FOR SCHOOL G.\RDENS.

Class A. New or small gardens:
First, South End Industrial School, Roxlnuy . . . . $8 00
Second, Orphans' Home School, New Bedford . . . . 6 00
Third, South Natick School, South Natick 4 00

Honoraiy Mention: Nonantuni Summer School, Watertown; Welles-
ley School Garden. Wellesley; Homecroft School, Watertown; Woman's
Club School, Watertown; Forge Village School, Westford.

Class B. Old or large gardens:

First, Cobbet School, Lynn $10 00

Second, Fairhaven School, Fairhaven 8 00

Third, Mill School Garden, Groton 6 00

Improvement of School Grounds:

First, Tracy School, Lynn $5 00

Second, Jackson Street School, Lj^nn 4 00

PRIZES AWARDED FOR HOME GARDENS.

Children's Home Gardens. Boys:

First, Roger Newton Perry, Worcester $5 00

Second, Alfred Boiseau, Ayer 4 00

Third, Frank E. Griffin, Ayer 3 00

Fourth, Harold E. White, Reading 2 00

Special Prizes. $1.00 each: Benjamin Davenport, Ayer; Harold
Danforth, Reading; H. P. Thompson, West Groton; Daniel A. White-
house, Reading; Frank A. Woods, Groton; Richard Lawrence, West
Groton.

Children's Home Gardens. Girls:

First, Gladys Lucas, Reading $5 00

Second, Edna C. Brown, Ayer 4 00

Third, Nellie Hodgkins, Reading 3 00

Fourth, Edna LampreJ^ Reading 2 00

Special Prizes. $1.00 each: Helen Carlton, Reading; Esther Fay,
Reading; Dorothy Thompson, West Groton; Ethel Evans, Reading;
Ruby Mansfield, Reading; Mira E. Whitehouse, Reading.

The amount appropriated for the Committee during the year
was $150.00 and the amount expended for prizes $147.00, leaving
a balance of $3.00.

Henry Saxton Adams ^
Charles W. Jenks j Commitfee
Harry S. Rand V on. Children's

W. E. C. Rich Gardens.

Wm. p. Rich

MASS. HORT. SOC, 1906

PLATE 11

Gathering the Crops

m MA',

FREE

EXHIBITION i

A Group of Young Gardeners

REPORT OF THE DELEGATE TO THE STATE BOARD
OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1906.

The past year has been one of varied activities for the Board
and we trust these may have proved of benefit to the agricuhural
interests of the state.

Tlie Arbor Day pubhcation, issued by the Secretary of the Boards
at the suggestion of the State Federation of Women's Chibs, has
aroused great popular interest. The Secretary of the State Board
of Education provided for maihng copies to superintendents and
teachers of schools and the demand for this pamphlet has been
large, and still continues.

On June 27 the Board, under the superintendence of A. H.
Kirkland, held a field meeting for the demonstration of the gypsy
moth pest, and experiments on spraying the trees, in parts of Mel-
rose and Maiden, which were badly infested. There was a large
attendance, including many persons from other states.

The annual Summer Field Meeting was held at Whalom Park,
near Fitchburg, July 24, and was marked by a very large attend-
ance. More than a thousand persons were present and the dem-
onstrations were of much practical interest. There was also an
address by Gov. C. J. Bell of Vermont on the "Charms of Rural
Life in New England." Other speakers were Lieutenant-Governor
Draper and President Butterfield of the Agricultural College,
Amherst.

The annual Winter Meeting was held in Springfield, by invita-
tion of the Board of Trade of that city. The attendance was good
and the papers read were excellent and suggestive. That which
would interest our Society most was by J. H. Hale, South Glaston-
bury, Connecticut, on " Fruits for Local Markets." This was
perhaps the best address of the series. His faith in the fruit prod-
ucts of Massachusetts is very strong. Would that our farmers
realized that the orchard is one of the best paying assets of the farm,,
if properly cultivated and cared for!

There was also a very interesting lecture by Prof. E. H. Forbush

218 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of Wareliam, Ornithologist of the Board, on "Useful Birds: how-
to attract and to protect them." His method of feeding to attract
birds was suggestive, presented in a very attractive manner, and
full of novclt}'.

Dr. H. T. Fernald,. of the Amherst Agricultural College, called
attention to the serious injury to fruit and ornamental trees being
wrought by the San Jose scale.

A resolution was adopted requesting the Massachusetts senators
and representatives to use their influence in obtaining further
national appropriations with which to continue the fight against
the G}'psy and Brown-tail moth pests, and the secretary was also
requested to send copies of this resolution to the senators and
representatives of the other New England States, and to those of
New York.

"William H. Spooner,

Delegate.
December 31, 1906.

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR TO THE STATE BOARD
OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1906.

2 0 the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture,
Gentlemen : —

The work of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society during
the present year has not varied much from that of previous years.
It has endeavored through its public exhibitions and by its annual
course of lectures and discussions to increase the interest in horti-
cultural and agricultural matters. It has held fifteen exhibitions
of plants, flowers, fruits, and vegetables, and the public interest
in them has been fully up to the average of past years. It has held
also nine meetings for lectures and discussions, which have covered
a wide range of horticultural topics, and have been largely attended
by a class of people directly interested in the subjects treated. The
discussions, especially, which have been led by experts in the several
lines treated, have proved very helpful and have afforded oppor-
tunity for the acquiring of information that has been highly appre-
ciated by many.

The exhibition of September 5 and 6, which is one of the great
flower shows of the year, was especially interesting as showing the
tremendous development in recent years of the public interest in
the dahlia, and the important place this flower has attained not only
in the regard of the amateur cultivator, but as an important business
enterprise for the commercial grower; for there are now in the
Commonwealth many plantations, some of them acres in extent,
devoted wholly to the cultivation for market purposes of this favorite
flower.

The exhibition of October 10 and 11 was devoted wholly to fruits
and vegetables and proved very successful, so much so that it will
be made a permanent feature in the society's schedule in the future.

Much more might be said in detail of the work of the Massachu-
setts Horticultural Society, if the limits of this report permitted.
With its grand record of seventy-seven years devoted to the educa-

220 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tion of the community in all tliat pertains to the cultivation of the
* soil it looks forward with fresh energy to still greater accomplish-
ments in the future.

It is certainly one of the important agencies in the state for the
promotion of interest in the rural and suburban life.

Respectfully submitted,

Francis Henry Appleton,

Inspector.
Boston, December, 1906.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON LECTURES AND
PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEAR 1906.

BY J. WOODWARD MANNING, CHAIRMAN.

Your Committee on Lectures and Publications would report
that the usual course of lectures was held from January 13 to
March 10, 1906, and that the attendance was considerably above
that of the last few years. The lectures as given were as follows:

January 13. The Possibilities from Insect Parasites; with
stereopticon illustrations. By Dr. L. O. Howard, Washington.

January 20. Garden Accessories; with stereopticon illustrations.
By Loring Underwood, Boston.

January 27. The Best New England Fruits; general discussion.
Opened by E. W. Wood, West Newton.

February 3. Vegetable Growing; general discussion. Opened
by Hon. Warren W. Rawson, Arlington.

February 10. Abandoned Farms and their Capabilities. By
Prof. W. M. Munson, Orono, Me.

February 17. Hardy Flowers; general discussion. Opened
by E. O. Orpet, South Lancaster.

February 24. Vegetable Breeding. By Harry F. Hall, Durham,
N. H.

March 3. Tender Flowers; general discussion. Opened by
Wm. N. Craig, North Easton.

March 10. Small Fruits; general discussion. Opened by
W^ilfrid Wheeler, Concord.

The lecture by Dr. 1j. O. Howard proved one of the best in point
of appreciation and value that has been given for a number of years.
The large hall was filled even to standing room and the lecture
was highly enjoyed by the audience. The balance of the lectures
drew attentive and satisfactory audiences.

The discussions have proved very popular, but the selection of
titles has left so much opportunity for both the speaker and the

■222 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

audience to branch into a discussion of a detail of the subject
rather than the whole, that the committee has felt disposed to
arrange for more definite titles during the coming lecture course,
in order that certain portions of the audience may not be disap-
pointed by any variation in the scope of the lecture as advertised.

The serious defects in the acoustic properties of the large lecture
hall continue to discourage the attendance of as large an audience
as it is believed would be the case were this objection remedied,
and it is proposed to use one of the smaller halls in the basement
for certain of the lectures, which usually call a smaller audience
than others, for the purpose of testing its acoustic adaptability and
perhaps further use.

The Transactions for the year 1905, part II and 1906, Part I
have been published and distributed and your Secretary has been
able to obtain very considerable improvement in the general appear-
ance of the volumes, with improved typography, while there has
been a considerable saving in the cost of printing. The committee
has been less generous in the printing of separates but it is believed
without in any way causing disappointment to those entitled to
them, and in this connection it has been possible to economize in
printing bills as compared with former years.

J. "WooDW^ARD Manning

James H. Bowditch

John A. Pettigrew [Committee.

Edward B. Wilder [

E. W. Wood J

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN FOR
TPIE YEAR 1906.

The activities of the Society during the year have extended some-
what beyond the ordinary requirements of the Schedule of Prizes
and Exhibitions and the Program of Lectures and Discussions.

In January the annual meeting and exhibition of the American
Carnation Society was held in our halls, followed in March by that
of the American Rose Society. Both of these occasions were of
noteworthy interest and afforded an opportunity of witnessing the
great advance made in the development of the two products of
floricultural art in which these societies are especially interested.

In April a School Garden Institute was held in connection with
the work of our Committee on Children's Gardens. It was planned
and carried out under the general direction of F. A. Waugh, Pro-
fessor of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening at the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College. The idea of this meeting was to
give simple, plain suggestions for the practical horticultural opera-
tions involved in school gardening.

For many years previous to 1903 it was the custom of the Society
to hold an exhibition in October exclusively devoted to the display
of fruits and vegetables. Since that date this has been merged with
the Annual September Exhibition until the present year when a
return to the former custom was made. The Fruit and Vegetable
Exhibition in October of this year proved so successful that it will
doubtless be permanently reinstated in future schedules.

Another feature of the year's work which deserves record at this
time was the special exhibitions of the products of children's gardens
held in June and September under the auspices of the Committee
on Children's Gardens. These we believe were the first of the
kind ever held in the history of the Society, and the interest mani-
fested in them warrants the retention in our schedule of at least
one such exhibition in every year. It is highly encouraging that a
new generation of young people is growing up among us whose
steps are being led towards horticultural pursuits. In this connec-

224 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tion mention may be made of the second sehool garden conference^
held in December, which was well attended by those directly inter-
ested in the horticnltnral education of the young.

While noting these special items of the year's work the regular
and more familiar, but not less important public exhibitions and
meetings should not be passed unnoticed. There have been held
thirteen exhibitions of plants, flowers, fruits, and vegetables, and
nine meetings for lecture and discussion, in addition to the two
business assemblies of the Society required by the By-laws. Full
descriptions of these exhibitions will be found in the annual reports
of the chairmen of the several committees, and the records of the
lectures and discussions have been published in the Transactions.

The publications for the year and the dates of issue are as follows :

January 17. Schedule of Prizes and Exhibitions, 64 pages.
September 15. Transactions, 1905, Part 2, pages 113-293 and
plates 1-9.

October 29. Transactions, 1906, Part 1, pages 1-83.

The Library.

Special attention is still being given to the accumulation of sets
of the strictly horticultural periodicals of the world, and of the
publications of horticultural societies that are not represented in
the library. A list of the more important of these is being made up
and they will be secured as opportunity offers.

It is a satisfaction to record in this report the accomplishment
of two important matters that have been awaiting attention since
the removal to the new building.

One of these has been the disposition of the large collection of
horticultural trade catalogues, the accumulation of many years;
the other, the completion of the work of revision of the library in
accordance with the new system adopted.

The trade catalogues, estimated to number ten thousand, have
been assorted and arranged in wood pamphlet boxes so that they
are now accessible for ready reference and consultation. Two
hundred and eighty boxes, 12 X 9 X 3^ inches, w^re used and the
system adopted is mostly chronological; but the catalogues of a.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN. 225

number of the most prominent and well-known seedsmen and
nurserymen, especially of those who have made specialties in
various lines, are kept together. Early American catalogues from
1823 to 1850 are fortunately well represented, as are also those of
several foreign countries. Altogether the collection is one of great
value and importance.

In the former arrangement of the library the books were kept
on numbered shelves with the number of the shelf placed on the
inside cover of the book and also upon the several cards of the
catalogue referring to it. This method is now practically obsolete.
The constant accumulation of books and the necessity of frequent
changes of location as the shelves became filled, and the great
amount of extra labor thereby involved in changing the numbers
on the books and card references rendered some other method
desirable.

The plan now adopted and approved by the Library Committee,
and which is becoming very generally used in special libraries of a
similar character, is based upon the collection of the books in classes
and giving to each class an arbitrary symbol, either a number or
a letter. We have selected letters, as a matter of convenience,
and have used the initial letter of the class in which the book be-
longs, as far as possible. For example: — A = Agriculture; B =
Botany; P = Pomology. These main classes are further sub-
divided, as occasion requires, by the use of other letters, for example :
— A J = Agricultural Journals; B C = Cryptogamic Botany;
P V = Pomology — Viticulture. These are capable of still
further subdivision, as B C F = Cryptogamic Botany — Ferns.

The great advantage of this system is that the location of these
classes can easily be changed, as must be often done, as spaces
become filled, without incurring the necessity of any erasure on
catalogue cards or on the books themselves. The symbol adopted
for the class to which the books belong will always remain as the
indicator of the location of the individual book despite all changes
of its position in the library. The volumes are arranged alpha-
betically by authors in every class and subclass. It has not been
found necessary to make any radical changes in the general arrange-
ment of the library by the adoption of this method owing to the
excellent classification of former years.

226 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Much credit is due to the Assistant Librarian, Miss Mary C.
Hewett, for the inteUigent service rendered in the installation of
the new system, and for her steady application to the work in
addition to the many other duties of her position.

A complete SATiopsis of the classification of the library is ap-
pended to this report with the remark that it mainly follows the
actual, consecutive position of the books on the shelves.

The accessions during the year have been 1045 among which
may be enumerated the following:

Some Accessions to the Library, 1906.

Arxott, S., The Book of Bulbs.

" The Book of Climbing Plants and Wall Shrubs.
Bailey, L. H., Cyclopedia of American Horticulture, 4th Ed.
" The Nature Study Idea.

" " Plant Breeding, 4th Ed.

Bardswell, Mrs. F. A., The Book of Town and Window Gardening.
Barnard, Charles, Talks about Our Useful Plants.
Bartrum, Rev. E., The Book of Pears and Plums.
Beach, S. A., The Apples of New York.
Beckett, Edwin, The Book of the Strawberry.
BiNNENTHAL, Friedrich Richter V., Die Rosenschadlinge.
BissELL, Charles H., The Fern Flora of Connecticut.
Bourne, Rev. S. E., The Book of the Daffodil.
Britton, N. L., Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada,

2d Ed.
Brotherston, R. p., The Book of the Carnation.
Burdick, Lewis Dayton, Magic and Husbandry.
Century Dictionary, The. 10 volumes.
Clinton, George W., Preliminary List of Plants of Buffalo and its vicinity.

1864.
Clute, W. N., The Fern Allies of North America.
CoRREVON, H., Nos Arbres. Geneva, 1906.
Dybowski, J., Traite pratique de Cultures Tropicales.
Fish, D. S., The Book of the Winter Garden.
Fitzherbert, S. W., The Book of the Wild Garden.
Fletcher, S. W., How to make a Fruit Garden.
Flora Brasiliensis. The concluding parts of this monumental work

begun in 1840.
Eraser, John, The Fifty Best Roses for Amateur Growers.

" " Select Annuals and Biennials.

" " Select Dahlias and their cultivation by Amateurs.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN. 227

FuLLERTON, Edith L., How to make a Vegetable Garden.

Gordon, George, The Book of Shrubs.

Haggard, H. Rider, A Gardener's Year.

Hale, Thomas, A Compleat Body of Husbandry. London, 1756.

Harrison, Ch.\rles, The Book of the Honey Bee.

Harrison, C. S., A Manual on the Phlox.

Harwood, W. S., New Creations in Plant Life.
" The New Earth.

Henshaw, Julia W., Mountain Wild Flowers of America.

Hermer, Jul., Die Pflanzen in den Anlagen und Garten von Meran-Mais.

Herrington, Arthur, The Chrysanthemum.

Hoffmann, Dr. Julius, Alpine Flora.

" " " The Amateur Gardener's Rose Book.

Hooper, Charles E., The Country House.

Jones, John M., The Naturalist in Bennuda. 1859.

Keller, Ida A., and Stewardson Brown, Handbook of the Flora of
Philadelphia and Vicinity.

Kittredge, G. L., The Old Farmer and his Almanack.

Latham, Charles, The Gardens of Italy.

Lloyd, C. G., Mycological Notes, Nos. 21, 22, 23.

McFarland, J. Horace, Getting Acquainted with the Trees.

Martin, George H., School Gardens in the Public Schools of Massachu-
setts.

Michael, Edmund. Fuhrer flir Pilzfreunde. Dritter Band.

Moore, Albert Hanford, A List of Plants collected in Bermuda in 1905.

Newman, Edward, A History of British Ferns. 1854.

Northcote, Lady Rosalind, The Book of Herbs.

Ogawa, K., Lilies of Japan.

Portefeuille des Horticulteurs, Tomes 1, 2. Paris, 1847-8.

Postelsia, The Year Book of the Minn. Seaside Station. 1906.

Powell, E, P., The Country Home.

Punnett, R. C, Mendelism.

Roberts. Harry, The Book of Old-fashioned Flowers.

Robinson, B. L., The Generic Concept in the Classification of the Flower-
ing Plants.

Roseraie de l'H.\y (Seine), Les Roses cultivees a I'Hay en 1902.

Sander & Sons, Orchid Hybrids.

Sewell, Cornelius V. V., Common Sense Gardens.

Shelton, Louise, The Seasons in a Flower Garden.

Slosson, Margaret, How Ferns Grow.

Sweet, Robert, Hortus Suburb. Londinensis. 1818.

Tallack, J. C, The Book of the Greenhouse.

Thomas, H. H., The Book of the Apple.

Thomas, John J., The American Fruit Culturist, 21st Ed.

Triggs, F. Inigo, The Art of Garden Design in Italy.

Underwood, Loring, The Garden and its Accessories.

228 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Vienna, International Botanical Congress of 1905, Rules of Botanical

Nomenclature adopted.
ViLLARDs Th., Les Fleurs a travers les ages et a la fin du XIX*" siecle.

Paris, 1900.
ViLMOKi.v, Philippe L. de, Hortus Mlmorinianus.
Wallace, Alfred Russel. My Life.
Ward. H. W.. The Book of the Grape.
AVeidemaxx, J., Beautifying Country Homes.
White, W. H., The Book of Orchids.
W^ooLSON, G. A., Ferns and How to Grow Them.
WoRTLEY, E. JocELYN, Fruits and other Food Products of Jamaica.
WvTHES, George, The Book of Vegetables.

Synopsis of Classification of the Library, 1906.

H — Hoi'ticulture, General.

HJ — " Journals.

H S — " Societies and Boards.

H D — " Dictionaries, Cyclopedias, etc.

HI — " Directories.

HC — " School Gardens, Nature Study, etc.

H G — " Greenhouse Construction.

F — Floriculture, General.

FM — " Monographs, miscellaneous.

F M B — " " Bulbous Plants.

FMC " " Carnations.

FMH — " " Chrysanthemums.

FMT — " " Cacti.

FMD— " " Dahlias.

FMR— " " Roses.

FMO— " " Orchids.

R — Rural Life, Emblematic Works, etc.
E — Entomology.

D — Diseases of Plants.

S — Soils.

S F — " Fertilizers.

SI — " Irrigation and Drainage.

P — Pomology, General.

PV— " Viticulture.

C — Economic Plants.

CM— " " Medicinal.

C V — " " Vegetables, miscellaneous.

CVS — " " " Squashes, Cucumbers, and Melons.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN.

229

-C V P — Economic Plants, Vegetables, Potatoes.

C V o -

" Onions.

C V A —

" Asparagus.

C V B -

" Beets, including Sugar Beets

C V C - "

" Celery.

C V G - "

" Cabbages and Cauliflowers.

C V M —

" Mushrooms.

C V T - "

" Tomatoes.

L — Landscape Gardening

LP-

"

Parks.

LC-

"

Cemeteries.

LR-

u

Roads.

T — Trees and Shrubs, includ

ing Forestry.

A — Agricult

ure. Genera

A J -

Journals.

A S -

Societies and Boards.

AC —

Chemistry.

A L -

Livestock, miscellaneous.

A L B —

ii

Bees.

ALP-

"

Poultry.

A L C -

"

Cattle and Dairy.

A L H —

u

Horses.

AF -

Fami Buildings, Fences, Implements.

B — Botany

, General.

BJ — . "

Journals.

BS - "

Societies.

BD - "

Dictionaries, Cyclopedias, etc.

BR — "

Directories

BL - "

Pre-Linnean.

B M - "

Monographs, Miscellaneous.

B M O — "

((

Orchids.

B M G - "

((

Grasses and Sedges.

BP - "

Paleobotany.

BC - "

Ciyptogamic, General.

B C F - "

"

" Ferns and Fern Allies.

B C L — "

It

" Lichens.

B C M - "

(<

" Mosses and Liverworts.

B C A - "

it

" Algae.

B C U - "

a

" Fungi.

BT — "

Territorial

BTE— "

"

Europe, General.

BTB- "

a

Great Britain.

E T F - "

"

France.

BTP- "

"

Spain and Portugal.

BTG— "

"

Germany and Austria.

BTD— "

"

Deimiark, Norway, Sweden.

230 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

B T I — Botany, Territorial Italy.

BTQ —

"

" Other Countries of Europe.

BTK-

"

Plants of the Alps.

BTH-

((

" Plant.s of the Holy Land, inc. Bible Plants,

BTA -

(<

Asia.

BTR-

((

" Africa.

BTO —

"

" Oceanica.

B T N -

"

" North America, general.

BTJ -

it

" All of North America North of the U. S.

BTL —

a

" New England.

BTM-

it

Middle States.

BTS —

it

" Southern States.

B T W -

"

" Western States.

BTC -

It

" Central America inc. Mexico, West Indies,

etc.
" South America.

BTU -

It

BI -

it

Institutions.

N — Natural History, General.

N J- "

" Journals.

NS— "

" Societies.

NG- "

" Geology.

N C - "

" Chmatology.

NO- "

" Ornithology.

V — Voyages

and Travels.

I — Biography.

,

Z — Miscellaneous,

including Design, Color, etc.

William P. Rich,

Sec ret art/ and Librarian,

REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1906.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society in account current with
Charles E. Richardson, December 31st, 1906.

Dr.

To amount paid charged to Real Estate . . . $682 60

" for Exhibition Ware ... ' ' 81 37
" " " " Library, appropriated by

Society 400 00

" from J. S. Farlow Fund . . 106 53

" J. D. W. French " . . 230 08 736 61

" " " " Interest on funds for prizes

and other funds credited

opposite 2,114 72

" for Heating 1,473 03

" " Lighting 2,002 71

" " Water Rates 43 40

" " Labor 2,416 63

" " " " Stationery, Printing, and

Postage 1,754 12

" " " " Insurance 2,908 72

" " Incidentals 696 37

" " Repairs 1,080 09

" " " " Committee on Lectures and

PubHcations .... 170 00
" " " " Salaries Treasurer, Secre-

tary, and Assistants . . 3,700 00
" " " " Salaries of Committee on

Plants and Flowers . . 304 00
" " " " Salaries of Committee on

Fruit 161 00

" " " " Salaries of Committee on

Vegetables 178 00

" " " " Salaries of Committee on

Prizes 250 00

" " Tax on Real Estate in South

Boston 149 46

" " Electric Power .... 14 18

" " Medals 347 16 17,648 87

232

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To amount paid for Prizes awarded in 1905 viz.

For Plants and Flowers $3,507 35

" Fruit 987 75

" Vegetables 867 44

" Gardens and Greenhouses 143 67

" School Gardens and Native Plants ... 149 57

" Special Prize, Mrs. Anna C. Ames ... 50 00
" " " Boston Cooperative Flower

Market, Music Hall Place . 38 00

" " " Gardeners', and Florists' Club . 40 00

" Prizes on Henry A. Gane Fund
To Paid on Miss Caroline L. W. French %

Cash balance December 31st, 1906

35 00
32 70

9733 22

5,783 78

67.70

27.115 65
36,848 87

Cr.

Balance of account rendered December 30, 1905 . . .

Received from Building, use of Halls .... 4,965 75
" " Annual Exhibitions $2,019 50

Less Expenses, 1,052 93 966 57

Admissions and Assessments . . 796 00

Mt. Auburn Cemetery .... 3,378 39

State Bounty 600 00

Sale of Transactions .... 2 00
" " copies of History ... 5 00
Interest on Bonds 9,625 00
" Stocks 1,200 00
" Bank Bal-
ance • 172 54 10,997 54

12,992 90

*' " Gardeners' and Florists' Club,

Special Prize

Interest credited Funds charged opposite
Samuel Appleton Fund .... $50 00
John A. Lowell " .... 50 00

Theodore Lyman " .... 550 00

Josiah Bradlee " . . . . 50 00

30 00

Amount carried fonvard

700 00

REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

233

Amount brought forward

$700 00

Benjamin V. French " .... 25

00

H. H. Hunnewell "

200

00

W. J. Walker

117

72

Levi Whit comb "

25

00

Benjamin B. Davis "

25

00

Marshall P. Wilder Fund

50

00

John Lewis Russell "

50

00

Francis Brown Hayes "

500

00

Henry A. Gane "

50

00

John S. Farlow "

100

00

J. D. Williams French "

200

00

Benjamin H. Pierce "

.32

00

John C. Chaffin "

40

00

. 9 114 79

.^,114: / -i

23,855 97

$36,848 87

Charles E. Richardson,

Treasurer.

Approved :

Walter Hunnewell | Finance
Stephen M. Weld J Committee.

234

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Assets.

Real Estate $518,564 63

Furniture and Exhibition Ware 9,618 88

Librarj- 43,969 59

Stereotj'pe Plates and Copies of History . 238 50
2,000, Kansas City, Clinton & Springfield .

R. R. Bonds 1,980 00

10,000, Lake Shore & Michigan Southern .

R. R. Bonds 10,415 25

21,000, City of Newton, Bonds 24,228 75

50,000, Atc-hison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. .

Bonds 44,693 25

50,000, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Ne- .

braska Extension Bonds 50,012 50

10,000, Chicago & West Michigan Bonds . . 9,987 50
25,000 Kansas City, Fort Scott & Memphis .

Bonds 27,523 75

50,000 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, 111. .

Division Bonds 51.625 00

8,000, Boston & Maine Bonds 8,710 00

5,000, West End Street Railway Bonds . 5,162 50

150 General Electric Co., Stock . . . 9,6S0 70

W. A. Hayes & A. P. Loring, Trustees . . 3,488 76

Cash 9,733 22

Liabilities.

Prizes and other Funds invested
Samuel Appleton Fund
John A. Lowell
Theodore LjTiian
Josiah Bradlee
Benjamin V. French
H. H. Hunnewell
W. J. Walker
Levi Whitcomb
Benjamin B. Davis
Marshall P. Wilder
John Lewis Russell
Francis Brown Hayes
Henry A. Gans
John S. Farlow
J. D. Williams French

in Bonds and Stocks

SI. 000 00

1,000 00

11,000 00

1,000 00

500 00

4.000 00

2,354 43

500 00

500 00

1,000 00

1,000 00

10,000 00

1,065 00

2,500 35

5.058 89

,632 78

Amount carried forward $42,478 67

REPORT OF THE TREASURER. 235

Ainount brought jorward $42,478 67

Benjamin H. Pierce " 800 00

John C. Chaffin " 1,066 89

Balance of Miss Caroline L. W. 17 30

French '"^.

$44,362 86
Prizes awarded in 1906 payable in 1907 . . 6,700 00
Mrs. Anna C. Ames, for special Prize ... 15 00

Boston Cooperative Flower Market Special

Prize 2 00

51,079 86

Surplus 778,552 92

$829,632 78
Charles E. Richardson,

Treasurer.

Membership of INIassachusetts Horticultural Society.
Decembkr 31, 1906.

Life Membership per last report 700

Added in 1906 13

Commuted from Annual 2

715

Deceased 26

iiiiii 689

Annual Members per last report 173

Added in 1906 6

179

Resigned 6

Commuted to Life 2

Deceased 4

Dropped for nonpayment of assessment for two

years 4

16

^s, 163

Present Membership 852

Income from Membership.

13 New Life Members @ $30 . . • $390 00

2 Commuted to Life @, $20 40 00

6 New Annuals @ $10 60 00

Assessments 306 00

$796 00

Charles E. Richardson,

Treasurer.

THE ANNUAL MEETING, NOVEMBER" 17, 1906.

ANNUAL MEETING FOR THE YEAR 1906.

The Annual IMeeting of tlie Massachusetts Horticuhural .Society
for the year 1906 was held at Horticultural Hall, Boston, Saturday,
November 17. President Estabrook j)resided and there were
fifty members present at the opening of the meeting.

The President called the meeting to order at a Quarter before
twelve o'clock A. INI. and stated that it had been called in accord-
ance with the By-laws for the election of officers for the ensuing
year and for the transaction of such business as might properly
come before it; and that a printed notice of the meeting had been
mailed to the address of every member of the Society as it appeared
upon the records of the Secretary.

He appointed Edward B. Wilder, J. Allen Crosby, and ^Yilliam
P. Rich a committee to receive, assort, and count the ballots, and
to report the number, and declared the polls open at twelve o'clock,
to continue open until four o'clock.

The record of the Annual Meeting of November 18, 1905, was
then read by the Secretary and approved by vote of the meeting.

The President reported that the Board of Trustees had appro-
priated $5500.00 for prizes and gratuities for the year 1907; a
reduction of $1200.00 from the amount appropriated for the present
year.

The following named persons, proposed by Prof. C. S. Sargent,
and recommended by the Board of Trustees, were duly elected to
corresponding membership in the Society:

Dr. Henry L. Ridley, Director Botanic Garden, Singapore.
Lieut. Col. David Prain, Director Royal Gardens, Kew,

England.
Senor Don Salvador Izquierdo, Santiago, Chile.
Miss E. Willmott, Essex, England.

Hon. Aaron Low presented a memorial in honor of the late
Benjamin P. Ware who was for forty-one years an active and inter-
ested member of this Societv. At the conclusion of Mr. Low's

240 MASSACHTS^rS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

address, Benjamin C. Clark added a tribute to the memory of Mr^
Ware and it was voted that the memorial be accepted and printed
in the Transactions of the Society, and that a copy be sent to the
family of the deceased.

William H. Spooner called attention to the courses in dairy
farming and horticulture offered by the Agricultural College at
Amherst.

Charles P. Bowditch referred to two circulars which had been
mailed to the members concerning the two nominees for the
presidency of the Society, and asked for an explanation of some
rather contradictory statements made in these documents. Re-
marks in explanation of these statements were made by Messrs.
Estabrook, Rawson, Spooner, Craig, and James H. Bowditch.

At twenty minutes past twelve the President called Mr. Spooner
to the chair and declared a recess until four o'clock.

At four o'clock the President, pro tern., announced the polls
closed and the ballot committee proceeded to count the votes,,
reporting the number as follows: For President, Warren W.
Rawson 66; Stephen M. Weld 136. For Vice-President, Charles
S. Sargent 166. For Trustees (for three years), ^^'illiam N. Craig
174; Arthur F. Estabrook 184; John K. M. L. Farquhar 166;
Arthur D. Hill, 174. For Nominating Committee, Arthur F.
Estabrook 173; Warren H. Heustis 177; William Nicholson 180;
Loring Underwood 174; Edward B. Wilder 176. Ballots cast
204.

The President, pro fern., declared the list as follows to be the-
duly elected officers of the Society for the year 1907 :

ANNUAL MEETING.

241

Tresident,
Tice-President

(for two years),
Trustees

(for three years),

Nominating Committee,

Stephen M. Weld.
Charles S. Sargent.

William N. Craig.
Arthur F. Estabrook.
John K. M. L. Farquhar.
Arthur D. Hill.

Arthur F. Estabrook.
Warren H. Heustis.
William Nicholson.
LoRiNG Underwood.
Edward B. Wilder.

'The meeting was then dissolved.

William P. PiICH,

Secretary.

NECROLOGY, 1906.

NECROLOGY, 1906.

Samuel B. Parsons, the distinguished horticuhurist, died at
liis home in Fkishing, New York, January 4, 1906, at the age of
eightj'-seven. He was elected an honorary member of the Massa-
chusetts Horticuhural Society in 1856.

Mr. Parsons was born in Fkishing, 1819, and the greater part of
his hfe was spent there. After a few years of experience in the
hardware business in New York City he returned to his ancestral
estate, and in 1840 established a nursery business, devoting espe-
cial attention to the introduction and propagation of ornamental
trees and shrubs.

In addition to his successful efforts as a nurseryman he also
achieved distinction as a writer on horticultural subjects. He
published numerous essays and addresses on horticulture and
landscape gardening, and his volume on "The Rose: its History,
Poetry, Culture, and Classification" is one of the classics of flori-
cultural literature.

Cephas H. Brackett, formerly of Brighton, Massachusetts,
and a member of the Society since 1875, died in Riverside, Cali-
fornia, January 21, 1906.

Mr. Brackett was interested in the work of the Society for many
years, and was a member of the Committee on Vegetables from
1883 until 1901, a period of nineteen years.

Calvin D. Kingman, who died at INIiddleboro, Massachusetts,
February 1, 1906, had been a member of the Society since 1871.

INIr. Kingman was born at North INIiddleboro in 1826. He was
for a number of years actively interested in the work of the Society
and a frequent exhibitor of fruits and vegetables at its exhibitions.
He was especially interested in grape cultvu'e and received numerous
prizes for displays of this fruit.

Mrs. Anna D. Wood, a member of the Society since 1870, died
at her home in West Newton, Massachusetts, February 5, 1906.

246 IMASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Few names are more frequently inscribed upon the records of
the Society than Mrs. Wood's. She was for many years a constant
exhibitor of plants and flowers at the exhibitions, and her enthu-
siastic interest and floricultural skill and knowledge made her
presence always a delight to her friends and a benefit to visitors.

Benjamin Pond Ware was born in Salem, Massachusetts,
April 9, 1822, and died in Marblehead, February 7, 1906, at the
age of eighty-four years.

Mr. Ware became a life member of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society in 1865 and for the rest of his life was prominent
in its councils and a familiar and welcome attendant at its various
meetings. He served as vice-president from 1896 to 1903.

As a speaker he was very attractive by reason of his agreeable
and pleasant personality and the distinctness of every word he
uttered; and he always commanded the attention and interest of
his audience in everything he had to say.

In January, 1901, he delivered a lecture before the Society on
"A Visit to Kew Gardens and Hampton Court," and in January,
1903, one on "Some Observations and Experiences in Berlin, by
a Massachusetts Farmer." From Mr. Ware's habit of careful
and close observation of all subjects pertaining to agriculture he
was enabled to acquire a large fund of information that made these
lectures of noteworthy interest.

On many other occasions, especially at the meetings of the Society
for general discussion, he was always ready to contribute from his
large store of practical experience, and it is a satisfaction that so
much of it has been recorded on the pages of the Transactions in
past years.

During his long and active life he was connected with many
societies devoted to agricultural and horticultural interests. For
sixteen years, from 1875 to 1891, he v.as president of the Essex
County Agricultural Society; for ten years was a trustee of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College; for nine years a trustee of the
New England Agricultural Society; for four years president of
the Marblehead and Swampscott Farmers' Club; and master of
the State Grange of Massachusetts for two years.

He was an earnest advocate of the establishment of a State

NECROLOGY, 1906. 247

Agricultural Experiment Station, and, while president of the Essex
County Society, instituted a series of farmers' meetings held in
different parts of the county, at which the farmers met in large
numbers to discuss the practical questions pertaining to their
occupation. These meetings were a very important factor in the
dissemination of information among those directly interested, and,
during his presidency, the influence of the Essex County Society
was greatly broadened and extended.

Mr. Ware was ever ready to accept all scientific methods and
mechanical improvements that tended to the better performance
of the labor of the farm. Thoroughly interested in every depart-
ment of agriculture, which he placed in the front rank of all our
national industries, he earnestly advocated its advancement.
Himself a practical agriculturist, he was proud to be known as a
Massachusetts farmer.

We shall greatly miss his genial greetings and cheerful presence
at our meetings.

By Aarox Low.

William S. Jaxvrin, a member of the Society since 1873, died
at his home in Revere, Massachusetts, February 14, 1906, at the
age of seventy-eight.

Mr. Janvrin was born in Xewburyport, and in his early youth
came to Revere, engaging after a few years in the business of
market gardening, in which he was very successful. For many
years he was a contributor of fruits and vegetables from his orchards
and farm to the exhibitions of the Society and received many prizes
for the excellence of his productions.

Samuel Hartwell, a member of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society since 1865, died at his home in lincoln, Massa-
chusetts, where he had passed his whole life, February 21, 1906,
at the age of seventy-two.

He was an active member of the Society, an ardent fruit culturist,
and one who loved the work among his trees and vines. He was
especially successful in the cultivation of apples and grapes, and
made an en\iable reputation for himself with the Gravenstein
apple after which he called his farm.

248 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For fourteen years he served on the Committee on Fruits and ten
years on the Committee on Vegetables. He was a constant eontril)-
utor to the Society's exhibitions and took many |)rizes for both
fruit and vegetables.

Mr. Hartwell was always ready to show visitors over his fruit
farm and to tell them all he knew about the growing of apples,
graj)cs, etc., and the visitor felt that Mr. Hartwell grew his apples
and grapes because he loved them. One never heard from him
the commercial side of the story, but was impressed by his quiet,
unassuming way of speaking of the fruits he loved so well.

In ISSS he was awaixled the Society's prize for the best vineyard
of one acre in the state, and also in ISSl a gratuity for a well culti-
vated apple orchard.

By ]\Ir. Hartwell's death the Society has lost one of its oldest
members and one who was concerned in its best interests.

By Wilfrid Wheeler.

Richard D. Blinn of Lexington, Massachusetts, died in Chicago,
February 27, 1906. He had been a member of the Society since
J868.

Clarexce H. Clark, a prominent and public-spirited citizen
of Philadelphia, died in that city March 13, 1906. at the age of
seventy-three. He was elected an honorary meml^er of the Society
in 1900.

Mr. Clark was president of the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society from 1895 to 1898, and it was during his term of office that
its present horticultural hall was built. He was always much
interested in horticulture and was one of the first in the vicinity
of Philadelphia to get together a collection of rhododendrons for
which his estate has been since noted. From his greenhouses in
the early eighties came also some of the first exhibits of large pot-
grown chrysanthemums.

George Dorr of Dorchester, Massachusetts, died April 7, 1906.
He had been a member of the Society since 1864.

Charles H. Smith, formerly of Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts,

NECROLOGY, 1906. 249

and a member of the Society since 1865, died at his home in Newton
Highlands, April 8, 1906, at the age of eighty-four.

Mr. Smith, though actively engaged in business affairs in Boston,
was much interested in horticultural pursuits.

Professor Nathaniel Southgate Shaler died at his home
in Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 10, 1906, in the sixty-fifth
year of his age. He became a member of the Society in 1898 and
served as a member of the Committee on Forestry and Roadside
Improvement for the five years follo\nng.

Prof. Shaler was bom in Newport, Kentucky, February 20, 1841.
During the Ci\dl War he served two years as captain in a Union
Kentucky Battery, and in 1864 'was appointed an instructor in
paleontology and geology at Harvard University, becoming a
professor in these sciences in 1868.

He was a man of great intellectual activity, an author of note,
and a teacher capable of inspiring interest and enthusiasm among
his students.

Baron C. R. von Osten Sacken, an honorary member of the
Society since 1879, died at Heidelberg, Germany, May 20, 1906,
in the seventy-eighth year of his age.

He was an eminent entomologist, and was elected an honorary
member of the Society during his term of office as secretary of the
Russian Legation at Washington. He was born at St. Petersburg,
Russia, August 21, 1828.

Edward Knowles Butler died at his residence in Jamaica
Plain, Massachusetts, June 9, 1906, in his seventy-sixth year.

Mr. Butler was born in Falmouth, July 8, 1830, and came to
Boston at an early age to engage in business. He was much inter-
ested in horticultural matters and became a member of the Society
in 1883.

Frederick A. Blake of Rochdale, Massachusetts, died at his
home in that town July 1, 1906, at the age of sixty-five years.

Mr. Blake, although a business man, was an enthusiastic and
successful horticulturist, ^^hile his horticultural interests were

250 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

chiefly with the Worcester County Society he was a frequent ex-
hibitor of the products of his skill at the exhibitions of the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society of which he had been a member
since 1895.

William Frost Hall died at his home in Brookline, Massa-
chusetts, July 5, 1906. He was elected a member of the Society
in 1867.

Thomas D. Blake of Brookline, Massachusetts, who died at
his summer home in Marblehead, July 17, 1906, was elected a
member of the Society in 1905.

Mr. Blake was born in Cambridge, October 25, 1847. He was
a well-known business man of Boston and for thirty years had
been connected with the George F. Blake Mfg;. Co., established
by his father.

Mrs. Charlotte N. S. Horner died at her home in George-
town, Massachusetts, July IS, 1906. She was born in West
Boxford, July 5, 1823, and became a member of the Society in 1870.

Mrs. Horner was prominent in the exhibitions of the Society in
the years between 1870 and 1880 through her exhibits of the native
flora of the state in which she was much interested. In 1878 she
was appointed on the Window Gardering Committee which was
the first attempt on the part of the Society to interest the children
in growing plants and flowers. From that date until the present
time this work has continued in various forms with marked success.

George Barnard Brown, a member of the Society since 1867,
died at his home in Brookline, Ma,ssachusetts, September 13, 1906.

Charles Pelham Curtis of Boston died at his summer resi-
dence in Swampscott, September 19, 1906, at the age of eighty-two
years. He was elected to membership in the Society in 1899.

INIr. Curtis was born in Boston, July 29, 1824, was graduated
fronj Harvard College in 1845, and attained distinction as a lawyer.

D. Redmond, a corresponding member of the Society since 1875,
died in Jacksonville, Florida, September 25, 1906.

NECROLOGY, 1906. 251

William Tracy Eustis was born in Prince Street, North End,
Boston, September 29, 1822, and died in Brookline, October 11,
1906, at the age of eighty-four years.

He joined the Society in 1899 and was always interested in its
success. He was a great lover of flowers and possessed a rare
knowledge of all that goes to make nature beautiful.

Mr. Eustis was a delightful companion on walks and drives and
was constantly imparting his knowledge of the secrets of the plants
and flowers to those fortunate to be with him.

By E. M. E.

Rev. R. F. Alger, formerly of Dedliam, Massachusetts, died
in Dorchester, October 24, 1906, at the age of seventy-three. He
had been a member of the Society since 1869.

Oliver S. Sanford of Roxbury, Massachusetts, died October
31, 1906, in the eighty-eighth year of his age. He became a mem-
ber of the Society in 1853.

Benjaimin Tolman, a member of the Society since 1873, died
at his home in Concord, Massachusetts, November 3, 1906, at the
age of eighty-four. /

Mr. Tolman was born in Concord, October 5, 1822, and lived
there during liis entire life, although liis business was in Boston.
He was a well-known printer and a senior partner of the firm of
Tolman & White.

Charles Merriam, a well-known business man of Boston,
died November 5, 1906, in his seventy-fifth year. He became a
member of the Society in 1899.

Benjamin B. Williams, an old-time Boston merchant, and a
member of the Society since 1865, died at his home in Boston,
November 13, 1906, at the age of seventy-six.

George Ellwanger, a corresponding member of the Society
since 1875, died at his home in Rochester, New York, November
26, 1906, at the advanced age of ninetv vears.

252 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Elhvanger was born in Germany, December 2, ISIG, and
came to this country in 1S35. In 1S39 he established the nursery
and seed business of Elhvanger & Barry which became widely
and favorably known throughout the horticultural world.

Leaxder Beal, for fifty years a prominent business man of
Boston, in the wholesale clothing trade, died November 30, 1906,
at the age of seventy-two.

He was bom in Cohasset, Massachusetts, November 27, 1S34,
and had been connected ■^'ith the Society since 1887.

Charles B. Dana of ^Yellesley, Massachusetts, died December
3, 1906, at the age of ninety-one years. He was admitted a member
of the Society in 1847.

Samuel I. Coy, a member of the Society since 1868, cHed at his
residence in Boston, December 26, 1906.

Daniel Duffley' died at his home in Brookline, Massachusetts,
December 27, 1906, at the age of eighty-six years. He had been
connected with the Society since 1877. He was a gardener and in
years past an exhibitor at the Society's exhibitions.

Elij.ah W. AVood, for many years prominent in the agricultural
and horticultural affairs of the state, died at his home in West
Newton, Massachusetts, December 31, 1900, at the age of eighty
years.

Mr. Wood was born in Upton, jNIassachusetts, June 7, 1826.
He came to Boston when a vouno; man and engaged in mercantile
business for about twenty years, retiring in 1876 to devote the
remainder of his life to horticultural pursuits in which he had
always maintained a lively interest.

He was admitted a member of the Society in 1868 and the record
of his oflBcial service began as a member of the Library Com-
mittee in 1875 and 1876. In the latter year he was appointed on
the Committee on Fruits and to this work he devoted himself for
twenty-nine consecutive years, the last twenty-four years as the
chairman of the committee.

'■■*

NECROLOGY, 1906. 253

In addition to these duties he served also for twenty-five years
as a member of the Committee of Arrangements; twenty-two years
on the Garden Committee; twenty-two years on the Committee
on Estabhshing Prizes; eight years on the Committee on Lectures
and Publications; and nine years as the Society's Delegate to the
State Boanl of Agriculture.

Mr. Wood was an interesting and instructive speaker and was
often called upon at the meetings of the Society to take part in the
lectures and discussions. The volumes of the Transactions of the
^lassachusetts Horticultural Society are enriched by the records
of his experience, and his many annual reports of the Committee
on Fruits are valuable contribtitions to pomological history.

The list of his more formal lectures delivered before the Society
is as follows:

Essay on Dwarf Pear Trees. 1874.

Culture of the Foreign Grape in Cold Graperies. 1876.

The Culture and Varieties of Roses. 1878.

Fruits best adapted for Market Purposes. 1881.

The best Ivinds of Fruit for Export. 1883.

Fruits that promise "Well. 1886.

Discussion on Fruit. 1905.

The best New England Fruits. 1906.

Other activities also engaged his attention. He was much
interested in the State Agricultural College of which he was a
trustee for many years, and he was a member of the State Legisla-
ture in 1885, 1886, and 1887, besides filling various official positions
in his own city.

^Ir. Wood was an authority on the subject of fruits and fruit
growing and had unbounded confidence in the possibilities of New
England orcharding. He advocated the production of apples,
especially, as a business, and urged the renovation of oiu* old or-
chards and the planting of new ones.

By his death the Society has lost another of its devoted members,
and his name is added to the long roll of those who have rendered
distinguished serA-ice in its work.

I

OFFICERS, COMMITTEES, AND MEMBERS, 1906.

glassacbusctts I)orticultural §ocictn.

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES
FOR 1906.

President.
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, of Boston,

Vice-Presidents.

WALTER HUNXEWELL, of Boston".
ROBERT T. JACKSON, of Cambridge.

Treasurer.

CHARLES E. RICHARDSON, of Brookline.

Secretary.

WILLIAM P. RICH, of Chelsea.*

Trustees.

CAKES AMES, of North E.^vston.
WILLIAM N. CRAIG, of North E.a.stox.
CHARLES F. CURTIS, of Jam.\ica Plain.
WILLIAM H. ELLIOTT, of Brighton.
GEORGE F. FABYAN, of Brookline.
JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, of Boston.
ARTHUR H. FEWKES, of Newton Highlands.
ARTHUR D. HILL, of Boston.
JOHN LAWRENCE, of Groton.
J. WOODWARD MANNING, of Reading.
JOHN A. PETTIGREW. of Boston.
CHARLES S. SARGENT, of Brookline.

Nominating Committee.

JAMES H. BOW^DITCH, T. D. HATFIELD,

of Brookline. of Wellesley.

ROBERT CAMERON, CHARLES W. PARKER,

OF Cambridge. of Boston.

WILLIAM H. SPOONER, of J.^maica Plain.

♦Communications to the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be ad-
dressed to him at Horticultural Hall, Boston.

258 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUIL^L SOCIETY.

COMMITTEES FOB 1906.

Finance Committee.

WALTER HUNNEWELL, Chairman.
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, GEORGE F. FABYAN.

Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions.

J. K. M. L. FARQUHAR, Chairman.
WILLIAM N. CRAIG. ARTHUR H. FEWKES, WARREN W. RAWSON
WILLIAM H. SPOONER, WILFRID WHEELER.

Committee on Plants and Flowers.

ARTHUR H. FEWKES, Chairman.
ROBERT CAMERON, WILLIAM N. CRAIG, WILLIAM NICHOLSON,

JAMES WHEELER.

Committee on Fruits.

WILFRID WHEELER, Chairman.
CHARLES F. CURTIS, J. WILLARD HILL.

Committee on Vegetables.

WARREN W. RAWSON, Chairman.
WILLIAM H. DERBY, WARREN H. HEUSTIS.

Committee on Gardens.

OAKES AMES, Chairman.
GEORGE BARKER, WILLIAM N. CRAIG, WILLIAM H. ELLIOTT,

ARTHUR F.ESTABROOK, ARTHUR H. FEWKES, CHARLES W. PARKER,
JOHN A. PETTIGREW WILLIAM P. RICH, HENRY P. WALCOTT.

Library Committee.

CHARLES S. SARGENT, Chairman.

T. OTIS FULLER, SAMUEL HENSHAW, CHARLES W. JE.N'KS,

JOHN LAWRENCE, HENRY P. WALCOTT.

Committee on Lectures and Publications.

J. WOODWARD MANNING, Chairman.
JAMES H. BOWDITCH, JOHN A. PETTIGREW, EDWARD B. WILDER,

E. W. WOOD.

Committee on Children's Gardens.

HENRY SAXTON ADAMS, Chairman.
CHARLES W. JENKS, HARRY S. RAND, WM. E. C RICH,

WM. P. RICH.

MEMBERS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY, 1906.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Members and correspondents of the Society and all other persons who may
know of deaths, chaitges of residence, or other circumstances shoicing that the
foUoiving lists are inaccurate in any particular, unll confer a favor by promptly
communicating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, President of the Royal Horticultural Society,

London. ' ,

Joseph Maxwell, Rio Janeiro, Brazil.
Donald G. Mitchell, New Haven, Conn.
Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, President of the Massachusetts Institute of

Technologj% Boston.
George W. Smith, Boston.
Albert Viger, President of the National Society of Horticulture of France,

Paris.
Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

fioouARD Andre, Editor-in-chief of the Revue Horticole, Paris, France.
George Francis Atkinson, Professor of Botany in Cornell University,

Ithaca, N. Y.
Professor L. H. Bailey, Director of College of Agriculture, Cornell

University, Ithaca, N. Y.
John Gilbert Baker, F. R. S., F. L. S., Kew, England.
Charles B.\ltet, President da la Society Horticole, Vigneronne, et Fores-

tiere de 1' Aube, Troyes, France.
Peter Barr, London, England.
Napoleon Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.
D. W. Beadle, 307 Givens St., Toronto, Ontario.

260 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Professoh William J. Beal, Agricultural College, Michigan.

Prosper J. Berckmaxs, Ex-President of the American Pomological Soci-
ety, Augusta, Georgia.

Charles E. Bessey, Ph. D., Professor of Botany in the Industrial College
of the University- of Nebraska, Lincoln.

Dr. Ch. Bolle, Berlin, Prussia.

CoL. Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist to the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture. Washington, D. C.

Alexander Burton, United States Consul at Cadiz, Spain, Philadel-
phia.

Parker Earle, President of the American Horticultural Society, Ros-
well, N. M.

H. J. Elwes, F. R. S., Colesborne, Cheltenham, England.

William G. Farlow, M. D., Professor of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard
University, Cambridge.

B. E. Ferxow", Forestry- School, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Beverly T. G.\lloway, Horticulturist and Superintendent of Gardens
and Grounds of the United States Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C.

Charles A. Goessmaxn, Ph. D., LL. D., Chemist of the Hatch Experi-
ment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst.

George L. Goodale, M. D., Professor of Botany, Harvard University,
Cambridge.

Obadiah B. Hadwen, President of the Worcester County Horticultural
Society, Worcester.

Professor Byron D. Halsted, Botanist and Horticulturist at the New
Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J.

J. H. Hart, Superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Trinidad.

Dr. F. M. Hexamer, Editor of the American Agriculturist, New York.

J. W. Hoffmann, Colored State University, Orangeburg, S. C.

J. C. Holding, Ex-Treasurer and Secretary of the Cape of Good Hope
Agricultural Society, Cape Town, Africa.

Sir Joseph Hooker, K. C. S. I., The Camp, Sunningdale, England.

Senor Don Salvador Izqxjierdo, Santiago, Chile.

Sir George King, K. C. I. E., M. B., LL. D., F. R. S., Calcutta.

Professor William R. L.\zenby, Department of Horticulture and
Forestry'; Secretary College of Agriculture and Domestic Science,
Ohio State Li^niversity, Columbus, O.

Max Leichtlin, Baden-Baden, Germany.

Victor Lemoine, Nancy, France.

Dr. PETgR MacOwan, Uitenhage, Cape Colony.

Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, Editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle, London.

George Maw, Benthal, Kinley, Surrey, England.

T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N. Y.

F. W. Moore. A. L. S., Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin,
Dublin. Ireland.

CORRESPONDING ME^iIBERS. 261

Sir Daniel Morris. C. M. G., D. Sc, M.A., F. L. S., Imperial Commis-
sioner of Agriculture, Barbados.
George Nicholson, Kew, England.
Peter Novik, Secretarj' of the Norwegian Horticultural Society, Chris-

tiania.
Professor D. P. Pexhallow, Director of the Botanic Garden. Montreal,

Canada.
Lieut. Col. David Prain, Director Royal Gardens, Kew, England.
P. T. QuiNN, Newark, N. J.
C.WALiERE Enrico Ragusa, Palermo, Sicily.
S. Reynolds, M. D., Schenectady, N. Y.
Dr. Henry L. Ridley, Director Botanic Garden, Singapore.
Benjamin Lincoln Robinson, Ph. D., Curator of the Gray Herbarium

of Harvard University, Cambridge.
William Robinson, Editor of Gardening Illustrated. London.
"William Salway, Superintendent of Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati,

O.
Edgar Sanders, Chicago. 111.
William R. Smith, Superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Washington,

D. C.
Robert W. Starr, Port William, N. S.
Sir W. T.Thiselton-Dyer, K. C. M. G., F. R. S.,"Witcombe," Gloucester,

England.
William Trelease, Director of the Missouri Botanic Garden, St. Louis.
Dr. Melchior Treub, Director of the Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg, Java.
H. J. Veitch, Chelsea, England.
James Herbert Veitch, Chelsea, England.
Maurice L. de Vilmorin, Paris, France.
Philippe L. de Vilmorin, Paris, France.
William Watson, Curator of Royal Gardens, Kew, England.
Miss E. Willmott. Essex, England.
Professor L. Wittmack. Secretarj' of the Royal Prussian Horticultural

Societv. Berlin. Prussia.

262

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

LIFE MEMBERS.

Adams, Mrs. Charles Francis, South
Lincoln.

Adams, Henry Saxton, Wellesley.

Agassiz, Mrs. George R., Yarmouth-
port.

Allen, Hon. Charles H., Lowell.

Allen, Thomas, Boston.

Ames, F. Lothrop, North Easton.

Ames, John S., North Easton.

Ames, Miss Mary S., North Easton.

Ames, Oakes, North Easton.

Ames, Oliver, North Easton.

Ames, Mrs. Oliver, St., North East-
on.

Ames, Preston Adams, Washington,
D. C.

Ames, Miss Susan E., North Easton.

Amory, C. W., Boston.

Amory, Frederick, Boston.

Anderson, Larz, Brookline.

Andrews, Charles L., Milton.

Andros, Milton, San Francisco, Cal.

Appleton, Hon. Francis H., Boston.

Arnold, Mrs. George Francis, Brook-
line.

Ash, John, Promfret Centre, Conn.

Atkins, Edwin F., Belmont.

Ayer, James B., Boston.

Backer, Clarence A., Melrose.
Badger, Walter I., Cambridge.
Bailey, Jason S., West Roxbury.
Bailey, Robert M., Dedham.
Baker, Clifton P., Dedham.
Baker, James E., South Lincoln.
Balch, Joseph, Dedham.
Banfield, Francis L., M. D., Wor-
cester.

Barber, J. Wesley, Newton.

Barker, George, Swampscott.

Barnard, George E., Ipswich.

Barnard, Robert M., Everett.

Barnes, Walter S., Boston.

Barney, Arthur F., Dorchester.

Barney, Levi C, Boston.

Barry, John Marshall, Boston.

Barry, William C, Rochester, N. Y.

Bartlett, Francis, Beverly.

Bartlett, Miss Mary F., Boston.

Bates, Miss Mary D., Ipswich.

Baylies, Walter C, Taunton.

Beal, Thomas P., Boston.

Becker, Frederick C, Cambridge.

Beckford, Daniel R., Jr., Dedham.

Beebe, E., Pierson, Boston.

Beebe, Franklin H., Boston.

Beebe, J. Arthur, Boston.

Bemis, Frank B., Beverly.

Bigelow, Albert S., Coha.sset.

Bigelow, Joseph S., Cohasset.

Bigelow, Dr. William Sturgis, Bos-
ton.

Black, George N., Manchester.

Blake, Mrs. Arthur W., Brookline.

Blake, Edward D., Boston.

Blake, Francis, Weston.

Blanchard, John W., West Newton.

Bliss, William, Boston.

Boardman, Miss* Eliza D., Boston.

Boardnian, Samuel M., Hyde Park.

Boardman, T. Dennie, Manchester.

Bolles, WiUiam P., M. D., Roxbury-.

Rosier, Frank C, Carlisle, Penn.

Bowditch, Charles P., Jamaica
Plain.

Bowditch, Ernest W., Milton.

LIFE MEMBERS.

263

Bowditch, James H., Brookline.

Bowditch, Nathaniel I., Framing-
ham.

Bowditch, William E., Roxbuiy.

Bowker, William H., Boston.

Breck, Joseph Francis, AUston.

Bremer, Mrs. John L., Manchester.

Bresee, Albert, Hubbardton, Vt.

Brewer, Francis W., Hingham.

Brewster, William, Cambridge.

Briggs, William S., Lincoln.

Brigham, William T., Honolulu,
Hawaii.

Brooks, Henrj^ Lincoln.

Brooks, J. Henry, Boston.

Brooks, Lawrence, Groton.

Brooks, Peter C, Boston.

Brooks, Shepherd, Boston.

Brown, Edward J., Weston.

Brown, John M., Belmont.

Brown, Samuel N., Boston.

Buitta Vincent, Newton Upper
Falls.

Burlen, William H., Boston.

Burnett, Harrj^, Southborough.

Burnham, John A., Wenham.

Burrage, Albert C. Boston.

Buswell, Frank E., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Butler, Aaron, Wakefield.

Butterworth, J. Thomas, South
Framingham.

Buttrick, Stedman, Concord.

Cabot, Dr. Arthur T., Boston.
Cabot, George E., Boston.
Cains, William, South Boi5ton.
Calder, Augustus P., Brockton.
Cameron, Robert, Cambridge.
Campbell, Francis, Cambridge.
Carr, Hon. John, Roxbury.
Carr, Samuel, Boston.
Carter, Charles N., Needham.
Carter, Miss Maria E., Woburn.
Cart Wright, George, Dedham.
Casas, W'. B. de las, ]\Ialden.

Chadbourne, Marshall W., East
Watertown.

Chamberlain, Chauncy W^., Boston.

Chapman, John L., Mount Auburn.

Chase, Daniel E., Somerville

Cheney, Mrs. Elizabeth S., W^ellesley. "

Choate, Charles F., Southborough.

Christie, William, Everett.

Clapp, Edward B., South Boston.

Clapp, James H., South Boston.

Clapp, William C, South Boston.

Clark, Benjamin C, Boston.

Clark, B. Preston, Cohasset.

Clark, Miss Eleanor J., Pom fret
Centre, Conn.

Clark, J. Warren, MiUis.

Clarke, Miss Cora H., Boston.

Clarke, Eliot C, Boston.

Clough, Micajah Pratt, Lynn.

Cobb, John C, Milton.

Coburn, Isaac E., Everett.

Codman, Miss Catherine A., AVest-
wood.

Codman, James M., Brookline.

Coe, Miss Mary Alma, Boston.

Coffin, Abraham B., Winchester.

Cogswell, Edward R., Jr., Cam-
bridge.

Cole, Edward E., Boston.

Collamore, Miss Helen, Boston.

Colton, Samupl H., Worcester.

Comley, Norris F., Lexington.

Converse, Col. H. E., Maiden.

Coolidge, Harold J., Boston.

Coolidge, Joshua, Mount Auburn.

Coolidge, J. Randolph, Chestnut
Hill.

Coolidge, Mrs. J. Randolph, Chest-
nut Hill.

Coolidge, T. Jefferson, Jr., Boston.

Cottle, Henry C, Boston.

Cox, Thomas A., Dorchester.

Craig, William Nicol, North Easton.

Crane, Zenas, Dalton.

Crawford, Dr. Sarah M., Roxbury.

264

ATASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Crocker, Hon. George G., Boston.
Crocker, Miss S. H., Boston.
Crosby, George E., "West Medford.
Cross, Alfred Richard, Nantasket.
Crowell, Randall H., Watertown.
Curtis, Charles F., Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, Charles P., Jr., Boston.
Cushing. Livingston, Weston.
Gushing, Robert M., Boston,
Cutler, Mrs, Charles F., Boston.
Cutler, Judge Samuel R., Revere.
Cutting, Gen. Walter, Pittsfield.

Dalton, Charles H., Beverly.

Daly, John C, Roxbury.

Damon, Frederick W,, Arlington.

Daniels, Dr, Edwin A., Boston.

Davenport, Albert M., Watertown,

Davenport, George E., Medford.

Davis, Arthur E,, Wellesley.

Davis, Mrs. Arthur E., Wellesley.

Davis, Edward L., Worcester.

Da\'is, L. Shannon, Brookline.

Dawson, Jackson T., Jamaica Plain,

Day, Frank A,, Newton.

Day, Henrj' B., West Newton,

Dee, Thomas W., Cambridge.

Denny, Clarence H., Boston,

Denton, Eben, Dorchester.

Dexter, George, Beverly.

Dexter, Gordon, Beverly Farms,

Dexter, Philip, Beverly.

Dike, Charles C, Stoneham,

Doane, Edgar Howard, Wenham.

Dodd, Henry W., Boston.

Doliber, Thomas, Brookline.

Donald, William, Cold Spring Har-
bor, N. Y.

Donaldson, James, Roxburj-.

Dove, George W, W., Andover.

Dowse, William B. H., West New-
ton,

Draper, Hon. Eben S., Hopedale,

Draper, George A,, Hopedale.

Dreer, William F., Philadelphia, Pa.

Dumaresq, Herbert, Chestnut Hill,
Duncan, The Hon. Mrs, George,

Nahant.
Duncan, James L,, New York, N, Y.
Dunlap, James H., Nashua, N. H.
Durfee, George B,, Fall River.
Dutcher, Frank J., Hopedale.
D wight, Theodore F,, Kendal Green,
Dyer, Herbert H., ArHngton.

Eaton, Horace, Cambridge.
Edgar, William W., Waverley.
Eldredge, H. Fisher, Boston,
Elliot, Mrs. John W., Boston.
EUiott, William H., Brighton.
Ellsworth, J, Lewis, Worcester.
Endicott, William, Boston.
Endicott, William, Jr., Boston.
Endicott, William C, Danvers.
Estabrook, Arthur F., Boston.
Estabrook, IMrs. Arthur F,, Boston.
Ewell, Warren, Dorchester.

Fabyan. George F., Brookline.

Fairchild, Charles, New York, N. Y.

Falconer, William, Pittsburg, Pa.

Farlow, Lewis H., Cambridge.

Farnsworth, Mrs. William, Dedham,

Farquhar, James F, M., Roslindale.

Farquhar, John K. M, L., Roxbury.

Farquhar, Robert, North C'am-
bridge.

Faxon, John, Quincy,

Fay, H. H., Woods Hole.

Fay, Joseph S., Woods Hole.

Fenno, L. Carteret, Boston.

Fessenden, George B,, AUston.

Fewkes, Arthur H., Newton High-
lands.

Finlayson, Duncan, Jamaica Plain,

Finlayson, Kenneth, Jamaica Plain.

Fi.sher, Peter, Ellis,

Fletcher, George V,, Belmont.

Fletcher, J. Henry, Belmont.

Foster, Charles H. W., Needham.

LIFE MEMBERS,

265

Foster, Francis C, Cambridge.
Fottler, John, Jr., Dorchester.
Fowle, George W., Jamaica Plain.
French, Miss CaroHne L.W., Boston.
French, Mrs. Susan E., North East-

on.
French, S. Waldo, Newtonville.
French, W. Clifford, Newton.
Frohock, Roscoe R., Maiden.
Frost, Harold L., Arlington.
Frost, Irving B., Belmont.
Frost, Varnum, Arlington.

Gardner, Mrs. Augustus P., Hamil-
ton.

Gardner, George A., Boston.

Gardner, George P., Boston.

Gardner, John L., Boston.

Gardner, Mrs. John L., Brookline.

Gardner, William Amory, Groton.

Garratt, Allan V., HoUiston.

Gaston, W^illiam A., Boston.

Gibbs, Wolcott, M. D., Newport,
R.I.

Gill, George B., Medford.

Gillard, William, Dorchester.

Gilson, F. Howard, Wellesley Hills.

Goddard, Joseph, Sharon.

Goodale, Dr. Joseph L., Boston.

Goodell, L. W., Dwight.

Gowing, Mrs. Clara E., Kendal
Green.

Grandin, J. Livingston, Boston.

Gray, Mrs. John C, Boston.

Greenough, Mrs. Charles P., Brook-
line.

Gregory, Hon. James J. H., Marble-
head.

Grew, Edward S., Boston.

Hadwen, Obadiah B., Worcester.

Hale, James O., Byfield.

Hall, Edwin A., Cambridgeport.

Hall, George A., Chelsea.

Hall, Jackson E., Cambridge.

Hall, Osborn B., Maiden.

Hammond, George W., Boston.

Harding, George W., Arlington.

Harding, Louis B., Chestnut Hill.

Hardy, F. D., Cambridgeport.

Hardy, Miss Susan White, Boston.

Hargraves, William J., Jamaica
Plain.

Harris, Charles, Cambridge.

Harris, Thaddeus William, A. M.,
Keene, N. H.

Hartshorn, Arthur E., Worcester.

Harwood, George Fred, Newton.

Haskell, Edwin B., Auburndale.

Hastings, Levi W., Brookline.

Hatch, Edward, Bo-ston.

Hauthaway, Edwin D., Sharon.

Haven, Franklin, Boston.

Hawken, Mrs. Thomas, Rockland,
Me.

Hay ward, George P., Chestnut Hill.

Hellier, Charles E., Boston.

Hemenway, Augustus, Canton.

Hemenway, Mrs. Augustus, Can-
ton.

Henshaw, Joseph P. B., Boston.

Henshaw, Samuel, Cambridge.

Heurlin, Julius, South Braintree.

Hewett, Miss Mary C, Canton.

Higginson, Francis L., Boston.

Higginson, Mrs. Henry L., Boston.

Hilbourn, A. J., Boston.

Hill, John, Stoneham.

Hittinger, Jacob, Mt. Auburn.

Hodgkins, John E., Portsmouth,
N. H.

Hoitt, Hon. Charles W., Nashua,
N. H.

Holbrook, E. Everett, Boston.

Hollander, Louis Preston. Boston.

HoUingsworth, Amor L., Milton.

Hollingsworth. Z. T., Boston.

Hollis, George W., Allston.

Holmes, Edward J., Boston.

Holt, Gustavus C, Belmont.

266

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Holt, Mrs. Stephen A., Cambridge.

Holt. William W., Norway, Maine.

Hooper, Mrs. Robert C, Boston.

Hooper, William, Manchester.

Horsford, Miss Kate, Cambridge.

Hosmer, Oscar, Wenham.

Hovey, Charles H., South Pasa-
dena, Cal.

Hovey, Stillman S., Woburn.

Howard, Henry M.. West Newton.

Howard, Joseph W., Somerville.

Hoyt, William J., Manchester. N. H.

Hulibard, Charles Wells, Weston.

Hubbard, James C, Everett.

Humphrey, George W., Dedham.

Hunnewell, Henry Sargent, Welles-
ley.

Hunnewell, Walter, Wellesley.

Hunt, Dudley F., Reading.

Hunt, Franklin, Charlestown, N.
H.

Hunt, William H., Concord.

Hutchins, Rev. Charles Lewis, Con-
cord.

Jack, John George, Jamaica Plain.
Jackson, Charles L., Cambridge.
Jackson, Robert T., Cambridge.
James, EUerton, Milton.
James, Mrs. EUerton, Milton.
James, George Abbot, Nahant.
Jeffries, William A., Boston.
Jenks, Charles W., Bedford.
Johanssohn, Emil, Brookline.
Johnson, Arthur S., Boston.
Johnson, J. Frank, Maiden.
Jones, Jerome, Brookline.
Jones, Dr. Mary E., Boston.
Jordan, Eben D., Boston.
Jordan, Henry G., Brookline.
Jose, Edwin H., Cambridgeport.

Kellen, William V., Marion.
Kelley, George B., Jamaica Plain.
Kendall, D. S., Woodstock, Ont.

Kendall, Edward. Cambridgeport.

Kendall, Joseph R., San Francisco,
Cal.

Kendall, Dr. Walter G., Atlantic.

Kendrick, Mrs, H. P., Boston.

Kennedy, George G., M. D., Milton.

Kent, John, Chestnut Hill.

Keyes, Mrs. Emma INIayer, Boston.

Keyes, John M., Concord.

Kidder, Charles A., Southborough.

Kidder, Nathaniel T., Milton.

Kimball, David P., Boston.

Kimball, Richard D., Waban.

King, D. Webster, Boston.

Kingman, Abner A., Wakefield.

Kinney, H. R., Worcester.

Kinnicutt, Mrs. Leonard P., Wor-
cester.

Kirkland, Archie Howard, Reading.

Knapp, Walter H., Newtonville.

Lamb, Horatio A., Milton.

Lancaster, Charles B., Boston.

Lane, Gardiner M., Boston.

Lanier, Charles, Lenox.

Lawrence, Amory A., Boston.

Lawrence, Amos A., New York,
N. Y.

Lawrence, James, Groton.

Lawrence, John, Groton.

Lawrence, Samuel C, Medford.

Lawrence, Rt. Rev. William, Bos-
ton.

Learned, Charles A., Arlington.

Lee, Daniel D., Jamaica Plain.

Lee, Francis H., Salem.

Lee, George C, Newton.

Leeson, Hon. Joseph R., Newton
Centre.

Leighton, George B., Monadnock,
N. H.

Lemme, Frederick, Charlestown.

Leonard, George H., Boston.

Leuchars, Robert B., Dorchester.

Libbv, Charles W., Medford.

LIFE MEMBERS.

267

Lincoln, George, Hingham.
Lincoln, Col. Solomon, Boston.
Lindsey, N. Allen, Marblehead.
Little, James L., Brookline.
Little, John Mason, Swampscott.
Locke, Isaac H., Belmont.
Lodge, Richard W., Boston.
Loft us, John P., Dorchester.
Loomis, Elihu G., Bedford.
Loring, Augustus P., Beverly.
Loring, David, Boston.
Loring, Mrs. William Caleb, Bev-
erly.
Low, George D., Boston.
Lov\ell, Abbott Lawrence, Boston.
Lowell, Miss Amy, Brookline.
Lowell, James A., Chestnut Hill.
Lowell, John, Newton.
Lowell, Miss Lucy, Boston.
Luke, Otis H., Brookline.
Lumb, William, Brighton.
Lunt, William W., Hingham.
Ljanan, George H., Wareham.
Lyman, Mrs. Theodore, Brookline.

Mabbett, George, Pljonouth.
McCarty, Timothy, Providence, R.

I.
Mackie, George, M. D., Attleboro.
McWilliam, George, WTiitinsville.
Mahoney, John, Boston.
Mallett, E. B., Jr., Freeport, Me.
Mandell, Mrs. William D., Boston.
Mann, James F., Ipswich.
Manning, J. Woodward, Reading.
Manning, Mrs. Lydia B., Reading.
Manning, Warren H., Brookline.
Marble, Benjamin C, Manchester.
Marshall, Frederick F., Everett.
Marston, Howard, Boston.
Mason, Miss Ellen F., Boston.
Mason, Col. Frederick, Taunton.
Mathison, Fred R., Waltham.
Matthews, Nathan, Boston.
Maxwell, George H., Newton.

Melvin, George, South Framing-
ham.

Melvin, James C, West Newton.

Meredith, J. Morris, Topsfield.

Merriam, Herbert, Weston.

Metivier, James, Cambridge.

Milmore, Mrs. Joseph, Washington,
D. C.

Minot, Charles S., Milton.

Mitton, Edward J., Brookline.

Mixter, George, Boston.

Monteith, David, Hyde Park, Vt.

Montgomery, Alexander, Natick.

Montgomery, Alexander, Jr., Na-
tick.

Moore, George D., Arlington.

Moore, John H., Concord.

Morgan, George H., New York, N.Y.

Morse, John T., Jr., Bo.ston.

Morse, Robert M., Jamaica Plain.

Morton, James H., Mattapan.

Moseley, Charles H., Roxbury.

Motley, E. Preble, Boston.

Mudge, George A., Portsmouth,
N. H.

Murdock, Albert L., Boston.

Murray, Peter, Fairhaven.

Mutch, John, Waban.

Nevins, Mrs. David, Methuen.

Newman, John R., Winchester.

Newton, Rev. William W., Pitts-
field.

Nickerson, Mrs. George A., Ded-
ham.

Nickerson, William E., Cambridge.

Norton, Charles W., AUston.

Norton, Edward E., Boston.

Oakman, Hiram A., North Marsh-
field.

Olmstead, Frederick Law, Jr.,
Brookline.

Olmstead, John C, Brookline.

Orpet, Edward O., South Lancaster.

268

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Page, ^Irs. Henrietta, Cambridge.

Paige, Clifton H., Mattapan.

Parker, Charies W., Boston.

Parkman, Heniy, Boston.

Parsons, John E., Lenox.

Patten, Marcellus A., Tewksbury.

Paul, ,\lfred W., Dighton.

Peabody, Frank E., Boston.

Peabody, George A., Danvers.

Peabody, John E., Salem.

Peabody, S. Endicott, Salem.

Peck, William G., Arlington.

Peirce, Miss Marion W., Topsfield.

Perry, George W., Maiden.

Perry, Oliver Hazard, Lowell.

Pfaff, Col. Charles, South Framing-
ham.

Phillips, John C, North Beverly.

Phillips, Mrs. John C, North Bev-
erly.

Phillips, William, North Beverly.

Pickman, Dudley L., Boston.

Pickman, Mrs. Ellen R., Boston.

Pierce, Dean, Brookline.

Pierce, George Francis. Neponset.

Pierce, Wallace L., Boston.

Pierson, Frank R., Tarrj'town,
N. Y.

Pond, Preston, Winchester.

Pope, Col. Albert A., Cohasset.

Porter, Alexander S., Boston.

Porter, James C, Wollaston.

Prang, Louis, New York, N. Y.

Pratt, Laban, Dorchester.

Pratt. Robert M., Boston.

Prendergast, J. M., Boston.

Prescott, Eben C, New York, N.
Y.

Presson, Alfred, Gloucester.

Preston, Howard Willis, Provi-
dence, R. I.

Pringle, Cyrus G., Burlington, Vt.

Proctor, T. E., Boston.

Putnam, George, Manchester.

Putnam, George J., Brookline.

Putnam, Joshua H., Newton Centre.

Quinby, Hosea M., M. D., Worces-
ter.

Raddin, Everett W., North Cam-
bridge.

Rand, Harry S., North Cambridge.

Rawson, Herbert W., Arlington.

Rawson, Warren W., Arlington.

Ray, James F., Franklin.

Raymond, Walter, Boston.

Read, Charles A., Manchester.

Reardon, Edmund, Cambridgeport.

Reardon, John B., Boston.

Remick, Frank W., West Newton.

Rice, George C, Worcester.

Rich, William P., Chelsea.

Richards, John J., Brookline.

Richardson, Charles E., Brookline.

Richardson, Mrs. F. L. W., Brook-
line.

Richardson, Dr. William L., Bos-
ton.

Riggs, William Allan, Jamaica
Plain.

Ripley, Charles, Dorchester.

Ripley, Ebed L., Hingham Centre.

Robb, Russell, Concord.

Robinson, John, Salem.

Robinson, Joseph B., Dorchester.

Rodman, Miss Mary, Concord.

Roffe, Albert H., Newton Centre.

Rogers, H. H., Fairhaven.

Rogers, Mrs. Jacob C, Peabody.

Roland. Thomas, Nahant.

Rothwell, James E., Brookline.

Roy, David Frank, Maiden.

Ruddick, William H., M. D.,
South Boston.

Russell, George. Woburn.

Russell, James S., Milton.

Salisbury, William C. G., Brook-
line.

Saltonstall, Richard- M., Chestnut
Hill.

Sanger, Mrs. George P., Boston.

*^

LIFE MEMBERS.

269

Sargent, Andrew Robeson, Brook-
line.

Sargent, Charles S., Brookline.

Sargent, Mrs. Charles S., Brookline.

Sargent, Charles Sprague, Jr.,
Brookline.

Sargent, Mrs. Francis W., Wel-
lesley.

Sawtelle, Eli A., Amherst, N. H.

Scorgie, James C, Cambridge.

Scott, Charles, Newton.

Sears, Miss Clara E., Boston.

Sears, Dr. Henry F., Boston.

Sears, Mrs. J. Montgomeiy, Bos-
ton.

Sharp, Miss Helen, Boston.

Shaw, Christopher C, Milford, N.
H.

Shaw, Francis, Wayland.

Shaw, Mrs. Robert G., Wellesley.

Sherman, J. P. R., Newton.

Shorey, John L., Lynn.

Shviman, Hon. A., Roxbury.

Shurtleff, Josiah B., Jr., Revere.

Sias, Charles D., Wenham.

Siebrecht, H. A., New Rochelle,
N. Y.

Skinner, Francis, Dedham.

Sleeper, Henry Davis, Boston.

Smiley, Daniel, Lake Mohonk, N.
Y.

Smith, Archibald, Oxford, Eng-
land.

Smith, Charles S., Lincoln.

Smith, Edward N., San Francisco,
Cal.

Smith, Thomas Page, Waltham.

Snow, Eugene A., Boston.

Sohier, Col. William D., Beverly.

Spaulding, Edward, Weston.

Spooner, William H., Jamaica
Plain.

Sprague, Isaac, Wellesley Hills.

Springall, George, Maiden.

Stearns, Charles H., Brookline.

Stearns, Frank W., Newton.

Stecbnan, Hemy R., M. D., Ros-

lindale.
Stevens, Hon. Moses T., Andover.
Stewart, William J., Winchester.
Stone, Charles A., Newton.
Stone, Charles W., Boston.
Stone, Prof. George E., Amherst.
Stone, George F., Chestnut Hill.
Storrow, James J., Boston.
Stratton, Charles E., Boston.
Strong, William C, Waban.
Strout, Charles S., Biddeford, Mfc.
Sturgis, Richard Clipston,- Boston.
Swain, Charles E., Roxburj-.
Sweet, Everell F., Maiden.
Sylvester, Edmund Q., Hanover.

Taylor, Charles H., Boston.

Temple, Felker L., Boston.

Tenney, C. H., Methuen.

Thatcher, William, Brookline.

Thayer, Mrs. Alice R., Boston.

Thayer, Bayard, South Lancaster.

Thayer, Mrs. Bayard, South Lan-
caster.

Thayer, Eugene V. R., South Lan-
caster.

Thayer, Mrs. Eugene V. R., South
Lancaster.

Thayer, Henry J., Boston.

Thayer, John E., South Lancaster.

Thayer, Mrs. John E., South Lan-
caster.

Thayer, Nathaniel, Lancaster.

Thayer, Mrs. Nathaniel, Lancaster.

Thayer, S. V. R., Boston.

Thiemann, Hermann, Belchertown.

Thomas, W. B., Manchester.

Thurlow, Thomas C, West New-
bury.

Tilt on, Stephen W., Brookline.

Tolman, Miss Harriet S., Boston.

Toppan, Roland W., Maiden.

Torrey, Elbridge, Dorchester.

Torrey, Everett, Charlestown.

Tower, Miss Ellen May, Lexington.

270

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tower, Mrs. Helen M.. Cambridge.
Travis. Charles B., Brighton.
Trepess. Samuel J., Glencove, L.

I., N. Y.
Tucker, Lawrence, Boston.

Underwood, Loring, Belmont.

Vander-Woerd. Charles, Waltham.
Vaughan, William Warren. Boston.
Vinal. Miss Maiy L., Somerville.
Vining. R. William E., Hingham.

Wakefield, E. H., Cambridge.

Walcott, Henrj' P., M. D., Cam-
bridge.

Waldo, C. Sidney, Jamaica Plain.

Wales, George O., Braintree.

Walsh, :\Iichael H., Woods Hole.

Waltham, George C, Dorchester.

Walton, Daniel G., Wakefield.

Warburton, Chatterton, Fall River.

Ward, Francis Jackson, Roxbury.

Ward, John, Newton Centre.

Ware. Miss Marj' L., Boston.

Warren, Samuel D., Dedham.

Washburn, Andrew, Hyde Park.

Watson, Benjamin M., Jamaica
Plain.

Watson, C. Herbert, Brookline.

Watson, Thomas A., East Brain-
tree.

Watts, Isaac, Waverley.

Webster, Edwin S., Chestnut Hill.

Webster, Frank G., Boston.

Webster, Hollis, Cambridge.

Webster, Laurence J., Holderness,
N. H.

Welch, David, Dorchester.

Welch. Edward J., Dorchester.

Weld, Christopher Minot, Readville.

Weld, Richard H., Boston.

Weld, Gen. Stephen M., Dedham.

West, Mrs. Maria L., Neponset.

WTieeler, Frank, Concord.

\Mieeler, James, Brookline.

Wheeler, Wilfrid, Concord.

Wheelwright, A. C. Brookline.

Wheelwright, Edmund ]\L. Boston.

^^^litcomb, WilUam B., Medford.

"\Miite, Mrs. Charles T., Boston.

^^^lite, Francis A., Brookline.

AVhite, George R., Boston.

White, Joseph H., Brookline.

Whitman, William, Brookline.

Whitney, Arthur E., Winchester.

Whitney, Ellerton P., Milton.

Whitney, Henrj^ j\L, Cohasset.

Whittier, George E., Groton.

\Miittier, William Benjamin, South
Framingham.

Wigglesworth, George, Milton.
Wilbur, George B., Woods Hole.
Wilde, INIrs. Albion D., West Rox-

burj'.
Wilder, Edward Baker, Dorchester.
Wilder, Henrj^ A., Maiden.
Willcutt, Levi L., Brookline.
Williams, Miss Adelia Coffin, Rox-
bury.
Williams, George Percy, Boston.
Williams, Heniy Bigelow, Boston.
Williams, John Davis, Boston.
Williams, Mrs. J. Bertram, Cam-
bridge.
Williams, Mrs. Moses, Brookline.
Williams, Philander, Taunton.
Wilson, Col. Henry W., Boston.
Wilson, William Power, Boston.
Winsor, Robert, Weston.
Winter, Herman L., South Medford.
Wood, William K., Chicago, 111.
Woodberry, Miss E. Gertrude, Cam-
bridge.
Woodbury, John, Lynn.
Woodward, Mrs. Samuel Bayard,

Worcester.
Wright, George C, West Acton.
Wright, John G., Brookline.
Wyman, Oliver B., Shrewsbury.
Wjniian, Windsor H., North Abing-
ton.

1

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

271

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Allen, Mrs. Sallie R., Wilmington.
Alles, William H., Watertown.
Anderson, George M., Milton.

Bangs, Francis R., Boston.

Barker, John G., South Bend, Ind.

Barr, John, South Natick.

Bayley, S. King, Westwood.

Bigelow, Arthur J., Eastlake, Wor-
cester.

Bigelow, Mrs. Nancy J., South-
borough.

Bird, John L., Dorchester.

Blackmur, Paul R., Quincy.

Blomberg, Carl, North Easton.

Bolton, Sabin, North Easton.

Borst, Theodore F., Brookline.

Bradley, Miss Abby A., Hingham.

Breck, Charles H., Newton.

Breed, Edward W., Clinton.

Bullard, John C, Cambridge.

Carpenter, Frank O., Boston.
Chandler, Alfred D., Brookline.
Chase, Joseph S., Maiden.
Child, Stephen, Kendal Green.
Chubbuck, Isaac Y., Roxbuiy.
Clark, Arthur, East Weymouth.
Clark, John, Watertown.
Clark, John W., North Hadley.
Clark, Joseph, Manchester.
Clark, Theodore M., Boston.
Clinkabern,', Henry T., Newport,

R. I.
Collins, Frank S., Maiden.
Cotter, Lawrence, Dorchester.
Crosby, J. Allen, Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, Joseph H., Boston.
Curtis, Louville, TjTigsborough.

Cutting, Mrs. Isabelle Ladd, Lex-
ington.

Davis, Frederick S., West Rox-

bury.
Derby, William H., Revere.
Dolbear, Mrs. AHce J., College Hill.
Dorr, George B., Boston.
Doyle, WiUiam E., Cambridge.
Duncan, John W., West Roxbury.

Evans, Frank H., Maiden.

Ewell, Marshall F., :\Iarshfield Hills.

Farlow, Mrs. William G., Cambridge.
Fisher, Sewell, Boston.
Fiske, Harry E., WoUaston.
Fitzgerald, Desmond, Brookline.
Forbes, William H., Jamaica Plain.
Francis, George E., M. D., Wor-
cester.
Freeman, Miss Harriet E., Boston.
Fuld. Maurice, Boston.
Fuller, T. Otis, Needham.

Gardner, John Hays, Cambridge.
Garthley, James, Fairhaven.
Gill, Mrs. E. M., Medford.
Grew, Henry, Sturgis, Boston.
Grey, Robert Melrose, Belmont,

Cuba.
Grey, Thomas J., Chelsea.

Hall, Stacy, Boston.

Hallstram, Charles W., West Som-

erville.
Ham, Fernald E., Burlington.
Harrison, C. S., York, Nebraska.
Hatfield, T. D., Wellesley.
Head. Thomas W., Groton, Conn.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Herff, B. van, New York, N. Y.
Heustis, AVarren H., Belmont.
Hildreth, ]\Iiss Ella F.. "West ford.
Hill. Arthur Dehon, Boston.
Hill. J. Willard, Belmont.
HoUingsworth, Miss Rose, Boston.
HoUis, George. South WejTiiouth.
Houghton, George S., Reading.
Hovey, Charles L., Waban.
Howden, Thomas, Whitinsville.
Ho^Ye, Miss Louise, Brookline.
Hubbard, Allen, Newton Centre.
Hubbard, F. Tracy, Cambridge.

Illenberger, Henry, Lake Geneva,
Wisconsin.

Jack, Dr. Frederick L., Boston.
James, Robert Kent, Newton Cen-
tre.
Jameson, G. W., East Lexington.
Johnston, Robert, Lexington.

Keith, Mrs. Mary R., Washington,

D. C.
Kelsey. Harlan P., Salem.
Kennard. Frederic H., Brookline.
Knott, N. W. T., Waban.

Lancaster, Mrs. E. M., Roxbury.
Lawson, Joshua, Brookline.
Leuthy, A., Roslindale.
Lewis, E. L., Taunton.
Lincoln, Miss Agnes W., Medford.
Loring, Mrs. Thacher, Brookline.
Loring, William C, Beverly.
Lothrop, Thornton K., Boston.
Low, Hon. Aaron, Hingham.
Lumsden, David, Waverly.

McKenzie, John, Milford, N. H.
McLaren, Anthony, Westwood.
MacMulkin, Edward, Boston.
Manda, W. A., South Orange, N. J.
Manning, A. Chandler, Reading.

Meriam, Horatio C, D. M. D., Sa-
lem.

Metcalf, Dr. Ben H., Winthrop.

Milman, William, Roxbury.

Moody, Abner J., Lexington.

Morgan, George M., Boston.

Morrison, W^illiam, Dedham.

]Moseley, Frederick Strong, New-
burs^port.

Munson, Prof. W. M., Orono, Me.

Newton, John F., Roxbuiy.
Nicholson, William, Framingham.
Nicol, James, Quincy.
Nixon, J. Arthur, Taunton.
Norton, Patrick, Dorchester.

Oakes, F. L., Newton.

Parker, Eliab, Roxbury.
Parker, Walter S., Reading.
Pettigrew, John A., Jamaica Plain.
Pierce, Mrs. F. A., Brookline.
Pray, James Sturgis, Cambridge.
Pritchard, John, Madbury, N. H.
Purdie, George A., Ormond, Florida.

Rane, Prof. F. W., Waban.
Rea, Charles H., Norwood.
Rea, Frederic J., Norwood.
Rich, Miss Ruth G., Dorchester.
Rich, William E. C, Roxbury.
Richards, Mrs. P. D., West Med-
ford.
Robb, Peter B., Whitinsville.
Robinson, Walter A., Arlington.
Ross, Charles W., Newtonville.
Ross, Henry Wilson, Newtonville.
Ross, Walter D., Worcester.

Sander, Charles, Brookline.
Saunders, ^liss Mary T., Salem.
Scott, Augustus E., Lexington.
Scudder, Samuel H., Cambridge.
Searles, E. F., Methuen.
Seaver, Edwin P., Waban.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

273

Sedgwick, Mrs. EUeiy, New York,

N. Y.
Sharkey, John F., Cambridge.
Sharpies, Stephen P., Cambridge.
Shaw, Hon. Edward P., Newbury-

port.
Stevens, Mrs. Mary L., Brookline.
Stuart, James, Brookline.
Spnmes, Samuel S., Winchester.

Tailby, Joseph, Wellesley.
Teele, William H., West Acton.
Thorpe, Joseph, Taunton.
Tingley. Mrs. Etta Fish, Green-
wood.
Tyndale, Theodore H., WejTiiouth.

Vaughan, J. C, Chicago, 111.
Ware, Horace E., Milton.

Warren, Samuel H., Weston.

Waugh, Prof. F. A., Amherst.

Welch, Patrick, Dorchester.

Westwood, Thomas H., Jamaica
Plain.

Wheeler, Ezra H., Dorchester.

Wheeler, Hemy A«, Newtonville.

^^Tleelwright, George William, Ja-
maica Plain.

White, Miss Margaret, Cambridge.

Wilder, Miss Grace S., Dorchester.

Wilder, Miss Jemima R., Dorches-
ter.

Wilkie, Edward A., Newtonville.

Winter, William C, Mansfield.

Wood, Elijah A., West Newton.

Young, E. Bentley, Boston.

TRANSACTIONS

®assat(jusctts fflrticiiltunil ^odti^

FOR THE YEAE 1907

PART I

BOSTON
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND SEVEN

Massachusetts Horticultural Society
1907

The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts
under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and Publications.

Communications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi-
cations, exhibitions, and membership, may be addressed to William
P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, No. 300 Massachusetts
Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts.

William P. Rich, C/iaiV7«a/n „

_ -_^ -, I Coinimttee

J. W ooDWARD Manning I

Walter S. Parker [

John A. Pettigrew
Edward B. Wilder J

on
Lectures and
Publications.

CONTENTS.

The Inaugural ^Ieeting ...... 7

Horticultural Papers and Discussions

The Iris and its Culture. By J . Woodward Manning 15

The Possibihties of Peach Growing in' New England.

By Adin A. Hixon ...... 25

Collecting Orchids. By John E. Lager ... 37

The Renovation of an old Orchard. By George T.

Powell 51

The Home Vegetable Garden. By John W. Duncan 67

Certain Uses of the School Garden. By Miss Anne

Withington 79

Forestry from a Commercial Standpoint. By Prof. F.

]Vm. Pane 89

The Planting of Streets and Waysides. By John A.

Petti grew 103

Some Bacterial Diseases of Plants: Their Nature and

Treatment. By Prof. H. H. Whetzel . .117

The Gardens of Italy. By John K. M. L. Farquhar 131

THE INAUGURAL ^^lEETlNG, JANUARY 5, 1907.

TRANSACTIONS

^tasijiadvus^tt^ ^lottintltiwal J^oddw*

1907. PART I.

INAUGURAL IMEETING.

The Inaugural Meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society for the year 1907 was held at Horticultural Hall, Boston,
on Saturday, January 5, at twelve o'clock, noon.

Vice President Walter Hunnewell presided and there were fifty
members present.

Mr. Hunnewell, in calling the meeting to order, said that the
assembly today was for the purpose of inaugurating a new adminis-
tration in the history of the Society. The gentleman chosen to
fill the office of President for the ensuing year was well known in
the community, was interested in horticultural matters, was a
veteran of the Civil War, and was worthy of the generous support
of the Society. He then introduced General Stephen ]M. Weld
who delivered the following inaugural address.

Inaugural Address of President Weld.

To the members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society:

In assuming the office of President of your Society I shall endeavor
to perform my duties with due regard to the interests of all branches
represented in the Society. Bearing in mind the able and dignified

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

manner in which my predecessors have carried on the office, I
hope that I shall be able to come somewhere near the standard
they have set. I shall ask for the cooperation and assistance of
all the members of your body, as only in that way can the best
results be brought about and the aims sought for by your Society
most readily accomplished.

Founded in 1829, you are now beginning the seventy-eighth
year of your history. From small beginnings you have attained
to the position of onq of the leading societies in the world. It will
be my earnest purpose to aid in continuing this steady progress
which you have made in the past. I shall try to see that all branches
of horticulture receive fair treatment and a due proportion of the
proceeds of the Society.

Your Society is unif(ue among similar institutions. You have
gone ahead maintaining the work for which you were founded, and
increasing; vour usefulness each vear, with no evidence of advanc-
ing years and no evidence of declining interest. Other institutions
have come and gone, but ours has kej^t on with no sign of decay.
Your interest in the work is as great today as it has ever been, and
it shows upon what sovmd foiuidations the founders of the Society
built. This should stimulate us to renewed activity and endeavor
to broaden our work, and increase the usefulness of the Society.

New branches should be taken up as fast as we can get the means
and the money to do so. The matter of school gardens which were
started about fifteen years ago illustrates the importance of such
undertakings. These were so successful that the children went to
their homes and started gardens there and prizes have been offered
by the Society with good results, as I understand, in this line. The
Society should be considered an educational institution. Lectures
and exhibitions are now the principal methods of carrying on the
work.

Amongst other things 1 think the control and possible extermina-
tion of gypsy and brown-tail moths and other insect pests should
be added to our work. What we as a Society can do might be in
itself small, but by supplementing and aiding state work we might
accomplish a great deal. This also applies to the various pests
which attack fruit, vegetables, and flowers. I commend this to
the earnest attention of the various committees who have these
branches of our Society's work in hand.

THE INAUGURAL MEETING. 9

To accomplish all this we must increase the income of the Society.
Right here it is perhaps fitting 1 should speak of the finances of
the Society. From figures obtained from your Treasurer I find
that the income and expenses for the last few years have been as
follows : —

For the year ending Dec. 31, 1906, the income was $21,710.71;
the expenses were $24,112.73. For the year 1905 the income
was $17,811.37; the expenses were $20,588.27. For the last four
years the average expenses were $22,042.32 and the average income
was $19,372.05.

No business concern, whether incorporated or not, can be run
successfully with such figures as these. We must cut down our
expenses to our income, or increase our income.

There are various ways of doing this. One is to increase the
use of our building by letting the same for purposes of fairs, lectures,
etc. There is no building in Boston which has a better location
than ours for a public hall, and there is no reason why our halls
should not be more in demand for public uses. Possibly a small
sum of money will have to be spent in improving the appearance of
the lecture hall and in making the acoustic properties better. I
imderstand that in one of the fairs the halls were hung with tapestries
and that the acoustic properties were then perfect. 1 would suggest
the appointment of a committee of gentlemen who can take this
matter up and give it the attention it deserves. The rental this
year has been about $4969.00 against $1970.00 last year.

Another method of increasing our income is by increasing the
membership. Still another method is by doing all we can to get
our friends and all persons interested in horticulture to leave us
funds by will. I will read you the following letter to show that by
interesting even people who are not members of the Society in
horticulture and in the work of the Society they will often remem-
ber us when they die.

(COPY)

50 Congress Street, Boston.

Massachusetts Horticukiiral Society,
300 Massachusetts Avenue,
Boston.
Gentlemen: —

Under the will of Charles E. French, of which I am one of the execu-

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tors, your Society is entitled to a legacy of three thousand dollars, this
sum to be held in trust and the income therefrom expended in prizes for
the best specimens of such fruit or vegetables as may be selected by your
Trustees, the trust to be known as the "Benjamin V. French Fvuid'"; and
also to a legacy of five thousand dollars, this sum to be held in trust and
the income therefrom distriliuted in prizes for such specimens of flora as
your Trustees may select, this trust to be known as the "John Allen
French Fund."

The executors are about to close the estate but before paying these
legacies to you they desire your Society to pass as soon as possible a vote
in substantially the fonn herewith enclosed, and send a copy of the same
to the executors.

Yours truly,

Otis Norcross,

for self and co-Ex 'rs.

Estate of Charles E. French.

I have spoken of the various means of increasing our income.
As to decreasing our expenses, it seems to me that we might reduce
both the number and the amount of our cash prizes, and give cer-
tificates of merit, or medals, which wouhl not be so expensive.
Tliis, I iniderstand, is in Hne with the work of the most successful
horticultural societies abroad. I hope this will receive the earnest
attention of your Trustees.

We have lost by death during the year twenty-six life and annual
members, three honorary, and two corresponding members. Many
of these have served in years past on committees, and in other ways
have been actively interested in the work of the Society.

Among them we may especially call to mind Benjamin P. Ware
of Marblehead, for eight years a Vice President, and a man well
known for his strong interest in the agricultural affairs of the state;
Professor Nathaniel S. Shaler, the eminent scientist and teacher
of Harvard University; Mrs. Charlotte N. S. Horner of George-
town, well remembered by frequenters at our exhibitions a genera-
tion ago for her displays of native plants; and Mrs. Anna D.
Wood of Newton, also held in appreci;)tive remembrance for her
floricultural work among us; Samuel Hart well, for twenty-four
years a member of the fruit or vegetable committees, and a constant
contributor at our exhibitions of fruits and vegetables from his
orchard and vineyard at Lincoln; Cephas H. Brackett, formerly
of Brighton, a member of the Committee on vegetables from 1883

THE IXAUGURAL MEETING. 11

to 1901 ; and others equally well known in the business and pro-
fessional circles of our city and state.

Next to its honorable reputation as a leader in American horti-
culture, earned in its career of seventy-seven years, certainly the
most valuable asset of the Society is its library. This can only be
compared with the libraries of the National Societies of England,
France, and Germany; and those best able to judge are of the opin-
ion that the library of this Society far surpasses the other horticul-
tural libraries of the world in the value of its books, in its compre-
hensiveness, and in its excellent arrangement and condition. In
establishing this library the Society has performed an important
duty for the community, and I feel sure that every member is anxious
to see it enlarged and improved as opportunity and means permit.
I am informed that notwithstanding the excellence of our library it
has not been as freely used as it should have been.

At the conclusion of his address President Weld assumed the
duties of his position and called for the annual reports of the chair-
men of the various committees which were presented in the follow-
ing order.

Report of the Board of Trustees.

Report of the Finance Committee, Walter Hunnewell, Chairman.

Report of the Treasurer.

Report of the Secretary and Librarian.

Report of the Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture, William
H. Spooner, Delegate.

Report of the Committee on Lectures and Publications, J. Wood-
ward Manning, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions, John K.
M. L. Farquhar, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers, Arthur H.
Fewkes, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Fruits, Wilfrid Wheeler. Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Vegetables, Warren W. Rawson,
Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Gardens, Oakes Ames, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Children's Gardens, Henry S. Adams,
Chairman.

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Report of the Inspector to the State Board of Agrieultiire, Francis
H. Appleton, Inspector.

On motion of Mr. Spooner it was voted that the varions reports
be accepted and referred to the Committee on Publications.
The meeting was then dissolved.

William P. Rich,

Secretary.

HORTICULTURAL PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS.

THE IRIS AND ITS CULTURE.

BY J. WOODWARD MANNING, READING, MASS.

Delivered before the Society, with stereopticon illustrations,
January 12, 1907.

While the genera of the Iris family are confined almost exclusively
to the Northern Hemisphere ranging from the Atlas ^Mountains
in northern Africa to a latitude of about forty degrees north, they
are closely represented in the tropics by the Moraeas and Maricas,
similar in effect but botanically distinct; while Crocus, Gladiolus,
Freesia, Tigridia, and Ixia are familiar genera and serve to repre-
sent the family in all parts of the temperate and tropic world.

The iris, or as popularly known the fleur de lis, rainbow-flower,
or poor man's orchid, etc., has more than 170 described pure species,
of which about 100 have been cultivated at times by American
horticulturists while somewhat more than 130 species are grown
by English iris fanciers among which, however, a portion fail to
combine sufficient distinction, beauty, or ease of culture to warrant
their extended use. While, however, perhaps less than a hundred
species are to be recommended for cultivation in American or par-
tictilarly New England gardens, this is but a fraction of the number
of varieties VNhich by selection or cross fertilization have been pro-
duced and contribute most advantageously to garden ornamenta-
tion.

The question of the best species, their peculiar requirements,
if any, their ornamental and color effect, their better varieties and
season of bloom are matters of interest to the New England flower
lover, because there is much of neglected beauty in the class from
lack of this knowledge and danger of disappointment from a mis-
understanding of the limitations in color range. It is possible, too,
to very materially extend the period of bloom as compared with
the usual results attained.

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Such irises as figure in horticultural uses are divided into two
classes, those of bulbous nature and those with rhizomes, the latter
varying in this character from the conspicuous surface rhizomes
of the very familiar German iris to very narrow, inconspicuous, sub-
terraneous types of rhizomes in which the roots are the more
conspicuous.

The bulbous irises are most familiarly known by the English
and Spanish types, both of which have been very greatly improved
by selection. The English iris {Iris xiphwides) , growing to a height
of a foot and a half to two feet, bears two to three flowers to a stalk
and varies in color from the purest white form of Mont Blanc through
shades of lavender, blue, and purple, of which Lord Palmerston
with deep rich crimson-purple falls and purple-claret standards
is perhaps the best of the darker colored varieties. Many, too, are
showily striped, flaked and blotched with shades of richer colors
than the general tone of the flowers. The Spanish iris (Iris Xiph-
ium) has taller and more conspicuoiis standards than the last and
the markings are more clearly defined on the falls than is the case
with the English iris; possibly the improvement by selection has
covered a longer period with the Spanish iris. In any event such
a variety as the Thunderbolt is very noteworthy in its large compara-
tive size of flower and grows two feet or more high. The flowers
are richly colored in bronze with a remarkably broad signal patch
of yellow on each of the falls. The better varieties of this class are
Blanche Superba, of purest white; Golden Cup, a very popular
yellow; and Cantab of ultramarine blue with orange blotch and
dark blue standards.

Both English and Spanish iris are of easy garden culture, planted
in autumn, the English iris requiring the greater moisture of the
two, the bulbs being planted at a depth of from three to five inches
while a mulch is an advantage. There are a few other species of
tall-growing bulbous irises, such as Iris juucea and the rare Boissieri,
but they probably are seldom imported and do not compare hor-
ticiilturally with the selected varieties of the last two species.

The dwarf bulbous species are most familiarly represented by
the Iris reticulata, a native of Palestine, varying somewhat in type
but gorgeous in coloring with its brilliant shadings of purple and
gold, and of a delicious violet fragrance. Flowering as it does

THE IRIS AND ITS CULTURE. 17

naturally in March our climatic conditions require its cultivation
in frames to protect the flowers from staining by dampness, though
it is hardy and can be used very advantageously in rockeries or in
protected, sunny situations within easy access to the house. The
Armenian Iris Bakeriana is even earlier, but less showy, though of
rich markings of purple and orange in connection with its general
blue tone. I. Vartani is another species from Asia Minor, but
more difficult to manage than the others and more tender.

Another class of bulbous species is knoAvn under the name of
Juno irises, natives of the Caucasus, Afghanistan, and Northern
India. They have comparatively large bulbs and require well-
drained situations and a thorough sun baking in summer to insure
their continuance and future flowering. They have generally
leafy stems with several flowers closely set to the stalk, and combine
all the ranges of coloring in the family. They closely follow the
last group in their flowering period, but their inadaptability for
cutting and the peculiar cultural conditions they demand without
particular increase in their color range fail to promise much for
their culture in American gardens except to the fancier. Of them
I. Rosenbachiana, Sindjarensis, and Assyriaca are perhaps the best.

Of rhizomatous irises the bugbear class is that of the Onocyclus
group, generally known as Cushion irises. The most familiar
species is the Mourning iris or Iris susiana. All have very broad
petals, and among them are the most remarkable forms in coloring.
Many of the flowers are most delicately veined and reticulated,
generally with a darker color on a light background, and were
they of easier groAAth they could not fail to be popular in every
garden. They are from Persia, Armenia, and Afghanistan and
naturally require hard sun baking after their short blooming sea-
son. They can hardly be called hardy, and in any event require
such special cultural attention that they cannot be recommended.
The wonderfully full flowers with their peculiar markings such as
shown in I. paradoxa, Iberica, and the so-called Prince of irises,
I. Gatcsii, make them particularly interesting and tantalizing.

Closely allied to the Onocyclus group is another popularly
known as the Regelia section in which the petals are narrower and
the plants are hardier and considerably more easily cultivated, but
of even greater importance is the fact that they hybridize freely

18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

with the Onocyckis group and the progeny are comparatively
easily cultivated, increase rapidly, and are of prolific blooming
quality. Mr. C. G. van Tubergen, Jr., of Haarlem, Holland,
has been largely responsible for this group of so-called Regelio-
Cyclus irises, obtaining them by crossing Iris Korolkowi and its
varieties, /. Leichtlini, I. Sarii, and I. Suicarowi with various
species of the Onocylus group. Such resulting progeny as Psyche,
lavender, beautifully striped with rich purple with darker toned
falls; Charon, rich coppery purple with deep purple markings; and
Iphigenia, intermediate in its color range, shoAV something of the
result, while the shape of the flowers is a happy medium between
the two groups.

Probably this group has not been extensively cultivated in this
country as yet and we will look forward with deep interest to the
results.

We now arrive at a point where it is impossible to make a dis-
tinct horticultural line between classes based on botanical classifi-
cation, but by dividing the remaining classes and groups into those
with and without surface rhizomes it is possible to make a form of
subdivision.

The surface rhizomed forms are more popularly known as Ger-
man irises, though the true Iris Germanica is but one of many species.
The dwarf forms are greatly neglected, being but seldom seen in
American gardens, yet possessing great merit in their range of
bloom and the earliness of flowering period. Iris pumila is better
known than the other species and, growing about nine inches high,
bears in April showy flowers of deep purple in profusion. As an
edging plant it has much merit and there are various selected varie-
ties ranging from pearly white through clear blues to the deeper
colored typical form. Iris pumila is certainly worthy of far greater
use than has been the case in the past. 7. verna, another dwarf
species from the Carolinas, is equally dwarf, quite prolific in bloom,
with purple shades, and blooms about the same time. This does
not show the improvement and fixed forms, however, that is true
with the last species. The gem among dwarf irises, however, is
the crested Iris cristata, only growing about six inches high with
light green foliage. It forms a carpet of verdure and bears freely
light blue flowers beautifully blotched with golden yellow. I know

THE IRIS AND ITS CULTURE. 19

no form of dwarf iris with as great adaptability of uses as this
either for naturahzing or for varied garden usage.

Commonly confounded with Iris pumila is a form with flowers
borne singly on the stalk, and with somewhat broader leaves. This
is Iris Chamaeiris, or its variety Olhiensis or Italica. The type
bears yellow flowers with the falls veined with purple.

x\nother small and showy dwarf species, known as Iris flavissivia
or Bloudovii, a native of Siberia, bears showy pure yellow flowers.
While there are a number of other dwarf species they have no par-
ticular horticultural merit over these.

Intermediate between these dwarf irises and the taller growing
German iris has appeared a new race, wdthin a few years, under
the name of Alpine iris, these being produced by Mr. W. J. Caparne
of Rohais, Guernsey. These are the result of crossing many of the
dwarf species with taller growing kinds; the progeny vary in stature
and are claimed to give flowers over a period of six to nine months.
Probably, however, this refers to a collection of the hybrids rather
than any single variety. Undoubtedly they have much of interest,
and trial will eventually prove such merit and distinction as they may
possess.

For perfect hardihood, freedom of bloom, and range of color we
can, however, with the dwarf and taller growing German irises
feel quite independent of the more difficult forms. The German
iris, as popularly known, varies in groAAih in the varied forms from
fifteen to forty inches. The earlier varieties commence blooming
in early May, and by a careful selection of kinds it is possible to
keep up a succession of flowers until late June.

jNIany species are responsible for the beauty of the class, and their
crossing and selection have confused their origin. Iris variegata
shows its influence in the prevailing yellow color of the standards
of the following varieties, with the rather remarkable exception of
the Innocenza, a very fine form, pure white throughout. Other
popular and good named kinds are Beaconsfield, standards yellow,
falls crimson, edged with primrose; Gracchus, standards yellow,
falls crimson reticulated with white; Maori King, standards yellow,
falls rich velvety crimson margined with gold; Sans Souci, stand-
ards yellow, falls yellow reticulated with crimson brown; and
Regina, standards yellow, falls white conspicuously veined lilac
and edged with primrose yellow.

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICUTURAL SOCIETY.

Iris sambucina crossed with /. pallida has given us the very
beautiful variety Madame Chereau, while the cross between varie-
gata and sambucina produces Iris neglecta by selection from which
we have Clarissima with lavender standards and falls reticulated
with crimson purple on a white ground; C}1;here, standards lavender
blue, falls clear blue ; Florence Barr, with both falls and standards
bluish; with rosy lilac tinge ; and Mons de Sible, with lilac standards
and deep crimson-purple falls.

Some beautiful forms are embraced under the doubtful species
hybrida, all with white standards, of which Due de Nemours, with
purple edged white falls; George Thorbeck, falls rich violet purple
veined with white at base; Mrs. George Darwin, falls white, the
upper part veined with gold and violet, are among the best.

The species Iri.s German ica is, undoubtedly, more common than
any other type, particularly in the older gardens. In this purple
is the predominating color, and Purple King and Black Prince are
the best representatives.

Iris Florentina, the orris root of commerce, is one of the most
popular, and very deservedly so ; for over a hundred years it has
occupied a conspicuous position in every large New England garden,
and during the period has lost none of its popularity; free bloom-
ing, wuth flowers of pearly whiteness, it annually leads the way to
the charms of the early summer garden flowers. There are three
forms, the common type just described, the variety Albicans, of a
purer white, and Princess of Wales, even more floriferous, with
slightly longer flowers and the most deliciously fragrant of any Ger-
man iris.

The crowning beauty of all German irises is traceable to the
blood of Iris pallida, the broadest leaved of all, with sword-like
foliage often attaining a height of two and one-half feet and an
inch and a half across the blade. The flowers are borne on long
stems well above the foliage, altogether producing a most charm-
ing effect. The variety Dalmatica sometimes known as Princess
Beatrice and occasionally in this country as Madam Almyra, is
the finest, with immense flowers of a rich lavender blue and with a
charming though subtle fragrance. Delicata is of weaker growth,
with falls lavender, shading to white and French-gray standards.
Hybridizing has not improved this species, as seen in the variety

THE IRIS AND ITS CULTURE. 21

Queen of May, which, while beautiful, with its soft, rosy-lilac,
almost pink flowers, is a comparatively weak grower, though
floriferous. The beautiful cross of the sj)ec\es -with. Iris samhicina
shown in the variety Madame Chereau is an exception, however, and
this is a most delightful flower, with its pure white petals richly
feathered with lilac.

The varieties of German iris mentioned are but a fraction of
those that can be purchased from horticultural sources; they
represent, however, the best and among them are varieties far
advanced in horticultural merit over many of the more common
varieties seen. Of clear yellow German irises we have two species
flavescens and aurea; both are good, the former attaining a height
of three feet, with lemon yellow flowers, and the latter of dwarfer
gro^^i:h, with rich golden yellow flowers.

All of these irises with surface rhizomes are of the easiest cultiva-
tion, thriving in ordinary garden soils, requiring subdivision and
replanting in reenriched soils as their clumps become large or the
soil becomes exhausted. This replanting should be done as soon
as the foliage shows signs of ripening and must not be delayed so
long that they may not become thoroughly reeestablished in the
soil before winter. In planting it is better not to sink the rhizomes
over an inch below the surface unless the situation is naturally a
very dry one. As the plants become established the rhizome soon
assumes its proper elevation. Until of late few diseases troubled
this class. Unfortunately, however, a seemingly microbic rot is
found to affect the roots so that the foliage becomes detached from
the rhizome. The disease is little understood and no remedy has
been proved effective, though it is quite possible that overrichness
of soil may serve to foster the disease.

The Jacob's Sword {Iris Pseudacorus) occupies an intermediate
position. Never being classed as a German iris it is a beautiful
plant to associate along water courses and yet will thrive admirably
in ordinary garden soils; with ample dark-green foliage it makes
a vigorous and healthy clump and bears abundantly of rich golden
yellow flowers with a conspicuous orange zone on the base of the
falls. Two types are common, one with narrower petals than the
other. The Gladwin, or Roast-Beef plant (7m foefidissima),
while pale blue in its typical form, in its variety citrina is of a clear

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

yellow, but the main interest in this centers in the ornamental effect
of the bursting seed pods within which the fleshy bright orange
colored seeds show to advantage.

Those irises with so-called tufted roots are represented familiarly
by the Siberian and Japanese classes. The Siberian has a number
of distinct forms of which the type is a tall leafy plant four to five
feet high with many flowering stems bearing from three to five
flowers to a stem, and with dark blue coloring marked with white
pencillings. The two most useful forms, however, are the pure
'white variety which grows about two feet high, bearing purest white
flowers in small clusters, an admirable ])lant for any flower border,
and the variety Qricyitalis, with broader, shorter foliage growing to a
height of eighteen inches and bearing with wonderful profusion
flowers of the richest blue with faint white throat markings. There
is no better true blue in the iris family than this. It, too, is one of
the few irises which will bloom a second time, though sparingly it
is true, by cutting down after the flowering period. This can
hardly be recommended, however. No iris reproduces itself any
faster than this. It quickly forms broad colonies and necessarily
requires frequent division and transplanting.

Japanese irises comprise, perhaps, the jxir excrUcnce of the family;
they are much misunderstood and recjuire more judgment in their
cultivation than do German irises. If planted in situations where
water will not collect about the crowns in winter they are perfectly
hardy. To flood them at the flowering period is an advantage, not
a necessity. This need is nearly as fully met by thorough mulch-
ing to retain all possible soil moisture during the flowering period,
and with artificial watering is far safer than to plant in a moist
situation. It is a false impression that the Japanese plant them
where they are subject to excesses of moisture in winter. During
this period the Japanese iris fields are drained. All Japanese
irises are seemingly improved and selected varieties, rather than
hybrids. Their range of color is a very ample one, but has decided
limitations. Aside from the variety of self colors and their com-
binations in flaking and veining, together with the single and semi-
double forms, nothing can be expected. A dozen distinct sorts
rej)resent the class far better than a large collection of varieties
whose distinction is more dependent on their labels than on any

THE IRIS AND ITS CULTURE. 23

visual evidence of variety. Probably no class of plants has been
more cruelly foisted on the public as new than these, by means of
fanciful names in which Japanese terms have been used as indica-
tive of new sorts.

It is highly improbable that any distinctive improvement of
the class has resulted in comparison with the first sets of varieties
shown in our halls twenty years ago. The following list is probably
no better than others that could be named, but possesses distinction
in the sorts quoted. Arthur Silbard, double, white, shaded with
violet; Blue Jay, single, clear blue, spotted with w^iite; Calypso,
double, lilac, richly veined with purple; Dagmar Georgeson,
rich royal purple, single; Goliath, double, white, marked with
violet; Emperor of Japan, double, velvety maroon; Gold Bound,
double, white, margined with gold; and Painted Lady, single,
white, veined with claret.

The wonderful size of the flowers of the Japanese irises, their
late period of bloom, carrying on the flower effect to early August,
renders the class indispensable to every flower garden. Massing
them in groups of a single variety, rather than in promiscuous clash-
ing of colors is, however, essential for the most artistic effects.

Discussion.

INIrs. E. ]M. Gill inquired how often it was necessary to transplant
the iris.

Mr. Manning replied that it depended on the class; German
irises should be transplanted every three or four years; the Japanese
kinds every year or every other year. August is the best time to
transplant them.

William N. Craig remarked that to have success with Spanish
irises it is necessary to repurchase stock every second year; they
cannot be grown successfully after the second year without new
stock.

John Clark said that he had grown the various classes of iris
and that after all it is the German varieties to which we must look
for the best results.

In answer to a question concerning the best fertilizer for the iris
Mr. Manning stated that ordinary manure fertilizers are satisfactory.

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The ground should be of good soil, trenched to a depth of eighteen
inches. If manure is not available commercial fertilizers can be
used.

Edward R. Farrar asked if the Japanese iris could be grown on
the border of a pond.

Mr. jNIanning replied that it should not be planted at the edge
of the water but on the bank borders ; a difference of a foot in dis-
tance from the edge is a matter of life or death to the Japanese iris.

THE POSSIBILITIES OF PEACH GROWING IN
NEW ENGLAND.

BY ADIN A. HIXON, WORCESTER, MASS.

Delivered before the Society, January 19, 1907.

About three years ago I spoke before the members of this society
on "My Observations and Experience in Horticulture," incidentally
referring to the matter of the possibility of apple culture. The
newspapers made so much of my talk that within a week or ten days
I received fifty-eight letters, showing that we little know how much
influence we have or how much interest there is in these things.

The peach is of Persian origin. Pliny says it has venomous
properties and was sent to Eg}^t by the kings for revenge. Gerard
says in 1579 that he had the peach in his garden. He says: "It
soon Cometh up, beareth fruit the third or fourth year after planting,
and it soon decayeth and is of not long continuance."

As early as 1795 writers said something must be done to save the
peach crops. In 1807 Judge Peters states that his father had large
orchards fifty years before that yielded abundant crops and con-
tinued to do so for years with little attention. Then the trees began
to sicken and die. He speaks of other orchards being troubled
the same way by a disease that he later calls the yellows. His
courage was good, however, and he kept on planting every year.
He says: "Have had trees live twenty years, and have known trees
twice that age, yet I think four or five crops is the average life.
Have noticed that those on limestone soils and of that nature live
longest. After two years of excessive rain I lost 150 trees. From
perfect health they turned yellow and the bodies blackened. I
grubbed out every one. I did n't venture to replace them with
an^lhing grown near but got them from afar. I promptly renewed
ever\'thing on first symptoms of disease. I know of no more valuable
fruit than the peach and always have a new plantation coming along

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to renew the older ones." This writer of fifty years' experience
thinks excessive moisture is the cause of the yellows.

All writers about this time mention a wasp that does a great deal
of harm, and which proves to be the parent of the borer. A book
published in 1797 mentions thirty-one sorts of peaches. A writer
says the one called the Kare Ripe is about the only one worth cul-
tivating, and within thirty years that had greatly deteriorated. He
suggests if they were renewed by planting trees or stones from some
other countries it would be well.

In 1803 some of the growers near Philadelphia recommended
cutting back so as to make new heads with good success. Another
writer says, "Be careful and not injure the roots. Do not use too
much barnyard manure. Plant on high ground and on the north
side of the slope." INIention is made of severe frosts every few
years killing the buds in New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania.

In 1800 a writer from Leverett, Mass., recommends planting
on sandy soil, bordering toward gravel, on the north to west slopes.
He says, "After a few crops, cut back so as to renew the top and
they will bear good crops." Another writer in 1822 says, "We are
utterly destitute of nurseries or places, from Boston to Albany, to
get trees or plants for our gardens." He goes on to state that he
could only get wild strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, or whortle-
berries from the farmers.

Still another tells of his visits to his grandfather's place where
trees and the ground were covered with peaches and the little trees
were coming up so thick they had to be thinned out. Another one
that visited his grandfather's place once a year, about peach time,
remembered one tree at the corner of the house and what luscious
peaches that tree bore. A few days ago a lady spoke to me of the
luscious peaches of her girlhood days. I inquired how" many years
they had them, but she could not tell. The tree died about the
time she married and there was no one interested enough to plant
more.

I mention these facts to show that for the past hundred years or
more there has been trouble in growing peaches, not only in New
England, but in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, and
that the peach is a short-lived tree and should be set out every few
years, and that the reason of their doing well in New England was

PEACH GROWING IN NEW ENGLAND. 27

that they were mostly a seedUng peach of hardy varieties and those
that reproduced themselves from stones and before the introduction
of the borer and yellows. The fact that they have borers and yellows
in New York, Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, and frost
in all of these states, even in Florida, the land of orange growing,
should encourage us to continue, for we are no worse off than they
are.

The possibilities of New England for agricultural and horti-
cultural success are greater than any other part of the United
States. First, because of its markets. In Massachusetts alone,
there are nearly one hundred cities and towns with a popula-
tion of 5000 or more, with a land area of about 8000 square miles.
There is not another state in the country, outside of New England,
that can begin to compare with it. It has a greater variety of soils
than any other place.

Professor Shaler says, "New England is one of the most perma-
nently fertile parts of the United States, made so by the steady and
gradual disintegration of her rocks and drift formations." This is
of importance considering the experiments lately made by experts
connected with the Good Roads Bureau of the Department of
Agriculture and the German scientists and investigators with
the use of stone meal. One large grower in this vicinity says,
"Peaches have been grown on our farm ever since I can remember
and there has not been a year that we have not had them. The
climate may be against us, but the yellows is the worst thing we
have to contend with, although on the whole I do not think we are
any worse off than they are in some other parts of the country."

Another advantage in favor of New England is that the fruit
can be left on the trees until ripe. As a result the peaches have
better flavor and color. Boston dealers say that the peaches grown
in eastern Massachusetts are the finest in flavor and the handsomest
in shape and color. I think we can grow peaches as successfully
on our hilly lands as they do in New Jersey and Delaware. Another
grower informs me that our worst trouble is to get trees true to
name. The most reliable way, he thinks, is to grow our own fruit
from healthy stones and bud from strictly healthy trees. Then
you get what you want and a tendency toward the elimination of
the yellows. I think it would be well to grow seedlings every year.

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

experimenting with a view to getting a variety that would be hardy
and vigorous in its immediate vicinity at least.

A popular variety in the vicinity of Worcester and one that docs
very well is the INIountain Rose. The Greensboro is a very hardy
one and you are likely to get peaches from that tree when all others
fail. It is a clingstone. The past few years the Late Crawford
has been a profitable one to grow. The Crosby is a hardy peach
of good quality, but not as marketable as some. The Champion
is longer ripening than most of the others. It does not color quite
enough, but it is so vigorous and bears such large fruit that it is
worth trying. The Foster is similar to the Crawford. The Old-
mixon is a white peach and one of the standards of excellence. The
Elberta is a good peach to look at, is hardy and vigorous, good size,
and more of them are planted than any other. It sells well because
it is showy, but it is of poor quality.

An important consideration in peach culture on a large scale is
the selection of a location, one not affected by late frost in the spring
or early frost in the fall, one where the buds will be the least likely
to start early in the spring. The influence of climatic and atmos-
pheric conditions has much to do with all vegetable growth, especially
peaches. Extreme cold is not as bad as extreme changes, especially
when w^et. Sometimes large ponds or rivers have a beneficial effect,
as well as elevations near the salt water. In all cases plant the trees
on elevated ground with a northerly or westerly slope.

Forsoil the peach will adapt itself to almost any kind. The best
soil is a sandy loam rich in vegetable matter. It will do remarkably
well on stony soils. Very rich soils produce too much wood. The
peach does well on rocky or ledgy side hills that are almost worthless
for an}i:hing else. Land with much vegetable growi;h on it would
be benefited by a good dressing of lime before ploughing and another
before harrowing. I know of one orchard on gravelly knolls
where the wood had been cut off, the brush burnt, then holes dug
and trees planted. They are dug around every spring, fertilizer
applied, the brush cut twice a year and allowed to rot on the ground.
The trees do not make as much wood as some, but otherwise are
very satisfactory.

For manures use a dressing of well-rotted stable manure once in
two or three years, an occasional dressing of wood ashes, muriate

PEACH GROWING IN NEW ENGLAND. 29

potash, occasionally nitrate of soda or nitrate of potash. Always
keep your foliage of deep green shade, but be careful not to induce
an excessive growth late in the season. Get your gro^^i;h early in
the season so as to have it mature before cold weather. Do not
trim until spring, for each tree will be a protection to itself. Strong
growing varieties on strong lands may be planted twenty feet apart;
on lighter lands, fifteen feet apart.

When setting out the trees carefully trim all broken roots and cut
the tree to two and two and half feet from the ground, removing all
side branches. When planting examine carefully for borers. If
there are any dig them out and apply strong solution of whale-oil
soap with the addition of a small c[uantity of potash. Examine
the trees every spring and again in July and iVugust. The fruit
should be thinned, as an over-production tends to weaken the trees,
making them more liable to disease and insect pests. A good time
for the thinning out is when the fruit is about the size of a small
walnut, the latter part of June or in July, depending upon the
varieties, early or late. The first two or three years beans or vine
crops may be planted. Afterwards I would cultivate to keep the
weeds down until the latter part of July or August 1, when peas,
vetch, or crimson clover may be sown to serve as a cover crop or
mulch through the winter, ploughing under in the spring to furnish
vegetable matter.

A man starting peach growing would do well to notice what is
being done in his neighborhood, and be governed somewhat by
local growers as to varieties to grow. I believe in the possibilities
of New England in many things, especially peach growing. I think
those men who are putting so much time and money in the produc-
tion of milk would find it much more profitable and enjoy life much
better if they devoted their time and energy to peach growing.

Discussion.

Elmer B. Parker of Wilton, New Hampshire, spoke on tlie sub-
ject of the day substantially as follows:

"My experience in growing peaches is limited to a small section
of southern New Hampshire, our farm being on the extreme northern
limit of the peach belt. There are several towns near us where

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

peaches may be grown but only a few are making a business of it.

Success in peach growing depends on several things: First,
location; we must get back on the hills to escape frost. Second,
soil. But the most essential thing of all is the man. One must
make up his mind to meet with some failures in any place, north
or south; and the orchard must receive the usual care when we do
not have a crop.

On an average we have two crops in three years and have now
had three crops in succession. The past season, through some
unknown cause, we had the only crop in our section and practically
sold the entire production within four miles of the orchard; and
this without any soliciting, only an advertisement in the local paper.

My father is the pioneer peach grower in our section. His
neighbors followed suit but gradually dropped out of the game
leaving him to master the situation alone, and he won. At the
present time there seems to be a new awakening; farmers are
going peach-crazy as they call it, but we do not fear competition,
even if they succeed, for Parker's peaches have a reputation made
by thirty years of honest dealing.

New England, as a whole, offers many advantages for peach
culture over other sections. We have a good market right at our
very doors. Fruit picked in the morning can be on the market in
the afternoon, almost with the dew on it. We have low express
rates compared w^ith the enormous cost from the South; from our
to\\Ti to Boston there is a ten cent rate. We are gradually working
up new markets to the north of us and, although we enter into com-
petition with New York State and Connecticut fruit, our products
find a ready sale at advanced prices over our competitors.

The cry has been that when the great orchards that are being
planted throughout the country come into bearing peaches would
be a drug in the market. Seldom, however, do all sections produce
full crops the same year; then those that fail take the surplus of
others.

Were it not that there are insects, disease, and careless planters,
the peach business would be overdone. Just compare our lot with
the growers of the irrigated lands of the West — Utah, Idaho,
and Colorado — where land is high and a long distance from the
market; yet they can put fruit on the Boston market, and at a profit.

PEACH GROWING IN NEW ENGLAND. 31

Our fruit is superior to the bulk of that coming from the South;
it can mature on the trees, getting color and flavor, if the right fer-
tilizer is used; for you can breed flavor into a peach, good or bad.

Today we have more difficulties to overcome than we had fifteen
or twenty years ago. The peach has now come to be a necessity with
all classes of people, where it used to be a luxury. Peach growing
offers a vast field for study and we have the Experiment Stations
that are ever willing to help us over our difficulties in solving new
problems. Beginning with the tree from the nursery we must give
the most careful attention to all the details.

Peach trees talk to us through their leaves ; their color tells the
whole story; and the observing planter will soon notice any trouble
and find the cause and remedy.

It is strange that people are not making the best of their opportuni-
ties. Where the peach can be grown it is more profitable than the
apple, for it bears fruit when three years old. The Elberta is
adapted to all sections and in my opinion it is the best market
variety, the best for canning purposes, and is a very good eating
peach.

I have an experimental orchard in which I have two hundred
kinds at the present time. There are several varieties that are
valuable for the market. I shall be glad to answer any questions
as to my methods."

In reply to inquiries Mr. Parker stated that he had now two thou-
sand peach trees which had been growing about fifteen years. During
that time he had had three failures. He marketed last year 700
baskets; three years ago he had a crop of 2000 baskets. They
brought from $1.00 to $1.50 per basket. In addition to Elberta
he grew Early Crawford and Carman.

William N. Craig asked the lecturer to name desirable varieties
for the Worceater County region.

Mr. Hixon replied that he was partial to the INIountain Rose;
it is a small, nicely colored peach and suitable to put up whole in
jars without cutting. The Greensboro, Champion, and Foster
were also to be recommended. The Champion is a good home
variety but it is tender to handle and liable to rot. It is imposible
to put it on the market in good shape; it is too large. The Craw-
ford is one of the best but it is rather tender. Both the Earlv and

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Late Crawford are favorites for small gardens. The Waddell
and Carman are newer varieties and not very well known in his
region. The Coolidge Favorite is a good peach.

AYilf rid Wheeler said that it was possible to put flavor into peaches
by proper attention to fertilizing. Stable manure, if used too freely,
would spoil the flavor of peaches. He advocated harrowing the
orchard twice a season; the second harrowing to be done in June.
Crimson clover and vetch were desirable to plant as a cover crop
and allowed to die down in winter, and fertilizing should be done
in the spring instead of in the fall.

^Monroe ^lorse, a successful fruit grower of Medway, Massachu-
setts, was called upon to give his experience in peach cultivation.

Mr. ]Morse said that he never practised grass culture of orchard.
He had experimented on one acre for two years, but they did not
grow as large as under open culture, and now he plows up the ground.
He had used crimson clover several times but without much success.
He had sowed also some vetch, but he depended mainly on barley,
oats, and peas as a cover crop. He advocated nitrate of potash
and Canada ashes for the peach orchard.

By request Air. Morse has kindly furnished the following detailed
description of his method of fertilizing the peach orchard:

"In fulfillment of my promise to write out in fuller detail the
leading points of my remarks at the recent discussion at Horticul-
tural Hall on peach growing, I think one of the things desired was
a clearer statement of my reasons for using ashes as a source of
lime for liming land. Ashes as I buy them from Canada are guar-
anteed to contain not less than 6 per cent total of potash and phos-
phoric acid; about 5 pounds of potash and 1 pound of phosphoric
acid. These 6 pounds in 100 pounds of ashes may be fairly con-
sidered worth 5 cents per pound or 30 cents value in each 100 pounds
of ashes. When bought in quantity the ashes cost me in Medway
45 cents per 100 pounds. Deduct the value of the potash and phos-
phoric acid and we have left 15 cents as the cost of the lime, about
35 pounds.

The lowest price at which I could get air-slaked lime delivered
in Medway in large quantities was at the rate of 34 cents per 100
pounds. I do not think air-slaked lime contains more than 60
per cent of actual lime, 60 pounds to the 100, making the cost of

PEACH GROWING IN NEW ENGLAND. 33

30 pounds of lime in air-slaked form 17 cents. In ashes I got about
35 pounds of lime for 15 cents. If I bought quicklime it would
cost me about .|12.00 per ton in INIedway or 60 cents per 100 pounds.
As commercial lime is not pure it is doubtful if 100 pounds would
contain more than 90 pounds of actual lime, making 30 pounds of
lime cost 20 cents, while in ashes I get about 35 pounds for 15 cents.
As an additional item in favor of ashes I think the ash lime of greater
value than stone lime. Also ashes are in far better condition for
spreading than either air-slaked or quicklime.

But it is my present thought that the cheapest way to supply
lime to the soil is to use basic slag as a source of phosphoric acid
for the fertilizers. Slag carries from 30 to 50 per cent of lime, and
the value of the phosphoric acid it carries will cover its whole cost.

In regard to nitrate of potash which I stated cost me about $90.00
per ton, S4.50 per 100 pounds, the exceeding richness of the chemi-
cal makes it the cheapest source for potash and nitrogen that I
know. Each 100 pounds carries 44 pounds of potash, equal in
value to the same quantity derived from high-grade sulfate of potash,
in which form it cost me this season in Medway about 5^ cents per
pound. This 44 pounds at Si cents comes to $2.28, which taken
from $4.50 leaves $2.22 for the value of the 14 pounds of nitrogen
contained in 100 pounds of nitrate of potash, or 15f cents per pound
for the nitrogen which Prof. Goessman assured me is equally val-
uable with the nitrogen derived from nitrate of soda which costs
me in Medway this season $58.00 per ton, or $2.90 per 100 pounds.
100 pounds of nitrate of soda contains about 15| pounds of nitro-
gen, making the cost of one pound of nitrogen in nitrate of soda
18^0 cents per pound. The difference in cost of nitrogen per
pound in favor of nitrate of potash is 2tVo cents, making the sav-
ing in 100 pounds of nitrate of potash $.399, or $7.98 per ton.

Nitrate of potash is not a fertilizer which can be used alone to
advantage. The potash and nitrogen are not well proportioned
and it is wholly lacking in phosphoric acid. To get a fertilizer such
as I want for use in my peach orchard I mix with it Lobos guano,
basic slag, and high-grade sulfate of potash.

]\Iv formula for this season's use is

150 poiuids nitrate of potash
150 " Lobos guano

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

150 pounds high-grade sulphate of potash
750 " basic slag

1200 ''

This gives me a mixture containing about
'2j\ per cent nitrogen
12^ " phosphoric acid, available

12i\j " potash
and the mixture contains no chlorine which I consider injurious
to fruit and to the land as it tends to make the land become sour.
As this mixture contains a large proportion' of slag which carries
from 30 to 50 per cent of available lime, it will help to lime the land.

Now this will seem tedious to most persons, but 1 find such cal-
culations necessary to enable me to decide intelligently what to buy
to fertilize the peach orchard for the best results and the greatest
economy."

Mr. Morse was asked if he sprayed. He replied that he would
not get any fruit if he did not. For the San Jose scale he used 15
pounds each of sulphur and lime to 50 gallons of water.

Mr. Parker stated that he had no scale in his orchard and he
sprayed with Bordeaux mixture.

]\Ir. Hixon called attention to the practice of planting peach
stones for the raising of trees and advised against it. Although it
was interesting as an experiment it would not pay commercially.
He had tried it and had the trouble of pulling up the trees later.

Duncan Finlayson inquired if Mr. Morse had experienced trouble
with borers.

Mr. Morse replied that he had trouble with borers; he painted
the trunks with lime paint for he found the borers put in their work
in spite of the spraying with lime and sulphur. He said that spray-
ing with lime and sulphur accomplished two things; it destroyed
the scale insect and it was also a remedy for fungi and leaf curl.
One spraying served for both purposes. He sprayed once a year,
whether the need was apparent or not, and should continue to do so.

Mr. Hixon remarked that the scale was not got rid of easily and
advised making sure of new stock being clean.

William N. Craig inquired if any of the nurserymen present
had ever used hydrocyanic acid gas in fumigation of nursery stock.

PEACH GROWING IN NEW ENGLAND. 35

He had found it useful in the greenhouse to keep down the ravages
of insect pests.

Mr. Morse said that he feared the use of it would be liable to
kill the trees or injure the buds.

James Wheeler stated that he had used hydrocyanic acid gas
in his greenhouse with good results and without injury. At one
time his house was badly infested with mealy bugs but after treat-
ment with this fumigant they had practically disappeared.

Mr. Craig further said that violets were very susceptible flowers
but were not injured by this treatment. The only damage he had
experienced was that the delicate tips of the maidenhair fern had
been burned some.

Mr. Hixon observed that all cucumber growers used it in their
houses.

Mr. Parker said that he would not buy any nursery stock that
had not been fumigated when sent out.

Mr. Morse said that there was danger of injury to young stock
by fumigation, and he would not take any risk as he would have
to spray anyway.

On motion of Mr. Craig a hearty vote of thanks was extended to
Messrs. Hixon, Parker, and Morse in appreciation of their valuable
contributions to the discussion.

COLLECTING ORCHIDS.

BY JOHN E. LAGER, SUMMIT, NEW JERSEY.

Delivered before the Society, January 26, 1907.

There are many things intermixed with orchid collecting that
to many people seem out of place ; yet, often on these various things
may depend the success of several months of labor.

In the countries where the orchids flourish ever}i:hing is different
from what it is in the northern latitudes — climate, people, and the
invariable lack of transportation, except by mules or oxen, or by
canoes, or rafts on the rivers.

I particularly refer to conditions such as they are in South America.
(The East Indies it has not been my fortune to see). Thus, in
short, an orchid collector's life is not an easy one by any means;
even under the best of conditions. There are, of course, several
kinds of collectors; some have it or take it comparatively easy.
There is, for instance, the man who is sent out by some house to
secure a certain kind of plant ; to get so many boxes full and return
home. The locality in which to obtain the plants is possibly
indicated to him, and the man as a rule follows the beaten tracks
or highways to some town or village where he makes arrangements
for a certain quantity of plants and returns home; the trip lasting
six months; possibly eight or nine months. He has obtained the
plants and let us hope they arrived at their destination in good con-
dition and everybody satisfied. This kind of a collector is the one
who has the easiest time, but he will know very little of the country,
its nature, its geography and its flora in general, and he is not the
man to find new fields. He will go where some one else has been
before and opened up the way, if he changes place at all.

The other man is one who is in love with his work and one who
wants to see the marvels of the Creator in all their splendor and to
satisfy this desire he must undergo untold hardships. No beaten

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tracks will serve his purpose, but he must plunge into the wilds on
mule back, up and down streams and rivers, in canoes and rafts,
and not unfrequently on foot.

In looking for new fields exploring the country is absolutely
necessary. It is not enough to know that plants can be obtained,
but the collector must know his territory, the lay of the country,
its rivers, its mountains, and hence he must figure out how the
plants can be moved, without which his labors will be in vain. To
illustrate this I will mention an incident, on one of my trips. I
had struck my Eldorado in the form of a virgin Cattleya district.
No man before had ever robbed this forest of its jewels, and to the
best of my knowledge no one has been there since. The plants
and the varieties were superb, but the problem Avas how to get them
out. The nearest I could get to a point from which I could get
transportation with certainty was fifty miles; but from where I was
I could strike the same river at a point considered not navigable in
about six hours. I reasoned that if there was water in the river,
even if there were plenty of rocks in it, and the current strong, I
could float my plants down in cJinvipafiPs (large canoes), and I
set to work accordingly. I packed my plants at night in bags and
sent twenty-five or thirty loads down to the river where I had tents
pitched. The mules were unloaded and returned for more, until
I had the entire lot moved. Now commenced the real battle; I
had to go down along the river a considerable distance and try and
induce some of the owners of boats to come up where I had the
plants, but as they had not done so before they reasoned that it
could not be done. I was determined, however, and after con-
siderable arrangement I succeeded in convincing two {parties
that it could be done, with the result that we started to ascend
the strong current. I returned to my plants waiting for the l)oats
for several days, when suddenly a freshet came rushing down the
river, swelling it out of all pro)K)rtions. I had the plants on a knoll
near the river; in a few hours the water cut behind us and we were
on an island helpless; we had to abandon our tents, the water eating
gradually toward the plants; and it seemed a question of a few
minutes and all would be lost. Suddenly the waters stoj^ped
advancing (this was during the night) and plants and all were safe.
The boats were caught in the freshet anfl had to tie up to some

COLLECTING ORCHIDS. 39

rocks, and as the water rose in the river they had to cut away trees
and branches in order to save themselves. In the evening they
arrived. We loaded the plants by candle light and started down
stream early the next morning; ever\i;hing went well, our champanes
racing down the rapid current like feathers, missing stones or rocks
by inches or less, but the net result was that I got the plants out.

Now, in working on these lines, the collector will get a fair idea
of what the country is hke, and in no other way. He will also know
where and how most species grow, so that he can at any time put
his finger on the map and point out where the different plants occur.

A very important matter for a collector in getting any kind of
orchids is to find and select a good central place to serve as a base
for his operations; a place as near to the mountains as possible
and at the same time a place from which the plants can be moved
when packed without too much expense. It is also important
to know that the varieties are good, as a shipment of plants of a
poor type costs as much as that of a good type. To ascertain this
will sometimes consume considerable time, but it pays as a rule.

For a base, any old building or ranch will do; if none is to be had
one must be built in which to store the plants, make boxes, etc.
Personally, however, I very seldom used buildings for this purpose
owing to the fact that in most instances I was in places where none
could be had. I had large tents made and when these were not
large enough to accommodate evervthing I bought cotton goods and
mounted a skeleton of stakes and bamboos in the shape of green-
houses. Over this I stretched the goods, one piece overlapping
the other, in order to shed water. This kind of structure I found
to be very good in more ways than one, and I could work independ-
ently and be close to where the actual collecting was going on.

As soon as the base is selected lumber must be secured. This
is a tedious operation, as it is cut by hand, and arrangements for
it can not begin too soon. In places where I found it impossible
to procure any, on account of scarcity of men to saw the logs into
boards, I used coffee bags cut open and put two of these crossways
in a box without bottom, the box to serve as a form; then placing
a good layer of palm leaves in the bottom I packed the plants
in layers very firm and at the top as a last layer more palm leaves;
then drew the bags together and sewed them with string. When

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

taking the box away there remained a scjnare firm package. In this
way I moved the cargoes considerable distances to phices where I
could pack the ])lants in wooden boxes.

I will speak of the various South American countries chiefly as
they are the home for all of our Cattleyas. Those orchids occur
all the way from Honduras, Guatemala and Costa Rica in Central
America, and down through Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, some
in Peru, and again in the Guianas and Brazil.

The collecting of the orchids and the preparing and packing them
for shipment are more or less the same in any of the South American
countries. ^Nlen are sent out in every direction, covering as large a
territory as possible, in order to secure the plants in the least space
of time. As a rule two or three men band themselves together, and
take provisions enough to last a week or more. They are armed
with the indispensable machette, and axes occasionally, also with
shot guns; and carry string bags in which to bring out the plants.
These men bury themselves in the woods, and when plants are
sighted the trees are as a rule cut down, unless the plants are found
quite low down. To climb the trees is no easy task in the tropical
forests where there is a network of climbers and other vegetation
around the trunks. There is also the possibility of poisonous
insects, snakes, and scorpions being hidden in the plants; hence
very few men will undertake the climb; but, whatever mode is
chosen, the plants are loosened from the trunk or branches by run-
ning the maclu'itc under the plants; when once loose they are tied
together with some kind of string, put in the bag, and the march
continued until another plant is found. Towards night the men
return to their camp, where the plants are spread out under some
tree to protect them from the sun, and at the end of the week's
labor the plants are carried on their backs to the ranch. Here
they are spread out on shelves made of stakes to await the proper
time for the packing.

The most interesting and most important fields for collectors
are, undoubtedly, Colombia, first; second, Venezuela; and third,
Brazil.

I place Colombia first because I believe its flora has no equal in
the world, and taking the orchids especially I doubt very much if
another region can be found where such great numbers of species
occur.

COLLECTING ORCHIDS. 41

We find in Colombia eight different kinds of Cattleyas, namely:
Caffleija gigas; C. gigas Sanderiana; C . chrysotoxa; C. Chocoensis;
C. Trianae; C. Bogotensis; C. Mendelii; and C. Schroderae.

Cattleya gigas has a very large territory scattered over several
mountain ranges of Antioquia; in some localities the types are
superb, to say the least, while in others they are poor. In a few
isolated places the beautiful C chrysotoxa occurs, but in such small
numbers that collecting it would not pay any longer. This Catt-
leya grows on the lower slopes of the mountains in warmer places
than C. gigas; also somewhat in shaded positions. C. gigas is
found in perfection on grand solitary trees; here they always place
themselves in such positions on the trunks or heavier limbs that
they may obtain the full benefit of the breezes; also the sunlight;
yet some branch will afford them sufficient shade from the sun some-
time during the day, as to make their abode a perfect one.

I have seen this Cattleya climb up the mountains until actually
stopped by the cold; the plants in such localities are as a rule stunted.
Struggling as they do for an existence, the front part of the plant
somehow will push out new leads repeatedly, while the bulbs behind
lose their leaves and die off. Then again they are found descend-
ing the warmer slopes and in a few places join hand so to speak with
C. chrysotoxa, and in such localities natural hybrids occasionally
occur.

This particular region I found to be exceedingly interesting in
orchids. The Andes or the part of the same called the Cordillera
Central are here simply a maze of spurs and ridges in every direction
forming great canyons, valleys, hollows, and precipices of every
imaginable shape, and where every kind of climatic conditions
prevails, from the torrid to the cold 'paravios. The trails run along
the mountain sides, in some places at appalling heights, in places
so dangerous that the only safe means of locomotion is to dismount
and walk. But to return to the orchids again ; what a storehouse
this is for the orchid lover. In the lower hollows may be seen large
patches of Peristeria data in perfection, with bulbs of enormous size,
and flower stalks six to ten feet high; then again a few Miltonia
Roezlii; somewhat higher up is C. chrysotoxa modestly tucked
away on a branch of a tree ; and Oncidium Krameriamim nods here
and there in more exposed places.

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

As we ascend higher we find the majestic CattJeya gigas, and still
higher up we have a veritable botanical garden; among others we
find here in great profusion Miltonia vexUlaria {Josephita or pen-
samiento as this plant is called here). There are also Lvcastes in
variety, Sobralias, Oncidiums, Anguloas, Odontoglossums ; and
Rodriguezias and ^Nlasdevallias in great varieties along the trail.
On the banks and rocks, exposed to the full sun, the pretty Epiden-
drum fimbriatum grows in masses, the effect of which reminds one
of our Phlox ftubiilata in the spring. ^lany more could be men-
tioned but time will not ])ermit.

From this region we will move southward going by mule back the
entire length of Antioquia, following the highway leading almost
exclusively over a high plateau with pretty towns and villages
along its course. After twelve to fifteen days' riding we arrive at
Cartago in the Cauca, situated at the foot of the Central Cordillera
on the western side, and by traveling along southward a day or
two more, we are right in the heart of the home of Cattlei/a CJiocoen-
sis. This Cattleya unlike most of the others occurs in forests on
level land which is very swampy; the trees are as a whole small and
stunted and overgrown with moss. Here, strange to say, I saw the
most beautiful sight it has been my fortune to see; in these jungles
the plants grew by the thousands; the trees being literally covered
with them and in full bloom (end of August). I particularly
remember that I got my mule under a tree and sitting in the saddle
picked a large bunch of flowers; these were particularly fine and
large, so different from what we see them under culture where they
only half open. The treatment we give this plant under cultiva-
tion probably has something to do with this. Where they grow it is
very warm and humid. I noticed in the early morning as soon as
the sun reached the forest a dense mist would rise from the ground
and envelope evervihing; this would gradually disappear as soon
as the sun became stronger.

The western .slope of this Cordillera is not abundant in orchids.
I made explorations all along going up several rivers and canons,
but with poor results. In one place I found five plants of Cypri-
pedmm caudatum Wallini growing on one tree. I thought I
had found a "bonanza" and the result was three weeks' constant
labor and marching from one place to another, but not another
plant could be found.

COLLECTING ORCHIDS. 43

On this same trip I also found a most gorgeous Masdevallia,
the flowers very much hke M. Veitchii, but larger and finer in
every way; its leaves were long sword-like and glaucous in color,
some measuring twenty-four inches in length. I found about twenty
plants of all sizes in one tree, but not another plant anywhere. As
misfortune would have it these plants never reached home alive.
Some time after this I rediscovered it a considerable distance further
southwest towards the Pacific and gathered quite a number of plants,
packed them and forwarded them to Buenaventura. There they
were retained for nearly two months on account of quarantine
regulations and were consequently lost.

While in the Cauca, by crossing the valley westward, vre find on
the western Cordillera along the Rio Dagua the chaste MiUonia
Roezlii, in fact this is its home. True it is scattered here and there
along the course of the Rio Cauca through the Antioquian Moun-
tains, but not in quantity. Here along the Rio Dagua it grows
par excellence. The climate is extremely hot and very moist, in
fact it rains pretty nearly every day in the year and water oozes out
of the rocks everywhere. On the ledges and rocks large clumps
of Cypripedium Roezlii may be seen in luxuriance. Leaving the
beautifvil Cauca valley and its mountains we will cross the Central
Cordillera and steer the course towards the State of Tolima. We
will do this by a southern route, instead of crossing the Quindio
as is customary, and in this way we will take Caitleya Trianae by
surprise in its southern haunts. The trail leads over a very inhos-
pitable region, cold and dreary. The forest along the highest part
of the road consists of shrubs and stunted trees covered with moss.
For long stretches trees and shrubs give way to grasses and the insep-
arable companion of the high plateaus a giant Gnaphalium.

Along certain ridges on the trail, in clumps of trees, I noticed
Masdevallia racemosa in full bloom; these grew in the thickets in
semi-darkness and I am sure that the rays of the sun could never
penetrate to their retreats, yet here they flourished unmindful of
the cold and dreary atmosphere and darkness. Masses of scarlet
and red colors could be seen when peeping through the thickets.
Finally we have crossed the paramo and the descent begins through
a labyrinth of gorges and precipices and at length we are down on
the lower foothills on the eastern side of the Central Cordillera

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

where any moment we can expect to get a glimpse of Caitlcija
Trktnae.

In the extreme southern part of ToHma the three chains of Andes
are very close to one another, and owing also to the continuous rise
of the country from the Caribbean sea southward, we hnd here
Cattleya Trianae scattered everywhere; on the lower mountain
sides, in the valleys, in hollows between grassy hills, or in fact in
any place where there are clumps of trees. The variation of types
is very great. Every little valley or stream has its own particular
type, but owing to the long distance to a place of shipment these
plants will be undisturbed for some time yet, or until everything
within easier reach is exhausted.

In moving northward we gradually descend and the plants dis-
appear from the valleys proper and follow the mountain sides and
its indentations at an elevation of 2500 feet to 4500 feet above sea
level. It persistently follows the mountain slopes at this elevation
for about 400 miles and possibly more.

The gathering, packing, and shipping are more or less the same
as with other Cattleyas.

Further northward we come to Ibague, famous for being the
first place where CaftJei/a Trianae was collected. At the time I
was there very few plants were left in the mountains, but along the
Rio Combeima which flows through Ibague I found quite a few
plants, but not enough to gather in large quantities.

In about one day's riding southeast from Ibague, at a little village
called jVIiraflores, I came across plants in sufficient quantity to
gather a good shipment. The varieties were superb but I found it
very difficult to get the plants out, and the only solution consisted
in moving the boxes on mules' backs to a small stream that owing
to the rain had swelled to a considerable size. Here I built small
rafts, about three and one-half feet wide and long enough to hold
nine or ten boxes in single file. Each raft was manned by two men,
one at each end, and when everything was ready we cut loose. The
stream being full of large boulders, projecting rocks and branches
of trees, it was a most perilous journey, and more than once we had
close calls, but everything went well and we reached Rio Chili.
From the latter we emerged into Rio Saldafia which is a very large
river. Here we tied all the rafts together, and then floated down
towards the Rio Magdalena and on to Honda.

COLLECTING ORCHIDS. 45

Before leaving this region 1 want to show you a httle of the
country around Miraflores. There are no valleys here to any
extent, mostly high hills, with depressions between, also narrow
openings along the streams. There are also a number of treeless
hills covered with grass. On some of these I saw some of the most
beautiful sights. The entire hills from foot to summit were liter-
ally covered with Sobralia violacea in full bloom, in all shades from
pure white to dark lavender. The best time to see this show was
in early morning, before the sun became too strong; with the night
dew still lingering on the foliage and with the galaxy of colors on
such a large scale, the sun finally rose higher and higher reflecting
the colors in a way impossible for me to describe. Towards midday
thousands of flowers began to drop off. This continued throughout
the day, but early the next morning there was a new display. At
the foot of these hills where the soil was rich and the plants partly
shaded by trees they attained five to six feet in height. In ascend-
ing the hills the plants gradually diminished in height, until at the
top they were only a few inches high. There was no difference
however in the size of the flowers. Almost on the naked rocks
would grow the beautiful Epidendrum Ibaguense, also Vanilla
plani folia. This latter one always seeking the companionship of a
dwarf shrub, to which it would cling, and display its fine dull yellow
Cattleya-like flowers.

In crossing the Magdalena River going northeast we find Cailleya
gigas Sanderiana in the state of Cundinamarca. This Cattleya
is without a doubt the grandest of all the South American Cattleyas.
The enormous size of the flowers and as many as ten on a spike is
a sight worth seeing. Unfortunately this Cattleya is not at all
plentiful and its territory is very small, that is to say of the true
t\^e, for on the same mountain chains towards Muzo there are
quantities of plants but the t}'pe is inferior in every way.

In this same vicinity growing in somewhat warmer places than C.
gigas Sanderiana we find along the streams C. Bogotensis, although
not in quantity; also several Stanhopeas, Oncidiums, etc. Still
further northward in the State of Santander we find C. Mendelii,
unfortunately very sparingly. It occurs in several places but the
long transportation is a very serious drawback. In addition to
the plants being scarce the distance to the Magdalena River is con-

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

siderable, and I doiiln very inuch whether this plant has ever paid
to extract. In this same state at higher altitudes, Odontoglossum
Pcscaiorci occurs, also several fine ]\Iasdevallias such as M . Veitrhii,
M. Ilarrijana, etc. Also the pretty Oncidium cuculkiUint, Angu-
loas, and many more. From Santander I will take you across the
Eastern Cordillera to Los Llanos de Cazanare. From where we
are now, say in ^Malaga, we can cross the Cordillera in a straight line,
but it will take us at least fifteen days, if all goes well, before we can
set foot on the eastern side of the mountain. Four or five days of
this time will have to be spent tramping eternal snow, so we will
take a route further south where the elements are more favorable.
The trails, however, are abominable and the journey a hard one,
so we will simply place ourselves on the other side in the immense
and grand region of Cazanare. This region where we now are is
without the slightest doubt the most wonderful on this entire hemi-
sphere, if not in the world. EverN-thing is here on such a gigantic
scale as to inspire terror in a man; its flora is marvellous; plants
occurring in other parts of the country are as pygmies compared to
those found here; and even the animals are much larger than in
the other parts. There are giant tapirs, pumas, and leopards in
the forests; the rivers are full of fish, alligators, rayfish, electric
eels, etc.; and millions of waterfowl, etc. Here it is we find Caifleya
Schroderae in all its glory. The first plants were taken out of this
region in 1893; so it is, comparatively speaking, a virgin region;
and will remain so for some time for many reasons. C. Schroderae
is today the most abundant of all the Colombian Cattleyas. It is
found from about the 3° northern latitude up to about the 7° but,
like C. Trianae, it runs along the lower edges of the woods. The
plants are of extraordinary vigor and size and the varieties are
superb, compared -with those of the older district of Villa Vicencio
where plants are still gathered, it being a less risky region.

When the collector goes into the Cazanare he takes his life in his
hands, so to speak. The only practical way to transport the plants
is by rivers and there are a good many of these that can be utilized
with more or less success; another thing to be reckoned with here
is the seasons. L^nlike the rest of the country we have here a
six months' rainy .season and a six months' dry season, Avith more
or less variations, and here it is that several have failed who

COLLECTING ORCHIDS. 47

have tried to collect in this region. When the dry season is
fairly advanced most of the smaller rivers dry up, even the larger
ones become unsafe for navigation, and if the collector is unfor-
tunate enough to be overtaken by the dry season in his journey
he will be stranded somewhere in the wilds without any hope of
rescue. On the other hand, during the rainy season, he cannot
collect the plants for during that time everything is inundated;
the course of most of the rivers is gone and all appears like an
inland sea. The plants must be collected during the dry season
and ever\'thing in readiness at the first sign of the rains. If he can
thus calculate all to a nicety ever}i;hing is likely to go well, although
the greatest dangers and risks are ahead on the rivers. Several of
these may be used but whichever course is chosen the trip is a long
one. He may take Rio Cazanare, if he collects in that vicinity;
from this river he emerges in Rio Meta and from the Meta into
the mighty Orinoco. On his downward journey he will find two
rapids, Trapichote in the Rio Meta and the great waterfalls of
Cariben in the Orinoco. If the rafts are strong and fortune favors
those on board they will emerge safe, but in all likelihood more dead
than alive; and no one on board will know how it was done; and
it is also possible that the collector will have to risk it alone, for while
he can get men from certain places along the rivers, they will as a
rule balk when Cariben is reached. There are also other dangers;
certain territories through which our course lays are infested with
wild Indians. The lower part of the Rio Cazanare is badly infested
with them. The name of the tribe is Curvas (Cazanare Indians).
They are very hostile to the white man and will attack him with
their bows and arrows whenever they have an opportunity, and the
only way to avoid conflict is to keep the course in the middle of the
river and without tying up at night. It also goes without saying
that here if ever the collector must be well armed. On the Rio
Meta we find the Guahibos or Meta Indians, and lower down the
Yaruros or Orinocco Indians.

Once we are below the Cariben, dangers such as rapids are over,
and if the collector succeeded in keeping a few men on the raft
he will noAv float down slowly towards Ciudad Bolivar, but if he is
without help to manage his rafts and battle against the trade winds
he will have no easy time. He may be fortunate to be seen by some
steamboat and taken in tow; if so he is safe.

48 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Once in Ciudad Bolivar, if the plants are alive they can be cm-
barked there for New York; the trip by that time will have taken
about three months, so you see it is no child's play.

Now we have taken in all the Colombian Cattleyas and I would
like to say a few words in regard to other orchids and their distri-
bution. Odonfoglossum crispum, as we all know, is associated
with Pacho San Cayetano and other points around Pacho, in such a
way that people do not seem to believe that 0. crispum can be found
elsewhere, but it is safe to say that not over twenty-five percent,
of all the plants imported these last few years come from Pacho, for
the simple reason that they are not to be had in such quantities any
more, and before long the collector will have to look for other fields.

In my travels I made explorations all along the Eastern Cordillera
for this purpose, as far South as Garzon, in the south of Tolima,
and on the Central Cordillera as far as Pasto, with the result that I
found 0. crisp^im in several places on the eastern chain, and on
the central chain in two places. Far apart, it is true, but in all
likelihood I missed a good many places. I must admit I never
found any great quantities, until Pasto in southern Cauca was
reached; here are any amount; but of the tj'pe called Lehmanni
with the characteristic five spots on the lip. Miltonia vexillaria
is another plant whose home is Antioquia, yet a few plants have
been found in Tolima, and then we lose sight of it again, to reappear
in a slightly different form in Ecuador, under the name of M.
vexillaria rubella.

Another great genus of plants in the Colombian Andes is the Mas-
devallia; Sonson, south of Medellin, is the region for these; here
these plants occur everywhere in all shapes and colors.

Venezuela has four species of Cattleyas, namely: C. Mossiae,
C. Percivaliana, C. speciosissima, and C. GasheUiana; the two first
mentioned arc found in the Cordillera de los Andes. C. specio-
sissima is found in the Cuspanera Cordillera and C. Gaskelliana
in the northeastern part.

Going down southward to the Guianas we find Caftlct/a Law-
renceana in the Roramia Mountains, and further south in the moun-
tains above Pernambuco in Brazil the well-known C. labiata.

In looking at the map it will occur to some one to ask if there are
not plenty of orchids in the immense territory lying between the

COLLECTING ORCHIDS. 49

Orinoco on the north and the Amazon on the south; the western
boundary would be the eastern Cordillera in the west, and the
Atlantic Ocean on the east; including such rivers, as the Rio Ne-
gro and its tributaries, Rio Guayabero, Rio Meta, etc.

Catileya Schroderae is probably the only Cattleya of any account
in this region, although the greater part of this country is still
practically unknown; but what is known has not produced am'thing
surprising in orchids. Almost the whole territory is very uniform
in climatic conditions, and without any high mountains, so we can
reasonably expect that no great novelties are in store for us here.

Cattleya Eldorado is found in quantity along the northern banks
of the Amazon beginning at INIanaos; also along the Rio Negro;
C. swperha is also found there. This Cattleya also occurs in several
other localities, such as on the Cazanare, Rio Meta, Orinoco, and
even south of the Amazon, while C . Eldorado does not cross the
Amazon southward.

In conclusion I would say that the prospects for future orchid
collecting are not bright; the constant hunting for these plants the
last few years has led a number of natives to embark in the exporta-
tion of orchids which is in itself nothing wrong, but unfortunately
it is done in many instances by individuals who do not have the
least knowledge of plants, or how to do the work right. The result
is that the last year alone several hundred boxes (of Cattleyas
mostly) arrived in New York, the most valuable part of which was
the boxes; the plants through careless handling in every way were
ruined completely. This in one year does more harm than the
collector would do in ten years.

From Brazil now comes information that Cattleya lahiata is getting
scarce; a plant that we were led to believe would last to the end
of time, and before long I fear that we will hear the same complaint
from other quarters.

THE RENOVATION OF AN OLD ORCHARD.

BY GEORGE T. POWELL, GHENT, NEW YORK.

Delivered before the Society, February 2, 1907.

There are few subjects of greater interest than that of the okl
orchard. The old orchards are a source of great beauty; year after
year they come out in all of their glory and in beautiful and fragrant
blossoms, with the promise of abiuidance of the best of all fruits ; yet
we are in danger from the influences of diseases and the introduc-
tion of many new insect pests of losing these interesting and beauti-
ful landmarks.

The first planting of orchards in this country was done in New
England, and there are nowhere to be found more old orchards
than in this portion of our country.

In the renovation of an old orchard the methods to be employed
will depend upon the conditions that surround it. When the orchard
is planted on land that may be tilled and upon which spraying ma-
chinery may be used it will be of great value to give it cultivation.
The most of these orchards have been and are yet in sod, and for
many years grass has surrounded them, and has been contesting
both the plant food and the soil with the trees, and at a time when
the trees required both to carry on their best development in advanc-
ing years.

I can perhaps in no way better outline the policy to be followed
in improving the old orchards of New England than to give the
methods that are used at Orchard Farm, where I have an orchard
that was planted by my father sixty years ago, and which at the
present time seems to be in the height of its greatest usefulness and
value.

This orchard of two hundred and fifty trees was kept under culti-
vation for nearly a cjuarter of a century after being planted. Corn,
potatoes and other crops were grown among the trees, thus giving

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

them good continuous cultivation. Then for another quarter of a
century -the trees were allowed to stand in grass, or in sod, the grass
being cut a portion of the time for hay, then followed afterward as
a pasture for pigs. Ten years ago 1 found that the trees were begin-
ning to show some signs of decline and the fruit growing consider-
ably smaller in size, and bearing less in quantity; I determined to
plow the land and put it again under cultivation.

In plowing an old orchard that has long stood in sod the work
should be most carefully done. It will not do to cut the roots of
such trees severely for it will result in causing a check to the trees.
The land in this instance was plowed in not more than three to four
inches in depth. The object was not to attempt to tin-n a furrow
but rather to break the sod; this was followed by a spring tooth
harrow, which loosened and tore the sod in pieces, and in time
made the soil loose and fine.

The following season the orchard was plowed again, very shallow,
early in the spring; it was also cultivated with the harrow until
about July 1st, when we sowed crimson clover. This was done
for several reasons; to incorporate in the soil a large amount of
humus or vegetable matter which it needed. This is one of the
great needs of our orchard soil — more vegetable matter. The
second object was to enable the soil to better conserve and utilize
its moisture and to add to it in its best and cheapest form, nitrogen,
which is the most essential element of food for old trees, for it stimu-
lates new growth.

My fir.st attempt in getting a growth of clover Avas somewhat dis-
appointing, and had I stopped with the first year's results the system
of clover culture, which I have since carried on extensively and
which has been so successful and satisfactory, would have been a
failure. I kept on sowing the seed each year until I now have no
difficulty in getting a good growth, almost regardless of the character
of the season. The chart upon which is shown the timothy and
clover plants presents a mo.st important Ics.son. The timothy, red
top, and native grasses generally found in the orchard, as is shown
by the illustration on the chart, have a system of fine surface feed-
ing roots, which consume an immense quantity of water from the
soil daily. We have but slight conception of the amount of water
which is required for an acre of grass each day; it is over one bun-

THE RENOVATION OF AN OLD ORCHARD. 53

dred tons, therefore is it any wonder that the old trees fail and go
into decline when they reach the age of from thirty to forty years,
when they are daily robbed of an amount of water to this extent,
and at a time when they recjuire it for the formation of new wood,
the development of new fruit buds, and for the maturity of their
fruit .

From the time that we broke up the sod in this old orchard and
began the clover culture the trees have taken on new life, for they
made new growth and have borne the largest and most profitable
crops in their history. For the past two years the fruit from this
orchard has been of such high quality, in such varieties as the
Spitzenburg, King, Northern Spy, and Jonathan, that it has been
sufficiently good to be packed in bushel boxes and has readily sold
at the rate of $10.00 per barrel.

On much of New England soil clover does not take or grow well.
While this is true it does not follow that it cannot be grown; with
more than two centuries of great production, the soil is somewhat
depleted in both its plant food and humus. Certain organisms in
the soil necessary to the nourishment and growth of the clover
have been worn out, used up or are practically lost, and this is the
reason why clover, in these later years, has so generally failed to
grow.

Under this system of clover culture the tillage of the orchard is
done in the early spring and summer, when the trees naturally
make their growth. The growth of apple trees is made, practically,
by the 1st to the 10th of July, according to the season, while from
that time on through the autumn the maturity of the wood and the
development of fruit buds are accomplished. By sowing the clover
seed about the 1st of Julv it begins to germinate and cover the soil
by the 1st of August, and as the clover grows it aids in checking to
some extent the continued growth of the tree, which is most desirable
for the better maturity of the wood and the most perfect develop-
ment of the fruit buds. The tap root of the red clover goes down
deep into the subsoil and brings up the potash, phosphoric acid,
and nitrogen that lie far below (in the subsoil) where the plow and
cultivating implements cannot reach, and in the decomposition
of the clover roots these fertilizing elements are left near the surface
where thev mav be utilized.

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Another great advantage from the clover is the winter covering
it gives to the soil and the protection it affords against frost in its
effect upon the roots of the trees.

There are certain organisms that must be present in the soil upon
which the clover is dependent for its nourishment and which in turn
are nourished by the clover plant. It is in the decay of these organ-
isms that nitrogen is produced, the element that is so essential in
making new growi;h of wood upon which the best fruit buds are
produced. Clover has the ability or power to take the nitrogen from
the air, and, in connection with these organisms in the soil, builds
upon its roots the nitrogen necessary for its own use, and to leave a
surplus in the soil for the use of other plants, or for the future use
of the trees. Scientific discovery has brought to us a very great
aid in a process for manufacturing nitrogen bacteria, which may
be introduced to the soil artificially. A number of years ago this
discovery was made in Germany, but the process of making a pure
culture was not perfected and failed to a large extent. Our De-
partment of Agriculture took up the work later, and while it obtained
some very excellent results in sending out this inoculating germ, it,
too, failed at the point of making a pure germ and transmitting it
to farmers in an uncontaminated state; other forms of bacterial
growth sprang into life and the germs necessary for the nourishment
of the clover were found, in many instances, to have been entirely
destroyed.

A recent method has been adopted by a scientist in New Zealand
who has succeeded in not only obtaining a pure and uncontaminated
germ, but has also a perfect system of transmission that will insure
vitality w'hen received by farmers.

The process consists of putting a certain portion of these germs,
which are in liquid form, into a small quantity of water and sprink-
ling the same over seeds of plants or a certain amount of soil, which
is afterward sown or distributed over the land. The inoculating
germs at once spring into life and multiply in hundreds of millions,
and thus nourish the clover until its roots may become established
and take plant food from the soil.

I now sow for the purpose of soil improvement eighteen pounds
of crimson and red clover seed in equal parts to an acre. The crim-
son clover being an annual plant will grow faster and make quicker
covering, while the red will hold through the winter much better.

THE RENOVATION OF AN OLD ORCHARD. 55

We like to have pigs in the orchard, for they thrive on the clover
and do not eat it off so fast nor so close as do sheep. Where they
may be allowed to live on the clover and apples the finest quality of
bacon is obtained, and when they are fed upon corn in the autumn
no finer quality in pork can be made.

In connection with the plowing of old orchards pruning is necessary.
The trees are often overgrown with wood that has accumulated for
many years and this should be judiciously thinned. All dead or
enfeebled wood should be cut out ; all cross branches or those grow-
ing in the center of the trees should be removed. This will cause
new growi;h to start, new fruit spurs will be developed, and upon
these will be borne exceedingly choice fruit.

This operation of pruning should be carefully done, and at least
two or three years should be taken to change the tops of overgroAAii
trees and to thinning out their branches, as too severe pruning at
one time checks the trees too much. W^herever the orchards are
on land that may be cultivated there will be found great advantage
and a large increase in the quantity and finer quality of the fruit.
Along with the cultivation of the soil and the pruning, spraying of
the trees will add much value to them. Bordeaux mixture, when
properly applied improves the foliage, gives tone to it, and thus
increases the growth of wood; with the improved foliage the fruit
buds are better developed and the quality of the fruit much im-
proved. Perfect foliage is most essential for prolonging the life
and value and the usefulness of our orchards.

There is much yet to be learned about spraying and the strength
of materials to be used. The condition of the weather has to be
taken into account, as to its being wet or dry at the time of spray-
ing; these are points that will need to be most carefully studied,
for of late more or less injury has resulted from spraying materials,
in spotting the foliage and in more or less of discolored fruit. We
are now using three pounds of sulphate of copper and four pounds
of lime in fifty gallons of water; the old formula, used for many
years, called for double the cjuantity of sulphate of copper, or six
pounds. This lighter solution seems to be quite as effective in its
destruction of the apple-scab fungus, which is the chief enemy of
both the foliage and fruit of our trees.

It is very important to observe the right method in making Bor-

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICL'LTURAL SOCIETY.

deaux mixture. The materials should be dissolved separately,
each being put into twenty-five gallons of water, then poured to-
gether into the spraying tank or barrel ; by this method of pouring
the diluted quantities together there is a perfect chemical combina-
tion made, which is effective as a fungous application. ]Many dis-
solve the lime and copper in smaller quantities of water, put the
two together in their concentrated form, and then pour the water
upon them. This is a mistake and is responsible for much of the
failure of the control of fungus among our trees.

For insects arsenate of lead is one of the best materials to use; this
does not injure foliage and it adheres better than Paris green, while it
is equally as effective in killing insects. We use two pounds of
arsenate of lead to fifty gallons of Bordeaux mixture, and are add-
ing to this one-cjuarter of a pound of Paris green; a weaker solution
would be as good for the fruit insects, but there are such increasing
numbers of caterpillars that devour foliage that a stronger mixture
of the arsenate of lead with the Paris green is safer to use, as it will
protect the foliage from almost any class of caterpillars that come
over the trees.

The adhering cjuality of arsenate of lead was forcibly illustrated
at Orchard Farm in the spraying of a large plantation of currants.
The currant worm appeared in great numbers very suddenly, upon
a Saturday, and it was necessary to spray this large plantation on
Saturday afternoon, as to leave the work over Sunday meant the
ruin of the foliage of the currant bushes. The spraying was done,
but in an hour there came up one of the heavy showers which com-
pletely drenched the foliage and it looked as though the entire work
would have to be done over again on Sunday morning; but, by
nine o'clock the worms began to show evidence of hanging down
from the leaves of the plants and by Monday morning they were
all upon the ground, dead, and the bushes uninjured; had we used
Paris green it would all have been washed off by that heavy shower.

The first spraying of orchards should be done as soon as the
blossoms have fallen from the trees, and again in from ten to
twelve days; the spraying should be done promptly and with
great thoroughness, for the first fruit fonns quickly. The calyx
on some varieties closes very soon after the blossoms have fallen,
hence to save the fruit from the codling moth this work must be

THE RENOVATION OF AN OLD ORCHARD. 0/

promptly done. The larvae of the codling moth crawl into the
calyx and if that is closed before the spraying is done the spraying has
no effect upon the insect. In ten or twelve days the fruit from the
later blossoms will be at the right stage for spraying, when the work
should be done again with great thoroughness; two applications
will give from 90 to 95% of perfect fruit.

The illustration upon the chart shows the codling moth which
is a night flyer; it comes forth from its hiding place which is under
the bark of the trees, in barrels or fruit boxes, or from fences along
the orchard, and flies through the trees as the blossoms begin to
fall and deposits its eggs. In a few days the larvte come forth from
the eggs and continue making their way to the calyx end of the
apple and then burrow into the apple, remaining there several
weeks when the apple falls to the ground and the larvae go out of
the apple, and spin their cocoons, in which they pass the winter.
The curculio which is also shown upon this chart is another fruit
pest. It not only attacks phmis, but in recent years it has attacked
our cherries, peaches, and apples; it has been found that Bordeaux
mixture will repel this insect; it does not destroy it for it does not
eat of the foliage or the fruit, it punctures the skin, so that it will
not grow together at this point, and deposits its eggs in the cut ; the
young larvae hatch from the eggs; which in time cause the fruit
to fall to the ground. This is why so frecjuently that peach trees
which have blossomed very freely, will have, in a few days' time,
no fruit upon the trees; it has all been cut by the curculio, the young
fruit weakened and fallen to the ground.

It will not do to spray plum and peach trees with Bordeaux mix-
ture after the foliage has fully developed, as it will very seriously
injure it.

The apple tent caterpillar is one of the chief enemies of our apple
orchards, and to a large degree is responsible for the decline of
many of the old, as well as the young orchards. When all the foli-
age has been stripped by this or the canker "w^orm, or any caterpillars
that completely destroy the foliage for several years in succession,
the trees will be so weakened it will require a number of years for
them to recover, and in many instances they go into a permanent
decline. The arsenate of lead and Paris green are effective in
keeping in check the caterpillars of various types, as they are easily

58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

destroyed when they are young, and it will ciiiite effectively prevent
their doing injury to the trees.

The illustration on the chart shows the moth which lays its eggs
upon the small twigs of the trees, which may be readily seen, as
their varnished covering glistens in the sun. At Orchard Farm we
pay the men who are prunijig one cent a piece for gathering all the
nests that they can, and they frequently supplement their daily wages
by considerable amounts in taking them off and putting them in
their pockets while they are pruning the trees. Another method is
to take a fishing rod, bind upon its end a small bulb of woolen cloth
and thrust it in at the bottom of the web, as here shown in the
chart, and turn or twist it ten or twelve times in order that it will
catch and wind up all that there is of the tent or nest. This is far
better than going through the orchard with kerosene torches, for
they do not always burn all of the caterpillars, while at the same
time very great injury is done to the branches from the burning.

The gypsy and brown-tail moths are doing incalculable injury
about Boston; they are equally destructive when they come to
the apple orchard, but by the early spraying with the arsenate of
lead and Paris green, as soon as the young caterpillars appear, they
may be effectively destroyed upon the trees. They are a most
serious menace to the forest trees and are carrying destruction
before them.

While our National Government is making very large appro-
priations for the increase of battleships and military equipment it
would be better, for a time at least, to cut down appropriations for
these purposes and apply them to the aid of New England, which
is making an heroic fight to save the trees. These appropriations
would benefit the country at large more than the war preparations,
for if these two moths get beyond the control of New England, of
which there is great danger, the entire United States will be exposed
and it will cost hundreds upon hundreds of millions to save the
trees of our country.

Among others of the most injurious insects imported to our coun-
try is the vSan Jose scale, which at the present time extends practi-
cally over the entire United States ; this is one of the most destructive
of all the orchard pests. It is so minute that it is not discovered
for several years after its introduction, and its increasing numbers

THE RENOVATION OF AN OLD ORCHARD. 59

sap the vitality and life of the trees which finally succumb and die ;
95% of all of the old orchards upon Long Island are, today, practi-
cally ruined, and the same is becoming true of the southern tier of
counties of New York, while in all of the Southern States vast
numbers of trees have been destroyed and many are practically
worthless from the presence of this insect. The San Jose scale was
introduced into the United States more than thirty years ago, on an
imported flowering peach tree brought in from China. For several
years it slowly spread and was finally discovered by Prof. Comstock
of Cornell University, who studied up its history and named it the
San Jose Scale. In the illustration shown upon the chart the scale
is magnified more than two thousand times, but upon the branches
its work may be seen which are here so thickly covered that the
bark is invisible. Unless this scale may be successfully controlled
the old orchards of our country will in time be destroyed.

When the San Jose scale gets into our large, high, old apple trees
it will be a most difficult problem to save them, hence I am greatly
interested in growing another type of tree, know^n as Dwarf and
Half-Dwarf trees, and I am planting at the present time trees that
are propagated upon what is Icnown as the French or Doucin stocks ;
they are a natural crab of France and will grow about sixteen feet
high. These may be planted much closer together on good soil,
twenty feet apart each way, which will give over one hundred trees
to the acre; they may be easily sprayed; the fruit may be thinned;
the pruning may be very readily done; and more of high grade
fruit, such as is desirable to be sold in boxes may be grown from
such trees.

I am also planting another class known as trees which are pro-
pagated upon Paradise roots, a crab grown largely in England, and
also in France, but still smaller in size. These will grow to about
nine or ten feet in height, and they may be planted even closer
together — from eight to ten feet. They may be easily pruned and
the fruit, while not so large in quantity is very superior in quality,
and they may be interplanted with the half-dwarfs a few years and
taken out when the ground is needed for the other trees. I believe
there is future value in this class of trees, and upon them we can
control any kind of insect that may make its apjiearance.

There are different methods for treating the San Jose scale; one

60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

which has been used very extensively upon the Pacific Coast, and
quite hirgcly throughout the Western States is sulphur and lime in
the following proportions, viz: twenty pounds of lime and fifteen
pounds of flowers of sulphur boiled for upwards of an hour and
added to fifty gallons of water; this is sprayed all over the trees
while hot. and whenever the scales are hit by this mixture they are
destroyed; the great difficulty is to hit them all and as their increase
is so rapid the trees have to be sprayed each year.

We are using at Orchard Farm a soluble oil, known as "Scale-
cide." Thus far we are favorably impressed with this material
because it is so much more easily jirepared and applied. The lime
and sulphur are very caustic to both the men and the teams where
they have to work for a number of days, or even weeks, with it.

The quantity of Scalecide we are now using is one gallon to fifteen
gallons of water, and it is only a question of applying this material as
thoroughly as the sulphur and lime when it will produce equally
as good results. It is a question of great thoroughness of appli-
cation to successfully control the scale with whatever material is used.

Last year avc sprayed several thousand trees about the City of
New York with this soluble oil with most satisfactory results,
using then one gallon to twenty of water; the work was so thorough-
ly done that even that strength gave good results. Several kinds of
shrubs were so entirely encrusted with the scale that it seemed
impossible to promise any hope of saving them, but the reports
that have come to me indicate that not only were the scales thor-
oughly killed and cleaned off of these shrubs and trees, but they
made most satisfactory growth the past season. One apple orchard
was so infested with them that the fruit could not be sold, but after
the application of Scalecide there has been no evidence of the scale
upon the trees.

In answer to your inquiries I will say that this is made by G.B.
Pratt Co., Chemists, 11 Broadway, New York.

In the renovation of an old orchard insect control is so large a
factor that systematic and annual spraying will hereafter have to be
done as one of the most important of its operations.

We have considered those orchards that are on land that may be
cultivated and upon which spraying machinery may be worked.
There are many old orchards in New England standing on rough

THE RENOVATION OF AN OLD ORCHARD. 61

and rockv hillsides, where tillage and spraying are most difficult to
do and in many instances entirely impracticable. Under these
conditions it would be best to put a wire fence about the orchard
and turn in sheep to keep the grass down, and to keep all sprouts
and bushes from growing up around the trees. The sheep will
eat all dropped fruit, the first of which usually contains the larvae
of the codling moth, and thus these insects will be kept under con-
trol to a certgiin extent.

If the sheep are fed some grain while they are feeding upon the
hillsides they will steadily improve the soil about the trees and also
improve the quality of the fruit. There is value in the sheep, for
there is a certain demand for wool and mutton whether the apples
are borne or not.

It is difficult to spray these hillside orchards, but by using a small
tank or barrel with a hand pump, which may be drawn about upon
a sleigh or stone boat, even upon pretty rough ground, the trees may
be successfully sprayed by hand.

The apples from these orchards will not be so large in size but the
quality will be fine. No finer Baldwins are grown anywhere than
on these New England hillside orchards; they get all of the sun-
light and a good circulation of air; they are beautifully colored
and have fine flavor; a New England Baldwin is a good table or
dessert apple, so fine is its flavor. The reason why New England
apple orchards have lived so long and the flavor of the apples con-
tinued so fine is because new soil is being continually made. The
rocks, which are so abundant, are steadily disintegrating from the
action of frost and so new particles of soil are made and these are
carried over the land, replenishing and renewing it with excellent
plant food, especially in the form of potash. New England soil for
this reason will continue to improve for thousands of years to come,
while the level stoneless land of the West, which is being rapidly
depleted of its plant food through continuous cropping, will have
to be improved by the expenditure of large sums of money for
fertilizers, which will increase the cost of production upon our
western land.

New England hills will again be covered with sheep and agricul-
ture will be one of its profitable industries.

So great has grown the culture and demand for apples that pur-

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

chasers of land are now looking to New England for the purpose of
establishing orchards, not only for the home market but for the
export trade.

A few years ago, while addressing students of the x\gricultural
College of New Hampshire, I made the statement that the future
promised much for young men who would take up the study of New
England soil with the view of establishing upon it commercial
orchards, for the purpose of supplying foreign markets with the
Baldwin apple, which is supreme in its excellence when grown upon
these high and rocky hills. Some Boston gentlemen read the report
of this talk, saw in it a suggestion for them, and one gentleman,
Mr. W. H. White, an extensive leather manufacturer of Lowell,
whose offices were in Boston, wrote to me asking if it were possible
to spare two or three days for the purpose of looking over some New
Hampshire land with reference to planting apple trees. The soil
was examined and found to be admirably adapted, a very large
number of trees were purchased — between 15,000 and 20,000 —
the land was put under thorough cultivation and the trees were
planted and made the finest growth that could be desired. In
view of the fact that it was thought possible to grow crimson clover
in New Hampshire the seed was sown over a large portion of the
ground upon which the trees had been planted, and I have never
seen a better or more luxuriant growth on my own farm, or in any
of the Southern States.

The abandoned farms, of which so much was said a few years
since, are rapidly passing by. There are a great many city people
who desire to get away, at least several months in the year, from
the strenuous conditions which business and living in our large
cities entail, and many of these are purchasing farms upon which
they are establishing country homes, and nearly all are interested
in developing a prosperous and successful orchard. This is giving
new life and new impetus to New England, which has always been
representative of the best conditions, socially, politically, and finan-
cially of any section of the United States.

The future has great promise in it through the ])lanting of apple
trees, and young men who will give study and care to more or less
of tree planting on a commercial basis will find themselves in the
enjoyment of independence and a life that is most desirable to be
followed.

the renovation of an old orchard. 63

Discussion.

In response to an inquiry Mr. Powell gave a formula for Bor-
deaux mixture as follows: three pounds of sulphate of copper
dissolved in twenty-five gallons of water; four pounds of slaked
lime dissolved in twenty-five gallons of water; then pour the two
compounds together, and in this diluted form it makes a perfect
chemical combination; now for insects add to the fifty gallons thus
made two pounds of arsenate of lead. He had found that six pounds
of sulphate of copper was too much.

For a remedy for the San Jose scale many use twenty pounds of
flowers of sulphur and fifteen pounds of lime boiled in fifty gallons
of water. It must be applied hot. It is a troublesome thing to
handle but it is effective. Some other preparations are now being
used with fairly good results, and he recommended for small places
the use of "Scalecidc," a soluble oil.

Lysander S. Richards inquired if the lecturer uses any fertilizer
in his orchard. i\Ir. Powell replied that he used no other fertilizer
than clover culture which he found answered every purpose and
that it met all the requirements of an old orchard thus far.

Samuel H. Warren recommended in orchard cultivation the use
of the disc harrow instead of the plow thereby preventing damage
to the roots of apple trees.

In reply to a question concerning the effect of extreme cold on the
San Jose scale the lecturer stated that cold weather did not appear
to have much effect on it, but naturally the scale increased more
in milder regions.

In reference to a statement that the soil of New England was
exhausted Mr. Powell said that it was good for orcharding for a
thousand years to come. It has become the ideal orchard soil
through the disintegration of the rocky material so abundantly
scattered over it, a process which was continually going on, thus
making it valuable in the renewal of old orchards.

Rev. C. L. Hutchins remarked that what the lecturer had said
about the future of New England orcharding was very encouraging
and in some points very discouraging. Referring to the matter of
insect pests he complained of the attitude of indifference shown by
manv farmers regardintj; it. He migrht clear his orchards of the

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

pests only to be restocked by his neiij'hbors. The principal thing
needed, he said, in the renovation of old orchards was the renova-
tion of old farmers.

^Nlr. Richards called attention to the practice of thinning apples
and snggested that the lecturer must thin his ap])les in order to get
fruit that would bring ten dollars a l)arrel. He had grown a Bald-
win apple that measured one foot in circumference but it was the
only one on the tree.

In reply to the question of thinning fruit Mr. Powell stated that
it Avould hardly pay to go up too high in thinning and also in trim-
ming trees, and that this question of thinning was quite a problem
especially in regard to large trees. The expense of the work was
out of }~)ro]')ortion to the advantages gained. He was avoiding this
himself by propagating half-dwarf stock, trees that would not
attain a height of more than fifteen feet and thus were in easy
reach for spraying, trimming, and thinning. He had planted
hundreds of these and they were proving a great success, and that
is where he was getting his fine fruit. He thought the Doucin
stock a very hopeful tree and could be planted 110 to the acre.
The cost of picking apples from very high trees was twenty cents a
barrel while from low-headed trees it was but seven cents.

Mr. Hutchins stated that he had planted 150 dwarf trees as fillers
in an orchard of standards.

^Yilfrid Wheeler asked if the lecturer had ever tried hogs in the
orchard.

Mr. Powell replied that he had and that it was a benefit to an
old orchard on level land to let the hogs into it, it was better than
sheep, but for a hillside orchard sheej) were better than pigs.

The lecturer further stated in reply to questions that if he could
have his choice of time it was best to prune trees in May or June.
The effect of scraping trees was on the whole good. It destroyed
quite a number of insects, but the scraping should not be too heavy
or deep. Trees with hollow bodies could be filled uj) with cement
and thus saved for many years. Before filling the insides the cavi-
ties should be thoroughly sprayed with Bordeaux mixture.

In reply to the question, What is the Doucin, or half-dwarf tree,
and what is the dwarf or Paradise stock? ]\Ir. Powell said that
the Doucin is a native crab of France which, when budded, would

THE RENOVATION OF AN OLD ORCHARD. 65

make a tree that Avould grow under good culture about sixteen
feet high, and would produce from two and one-half to four barrels
of apples. This is called frequently a half -dwarf. The Paradise
is also a crab of smaller size. It grows largely in England and
makes a tree from seven to nine feet in height, according to the
variety budded upon it, and will produce from one and one-half
to two bushels of fruit.

THE HO:\IE VEGETABLE GARDEN.

BY JOHN W. DUNCAN, WEST ROXBURY, MASS.

Delivered before the Society, February 9, 1907.

The home vegetable garden is, perhaps, the most vakiable adjunct
to the home itself, apart from the immediate surroundings of the
home grounds. To the large estate, as well as to the small suburban
lot, with its few rods of a garden, it plays alike an important factor
in the pleasures of the home. That there is great pleasure to the
lover of horticulture in caring for the grounds, lawns, flowers, etc.,
every one will concede; but, let one get interested in the growing
of choice vegetables, and one will find the task doubly fascinating,
for, not only is it a joy to look at choice specimens of vegetables,
but, when they appear, properly cooked, on the dinner table, one
wonders that he can put up with even the choicest that may be
bought from the most considerate dealers in the market.

I do not propose to enter into details as to the size, kind of soil,
or location for the home vegetable garden ; that has to be answered
entirely by the owners themselves; and to grow vegetables in the
garden depends mostly upon those having charge of the work. I
wish to say, however, that the ground preferable for most kinds of
vegetables is a medium-heavy loam. The garden should be well
drained and subsoiled in all cases where the best results are expected
and equally good results may be had if the work is done by the plow
or spade. I am a great believer in intense cultivation. It should
be the endeavor, at all times, to keep the surface of the ground
stirred up, especially during dry weather.

It must ahvays be borne in mind that special care should be given
to manuring the ground for the different crops. I have seldom,
if ever, seen soil too rich in a vegetable garden. Again, many of
the crops may be benefited, at the proper time, during the growing
season, by applications of such fertilizers as nitrate of soda or
muriate of potash.

68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I have often heard it remarked, that it was not much of an aceom-
pUshment to grow vegetables, but I wish to emphatically dispel any
such idea and to say that the gardener \\ho can successfully and
continuously supply the table wants from the vegetable garden
during the whole year, is the man who is a credit to his profession.
He is not an amateur by any means but an expert in this branch of
horticulture.

There are many gardens where too little attention is given to the
cultivation of the many rare and valuable vegetables which may be
grown and brought to the table at seasons when there is a scarcity
of variety, or where they make a valuable change to the, perhaps,
epicurean tastvrs of the owner of the garden.

It should be the endeavor of the gardener at all times to secure
something new of merit to which he may call the attention of his
employer when a convenient opportunity presents itself; and, no
matter how fond of fine flowers a lady or gentleman may be, I have
yet failed to meet any who were not equally fond of choice vegetables.

It would be impracticable for me at this time to say which are
the best varieties of vegetables, but I wish to pass a few remarks on
some varieties of the more common kinds of vegetables \vhich
possess particular merit and which may be helpful at this season
in the selection of seeds from the alluring catalogues of the many
reliable seed houses — and, by the way, the procuring of high-grade
seeds is one of the most important steps towards having a good
vegetable garden. By high-grade seeds I mean seeds that are of
the finest selection of the variety or species they represent. I have
never yet found the seed store that could supply the highest grades
of all kinds of vegetables that a gardener may wish to grow, and
the gardener will invariably find that he may get an excellent
selection or strain of one kind of seed from one particular seed store
and another from some other. This is especially true of fine strains
of flower seeds, and it is equally true or more so of vegetable seeds.

There are many specimens of vegetables from which the gardener
will do well to save his own seeds. Careful selection of particular
strains may be greatly improved in this way, especially of such
vegetables as tomatoes, cucumbers, melons, beans, etc. Even
some introducers of excellent varieties of vegetables soon lose a
good strain of seeds, and it will be to the gardener's advantage to

THE HOME VEGETABLE GARDEN. 69

always improve if he can. Of course, I do not mean to say that
every gardener need be a Burbank, but I do mean to say that there
are many opportunities lost by gardeners not having an eye to the
improving of particular strains of whatsoever they may be growing.

Let us suppose that the gardener has at his command sufficient
glass for the early starting of many kinds of vegetables. It is now
high time to make a start, and the seeds of the earliest varieties of
lettuce, cauliflower, cabl)age, etc. should already be in the flats to
be pricked out a little later and continued growing till planted out,
either in hotbeds, frames, or in the open ground, as the case may be.
If the gardener has a limited amount of glass it will always repay
him to save sufficient for the growing of a limited quantity of the
early vegetables. The most particular attention should be given
to the seasons of planting of seeds, so that a succession of crops will
always be in order, and, by starting under glass about the middle
of February, many vegetables may be had much earlier than if
left till later.

As I have already said the first to start with at this season is let-
tuce, of such easy forcing varieties as White-Seeded Tennis Ball,
Belmont, or Arlington Hothouse. The first may be planted in
frames, and successive crops planted for outdoors. For summer
planting no better varieties will be found than Salamander, Deacon,
or New York. The Cos and Romaine lettuce are too seldom
grown, and will be found invaluable for summer use, although to
blanch them and have them crisp they are better by tying up.

Cauliflower should be early started under glass. Early Dwarf
Erfurt will be found the best, if a good strain is secured. Later
varieties of merit are Giltedge and Snowball. Of early cabbages,
Jersey Wakefield will be found as satisfactory as any for the home
garden. It should be the endeavor to secure small-sized and
shapely varieties, rather than the large, coarse-growing kinds we
too often see on our exhibition tables.

Brussels sprouts are a vegetable of the Brassica family that
require a long season to grow, and, perhaps, for this reason, are too
seldom seen; for fall and winter use, however, they will be found
one of the most useful of vegetables. They are better to be started
under glass, in early March. While I am at this family of plants
I wish to say a few words about kohlrabi which is a splendid sum-
mer vegetable, the white varieties being the best.

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It will be found best to start tomatoes early under glass, in order
to have good-sized plants to set out-of-doors about the end of May.
Many persons plant these out too early in the season : they become
stunted, and do not fruit so early as they might otherwise. The
variety is legion, and such varieties of English origin as Comet,
Sterling Castle, Rochford, and Best-of-all have recently proved
great favorites for the home table.

A few years ago much interest was taken in some of Greiner's
books, one especially on the cultivation of the onion. There was
little new about the method of cultivation, however, as it had been
practiced, more or less, by European gardeners for ages. The
method is to sow the seeds under glass and transplant the small
onion plants in the open ground when the weather will permit,
about the latter part of April. I believe the gardener will find this
the best method, too. The most practical varieties are Early
Queen, Southport, White Globe, Globe Dan vers, and Prize-taker.
Early crops of radishes may be started under glass; Scarlet Coni-
cal, Non Plus Ultra, and French Breakfast are all excellent sorts.

As spring opens one of the first of the vegetables to receive atten-
tion is the asparagus bed. If a winter covering has been put on
the coarse material should be removed and the finer manure forked
in. Asparagus may best be grown in rows about three to four feet
apart, the plants having been set about eighteen inches asunder.

As soon as the ground is opened it will be time to get in the first
crop of peas. And, by the way, this is one of the hardest vegetables
to select and grow a succession of for the home garden. I believe
there is no other vegetable that will show the selection of quality
quicker than peas. Nott's Excelsior and American Wonder are
both good dwarf sorts, and the latter, though not much of a cropper,
will be found to possess that delicious quality sought after so often.
Later varieties of merit are Advancer, Abundance, Everbearing,
Stratagem, and Champion of England.

Beets are a vegetable that a continuous succession of crops needs
to be sown in order to have them tender for table use. My selec-
tion of varieties would be Crosby's Egyj)tian, Arlington Favorite,
and Edmands' Blood Turnip. Swiss Chard is a species too seldom
grown. A row of this vegetable will be found indispensable in
summer, when the leaves may be cooked for greens or the stalks and
midribs stewed like asparagus.

THE HOME VEGETABLE GARDEN. 71

Beans are among the principal vegetables in the garden. Among
the dwarf varieties we have such as Earliest Red Valentine, Refugee,
Ne Plus Ultra, Stringlcss Green Pod, Yosemite, and Kidney Wax,
while among the pole varieties, Horticultural, Old Homestead, and
Golden Cluster are favorites. Among the lima beans, Burpee's
and Henderson's bush varieties will both be found worthy of grow-
ing, while King of the Garden and Sieva are both useful pole varie-
ties.

Sweet corn is a very important vegetable, and one that needs con-
siderable forethought for a continuous supply during its season.
The most suitable varieties for table c|uality and succession of crop
are First-of all, followed by Crosby, for early, although they should
be planted at the same time to have them in succession. For med-
ium crop, Potter's Excelsior is excellent, while for later crops,
Stowell's Evergreen and Country Gentleman are the leaders. If
a good strain of the latter is procured, it will be considered the
finest of all sweet corns. Plantings should be made about every
ten or twelve days from the time the ground is in condition to plant
up to about July 4th. The latter planting may not materiate, as
the weather may be against its matui'ing; but little will be lost.

Celery is an important crop of the garden. For early crop the
seed may be started under glass and transplanted, when large
enough, into rows. Other crops may be started later, as long as
the plants are large enough to plant in the permanent rows about
the middle of July. Popular varieties are White Plume, Golden
Self-Blanching, Giant Pascal, Boston Market, and Dwarf Crimson.
The first-named variety is not considered a first quality sort by
many gardeners, but, if properly handled, it will be found as crisp
and stringless as any. Boston Market is always popular and fine
flavored for winter use; and, perhaps, it may be wondered at my
mentioning a colored variety, but experience has taught me, that,
for late keeping, this sort is of great value, and along in March
and April, w^hen all celery is about gone, a little coloring in the stalks
will be relished rather than otherwise.

Cucumbers are much sought after, and, by planting at various
seasons (perhaps the earliest may be started under glass), fresher
cucumbers may be picked during the season. It will always pay
to plant a few of the small pickling sorts, for home-made pickles
are often more relished than factory-put-up sorts.

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Carrots are of great value, both to be used in soups and as a
vegetable. For early use French Forcing, while for late sorts
Chantenay and Danvers Halflong are good. Parsnips are a root
crop that need a long season to grow, but are very useful as a winter
vegetable. Salsify is too seldom grown, but it will be found one of
the best of vegetables for fall and winter use, having when cooked
that peculiar flavor of its own, which gives it the name of vegetable
oyster.

It is hardly necessary to mention turnips, and yet it is often a hard
matter to get a good tasting turnip either for summer use or for
winter, when the Rutabagas, or Swedish turnips, are much used as
vegetables.

Spinach is much used as greens and may be planted for one of the
early vegetables or for late fall and winter use. The New Zealand
variety is much used by some people for the dry summer season.

Eggplants are one of our best summer vegetables, requiring warm
weather to bring them to perfection. They should be started under
glass, like tomatoes. The most serviceable variety is New York
Improved Purple. It is a stronger grower and will produce more
fruits than some others.

Peppers should be started under glass about the same time as
eggplant.

Okra is a useful vegetable for soups. Plant for summer use,
and, if the pods are kept cut ofP, a succession will be kept up on the
plants till frost.

Leeks may be planted for use in soups or as a vegetable. To
get good sized they may be transplanted, as recommended for the
onions.

Summer squash may be put in at more than one planting. The
Crookneck varieties are perhaps the best. Other varieties of squash
may be planted, if room will permit.

Muskmelons, if they can be grown free from disease, should not
be forgotten. There is such a difference as regards the quality of
these in various locations that experience is the only teacher of
which varieties to plant.

Watermelons do not ripen early enough in this locality.

I do not think you would wish me to forget the potato, and, if
you have room to grow any, take for varieties those that are of a

THE HOME VEGETABLE GARDEN. 73

small or medium size, and of a good shape. There is much room
for improvement of many of the kinds of potatoes that are on the
market.

Kale is seldom grown in this locality, but it will be found a valu-
able vegetable for greens in late fall.

Endive is a good vegetable for a salad, but its near neighbor,
escarol, is a great improvement and may be grown in late summer
protected in a frame, and used for salad purposes long into the
winter months. It is very essential to tie this up so that it will be
properly blanched.

There are quite a number of other vegetables which may be grown
for greens, or for soups, or for salad purposes at different periods
during the summer.

Cardoons are grown for the midribs of the leaves, which are
cooked like asparagus. Dandelions of improved sorts will be found
good in earliest spring. Celeriac, cress, chicory, chives, corn salad
are all useful in salads, while chervil and tarragon are useful for
soups and flavoring.

There are many herbs, too, which every home vegetable garden
should have, for no good cook would be without them: of these
we have savory, sage, lovage, fennel, borage, anise, etc.

I have not yet mentioned rhubarb, and, perhaps, I might pass
over it, but I do not think that pies should be forgotten. This plant
will be found to grow better if taken up and divided into" single
crowns about every third year.

Artichokes are not much grown here, but are considered a great
delicacy by those who grow them. The plants may be started
under glass in winter, and a partial crop may be had the first year.
The plants need protection in winter, perhaps best given by a deep
covering of dry leaves.

Sea kale is a vegetable little, if ever, grown, and, yet, if only
known, would be much relished.

Quite a number of varieties of vegetables have, of recent years,
been sent from China and Japan: of these we have the Japanese
radishes, which grow much larger than our varieties, and as they
are generally mild flavored many people like them. Then we have
the Chinese mustard, which makes an excellent plant for greens,
and the so-called Chinese cabbage, or Tsai, which does not head up

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

like our cabbage, but has a more loose lettuce-like head. The
Chinese bean, or Towkok, makes an excellent string bean for late
season. The pods are 20 inches long, or more, and when cooked
have a delicious flavor, entirely different from other string beans.

I have now given you a summary of what will make, at least, a
very good vegetable garden, so far as variety is concerned, but there
are many things to be considered in the growing of these vegetables,
and the grower has to be continually on the outlook for insect pests,
which, of some species or other, attack almost every garden crop;
and then there are the many fungoid and other diseases, for which
special means of protection must in many cases be taken ; and after
all when you have raised the choicest of these vegetables they have,
before they reach the table, to go through a process, which, if not
up to the standard, may seriously impair the excellent qualities
they may possess.

Discussion.

In reply to questions as to escarol and sea kale Mr. Duncan said
that escarol was a broad-leaved endive and was one of the best
winter salads, and was rapidly coming into popular favor. Sea
kale was not much grown hereabouts but he had grown it success-
fully in southern New England ; blanch the young shoots in spring
by covering them with leaves and cook like asparagus.

Potatoes do best in old pasture land newly plowed up. March
20 was time enough to start tomatoes in the house. Regarding the
use of nitrate of soda as a vegetable fertilizer he said that it was best
to use a slight sprinkling of it periodically; not when planting, but
during the growing season.

Duncan Finlayson suggested for beans the Wonder of France
and the Mohawk which he had found very desirable varieties.

A lady remarked that the lecturer recommended the Country
Gentleman corn; she had tried it two years and it had proved a
failure, although it had been highly spoken of.

Mr. Duncan stated that in his experience he had never seen a
tomato equal to the Ponderosa in size, texture, and flavor. While
he advised it for the home garden it was not adapted for commercial
cultivation.

THE HOME VEGETABLE GARDEN. 75

A gentleman inquired concerning the watering of the vegetable
garden during a dry summer.

Mr. Duncan in reply said that if the garden was well subsoiled
and manured it would stand a dry season with little watering. The
cultivator was the best watering machine you could get for a dry
season.

R. W. Curtis said he thought some method of mulching would
be beneficial in dry weather.

Mr. Duncan replied that there was no better mulch than the dry
dust of the surface soil after frequent cultivation.

Varnum Frost said that the best instruction in farming came
from personal experience and observation. Good farmers learn
from observation and not from books. The greatest secret in farm-
ing was to know how long you could grow a certain vegetable in the
same ground. He thought it a mistake to overfeed strawberries;
a plant of the Marshall should have not less than thirty to forty
square inches to grow in; he gave his eighty square inches. Root
crops are likely to branch if too much manure is used.

Mr. Duncan said that not too much manure was the cause of the
branching of roots, but the lack of deep trenching and subsoiling.
The land should be trenched two spades' deep and a modern sulky
plow used.

Robert Cameron rather doubted if one could use the plow in the
home garden.

Mr. Duncan replied that where you can use the plow, use it.

In reply to the question. Is the first seed that ripens the best to
save ? Mr. Duncan answered, Rather select the seed of the best
formed and finest specimens.

Mr. Finlayson asked if the lecturer advocated the saving of seed
from one's own products. He had been taught that it was better
to change the seed.

Mr. Duncan said that seed could be saved for years and that the
grower should continually be on the outlook for new strains.

William X. Craig stated that the practise of pricking out onions
that had been raised in heat was good for the production of big
bulbs for exhibition purposes, but they would not keep near so well
as the smaller and harder onions grown from seed sown outdoors.
Onions succeeded best grown year after year on the same piece of

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

land. lie had grown them seven years at North Easton on the
same land and they improved yearly. For eight years he had done
the same on another estate with equally good results. He remem-
bered his father had kept a bed twenty-five years in the same spot
and the crop was always good. Dressings of soot, especially the
imported article, would destroy the onion maggot. He said that
tomatoes trained to stakes, poles, or fences were vastly superior to
those allowed to trail on the ground; a main stem and two laterals
should be allowed to each plant; the fruit ripened better and was
more perfect and clean than that grown under the old plan of
culture.

Peep-o'-Day was the earliest sweet corn but it was small; he
considered Golden Dawn a splendid early sort; the kernels were
yellow but the flavor was delicious. In an ordinary season he
would sow Stowell's Evergreen after July 4; Potter's Excelsior to
July 10; the small early kinds from July 15 to 20; and they would
come in season barring a very early frost. He preferred sowing
corn in rows as compared with hills; the land produced more per
square yard under the drill than under the hill system.

Mr. Craig said that the Golden Queen was an earlier and better
flavored lettuce than any of the regular forcing sorts usually grown;
the Commodore Nutt was small but it was a splendid extra early
variety which could be planted twice as close as any of the Tennis-
ball sorts.

Cauliflower sown indoors in January, pricked out in flats, then
planted in cold frames in rich material, and kept well watered pro-
duced fine heads in late April through May and until peas came in
season. It has a much finer flavor than large, outdoor-grown
heads; the best forcing variety is Kronk's Extra Early Erfurt.

Mr. Craig recommended kan-udo, commonly called udo, a new
Japanese vegetable received from the Department of Agriculture,
Washington, last season. He thought it very promising. It should
be planted in rows four feet apart and two feet between the plants.
It should be allowed to grow all summer; cut down to the ground
about September 1; and earth banked up a foot deep over the
crowns. Thick, fleshy shoots would come up through this compost
and could be used from the middle of October onw^ard. These
shoots can be used either as a salad or are excellent boiled in the
same wav as cauliflower and served with a white sauce.

THE HOME VEGETABLE GARDEN. 77

Wilfrid Wheeler remarked that the matter of rotation of crops in
a garden could be often dispensed with if the soil was tested for
acidity with blue litmus paper, covering the paper about six inches
deep in the soil and allowing it to remain about fifteen minutes.
Upon removing the paper, if it remained blue the soil was all right,
but if it was red the soil needed lime. This lime should be applied
slaked at the rate of about one bushel to every four square rods of
land. This application of lime should last for about five years. In
testing the garden it is best to try a number of places, and gardens
that have been worked a great many years are more apt to be acid
than newer soil. One great benefit derived from this liming pro-
cess is the freeing of insoluble nitrogen, and it is better after the
soil has been limed not to put on any fertilizer of a nitrogenous
nature.

CERTAIN USES OF THE SCHOOL GARDEN.

BY MISS ANNE WITHINGTON, BOSTON.

Delivered before the Society, February 16, 1907.

In the conduct of my work of teaching city children something
of the art of gardening, I have found much entertainment and
often much profit in the casual remarks of the persons who hang
over the fence to view the living scene. Of the contribution the
city school garden makes to the panorama of city life I shall have
more to say. My reason for introducing the casual observer here
is that, like others who take a friendly interest in the school garden
movement, he usually has two reasons to justify the introduction
of this new branch of learning into the school curriculum :

First — The moral effect produced by an acquaintance with
INIother Nature.

Second — The economic benefit to be derived from teaching
city children to cultivate the soil.

Now it seems to me more is taken for granted in these two justi-
fications than the premises warrant. It may be true — and who
should know better than the poet ? that —

"To him who in the love of Nature holds
Communion with her visible forms, she speaks
A various language,"

but it cannot be affirmed that mere familiarity with the world of
out-of-doors begets understanding. We remember Wordsworth's
farmer —

"A primrose by a river's brim

A yellow primrose was to him

And nothing more."

We recall in our own experience many a farm worker who per-

80 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

formed his daily tasks as perfunctorily and with as little intelligence
as the most machine-like of factory operatives.

For the second reason, the number of persons gaining a livelihood
by agricultural pursuits is not likely at any time in the future to be
more than a third of the whole population — if this proportion is
maintained — and any technical training for this class should be
furnished by technical, not public schools.

We cannot justify our invasion of the schools it seems to me, unless
we squarely face the fact that we demand from the schools some
things our fathers did not demand, and, further, in feeling about
for the instruments whereby these things may be achieved, we
have come upon the school garden.

1st. The older education aimed to fill the pupils' heads with
authoritative facts. Our ideal is the awakening of the latent
faculties of the child.

2d. The so-called learned professions were the goal of the course
of study, though, of course, many fell by the wayside. The mediae-
val tradition of learning being a matter of monks, was transplanted
to our shores and appeared in Puritan guise as education, even
popular education being a preparation for the ministry.

The modern idea is that the public school, the elementary school,
at least, shall fit for citizenship, not for a vocation, but shall so
develop habits of doing, habits of thinking, that any vocation to
which the gifts of the pupil justify his aspiration may be worthily
filled, and further, as some educator has pointed out, that he may
be fitted to survive in a world of ever-changing conditions.

3d. The schools of the past could concern themselves with
"book-learning" solely, safe in the consciousness that the pupils
were being trained in all kinds of manual arts, were learning many
kinds of useful knowledge in the home, in the fields, in the workshop.
Save for the knowledge country children acquire on the farm, all
this training has passed from the ken of school children. The
various movements for the introduction of training in the manual
arts into the schools have been inspired by a discernment of this
lack in the life of the modern child. Indeed, most emphatic and
unsentimental is the testimony from some sources. Those who
defend the employment of children in factories and workshops
declare that the child needs industrial experience to fit him for his

CERTAIN USES OF THE SCHOOL GARDEN. 81

future industrial life. So far we can go. However, more and more
public opinion is demanding that child labor shall not be exploited
for the benefit of the employer, but shall be conserved in school for
the benefit of the child.

We see remarkable evidences of the changed attitude on the part
of educational institutions toward the kind of scientific knowledge
demanded by modern industry. We are told that Harvard this
year admits applicants for the degree of bachelor of arts who offer
an accepted requirement in place of Latin, and we read this very
week that that high citadel of orthodox educational ideas, Oxford
University itself, has established a chair of agricultural science in
recognition of the fact recently discovered by Oxford, that agri-
culture is a science! Surely with this august precedent we may
embark on any school garden adventure we will.

If, then, we can convince ourselves that the printed word is not
the only thing with which schools may profitably concern them-
selves we may set about finding out the best way to teach a manual
art — our gardening art, for instance. Here we are confronted
with the differences in surroundings of various schools. However,
whether we begin with the school in the crowded city, the factory
town, the village or the country district, there are conunon uses to
which the garden may be put. It may be used to teach arithmetic,
geography, drawing, writing, spelling. Learning the multiplica-
tion table by planting peas is a pleasant process. Finding the area
of a triangle in which one is to grow radishes is n't a distasteful
task. When flax and hemp, winter wheat and rye, tobacco and
peanuts are grown under our own observation the pages of the
geography take on a new interest.

"What is that blue flower?" asked one of my North End girls
one day last summer as we were visiting Mr. Rawson's farm in
Arlington.

"Succory," I replied.

"OhI" cried she, "we had that in the reading book — 'succory
to match the sky' — Ralph Waldo Emerson." And she knew it
the next time she saw it. Then, too, there can be no such medium
for teaching reverence for the miracle of nature, the renewal of
life, as any garden oft'ers. The coming up of the seeds, the forma-
tion of the seeds, the needs of the plant, the kinship of the vegetable

82 .MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and animal world afford many opportunities for the intelligent and
sympathetic teacher to influence the child profoimdly.

Moral instruction need not be a dismal matter. All the preach-
ments in the world cannot illuminate the sul)ject of regard for the
rights of others as does one half-hour's Avork in a school garden.
Correct habits of Avork can be taught in any garden. "They can
fool you in the school room," said one of the Boston masters to me,
as we watched the children at work, "but out here in the garden
we can see whether they know or not."

All these things can be taught with like profit in any school garden.
In some other respects the methods employed may be adapted to
various ends. The country school garden might serve as a model
for the community. No one familiar with our country towns in
New England will deny that such a garden attached to the country
school might be of inestimable service in calling attention to new
ways of doing things, new ]ilants, new varieties, new ideas. This,
I am told, is the purpose of some of the school work in Tennessee,
where one of the county school superintendents is striving to base
the school work on agriculture, which is the prevailing industry
of the community. Also, it conforms to the theory on which Hamp-
ton and Tuskegee Institutes have been so successfully conducted.

Then, in the village school we can see opportunities for making
the garden of economic and aesthetic value. INIuch of the work of
the village improvement societies has centered about the village
school. Its grounds have been planted, its schoolrooms adorned.
Why should the school not offer a place for learning how best to
plant a small garden; how to obtain a succession of blossoming
floAvers; how colors should l)e arranged; hoAv to ])lant ugly spots
with vines and shrubs.

Then the factory town. Here we find ourselves confronted with
the great modern industrial problem which underlies all our efforts
to make this a better and more lovely world to live in. I shall
never forget the effect produced upon me by the sight of the little
gardens in Fall River at the time of the strike in the cotton mills
two years ago. The Portuguese operatives retain their love of the
cultivation of the soil in spite of their factory life, and they have
a habit of clubbing together and hiring a tract of land on which they
grow garden truck. At the time of my visit, in mid-summer, these

CERTAIN USES OF THE SCHOOL GARDEN. 83

Portuguese, although among the poorest paid of the operatives,
were able to withstand the long strain of the strike with less suffer-
ing than the better paid workers who had no garden produce to fall
back upon. The entire absence of violence in any form during this
strike was doubtless largely due to the fact that the farmers of the
surrounding country brought in food supplies almost daily to con-
tribute to the townspeo])le in distress. This seems to me a notable
illustration of the imperative need for systematic efforts to bring
the industrial population into closer relation to the soil.

The school in such a factory town can promote the economical
welfare and incidentally the aesthetic benefit of the community by
teaching children the art of gardening.

The city school garden meets needs unknown to suburban or
rural districts. It is often the means of introducing the child to
the life which sustains it. It opens a Avhole new world of interest
to the city child and a life outside the city comes into the range of
possibility. The city school garden does not effect an exodus into
the country but it stimulates a movement into suburban districts
which is of inestimable benefit.

AVe often forget that a large proportion of the dwellers in our
crowded districts are by training adapted for country life. Such
work as is carried on by the Italian and Jewish colonization societies
is in recognition of this fact; but such private efforts must necessa-
rily att'ect })ut few in number. The little city school garden reaches
out to the great numbers of the children of these newcomers and
teaches them that the agricultural life of their parents is not to be
despised.

The contribution the city garden makes to the problems of the
city neighborhood seems to me of inestimable value. We are so
apt to forget that the casual passer-by has capacities for enriching
our community life. I have had more than one experience while
occupied with our gardens in city streets which has seemed to me
significant. There are always many city-bound people in whom
the sight of children working in the garden awakens memories.

The love of the soil is almost racial in the Italians, for instance,
and their eager faces pressed against the high grating which separates
our Hancock School garden from Prince Street is a sight I shall
never forget. Another of our gardens is on Batterv Street, close

84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to the East Boston Ferry. "Every day I look over the fence to see
how much your things have grown " said one man to us last summer.
Down in one of our Charlesbank gardens at the West End a little
girl told me that she was trying hard to have a nice garden, "Be-
cause," said she, "my father works on the new West Boston Bridge
and he walks through the park to and from his work to see how
my plants are doing."

It seems to me that in our eagerness to show model gardens we
sometimes forget that the crop we are after is a human not a veg-
etable one and that such fine feeling as this Irish laborer showed
is much more precious than any rose or radish the most expensive
gardens may yield.

Discussion.

In answer to a question as to the number of school gardens in
Boston, Miss Withington stated that there were twelve under the
care of the School Garden Committee which she represented.
INIost of them were in the crowded parts of the city. There were
two at the North End, three at the West End, three in East Boston,
three in South Boston, and one or two in the suburban districts.
They varied in size according to the amount of land available for
the purpose. The Rice School garden on Dartmouth Street ac-
commodated forty boys ; the Hancock School garden at the North
End was on a house lot adjoining the school which had been bought
by the city; and at the West End the Park Commissioners had
given the use of two strips of ground for the gardens.

In reply to an inquiry concerning the number of children receiv-
ing garden instruction in proportion to the whole number in the
school, !Miss Withington said that in the city we are very much
restricted. Our gardens are small and our schools are large. We
usually take one class from a grade and generally from the sixth
and seventh grades, because the children then are at an age when
they are more or less responsible and not too old to be averse to
garden work.

Each set of children has one year of work in the garden and the
knowledge that they acquire does sink into their minds. Two
hours a week are devoted to this work, but sometimes thev get a

CERTAIN USES OF THE SCHOOL GARDEN. ' 85

Avhole afternoon. The children do the planting and the watering,
in fact, the actual work is done by them. The seeds are furnished
through a contribution made by the city.

Robert Cameron said that he would like to know how the teachers
get the practical knowledge necessary in carrying on the garden
work. He had met a number and he had found them deficient,
as a rule, in the knowledge of practical gardening. He thought
it important that the teachers get the correct methods of garden
work at the first.

]Miss Withington replied that the teachers get their knowledge
from practical gardeners and from other teachers. They often
feel inadequately furnished with the necessary knowledge in gar-
dening, and at such times they turn to the florists and gardeners
who are always willing to help with their advice and suggestions.
As the school garden movement develops there will be some syste-
matic training of teachers to this end.

Mr. Cameron said that he had spent the month of Dec;^mber in
Jamaica and had visited the Hope Gardens there where agricultural
instruction was gi^-en to the school children. They have about an
acre of garden for the children to work in, and the director talks
to them about the soil, methods of planting, etc. They are shown
the correct way of planting the principal agricultural products of
the island, such as oranges, bananas, sugar cane, pineapples, and
giiava. On other days the chemist and the botanist give instruc-
tion in their respective lines. The aim is to train the children to be
agriculturists. They are ahead of our schools in practical work
and we ought to have something of the kind here. He believed
that the children should be taught agriculture and that the teachers
should be taught how to do their work properly.

William B. Carpenter said that the city should supply practical
men to teach the teachers. He thought the movement towards
agricultural education one of the best features of the present day.
Among other things in the school garden he advocated a cereal
garden. There arc only eight cereals and all can be grown easily
in our gardens, thus showing the development of these important
plants and furnishing opportunity of seeing them growing side by
side. Not one in a hundred, he said, knows how wheat, rice, and
buckwheat look; the common things that are actually used in

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

everyday life. Then the three textile plants, cotton, flax, and hemp,
can be grown. He noted an increasing tendency of the times
towards the country life, and that the attendance at our agricultural
colleges was being recruited from city boys.

William H. Spooner remarked that he was in hearty sympathy
with this movement looking to the revival of interest in agricultural
affairs among our school children. There was a marked and
increasing tendency towards the rural life and there are now practi-
cally no abandoned farms in Massachusetts. He said that the
attendance at the agricultural colleges was constantly increasing
and largely from the city population, showing that the interest in
agricultural pursuits was growing.

Mr. Hastings of Fitchburg said that he was a firm believer in the
school and home garden and he believed it was going to do a great
work for New England. He advocated simple, easily cultivated
plants for the school garden and recommended especially the
English double daisy, the seeds of which could be planted in boxes
in the schoolroom. Then let every child take one to his home and
raise a double daisy, and in that way the child is introduced to that
plant, and from his acquaintance with it he is going to try others.
Thus we foster in the child a tendency to Individual work. He
believed that we were going to get out of the city more and more
and into the country', and this school garden instruction was en-
couraging this idea.

Mr. Cameron said that the child should know that there were
fortunes in the soil and gold to be taken out of the ground. Teach
the child to get these fortunes out of the land and not to be content
to live in the slums of the city. The teacher should show the boys
how to raise fruits and get money from them. Teach the boy to
get these things out of the soil. Teach him to go out into the
country^ where he can earn a better living than he can in the city.

Miss Withington said that the school gardens had actually pro-
duced agriculturists, for she knew of boys who had become so in-
terested in the work that they had asked for emplo^Tnent on farms
and were now occupying good positions. The only way of interest-
ing the city child was to bring some of the country to him.

Mr. Cameron asked how the American child took to this garden
work as compared with the children of foreigners.

CERTAIN USES OF THE SCHOOL GARDEN. 87

Miss Withington replied that it was very noticeable that Italian
children were very fond of this work and also the colored children
were good workers. In her experience she had found an equally
hearty response on the part of American children. In fact, nearly
all children are interested in gardening and take pleasure in it.

INIr. Carpenter remarked that the school officials could not do
a better thing for the practical instruction of children than to put
some money into seeds and tools. It was just as legitimate an
expense as to put money into books.

William N. Craig said that in North Easton they did not have
a school garden but there were two Granges that were interested
in the work and offered prizes to young gardeners for the best kept
flower and vegetable gardens. In this way they hoped to reach
the children of the schools. He said that instruction by practical
gardeners was needed to produce best results.

A young lady remarked that the school garden exerted a civilizing
effect upon the children. They were not so rough in their play;
and she had observed that when a child had taken home a plant to
put in the window the window very soon became clean and there
was a general improvement in the surroundings.

Mrs. Wing suggested that technical knowledge was not every-
thing to be desired. It was not necessary to know so much about
the soils. Of greater value in the work of the school garden was
the kindly interest in the child life, stimulating it to find pleasure
in these things.

FORESTRY FROM A COMMERCIAL STANDPOINT.

BY PROF. F. WM. RANK, BOSTON.

Delivered before the Society, February 23, 1907.

There are few if any problems of greater moment and more
economic importance to the state of Massachusetts at the present
hour than that of forestry. I have held the position of State
Forester to this commonweahh but for a few months. It has been
my privilege and duty during this time to study and become famil-
iar with our present forestry conditions. I have visited most
sections of the state, and in terms of a physician and his patient my
diagnosis of our forestry conditions as a whole, after due considera-
tion of individual symptoms, clearly shows that our patient is
extremely badly off ; very sick indeed. A pronounced case of "Lum-
berosus." The case has developed into the acute form of "Box-
boarditis." This disease to the specialist is well understood and
it would be a delight for me to go into details and trace its various
stages of development and from present knowledge point out with
a reasonable degree of assurance that had the patient received
proper treatment earlier, the present unfortunate condition could
have been avoided. Will we ever reach that ideal, we are all aware
of but too little heed, "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of
cure," or "a stitch in time saves nine?"

But here is our sick Massachusetts forestry patient. My duty
as state forester seems clear at the outset, namely, the checking and
holding of this forestry disease from further unnecessary develop-
ment. If the patient can be relied upon to submit to a course of
treatment there is every hope of her recovery.

Since taking charge of this patient last September my time has
been entirely employed night and day in her behalf. Not only can
a specialist derive pleasure in being able to be of service in his
technical life's work from the purely scientific standpoint, but with

90 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a patient so interesting, beloved, cherished and adored, not only by
her own children, who have thoughtlessly neglected her, but by
her fond admirers, the s ster states throughout the nation, how
can one do aught else than keep to his work as a task of love and
s}Tnpathy ?

Doubtless there are those present who have known this forest
patient when she was healthy, vigorous, and strong; how beautiful
primeval forests dotted this good old Bay State in those days, and
how year by year they have succumbed to our mad rush of uneco-
nomic commercialism, until today finds us in a sadly depleted and
unrational condition, viewed from the standpoint of modern forest
management. It is always easy to point out mistakes after they
have happened, but experience though a dear teacher is nevertheless
extremely effective. Year by year the primeval forest growth was
cut and harvested, second growth, inferior but valuable, has fol-
lowed where conditions have been favorable; this has in turn been
utilized as soon as it reached merchantable size. Demand for
forest products has been increasing in greater and greater pro-
portion as we have been developing the state and nation, while the
products themselves have likewise been approaching exhaustion.
Our people have looked upon the forest products as inexhaustible,
thinking, naturally, that though Massachusetts should be depleted
there are plenty of other states at our very doors with indefinite
supplies. Many of our country-loving and farsighted citizens have
time and again in the past predicted our present calamity, but the
commercial era has absorbed us, and the successful business man
of America has been the admired of admirers. Aesthetics in a new
country are as nothing compared with commercial activities when
the bases of the commodities dealt in are free gifts and cost only
for the marketing. The balance finally comes with the nation's
development.

From the substantial old-time sawmill, formerly so common
upon our streams, now only n relic of bygone days, our evolution
has developed to the portal)k' mill. Instead of taking the logs to
the mill, we now take the mill to the logs. While it is easy to com-
prehend this change of milling operations and the economy therein,
the effect upon forestry itself and the country community has
changed most remarkal)ly. When logs were taken to the mills

' FORESTRY FROM A COMMERCIAL STANDPOINT. 91

most farmers employed their teams and labor during the winter
months in getting out lumber for home consumption, but sold
enough to make the effort and time profitable. The old-fashioned
method was also not to cut clean, but to take only the larger and
mature trees. This practice did not destroy the forest but replace-
ment followed rapidly. Our present method is to sell the stumpage
and as the purchaser finds he is able to market every vestige of the
product, the forest area is stripped of vegetation. In earlier days
this extreme of clearing was done only when the land was to be
used for agricultural purposes. Where the larger growth only was
taken out in the past, in twenty years or so the same land could be
cut over again at a profit; under present practice it will require a
period nearly or quite twice as long for similar results. Again, even
the cutting clear practice was not so productive of ill results until
it came into such common usage. When only here and there a
track was cut, the surrounding growth reseeded it, today the reseed-
ing factor is also cut leaving great areas where nature is unable to
assist as formerly. The white pine for example will reestablish
itself wherever the conditions are favorable. When, as in earlier
times, the ill-shaped and limbed specimens contained no commer-
cial value, they were allowed to remain standing. These trees
make our best seed trees, hence were responsible for reforesting
the land with this species. Today even these seed trees have
value, no matter how pronged or crooked; they will make box
boards, pails, tubs, matches, etc., and bring prices from $14.00 to
$16.00 a thousand when delivered. The results of this practice
are as we find them altogether too common. Portable mills are
operating at the present on wood-lots that in earlier times could
not be used commercially. Where the diameters of trees were
thought of in terms of feet, we have simply changed the feet to
inches for present practical usage. The commercial pine tree of
today hardly reaches the seed producing age before it is harvested.
W^hat is true of white pine is equally true of many other of our
forest trees. Our pulp companies chew up practically ever\i;hing
of the spruce, and even balsam fir which a few years ago was con-
sidered practically worthless, at present is of equal value with
spruce in limited amounts. Hemlock was little thought of for
joists and general framing material in buildings not long since.

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

but our carpenters now are not so particular. The American
larch, commonly called tamarack or hackmatack, found growing
in low moist situations was valueless until railroad ties and tele-
graph poles grew scarce, and then they found immediate value,
now having largely disappeared. Hickory, commonly called wal-
nut in New Englanfl, was the only wood thought suitable for tools,
ax handles, whiffletrees, etc., but go on the market and sec what
are being substituted in its place; of course, our tools do not last
as long as formerly. Were there time it could be shown that
each and every kind of wood has special qualities that adapt it for
specific usefulness. The more we advance in the commercial
industries and manufacture we continue to discover new economic
uses for all of our raw materials and products. There is not a
species of wood grown at present but has a recognized standard of
value. The time has come when simply the growing of cord wood
in most sections of Massachusetts is a promising financial crop;
particularly is this true where the burning of brick is an important
industry.

We as a commonwealth are at an extremely interesting stage at
the present time as regards our forestry problem. It is not only
true of Massachusetts but of New England, and for that matter
the whole country to a greater or less extent,.

As long as the prices of forest products remained low we laughed
at the idea of forest depletion. Experience is a wise teacher and
although the histories of older countries point out very clearly the
mistakes they have made, their errors are seldom heeded in a new
country until many of the same experiences have resulted.

When our forefathers came to these shores New England was a
vast wilderness, a primeval forest. We are told of the magnificent
forests and how individual trees reached great proportions through-
out this whole section. Even the decaying stumps still extant
remind us that but yesterday in point of time these monarchs of
the forest which had been growing for centuries Avere with us.
Tomorrow forest trees producing over a thousand feet board mea-
sure will be a veritable cin'iosity. W^e country loving and public
spirited people arc extremely anxious that the nation reserve cer-
tain portions of the White INIountains and the Southern Appalachian
range, that coming generations may enjoy, take pride in, and benefit

FORESTRY FROM A COMMERCIAL STANDPOINT. 93

therefrom. A birthright for them as small as this is a pittance
compared with the vast and almost endless expanse of virgin forest
areas that was ours.

Viewing the subject as a whole, therefore, we must recognize
that the time is ripe for action and public concern. To accomplish
results much thoughtful study and definite systematic planning
must be done in order that there will be no obstructions in the
way. Education and example are our tools to work with.

"Forestry is the science and art of forming and cultivating forests;
the management of growing timber." Forestry, therefore, as the
title of my address indicates, is concerned with the economic pro-
duction of merchantable wood and timber. Forestry should right-
fully be thought of as a commercial industry. The forest products
of a country should be one of her greatest assets, just as much as
that of any other crop, agriculturally speaking, and even more to be
relied upon than our income from mining, for with proper manage-
ment the investment will be permanent, inexliaustible, and hence
fundamental to the nation's life and prosperity.

Lumbering is as important to successful forestry as is the digging
of potatoes or the harvesting of any crop when it is ripe. The same
essentials of culture also must be understood in getting maximum
returns in the one case as in the other.

Forestry and commercial forestry are synonymous terms. Fores-
try in its true sense when managed properly will utilize our 3,000,000
acres of land in Massachusetts, at present seen scattered in every
section, known as waste land, abandoned pastures, sprout lands,
barrens, plains, etc., returning them to forest culture. The same
culture that will return saw logs to our mills, make work for our
country folks in winter, replenish our town treasuries, repaint the
old red schoolhouse, pay the sexton to again ring the church bell,
make better roads, and in short return the former substantial
livelihood of country life, will also conserve moisture, protect and
enrich the soil, give an equitable climate, and return to ^Nlassachu-
setts and New England the natural beauty we all so much would
love to see.

If commercial forestry will do this, the aesthetic man, who now
and then sets out a shade tree and spends more time criticising the
practical lumberman, can employ his time to better advantage.

94 :massachusetts horticultural society.

Our poitable mill operators who are to be found in nearly every
country town are generally speaking our best and most public
spirited citizens, and as a matter of fact the leaders of the communi-
ties. These men also are the most approachable men in the world
and willing to foster and further every reasonable and commend-
able project. These men I am confident will be the men of the
future to be relied upon to do things in forestry. The fact that
forest products are valuable and likely to increase rather than di-
minish, it l)eing an easy matter to demonstrate even at present
prices that reforestation and better forest management will pay,
gives life and interest to the undertaking.

Go into any rural section, or city for that matter, in Massachu-
setts today and discuss modern forestry intelligently, beginning
with the collecting of the seed, time of year to gather it, when to
plant, how to care for the seedling, distance apart to set for results,
when to thin and whether to prune, number of years to maturity,
the kind of soils for different species, probable returns upon the
investment, etc., and there is little trouble in interesting our people.

For the rest of my time today I want to give some forestr}^ data
likely to be of interest. Any data given upon forestry is generally
speaking only suggestive, but if the basis of estimating is also given
comparative adaptations can be made where conditions vary.

In giving the following estimates, I have taken precaution to be
conservative. It is better it is thought to give the data as it really
exists although the picture may not be as attractive. The rate of
interest, the price of land, and the assessed valuation upon the incre-
ment growth are all variable and elastic factors for basing compu-
tations.

Profits from Woodland under present conditions in
Massachusetts.

Term of years 40. Taxes and valuation figured at 4% com-
pound interest. Average price of woodland free of growth esti-
mated at SO. 00 per acre. As the trees grow an addition of $5.00
per acre every 10 years is allowed as follows: —

1st 10 years SO.OO; 2nd 10 years $11.00;
3rd 10 years 16.00; 4th 10 years 21.00.
The average tax rate throughout the state is $17.00 per thousand.

FORESTRY FROM A COMMERCIAL STANDPOINT. 95

Second growth white pine, chestnut, and sprout hardwood growth
are those we are most famihar with.

(1) Sprout Hardwood Growth.

In sprout hardwood growth it is generally considered that a cord
per year can be obtained in average conditions on an acre. There-
fore 40 years equals 40 cords. Stumpage value $40. to SSO. depend-
ing on locality and proximity to market.

Investment at the end of 40 years.

Compound interest of valuation $6.00 for 40 years, $22.81

Taxes with interest.

1st ten years $3.97

2nd " ' " 4.48

3rd " " 4.83

4th " " 4.29 17.57

Total cost $40.38

Profit .$00.00 to $40.00 in 40 years per acre or 10.00 to $1.00 an acre
per year.

(2) Chestnut Growth.

Can expect about 100 good telephone poles or 300 ties with 15
cords of wood = total net approximate value of $100. Investment
at end of 40 years same as for sprout hardwood growth $40.00.
This leaves a net profit of $60.00 per acre in 40 years or $1.50 a
year per acre average.

(3) Second Growth White Pine {Natural reproduction).

From actual measurements this growth was found to yield on
an acre 25 cords of white pine and 15 cords of hardwood. A cord
in terms of lumber meaning a thousand board feet. White pine
is worth $5.00 per cord and hardwood $1.00. Total 40 cords equals
$140.00. Deducting $40.00, the investment which is the same as
for sprout hardwood growth and chestnut, leaves a net return of
$100.00 an acre in 40 years or a net income of $2.50 a year per acre.

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(4) Natural Pastures (so called).

There are in Massachusetts over 1,000,000 acres of pasture lands.
Assuming that all cattle and sheep are pastured at the average
rental, statistics show that these lands do not average $1.50 a year
per acre. If from this sum we subtract $1.00 a year the amount
allowed for taxes on valuation, and compound interest on valuation,
the same amount as allowed in the case of forest lands, the net
income for an acre per year is only 50 cents. This shows that there
are thousands of acres of pasture lands in Massachusetts that right-
fully and economically should be turned over to forestry.

Time was when this state was a great producer of grazing animals
that were raised at a profit. Conditions now are vastly changed
and if we have learned anvthing in scientific agriculture in recent
years it is that concentration on smaller areas and a more definite
rotation of crops make the successful farmer. This same logic and
philosophy turn over acres upon acres of lands of our farms at
present in an unproductive and unprofitable stage to an industry
with not only great possibilities commerciallv. but improving a
condition at present greatly needed.

\{5) White Pine Planted. (Nursery stock).

White pine seedlings set 6X6 feet require 1210 per acre. Two
year seedlings are worth $5.00 per 1000.

Compound interest on valuation $11. for 40 years $41.81

1210 seedlings 6.05

transplanting 1210 seedlings 4.95

total $11.00 at interest for 40 years = 52.80
Taxes with interest 1st 10 years = $6.63

2nd " ' " = 7.15

3rd " " = 6.34

4th " " = 6.33 26.45

~ total cost $121.06

Product at end 40 years 40 coras or 40,000 B. M. feet at $5. equals
$200., leaving a net profit of $78.94 or $1.97 a year per acre.
These figures are based upon the maximum cost of seedlings and

FORESTRY FROM A CO!MMERCIAL STANDPOINT.

97

planting, also the valuation of pasture land at SI 1.00 instead of
waste lands as considered under (1) (2) and (3) at 16.00.

(6) White Pine Planted {Home grown or native seedlings).

Compound interest on valuation (SO.) for 40 years
Initial outlay for seedlings and planting $5. per acre

plus interest for 40 years
Taxes with intej*est 40 years

$22.81

29.00

17.57

$69.38

Returns at end of 40 years, 40 cords or 40,000 B. M. feet at So.
equals S200. Subtracting cost S69.38, leaves the net profit in 40
years S130.62 or an average of $3.26 a year per acre.

Reducing the whole to tabular form we have the following: —
(1). Under favorable natural conditions of reforestation. Re-
turns per acre in 40 years and average return an acre each year.

Growth.

Per acre in 40 years.

Average an acre each year.

Hardwood

Chestnut

Second growth white
pine

$00. to $40.
60.

100.

$0.00 to $1.00
1.50

2.50

From pasture land valuation $11. average

50 an acre each year.

(2). Where trees are planted. Returns per acre in 40 years
and average return an acre each year.

White Pine.

Per acre in 40 years.

Average an acre each year.

Valuation $11.
Seedlings ] , ,
Planting \
^ aluation 6.
Seedlings | -
Planting \ ^■

$70.00
130.62

$1.75
3.26

From these calculations it is shown that even under present con-

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ditions forestry can be practiced commercially with a reasonable
profit. As a long-time investment the returns must be considered
as offering exceptional opportunities. The rate of interest under
each example cited per year for the principal first used besides the
4% already chai'ged at the end of the 40 year period, is in each case
as follows:— (1) 0 to 16%; (2)25%; (3)41%; (4)4%; (5)9%;
(6) 29%.

No matter how attractive we may make it the fact still remains
that fcAv people are willing to make long-time investments and wait
for their fruition. The time is coming, however, when farsighted
business men will recognize this source of investment as a safe and
profitable one. The State of Massachusetts it is believed can well
afford to make a beginning in this direction by purchasing at low
cost much of our cheap lands and restocking them as forest reserves.
Not only can they be made a valuable asset in the future to the
commonwealth but serve as examples of forestry methods.

Forest fires are a great menace to practicing modern forestry
in Massachusetts and are undoubtedly one of the greatest draM-
backs to forestry undertakings. Our present laws regulating this
problem are not effective enough. We have bills before the present
general court of Massachusetts looking toward an improvement
in this direction.

The laws relative to the taxation of forest lands are in no way
systematized or deduced to securing the best results. It is to be
hoped that some simple, practical, and expedient forest taxation
laws may be formulated at an early time.

The greatest of all needs, however, and we must come back to it
as the foundation upon which our whole forestry structure must
stand for success, is a well-defined educational system by which
our people may be taught not only to recognize the importance of
forestry but how to get best results from a practical knowledge of
the theory and practice combined.

In conclusion I would say let us be wise and farsighted. The
Massachusetts anfl New England of the future will be what you
and I make it. History repeats itself. In the old world the rise
and fall of the Roman Empire had its associations with commer-
cial forestry. Spain once the country of equitable climatic con-
ditions and beautiful meadows, the native country of the merino

I

FORESTRY FROM A COMMERCIAL STANDPOINT. 99

sheep and a progressive and prosperous agriculture, has cut down
her forests, denuded her mountains, and what is her present con-
dition ? We are told that in biblical times certain valleys in Pales-
tine were so fertile that they sustained and nourished great flocks
and herds, figuratively speaking these valleys flowed with milk
and honey. In those days the cedar of Lebanon and other forest
trees were found in all their glory. What sort of a country is
Palestine today? Travelers tell us it is dangerous to travel with-
out a guide, the country is parched, dry, and desolate.

What do we propose for the future of this nation or for that
matter Massachusetts? If we are public spirited, as I believe
we are, and have a love for our country and commonwealth we
will awake to our responsibility ere it is too late.

Instead of following the example of countries like those mentioned
let us emulate the example of Germany, where modern forestry is
practiced successfully. Then and only then can we feel proud in
believing we have done our full duty toward the forest interests
of our native land.

Discussion.

W^ilfred Wheeler asked the lecturer if he had ever tried the ex-
periment of seeding directly upon the land instead of transplanting
the seedlings.

Prof. Rane replied that he had tried this method and sometimes
with good results, but it was wasteful of seed. It would take five
povmds of seed to the acre in this way, and with seed costing 13.75
per pound, it was rather expensive for the results obtained. The
transplanting of two-year-old seedlings was a much better plan.

Duncan Finlayson asked if the figures shown in the diagram
were taken from actual experience, and also inquired if there was
any way of exterminating the pine weevil which in some localities
was doing serious injury by destroying the topmost branches of
young white pines.

Prof. Rane answered in regard to the first question that the
estimates and figures given in his chart were based upon practical
conditions and were conservative rather than otherwise. Con-
cerning the pine weevil he said there was no cause to be alarmed

100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

about it. This insect is not a new one, and while one lot might
be hurt by its depredations another lot, perhaps only a mile away,
would be all right. He said that he thought it would be no worse
in planted areas than it was under native conditions. The only
thing to be done, in most cases, was to cut out the leader, which
seems to be part of the tree mostly affected and burn it. It was
not necessary to be alarmed about the danger from the pine tree
weevil.

'Sir. Wheeler remarked upon the value of the wood of the white
and yellow willows for which he found a ready market on the spot
at $8.00 a cord. It was considered very desirable for charcoal in
the manufacture of gunpowder.

Robert Cameron said that in this country we have not made
such progress in the science of forestry as has been made in the old
world, especially in Germany, England, and Scotland. In Scot-
land there are probably 100,000 acres of planted forests, all started
from two-year-old seedlings. They never plant the seeds directly
but transplant the seedlings about six feet apart. It was necessary
to have plants with fil)rous roots for successful transplanting, and
this can only be obtained by several transplantings from the seed.

Prof. Rane remarked that conditions in this country were very
different from those of Europe. The item of the cost of labor was
an important matter in favor of European forestry work.

In reply to a question as to when trees should be thinned Prof.
Rane said that it was the usual practice here to thin when the tree
is large enough to pay for the thinning.

Theodore F. Borst said that he was much interested in the sub-
ject of fore-st planting in this country. The use of wild seedlings
was once advocated but the supply obtainable was wholly inade-
quate for commercial demands, and we now have to depend upon
nursery-grown stock which we can buy cheaper than we can ob-
tain the wild seedlings. The sown forest is more difficult to manage
than the planted forest. The spacing of trees depends upon the
conditions of the ground to be covered, ordinarily he recommended
10 by 10 feet.

William N. Craig inquired if the lecturer could give an example,
as an object lesson, of a piece of land in any part of the state that
had been planted with seedlings with a view to a timber crop for
profit.

I

FORESTRY FROM A COMMERCIAL STANDPOINT. 101

Prof. Rane, in reply, referred to Bulletins of the United States
Department of Agriculture in which several examples were given.

Mr. Borst said there were about 8000 acres of reforested land in
this state.

William H. Spooner called attention to the frequent occurrence
of forest fires and suggested the advisability of opening fire roads
or open spaces as a means of checking these fires.

Prof. Rane remarked that legislation is now^ being asked for
with a view of doing something towards preventing further damage
from this cause, and that there should be a firewarden in every
town. He said that one of the bugbears of forest planting is the
forest fire.

Mr. Borst said there was no question that the forest fire service
should be improved. The state had not done its duty in the line
of protection from forest fires. Some bill that is an improvement
on the present laws should be passed at once.

THE PLANTING OF STREETS AND WAYSIDES.

BY JOHN A. PETTIGREW, BOSTON.

Delivered before the Society, March 2, 1907.

The planting of street trees should be classed as one of the most
important of civic duties. It matters little how imposing the
architecture of a city is, unless its lines are softened by the foliage
of trees, it seems devoid of artistic beauty, warmth, and hospital-
ity. On the contrary, let a street be ever so unpretentious as to
its architectural features, yet, if its dwellings are banked in foliage,
an air of homelike peace and contentment seems to pervade.

Apart from the artistic beauty that trees impart to the streets
of our cities, from a financial point of view the planting of street
trees has much merit. Barren, shadeless streets are not attractive
to visitors or to home-seekers. As a business proposition, un-
plantcd streets may fairly be classed with dirty streets, unsanitary
conditions, or with any other form of slovenly civic housekeeping.

I am advocating nothing new when I claim that the systematic
planting of trees in city streets adds greatly to the value of con-
tiguous property. Anyone who has given the subject thought or
has had experience in property values is aware of the truth of
this statement. It is as patent as the fact that the construction of
parks has had an enormous influence financially on adjacent
property. As illustrating this, I quote from the report of a com-
mittee of the New York Park Association, published in 1882,
which shows the immense pecuniary returns to the City of New
York in twenty-five years from the construction of Central Park.
The total amount spent, to the date of the report, 1882, for the
purchase of land, for construction, maintenance, and interest
amounted to .143,794,150. Quoting from the report: "Large as
this amount appears, and undoubtedly is, it is comparatively
insignificant in view of the enormous benefit which resulted finan-

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cially to the city from the improvement. The amount collected
in twenty-five years on the property of the three wards named
(the wards contiguous to Central Park) over and above the ordinary
increase on the tax value of real estate in the rest of the city, was
$65,000,000, or about twenty-one millions of dollars more than
the aggregate expense attending and following the establishment
of the park up to the present year. Regarding the whole trans-
action in the light of a real estate speculation alone, the city has
twenty-one millions of dollars in cash over and above the outlay,
and acquired in addition thereto land valued at two hundred
millions of dollars."

The above statement shows the influence Central Park had on
the value of contiguous property up to 1882. The enormous value
of the same property at the present day, in comparison with real
estate further removed from Central Park, shows the continued
influence of public parks on the value of adjoining property.

That the establishment of park areas has invariably enhanced
the real estate value of contiguous property has been the experience
also of other cities. The commissioners of the Boston Park
Department, in their report for the year 1896, page 63, referring
to the increased value of lands surrounding park areas, say, —
"With regard to the influence of public parks on the neighboring
real estate, no recent figures have been made. In 1890 the Board
published a statement of the increase in value of the Back Bay
lands since the establishment of the park. By this table it will
be found that the land alone was trebled in value in thirteen years,
while the valuation of land in the rest of the city during the same
period increased only eighteen per cent. The increased taxes on
this land, without including the buildings erected, aggregated over
two million dollars, a sum more than sufficient to pay the entire cost
of the improvement at that time. The increased taxes on new build-
ings erected on these lands yielded one and one-half millions more of
revenue. While the increase in the value of the lands adjoining
other parks of the city has not shown alike phenomenal growth, pres-
ent indications point to a largely increased revenue from this cause
in the future which may justify the opinion expressed in the earliest
report of the Board, that the establishment of public parks will
have the tendency to lessen the rate of taxation instead of increas-

PLANTING OF STREETS AND WAYSIDES. 105

ing it. The cost of the land taken for the Back Bay Fens averaged
about twelve cents per foot; the cost of improving the site brings
the present cost of the land up to fifty-two cents per square foot,
while the adjoining land is selling at three dollars to five dollars
per foot.

"The cost of Franklin Park land averaged about seven cents
per foot, and the cost of improvement about an equal amount, or a
total of fifteen cents per foot, which is a moderate valuatit)n for this
magnificent property, where land adjoining will bring from fifty
cents to a dollar per foot. The same result is shown in the case
of the whole park system, the average cost of which today is only
six cents per foot for the land and about eight cents per foot for
improvements."

Various motives governed the promoters of the park movement,
but the prevailing motive was primarily to introduce rural land-
scapes into cities and towns. When cities were not so large or so
densely populated they were more rural in character, and satisfied
public recjuirements in this respect; but, as population increased,
the villas and cottages, with their accompanying grounds and gar-
dens, gave place to bricks and mortar piled up in closely built blocks,
and the woods and fields, so eagerly yearned for by the city dwel-
lers, became more and more remote with each year. The park
movement, therefore, was born of necessity; the physical well-
being, comfort, and health of the public demanded that open spaces
conveniently located, should be provided for public use.

Mr. Milo R. Maltbie, Assistant Secretary of the New York Art
Commission, as agent of the Art Commission, and under the aus-
pices of the State Department of the United States commissioned
to investigate the progress of civic improvement in the cities of
Northern Europe, says, "The ample provision made by many
European cities has turned many boulevards into continuous park
systems." In London, the fine, new thoroughfare between Hol-
born and the Strand, and the Strand, too, in its newly widened
portions, have been planted with trees. This is quite an innovation,
as the Strand was entirely treeless, and probably had been so since
the roar of traffic drove away its aristocratic residents.

Paris, also, in its gigantic scheme of street reconstruction has been
mindful of the value of trees for the adornment of its new creation.

106 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Its public trees now number over 100,000. Sixty thousand dollars
per annum is spent in the work of caring for them ; and this amount
has relatively a greater purchasing power in Paris than it has here.
The city has established nurseries for the groA\-th of suitable trees
for street planting, even to the extent of growing a proportion of
them to a large size, so that gaps made by death in the avenues of
trees may be filled with trees of even size, thus maintaining symmet-
rical effect.

The Puritan Fathers of Old Boston apparently were mindful
of the advantage to the city of street planting. The records of 200
years ago show this. Ordinances were passed providing for the
planting and the protection of trees from vandal hands, for there
were, as there arc today, mischievous destroyers, who "cut, hacked
and spoyled trees," for the detection and conviction of whom one-
half of the penalty imposed was paid to the informer.

From the researches of j\Ir. Albert Matthews, in the old records
of Boston, we find that three rows of trees were planted on Tre-
niont street mall, by the selectmen, or by private individuals of
public spirit, between 1725 and 1784; a few of the latter planting
existed until quite recently. The Beacon street mall was laid out
and planted in 1816, and the Charles street mall in 1824. These
references, gleaned from iVIr. IMatthews' interesting compilation
bearing on the subject of the early planting and care of public trees,
show that the ancestors of the present generation fully appreciated
the value of trees for beautifying the streets and public places.
This is further shown by the number of fine trees with which New
England towns and waysides are endowed.

It is much to be regretted that the citizen of Boston of today does
not appreciate the value of street trees as did his ancestors. This
is evidenced by the starved and mangled specimens to be seen on
every hand, whose branches are hacked and cut by linemen, whose
roots are poisoned by leaking gas pipes, or mutilated by careless
ditch diggers, and whose trunks are scarred by the gnawing of
generations of unhitched horses, or by the knives of mischievous
and destructive persons. When one sees these battle-scarred veter-
ans on the streets enduring ill-use year after year, and often decade
after decade, yet still j^utting forth leaves in the spring, in a struggle
for existence, one cannot but realize that nature has endowed many

PLANTING OF STREETS AND WAYSIDES. 107

of our trees with remarkable endurance and great adaptability for
the embellishment of our streets.

Tree-lined streets not only form an artistic and appropriate con-
nection between the home and the parks or open country, but they
have an educational value and an elevating influence on a large
proportion of the city dwellers, for whom, for the greater part of
their lives, the trees of the street are all of sylvan beauty they are
permitted to enjoy between their infrequent visits to the parks or
to the country.

Trees ameliorate the heated conditions of summer temperatures,
not only by the shade they aft'ord, but by the large amount of moist-
ure they draw from the ground and evaporate. They are also good
sanitary agents, in that they absorb stagnant water through their
roots, and exhale through their leaves life-giving oxygen. The
value of trees from a sanitary point of view is illustrated by the
action of the New York Medical Society, which passed this resolu-
tion, "That, one of the most effective means for mitigating the
intense heat of the summer months and diminishing the death rate
among children, is the cultivation of an adequate number of trees
in the streets." This is further emphasized by the fact that the
bill presented to the Legislature of New York, asking that the street
trees of the City of New York be placed under the care of the Park
Commissioners, was drawn by a physician, a member of the State
Board of Health, and was introduced merely as a sanitary measure.

Boston is well to the front in civic pride and achievement; its
public bathing facilities, its playgrounds, and gymnasia, its system
of parks, its libraries and its art collections, as well as its many other
public institutions give evidence of this preeminence in public
spirit. In view of this, it is hard to understand why such apathy
as is found here in Boston should exist with regard to the planting
and the care of trees in its streets, seeing that they stand for so much
that is for the well-being of the city and the comfort of its inhabit-
ants. Even in the streets newly planned or laid out little or no
provision is being made for trees. Such a policy is sadly detrimen-
tal to the city's interests ; streets without trees in time are apt to be
relegated to squalor and obscurity. Imagine the effect if Boston
should wake up to a realization of its wasted opportunities and
should plant trees in the sun-baked streets of the Back Bay district !

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Under the present conditions is it little wonder that they are shunned
in summer ? Huntington avenue, Tremont street, Columbus avenue,
and many other streets offer s])len(li(l opjjortunities for the planting
of trees.

Practical effort is being matle by many cities throughout the
country to solve the problem, What is the best method to adopt for
the planting and care of street trees ? New York City, which prob-
ably plants more street trees than all the other cities of the United
States put together, vests the authority to plant in the Local Im-
provement District Boards, which act on petitions from residents
of streets or districts, the cost being assessed pro rata on the front-
age planted.

Over forty years ago Worcester took up the question of })lanting
its streets with trees. Of late the work has been under the direction
of the Park Commissioners. The effect of this effort to beautify
the city by planting trees is clearly demonstrated by the many
finely-grown trees with which Worcester's streets are now adorned.

Over thirty years ago the United States Government appointed a
commission to plant trees in the City of Washington. To this
action, coupled with the intelligence and energy of the commission,
is due the fact that Washington is one of the most systematically
planted cities in the United States. Its asphalted roadways and
paved sidewalks, generally, are well shaded, ameliorating the ter-
rible heat conditions of summer; W^ashington without trees would
be almost uninhabitable during the heated term.

The statutes of INIassachusctts make it obligatory upon towns
to elect a tree warden, and vest in him the entire charge of public
shade trees. Under the act the warden is clothed with authority
sufficient for the purpose of properly protecting and planting trees
in the public streets and highways. The clause relating to the
raising of funds to meet the expense is left to the option of the select-
men ; it may or it may not be done ; thus the execution of the intent
of those who introduced the measure is hampered.

W^hether the responsibility for the planting and care of street
trees is vested in a forester, a department of the city government,
or in a separate commission matters little provided the authorita-
tive head has the necessary knowledge and ability, is clothed with
sufficient authority, and is provided with adequate funds to carry

PLANTING OF STREETS AND WAYSIDES. 109

on the work, and is further held in strict aceountabihty for its per-
formance. When these requisites are lacking, failures or a half-
hearted execution of the trust result.

Associations formed for the object of encouraging the planting
of trees by individual effort, or by cooperative methods, seldom
accomplish much. Not every one possesses sufficient enthusiasm
to enter into the work of planting trees on the streets; the results
appear too far off, and planting for posterity seems, to many per-
sons, too much of a self-sacrifice.

Compared with individual effort, without doubt, the work can
be done more comprehensively and economically under municipal
supervision. Under a well-organized bureau the whole work of
street embellishment can be intelligently considered, including such
subjects as the planting of waste grounds, soils, exposures, the
selection of trees to suit the varying conditions found in the streets,
pruning, fertilizing, and the destruction of insect pests. A nursery
in which to grow and prepare trees for planting in the streets should
be a part of the equipment of such a bureau.

The selection of trees for the streets is a matter of special impor-
tance. Fortunately we have a wealth of material from which to
choose. I will enumerate a few trees that I consider the best fitted
for the work.

The American elm (Ulmus Americana) is endeared to the people
of New England by the manner in which it has embowered many of
our towns and waysides with its beautiful pendulous branches;
the fame of New England's elms has spread far and wide. The
American elm is not suitable for planting under hard conditions
in city streets; it loves a rich, moist soil, with plenty of room for
development; for wide suburban streets and for waysides it is a
grand tree.

The European elm {Uhmis cam-pesiris) is a noble tree. It has
not the graceful, pendulous habit of the American elm, yet it pos-
sesses, in its columnar trunk, a stately grandeur hardly equaled by
any other tree. It thrives well under adverse conditions. As a
sidewalk tree it has many valuable qualities, conspicuous among
which is the persistency of its rich, green leaves, lasting, as they do,
until late in the autumn. In some seasons its summer growth does
not become ripened sufficiently to stand the winters in this latitude;

110 -MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

yet this trouble is not so serious as to prevent its use for anv situa-
tion where shade trees can be grown. It loves good soil, but will
adapt itself to poor fare if necessary.

The horse chestnvit {Aesculus Hippocasfanum) is a tree from
Europe. It grows very freely, gives dense shade, and is a popular
favorite on account of the beauty of its flowers in the early summer.
Its foliage ripens and falls early in the autumn. It is a suitable
tree for city streets but must have a strong soil.

The soft maple (Acer dasycarpum) is a fine tree for wide streets
or waysides where good soil is abundant. It requires space and
sunlight to give the best results. It is reputed to be easily injured
by storms on account of weakness of fibre; this occurs only when
it is grown under crowded conditions.

The hard or sugar maple {Acer sarrharinum) does not make a
good city tree; it is impatient under rough treatment; sidewalks
and paved streets are fatal to it. It is, however, a good tree for
suburban conditions, or for country waysides. This tree will
adapt itself to a thin soil and is one of our handsomest North
American trees.

The Norway maple {Acer platanoides) is an introduction from
central Europe. It forms a rather wi<ie-spreading, handsome top,
with a wealth of large leaves, and gives a dense shade. It is not to
be recommended for city conditions qn account of its width of spread;
it is suitable only for wide streets and waysides. When young its
foliage is thin and tender, and, in exposed positions, it is easily
damaged by storms.

The American ash {Fraxinus Americana) is an adaptable tree.
It grows fairly well in suburban districts as a sidewalk tree, but is
not so desirable as many others on account of the late leafing out
and early ripening of its foliage. In poor soil and in dry localities
it is apt to be attacked by borers and by the scale insect. In rich
soil its growth is rapid, producing a picturesque tree.

The buttonwood, or sycamore {Platanus occidenialis), is a lofty,
quick-growing tree, but is not to be recommended for planting in
this section of the country, on account of its liability to infestations
of fungi, which blacken the leaves. Its near relation, the oriental
sycamore, resembles it in appearance, although it is more compact.
This species is much valued in New York and its neighborhood for

PLANTING OF STREETS AND WAYSIDES. Ill

street planting. It quickly forms a large tree and its foliage is
clean looking and handsome. It is largely used in London as a
street tree, the Thames embankment being one of the thorough-
fares planted with it.

The maidenhair tree {(rinkgu hiloha) is from Japan. This tree
has not been used for street planting, to my knowledge, except in
AYashington, where two streets are planted with it, and it has
proved most satisfactory. In good soil it grows rapidly, and it
seems to have no insect enemies. It forms a handsome avenue, as
can be seen on the Agricultural Building grounds in Washington,
or on Pierce street, where the planting before mentioned has been
done. Boston and vicinity probably is the most northern limit of
its hanliness, or, rather, I should say, of its free growth. Fine trees
of this species can be seen in the Public Garden and at Mt. Auburn
Cemetery. The Park Department planted Tonawanda street in
Dorchester with this tree. It has done well, although little care
has been bestowed upon it. The Ginkgo bids fair to be a valuable
acquisition to our street trees.

The American beech {Fagus ferruginea) is one of the most orna-
mental of American trees, but, on account of its low-branching in
the open, and its surface-rooting habit, it is not adapted to city plant-
ing. This tree loves too well the soft, leafy mulch of its native
woods to bear transplanting to the heated sidewalks.

The silver poplar (Populus alba), introduced from Europe, is
one of the best trees for hard conditions. In smoky, dusty, and
thickly populated localities, or in poor soil, it will exist and make a
brave show. By many it is esteemed an ugly tree. The poplar
trees planted by Strauch, in Cincinnati, however, would convince
anyone to the contrary. Or, without going further than East
Boston, one could have found in Maverick Square two fine speci-
mens until three years ago, when they were removed to make way
for the new tunnel entrance. This tree has a disagreeable habit
of suckering.

The American linden (Tilia Avievicana) is a tree that will accom-
modate itself fairly well to suburban life, provided it is given good
soil, and is protected from the tussock moth, to which it seems to be
a favorite food plant. For a wayside tree, it is well adapted, being
of quick growth and of handsome proportions.

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tlu' European linden {Tilia vulgaris), as its name indicates, is
from Europe, and has a Avell-deserved reputation as a fine shade
tree. Planted in good soil, it will grow under very crowded con-
ditions of street life. In South Boston it can be found growing in
brick-paved sidewalks, and persistently putting forth leaves each
spring, which are as persistently eaten off by the caterpillar of the
tussock moth. It forms a tree of stately growth, holding its leaves
well into the. fall; while, in early summer, with its near relative,
the American linden, its flowers charge the air with a delicious
perfume.

The tree of heaven (Ailanihus glandulosa) is a tree of the tene-
ments. No city conditions, be they ever so hard, seem to discourage
its growth altogether. It can be found in narrow courtyards on
Beacon Hill, throwing up its foliage to the housetops; while in
other parts of Boston it can be seen in corners by the stoop, thriving
equally well. Apparently it has not been used as a street tree in
Boston, probably from the reputation that the male floMers have
of emitting a disagreeable odor. I have lived on Long Island
where the Ailanthus is naturalized, and where some fine specimens
are found as street trees, and I have never been able to detect any
odor from them unless I placed the flowers to my nostrils. This
objection, however, can be obviated by using pistillate trees. In
rich soils there might be kill-back in winter, from under-ripened
wood ; but in poor soils this trouble would not occur. I am con-
fident that no mistake can be made in planting this tree where hard
conditions exist.

The white willow (Salir alba, variety coerulea), introduced from
Europe, was, undoubtedly, a favorite with the early settlers, as fine
trees are to be found generally throughout the coast of New Eng-
land. The variety coendea is the one best suited for street planting.
It is not particular as to soil, and, if a little care is given to the train-
ing of a leader, it forms a fine tree. The willow does not lend itself
to neat and precise, or formal work. Its value as a street tree lies
in its adaptability to adverse conditions, its early budding forth in
spring, and its holding its bright, shining green leaves until late in
the fall.

The tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) is another good tree for
suburban and wayside planting. It is impatient of restraint or

PLANTING OF STREETS AND WAYSIDES. 113

hard usage; but, under proper conditions, it is one of the finest
trees of the forest. Boston is about its northern limit for free growth.

The red oak (Quernis rubra) and the scarlet oak (Quercus coc-
cinea) are both grand shade trees for the streets in suburban dis-
tricts, or for the wayside. The prevalent notion has been that
these trees are of slow growth, which accounts, in a great measure,
for their not having been used for street planting. This idea is
erroneous, especially as regards the red oak, which, I think, will
outstrip a hard maple in growth. On the Boston parkways the
red oak has been extensively planted for shade. The growth,
since the trees became established, has averaged two feet each sea-
son, while in some of them a growth of from four to six feet has been
made in one season. The oak will not thrive under paved street
and sidewalk conditions; but no better trees can be planted for
roadsides, or even for suburban streets, than the red and scarlet
oaks.

The pin oak {Quercus palustris) is a very graceful tree in its
young state. Its lower branches droop with a curved sweep to the
ground, consequently it should be planted only in such positions
as will allow the lower branches to be retained. As a street tree
in ordinary locations this cannot be done, and the most beautiful
feature of the tree is thus lost. Without its lower branches, this
oak is much inferior in appearance to the red or scarlet oak. It
loves moisture and can be utilized on low grounds.

The planting of street trees requires as much care as does their
selection. It is not enough merely to dig a hole and crowd the
roots into it. xVny expectations based on such planting are doomed
to end in disappointment.

If the soil is good no preparation for planting is necessary, other
than loosening up the ground for each tree for a space of from seven
to ten feet in diameter, and from two to three feet in depth. When
the soil is poor not less than ten yards of good soil should be sub-
stituted for an equal amount of poor soil excavated from the hole.
The same loosening up of the ground should be made.

If planting is worth doing at all it is Avorth doing well, for on this
depends the well-being of the tree. It is safe to say if you have
twenty dollars to spend on planting a street tree, let nine-tenths of
the amount be spent on the preparation of the ground to receive it.

114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In the planting of groups and masses of trees on the wayside for
ornamental or woodland effect, the soil should be plowed and sub-
soil plowed several times. The trees should be planted thickly, al-
ways remembering the old motto, "Plant thickly, but thin quickly."
INIore trees are ruined by crowding than from any other cause.
Thick ])lanting gives the advantage of shelter; each tree helps to
protect the other; and it has also the further advantage of giving a
greater number of trees from which to select the permanent ones at
thinning out time.

Another important point is to give the plantation clean cultiva-
tion. The treatment in this respect that will grow a good cro]) of
corn will also grow a plantation of trees. Good tilth is both meat
and drink to vegetation, in that it conserves the moisture, which
assists in the decomposition of the fertilizing elements that the soil
contains.

Street trees, generally, are planted too closely together. Some-
times this is done with the intention of cutting out alternate ones,
as the growth of the trees requires. This, however, is seldom done,
and the trees grow up too thickly, thereby overcrowding and injur-
ing each other, destroying also the individual beauty of the trees
and the symmetrical arrangement that an avenue of trees should
have.

For sanitary and hygienic reasons, streets ought not to be too
much shaded. The sun should be permitted to shine on the walks
and on the walls of the houses in turn, as the earth moves in its
course. Glimpses of light and shadow, too, have an aesthetic value,
which is worth considering.

In laying out for street planting, let the first stakes be set at the
street crossings. ^Vhen the abutting streets also are to be planted,
place two stakes at each corner, about thirty feet from the point of
intersection of the curb lines on each street; then space off the
intervening distance, setting the stakes equally distant apart, but
not less than sixty-five feet, as the shortest distance.

Sixty-five feet apart is the minimum distance, I think, at which
street trees should be planted. For large-growing trees, as the
elm or the soft maple, seventy-five feet or one hundred feet apart
would be none too much space to allow. Wayside or highway trees
need not be set with the same precision as street trees. An irregu-

PLANTING OF STREETS AND WAYSIDES. 115

lar planting, conforming, in general, to the surrounding scenery,
would be in better harmony. In places an accentuation of existing
groups of trees may be all that is necessary, or simply a thinning
out of over-crowding trees or of poor trees that are damaging more
valuable ones; for, let it be an axiom with the tree planter who is
planting for ornamental effect, never to permit the growth of one
tree to injure that of another.

An important matter also in the care of trees is the pruning of
all broken or diseased limbs or branches, by cutting the limbs off
closely at the bole of the tree, leaving no stumps projecting, which
the bark cannot grow over, to carry rot into the tree; cut off smooth
and paint over the wound with coal tar.

These notes are written in the hope that they may help to intensify
the interest now awakening in the planting and protection of public
trees. The subject is of such importance as to merit the earnest
attention of all.

The insect question I have not touched upon. This, however,
is so exhaustively covered by our entomologists that no one need
work in the dark for want of knowledge of how to exterminate
insect pests or, at least, to hold them in check.

Discussion.

Wilfrid Wheeler inquired as to what trees were best to plant in
places where they come into contact with electric wures. He had
noticed that young maples grew well until they touched these wires
and then they stopped further development.

Mr. Pettigrew replied that no tree does well under the influence
of an electric current. Trees should be kept away from the wires
or protected from them by a wooden shield. It is seldom that a
current would run down a tree but if the tree was wet such a current
might be formed.

William H. Spooner called attention to the lack of proper care of
our city trees. He had had some experience in the careless pruning
of some of his old elms by the public service men and he thought
there should be some competent authority to take charge of this
matter.

116 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. ^Vheeler stated that some towns have laws that no trees can
be cut or pruned without the permission and oversight of the tree
warden.

Mr. Pettigrew said that the City of Boston was exempt from the
tree-warden law He thought that somebody or some department
of the city should be given authority to take full charge of our city
trees and to have complete power in all matters pertaining to them.

O. B. Hadwen remarked that in Worcester, where he lived, the
care of the street trees was in the hands of the Park Commissioners,
of which he had been a member for forty years. He had planted
a great many trees, more than most other people, and had on his
own estate more than a thousand specimens of one hundred different
kinds; some of these he had planted sixty years ago. Mr. Had-
wen advised planting trees on your own ground and then they are
under your own control. In planting trees he said it is quite
important that they should be sufficiently nourished. He recom-
mended digging a generous hole in the autumn and filling it with
manure, leaving it until the spring; then take out the manure and
fill in with good loam, and you have a good place in which to
plant a tree. There had been no part of his farming experience, he
said, that had given him so much pleasure as had the planting and
care of his trees.

Nathaniel T. Kidder said that there was a continual conflict
between the trees and electric wires. The principal damage to
the trees was caused by the chafing of the wires, and the remedy
for it was putting the wires under ground, the only proper place
for them.

Edward B. Wilder said he thought the Park Department should
have the care of the trees in the city streets.

James Wheeler corroborated Mr. Kidder's views in regard to
placing the wires under ground in the city and suburbs. Our trees
are greatly damaged, he said, by the cutting and slashing of the
telephone people.

SOME BACTERIAL DISEASES OF PLANTS: THEIR
NATURE AND TREATMENT.

BY PROF. H. H. WHETZEL, CORNELL UNIVERSITY.
ANNUAL LECTURE UNDER THE JOHN LEWIS RUSSELL BEQUEST.

Delivered before the Society, with stereopticon illustrations,
March 9, 1907.

Bacteria: Their Nature and Mode of Life

Bacteria are now usually classed by scientists as plants. In the
popular mind they are, however, very generally regarded as ani-
mals. The ludicrous illustrations of these organisms in the patent
medicine advertisements of the newspapers are, perhaps, largely
responsible for this popular misconception. The lack of those
organs, such as stems, leaves, roots, etc., which we commonly
think of as parts of all plants, together with the fact that many
bacteria possess organs of locomotion or propulsion has influenced
the more intelligent of the laymen to class them, perhaps rather
unconsciously, with the animals.

They are of all plants the smallest, some of them requiring the
very highest power of the modern microscope to make them
visible. The bacteria that cause the well known Fire Blight of
pears and apples are so small that if placed end to end it would
require 25,000 to span an inch auger hole. Although there are
hundreds of species of bacteria they are all very simple in form and
structure, being either globose, rod-shaped, or spiral. Those caus-
ing the diseases of plants have almost without exception the rod-
shape. In structure they are very simple, consisting of a single cell,
that is, a cellulose membrane or sac enclosing a living mass of pro-
toplasm. This living protoplasm is in general appearance not
greatly unlike the white of an egg. Their method of multiplication

118 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

is also very simple. When a bacterium has reached maturity it
divides by a constriction at the middle into two individuals. Thus
in reproduction is the parent plant ever effaced yet always perpet-
uated in its offspring, since each offspring is a half of the parent.
Under ideal C()nditions of food, moisture, and temperature multipli-
cation is amazingly rapid. Some bacteria will mature and divide
in half an hour. It has been estimated that under ideal conditions
a single bacterium would in two days produce no less than 281,500,-
000,000 descendants, or a bulk of one pint. While this could
never actually happen in nature on account of the limitations of
food and the accumulation of their own injurious excretions, still
it gives us some faint notion of the unlimited power of increase that
these minute organisms have and will help us to appreciate how
the havoc wrought by some of them in our cultivated crops is pos-
sible. Many bacteria have long thread-like flagella, organs of
locomotion, by the lashing of which they are able to propel them-
selves through the liquids in which they live. This is very generally
true of those that cause diseases of plants. In order to take in
food bacteria must be immersed in it. The food must be in solu-
tion in water; it must be soluble. It soaks through the enclosing
membrane to the protoplasm within. In other words it is absorbed.
The food of bacteria is usually the highly organized materials of
other plants and animals. The great activity with which bacteria
increase is largely due to the fact that these complex food materials
are readily absorbed and converted into living protoplasm. The
absorption of food and the consequent growth are accompanied
by the excretion of certain poisonous substances by the bacteria.
When produced in sufficient quantities these poisons become detri-
mental to the bacteria themselves, stopping their growth and multi-
plication. In the case of disease-producing bacteria it is these
harmful excretions that are largely responsible for the injurious
effects on the host.

While it is true that certain bacteria are detrimental to the general
welfare of mankind by far the great majority are harmless or
directly beneficial and necessary to our life and modern civilization.
It is well to recall that many of the industrial arts and commercial
processes such as the "retting" or maceration of linen fiber and
hemp, the manufacture of vinegar, the production of indigo, the

SOME BACTERIAL DISEASES OF PLANTS. 119

curing of tobacco, the souring of milk, the tanning of leather, etc.,
are dependent upon the action of bacteria. They are at the very
foundation of agriculture, being one of the chief natural factors in
the production and maintenance of soil fertility. They are the
most efficient scavengers of the earth, breaking down and disinte-
grating with incredible rapidity the dead plants and animals of the
earth, reducing their complex substances to simple ones which
again become available as building materials in the ever recurring
cycle of growth and decay.

History of our Knowledge of Bacterial Diseases of

Plants.

While we usually think of bacteria as producers of disease in
man and other animals yet we are coming rapidly to the realization
of their importance as related to many of the diseases of our culti-
vated plants. About 1880 Dr. Burrill of the Illinois Experiment
Station discovered bacteria in the tissues of apple and pear trees
affected with Fire Blight. In 1884, Dr. J. C. Arthur now of the
Indiana Experiment Station but then of the New York (Geneva)
Experiment Station showed by careful inoculation experiments
that the bacteria discovered by Dr. Burrill were the responsible
agents in causing the disease known as Fire or Pear Blight. In
1897 Russell and Harding of Wisconsin Experiment Station and
E. F. Smith of the U. S. Department of Agriculture working inde-
pendently established the bacterial nature of the Black Rot of
cabbage. Following these came Stewart and Harding of New
York who have added very materially to our knowledge of the Black
Rot germ. Jones of Vermont and Harrison of Canada have done
classical work on the Soft Rots of vegetables. There are besides
these many others both in this and other countries who are adding
every year to our knowledge of the bacterial diseases of plants.
The whole subject is now being worked over and the scattered
facts brought together by Dr. E. F. Smith of the U. S. Department
of Agriculture. The first volume of his monograph entitled "Bac-
teria in Relation to Plant Diseases" has already appeared as a
publication of the Carnegie Institution. It promises to be a land-
mark in this particular branch of economic science.

120 massachusetts horticultural society.

Some Common Bacterial Diseases of Plants.

In so limited a discussion no more than the briefest mention of
the more common of these diseases can be made. From the charac-
ter of the injury to the host I have chosen to classify the diseases
mentioned as follows:
Blights:

Fire Blight, of pears, apples, quinces, plums, etc.

Mulberry Blight.

Walnut Bacteriosis or Blight, of the Pacific Coast.

Alfalfa Blight in the Southwest (Colo.).

Bean Blight of beans and probably nasturtiums.

Rots:

Wilts:

Black Rot of cabbage, cauliflower, and turnip.
Soft Rots of various hosts.

Of turnips, cabbage, cauliflower, etc., described by
Harrison of Ontario.

Of carrots described by Jones of Vermont.

Of calla lily described by Townsend, U. S. Dept. Agr.

Of sugar beets described by Metcalf of Nebraska.

Of onions described by Stewart of New York.

Wilt of cucumbers, squashes, and melons.
Wilt of potatoes, tomatoes, and egg plant.
Wilt of sweet corn.
Wilt of tobacco recently described from Japan.

Galls:

Bacterial gall of the olive and oleander of the Pacific

Coast.
Bacterial root galls or nodules of the legumes.
As may be seen I have included in this list the nodule forming
bacteria of the legumes. While some may object that these are
not diseases since they are distinctly beneficial to the host still it
seems to be quite well established that they are true parasites
living in and supported by the host plant. That they are in the
long run beneficial to the legume results from their peculiar habit
of taking up and fixing in their own bodies the free nitrogen of the
air which finally becomes available to the host plant upon the

SOME BACTERIAL DISEASES OF PLANTS. 121

death or deterioration of the bacteria. These bacteria live in the
soil and enter the root of the host plant by way of the root hairs.
Once in the root they irritate it causing the plant to form these
abnormal outgrowths or swellings commonly spoken of as nodules
or tubercles. In the cells of the nodules the bacteria multiply
rapidly living upon the elaborated food of the host and the free
nitrogen of the soil air.

I shall now take up somewhat in detail a discussion of two of our
commonest bacterial diseases of plants, — Fire Blight and Cucum-
ber Wilt. I have chosen these because both are very generally
distributed over at least the eastern part of the United States and
are, therefore, perhaps familiar to most of you and also because I
am better acquainted with these than with any of the others.

Fire Blight of Pears, Apples, Quinces, and Plums.

This is the commonest and best known bacterial disease in this
country. It is a distinctly American disease, having been known
as a disease of fruit trees in eastern United States for more than a
century. That it is a native of this continent seems quite certain
as it is unknown in the old world, or at least has been until very
recently. The bacterial nature of the disease as I have already
pointed out was not discovered until about twenty-six years ago.
The early horticulturists held peculiar views in regard to the
nature of the malady as an examination of the early literature on
the subject will show. Even at the present time we find some of
these superstitions persisting among quite intelligent growers.
Among the theories put forward to explain the disease may be
mentioned the following : insects ; rays of the sun passing through
vapors ; sudden changes from sod to cultivation inducing an excess
of sap; freezing of unripe wood in the autumn whicli produced a
poison in the sap or "sour sap" as it was called which killed the
twigs and branches the following season ; electricity, many believing
the blight followed directly after a heavy thunder shower. Many
others might be mentioned, in fact, almost every observer had a
theory of his own. Only a few weeks ago a gentleman belonging
to a prominent horticultural society gravely informed me that
Pear Blight was caused by the thawing and freezing of the sap

122 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(hiring warm spells in winter, causing the formation of poison
which when circulation set up in the spring was carried to the
growing twigs ami blossoms. He said further that a neighbor near
him who had a large orchard made a ])ractice of hauling ice into his
orchard and distributing it about among the trees during warm
spells in late winter to keep the temperature of the trees down. It
may interest you to know that no less a personage then Henry
Ward Beecher was an advocate of the "frozen sap" theory.

The discovery by Dr. Burrill of the bacteria in the diseased tissues
of blighted twigs and the subsequent careful inoculation experiments
by Dr. Arthur established beyond a doubt the true cause of the
disease. Since that time much has been done by various workers
to find a remedy for this most destructive malady. By far the
greater part and most successful of this work has been done by Mr.
M. B. Waite of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. He has in the last
ten years carried on numerous and extensive experiments in the east-
ern and central part of the United States in the control of this disease
by extermination. He is at present I believe directing extensive
experiments in the control of the blight in California where the
disease has made its appearance only in the last few years but with
such destructive effects as to dismay the pear growers of that section.

The symptoms of the disease are so well know^n to all fruit
growers that it scarcely seems necessary to detail them here. To
the grower the first evidence of trouble in his trees is the apparent
sudden blackening of the blossoms or the leaves on the end of
twigs or spurs. Frequently the disease has extended for a consider-
able distance down the limb before it is noticed.

"We will now take up what I may call the "annual history of the
disease." We will begin with its appearance on the flowers in the
spring causing what is popularly known as "blossom blight." The
bacteria are introduced into the opening blossoms chiefly by bees.
From whence the bees get the bacteria will be explained presently.
Since practically all the blossoms on a tree are visited by bees it
frequently happens that the percentage of blighted fruit spurs is
very large. This is usually the first form of the disease to appear
in an orchard that is in bearing. Apple growers have frequently
observed that only those trees or limbs of trees that blossom suffer
from the blight. The explanation as we have seen is simple.

SOME BACTERIAL DISEASES OF PLANTS. 123

The affected blossoms soon turn black, wither and die. The
bacteria usually work their way down the flower pedicel into the
spur. There they kill the bark and leaf stalks, causing the leaves
to wither and dry up on the trees. Sometimes only one blossom is
affected and as the bacteria usually work slowly the other fruits
in the cluster may attain considerable size before the disease reaches
them by way of the spur and their fruit stalk. These small fruits,
often as large as a hickory nut, now show a browning or blackening
of the basal portion where the bacteria are spreading and multiply-
ing in great numbers. Such diseased fruits soon wither and drop
from the tree.

During cloudy and muggy weather the blighted blossoms, spurs,
and fruits are usually covered with milky drops of a sticky fluid
that has oozed from the diseased tissues. An examination of this
will show it to be made up almost entirely of minute rod-shaped
bacteria. Under the microscope these will be seen to be in ac;tive
motion like a swarm of bees in the distance. Flies and other insects
visit these diseased fruits walking about and feeding upon the
sticky exudate, and then flying away carry it to other fruits or more
commonly to the young tender tips of growing twigs. Here as
they walk about over the tender tissues with their sharp claws, or
eat at the succulent growth, the bacteria with which they are
smeared are introduced into the twig. The bacteria grow best in
an abundance of moisture and nitrogenous food and in the young
twigs they find an ideal home. After nine or ten days the infected
twig begins to turn brown and then black. The leaves, especiaUy,
if it be a pear twig that is affected droop and turn black. We
now have the form of the disease commonly spoken of as "twig
blight." The leaves do not turn black because the bacteria get into
them, as the bacteria never enter the leaf beyond the stalk or occa-
sionally the midrib. Pear leaves M^hen removed from the tree natu-
rally turn black very quickly. The discoloration is due to the cutting
off of the sap supply by the death of the leaf stalk. In the case of
the apple and quince the disease seldom extends farther than a short
distance along the twig. On these hosts the injury consists largely
in the loss of fruit from the blighted blossoms and the death of the
season's growth. On the pear the injury is usually more severe and
extensive, often extending down the entire length of large limbs

124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and in some cases involving the entire tree and killing it. It is this
destructive form of the disease that has earned the name "fire
blight."

There is another form of the disease quite commonly overlooked
or not understood by the grower. I refer to the cankers formed on
the body and main limbs of the trees and known as "blight cankers "
or "body blight." These cankers are for two reasons perhaps the
most dangerous form of the disease. First, because they may of
themselves kill a limb by girdling it or what is more often the case
not kill it directly but serve as infection courts or avenues for the
entrance of rot-producing fungi that soon destroy the tree by rotting
the wood; and, second, because as I shall explain more fully later,
they serve to carry the bacteria over from one season to the next.
There are several kinds of cankers that occur on apple and pear
trees. A canker may be defined as a dead spot or area in the bark
of the tree. It may be rough and swollen or smooth and sunken.
Blight cankers are always when first formed smooth and slightly
sunken and sharply defined by a distinct crack between diseased
and healthy bark. They commonly occur on the main limbs and
branches of the tree. Young apple trees just coming into bearing
are more commonly affected with this form of the blight than are
older ones. Blight cankers vary in size from spots no larger than
a dime to areas a foot or more in length and sometimes encircling
large limbs. On the main limbs and upper part of the body small
cankers are frequently formed. These I have called "pit cankers"
from the fact that the healing callus soon forces out the dry dead
bark of the diseased spot leaving a depression or pit, extending
into the wood. Such cankers are dangerous only in that they
serve as a point of entrance for rot fungi. Sometimes the bacteria
get into the crotch of the main or secondary branches forming
"crotch cankers."

These cankers just described are seldom the result of the direct
introduction of the bacteria into the bark by some infecting agent.
The chief avenues of entrance of the bacteria into the body of the
tree are I believe through blighted spurs and water sprouts. An
examination of a number of these cankers during the time when
they are being formed will shoAv at the center of almost all of them
a blighted spur or shoot. The bacteria may also be introduced

SOME BACTERIAL DISEASES OF PLANTS. 125

by flies or other insects into accidental wounds or bruises. The
pruning knife is often an efficient agent in the spread of the bacteria
through an orchard. Infection at a pruned surface usually results
in a collar-like canker about the pruned stub. Cankers near the
base of the tree may also result from infection through wounds
made by borers.

As I have already pointed out it is in these cankers on body
and limbs that the bacteria live through the winter. In by far the
larger number of these cankers the bacteria die shortly after the
canker ceases to spread. In a few of them, however, especially
those that arejormed late in the fall, the bacteria remain alive, the
line between the diseased and healthy tissue never becoming
sharply marked by a crack or depression. These are the so-called
"hold-over" cankers of Waite. During the very cold days of winter
the bacteria in these hold-over cankers are more or less dormant
but on warm days, especially those of March and early April, the bac-
teria resume activity, multiplying and working slowly down the
limb in the cambium layer.

With the warm days of April and May the tree becomes gorged
with sap and active and vigorous growth in the buds begins. The
bacteria in the cankers also become very active, multiplying and
spreading into adjoining healthy tissues. On damp cloudy days
they ooze out on the surface through the lenticels in the bark in
great quantities, often running down the limb as a thick milky viscid
fluid. It is with this oozing material that the bees become contam-
inated and carry the bacteria away to the blossoms causing them to
turn brown and die with the "blossom blight" as we have already
seen.

This brings us to the point in the annual history of the disease
from which we started. We have studied the disease in all of its
different forms and phases. We have seen that the blight bacteria
live continuously in the tissues of the host plant throughout the year.
They are never carried by the wind and do not exist in the soil.
These two facts are of much importance in simplifying the problem
of controlling the disease, as we shall now see.

It is evident from what we have learned of the disease that spray-
ing with a poison of any kind as a means of controlling Fire Blight
will be of little value. The bacteria are not scattered by the wind

126 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and cannot of themselves gain entrance into the host. They must
be placed within the tissues through a wound or opening of some
sort beyond the reach of externally applied poisons. Since the
bacteria survive the winter only in the cankers it is evident that the
careful and thorough removal of these would eradicate the disease
by removing the sources of infection. The destruction of all worth-
less old pear trees in the neighborhood is the first step. Often one
of these neglected trees along the roadway or on some abandoned
farm will serve as a source of infection year after year, devastating
the orchards of an entire neighborhood. As soon as the leaves
have fallen in the autumn all the trees in the orchard should be
gone over carefully and all the cankers removed by cutting and
scraping away the diseased bark, cutting well back into the healthy
tissue. The wound should then be washed out with a one-tenth
per cent solution of corrosive sublimate and when dry painted over
thoroughly with a heavy lead paint. It should be kept painted
until completely healed. JNIr. Frederick Cranefield, Secretary of
the \Visconsin Horticultural Society, reports that this treatment has
been most successful in repairing the injury from blight cankers on
the young apple trees in their experimental orchard. Waite rec-
ommends spraying the trees just before the buds break in the
s])ring with the lime and sulphur wash. This covers up any hold-
over cankers that may have been overlooked and when the oozing
bacteria come in contact with the mixture they are killed. As soon
as the spurs and water sprouts begin to appear on the body and
main limbs the trees should be gone over and these adventitious
grow^ths rubbed off. This will remove a very fruitful source of
cankers. It will probably be necessary to go over the orchard two
or three times during the season for this purpose. It will be time
well spent. All blighted limbs and twigs should be cut out during
the summer whenever they appear. It is well known that cultiva-
tion and the excessive use of nitrogenous manures is very favorable
to the development of blight and should be avoided as far as is con-
sistent with good horticultural ])ractice.

some bacterial diseases of plants. 127

The Wilt of Cucumbers, Melons, and Squashes.

As compared with the Fire Bhght the WiU of Cucumbers is of
comparative recent appearance. At least it has not been suffi-
ciently destructive to attract attention until within the last few
years. It seems to be increasing very rapidly at least in New York
and the New England States. It is even now one of the most
destructive of cucumber diseases and bids fair to rival in severity
the well-known Mildew of cucumbers and melons.

The first indication of the disease in a cucumber patch is the
wilting of a leaf here and there on the vines during the heated part
of the day. The leaf at first recovers during the night. After a
clay or two it fails to revive. If examined the leaf will show when
held to the light dark water-soaked areas along the main veins,
usually near the base of the blade. The diseased leaf now dries up
at the top of the erect leaf stalk. The wilting of the leaf is soon
followed by the wilting of all that portion of the vine from the
diseased leaf to the tip and finally of the entire vine. If you cut
across one of the diseased leaf stalks or wilted vines a watery
liquid will ooze out. This is viscid and will draw out into long
threads if the cut surface be touched with the finger and then slowly
drawn away. This is a sure field test of the bacterial nature of
the disease as the oozing liquid is made up of multitudes of the
bacteria held together by their mucilaginous coats.

The disease frequently appears in greenhouses where cucumbers
are grown out of season, especially where they are grown in late
fall and early winter. I have seen entire houses just coming into
bearing entirely wiped out by thig disease.

The bacteria work chiefly in the sap tubes of the vine, clogging
or choking them and finally destroying them altogether. They get
into the leaf tissues, as I shall explain presently, and work their
Avay through the leaf veins down the stem to the vine by way of the
sap tubes. This cuts off the sap supply to the parts above causing
them to wilt and die. Very often the disease finds its way into the
fruit, either by way of the stem or through the blossoms. It works
chiefly in the vascular region just under the skin, giving the flesh
a mottled watery appearance. If the fruit is cut open the viscid
liquid will ooze out. It sometimes comes out on the surface through

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the skin in thick sticky drops that harden much like the gum from
wounds on cherry trees. The diseased fruit, if small, shrivels and
ceases to grow. In more mature fruits the bacteria work their
way throughout the tissues even into the seeds.

The disease is carried from plant to plant chiefly by the striped
cucumber beetle that is often so destructive to the seedling cucum-
bers. The large squash bugs are also agents of dissemination.
These insects gnaw or suck at diseased leaves or fruits and then fly
to healthy leaves where they introduce the bacteria, sticking to
their mouth parts, into the wounds which they make in the healthy
tissues. It is these cucumber beetles that, finding their way into
the greenhouses in the autumn, carry the bacteria with them and
infect the crop there. I observed in one house that the bees used
for pollinating carried the infection from flower to flower. Almost
every fruit was infected while yet quite small. Aphids which were
present in another house seemed to be the chief agents in scattering
the disease.

Just how the bacteria are carried over winter is I believe not
certainly known. The beetles that are responsible for their dissem-
ination during the summer hibernate through the winter and it
seems possible that they may harbor the bacteria and thus tide
the organism over from one season to the next. Since it has been
observed that the bacteria get into the seed it is possible that in
this way the bacteria are carried over winter in a more or less dor-
mant condition. This would not be strange as it is known that
bean l)light is regularly carried over in the seed.

The methods of combating this disease must be entirely pre-
ventive. First, keep the crop as free as possible from bugs and
beetles. For methods of doing this I must refer you to the ento-
mologist; I know of no way that is entirely satisfactory. Second,
remove every wilted leaf and vine as soon as it appears and
destroy it. I have found it a successful practice in controlling
the disease in my own garden to go through the patch every other
morning very early and remove every wilted leaf, crushing it quickly
in my hand thus killing the beetle that is almost invariably to be
found underneath the leaf. I thus get rid of a large number of
the most dangerous insects — the contaminated ones. Third,
plant clean seed. Be sure the seed is from perfectly healthy fruits.

SOME BACTERIAL DISEASES OF PLANTS. 129

It will be safer if they are from a crop in which no blight appeared
at all.

The Control of Bacterial Diseases in General.

It may be said that almost without exception spraying is of little
or no value in preventing diseases of plants caused by bacteria.
We must look to other means of preventing or controlling their
ravages. As is the case with bacterial diseases of man and other
animals, the first thing to do is to remove if possible the source of
infection. Usually if the annual history of the disease is fully
understood this is a relatively easy matter. When the disease
appears in a crop it is often possible to do much toward its control
by promptly removing and destroying all diseased plants. Even if
the crop is a total loss all the diseased plants should be burned and
every effort made to put the land in as sanitary a condition as
possible. Avoid the planting of susceptible crops on lands known
to be infected. The elimination or control of the common carriers
of infection is also an important precaution. Reject seed known to
be from infected lands or localities. Destroy insects that are re-
sponsible for the spread of the bacteria from plant to plant. And,
lastly, what is coming to be perhaps most important of all grow
varieties resistant to the disease.

Discussion.

In answer to the question "Does the fire blight attack plum trees ?"
the lecturer stated that the fire blight sometimes appears on the
plum and the efi"ect is the same as on the pear but more destructive.
The blight is not common on the plum but occasionally appears.

^^'illiam H. Spooner asked if there were not some kinds of pear
trees that were not affected by the blight. He had noticed in his
orchard that the Superfin pear was the only one onwdiich it appeared.

Prof. Whetzel replied that the fire blight attacks all varieties,
but it was much less frequent in orchards along lake fronts and
along the seashore than in inland regions. It seems to be less
common on trees growing in sod.

130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

William N. Craig spoke of the blighting of melons and said that
they could not now be grown around here on that account. On
one occasion he had planted a lot of melon seeds outside and an-
other lot of the same seed under glass. Those under glass were
free from the blight while those outside were badly infected.

Prof. Whetzel said that this melon disease was probably a mildew.
The fact that the wilt did not appear on the plants growing under
glass shows that the disease was not carried over in the seeds.

In reply to a question the lecturer said that he had never known
the cherry tree to be affected by the fire blight.

A question was asked if there was any way by which the blight
bacteria could be destroyed by introducing into the fertilizer some
poisonous preparation.

Prof. Whetzel replied that so far as we know there is no remedy
for these diseases in feeding poisons in the plant food. The fertilizer
does not reach the stems in the condition in which it is taken up
by the roots. There is no very successful treatment known for
plant diseases by feeding them with medicine.

An inquiry was made as to the remedy for the black-knot of plum
trees.

Prof. Whetzel answered that the black-knot of the plum is very
easily controlled if the knots are carefully removed. They should
be cut off in September or October and burned, and if all are removed
in the immediate neighborhood there would be no trouble. The
affected part should be cut out two or three inches below the knot.
They usually grow first on the twigs.

THE GARDENS OF ITALY.

BY JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, BOSTON.

Delivered before the Society, with steropticon iUustrations,
March 80, 1907.

The oldest form of Italian garden is undoubtedly the court-yard
garden. This garden consisted of a geometrical arrangement of
the court into formal beds and borders with convenient paths laid
in mosaic or paved and embellished with statuary, sculpture, sun-
dials, fountains, and stationary wash-basins of marble. Occasionally
the statuary and fountains were of bronze. Pompeii had numerous
gardens of this class, several of which have been restored by the
Italian Government, and it is interesting to see the attendants turn
the water on the fountains through the system of pyriform lead
pipes which did service 2000 years ago.

The court -yard garden is of oriental idea, enclosed for protection,
surrounded by an arcade on three or four sides of its rectangular
area, and furnished with benches and other accessories to comfort.
It was a garden for the family to live in, serving the same purpose
as the small garden in the rear of the city houses of Japan, or the
high-walled gardens of China, and like these existed for the family
rather than for the passer-by.

The second step in garden evolution is seen in the hillside gardens.
These occur chiefly throughout central Italy and mark a more
advanced state of civilization, when personal security had become
established, and when a wall ten or twelve feet in height afforded
ample protection to the inmates of the villa. The hillside villa
was usually rectangular, the house occupying the highest ground
in the rear. The ground was arranged in a series of terraces which
were usually separated by parapets frequently surmounted by
balustrades. The terrace arrangement made the sloping groimd
more usable. One terrace could be arranged with arched recesses

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in the retaining walls, in some of which were erected statues for
ornament, and in others benches where one might enjoy a sun
batii quite protected from any chilling breeze. Another terrace
would be an extensive pergola, affording a pleasant, shady pro-
menade which the summer sun could not penetrate, and where the
inmate might listen to the dripping water from the fountains on a
terrace yet below.

It was in these hillside gardens that the great possibilities of
landscape effect dawned upon the designer. The immediate
environment, often uninviting, had to be obscured. If the })rotect-
ing wall ten or twelve feet high was insufficient screen, it could be
supplemented by a screen of cipresso, the delicate cypress, the fine
foliage scales of which distinguished it from the pines and firs, and
the graceful tapering form of which carries the gaze of the observer
to the distant surroundings. In these hillside gardens there were
usually two flights of steps, protected at least on one side with para-
pet walls or balustrades. The purpose of the arrangement was, if
possible, to render the hillside more habitable and make it as it were
an outer living room.

It must be noted that thnnigh these stages of development the
Italian garden remained strictly formal, and its lines were made
to harmonize with those of the architecture to which it was linked.
It had three chief elements — marble, water, and the foliage —
flowers were incidental.

An enlargement of the hillside villa marked the third stage of evo-
lution, and brings us to the elaborate garden of the Renaissance.
The terrace was broadened into an elaborate geometrically aranged
area, in which were disposed sculpture, statuary, sundials, and
benches of marble. Flower beds were arranged in elaborate
geometrical design, and numerous architectural features were
introduced, such as well-heads, pergolas, fountains, cascades, and
other ornaments.

It is this enlarged garden, in its great variety of character and
feature, yet always rigidly formal, that has aroused so much interest
and the desire on the part of many garden lovers in this country to
reproduce it here.

About Naples we find the slopes of the hills covered with compact
walled villas arranged with convenient paths, a few cypresses stand-

THE GARDENS OF ITALY. 133

ing like sentinels about the house, here and there an olive, orange
or lemon tree, and an abundant growth of figs and grapevines.

In Rome the villas average larger; they are more elaborate and
contain a greater variety of trees, shrubs, and plants. The cele-
brated Villa Borghese is a beautiful public park with fine drives,
interesting groves of umbrella pine, hedges of ilex and boxwood,
the latter frequently forming a background for statuary. It is well
kept and contains numerous elaborate flower beds. Flower beds
are frequently arranged with a statue for a centerpiece. Such a bed
in the Borghese has for its center an unknown statue found in the
Forum; for its edging coral rock, inside of which were planted
rows of white-leaved gnaphalium, pink ivy-leaved geraniums, and
white Paris daisy, in the order named; behind these followed blue
ageratum, balsams, scarlet salvia, African marigolds, cannas,
dahlias. New Zealand flax, and Abyssinian banana. The only
thing Italian in character in such a flower bed is the statue in the
center; the floral treatment is borrowed from western Europe and
is quite out of place. In Rome there are many beautiful water
gardens and one is often surprised at the great effects produced with
a comparatively small flow.

In southern Italy a large portion of the villa is generally devoted
to fruit culture, especially figs and grapes. The latter are supported
on live elms or poplars whose trunks and short pruned limbs serve
as trellises.

Florence undoubtedly holds first place for beautiful environment
and fine villas. The famous Boboli garden of the Medici family
is one of the largest and best preserved. It is entered through an
avenue arched with ilex trees, leading to a vast amphitheatre at the
rear of the Pitti Palace. It contains many fine avenues which are
perfectly straight, and to me much less interesting than the beauti-
ful Rampa farther up the hill. The Rampa is a public driveway
leading along the face of the mountain, lined on both sides with
charming villas, and commanding a fine view of the city and its sur-
rounding mountains. Its culminating point, the Piazza Michael
Angelo, a magnificent terrace affording a commanding view of the
vast amphitheatre-like landscape in the city of art, forms the arena.

In Florence and northwards, garden arrangement has suffered
encroachment of the ideas of western Europe, and it is only in the

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

more neglected gardens that the architectural features of the six-
teenth century remain. Many of the older villas have been occupied
by foreigners, and foreign ideas, chiefly French and English, have
been introduced. The architectural garden, too, affords little
opportunity for elaborate floral display, and it has been ruthlessly
modified to overcome this limitation.

Whenever we find elaborate garden decoration it follows French
ideals, the only difference being that the colors harmonize better
and the designs are more graceful in form than the French.

The grounds of the Milan Exposition last year were profusely
planted with formal flower beds and borders, all of refined and
tasteful arrangement, but there was not a single example of the
old Italian style of planting. The Italian garden of the sixteenth
century is virtually a thing of the past. It is not built in Italy now
and in but rare instances are the old ones kept up. Expense of con-
struction and maintenance seems to stand in the way. There is
also a taste for more lavish floral display to which the arrangement
of the old garden is not adapted.

We also find in the north of Italy occasional fine examples of
natural gardening. In these the most notable feature is the skill
with which the gardener uses water in his composition. In Ameri-
can gardens we have hardly used water — we use it in our parks —
why not in our gardens?

The best examples of Italian gardens in this country are much
more floral than perhaps any in Italy. There the flowers are a
secondary consideration, here the garden exists for them. A
natural garden is a much better home for flowering plants than an
architectural one on the Italian plan; yet there are many features
of the Italian garden which may be profitably introduced here. It
will be prudent to say, however, that it should never be attempted
upon a small scale or where there is any thought of economy. It is
exjiensive to l)uild, expensive to plant, and the most expensive of all
gardens to maintain. Yet there are instances where a modified
Italian garden may he advantageously introduced. It maybe made
a suitable setting for an imposing residence, and its features may add
much to an architectural design. The present method of using
cement, where cut stone was formerly used, will reduce the cost of
construction. Almost any kind of stone may be closely imitated

THE GARDENS OF ITALY. 135

by mixing the stone, crushed, with the outer layer of cement. Even
the pergola — pillars and roof — may now be reinforced cement
construction which, if well done, should last as well or better than
stone.

The beautiful cypress is not hardy in our climate, but we have a
satisfactory substitute in the pyramidal arbor vitje, Tkui/a occi-
dentalis pyramidalis.

Water may be profitably introduced as an element of garden
construction. Water pipes and basins must, however, be arranged
so as to be thoroughly drained off during winter to avoid injury by
frost.

To maintain a continuous floral display the plants must be fre-
quently renewed. In many of the older gardens of Italy we find
the floral collection confined almost exclusively to pots and vases.
In an old garden in Naples last summer I found growing in pots and
vases amaryllis, agave, carnations, chives, chamaerops, chrysan-
themums, euonymus, lantana, pheasant-eye pink, pelargonium,
and phormium, while I found only fourteen kinds of flowering plants
growing in the grounds, of which only two — petunia and amaranth
— were in bloom.

The Italian garden as a whole is not to be recommended for gen-
eral adaptation here. There are of course exceptional places like
two of our beautiful estates in Brookline, a new estate at Sharon,
Connecticut, and the vast estate of Biltmore, where it may be appro-
priately used.

American conditions difl^er from those of any other country and
no imported style exactly fits them. Each garden location calls
for a particular style of treatment which will fit its conditions and
environment, and I am forced to the conclusion that in the majority
of cases the more natural the arrangement, the more satisfactory
will be the result. Wliere a formal treatment is inevitable, the
English terrace garden with a single parapet will usually be found
more satisfactory than the elaborate and expensive sixteenth cen-
tury garden, which the Italians themselves no longer build.

TRANSACTIONS

assatljiisctts llflrliailtimtl ^flctetg

FOE THE YEAR 1907

PART II

BOSTON
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND EIGHT

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
1907

The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts
under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and Publications.

Communications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi-
cations, exhibitions, and membership, may be addressed to William
P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, No. 300 Massachusetts
Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts.

William P. Rich,

Chairman
J. Woodward Manning
Walter S. Parker
John A. Pettigrew
Edward B. W'ilder
E. W. W^ooD

1

Committee

on

Lectures and

Puhlications.

138

CONTENTS

Annual Reports for the Year 1907

Report of the Board of Trustees .... 142

Report of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions . 155

Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers . 157

Report of the Committee on Fruits .... 193

Report of the Committee on Vegetables . . . 209

Report of the Committee on Gardens . . . 221

Report of the Committee on Children's Gardens . . 227

Report of the Delegate to the State Board of Agricul-
ture 253

Report of the Inspector to the State Board of Agricul-
ture 257

Report of the Delegate to the Convention of the Ameri-
can Pomological Society ..... 259

Keport of the Committee on Lectures and Publications 261

Report of the Secretary and Librarian . . . 263

Report of the Treasurer ...... 267

The Annual Meeting, November 16, 1907 . . . 275

Necrology, 1907 279

Officers, Committees, and Members, 1907 . . 289

ANNUAL REPORTS FOR THE YEAR 1907.

TRANSACTIONS

1907, PART II.

REPORT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR THE

YEAR 1907.

The Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society respectfully presents herewith a summary of the business
transacted during the year 1907. Seven meetings of the Board
have been held with an average attendance of eight members.

January 5. A communication from Col. David Prain of Kew,
England, was read expressing his thanks for the honor of election
to corresponding membership in the Society.

A communication from Otis Norcross, Esq., for self and co-
executors of the Estate of Charles E. French, was presented notify-
ing the Society that it was entitled to two legacies of $3000.00 and
$5000.00 respectively, under the will of the said Charles E. French.
The following votes were passed accepting the legacies:

Voted : To accept the legacy of three thousand dollars bequeathed
to this Society by the will of Charles E. French, late of Boston, and
to hold the same, to be known as the "Benjamin V. French Fund,
Number Two," in trust, to expend the income therefrom in prizes
for the best specimens of such fruit or vegetables as may be selected
by the Trustees of this Society; and it was further

143

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Voted: To accept the legacy of five thousand dollars bequeathed
to this Society by said will of Charles E. French and to hold the
same, to be known as the "John Allen French Fund," in trust, to
distribute the income therefrom in prizes for such specimens of
flora as the Trustees may select.

The resignation of the Treasurer of the Society and Superin-
tendent of the Building, Charles E. Richardson, was read and
accepted to take ett'ect January 15, 1907. On motion of Mr.
Craig it was voted to appoint a committee of three to draw up
resolutions on the retirement of Mr. Richardson as Treasurer. The
President appointed as this committee Messrs. Craig, Hunnewell,.
and Elliott.

Prof. Sargent, chairman of the committee appointed at the
previous meeting to investigate and report upon the administration
of the affairs of the Society's building, presented a report in which
the following recommendations were offered:

The resignation at this time of the Treasurer, Mr. Richardson, after
many years of faithful service, makes the election of a new Treasurer
necessary and opens the question of the advisability of our following
the example of other Boston corporations of a semi-public nature, like the
Museum of Fine Arts, The Institute of Technology, the Massachusetts
Society for Promoting Agriculture, etc., in choosing an unpaid Treasurer
from the business men interested in the Society.

Your conunittec believes that if it was possible to put the management
of this building in the hands of one man, dutiei^then can be better defined
and responsibility fixed. This means efficiency and economy.

It recommends, therefore, that Mr. Walter Hunnewell, who has expressed
a willingness to assume the duties of the office, be elected Treasurer of the
Society, that Mr. William P. Rich be elected manager of the building,
Secretary', and Librarian, with the understanding that it shall be a part of
his duty to render such assistance to the Treasurer as may be decided on
between them.

Your committee further recommends that in order that Mr. Rich may
be able to perform satisfactorily the duties of his office he be authorized to
employ an assistant who shall be a stenographer and accountant. If
this plan is adopted, it is perhaps possible that the expenses of adminis-
tration can be reduced.

On motion of Mr. Lawrence it was voted that the report of the
committee be accepted and its recommendations adopted.

On motion of Mr. Farquhar it was votgd to appoint Mr. Walter

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 145

Hunnewell Treasurer of the Society with power to select his assist
ant; the appointment to date from January 15, 1907.

On motion of Mr. Hill it was voted to appoint Mr. William P.
Rich Secretary and Librarian of the Society, Superintendent of the
Building, and assistant to the Treasurer; the last two appointments
to date from January 15, 1907.

Mr. Hunnewell, Chairman of the Finance Committee, presented
a statement of the income and expenditures of the Society during
the past year.

Mr. Craig spoke on the matter of the appropriations for prizes
for the year and suggested that additional prizes be secured through
special subscriptions. He had already the promise by several
interested members of the Society of additional prizes for the
Chrysanthemum Show and recommended that some action be
taken by the Board of Trustees to authorize and encourage further
subscriptions.

Mr. Farquhar spoke in favor of the suggestions of Mr. Craig and
it was voted, on motion of Mr. Craig, that a committee of five be
appointed to attend to this matter. The President appointed as the
committee Messrs. Craig, Fe^kes, Farquhar, and Lawrence, to
whom was added the President, Mr. Weld.

On motion of Mr. Pettigrew it was voted that a committee be
appointed to consider the advisability of opening the library one or
two nights in a week for the benefit of those unable to make use of
it during the present hoiu's, which are 9 to 5 week days. The
President appointed Messrs. Pettigrew and the Librarian as this
committee to report at the next meeting.

Miss S. Myrta Abbott of Cambridge, proposed by Henry S.
Adams, and Everett P. Turner of Arlington, proposed by J. Wil-
lard Hill, were elected to membership in the Society.

February 9. Communications from Henry N. Ridley and Miss
E. Willmott were read accepting their election to corresponding
membership in the Society.

The President, as chairman of the special committee on the
improvement of the lecture hall of the Society's building, presented
a report with several suggestions on the subject. On motion of

14G MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Farqiihar it was voted that the President and one other member
be appointed to procure an estimate of the cost of the work and to
report back to the Board. The President appointed Prof. Sargent
on this committee.

The committee appointed at the h^st meeting to ch-aw up resolu-
tions on the occasion of the retirement of Charles E. Richardson
from the office of Treasurer of the Society reported through its
chairman, Mr. Craig, as follows:

The Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
desire to express and place on record their high appreciation of the faithful
services rendered by Mr. Charles E. Richardson, who retired on January
15, 1907, after filling for over sixteen years the responsible office of treas-
urer of the Society.

The Trustees as a body feel that they and the Society are much indebted
to Mr. Richardson for the careful and painstaking manner in which he has
performed the duties of his office, and earnestly express the hope that he
may be long spared to enjoy his well-earned retirement.

Resolved: — That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to Mr. Rich-
ardson and spread upon the records of the Board.

(Signed) William N. Craig

Walter Hunnewell
William H. Elliott.

The report of the committee was adopted.

Mr. Walter C. Baylies was elected a Trustee in accordance with
the By-laws to fill the vacancy existing in the Board occasioned
by the death of Mr. Fabyan.

The sum of $400.00, in addition to the income of the French and
Farlow Funds, was voted for the library.

The matter of the appointment of an auditor was considered
and it was voted that all bills for current expenses be approved
before payment by the President or a member of the Finance
Committee.

The President reported a communication from Arthur Lord,
Esq., concerning a proposed settlement of the Francis B. Hayes
Estate and it was voted that the matter be referred to Messrs. Hill
and Hunnewell with authority to employ counsel and to report
back to the Board.

On motion of Mr. Craig it was voted to apjioint a committee of

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 147

three to prepare a memorial of the late George F. Fabyan and to
report at the next meeting of the Board. The President appointed
Messrs. Craig, Hunnewell, and Curtis as this committee.

April 6. William N. Craig, chairman of the committee on a
memorial of the late George F. Fabyan, reported the following
resolutions :

The Trustees of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society desire to
express and place on record their sincere sorrow at the death on January
18 of Mr. George F. Fabyan, for several years an esteemed member of this
Board.

Although, owing to ill health, Mr. Fabyan had not for some time been
able to attend the Board meetings, he always maintained a keen interest in
the welfare of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society by frequent exhibits
of splendidly grown plants from his greenhouses which have been features
of the exhibitions, and in various other ways assisting in promoting the
cause of horticulture.

Resolved: — That in the death of Mr. Fabyan the Massachusetts Horti-
cidtural Society has lost a valued supporter and

Resolved: — That these resolutions be entered upon the records of the
Board and a copy forwarded to Mrs. Fabyan and family.

(Signed) Wm. N. Craig

Walter Hunnewell
Charles F. Curtis.

The report of the committee was adopted and ordered to be
placed upon the records of the Board.

John A. Pettigrew, chairman of the special committee appointed
to consider the advisability of opening the library of the Society
at other times than those now in force, reported as follows :

Your committee, appointed to report on the desirability of affording
members of the Horticultural Society and the public increased opportunity
for using the library of the Society, would report that it has duly considered
the matter and believes that there is a considerable number of persons
whose business will not permit them the pri^^lege of using the library
during the hours when it is now open, who \\ould welcome the opportunity
to use it were it open during some portion of their leisure.

This applies especially to garden employees who have little time and
are not over-burdened with means; yet, it is largely upon such men that
the present and future success of practical horticulture depends.

148 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

We believe that the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, by offering
young gardeners the use of its library, will be fulfilling an important part
of its mission — the advancement of horticulture.

AVith this presentment, yovu' committee would recommend that, as an
experiment, the library of the Society be opened each Simday from two to
six o'clock P. M. for the use of members and such persons who are not
members as may be accredited by the ticket of the Society; the privilege
to include pennission to take books home for perusal under such regulations
as may be prescribed by the librarian; applications for library privileges
by non-members, as above stated, to be made to the librarian who shall
investigate and report, with a recommendation in each case, to the Library
Committee for approval.

We further recommend that the librarian be authorized to employ such
assistance as may be necessary to carry out the work efficiently, yet with
economy.

Respectfully submitted,

(Signed) J. A. Pettigrew

Wm. p. Rich

Committee.

The report of the committee was accepted and its recommenda-
tions adopted; and the committee was empowered to carry into
effect the proposed opening of the library on Snnday afternoons.

A communication from Mrs. Lemuel Skidmore of Summit,
New Jersey, was read, stating that on the death of INIiss H. F. W.
Sweetser, the last member of the family of Samuel Sweetser,
formerly of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a member of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society from 1835 to 1870, there was
found among her papers a request that the portrait of her father be
presented to this Society.

Mrs. Skidmore wrote that the portrait was ready for delivery
if acceptable to the Society.

It was voted to acce])t the portrait of INIr. Sweetser with thanks
to Mrs. Skidmore for her interest in the matter.

A communication from Senor Don Salvador Izquierdo of Chile
was read accepting the honor of corresponding membership in the
Society.

On motion of Mr. Fewkes it was voted to invite the New England
Dahlia Society to hold its annual exhibition in conjunction with the
September Exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

At the suggestion of William H. Spooner, Delegate to the State

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 149

Board of Agriculture, it was voted to appoint a committee to repre-
sent the Society at the Conference on Rural Progress to be held in
Amherst, October next, inider the auspices of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College.

The President appointed the following named members of the
Society as this committee: William H. Spooner, Chairman, Charles
F. Curtis, Wilfrid AVheeler, J. Willard Hill, Wm. P. Rich, Henry
S. Adams, Isaac H. Locke, and Arthur H. Fewkes.

The resignation of William C. Endicott as chairman of the
special committee on certain protested awards was accepted and
William H. Spooner was appointed in his stead.

The following named persons were duly elected to membership
in the Society:

Nathaniel W. Emerson, M. D., of Boston, proposed by Wm.
P. Rich.

Miss Elizabeth M. Eustis of Brookline, proposed by Wm. P.
Rich.

Frank I^. Whipple of Lynn, proposed by Wm. P. Rich.

Clement S. Houghton of Boston, proposed by Warren H.
Manning.

Charles Merriam of Weston, proposed by Herbert Merriam.

May IL A communication from the secretary of the New Eng-
land Dahlia Society was read accepting with thanks the invitation
to hold its first annual exliibition in connection with the Dahlia
Exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

A communication from the New York Academy of Sciences was
presented cordially inviting the Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety to participate in its exercises commemorative of the two
hundredth anniversary of the birth of Linne. On motion of Mr.
Estabrook a committee consisting of Mr. Curtis and the Secretary
was appointed to arrange for the representation of the Society on
that occasion.

On motion of Mr. Estabrook an appropriation not exceeding
$150.00 was voted for the purchase of rugs or carpeting for the
ladies' waiting room.

On motion of Mr. Farquhar it was voted that the Secretary be

150 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

authorized, on approval of the Finance Committee, to make ex-
penditures to the amount of $250.00 at any one time for the repair
or improvement of the Society's buikHng, when such repair or
improvement will facilitate the rental of the halls.

Mr. Farquhar stated that it was desirable to issue the Schedule
of Prizes and Exhibitions for the year 1908 at as early a date as
possible, and he moved and it was voted that the sum of S6700.00
be appropriated for prizes and gratuities for the coming year.

It was also voted that the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions
be authorized to proceed at once with the preparation of the Sched-
ule for 190S and to report the same to the Board for adoption.

The following named persons were elected to membership in the
Society :

Miss Mary St. Barbe Eustis of Brookline, proposed by Wm. P.
Rich.

Samuel J. Goddard of Framingham, proposed by \Vm. N. Craig.

George William Butterworth of South Framingham, proposed
by J. T. Butterworth.

John W. Bennett of Springfield, Vermont, proposed by A. S.
Bigelow.

July 8. President Weld reported plans and estimates for the
improvement of the lecture hall, and, on motion of Mr. Farquhar,
it was voted that the President and the Secretary be authorized to
have the work completed in accordance therewith.

On motion of Mr. Hunnewell it was voted that Mr. Farquhar
and the Secretary be authorized to procure one hundred additional
exhibition tables at a cost not to exceed $500.00.

The following named persons were elected to membership in the
Society :

Louis E. ]Merry of West Somerville, proposed by H. A. Wheeler.
Mrs. J. D. Colt of Chestnut Hill, proposed by Maurice Fuld.
Juan Balme, Jr., of Mexico, proposed by AVm. P. Rich.

October 5. A communication from Messrs W. W. Rawson &:

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 151

Co. was presented offering two silver cups as prizes; one to be
awarded at the Spring Show of 1908 for the largest and best col-
lection of narcissi and daffodils, and the other for the largest col-
lection of Cactus dahlias at the Dahlia Show of that year.

On motion of Mr. Curtis it was voted to accept the offer of the
Messrs. Rawson and to refer it to the Committee on Prizes and
Exhibitions.

It was voted also, on motion of Mr. Curtis, to authorize the
Treasurer to pay the prizes awarded by the Committee on Children's
Gardens as soon as convenient.

On motion of Mr. Farquhar it was ^'oted that the matter of
continuing the Sunday opening of the library be left to the discretion
of the Librarian.

A communication from the secretary of the Maine State Pomo-
logical Society was read requesting the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society to send a delegate to its annual meeting at Gardiner,
Maine, in November, for the purpose of considering the fruit
interests of New England. On motion of Mr. Hunnewell it was
voted to appoint the Chairman of the Committee on Fruits, Mr.
Wilfrid Wheeler, to represent the Society on that occasion with
power of substitution.

Mr. Farquhar called attention to the need of a new floor in the
large exliibition hall of the Society's building, and, after some
consideration of the subject, the President appointed Messrs.
Farquhar, Hunnewell, and the Superintendent of the Building a
committee to report on the matter at a future meeting.

The following named persons Avere elected to membership in the
Society :

Charles N. Brush of Brookline, proposed by A. F. Estabrook.
George H. Webster of Haverhill, proposed by J. F. Sharkey.
Robert Seaver of Jamaica Plain, proposed by C. F. Curtis.
Arthur F. Means of Somerville, proposed by F. S. Davis.

December 7. A communication from Edwin L. Lewis of
Taunton was presented suggesting that state institutions and
agricultural colleges be required to exhibit their productions under
their respective names and not in the names of the gardeners only.

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

As Rule 9 of the General Rules and Regulations provides for
such cases it was voted to call the attention of the chairmen of the
exhibition committees to this rule and to notify all parties interested
that hereafter exliibits must be made in the name of the owners.

The special committee on protests appointed at the meeting
held December 8, 1906, presented its report as follows:

A meeting of the Committee on Protests of the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society having been duly called, and the protestants of the vegetable
awards at the Exhibition of October 10, 1906, having been duly notified
that the Committee would hear them, was held in the Committee Room of
the Society on November 21, 1907, at 2.30 P. M. Of the Committee there
were present the Chairman, Mr. William H. Spooner, and Mr George E.
Cabot. Of the protestants, Mr. E. L. Lewis, and on behalf of the Com-
mittee which awarded the prizes, Mr. W. H. Heustis.

Mr. Lewis was called upon to give his reasons for protesting the awards,
and the Committee listened to his reasons at length upon the subject.

Mr. Heustis was then asked to state for the Committee on Prizes his
views as to the justice of the awards, and thereafter these gentlemen with-
drew.

The Committee unanimously

Voted: — That having heard the protest of Mr. Lewis, and the statement
of Mr. Heustis for the Vegetable Committee of 1906, and after giving the
matter careful consideration, they are of the opinion that the Vegetable
Committee awarded the prizes according to their best judgment, and
without bias.

Voted: — That in the opinion of the Committee a rule should be added
to those now in force that all exhibits grown on the grounds of Public Insti-
tutions should be exhibited in the name of the Institution and not entitled
to compete for prizes other than gratuities.

Voted: — That in the opinion of the Committee all awards made by
the several Exhibition Committees should be final.
Respectfully submitted,

George E. Cabot,
For the Committee on Protests.

It was voted that the report of the Committee on Protests be
accepted and placed on file.

Mr. Pettigrew, chairman of the special committee on nomina-
tions for the Standing Committees of the Society for the year 1908,
presented a list of names which, after some modification, was
ccepted as follows:

1

report of board of trustees. 153

Committees of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
FOR the Year 1908.

Finance: — Walter Hunnewell, Chairman, A. F. Estabrook,

Stephen M. Weld.
Library: — C. S. Sargent, Chairman, I>arz Anderson, C. S. Minot,

R. M. Saltonstall, H. P. Walcott.
I>ectures and Publications: — John C. Olmsted, Chairman, Miss

Mary S. Ames, W. H. Spooner, Miss Mary L. Ware,

F. A. Waugh.
Prizes and Exhibitions: — J. K. M. L. Farquhar, Chairman, W. N.

Craig, Edw. MacMulkin, C. S. Sargent, W. J. Stewart.
Plants and Flowers: — T. D. Hatfield, Chairman, Joseph Clark.

Duncan Finlayson, Emil Johanssohn, Thos. Roland.
Fruits: — Wilfrid Wheeler, Chairman, Wm. Thatcher, E. B.

Wilder.
Vegetables: — J. B. Shurtleff, Jr., Chairman, J. W. Duncan, G. D.

Moore.
Gardens: — C. W. Parker, Chairman, J. H. Bowditch, R. Cameron,

A. H. Fewkes, J. Heurlin, F. L. Olmsted, Jr., W. P.

Rich, S. M. Weld, T. H. Westwood.
Children's Gardens: — Mrs. R. G. Shaw, Chairman, Miss Helen

Collamore, Mrs. E. I\I. Gill, Miss Rose Hollingsworth.

On motion of Prof. Sargent it was voted to instruct the new
Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions to prepare the Schedule for
the year 1909 and publish it May 1, 1908.

Mr. Hill offered the following motion which was adopted : That
in the opinion of the Board of Trustees it is desirable that the
Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions be a slowly changing body
and that only one or two of its members should be changed each
year, and that special committees on nominations in the future are
hereby instructed to carry this recommendation into effect.

On motion of Mr. Farquhar an appropriation of $250.00 was
voted for the expenses of conducting the exhibitions for the year
1908.

President Weld reported for the special committee on the im-

154 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICLLTURAL SOCIETY.

proveinent of the lecture hall that the work had been completed
in a satisfactory manner and that the acoustic defects had been
remedied.

On motion of INIr. Craig it was voted that this Society become an
affiliated member of the National Chrysanthemum Society and an
appropriation of $50.00 was made for this purpose.

Mr. Farquhar reported that one hundred new exhibition tables
had been provided in accordance with the vote of the Board July
8 at a cost of 1475.00.

The following named persons were elected to membership in the
Society:

Mrs. Clarence W. Jones of Brookline, proposed by C. W. Parker.
Arthur G. AYalton of Wakefield, proposed by W. P. Rich.
Scott T. Doten of Brookline, proposed by J. K. M. L. Farquhar.

On motion of Prof. Sargent it was voted to approve the election
of Dr. Augustine Henry of Cambridge University, England, as a
Corresponding Member of the Society.

William P. Rich,

Secretary.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PRIZES AND
EXHIBITIONS FOR THE YEAR 1907.

BY JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, CHAIRMAN.

The exliibitions of the year have surpassed those of any previous
year since the Society occupied its new hall. The appropriation
for prizes for last year M'as less than usual, and, in order to get
out an attractive schedule, your Committee thought it well to
solicit special prizes firom persons, chiefly members of the Society,
interested in our work. The appeal was heartily responded to.

The Spring Exhibition was perhaps the best of the year and one
of the finest spring shows ever held by the Society. It comprised
a wider range of flowering plants than has been seen for many
years, and the display of spring bulbous plants was exceptionally
good.

The Summer Shows were better than ever before, and were never
so well attended. Most of them were held open to the public
Sunday afternoons, the attendance frequently being so large as to
tax the capacity of the halls.

The Fruit and Vegetable Exhibition was distinguished for the
fine quality of the exhibits, which were much above the average in
excellence. The vegetable exhibits at the November Exhibition
were unquestionably the best ever seen in Boston. This last
exhibition known as the Chrysanthemum Show was not as strongly
representative of that flower as usual, but the deficiency was more
than compensated for by the fine display in other lines. A new
feature on this occasion was a display of artistically arranged tables
of fruit and also table decorations of chrysanthemums in bloom,
both of which subjects were extremely interesting.

It is gratifying to your Committee to report the unusually large
attendance of the public at the exhibitions throughout the year,
demonstrating a growing interest, and showing that the educational
work of the Society carried on in these halls is appreciated. This

155

15G

MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

appreciation of the public assures us that the Society is faithful to
the unselfish, uplifting, educational work for which it at first re-
ceived its charter as a public educator and benefactor.

John Iv. M. L. Farquhar
William N. Craig
Arthur H. Fewkes
Isaac H. Locke
AViLLiAM H. Spooner
Wilfrid Wheeler

Committee on
Prizes and
Exhibitions.

I

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND
FLOWERS FOR THE YEAR 1907.

BY ARTHUR H. FEWKES, CHAIRMAN.

The report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers for the year
1907 varies little from those of recent years except in the number
of awards, where a considerable falling off is noted.

The awards of all kinds made during the year were six hundred
and fifteen, while the report for 1906 shows a total of seven hundred
and forty, a falling off for the present year of one hundred and
twenty-five or about seventeen per cent.

The number of exhibitors for the year was one hundred and
fifty-six, an increase of six over the previous year, showing a con-
tinued interest on the part of the exhibitors.

The falling off in the number of awards must be attributed
largely to the heavy reduction made in the appropriation for plants
and flowers for the present year, necessitating a curtailment of the
prizes offered.

The extremely dry weather of midsummer tended to reduce the
number of exhibits of that season, but this was more than counter-
balanced by the abundant moisture and cool temperatures prevalent
during the spring months, conditions which proved favorable for
all kinds of spring bulbs and herbaceous plants as was shown by
the numerous and fine displays during April, INIay, and early
June.

The first exhibition of the year was held January 26 and proved
a remarkably good show for this season of the year, there being
competition in nearly all of the classes.

Among the miscellaneous displays the seedling carnation Victoria
was showTi by the Quidnick Greenhouses. It is a promising variety,
light cerise in color.

February 2, Martin Sullivan, gardener for William Whitman,
showed a fine specimen plant of Cattleya trianac for which he was

157

158 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

awarded a First Class Certificate for superior cultivation. The
plant was in splendid condition and well flowered.

The Spring Show, ISIarcli 22, 23, 24, was a most successful one,
filling all three of the halls. There were fifty-four classes offered
and all but six were competed for.

The Acacias were remarkably beautiful and there was an unusual
number of distinct species sho^^^l. Azaleas were somewhat better
than they have been for several years but they fell far short of what
we should have at this exhibition.

A few fine Ericas were shown but there seems to be a lack of
interest in the growing of these plants which is unfortunate, for
they are among the most beautiful of exhibition subjects.

The climbing roses in tubs made a fine display but were not
equal to previous years. There was little competition in the
Cyclamen classes but nevertheless there was a good show of them
as there were many fine plants not in competition.

Cinerarias were fairly good and all kinds of Dutch bulbs were
well sho^n.

The displays of tender roses and carnations were fully up to the
standard, particularly the latter.

Among the miscellaneous displays there were many of great
merit and special awards were given them.

R. & J. Farquhar & Co. received a Silver Medal for a very
superior group of spring bulbs and plants. George Page was
awarded a cultural First Class Certificate for two very fine plants
of Marguerite Queen Alexandra, and M. H. Walsh a First Class
Certificate for a beautiful new seedling rambler rose, the Milky
Way. The flowers are single, pure white in color, very freely
produced, and resemble very much the Cherokee rose.

Honorable Mention was awarded Joseph Breck & Sons for a
display of palms and bulbous plants in flower, arranged in brass-
bound oak jardinieres. The display was made to show oft" the
latter to the best advantage, but at the same time the exliibit was
worthy of special notice. Honorable Mention was also awarded
W. W. Rawson & Co. for a display of spring bulbs arranged in the
form of a large bed placed on the floor of the vestibule, just inside
the main entrance, where it formed a very striking feature of the
exhibition.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 159

Another display which attracted much attention and formed an
important part of the exliibition was the exhibit of Cyclamen plants
from J. Henry Brooks of Milton. The plants were of very large
size although only eighteen months from seed. They were finely
flowered and showed great skill in their cultivation, securing for
the gardener wdio grew them, George M. Anderson, a Silver Medal
for cultivation.

Two well-gro^ii plants of Genista Canariensis were exlaibited
by Thomas Roland of Nahant. They had been trained in a some-
what formal conical shape and were a complete mass of bloom.

Cala7ithe vestita igneo-oculata gigantea show^n by Lager and
Hurrell is a very fine orchid bearing flowers of large size with a
fiery-red eye which show^s to great advantage against the white of
the petals. A First Class Certificate was awarded this.

First Class Certificates were also awarded J. E. Rothwell for
the beautiful pure white Dendrohium nobile virginale, a variety
absolutely pure white and a great acquisition; To Genl. S. M.
Weld for Primula Kewensis, the new yellow-flowered hybrid
Primula wdiich originated at Kew gardens, with quite large bright
yellow flowers arranged in whorls in the manner of Primula verti-
cillata; and to Kenneth Finlayson for seedling Himalayan Rhodo-
dendron Mary Weld, which has a beautiful waxy white flower
with fine fragrance, and resulted from Rhododendron Princess
Mary Fitzwilliam X RJwdodendron Veitchii laevigata.

Honorable Mentions were awarded William Whitman for a very
fine plant of Cattleya Schroederae bearing eight spikes of bloom;
Julius Roehrs Co., for the new Azalea Julius Roehrs, a rosy-pink
colored variety which promises Mell for winter forcing; and to
R. & J. Farquhar & Co. for Begonia Gloire de Lorraine superba,
a variety of apparently stronger habit and with larger flowers than
the type.

The same firm also received Honorable Mention for the new
Pelargonium Mme. Thibaut.

There were several other plants from various growers which were
so well grown that cultural awards were given them. The most
noticeable being the Acacias exhibited by Walter Hunnewell and
gro^^^l by his gardener, T. D. Hatfield, who was awarded a Silver
Medal for superior cultivation.

160 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Thomas Watt was awarded a Certificate for the cultivation of a
magnificent Azalea plant exhibited by Mrs. H. F. Durant for
whom Mr. AVatt is gardener.

James Crosbie, gardener for Mrs. J. W. Tufts, showed a splendid
plant of Dendrobinm nobik for which he received a Cultural Certifi-
cate, and Martin Sullivan the same award for superior cultivation
of spring bulbous plants. Mr. Sullivan is gardener for Mr. William
Whitman and the numerous plants shown by him were all of such
uniform good quality that the committee felt it their duty to make
this recognition of his cultural skill.

On April 20 William C. Rust, gardener for Dr. C. G. Weld,
brought in a magnificent jjlant of the Himalayan Rhododendron
Lady IMary Fitzwilliam. The plant was very even in form and
fully five feet in diameter. The fine healthy condition of the plant
and abundant bloom showed great skill in cultivation of this
difficult class of plants and a cultural Silver Medal was therefore
awarded Mr. Rust.

The exhibition on May 4 was a very good one although the cool
weather had retarded all spring bulbs.

Narcissuses were particularly good; there seems to be an in-
creasing interest in these beautiful flowers and more attention
should be given them.

Owing to the lateness of the season the display of tulips was
small.

Among the miscellaneous displays a large plant of Cattleya
Mossiae was shown by J. T. Butterworth. It was a magnificent
plant bearing fifty-nine blooms. As the plant had but forty-four
blooms the previous year there could be no doubt of the skill of
the cultivator and a cultural Silver IMedal was awarded him.

Another orchid plant, Cattleya Skinneri, shown by \Mlliam
Whitman, Martin Sullivan, gardener, though very much smaller
than the preceding, was a fine specimen of this beautiful species
and was adjudged worthy of Honorable Mention for siqierior
cultivation.

Honorable Mention was awarded Mrs. Frederick Ayer for
Acacia jrulchella, a beautiful species, not new, but seldom seen.

The same award was given the Harvard Botanic Garden for
Primula Poisson i.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 161

A display of much merit, made by Mrs. Frederick Ayer, con-
sisted of long branches and sprays of the Marechal Niel rose. It
is many years since this fine rose has been shown here and we
doubt if it was ever shown in better form. A First Class Certifi-
cate was awarded George Page, her gardener, for superior cultiva-
tion.

On May IS there was a fine showing of spring bulbs and herba-
ceous plants, the continued cool weather proving very favorable,
prolonging the season of flowering of the bulbous plants and
developing the herbaceous plants to perfection.

A First Class Certificate was awarded R. & J. Farquhar & Co
for an instructive display of single and double tulips, embracin
eighty-one different varieties.

Again on May 25 there was a fine display of spring bulbs, par-
ticularly the Darwin and other late-flowering tulips. The collec-
tion of these from the Langwater Gardens was remarkably fine
and included about twenty-two varieties. Nearly all of them were
shown in large bunches thereby giving an entirely different impres-
sion of them than would be possible to produce where only two or
three flowers of a kind are shown. A First Class Certificate was
awarded this display.

Narcissus Glory of Leiden, one of the newer varieties was also
shown from the Langwater Gardens. It is an extremely beautiful
flower, larger than Emperor, with rich yellow trumpet and light
yellow petals.

Cereus speciosus was shown from the Botanic Garden. It has
a beautiful flower, crimson in color, shaded purple and rainbow
tints. Honorable Mention was awarded this.

A new hybrid Calceolaria called Steivartii was shown by T. D.
Hatfield. It is a cross between C. rugosa and a yellow-flowered
herbaceous variety. The flower is clear yellow, much larger than
rugosa with the habit midway between the parents. It was origi-
nated by George Stewart of Medford and named for him. A
Silver JNIedal was awarded jNIr. Stewart for this.

The Rhododendron Show was scheduled for June 1 but owing
to the extreme lateness of the season it was postponed to June 8
and again to June 15 and IG.

Although the regular exhibition was postponed on June 8 there

162 JMASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

was a very fine lot of flowers shown, making one of the best of our
early summer shows.

Tree peonies were shown in larger quantities and in better form
than ever before. Prof. C. S. Sargent and William Whitman
made excellent displays, particularly the former who filled an
entire table with blooms of this beautiful plant. They were all
seedlings raised from seed of the best named varieties and included
single, semi-double, and full-double in a great variety of colors.
A Silver IMedal was awarded Prof. Sargent for this display.

A Silver Medal was also awarded R. & J. Farquhar & Co. for
the new Spiraea Japonica Queen Alexandra. The flowers were a
pleasing shade of pink in color and made a very handsome pot-
plant, a use for which this plant is more adapted than for open
ground culture.

Syririga pubescens was shown by Prof. C. S. Sargent and was
awarded Honorable Mention. It is a fine species similar to Persica
but with the flowers in closer spikes.

Honorable Mention was also awarded Dr. C. G. Weld for a
fine vase of lily-of-the-valley grown in the open ground.

A Cultural Certificate was awarded James Crosbie, gardener for
Mrs. J. V\'. Tufts, for a well-grown plant of Clerodendron Balfouri.
It was a remarkably good specimen nearly six feet in height.

Late tulips were still in good condition and were well shown by
W. W. Rawson & Co. and Harvard Botanic Garden.

The late tulips have been greatly neglected in this country and
the fine displays of them which have been made in our halls from
week to week should give an impetus to their cultivation here.
These with the fine varieties of narcissi are worthy subjects for all
who love the spring garden.

Although the* Rhododendron Show was postponed to June 15,
the displays of these flowers were very meager; nevertheless, the
exhibition as a whole was a very creditable one, there being a large
number of miscellaneous displays of much interest. The displays
of German irises were remarkably fine excelling any previous
displays of this flower. Tree peonies were again shown in splendid
form by Prof. Sargent and James McKissock, the latter staging a
very beautiful and instructive collection of named French varieties,
including many rare colors.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 163

A number of special awards were made to exliibits of special
merit including Honorable Mention to Mrs. David S. Greenough
for a beautiful white tree peony with very long petals artistically
arranged. The variety was without name it being an imported
plant from Japan, the native name of which having been lost.

Honorable Mention was awarded the Boston Park Department
for a vase of the beautiful Bechtel's double-flowering crabapple,
Malus loensis, fl. pi. The flowers are like small pink roses of a
soft apple-blossom shade and borne in great profusion.

Cereus Eyresii ■\\'as shown by the Harvard Botanic Garden and
awarded Honorable Mention. It is a handsome flower of a beauti-
ful rose-pink shade.

The collection of tree peonies from Mr. James McKissock,
mentioned above, was awarded Honorable Mention it being the
finest collection of named varieties ever shown here.

Three new herbaceous plants were shown by the Blue Hill
Nurseries and were all awarded Honorable Mention: Thalictnim
Delavayi, with spikes of large rosy-purple flowers and prominent
petaloid sepals; Arenaria montana, a fine species with large white
flowers; and Incarvillea grandiflora, similar to I. Delavayi, but
much darker and more crimson in color.

The show on June 22, though postponed, was still too early for
a good display of peonies and little out of the ordinary was shown
in these flowers. There were remarkable displays of German
irises and herbaceous plants from R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Blue
Hill Nurseries, and F. J. Rea.

The display of R. & J. Farquhar & Co. filled four large tables
and was awarded Honorable Mention.

The display of Pyrethrums from William Whitman should also
be mentioned for we have seldom if ever seen a display equal to it.

The displays of Pyrethrums, irises, and other herbaceous plants
at this show as well as at previous ones were remarkable for the
quantity of blooms shown of each variety, for most of them were
represented by large vases of each variety or species and not by a
few individual blossoms or sprays.

The exliibition held June 29 was remarkable for the fact that
most of the rose and peony classes, scheduled for .June 14, 15, and
22, were competed for at this time, no entries having been made

164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for thcin on the scheduled dates owing to the extreme lateness of
the season.

The exhibit of hardy rhododendrons and Kalmias from Walter
Hunnewell was also indicative of the lateness of the season, for
probably these flowers have never been showTi in Boston later than
this date.

Among the miscellaneous displays J^Ionorable ^lentions were
awarded Frederic J. Rea for Iri^ orienfalis Snow Queen, a beauti-
ful pure white form of this plant; E. J. Shaylor for seedling peony
Number 2; George HoUis for seedling peony Geo. Mollis; Dr.
Charles S. Minot for the French peony Mons. Charles Leveque;
^^In. ^Yhitman for a beautiful display of Digitalis; and to J.
Lawson, gardener to Edward J. Mitton, for superior cultivation of
Crassula coccinea.

A First Class Certificate of Merit was awarded J. E. RothwtMl
for his seedling Cypripedium Emil Johanssohn. It is the result
of C. Euryale X C. Philippi7iense. In color it is similar to its
seed parent while the form of the flower resembles the pollen parent,
with a tendency to produce several flowers on each spike.

A First Class Certificate was also awarded James McKissock
for the new peony Rosa Bonheur, a beautiful shade of pink in c-olor
and of good form.

A Cultural Certificate was awarded James Cartwright, gardener
to J. R. Leeson, for a splendid plant of Oncidium spharelatuni.

The extraordinary change in the weather conditions following
the very moist and cool spring was noticeable in the exliibitions of
July 6 and 13. The sudden change to hot and dry weather was
very detrimental to out-door flowers and materially lessened the
displays. There were some fine things shown, however, including
a remarkably well-grown plant of Odonfoglossum citrosmum, «ith
immense bulbs and branching spikes of unusual length. The
plant was exhibited by J. T. Butterworth and a Cultural Certificate
was awarded him for it.

A Cultural Certificate was also awarded James Crosbie, gardener
to Mrs. J. W. Tufts, for a large plant of Crassula coccinea, bearing
one hundred and sixty heads of bloom.

First Class Certificates w^re awarded the Langwater (hardens
for two verv handsome varieties of Gladiolus nanus Peach Blossom,

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 165

delicate salmon-pink in color, and Mathilde, a beautiful pearly
white.

The same exhibitor was awarded Honorable Mention for new
sweet peas, Queen Alexandra, a promising scarlet variety, and
Nora Unwin, an improved white variety.

Honorable INIention was also awarded George HoUis for his
seedling peonies I^ucy E. Hollis, a flower of fine form, deep rosy
flesh in color, and IMary L. Hollis, a salmon flesh variety.

The new sweet william, Sutton's Pink Beauty, was shown by
the Lowthorpe School of Horticulture and awarded Honorable
Mention. It is a pleasing shade of pink but not remarkable in
form of flower.

On July 13 Mr. C. W. Parker was awarded Honorable Mention
for an exliibit of luuxly roses grown at his place in Marblehead.
They were of good size and showed but little the effects of the
prevailing dry weather.

July 20 was Sweet Pea Day and proved one of the best exhibi-
tions of the summer. The wisdom of devoting special days to
the exhibition of the most popular flowers was most decidedly
apparent at this show, for never before has the sweet pea, in all its
beautiful shades, been so thoroughly shown here as at this exhibi-
tion. Every class was well competed for, there being as many
as sixteen competitors in some of them.

The exhibition was highly appreciated both by the growers and
the public, who attended in large numbers.

As a matter of record we give herewith a list of the varieties
which seemed to be most popular, naming only those which ap-
peared the greatest number of times in competition. In white
varieties we name Dorothy Eckfortl a-nd Mont Blanc; in light
pink or l)liish, Gladys Unwin, Lovely, and Countess Spencer; in
rose color, John Ingman; in blue or purple, Navy Blue and King
of the Purples; in lavender, INIrs. George Higginson and Countess
of Radnor; in red or crimson. King Edward VII; and in orange
or salmon, Helen Lewis and INIiss Willmott.

Miscellaneous displays were quite numerous and some very
good things were shown, the most noticeable being a display of
herbaceous Delphiniums from James McKissock. They were
imported varieties from Lemoine and included some of the finest

166 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

kinds we have ever had the pleasure of seeing. They were in the
various shades of bhie, some of them being shaded with pink, and
all double. We selected the following as the cream of the collection
and awarded them a First Class Certificate, viz. : Arago, Frederic
Mistral, Laplace, Albert Metin, Maxime Gorki, Dupleix, Statuaire
Rude, Romeo, and Compte Horace de Choiseul.

A First Class Certificate was awarded H. H. Rogers (James
Garthly, gardener) for a display of stocks of great merit. They
were from the open ground and included a large range of color,
illustrating well the usefulness of this plant when well grown.

A Cultural Certificate was awarded W. W. Rawson & Co. for
an exceedingly well-grown plant of the yellow perennial larkspur
Delphinium Zalil. The plant Avas very large, bushy, and well
flowered.

Burpee's Crystal Queen nasturtium with variegated foliage was
shown by Geo. E. Davenport and was awarded Honorable Mention.
The foliage was distinctly marked with white, the flowers deep
crimson. If the variegation is well fixed it is a very good thing in
its way.

The exhibition on August 3 was a small one but there were some
good phloxes shown for the prizes offered and other things not in
competition.

Nicotiana afjinis hybrida was shown by W. W. Rawson & Co.
and was awarded Honorable Mention. As shown the flowers were
much better than N. Sonderi, larger and with a greater range of
color.

Dahlias made their first appearance at this exhibition. They
were shown by W. W. Rawson & Co. and were very good for so
early in the season.

On August 17 there w^as a very fine display of perennial phloxes,
the later varieties being in good condition, having been affected
less than the earlier sorts by the dry w^eather. There were also
good displays of herbaceous plants, sweet peas, asters, and gladioli ;
the whole making an interesting summer show.

The Dahlia Show, September 4 and 5, proved a very successful
affair. This was a departure from the time-honored Annual
Exhibition which had ceased to be attractive in many of its features.
The great interest which has sprung up in recent years in the

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 167

cultivation of the dahlia has made it very desirable that a special
show be held in the interests of this flower, and a change in the
designation of the fall show seemed no more than was due to so
important a flower as the dahlia and one to which such wide-
spread interest is directed.

The exhibition was, without doubt, the largest and best showing
of dahlias that has ever been made here and much credit is due the
New England Dahlia Society for its efforts in making it a success,
it being the first annual meeting of that organization.

Besides the dahlias and hardy herbaceous flowers, for which
prizes were offered, there were many miscellaneous displays of
much value, all combining to make a fall show of great interest
and of an entirely different character from the stereotyped exhibi-
tion of former years. There were entries in nearly all the dahlia
classes and in most of them the competition was very keen, the
number of entries in all amounting to sixty-four.

Special awards were given as follows: to Frederic J. Rea, a
First Class Certificate for Helenium autumnale swperhum rubrum,
a handsome variety of this useful plant, with brown-red flowers;
to A. H. Wingett a First Class Certificate for seedling dahlia
Charles Lanier, a fine large show bloom with perfect form and
deep yellow color; and to B. Hammond Tracy First Class Certifi-
cates for Gladioli Kathryn, Princess Sandersoni, and Jean Dieu la
Foy, and Honorable Mention for Harvard.

The variety Kathryn has a large open flower, good spike and
deep rosy-carmine in color, with white throat blotched with crimson.
Princess Sandersoni is pure white with the lip slightly blotched
yellow, shaded and marked maroon. It is a fine variety and is
a selection from White Sandersoni. Jean Dieu la Foy has a fine
open flower and long spike of cream white flowers blotched with
crimson. Harvard has a large open flower in good spikes. The
color is a deep shade of brownish crimson.

The varieties Kathryn and Harvard were exhibited as original
seedlings but since the above awards were made information has
come to us that this is incorrect and that prominent gladiolus
growers pronounce the former to be the variety Rosella and the
latter the variety George Paul. It is desirable that these varieties
may be shown side by side the coming season so the matter may be
cleared up.

168 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

H. A. Dreer Co. showed two new ferns for which they received
Honorable ^Mention: Nephrolepis todeaoides and Xephmlepis
AmerpohJi. The former is similar to Barrowsii but with pinnae
more featherv and compact. The latter has very finely divided
fronds similar to elegant issiina but much more finely divided.

Honorable ^Mention was awarded Laban Pratt for a display of
single dahlias which were remarkable in size and fine colors.

The same award was given R. & J. Farquhar & Co. and W. W.
Rawson & Co. for fine displays. The former was composed of
Lilium auratum, L. tigrinum, L. speciosum, and L. PhiUppinense,
all sho^\'n in large vases.

The latter was composed of dahlias and filled one of the largest
tables, the award being given particularly for the excellent arrange-
ment of the flowers which showed the decorative qualities of the
dahlia in a marked degree. These qualities were also shown,
although in a much different manner, by Sidney Hoffman who
placed on exhibition a large centerpiece composed of red and crim-
son varieties, a wreath of white varieties, and a large hand-basket
filled with pink varieties. They were beautifully arranged and
showed the adaptability of the flower for this kind of work. A
First Class Certificate was awarded him for arrangement.

At the Fruit and Vegetable Show, October 10 and 11, the display
of plants and flowers was not large but there were several of con-
siderable interest, among them a display from AVm. C. Strong of
branches cut from seedlings of Weir's Cut-leaf maple. There was
a great variety of forms including specimens which were reduced
to leaves scarcely more than skeletons, to those which were but
slightly changed from the original form. Honorable Mention
was awarded jNIr. Strong for this display.

On October 26 Walter H. Murdock brought in a plant of chrys-
anthemum Mrs. A. T. Miller for which he was awarded Honor-
able IMention. It is a very large incurved Japanese variety, pure
white in color and very early as was evidenced by the condition
of the flower, it being much past its prime. It should make a
valuable early variety.

The Chysanthemum Show was held November 8, 9, and 10.
Formerly this was essentially an exhibition of chrysanthemums
but the name is fast losing its significance.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 169

The large trained specimen plants for which Boston was once
famous seem to be a thing of the past for they were entirely absent,
and it is worthy of note that this was the first November show for
many years that has been without them. In the opinion of many
the loss is not to be regretted for it is claimed that it is an unnatural
mode of growth for the plant and that it is against good taste to
torture them into these conventional forms. But be this as it may,
there was much cultural skill displayed in their production and the
result was not without value in a decorative way. They lacked
grace perhaps but there was a certain beauty of form and display
of color that cannot be produced in any other manner, and they
will be greatly missed until some other plant or some other equally
effective method of growing and exhibiting the chrysanthemum
is brought forward.

In cut chrysanthemums there was a very good showing but there
seemed to be a lack of life to the competition, even in these. The
classes for flowers on long stems seemed to bring c^it the strongest
competition and many remarkably fine blooms were shown.

The special prizes were also quite successful, the competition
being quite keen in those offered for roses and carnations. The
decorated tables, while not coming up to expectations, were, never-
theless, an attractive feature of the exhibition and in some respects
were worthy of repetition.

The miscellaneous displays made an important part of the exlii-
bition and special awards were given several of them.

A Silver Medal was given Robert Scott & Son, Sharon Hill,
Pennsylvania, for their new rose, Mrs. Jardine. It is a hybrid tea
similar in color to Bridesmaid but more cupped in form and with a
fine rose odor.

First Class Certificates were awarded W. A. Manda Inc. for
Dracaena Mandaiana, a variety in the way of terminalis but with
broader leaves and richer in color; F. R. Pierson Co. for a new
fern, Nephrolepis swperhissima, a very dwarf crested form with
pinnae much twisted and matted; and R. Vincent Jr. and Sons Co.
for display of pompon chrysanthemums which included nearly
one hundred varieties.

A Cultural Certificate was awarded Wm. C. Rust, gardener to
Dr. C. G. Weld, for a plant of Odontoglossinn grande bearing an
immense spike with nine very large flowers.

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Honorable Mention was awarded Julius Roehrs Co. for Cyclan-
thtis bipartitus and Ludovia crenifolia. The former is a plant in
the way of Aspidistra but with biparted leaves. The latter is a
plant with broad equitant leaves with crenulated edges.

Honorable Mention was also awarded to Mrs. J. M. Sears for a
collection of forty different varieties of single and anemone-flowered
chrysanthemums of large siz^e and striking form; and to Geo. H.
Hale for a fine display of single-flowered chrysanthemums.

There were several new seedling carnations shown and the
following were awarded Honorable Mention: Albert Roper's^
seedling Number 1000, similar in color to Mrs. Thomas W. Lawson,
but larger and a better flower; S. J. Goddard's seedling Priscilla,
a large white, striped variety which should prove of much value
if the stem is sufficiently stiff; AVanoka Greenhouses' seedling
Apple Blossom, a promising large variety, white, delicately shaded
pink; INI. A. Patten's seedling Number 50-24, a promising large
flower of a finetdark crimson color and strong stems of medium
length, and seedling Number 133, another crimson variety in the
way of Harry Fenn but with smoother flowers.

On December 28 Honorable Mention was awarded T. T. Watty
gardener to Mrs. H. F. Durant, for superior cultivation of Lopezia
macrophyUa. Although the specific name was incorrect the plant
was well grown and made a very attractive specimen two feet in
height and a foot through, covered with spikes of small pink flowers.

In conclusion we will say that, from impressions received from
actual contact with the exhil)itors and the exhibitions we are led
to believe that the policy of encouraging the small summer exhibi-
tions with prizes offered for special flowers which appeal to the
grower of moderate means is a wise one, as has been amply proven
the past season. It is at these shows that the amateur with note-
book in hand will be most often seen, taking notes of such plants
as appeal to him the most because they are something that he can
grow himself in his own garden. We believe the influence of these
shows is far reaching in its effects and has done more to encourage
horticulture in New England than any other one thing, and any
movement which would tend to discourage them is a step back-
ward and a distinct injury to the cause of horticulture.

The benefit to be derived from the association of persons of

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 171

kindred tastes is of inestimable value and the weekly coming
together here in our halls of so many lovers of the garden and all
that pertains to it has bred a horticultural atmosphere about Boston
that cannot be found in any other part of the country.

We are impressed with the belief that these shows are a distinct
feature and should be looked upon as a separate line of work from
the large spectacular shows where the principal idea is to make a
beautiful effect thereby attracting a large number of people who have
no special interest in horticulture but who find it a pleasant way
of spending a little time. The influence of these large shows is
exerted in an entirely different direction and everything possible
should be done to make them attractive by the introduction of new
features, the exliibition of fine specimens, and the artistic arrange-
ment of displays.

The number of awards of all kinds made during the year was
617.

The amount appropriated for the committee was . . $3154 00
Amount expended in money prizes, gratuities, and

medals 2764 75

Unexpended balance ......

In addition we have expended the following:
Henry A. Gane Memorial Fimd
Gardeners' and Florists' Club, special prize
Subscriptions for special prizes at the Chrysanthemum

Exliibition 450 00

We have also awarded
Thirty-five First Class Certificates
Five Cultural First Class Certificates
Forty-two Honorable Mentions
Sixteen Votes of Thanks.

A detailed list of awards is appended to this report.

389 25

$20 00
25 00

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS AND
FLOWERS.

1907.
January 26.

Primula Sinensis. — Six plants, in not less than six-inch pots:

1st, William Whitman, $5; 2d, C. R. Talbot, $3; 3d, William Whit-
man, $2.
Primula stellata. — Six plants, in not less than six-inch pots:

1st, Wilham "\Miitman, $5; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3; 3d, William
"\Miitman, $2.
Primula obconica Varieties: — Six plants:

1st, Wilham Whitman, $6; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3; 3d, William
Whitman, $2.
Violets. — ^ Best bunch, one hmidred blooms. Double:

1st, H. F. Woods, $3; 2d, N. F. Comley, $2; 3d, N. F. Comley, $1.
Best bunch, one hundred blooms. Single:

1st, H. F. Woods, $3; 2d, N. F. Comley, $2; 3d, C. S. Strout, $1.
Carnations. — Best vase, twenty-five blooms, ^Miite:
1st, C. S. Strout, Lady Bountiful, $4.
Scarlet :

1st, C. S. Strout, Robert Craig, $4; 2d, H. A. Stevens Co., J. H.
Manley, $3.
Light Pink:

1st, H. A. Stevens Co., Seedhng, $4.
Daybreak-colored variety:

1st, C. S. Strout, Enchantress, -M; 2d, H. A. Stevens Co., Melody, $3.
Crimson :

1st, H. A. Stevens Co., Harry Fenn, $4.
Striped:

1st, H. A. Stevens Co., Variety of Lawson, $4.
Any other color:

1st, H. A. Stevens Co., Seedhng, $4.

Gratuities : —

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Primula stellata Ruby Star, $2.
WiUiam Whitman display of Primulas, $2.
" " Calilcya Trianae, S2.

awards for plants and flowers. 173

Spring Exhibition.
March 22, 23, 24,

Theodore Lyman Fund.

Indian Azaleas. — Six distinct named varieties:

1st, William Whitman, .$15; 2d, James Stuart, $10; 3d, E. W. Breed,

$8.

Society's Prizes.

Palms. — Pair, in pots or tubs:

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $12; 2d, William Whitman, $10.
Ericas. — Six plants, not less than three species:

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $12.
Orchids. — Three plants, distinct :

1st, WilUam Whitman, $10; 2d, J. E. Rothwell, $6; 3d, James Stuart,
$4.
AcACi.\s. — Specimen plant :

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $10; 2d, James Stuart, $6.
Twelve plants, not over three feet in height, not less than three species:
1st, Thomas Roland, $10 and a Silver Medal; 2d, Mrs. Frederick
Ayer, $8.
Climbing Rose. — Specimen plant, in bloom:

1st, M. H. Walsh, $10; 2d, M. H. Walsh, $6.
Rambler Roses. — Six plants in pots, at least three varieties:

1st, M. H. Walsh, $15 and a Silver Medal.
Hardy Primroses and Polyanthuses. — Twelve plants of distinct varie-
ties :
1st, WilUam Whitman, $6; 2d, William Whitman, $4; 3d, Mrs.
A. W. Blake, $2.
Cyclamens. — -Ten plants in not over seven-inch pots:
1st, Dr. C. G. Weld, $12.
Group, arranged for eiTect:
1st, James Stuart, $20.
Cinerarias. — Six varieties:

l.st, James Stuart, $15; 2d, J. H. Brooks, $10; 3d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner,
$6.
Specimen plant :

1st, James Stuart, $4; 2d, William Whitman, $3; 3d, James Stuart, $2.
Cineraria stellata. — Six plants:

1st, Wilham Whitman, $12; 2d, William Whitman, $8; 3d, Mrs.
J. L. Gardner, $6.
Hy.\cinths. — Three pans, not to exceed twelve inches:

1st, WiUiam Whitman, $10; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6.

174 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Single pan not to exceed twelve inches, with ten bulbs of one variety
1st, WiUiam Wliitman, $5; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $4; 3d, William
Whitman, $3; 4th, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $2.
Tulips. — Six eight -inch pans, nine bulbs of one variety in each:

1st, WiUiam Whitman, S8; 2d, Mrs. A. W. Blake," $6; 3d, Mrs. J. L.
Gardner, $4.
Three eight -inch pans, nine bulbs of one variety in each:

1st, William Whitman, $4; 2d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $3; 3d, Mrs. A. W.
Blake, $2.
Jonquils. — Six pots or pans, not exceeding eight inches, the nimiber of
bulbs in each to be at the discretion of the grower:
1st, William Whitman, $4; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, S3; 3d, William
Whitman, $2.
Narcissuses. — Six eight -inch pots, distinct varieties, single or double:
1st, William Whitman, $10; 2d, IMrs. J. L. Gardner, S6; 3d, William
WTiitman, $4.
Three eight-inch pots:

1st, William Whitman, $5; 2d, William Whitman, $3; 3d, Mrs. A.
W. Blake, $2.
ScHizANTHUs. — Six plants in pots:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3.
Amaryllises. — Six pots, distinct varieties:

1st, Mrs. J. M. Sears, $15; 2d, James Stuart, $10.
Collection of Herbaceous Spiraeas. — Not less than three varieties:

3d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $4.
Group of Easter Flowering Plants. — Arranged for effect with palms
or other foliage:
1st, Sidney Hoffman, $25.
Forced Bulbs. — {For amateurs only) Six pans, six inches in diameter,
grown without aid of frame or greenhouse:
1st, Margaret A. Rand, $10.
General Display of Spring Bulbous Plants. — All classes:
1st, William Whitman, $30.

Special Prizes offered by the
Julius Roehrs Company, Rutherford, X. J.

(To Private Gardeners Only.)

For the best group of hard-wooded flowering greenhouse plants, such as
Acacias, Camellias, Azaleas, etc.:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $15.

Society's Prizes.

Tender Roses in vases. — Twelve blooms of American Beauty:
1st, Waban Rose Conservatories, $15.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 175

Twenty-five blooms of The Bride :

1st, Waban Rose Conservatories, $10.
Twenty-five blooms of Bridesmaid:

1st, Waban Rose Conservatories, $10.
Twenty-five blooms of Liberty or Richmond:

1st, W. H. Elliott, $12; 2d, Exeter Rose Conservatories, $8.
Twenty-five blooms of any other variety:

1st, W. H. Elliott, Killarney, $10; 2d, Exeter Rose Conservatories,
Mme. Abel Chatenay, $6; 3d, Exeter Rose Conservatories, $4.
"Carnations. — Vase of one hundred blooms, of one variety, with foliage:
1st, Albert Roper, $10; 2d, F. R. Pierson Co., $S.
Twenty-five blooms of any named Crimson variety:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $5; 2d, S. J. Goddard, $4; 3d, Backer & Co.,
$3.
Twenty-five blooms, Dark Pink:

1st, E. A. Wood, $5; 2d, Backer & Co., $4.
Twenty-five blooms. Light Pink:

1st, S. J. Goddard, $5; 2d, Backer & Co., $4.
Twenty-five blooms, Scarlet:

1st, S. J. Goddard, $5; 2d, C. S. Strout, $4; 3d, F. R. Pierson Co., $3.
Twenty-five blooms, 'WTiite:

1st, S. J. Goddard, $5; 2d, C. S. Strout, $4; 3d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $3.
Twenty-five blooms, Yellow Variegated:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $.5; 2d, Backer & Co., $4.
Twenty-five blooms, White Variegated:

1st, H. A. Stevens Co., $5; 2d, F. R. Pierson Co., $4; 3d, Backer &
Co., $3.
Twenty-five blooms, Daybreak colored:

1st, E. S. Grew, $5; 2d, S. J. Goddard, $4; 3d, C. S. Strout, $3.
Pansies. — Forty-eight cut blooms, not less than twenty-four varieties,
in flat dishes:
1st, Mrs. E. M. Gill, $3; 2d, H. A. Jahn, $2; 3d, N. F. Comley, $1.
Violets. — Bunch of one hundred blooms of any Double variety:
1st, Louis Smith, $3; 2d, H. F. Calder, $2; 3d, E. Bingham, $1.
Bunch of one himdred blooms of any Single variety :

1st, N. F. Comley, $3; 2d, E. Bingham, $2; 3d, H. F. Woods, $1.
•Camellias. — Twelve cut blooms:

1st, Mrs. J. M. Sears, $5; 2d, James Stuart, $3; 3d, William Whit-
man, $2.
Orchids. — Display of not less than six genera and fifteen named species
and varieties, filling not less than twenty bottles:
1st, J. E. Rothwell, the Appleton Silver Gilt Medal.

Prizes for Non-Commercial Growers only.

Tender Roses in vases. — Twelve blooms of The Bride:
1st, J. H. Wlcdte, $6.

176 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Twelve blooms of Bridesmaid:

1st, J. H.White, $6.
Twelve blooms of any other variety:

1st, F. Heeremans, S6; 2d, J. H. White, $4.

Gratuities : —

Edward MacMulkin, display of Spring Bulbs and Plants, $25.

W. W. Rawson, Beds of Spring Bulbs and Plants, $15.

Harvard Botanic Garden, display of Decorative Fohage and Flowering

Plants, $50.
Dr. C. G. Weld, display of Decorative Flowering Plants, $25.
W. W. Rawson, display of Herbaceous Plants and Bulbs, $10.
H. H. Rogers, display of Plants, $15.
J. R. Clarke & Co., Herbaceous Plants, $4.
Mrs. H. F. Durant, specimen plant of Azalea, $10.
Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of Primula obconico, $2
Gen. S. M. W^eld, " " " " $2.

Mrs. J. M. Sears, display of Amaryllises, $5.
Lager & Hurrell, display of Orchids, $6.
Mrs. H. F. Durant, " ' " " $5.
Jvilius Roehrs Co., display of Foliage Plants and Orchids, $8.
William Nicholson, vase of new Carnation Afterglow, $5.
J. M. Gushing, vase of seedling Carnation Victoria, $1.
Thomas Stock, vase of Centaurea cyamis, $1.
N. F. Comley, vase of Mignonette, $1.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of Flowers, $1.

May 4.

Pelargoniums. — Six named Zonale varieties, in bloom :

1st, William WTiitman, $8.
Tulips. — Forty-eight blooms, not less than twelve named varieties:
1st, William WTiitman, $5; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $3.
Darwin. — Collection of twelve named varieties, one twelve-inch pan of
each:
1st, William Whitman, $12.
Late Single, including Bizarres, Bybloemens, and Roses, twelve named
varieties, one twelve-inch pan of each:
1st, William WTiitman, $12.
Hardy Narcissuses. — Collection of fifty vases, of not less than ten named
varieties :
1st, Langwater Gardens, $15; 2d, WiUiam Whitman, $10; 3d, W.
J. Clemson, $6.
Pansies. — Forty-eight blooms, not less than twenty-five varieties, in
flat dishes:
1st, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $3; 2d, Mrs. E. M. Gill, $2.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS, 177

Gratuities : —

William Whitman, display of Pelargoniums and Tulips, $4.
Mrs. A. W. Blake, display of Narcissuses, $3.

" " " Alpine Primulas, $3.

" " " Himalayan Rhododendron formosum, $2.

William Whitman, Cattleyas, $4.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, display of Marechal Niel Roses, Iris, and Margue-
rite, $5.
Mrs. Frederick Ayer, Acacia pulchella, $4.
Harvard Botanic Garden, display of Spring Flowers, $8.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of Flowers, $2.

May 18.
Gratuities : —

Harvard Botanic Garden, display of Herbaceous Plants, $6.
Blue Hill Nurseries, " " " " $5.

William WTiitman, Geraniums and Pelargoniums, S5.

" " general display of Tulips, Hyacinths, etc., $4.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of Flowers, S2.

May 25.

Gratuity :—

T. D. Hatfield, display of Hybrid Calceolaria Stewartii, $4.

Rhododendron Exhibition.
June 8.

Wistaria. — Two plants, in tubs:
1st, R. & J. Farquhar & Co., $20.

H. H. Hunnewell Fund.

Hardy Azaleas. — Twelve varieties, six trusses of each, displayed on beds
of moss in baskets:
1st, WilUam WTiitman, $10; 2d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $6.

Society's Prizes.

Tree Peonies. — Not less than five varieties:

1st, Wilham Whitman, $10.
Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — Distinct species and varieties, not less
than ten genera, grasses admissible, thirty bottles:

1st, Blue Hill Nurseries, $10.

178 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —

J. E. Rothwell, display of cut Orchids, $15.

Mrs. J. W. Tufts, display of Hybrid, shrubby Calceolaria Steicartii, $4.

" " " specimen plant of Clerodendron Balfowi, $-4.

Blue Hill Nurseries, Primula Sieboldi, Tulips, Aquilegias, and Lilacs,

$5.
R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Tulips and Narcissuses, $10.
^\'. W. Rawson & Co., display of late Tulips, $3.
Harvard Botanic Garden, display of late Tulips and Herbaceous Plants,

$6.
W. Heustis & Son, display of Hardy Shrubs, $6.
R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Herbaceous Plants, $8.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of Flowers, $3.

June 15 and 16.

German Irises. — Thirty-six vases of three trusses each, of not less than
twelve varieties:
1st, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $5; 2d, William Whitman, $3.

Gratuities : —

AValter Hunnewell, display of Rhododendrons, plants and cut flowers,

named, $20.
Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of Rhododendrons, $8.
Mrs. R. A. Leeson, display of Rhododendrons and Azaleas, $2.
William WTiitman, Hardy Azaleas and Tree Peonies, $2.
Prof. C. S. Sargent, Seedling Tree Peonies, $5.
James Mclvissock, display of Tree Peonies, $3.
Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of Gennan Iris, $1.
F. J. Rea, display of Gennan Iris and Herbaceous Plants, $3.
R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Herbaceous Plants, Aquilegias and

Gennan Iris, $15.
Blue Hill Nurseries, display of Herbaceous Plants, $10.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of Flowers, $1.
George Page, " " " $1.

Rose and Peony Exhibition.
June 22 and 23.

Sweet Williams. — Display, eighteen vases of three trusses each, not less
than six varieties:
3d, J. R. Clarke & Co., $1.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 179

Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — Thirty bottles, distinct species and
varieties, not less than ten genera, grasses admissible:
1st, Blue Hill Nurseries, S8; 2d, Blue Hill Nurseries, 16.
Herb.\ceous Peonies. — Specimen bloom. Double:
2d, William Whitman, $1.
Collection of twelve or more named varieties, Single:
1st, WiUiam Whitman, $4; 2d, George Hollis, $3.
Vase of blooms on long stems, arranged for effect in the Society's large
China vases:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $10; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $6; 3d, Mrs. J. L. Gard-
ner, 14.
Vase of twenty-five blooms, Double, White or Blush:

1st, Blue Hill Nurseries, Festiva maxima, $5; 2d, Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Festiva maxima, $3; 3d, E. L. Lewis, Whitleyi, $2.
Twenty-five blooms. Pink or Rose:

1st, Blue Hill Nurseries, Camille Calot, $5.
Twenty-five blooms. Red or Crimson:

1st, E. L. Lewis, Rubra triumphans, $5; 2d, Blue Hill Nurseries,
Felix Crousse, $3.
Twenty-five blooms, any other color:

1st, William Whitman, Magnifica, $5; 2d, Blue Hill Nurseries, Pul-
cherrima, $3.

(For Non-Commercial Growers Only.)

Collection of twelve named varieties. Double, one flower of each:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6; 2d, I. L. Blanchard, $4.

Gratuities : — •

E. J. Shaylor, display of Peonies, $6.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " " $5.

Wilham Nicholson, two vases of Peony Lady Leonora Bramwell, $1.
George HolHs, display of Herbaceous Plants, $2.
J. R. Clarke & Co., Herbaceous Plants, SI.

F. J. Rea, display of Gennan Iris and Herbaceous Plants, $4.
Blue Hill Nurseries, German Iris and Pyrethrums, M.
William Whitman, display of Pyrethrums, $5.

W. Heustis & Son, Rosa spinosissima, $1.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of Flowers, $1.

180 massachusetts horticultural society.

Rose and Strawberry Exhibition.
June 29 and 30.

Special Prizes.
Theodore Lyman Fund.

Hardy Roses. — Twenty-four distinct named varieties, three of each:
3d, William Whitman, $15.

John C. Chaffin Fund.
(For Amateurs Only.)

Best three blooms of any White Hybrid Perpetual Rose:

1st, Robert Seaver, $5.
Best three blooms of any Pink Hybrid Perpetual Rose:

1st, Robert Seaver, $5.
Best three blooms of any Red Hybrid Perpetual Rose:

1st, Robert Seaver, .$5.

Society's Prizes.

Hardy Roses. — - Twelve named varieties, three of each :
1st, W. J. Clemson, $1.5.
Six named varieties, three of each:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $8.
Twenty-four named varieties, one of each:

1st, William AMiitman, $10; 2d, Aaron Ward, $8.
Twelve named varieties, one of each:

2d, W. A. L. Bazeley, $4.
Six named varieties, one of each:

2d, W. A. L. Bazeley, $3.
Best collection of Hybrid Tea Roses:

1st, Mrs. H. R. Foote, $10.
Best three blooms of a variety introduced since 1903 :

1st, W. J. Clemson, Frau Karl Druschki, $3;- 2d, Mrs. H. R. Foote,
Mons. Louis Ricard, $2.
Six blooms of Frau Karl Druschki :

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3.
Six blooms of any other variety:
2d, W. A. L. Bazeley, $2.
General Display. — One hundred bottles of Hardy Roses, in the Society's
racks :
1st, W. J. Clemson, $15; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $10; 3d, E. L. Lewis,
$8; 4th, J. O. Wright, .$6; .5th, Mrs. E. M. Gill, $5.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 181

Collection, named, not less thaii twelve varieties, filling fifty vases, one
rose in each vase:
1st, W. J. Clemson, $12; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $8; 3d, E. L.
Lewis, $4.
Herbaceouis Peonies. — Collection of thirty or more varieties, double,
one flower of each:
1st, George HoUis, $12; 2d, Dr. C S. Minot, $8; 3d, T. C. Thurlow
& Co., $6.
Collection of twelve named varieties, double, three flowers of each:
1st, James KcKissock, $12; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $8; 3d, William WTiit-
man, $6.
Collection of twelve or more named varieties, Japanese single, including
all single varieties destitute of pollen:
1st, George HoUis, $4; 2d, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $3.
Collection of six named double varieties. White, one flower of each:

1st, James McKissock, $3; 2d, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $2.
Rose Pink:

1st, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $3; 2d, J. S. Chase, $2.
Salmon Pink:

1st, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $3.
Red or Crimson:

1st, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $3.
Campanula Medium. — Collection, not less than fifteen bottles:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $4.
Delphiniums. — Display, thirty vases, three spikes each:

2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6.
Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — Thirty bottles, distinct species and
varieties, not less than ten genera, grasses admissible:
1st, Blue Hill Nurseries, $8; 2d, Blue Hill Nurseries, $6.

Gratuities : —

W. J. Clemson, display of Roses, $2.

E. L. Le^is, " " " $1.

WilUam WTiitman, " " " $1.

George Page, " " " $1.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, two vases of Roses, $1.

E. J. Shaylor, display of Peonies, $10.

Blue Hill Nurseries, " " " $5.

T. C. Thurlow & Co., " " " $2.

J. S. Chase, " " " $1.

J. E. Rothwell, collection of cut Orchids, $8.

Mrs. R. A. Leeson, collection of Orchids and Bougainvillea, $5.

E. J. Mitton, Crassnla coccinea, $1.

William Whitman, display of Digitalis, $3.

" Sweet Williams, $2.

182 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mrs. E. A. Wilkie, Xjnnphaeas, $1.
W. Heustis & Son, display of Flowering Shrubs, $3.
F. J. Rea, display of Hardy Herbaceous Plants, $5.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Display of Flowers, $2.

July 6.
Gratuities: —

Langwater Gardens, display of Sweet Peas and Gladioli, $3.
George Hollis, display of Peonies, $2.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of Flowers, $2.

July 20.

Sweet Peas. — Display of naiiied varieties, filling thirty vases, twenty-
five sprays in each, cut with their own foliage:
1st, N. F. Comley, 88; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $6.
Best twelve varieties, named, six sprays of each:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, William Reed, $2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn, $1.
Fifty sprays, any named White variety:

1st, Thomas Howden, Dorothy Eckford, $3; 2d, N. F. Comley, $2;
3d, A. E. Hartshoni, $1.
Fifty sprays, Light Pink or Blush:

1st, N. F. Comley, Gladys Un\A'in, $3; 2d, Thomas Howden, ^Gladys
L'n\\-in, $2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn, Countess Spencer, $1.
Fifty sprays. Rose color:

1st, N. F. Comley, John Ingman, $3; 2d, Thomas Howden, Lord
Roseberry, $2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn, John Ligman, $1.
Fifty sprays. Blue or Purple:

1st, N. F. Comley, King of the Blues, $3; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, Navy
Blue, $2; 3d, Joseph Thorpe, Navy Blue, $1.
Fifty sprays. Lavender:

1st, Thomas Howden, Mrs. George Higginson, $3; 2d, N. F. Comley,
Mrs. George Higginson, $2; 3d, Wilfrid "Wlieeler, Countess of Rad-
nor, $1.
Fifty sprays. Red or Crimson:

1st, Thomas Howden, King Edward VII, $3; 2d, Mrs. F. S. DeLue,
Kin-g Edward VII, S2; 3d, O. B. Kenrick, King Edward VII, $1.
Fifty sprays. Orange or Salmon:

1st, Thomas Howden, Helen Lewis, $3; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, Miss
Wilhnott, $2; 3d, Mrs. F. S. DeLue, Helen Lewis, $1.
Fifty sprays, any other color:

1st, Thomas Howden, Shazada, $3; 2d, O. B. Kenrick, Blanche
Ferry, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, Florence Molyneux, $1.
Iris Kaempferi. — ^Collection of varieties fiUing twenty-five vases:
3d, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $3.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 183^

Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — Thirty bottles, distinct species and.
varieties, not less than ten genera:
1st, Blue Hill Nurseries, $8; 2d, Blue Hill Nurseries, $6.

Gratuities : —

Bay State Nurseries, Herbaceous Plants, $10.

F. J. Rea, " " $3.

Mrs. J. B. Lawrence, Rambler Roses and Herbaceous Plants, $2.

Harvard Botanic Garden, Aquatics, $10.

E. L. Lewis, Hollyhocks, $1.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of Flowers, $1.

August 3.

Perennial Phloxes. — Twelve named varieties, one truss of each:

1st, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $8; 2d, C. S. Pratt, $6; 3d, Blue Hill Nur-
series, $4.
Annuals. — General display, named, not less than twenty-five varieties,
filling not less than one hundred bottles:
1st, Mrs. E. M. Gill, $10.

Gratuities : —

Blue Hill Nurseries, display of Herbaceous Plants and Phlox, $10.

T. C. Thuriow & Co., display of Phlox, $5.

W. W. Rawson & Co., display of Sweet Peas, Annuals, and Dahlias, $5 ..

August 17.

Perennial Phloxes. — General display, not less than thirty vases, named :
1st, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $6; 2d, F. W. Spinney, $.5; 3d, C. S. Pratt,
$3; 4th, James McKissock, $2.
Gladioli. — Twelve named varieties, one spike of each:

1st, William Whitman, $5.
China Asters. — Display of Large Flowered of all classes, named, not less,
than fifty vases, three flowers in each:
1st, WilUam Whitman, $6.

Gratuities : —

Blue Hill Nurseries, display of Phlox, $5.

William Whitman, display of Phlox and Lilies, $2.

E. L. Le'ft-is, Sweet Peas, $2.

Mrs. J. B. Lawrence, Sweet Peas and Herbaceous Flowers, $3.

W. W. Rawson & Co., display of Dahlias, $5.

William Whitman, display of Delphiniums, $1.

Blue Hill Nurseries, display of Perennials, $5.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of Flowers, $1.

184 massachusetts horticultural society.

Dahlia Exhibition.
September 4 and 5.

D.\HLi.\s. — Show, twenty-four blooms, named varieties:

1st, Mrs. H. A. Jahn, $4; 2d, Johnson & Hall, $3; 3d, E. W. Ela, $2.
Show, twelve blooms, named varieties:

1st, W. H. Symonds, $3; 2d, J. H. Flint, $2; 3d, J. H. Flint, $1.
Fancy, twelve blooms, named varieties:

1st, E. W. Ela, $3; 2d, J. H. Flint, $2; 3d, W. D. Hathaway, $1.
Cactus, twenty-four blooms, named varieties:

1st, W. W. Rawson & Co., $4; 2d, E. W. Ela, $3; 3d, N. A. Lindsey,
$2.
Cactus, twelve blooms, named varieties:

1st, Johnson & Hall, $3; 2d, Mrs. T. O. Richardson, $2; 3d, W. H.
Symonds, $1.
Decorative, twenty-four blooms, named varieties:

Ist, Mrs. H. A. Jahn, $4; 2d, W. W. Rawson & Co., $3; 3d, W. D.
Hathaway, $2.
Decorative, twelve blooms, named varieties:

1st, E. W. Ela, $3; 2d, W. H. Symonds, $2; 3d, Mrs. L. M. Towle, $1.
Pompon, twenty-four vases of three blooms, each, named varieties:
1st, W. W. Rawson & Co., $4; 2d, J. K. Alexander, $3; 3d, W. D.
Hathaway, $2.
Pompon, twelve vases of three blooms each, named varieties:

1st, Mrs. L. M. Towle, $3; 2d, E. W. Ela, $2; 3d, Mrs. H. A. Jahn, $1.
Single, twelve vases of three blooms each, named varieties:

3d, E. W. Ela, SI.
Largest and best collection of named varieties, one vase of each:
l.st, W. D. Moon, S8; 2d, Mrs. L. M. Towle, $6.
Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — Thirty bottles, distinct species and
varieties, not less than ten genera, grasses admissible:
1st, Blue Hill Nurseries, $10.

Gratuities : —

Sanderson & Lindvoll, display of Dahlias,

W. W. Rawson & Co., "

Mrs. J. B. Lawrence, " " "

G.B.Gill, " " " $2.

H. A. Jordan,

Forbes & Gillett,

William Whitman, display of Asters, Zinnias, and DahUas,

Harvard Botanic Garden, display of Tuberous Begonias,

B. H. Tracy, display of Gladioli, $10.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 185

William Whitman, two vases of Lilium tigrinum, $2.
Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of Foliage Plants, $8.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of Flowers, $2.
G. E. Davenport, " " " $1.

Annual Exhibition of Fruits and Vegetables.

October 10 and 11.

Gratuities : —

R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Foliage Plants and Lilium speciosum

ruhrum, $10.
W. W. Rawson & Co., display of Dahlias, $3.
G. E. Davenport, display, $1.

Chrysanthemum Show.

November 8, 9, 10.

H. H. Hunneivell Fund.

Hardy Coniferous Trees. — -Display in pots and tubs, named:
1st, Joseph Breck & Son Corp., $2.5.

Society's Prizes.

Best arranged group of foliage and flowering plants covering three hun-
dred square feet:
1st, Edward MacMulkin, $.50; 2d, William Whitman, $35; 3d, Sid-
ney Hoffman, $25.
Orchids. — Display arranged for effect with foliage plants, covering a
space of not more than fifty square feet:
1st, Edward MacMulkin, $2.5.
Chrysanthemums. — Twenty-five plants, all colors, commercial speci-
mens :
1st, W. H. Elliott, $40.
Twelve plants, single-flowering sorts, not less than three varieties:
1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $15; 2d, William Whitman, $12; 3d, Mrs.
Frederick Ayer, $10.
Six plants of six different varieties, grown to six stems with one bloom
to each stem, in seven-inch pots:
1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $10; 2d, Mrs. Lester Leland, $8; 3d, William
Whitman, $6.

186 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Special Prizes.
Josiah Bradlee Fund.

Twenty-five blooms, of twenty-five distinct varieties/named :

1st, P. B. Robb, $25; 2d, E. D. Jordan, $15; 3d, Edwin Jenkins, $10.

Six vases, of six named varieties, ten blooms each:
1st, William Whitman, $30.

Henry A. Gane Memorial Fund.

For the best vase of blooms of the Mrs. Jerome Jones or the Yellow
Mrs. Jerome Jones:
1st, James Nicol, $20.

Society's Prizes.

Twelve blooms, Japanese:

1st, E. D. Jordan, $8; 2d, P. B. Robb, $6.
Twelve blooms, Japanese Incurved:

1st, E. D. Jordan, $8.
Twelve blooms, Reflexed:

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $8.
Twelve blooms. Anemone:

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $Q.
Twelve sprays, Pompons, distinct:

1st, R. Vincent Jr. & Sons Co., $5; 2d, P. B. Robb, $3; 3d, Mrs.
Lester Leland, $2.
Six best varieties, named, introductions of the current year:

1st, William Whitman, $6; 2d, William Whitman, $4.
Vase of ten blooms on long stems. Pink :

1st, W. A. Riggs, Dr. Enguehard, $10; 2d, William AVhitman, Dr.
Enguehard, $8; 3d, William Whitman, Miss M. Hankey, $6.
Red:

1st, William Whitman, John Shrimpton, $10; 2d, James Nicol, John
Shrimpton, $8; 3d, W. A. Riggs, Miss H. Partridge, $6.
White:

1st, W. A. Riggs, Merza, $10; 2d, James Nicol, Merza, $8; 3d, William
Whitman, Fidelity, $6.
Yellow:

1st, W. A. Riggs, Mrs. William Duckham, $10; 2d, W. A. Riggs, Col.
D. Appleton, $8; 3d, A. F. Whitin, Col. D. Appleton, $6.
Any other color:

1st. A. F. Whitin, William R. Church, $10; 2d, Edwin Jenkins,
Glenorin, $8; 3d, James Nicol, Dakoma, $6.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 187

Orchids. — Display of not less than six genera and fifteen named species
and varieties, filling not less than twenty bottles:
1st, J. E. Rothwell, the Appleton Silver Gilt Medal; 2d, Col. Charles
Pfaff, the Appleton Silver ]Medal.

Additional Special Prizes.

For the best arranged table of cut Chrysanthemum blooms, all classes
admissible (For commercial growers only) :
1st, Sidney Hoffman, $40; 2d, Mrs. E. M. Gill, $30; 3d, Edward
MacMulkin, $20.
For the best decorative arrangement of cut Chrysanthemimis, with
autumn foliage or other suitable material, filling a table eight feet
by six feet (For retail store florists only) :
1st, Sidney Hoffman, $40; 2d, Edward IMacMulkin, $.30.
For the best vase of one hvmdred Chrysanthemum blooms, of one or
more varieties, in the Society's large China vases, tasteful arrange-
ment to be considered (Offered by George R. White) :
1st, W. W. Edgar Co., Major Bonnafon, $40; 2d, W. W. Edgar Co.,
William Duckham, $30; 3d, Edward MacMulkin, Major Bonnafon,
$20.
For the best vase of fifty Roses of any one variety (1st prize offered by
Francis Skinner):
1st, Waban Rose Conservatories, American Beauty, $50; 2d, Carl
Jurgens, American Beauty, $30; 3d, W. H. Elliott, Kaiserin Au-
gusta Victoria, $20.
For the best vase of Carnations, di.stinct varieties, fifty blooms each:
1st, Peter Fisher, $40; 2d, S. J. Goddard, $30; 3d, Backer & Co.,
$20; 4th, F. R. Pierson Co., $10.
For the best made up centre piece of growing plants, suitable for a table
of eight covers (Offered by the Gardeners' and Florists' Club of
Boston) :
1st, Sidney Hoffman, $12; 2d, F. Heeremans, $8; 3d, Edward Mac-
Mulkin, $5.

Gratuities : —

C. H. Totty, collection of Single-flowered Chrysanthemums, $8.
Mrs. H. O. Underwood, six Standard Chrysanthemums, $6.
Mrs. J. M. Sears, collection of forty varieties of Single and Anemone-
flowered Chrysanthemums, $5.
G. H. Hale, Single-flowered Chrysanthemums, $5.

R. Vincent Jr. & Sons Co., display of Pompon Chrysanthemums, $5.
William Whitman, display of Specimen Chrysanthemums, $2.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Chrysanthemums, $3.
William Whitman, Chrysanthemums, $1.
R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Foliage and Flowering Plants, $25.

188 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Edward MacMiilkin, Palms and Foliage Plants, $10.

Julius Roehrs Co., display of Foliage Plants and Orchids, $10.

Sidney Hoffman, display of Begonia Gloire de Lorraine, $6.

A. M. Davenport, display of Begonia Gloire de Lorraine, $5.

Robert Rust, plant of Begonia Tumford Hall, $1.

Lager & Hurrell, Orchids, $5.

M. A. Patten, display of Carnations, $6.

C. S. Strout, Carnations and Chrysanthemums, $5.

Miss Marion Pierce, display of Carnations, $3.

A. Roper, three vases of Carnations, $3.

H. A. Jahn, four vases of Carnations, $3.

Robert Rust, vase of Carnation Enchantress, $1.

Philip Dexter, " " " " $1.

S. J. Goddard, display of Flowers, $1.

Society's Silver Medals.

March 22. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Superior group of Spring Bulbs and
Plants.
" " George M. Anderson, Display of Cyclamen.
" " William Sim, Superior cultivation of Winter-flowering Sweet

Peas.
" " T. D. Hatfield, Superior cultivation of Acacias.
April 20. William C. Rust, Superior cultivation of Himalayan Rhododen-
dron Lady Mary Fitzwilliam.
May 4. J. T. Butterworth, Superior cultivation of Cattleya Mossiae.
May 25. George Stewart, Hybrid Calceolaria Stewartii.
June 8. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Spiraea Japonica Queen Alexandra.

" " Prof. C. S. Sargent, Display of Seedling Tree Peonies.
November 2. Robert Scott & Son, New Rose Mrs. Jardine.

First Class Certificates of Merit.

February 2. Martin Sullivan, Specimen plant of Cattleya Trianae.

March 22. George Page, Superior cultivation of Marguerite Queen
Alexandra.

" M. H. Walsh, Seedling Rambler Rose Milky Way.

" Thomas Roland, Superior cultivation of Genistas.

" Lager & Hurrell, Calanthe vesfita igneo oculata gigantea.

" Peter Fisher, SeedHng Carnation Beacon.

" Albert Roper, Seedling Carnation Bay State.

" William Sim, New Single Violet Boston.

" James Crosbie, Superior cultivation of Dendrobium nobile.

" J. E. Roth well, Dendrobium nobile virginale.

" Gen. S. M. Weld, Primula Kewensis.

" Thomas Watt, Superior cultivation of Azalea Indica.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 189

March 22. Kenneth Finlayson, Seedhng Himalayan Rhododendron
Mary Weld.
" " Martin Sullivan, Superior cultivation of Spring Bulbous Plants.
May 4. George Page, Superior cultivation of Marechal Niel Rose.
May 18. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Display of eighty-one named varieties

of Tiilips, single and double.
May 25. Langwater Gardens, Display of Darwin Tulips.
June 8. James Crosbie, Superior cultivation of Clerodendron Balfouri.
June 29. James Cartwright, Superior cultivation of Oncidium sphace-
latum.
" " J. E. Rothwell, American Seedhng Cypripedium Emil Johans-

sohn (C. Euryale X C. Philippinense) .
" " James McKissock, New Peony Rosa Bonheur.
July 6. James Crosbie, Superior cultivation of Crassula coccinea.
" " Langwater Gardens, Gladiolus nanus Peach Blossom.
" " " " " " Mathilde.

" " J. T. Butterworth, Superior cultivation of Odontoglossum citros-
mum.
July 20. H. H. Rogers, Display of Stocks.
" " James McKissock, New Delphiniums from Lemoine: Arago,
Frederic Mistral, Laplace, Albert Metin, Maxime Gorki,
Dupleix, Statuaire Rude, Romeo, Comte Horace de Choiseul.
" " W. W. Rawson & Co., Delphinium Zalil.
September 4. Frederick J. Rea, Helenium autumnale superbum rubrum.
" " B. Hammond Tracy, Seedling Gladiolus Kathryn.

" " " " " New Gladiolus Princess Sanderson!.

" " " " " " Jean Dieulafoy.

" " A. H. Wingett, Seedhng Dahlia Charles Lanier.

" " Sidney Hoffman, Artistic Arrangement of Dahlias.

" " J. L. Smith, Superior cultivation of Nephrolepis Barrowsi.

November 8. R. Vincent Jr. & Sons Co., Display of Pompon Chry.san-
themums.
" " W. A. Manda Inc., Dracaena Mandaiana.

" " William C. Rust, Superior cultivation of Odontoglossum

grande.
" " F. R. Pierson Co., New Fern, Nephrolepis superbissima.

November 23. Wheeler & Co., Cattleya labiata polychilus.

Honorable Mention.

January 26. Quidnick Greenhouses, Seedling Carnation Victoria.
March 22. Joseph Breck & Son, Display of Oak Jardinieres and collection
of Bidbs.

" " W. W. Rawson & Co., Beds of Spring Bulbs and Plants.

" " H. A. Jahn, Display of Seedling Carnations.

" " Mrs. E. S. Grew, Vase of Farquhar's Annual Pink Lupin.

190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

March '22. William Whitman, Plant of Cnttlcya Schroederae .

" " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Begonia C.loire de Lorraine supcrba,
" " Julius Roehr.s Co., New Azalea Julius Roehrs.
March 30. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Pelargonium Mme. Thibaut.
May 4. Harvard Botanic Garden, New Primula P. Poissoni.
" " Mrs. Frederick Aver, Acacia pulchella.

" " William Whitman, Superior cultivation of Cattleya Skinncri.
May 25. Harvard Botanic Garden, Cereus speciosus.
June 8. Prof. C. S. Sargent, Vase of Syringa pubcsccns.

" " Dr. C. G. Weld, Vase of Lily of the Valley, outdoor grown.
June L5. James McKissock, Display of Tree Peonies.
" " Mrs. David S. Greenough, White Tree Peonies.
" " Boston Park Department, Vase of Mahis locjjsis flare plena.
" " Harvard Botanic Garden, Cereus Eyresii.
" " Blue Hill Nurseries, Thalictrum Delarayi.
" " " " " Arenaria montana.

" " " " " IncarviUea grandiflora.

June 22. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Display of Herbaceous Plants.
June 29. J. Lawson, Culture of Crassula caccinea.
" " William Whitman, Display of Digitalis.
" " George HoUis, Seedling Peony George HoUis.
" " Dr. C. S. Minot, New Peony M. Charles Leveque. '
" " Frederick J. Rea, Iris orientalis Snow Queen.
" " E. J. Shaylor, Seedling Peony No. 2.
July G. Langwater Gardens, New Sweet Pea Queen Alexandra.
" " " " " " " Nora Unwin.

" " George HoUis, Seedling Peony Lucy E. HoUis.
" " " " " " Mary L. HoUis.

" " Lowthorpe School of Horticulture, Sweet William Sutton's
Pink Beauty.
July 13. C. W. Parker, Display of Hardy Roses.
July 20. George E. Davenport, Variegated Nasturtiums.
August 3. W. W. Rawson & Co., Nicotiana afjinis hybrida.
August 17. Charles W'. Parker, Display of Roses.
September 4. Heniy A. Dreer, N^ephralejyis todeaoides.
" " " " " Xephrolepis Amerpohli.

" " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Display of Lilium tigrinum, L.

auratum, L. speciosum, and L. Philippinense.
" " Laban Pratt, Display of Single Dahlias.

" " B. Hammond Tracy, Seedling Gladiolus Harvard.

" W. W. Rawson & Co., Display of Dahlias.
October 10. W. C. Strong, Sports from Seedlings of Wier's Cut-leaf

Maple.
October 26. Walter H. Murdock, Chrysanthemimi Mrs. A. T. Miller.
November 8. S. J. Goddard, New Seedling Carnation Priscilla.

" " Mrs. J. M. Sears, Collection of forty varieties of Single

and Anemone-flowered Chrysanthemums.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 191

November 8. Philip Dexter, Seedling Anemone-flowered Chrysanthe-
mums.

" " George H. Hale, Single-flowered Chrysanthemums.

" " Julius Roehrs Co., Cyclanthus bipartitus.

" " " " " Ludovia crenifolia.

" " Albert Roper, Seedling Carnation No. 1000.

" M. A. Patten, " " No. 50-24.

" " Wa-No-Ka Greenhouses, New Carnation Apple Blossom.

December 28. T. T. Watt, Superior cultivation of Lopezia macrophylla.

Votes of Thanks.

March 22. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Supei'ior group of Spring Bulbs and
Plants.
" " Prof. C. S. Sargent, Ag^ive in bloom.
" " F. Heeremans, Vase of Gardenias.

" Dr. C. G. Weld, Rhododendron Mary Weld.
" " Walter Hunnewell, Display of Acacias.
March 30. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Pelargonium Mme. Thibaut.
June 8. R. & J. Farqvihar & Co., Bougainvillea and Rhododendrons.
June 15. Charles W. Parker, Iris pallida Dalmatica.
June 22. Charles W. Parker, Iris pallida Dalmatica.

Jvine 29. Walter Hunnewell, Display of Hardy Rhododendrons and
Kalmias.
" " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Display of Herbaceous and Ornamental

Plants.
" " W. A. L. Bazeley, Display of Sweet Williams.
July 20. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Display of Stocks, Herbaceous Plants,
Iris, and Sweet Peas.
" " Charles W. Parker, Roses.
August 3. W. W. Rawson & Co., Display of Sweet Peas, Annuals and

Dahlias.
August 17. Rev. T. L. Dean, Display of Rudbeckias.
September 4. Rev. T. L. Dean, Display of Helianthus.

" " Prof. C. S. Sargent, Two vases of Gladioli, Georges Frick

and Baron J. Hulot.
December'28. G. C. Home, Sparmannia Africana.

Arthur H. Fewkes
Robert Cameron

Committee

William N. Craig j> on

T. D. Hatfield Plants and Floivers.

William Nicholson

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS FOR THE

YEAR 1907.

BY WILFRID WHEELER, CHAIRMAN.

An estimate of the fruit grown in a state cannot be taken by the
resuks of one year's experience but by an average of several years,
when it will be found that, despite climatic conditions and insect
pests, the crop produced is more or less uniform. This is an en-
couraging thought now for we have gone through a very trying
year in Massachusetts as well as the whole of New England and
it is remarkable that we have come out as well as we have. The
past winter was an unusually cold one, next to the coldest in the
history of the weather bureau, with an average temperature of
24.4, or 2^ degrees below normal,^ and was followed by a wet and
very late spring, with many frosts during May, a season that seemed
very favorable to the ravages of the codling moth.

Added to all this was a long dry summer when for eight weeks
less than one inch of rain fell. Yet in Massachusetts, although
the fruit crop in general was a disappointment, there probably was
never a better apple crop; not in quantity so much as in quality.
This result has come indirectly through the gypsy and brown-tail
moth, for now that people have become thoroughly aroused to
the danger from these pests more apple, pear, and other trees have
been sprayed, thus doing away with, not only the insects feared,
but also many others which have been so detrimental to the fruit
crop.

It has certainly been thoroughly proved this year that spraying
helps in a marked degree to produce good sound well-developed
fruit, and in the course of time we shall reap a real benefit from the
numerous insects, scales, and fungi; for those orchards which are
not cared for will be entirely destroyed, thus doing away with a
large quantity of poor fruit; while the orchards which are watched

^February, 8 degrees below normah

193

194 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICL'LTUKAL SOCIETY.

and scientifically treated will grow far better fruit than was ever
believed possible in the state; so, perhaps, these things, so hard to
bear for the present, will in the end work for our benefit, and mean
an advancement in horticulture as well as in other ways.

Probably the least afl'ected of the fruits by the severe winter was
the strawberry, for the dee}) snow completely protected the plants
from harm and in most of the state, at least, the blossoms es-
caped the frosts in May, and the drought came too late to injure
the fruit. All this combined to make an unusually large cro])
which ripening about ten days later than in the average year tended
to make it unprofitable. The fruit all came in within a few days
in eastern Massachusetts and the Boston markets were flooded
with berries many of whicli sold as low as four cents a quart. In
spite of the conditions aliout Boston, however, some of our smaller
cities and large towns had hard work to get good berries, which
goes to prove that there are not enough strawberries grown in
rural districts for the local markets, or else that too many are
shipped to one point.

The apple cro]) was a great surprise to growers in ISIassachusetts,
for early predictions placed it at about one-quarter the usual size.
Some districts which were not counted upon at all produced abun-
dantly and brought the crop above normal. Although early
apples were undersized the rains of September kept the late apples
growing so that they were harvested in the best condition.

There were not as many pears as usual this year but this is not to
be wondered at for pears are not grown as much now in this state
as formerly, and the acreage under cultivation is on the decline
rather than the increase. Many of the older trees are being cut
down and no new ones planted. This is especially so in the imme-
diate vicinity of Boston where buildings are replacing the once
famous pear orchards.

In the season just past ])eaches were almost a total failure, the
buds being unable to stand the severe winter. This condition
seemed about the same all over the Eastern States and made the
few peaches which were shipped from the West and South bring
good prices, though the quality could not compare with our own
home-grown fruit. One such failure of this crop should not
discourage growers for we know what can be done with this fruit

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 196

in Massachusetts and when a more hardy ])each of good quality
is produced this will become one of the leading peach-growing
states.

Plums \\ere also more or less affected by the winter, but in many
cases where two-thirds of the buds were destroyed those left pro-
duced very fine fruit. While plums are not a great commercial
crop they are grown quite extensively in the gardens of our state
and form an important adjunct to the fruit used for home con-
sumption. This is especially true of the Japanese varieties which
are more hardy and less liable to disease than our native and
European kinds.

There is probably less known and less done about growing grapes
in Massachusetts than any other fruit; hardly a vineyard of over
two acres is cultivated in the state, and the few vines which are
found in the home gardens are as a rule more or less neglected so
that we do not see many good grapes here. This year the crop
was very badly injured by the rose bugs. These insects attack
the vines as they are blooming, eating out many of the small florets
and leaving the bunches to develop in a very straggly and ill-shaped
manner. It seems as if we should grow more grapes in Massa-
chusetts, not entirely for the market, Init in our gardens; this fruit
will thrive in any good soil and does better in poor soil than any
other fruit native to our climate. It can be grown in a very small
space and is also one of the most delicious and healthful of fruits.
We need earlier good-flavored varieties as our climate is too uncer-
tain to develo]) many of the finer late kinds imless the vines are
girdled. The large Italian population in our state is at present
creating a demand for grapes for wine making and this would seem
to promise a very profitable industry as grapes can be grown much
cheaper for this purpose than for table use. The crop was good
where the rose bugs did not destroy it and the quality of some
varieties was never better. This was partly owing to the fine
weather which gave the grapes ample time to ripen.

The small fruits other than the strawberry do not seem to play
a very important part in the fruit market or even in the gardens of
the state; most of our markets are supplied from other states
with raspberries, blackberries, currants, and gooseberries, and we
have not yet learned that these fruits can be made a source of
profit at well as of pleasure.

196 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The exhibitions of the year were with two exceptions well sup-
plied with fruit; one of these, the strawberry exliibition, came too
early even after it had been postponed a week, and some of the late
varieties were not ripe enough to show. Abington, a rather recent
introduction, was witliout doubt the most attractive strawberry on
the tables and took a great many prizes. This berry is as large as
Bubach, much the same shape, and a bright glossy red, of good
quality, and firm and attractive in appearance. The plant is
vigorous and healthy, growing well in all kinds of soil, but seems
to do better on a rather light loam. Its season is early and taken
all round this variety fills a long-felt want. Other new varieties
exhibited w^ere McKinley, by I. E. Coburn, and Barrymore, by
H. L. Crane, this latter being one of his seedlings exhibited last
year. The other exhibition, August 3, owing to the dry weather
was almost a failure for the fruit skown was of the poorest quality.

All classes at the Annual Exhibition were well competed for and
the collections of apples brought out some very fine fruit. One
noticeable feature of this exhibition was the remarkably fine color
on the apples shown which was partly due to the fruit hanging
longer on the trees, owing to the mild fall w^eather; and then again
the dry summer produced cleaner apples as there were no black
fungus spots which are more common in a wet season. Pears were
numerous and these, too, were very clean and of good size. Grapes
while not as abundant as usual were good and particularly so was
a collection of fifty varieties from The T. S. Hubbard Co. of Fre-
donia, N. Y. This contained many varieties which are not grown
in this section and was of great interest to the grape growers of
Massachusetts. In the collection was the true McPike grape,
exhibited for the first time before this society. This grape has a
very large berry, is of delicious flavor, and attractive appearance,
although the bunch is small. A great many worthless varieties
have been sold for McPike, but it has been learned from good
authority that very few of the true vines were ever disseminated.

The Bay State apple was shown for the first time at our exhibi-
tions by A. B. Howard of Belchertown (its originator). It ap-
peared to advantage and seems to have a future. This apple
comes later than the Gravenstein and fills a season not covered by
any other good quality apple. In appearance it is like the Graven-

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 197

stein but smaller and with larger stripes; the flesh is more cris])
and the texture is good.

Among some of the interesting and fine exhibits were very large
and fine Concord and Niagara grapes from C. F. Hayward of
Ashby; Seckel pears from G. V. Fletcher of Belmont; Isabella
and Salem grapes, and Maiden Blush apples and Worden Seckel
pears from W. G. Kendall, Atlantic. A very fine display of apples
was that shown by L. F. Priest of Gleasondale; about fifteen
varieties were entered in many classes and the standard of the fruit
was very high, showing that with care and attention the apple can
be brought to perfection in Massachusetts. E. E. Cole also ex-
hibited very fine apples in many classes. J. H. Chase of Dorchester
showed some fine Wolf River apples which while attractive in
appearance are worthless for either cooking or eating. J. Corey
& Son of Truro, Mass., showed very fine King and Roxbury Russet;
and as these were grown almost on the end of Cape Cod where it
was supposed that apples could not be grown to perfection a great
deal of interest was attracted by this fruit. On the whole this
exhibition was a great success and made a good ending to a some-
what discouraging season.

At the chrysanthemum show the decoratec^ fruit tables were a
very attractive and successful feature of the exhibition. Five
entries were made and brought out four dift'erent ideas in the
decoration of a fruit table, namely: the professional florist, the
retail fruit dealer, the private gardener, and the amateur fruit
grower.

Among some of the newer fruits which should be more exten-
sively grown here are the Abington strawberry, the Herbert rasp-
berry. Perfection currant, Rolfe, Bay State, and Twenty Ounce
apples (this latter while not new is not much grown here and is a
very excellent variety), Worden Seckel and Lincoln pears, and the
McPike grape.

It seems as if with a more thorough understanding of fruit cul-
ture the growers of our state could increase their incomes by means
of better quality in their fruit. We hear that new orchards are not
being planted because it takes so long to get a return from the land;
but if fruit growers would but study conditions, soils, etc. they will
find that many other quick return crops can !)e grown among

198 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

young trees thus insuring some remuneratii)n from the hind
until the trees come into bearing. We need more capital to invest
in fruit lands, but we cannot get the capital until results can be
shown that will induce capitalists to invest in such ventures, and
along with the money we need more trained men to take up this
work and give to it the painstaking care that is given to other
lines of business.

The possibilities for fruit growing in ^Massachusetts have not
been realized as yet and will not be imtil we have a more scientific
knowledge of our soils, climate, market, and other conditions
which bear upon this industry. Undoubtedly our Society should
do more toward stimulating a desire to produce more fruit in the
home garden; and especially in the suburbs of our cities where
so many of the small back yards which are capable of producing
good fruit are now* allowed to lie idle and neglected. The fruit
committee would suggest that the Society extend aid to any who
would care to develop their limited resources, and as a suggestion
a letter or prospectus might be made up and mailed to any who
may be interested in such an opportunity.

In looking back over the history of our society it is noticed with
regret that interest in fruit culture has been gradually falling off.
As far back as 1852 our exhibitions were filled each year with many
new varieties of fruit and particularly the grape which was at that
time of great interest to growers and hybridizers. Then, too, the
pear was a fruit much thought of and we hear of one of our former
presidents exhibiting over 300 varieties from his own garden. More
of the small fruits, with the exception of the strawberry, were grown
at that time, and the cherry flourished everywhere near Boston.
Indeed, the suburbs of Boston seemed like one large fruit garden
and keen competition marked the exhibitions of the society. In
some ways the loss of this fruit gartlening can be explained for now
it is possible to get a greater variety of fruit and at all seasons
shipped from distant points, while then in order to get fruit at all
one had to grow it himself. However, it does not seem right that
we should lose an industry or an avocation which promises so
much health and enjoyment to the grower.

INIarket prices have ruled this year as follows (wholesale) :

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 199

Strawberries,

early

from

.15 to

.50 cts. per quart

t(

late

.0-1 "

.15 " "

Currants

.10 "

.15 " " "

Gooseberries

.08 "

.12 " " "

Raspberries

.15 "

.25 " " "

Blackberries

.10 "

.15 " " "

Plums

$2.00 "

$4.00 a bushel

Peaches

$3.00 "

$5.00 " "

Pears, Bartlett

$1.50 "

$3.00 " "

Bosc

$2.00 "

$4.00 " "

Grapes

.03 "

.08 cts. a lb.

Apples, early

$2.00 "

$4.00 a bushel

late

$2.00 "

$4.00 per bbl.

There were 124 classes open for competition in fruits for the
year 1907 and of these 102 were competed for. There were appro-
priated for prizes on fruits for 1907 $1039.00 and $100.00 additional
for special prizes at the Chrysanthemum Show; of this $717.00
was awarded on the regular schedule and $100.00 on the special
prizes, making a total of $1139 appropriated and $817 awarded;
and leaving a balance of $322.00.

This balance is a good deal larger than it would have been had
we had a normal year. Two votes of thanks, three gratuities, and
one silver-gilt medal were awarded by the committee.

The chairman of the Committee on Fruits has during the past
year visited the horticultural societies of Vermont, New Hampshire,
Connecticut, and INIaine, at their annual meetings and exhibitions;
to Maine as a delegate from this society. In all these states he
has found a very progressive spirit in evidence with regard to the
future of New England fiaiit growing. The prevailing opinion at
all these meetings seemed to be that the apple was the most profit-
able fruit for New England when the best modern methods were
applied to its cultivation and marketing. The question of a national
fruit marks act was discussed at Maine and Vermont; both sides
of the question were presented and it seemed to those who discussed
it that if we are to stand with the rest of the country in the foreign
markets we shall have to have some legal standard to grade our
fruit by. The fruit shown at these various exhibitions was as a rule

200 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

very good and compared favorabl}' with our own products. One
very noticeable fact observed in connection with these meetings
is that all the fruit growers are thoroughly aroused in regard to the
San Jos6 scale and other insect pests, and for this reason alone, if
for no other, these various meetings are sources of help and the best
means of spreading useful information among the fruit growers
of a locality.

The educational value of these horticultural meetings means
much to the several states, for as a rule they are held in different
parts of the state and bring together persons representing the
various interest of the different sections, besides introducing new
speakers from other states.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS.

1907.

Spring Exhibition.
March 22, 23, 24.

Winter Apples. — For the best collection, not less than four varieties:
1st, G. V. Fletcher, $5; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $4.

Rose and Strawberry Exhibition.
June 29 and 30.

Theodore Lyman Fund.

Strawberries. — Four quarts of any variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Marshall, $10; 2d, G. F. W^heeler, Abington, $8;
3d, I. E. Coburn, McKinley, $6; 4th, S. H. Warren, Abington, $5;
5th, John Ward, Sample, .$4.

Benjamin H. Pierce Fund.

Strawberries. — One quart of any variety introduced since 1903:
1st, S. H. Warren, Abington, $6; 2d, G. F. Wheeler, Abington, $4.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS. 201

Society's Prizes.

Strawberries. — For the largest and best collection, not less than ten bas-
kets of two quarts each, and not less than five varieties :
1st, G. F. Wheeler, $15; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, $8.
Five baskets of one variety, one quart each:

1st, G. F. Wheeler, Abington, $5; 2d, I. E. Coburn, Marshall, $4;
3d, G. V. Fletcher, Marshall, $3.
For the largest and best collection, not less than six varieties, twelve
specimens of each variety, sho^ATi on plates :
2d, I. E. Coburn, $3.
For the hea\aest single specimen of any variety :

2d, G. V. Fletcher, $1.
Two quarts of Brandy wine:

1st, I. E. Cobum, $3.
Two quarts of Haverland:

1st, I. E. Coburn, $3; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, $2.
Two quarts of Marshall:

1st, H. A. Clark, $3; 2d. G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, I. E. Coburn, $1.
Two quarts of Minute Man :

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3; 2d, G. F. Wheeler, $2; 3d, John Ward, $1.
Two quarts of Sample:

1st, G. F. WTieeler, $3; 2d, I. E. Coburn, $2; 3d, John Ward, $1.
Two quarts of any other variety:

1st, S. H. Warren, Abington, $4; 2d, G. F. Wheeler, Abington, $3;
3d, H. L. Crane, Barrymore, $2; 4th, G. F. Wheeler, Cardinal, $1.
Cherries. — Two quarts of any Red variety:
1st, G. V. Fletcher, Guigue Noir, $3.

July 20.

Currants. — Two quarts of any Red variety:

1st, W. G. Kendall, Wilder, $3; 2d, Mrs. E. J. Whitney, Perfection, $2;
3d, G. V. Fletcher, Versaillaise, $1.
Two quarts of any Wliite variety:

1st, W. G. Kendall, White Grape, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, White Grape,
$2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, White Grape, $1.
Gooseberries. — Collection of not less than three varieties, one quart
each, American and Foreign admissible:
1st, J. S. Chase, $4; 2d, W.-J. Clemson, $3.
Two quarts of any variety of American origin:

1st, W. G. Kendall, Cliatauqua, $3; 2d, J. S. Chase, Triumph, $2;
3d, J. S. Chase, Columbus, $1.
Two quarts of any variety of Foreign origin:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler. Industry, $2; 2d, J. S. Chase, Ashland, $1.

202 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY."

Fruit. — Largest and best collection of niidsvunmer fruit arranged for
effect with foliage:
1st, Wilfrid ^^^leeler, $8; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, ,?6.

Gratuity : —
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Collection of Currants, $1.

August 3.

Apples. — Sweet Bough:

1st, G. V. Pletcher, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2.
Any other variety :

3d, G. L. Brown, Yellow Transparent, $2.
Pears. — Any variety:

3d, G. V. Fletcher, Clapp's Favorite, $2; 4th, J. L. Bird, Giffard, $1.
S. H. Warren, Autumn Strawberries, a Vote of Thanks.

August 17.

Apples. — Red Astrachan:

1st, Michael Calahan, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, Sarah A. ^Vheeler,
$1.
Chenango :

3d, G. L. Brown, $1.
Williams:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, $2; 3d, H. A. Clark, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Sweet Bough, $4; 2d, L. F. Priest, Yellow Trans-
parent, $3; 3d, H. A. Clark, Oldenburg, .'$2; 4th, D. L. Fiske,
Oldenburg, $1.
Pears. — Clapp's Favorite:

1st, H. A. Clark, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, W. Heustis & Son, $1.
Any other variety:

3d, J. L. Bird, Giffard, $2; 4th, J. L. Bird, Tyson, $1.
Peaches. — Single plate of any variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Greensboro, $4; 2d, D. L. Fiske, Greensboro, $3;
3d, D. L. Fiske, Sneed, $2.
Plums. — Japanese, Abimdance:
1st, D. L. Fi.^ke, $2.
Any other variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Bradshaw, $3; 2d, D. L. Fiske, Red June, $2.
Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety:
1st, Mrs. E. M. Gill, Dorchester. $3.

awards for fruits. 203

Dahlia Exhibitio.v.
September 4 and 5.

Special Prizes.

Foreign Grapes. — Collection of not less than four varieties, two bunches
each:
1st, Mrs. J. C. Whitin, $25.

Benjamin V. French Fund.

Apples. — Gravenstein:

1st, L. F. Priest, $3; 2d, Mrs. A. F. Estabrook, $2; 3d, H. A. Clark, $1.

Marshall P. Wilder Fund.

Pears. — Bartlett:

1st, H. A. Clark, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, $1.

Society's Prizes.

Apples. — Mcintosh:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3; 2d, L. F. Priest, $2.
Porter:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher,
$1.
Any other variety:

1st, H. A. Clark, WiUiams, $4; 2d, L. F. Priest, Wealthy, $3; 3d,
L. F. Priest, Nyack, $2; 4th, E. E. Colfe, Alexander, $1.
Pears. — Any variety ripe, Bartlett excepted:

1st, F. W. Dahl, Clapp's Favorite, $4; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Clapp's
Favorite, $3; 3d, F. W. Dahl, Giffard, $2; 4th, F. W. Dahl, Dear-
bom's Seedling, $1.
Peaches. Collection of not less than four varieties:
2d, D. L. Fiske, $4.
Carmen :

1st, D. L. Fiske, $2.
Any other variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Greensboro, $4; 2d, D. L. Fiske, Mamie Ross, $3.
Plums. — Collection of not less than four varieties, twelve specimens of
each :
1st, W. P. Hutchinson, $5; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $3.
Single plate of any variety:

1st, O. B. Kenrick, Bradshaw, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Bradshaw, S2;
3d, E. B. Parker, Bradshaw, $1.

204 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Plums, Japanese. — Burbank:

1st, Wilfrid ^\^leeler, $2; 2d, D. L. Fiske, $1.
Collection of not less than four varieties, twelve specimens each:

1st, E. B. Parker, $5; 2d, W. P. Hutchinson, $3; 3d, D. L. Fiske. $2.
Single plate of any variety:

1st, W. G. Kendall, Burbank, $3; 2d, O. B. Kenrick, Burbank, $2;
3d, E. B. Parker, Shiro, $1.
Native Grapes. — For the best WTiite Grape:

1st, W. G. Kendall, Green Mountain, $3; 2d, J. S. Chase, Green Moun-
tain, $2.

Gratuities : —

G. V. Fletcher, Greensboro Peaches, $1.

Mrs. J. C. ^Miitin. Diamond Jubilee Graj^e, a First Class Certificate of
Merit.

AxxuAL Exhibition of Fruits and Vegetables.
October 10 and 11.

Theodore Lyman Fund.

Apples. — For the largest and best collection of Fall Apples, not less than
six varieties and twelve specimens each:
1st, E. E. Cole, $12; 2d, L. F. Priest, $10; 3d, F. B. Ripley, $S.

Samuel Appleton Fund.

Apples. — Baldwin:

1st, Alden Derby, $3; 2d, E. B. Parker, $2; 3d, E. E. Cole, $1.
Hubbardston :

1st, L. F. Priest, $3; 2d, G. F. A\Tieeler, $2; 3d, A. B. Howard & Son,
$1.
Pears. — - Bosc :

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $2; 3d, J. B. Shurtleff,
Jr., $1.
Sheldon :

1st, Elbridge Torrey, $3; 2d, L. F. Priest, $2; 3d, J. M. Swett, $1.

Benjamin V. French Fund.

Apples. — Rhode Island Greening:

1st, Mrs. A. F. Estabrook, $3; 2d, E.E.Cole, $2; 3d, Alden Derby, $1.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS. 205

Marshall P. Wilder Fund.

Pears — Anjou :

1st, H. C. Fuller, $3; 2d, C. F. Hayward, $2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, $1.
Grapes. — Concord, twelve bunches:

1st, C. F. Hayward, $3; 2d, E. E. Lincoln, $2.
Worden :

1st, J. S. Chase, $3.

Society's Prizes.

Apples. — Collection of not less than six varieties of Winter Apples,
twelve specimens of each:
1st, L. F. Priest, $12; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, flO; 3d, E. E. Cole, $8.
Belleflower :

1st, G. F. Wheeler, $3; 2d, Mrs. A. E. Underwood, $2.
Hunt Russet:

1st, G. F. Wheeler, |2; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $1.
Maiden's Blush:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $3.
Mcintosh:

1st, L. F. Priest, $3; 2d, Alden Derby, $2; 2d, H. A. Clark, $1.
Northern Spy:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, 13; 2d, H. A. Clark, $2; 3d, G. F. Wheeler, $1.
Roxbury Russet :

1st, L. F. Priest, $3; 2d, H. L. Fisher, $2; 3d, J. Corey & Son, $1.
Sutton :

1st, H. A. Clark, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2.
Tompkins County King:

1st, J. Corey & Son; f3; 2d, A. B. Howard, $2; 3d, John Coolidge, $1.
Wealthy:

1st, Alden Derby, $3; 2d, O. B. Kenrick, $2; 3d, L. F. Priest, $1.
Gravenstein :

1st, H. A. Clark, $3; 2d, L. F. Priest, %2; 3d, I. H. Locke, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, Red Canada, $4; 2d, C. H. Marston, N. Y.
Pippin, $3; 3d, F. B. Ripley, $2; 4th, L. F. Priest, Rolfe, $1.
Crabapples. — Any variety, twenty-four specimens:

1st, L. F. Priest, Hyslop, $3; 2d, C. M. Handley Estate, Hyslop, $2;
3d, D. L. Fiske, Siberian, $1.
Pears. — For the largest and best collection, twelve of each variety, not
less than six varieties:
1st, F. W. Dahl, $10; 2d, J. L. Bird, $8; 3d, H. A. Clark, $6.
.\ngoulenie :

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, Elbridge Torrey, $2; 3d, J. L. Bird, $1.
Clairgeau :
.1st, C. F. Curtis, $3; 2d, F. W. Damon, $2; 3d, F. W. Dahl, $1.

206 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cornice :

1st, J. L. Bird, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, M. W. Chadboume, $1.
Dana's Hovey:

1st, W. G. kendall, $3; 2d, I. H. Locke, $2; 3d, J. L. Bird, $1.
Fulton:

1st, C. F. Curtis, $2.
Josephine of MaHnes:

1st, J. B. Shurtleff, Jr., S2; 2d, J. L. Bird, $1.
LaiATence :

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, J. L. Bird, $2; 3d, John Coolidge, $1.
Louise Bonne of Jersey:

1st, F. W. Damon, $2; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $1.
Marie Louise:

1st, Elbridge Torrey, $2; 2d, John Coolidge, $1.
Onondaga:

1st, John Coolidge, $2; 2d, J. L. Bird, $1.
Urbaniste :

1st, W. G. Kendall, $2; 2d, J. L. Bird, $1.
Seckel :

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $2; 3d, Mrs. C. E. Fuller, $1.
Superfin :

1st, E. B. Wilder, $2; 2d, J. L. Bird, $1.
Any other variety :

1st, W. G. Kendall, Worden's Seckel, $4; 2d, G. H. Cuthbertson,
Vicar, $3; 3d, C. F. Curtis, Hardy, $2; 4th, F. W. Dahl, Sieulle, $1.
Quinces. — Champion:

1st, L. F. Priest, $3; 2d, E. M. Bruce, $2; 3d, J. L. Bird, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, I. P. Gragg, Meech's ProUfic, $4; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Orange, $3;
3d, J. S. Chase, Meech's Prolific ,$2; 4th, Manuel De Sousa, Presi-
dent, $1.
Peaches. — Any variety:

1st, John Coolidge, Crosby, .$3; 2d, G. L. Brown, Highland, $2; 3d,
D. L. Fiske, Stimip the Worid, $1.
Plums. — Any variety:

lst,E. B. Parker, October Purple, $3; 2d, W. P. Hutchinson, Monarch,
$2; 3d, W. P. Hutchinson, Chabot, $1.
Native Grapes. — For the largest and best collection, not less than five
varieties of three bunches each:
1st, C. W. Libby, $10; 2d, J. S. Chase, $8.
Six bunches of Brighton:

1st, J. S. Chase, $3; 2d, C. W. Libby, $2; 3d, F. H. Jackman, $1.
Delaware :

1st. W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, J. S. Chase, $2; 3d, C. W. Libby, $1.
Lindley:

1st, C. W. Libby, $3; 3d, J. S. Chase, $1.

AWAtlDS FOR FRUITS. 207

Niagara:

1st, C. F. Hayward, $3; 2d, Charles Sander, $2; 3d, J. B. Shurtleff,
Jr., $1.
Pocklington :

1st, F. H. Jackman, $3; 2d, E. R. Farrar, $2; 3d, J. S. Chase, $1.
Salem :

1st, W. G. Kendall, $2; 2d, J. L. Bird, $1.
Isabella :

1st, W. G. Kendall, $2.
Vergennes :

1st, J. S. Chase, $2.
Any other variety;

1st, E. L. Le^\-is, Eaton, $4; 2d, E. R. Farrar, Worden, $3; 3d, C. W.
Libby, Diamond, $2; 4th, W. G. Kendall, Campbell's Early, $1.

Special Prizes.

Cranberries. — Collection of not less than five varieties, half-peck of
each:
1st, Indian Head Cranberry Co., $5.
Half-peck of any variety:

1st, Indian Head Cranberry Company, Bugle, $2.

Gratuities : —

G. V. Fletcher, Bartlett Pears, $1.

T. S. Hubbard Company, collection of fifty varieties of Grapes, a Silver
Gilt Medal.

Chrysanthemum Show.

November 8, 9, 10.

Special Prizes.

For the most tastefully decorated table of Fruits, eight feet by five feet:
1st, Edward MacMulkin, $40; 2d, Isaac Locke & Co., $30; 3d, Winn,
Ricker & Co., $20; 4th, F. Heeremans, $10.

Wilfrid Wheeler 1 Committee
Charles F. Curtis r on

J. WiLLARD Hill j Fruits.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES FOR
THE YEAR 1907.

BY ISAAC H. LOCKE, CHAIRMAN.

The Vegetable Committee for 1907 begs leave to report that the
several exhibitions of the Society in which vegetables have been
shown have had very creditable displays of the different specimens
in competition, and the entries have in most cases been so uni-
formly of excellent quality that it has been difficult to decide as
to which was most deserving of credit.

The unfavorable weather conditions prevailing in the early part
of the growing season made it seem as though the growers would
not be able to make the usual excellent display of the products of
the farm and garden that have for so many years been the pride
of the Society; but the improved methods of cultivation, and other
means, which are available in agriculture on our market gardens,
together with the postponement of a week in the date of the summer
exliibitions, enabled exhibitors to show specimens equal to those of
previous years.

In the exliibition of June 8th cauliflowers were shown by W. J.
Clemson deserving of special mention for excellence. The display
of vegetables at the October exliibition was especially good and,
among others, The New Hampshire College showed, under the
direction of Prof. Hall, a large variety of vegetables, and particu-
larly of squashes, of which the College is making a special feature,
with the purpose of bringing out, by crossing, some new varieties
which will prove valuable for cultivation.

In addition to the regular vegetable prizes offered at the Chrys-
anthemum Show in November, special prizes were offered for the
best collection of not less than fifteen varieties, to be competed for
by private gardeners only, and resulted in bringing out some
attractive displays. The first prize, which was a Silver Cup valued
at $75.00, given by Messrs. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., was awarded
to Giraud Foster of Lenox.

209

210 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In addition to the regular prizes awarded during the year, gratui-
ties were given A. W. Crockford for cucumbers, and M. ^V. Chad-
bourne for artichokes. Red Drumhead cabbage, sho'RTi by Mrs.
A. P. Pealiody, and a novelty collection, by Charles W. Parker,
received Honorable Mention in October, and onions of the "Ailsa
Craig" variety, shown by A. H. Wingett of Lenox, and potatoes
of the "Delaware" and "Breck's Pride" varieties, shown by
Charles A. Stone of Plymouth, received Honorable Mention in
November.

The amount awarded in prizes and gratuities was S8G3.00, and
in addition one Silver Medal and one Bronze Medal, and also $40.00
as Special Prizes at the November exhibition.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR VEGETABLES.

1907.

January 26.

Cauliflowers. — Four specimens:

1st, C. M. Handley Estate, $3; 2d. E. R. Teele, $2.
Cklery. — Four roots:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, W. Heustis & Son,
$1.
Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens:

1st, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $3.
Parsley. — Four quarts:

1st, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $2.
Salsify. — Twelve specimens :

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, E. R. Teele, $2.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than four varieties:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $5; 2d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $3.

Spring Exhibition.
March 22, 23, 24

Willuim J. Walker Fund.

Cucumbers. — Pair.

1st, W. W. Rawson, $3; 2d, Halifax Gardens Co., $2.
Dandelions. — Peck:

1st. A. E. Hartshorn, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES. 211

Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st., A. E. Hartshorn, $3; 2d, W. W. Rawson, $2; 3d, W. Whitman, $1.
Mushrooms.—^ Twelve specimens:

1st, F. Heeremans, S3.
Parsley. — Four quarts:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 2d, W. W. Rawson, SI.
Radishes. — Four bunches of Turnip Rooted:

1st, W. W. Rawson, $3; 2d, HaHfax Gardens Co., $2; 3d, N. F.
Comley, $1.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than four varieties:

1st, W. W. Rawson, S5.

Gratuity: —
M. W. Chadboume, Artichokes, $1.

May 4.
William J . Walker Fund.

Asparagus. — Four bmiches, twelve stalks each:

1st, Edward Parker, $3.
Beets. — Twelve specimens:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3.
Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine:

1st, G. D. Moore, $3.
Dandelions. — ' Peck.

1st, J. B. Shurtleff, Jr., $3; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $2; 3d. A. E. Harts-
horn, $1.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, G. D. Moore, $3; 2d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn.
$1.
Parsley. — Four quarts:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $2; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $1,
R.\DisHES. — Four bunches:

1st, Edward Parker, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, G. D. Moore, $1.
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, open culture:

1st, G. D. Moore, S3; 2d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $2; 3d, Edward
Parker, $1.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than four varieties:

1st, Edward Parker, $5.

212 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

June. 8.
Theodore Lyman Fund.

Asparagus. — Four bunches, twelve stalks each:

1st, G. F. Wheeler, $3; 2d, W, J. Clemson, $2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn,

$1.
Carrots. — Fom bunches:

1st, W. W. Rawson, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2.
Cucumbers. — Pair:

1st, G. D. Moore, $4; 2d, W. W. Rawson, $3; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn,
$2; 4th, W. J. Clemson. $1.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

Lst, W. W. Rawson, $4; 2d, G. D. Moore, $3; 3d, W. Whitman, .$2;
4th, W. J. Clemson, $1.
Radishes. — Four bunches:

1st. W. W. Rawson, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn,
$1.
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, open culture:

1st, George Page, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn, $1.
Spinach. — Peck:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, G. D. Moore, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson, $1.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than four varieties; decorative
arrangement to be considered:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $5.

Rose and Strawberry Exhibition.
June 29 and 30.

Beets. — Twelve Tiu-nip Rooted, open culture:

1st, Edward Parker, $3; 2d, G. D. Moore, Egyptian, $2; 3d, W.
Heustis & Son, Egyptian, $1.
Cabbages. — Four specimens:

1st, G. D. Moore, Henderson's Early Summer, $3; 2d, G. D. Moore.
Early Jersey Wakefield, $2; 3d, W. Heustis & Son, Early Jersey
Wakefield, $1.
Carrots. — Four bimches:

Lst, A. E, Hartshorn, $3.
Cucumbers. — Four specimens :

1st, G. D. Moore, WTiite Spine, $3.
Lettuce. — Four heads :

1st, E^L. Lewis, Deacon, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, Sutton, $2; 3d, W. J.
Clemson, Big Boston, $1.
Peas. — Gradus, half-peck:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson, SI

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES. 213

Eclipse or Nott's Excelsior:

1st, Edward Parker, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, W. J. Clemson, Early Morn, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, Gregory's Sur-
prise, $2.
Onions. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Edward Parker, Silver King, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, Silver Skin, $2;
3d, W. J. Clemson, White Globe, $1.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than six varieties; decorative
arrangement to be considered:
1st, Edward Parker, $5; 2d, W. J. Clemson, S4; 3d, E. L. Lewis,
$3.

July 20.

Beans. — Half-peck of Wax:

1st, Edward Parker, Wardwell Kidney Wax. $3; 2d, Joseph Thorpe,
Davis Golden Wax, $2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn, Currie's Rust-proof,
$1.
Half-peck of Green:

1st, Mrs. A. ^y. Blake, Giant Stringless, .?3; 2d, Mrs. E. J. Whitney,
Longfellow, $2; 3d, Edward Parker, Burpee's Stringless, $1.
Beets. — Twelve specimens:

1st, E. L. Lews, Crosby's Egyptian, $2; 2d, Edward Parker, Crosby's
Egyptian, $1.
Cabbages. — Four specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, Succes.sion, $3; 2d, Edward Parker, Early
WofBer, $2.
Cucumbers. — Four specimens:

1st, A. W. Crockford, Crockford's Columbia, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn,
White Spine, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson, White Spine, $1.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, Tennisball, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, Sutton's
StandweU, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, Big Boston, $1.
Onions. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Edward Parker, Silver Iving, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, Silver King,
$2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, Silver Skin, $1.
Peas. — Half-peck, late varieties:

1st, Mrs. E. J. Whitney, Admiral Dewey. $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn,
Admiral Dewey, $2; 3d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, Superlative, .$1.
Squashes. — -Summer, Long Warted, four specimens:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, .$3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis,
$1.
Summer, Scallop, four .specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, E. L. Lca^s, $2.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, Comet, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, Stiriing Castle,
$2; 3d. A. W. Crockford, Crockford's Forcing, $1.

214 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CoLLECTiox OF VEGETABLES, iiot less than eight varieties; decorative
arrangement to be considered:
1st, Edward Parker, $5.

Gratuity : —
A. W. Crockford, Collection of Cucumbers, $1.

AtTGUST 17.

Beans. — Two quarts, shelled :

1st, E. L. Lews, $3; 2d, Joseph Thorpe, $2; 3d, Mrs. E. J. Whitney,
$1.
Cabbages. — Three specimens:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, W. Heustis & Son, $1.
Celery. — Four roots of any variety:

1st, E. L. Lewis, S3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, Walter Warburton, $1.
Lettuce. — Four heads :

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 3d, Edward Parker, $1.
Onions. — Twelve specimens :

1st, E. L. Lewis, Prize Taker, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, Prize Taker, $2;
3d, E. L. Lewis, Giant of Gibraltar, SI.
Peppers. — Tw^elve specimens:

1st, E. L. Le\\'is, Chinese Giant, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, Ruby King, $2;
3d, Edward Parker, Squash, $1.
Potatoes.— Twelve specimens of any variety:

1st, W. J. Clemson, Hebron, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, Early Rose, $2; 3d,
E. L. Lewis, Earlj^ Fortune, $1.
Squashes. — Marrow:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3.
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears of any variety:

1st, G. F. Wheeler, Crosby, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, Early Mammoth,
$2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, Early Champion, $1.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, Stone, $3; 2d, Edward Parker, Chalk's Eariy
Jewell, $2; 3d. W. J. Clemson, Chalk's Early Jewell, $1.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than six varieties; decorative
arrangement to be considered:
1st, Edward Parker, $5; 2d, E. L. Le\Aas, $3; 3d, W. J. Clemson, $2.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES. 215

D.-LHLiA Exhibition.
September 4 axd 5.

Beans. — Two quarts of Lima:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, Edward Parker, $2; 3d, G. B. Gill, $1.
Beets. — Twelve specimens :

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewas, $2; 3d, W. Heustis & Son, $1.
Cabbages. — Three of any variety, trimmed:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3.
Celery. — Four roots :

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton,
$1.
Melons. — Sweet:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2.
Watermelons : —

1st, E. L. Le\\-is, $3; 2d, Edward Parker, $2; 3d, Joseph Thorpe, $1.
Onions. — Twelve specimens :

1st, W. J. Clemson, Prize Taker, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, Giant of Gib-
raltar, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson, Prize Taker, $1.
Parsnips. — -Twelve specmens:

1st, W. J. Clemson, Hollow Crown, S3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, Bobbie's
Selected, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson, Long Smooth, $1.
Squashes :

1st, E. L. Lewis, Marrow, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, Hubbard, S2; 3d,
Edward Parker, Turban, $1.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Edward Parker, Stone, $3; 2d, Frederic Cole, Stone, $2; 3d, E.
L. Lewis, Stone, $1.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than six varieties; decorative
arrangement to be considered :
1st, E. L. Lewis, $8; 2d, Edward Parker, $5.

Annual Exhibition of Fruits and Vegetables.
October 10 and 11.

Beets. — Twelve specimens:

1st, W. W. Rawson, Crosby's Egyptian, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, Crimson
Globe, $2; 3d, E. L. Le^^^s, Crosby's Egyptian, $1.
Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3; 2d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $2; 3d, E. L. Le^ns, .$1 .
Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, trimmed:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3; 2d, W. W. Rawson, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.

216 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Three Savoy, trimmed :

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d. E. L. Lewis,
$1.
Carrots. — Twelve Long Orange:

1st, E. L. Lewis, .S3; 2d, N. H. College of Agriculture. $2.
Twelve Intermediate:

1st, J. P. Wyman, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, J. A. Nixon, $1.
Cauliflow^ers. — Four specimens:

1st, W. H. Teele, S4; 2d, DeSouza Bros., $3; 3d, C. M. Handley
Estate, $2.
Celery. — Four roots of Paris Golden:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $4; 2d, Edward Parker, $3; 3d, W. J. Clemson, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, Edward Parker, $4; 2d, N. H. College of Agriculture, $3; 3d,
E. L. Lewis, $1.
Corn. — Sweet, twelve ears :

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, A. C. Wakefield, $1.
Cucumbers. — Pair of ^^^lite Spine:

1st, W. W. Rawson, $4; 2d, N. H. College of Agriculture, $3; 3d, W.
W. Rawson, $2.
Pair of any other variety:

1st, N. H. College of Agriculture, Perfection, $3; 2d, N. H. College
of Agriculture, Da^ds Perfect, $2.
Culinary Herbs, Green. — ^Collection, named:
1st, J. A. Nixon, $3; 2d. Edward Parker, $2.
Egg Plant. — - Four Round Purple :

1st, Edward Parker, Black Beauty, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, N. Y.
Improved, $2; 3d, F. E. CooHdge, $1.
Endive. — Four specimens :

1st, E. L. Lewis, Broad Leaf, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, Batavia, $2; 3d,
A. E. Hartshorn, Green Curled, $1.
Lettuce. — Fom* heads :

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, Big Boston, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, S2; 3d, W. W.
Rawson, Tennisball, $1.
Onions. — Twelve Dan vers:

1st, J. A. Nixon, $3; 2d, J. B. Shurtleff, Jr., $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson, $1.
Twelve Red:

1st, W. J. Clemson, Red Globe, $3; 2d, J. A. Nixon, Red Wethersfield,
$2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, Red Wethersfield, $1.
Twelve White:

1st, W.J. Clemson, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, Walter Warburton, $1.
Parsley. — Four quarts :

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3; 2d, W. W. Rawson, $2; 3d, Mrs. A. W.
Blake, $1.
P.^RSNiPS. — Long, twelve specimens:

1st. W. W. Rawson, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, S2; 3d, J. P. Wyman, SI

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES. 217

Twelve Hollo\\ Crown:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, Walter Warburton, $2; 3d, J. P. Wyman,
$1.
Peppers. — Twelve specimens of Squash:

1st, Edward Parker, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, N. H. College of
Agriculture, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, Edward Parker, Chinese Giant, $3; 2d, Mass. Agricultural College,
Neapolitan, $2; 3d, Walter Warburton, $1.
Potatoes. — Twelve Hebron:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, Elliott Moore, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Twelve Rose:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, N. H. College of Agriculture, $2; 3d, Charles
Scully, $1.
Twelve of any other \ariety :

1st, N. H. College of Agriculture, Carmen, S3; 2d, N. H. College of
Agriculture, Green Mountain, $2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn, Green
Mountain, $1.
Radishes. — Four bunches:

1st, J. P. Wyman, $3; 2d, W. W. Rawson, $2; 3d, J. A. Nixon, $1.
Salsify. — Twelve specimens :

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, Mrs. A. P. Pea-
body, $1.
Squashes. — Three Bay State:

1st, N. H. College of Agriculture, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2.
Three Hubbard:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3; 2d, Mass. Agricultural College, $2; 3d,
F. E. Coolidge, $1.
Three Hybrid Turban:

1st, N. H. College of Agricidture, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d,
E. L. Lewis, $1.
Three Marrow:

1st, N. H. College of Agricuhure, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, J. P.
Wyman, $1.
Tomatoes. — Twelve Belmont or Beauty:

1st, W. J. Clemson, Beauty, $3; 2d, N. H. College of Agriculture,
Belmont, $2.
Twelve Stone:

1st, Frederic Cole, $3; 2d, Walter Warburton, $2; 3d, Edward
Parker, $1.
Twelve of any other variety:

1st, Edward Parker, Chalk's Early Jewell, $3; 2d, Walter Warburton,
Aristocrat, $2.
Turnips. — Twelve Flat:

1st, Elliott Moore. $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2.

218 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Twelve Swedish:

1st, C. M. Handley Estate, $3; 2d, G. W. Goddin, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis,
$1.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than ten varieties; decorative
arrangement to be considered:
1st, E. L. Lewis, $25; 2d, N. H. College of Agriculture, $15; 3d,
Edward Parker, $10; 4th, W. J. Clemson, $8; oth, Mrs. A. P.
Peabody, $5.
Collection of Salad Plants:

1st, N. H. College of Agriculture, $5; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $3; 3d, Edward
Parker, $2.

Gratuities: —

Mrs. A. P. Peabody, Red Drumhead Cabbage, Honorable Mention.
C. W. Parker, Novelty Collection, Honorable Mention.
N. H. College of Agriculture, Improved New Varieties of Squashes,
Vote of Thanks.

Chrysanthemum Show.

November 8, 9, 10.

Special Prizes.

Celery. — Eight roots, commercial grown:

1st, E. L. Lewis, a Silver Medal; 2d, Joseph Thorpe, a Bronze Medal.

Regular Prizes.

Beets. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Edward Parker, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; .3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck.

1st, EUiott Moore, $3; 2d, Mrs. O. B. Jennings, $2; 3d, A. E. Harts-
horn, $1.
Cabbages. — Three Red, trimmed:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3; 2d, A. F. Estabrook, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis,
$1.
Three Drumhead :

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2.
Three Savoy, trimmed:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis,
$1.
Cauliflowers. — Four specimens:

1st, DeSouza Bros., $3; 2d, W. H. Teele, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES. 219

Celery. — Four roots, Pascal:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $4; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 3d, Walter War-
burton, $2.
Any other variety:

1st, E. L. Lewis, Paris Golden, $4; 2d, Joseph Thorpe, Paris Golden,
$3; 3d, Giraud Foster, Paris Golden, $2.
Corn. — Yellow or Field, twenty-five ears, traced:

1st, Elliott Moore, Longfellow, $3; 2d, Elliott Moore, Moore's Pre-
mium, $2; 3d, A. F. Stevens, $1.
Cucumbers. — Pair:

1st, Walter Warburton, Telegraph, $3; 2d, Giraud Foster, Telegraph,
$2; 3d, W. W. Rawson, $1.
Endive. — Four specimens:

1st, W. J. Clemson, Bavarian, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, Giant Fringed,
$2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, Broad Leaf, $1.
Leek. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Walter Warburton, International, $3; 2d, Edward Parker, Inter-
national, $2; 3d, Giraud Foster. Perfection, $1.
Lettuce. — Four heads :

1st, Giraud Foster, $4; 2d, W. W. Rawson, $3; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $2.
Parsnips. — Twelve specimens of Long Smooth:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, Mrs. O B. Jennings, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis,
$1.
Twelve specimens of Hollow Crown

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, Manuel De Souza, $2; 3d, Walter War-
burton, $1.
Salsify. — Twelve specimens:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, Mrs. O. B.
Jennings, $1.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens :

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, Walter Warburton, $1.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than ten varieties; decorative
arrangement to be considered:
1st, E. L. Lewis, $15; 2d, Edward Parker, $10; 3d, Walter Warbur-
ton, $7.

Special Prizes.
(For private gardeners only.)

For the best Collection of Vegetables of fifteen varieties, not more than
two kinds of any one variety admissible; tasteful arrangement
to be considered:
1st, Giraud Foster, a Silver Cup; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2.5; 3d, Mrs.
O. B. Jennings, $15.

220 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —

C. A. Stone, display of Potatoes, Honorable Mention.
A. H. Wingett, display of Onions, Honorable Mention.

Isaac H. Locke 1 Commitiee

DUXCAX FiXLAYSON \ 0)1

JosiAH B. Shurtleff, Jr. J Vegetables.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS FOR
THE YEAR 1907.

BY CHARLES W. PARKER, CHAIRMAN.

The interest in this department of the Society's work has been
well maintained during the present year, the number of estates
and gardens examined exceeding that of the previous year. There
has been a notable increase in the entries for smaller gardens, a
feature which has been encouraged by the committee in the prepa-
ration of the schedule. There is an impression abroad that the
Society is interested only in the grander estates, but, while it de-
lights to call attention to these as showing the possibilities in land-
scape art on a large scale, it is equally desirous of encouraging the
horticultural development of the more modest city and suburban
gardens. The various visits of the year are reported upon as
follows :

Stephen M. Weld's Estate, Dedham.

By invitation of President Weld the first visit of the season was
made May 11 to his estate at Dedham. The mansion is pictur-
esquely situated upon high ground overlooking a great expanse
of the valley of the Charles River to the Blue Hills beyond. The
immediate home grounds at the time of the visit were adorned with
the gorgeous colorings of narcissi, tulips, hyacinths, and other
spring-flowering plants.

Of noteworthy interest also were the numerous species of hardy
shrubs and the fine specimens of flowering crabs, shadbush, and
coniferous trees, all finding a congenial home on the ledges of the
hillside.

Descending from the upland there comes into view a romantic
valley through which flows a brook breaking into foamy water as
it rushes over its rocky bed to the lower level of swampy land

221

222 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

beyond. Along the damp l)orders some half-dozen species of
Trillium were in flower and a colony of Phlox snbulaia carpeted
the rocks with its dense inflorescence.

At the upper end of this rocky valley a small pond has been
made by damming up the water, forming at its outlet a pretty
cascade, while near by, from a cleft in the ledges of the rocky hill-
side, a stream of water falls into the brook below.

The swampy ground was occupied by the products of nature's
own planting, conspicuous among which were the handsome,
green, leafy clumps of Symplocarpus foetidus, at this season of the
year a really attractive adornment.

The gray cliffs above showed prominently in the absence of the
foliage of the deciduous trees which forested the entire region.
This section of the estate, of nearly a thousand acres, is a beautiful
natural park and needs little help from the hand of man in its
further adornment.

On the return to the home grounds the committee inspected the
several greenhouses filled with a great variety of flowering plants,
and attesting the horticultural skill of the head gardener, Thomas
Coles.

Joseph R. Leeson's Estate, Newton.

July 12 the committee visited the estate of Hon. Joseph R.
I^eson at Newton which had been entered in the competition for
the best-kept estate in Massachusetts of from one to three acres.
It was found fully up to the requirements of the schedule in every
respect. The grounds were well arranged with fine dis]>lays of
flowering plants together with some especially noteworthy trees,
among which were blue sj^ruce, birch, ash, and maple, and in one
section on interesting vegetable garden.

Several greenhouses on the estate were attractive with a good
collection of foliage and flowering plants and a clump of rhodo-
dendrons was appropriately placed in another part of the grounds.
The extensive lawn was also a notable feature of the estate.

The fine condition of the entire place showed much good taste
on the j)art of the owner supplemented by the exi)ert knowledge
of James Cartwright, the gardener. It was a most satisfactory
estate and the committee judges it well worthy of the first prize
which is awarded it.

report of committee on gardens. 223

Dr. Charles S. Minot's Peony Garden, Milton.

Dr. Minot's peony garden, which is undoubtedly .the finest
private collection of peonies in New England, was again offered
in competition, and again found worthy of the first prize offered by
the Society.

^Little need be added to the previous reports of visits to this
noteworthy garden except to say that the peonies are all labeled
with metal plates on a rod, giving the name of the variety, the date,
and from whom the plant was obtained.

Morton F. Plant's Estate, Groton, Conn.

August 9 the committee inspected the estate of Morton F. Plant
at Groton, Connecticut, now in its third and last year of entry
for the H. H. Hunnewell Triennial Premium.

Mr. Craig, a member of the visiting committee, has kindly
furnished the following notes concerning the estate.

"Many important changes have been made since the commit-
tee's visit of last year. Considerable additional land has been
cleared of rocks, trenched, graded, and planted. (Some of the
largest rocks we w-ere pleased to note had been retained, and
materially add to the picturesqueness of the place).

A number of large trees have been successfully moved with
frozen balls during the past winter, including gingko, purple beech,
maple, and white birch, also a few evergreens of specimen size.
These assist in giving the new grounds a more finished appearance.

The flower garden was very attractive, the herbaceous perennials
especially so. A collection of fifty varieties of sweet peas was in
excellent bloom and included all the newest and most up-to-date
sorts. In the greenhouses splendid crops of grapes, peaches, and
nectarines were noted. Everything on the place was in fine con-
dition and the visiting members of the committee are pleased to
report favorably on this great estate and to commend the able
management of the superintendent, Thomas W. Head."

224 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Frank P. Briggs' Vegetable Garden, Ayer.

September 11 the garden of Frank P. Briggs on High Street,
Aver, which had been entered for the prize offered for the best
vegetable garden on an estate of twenty thousand feet or less, was
visited by a member of the committee. Mr. Briggs' estate is
pleasantly situated on high ground commanding an extensive view
of the surrounding country and is tastefully adorned with flowering
plants, vines, and fruit trees.

The vegetable garden occupied fully one-half of the land and
was devoted to the cultivation of the ordinary varieties of vegetables
generally grown for family use.

The appearance of the garden as well as of the whole estate
impressed the visitor very favorably. Everywhere was evidence
of the thrift, economy, and neatness insisted upon by the rules of
the committee.

Three sides of the grounds were inclosed by a wire fence which
was completely concealed with woodbine and clematis, the latter
in fine flower on the occasion of the visit.

In addition to vegetables Mr. Briggs also grows several varieties
each of grapes, currants, raspberries, blackberries, pears, apples, and
plums.

Altogether it is a garden that the committee is pleased to point
to as a model and well worthy of the first prize awarded it.

Mr. Briggs is a locomotive engineer and when off duty can
usually be found occupied in his gardening work in which he is
enthusiastically interested.

H. H. Rogers' Chrysanthemum Houses, Fairhaven.

November 18 the committee visited Fairhaven, Massachusetts,
to inspect two hou.ses of chrysanthemums on the estate of H. H.
Rogers, Esq. Although a dull November day outside, within all
was changed to brightness by the glorious masses of bloom.

The two large houses ])resented a beautiful sight and the plants
were arranged in a tasteful and nrtistic manner. In the center of
the larger house were long lines of bush-grown ])lants in pots

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 225

forming a long rounded mound of flowers, the decorative effect of
which was enhanced by a margin of foliage plants and ferns, while
banks of chrysanthemums of every hue filled the sides and ends of
the house.

The smaller house was devoted to the plants grown to a single
flower, the shorter ones near the entrance, gradually increasing at
the further end to a height of six feet.

The committee is pleased to award Mr. James Garthly, the super-
intendent of the estate, a silver medal in recognition of his ability
as a cultivator of the chrvsanthemum.

There were no entries for the prizes offered for the best flower
garden nor for the best garden of hardy roses. Several entries
for the special prizes oftered for an estate and for vegetable gardens,
other than those mentioned herewith, were received during the
season and attention given to them. They were not, however,
in the opinion of the committee, up to the Society's standard of
excellence. While in most cases the gardens by themselves were
satisfactory the immediate surroundings showed a lack of the neat-
ness, thrift, and economy insisted upon by the committee.

In this connection attention may well be called to the lack of
tidiness in a majority of the city and suburban gardens. Large
estates, as a rule, employing more help, are kept in good condition,
but it seems to be exceptional to find smaller places kept in good
order, although they may be well supplied with flower beds and
vegetable gardens.

The following is a list of the prizes awarded for the year:

H. H. HunneiveU Triennial Premium.

For an estate of not less than three acres, which shall be laid
out with the most taste, planted most judiciously, and kept in the
best order for three consecutive years:

First, Morton F. Plant, Groton, Connecticut . . $160.00

226

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Special Prize.

For the best-kept estate in Massachusetts of not more than three
acres or less than one acre:

First, Joseph R. Leeson, Newton .... $50.00

Society's Prizes.

For the best Vegetable Garden, not commercial :
First, Frank P. Briggs, Ayer, Silver Medal and

For the best Peony Garden, not commercial:
First, Dr. Charles S. Minot, Milton

10.00
30.00

Special Awards.

Stephen M. ^Veld, Estate at Dedham, Honorable Mention.
James Garthly, for skilful cultivation of chrysanthemums.

Silver Medal.

Charles W. Parker]

Oakes Ames

George Barker

^YM. N. Craig

Wm. H. Elliott

Committee

x\. F. ESTABROOK

on

A. H. Fewkes

Gardens.

J. A. Pettigrew

W. W. Rawsox

W. P. Rich

H. P. Walcott

S. M. Weld

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON CHILDREN'S
GARDENS FOR THE YEAR 1907.

BY HENRY SAXTON ADAMS, CHAIRMAN.

The year 1907 has brought to your committee the fruit of its
previous work and experience. The entries for our various garden
contests have not only been greater in number but have extended
over a larger area, showing that not only is the children's garden
movement spreading, but that we have come into close touch with
the movement throughout the state. We had a total of forty-nine
entries from thirty-two different places. Let us note the progress
of the school garden movement during the year.

A most successful School Garden Conference was held in Feb-
ruary as an all-day meeting of the Massachusetts School Super-
intendents' Association at Tremont Temple. This meeting was
divided into four sections, taking up at each section various phases
of the movement in its relation to the city, country, suburb, and
village. The Society was represented at this meeting by your
chairman. A large number of enthusiastic school superintendents,
teachers, and others were at the conference and from the interest
shown ii is evident that the school superintendents of Massachusetts
are seriously taking up the matter of school gardens.

It is to be expected that the movement will gain a foothold in
many locations the present year, and there is no greater opportunity
for our Society to do good work than through the efforts of its com-
mittee on children's gardens. It is most interesting to observe
the results which our awarding of prizes to gardens has brought
about. In one case school gardening was taken up experimentally
on borrowed land. It was made enough of a success to be awarded
one of our prizes and thus encouraged and interested the trustees
of the institution where the experiment was made, purchased the
land, not only insuring school gardens but also adding materially
to the equipment of the institution. In other places our prizes have

227

228 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

not only helped to maintain the gardens but the fact that the gardens
were worthy of a prize given by our Society has given an impetus
to the movement. The people see their value and are willing to
help. Surely the Massachusetts Horticultural Society has done
more than any other organization to introduce and encourage school
gardening. It is to be hoped that nothing may interfere with its
continuing the good work.

At the summer school of the Massachusetts Agricultural College,
Amherst, where school gardening was made of the first importance,
a large number of teachers from this state, as well as from outside,
learned a great deal of school gardening and became most enthu-
siastic over the movement. This summer school will no doubt
do much to stimulate teachers to take up school garden work
and we may look for abundant returns. We are really most fortu-
nate in having a progressive institution of this sort in our state and
can properly feel that we had no little part in bringing about this
first summer school. Step by step the movement has been fol-
lowed and we have been in close touch with Professor Waugh who
more than any other person successfully carried out the summer
school of 1907.

With this summer school at Amherst, the increased interest in
school gardens among our school superintendents, and with more
definite work at the normal schools, we can feel that it is only a
question of time when our teachers will be properly equipped for
school garden work. It may be interesting to note here that Smith,
Mt. Holvoke, and Wellesley Colleges all have courses in gardening
which provide a proper foundation for school garden work. At
Wellesley a superb new equipment has been provided for garden
work. School gardening is but a form of nature study and indus-
trial education for our schools. Let us hope that the work will be
carried on carefully and thoughtfully.

The season of 1907 was hard on children's gardens. The late
spring followed by the dry summer made it most discouraging, and
although the results in the early part of the summer did not seem
at all promising our exhibit in September was even superior to last
year's excellent show. Your committee has continued the policy of
visiting gardens and discussing the work with the teachers and the
children, and have found these visits as inspiring as in other .seasons.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX CHILDREN'S GARDENS. 229

Surely one has but to study the school-garden movement and its
results to become an enthusiast.

Children's Garden Conference.

The third School Garden Conference was held December 14th
and considering the adverse weather was well attended. Those
who came were enthusiastic and interested and had we had more
favorable weather it is safe to say that the audience would have
been nearly twice as large as -at any previous conference.

In arranging the program for this conference it was desired to
bring out as much as possible the relation of nature study and school
gardening and our speakers were well qualified to discuss these
matters. Unfortunately, owing to illness, two addresses, one by
Mr. Edward V. Hallock, who was to talk on Horticulture in Public
Schools, and the other by Miss McCloskey of Cornell University,
had to be omitted. The program as given contained four
addresses: The Relation of School Gardens to Nature Study, by
Miss Stebbins, Supervisor of Nature Study at Springfield; Natural
Science Gardens, by Principal Boyden of the State Normal School
at Bridgewater; School Gardens in Institutions, by Miss Fletcher,
Superintendent of the Orphans' Home, New Bedford; and The
Amherst Summer School, by Mr. Thomas Curley of the Waltham
Home Garden Association, Waltham. Mr. Curley spoke most
enthusiastically of the work of our committee.

An excellent display of photographs and drawings was made at
the conference, a large part of which came from the Lynn Public
Schools. The conference was presided over by your chairman who
after reviewing the work of the year announced the prizes for school
gardens, school grounds, and home gardens. Abstracts of the ad-
dresses are given in connection with this report.

School Gardens.

There were entered this year for prizes twenty-eight school
gardens, not only a larger number than last year but over a more
extended area. It was most difficult in awarding prizes to some of

230 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

these gardens but we believe our methods are the only ones possible
for such work and that the results in enthusiasm and help to the
gardens receiving these prizes justify the continuance of this method
of encouraging school gardens. In spite of the season we received
many excellent reports some of which are appended to this report.

School Grounds.

Seven entries were received for prizes for school gromids. While
this was most encouraging we were disappointed in receiving only
one report of the work accomplished. This was probably due to
the poor season but we feel it is a most important part of school
gardening and that it should be encouraged.

Children's Home Gardens.

The entries for home gardens this year were made by organiza-
tions managing and financing home-garden work. This method
of awarding the prizes was adopted so that the money distributed
should go to those who carry on this work rather than to the chil-
dren who received their help and encouragement from the organiza-
tion. We were exceedingly pleased to receive fourteen entries
in this class and the results were gratifying. The Marlboro Home
Gardening Association was established this year and made great
progress. We awarded it first prize. Certainly no better work
can be done than encouraging children's home-gardening organiza-
tions.

Children's Exhibition.

Our Children's Exliijoition was held the 7th of September and
nearly filled the large exhibition hall. The products which were
brought in were in most cases excellent and your committee had
great difficulty in awarding prizes. The daily press took a great
interest in this exhibition as well as in the school garden conference
and our work was well represented by them. It is expected that
even better shows will be held in the future although our 1907 show

children's garden conference. 231

wnll be hard to beat. Here tlie prizes were given to school gardens,
home gardens, and to the children ; and to our method of reaching
these gardens by visits and correspondence is largely due the satis-
factory exliibits brought in.

Your chairman wishes to thank the members of the committee
for their support during the year and feels that our success has been
due to the individual efforts of theniembers of the committee and
to their combined work during the trying times of awarding prizes
as well as at committee meetings. It is the earnest hope of the
committee that the school-garden work shall continue and that even
better results may be obtained in the future.

Abstracts of Addresses made at the Children's Garden

Conference.

Held at Horticuhural Hall, Boston, December 14, 1907.

The Relation of School Gardens to Nature Study.

by miss fannie a. stebbins, supervisor of nature study, spring-
field, mass.

If we take as a statement of the object of Nature Study that it is to cul-
tivate in the child an intelligent interest in the world about him, the
question of the relation of the school garden to Nature Study is simpli-
fied.

We wish the child to fonn the habit of observing, as correctly as may
be, series of facts, noting relations of cause and effect and drawing con-
clusions from the facts observed; then carrying the work further by
working out theories which he may prove or disprove.

For tlie establishment of many facts the school garden is the best possible
laboratory or workshop. The individual plot supplies the added incentive
of the feeling of personal ownership and responsibility; and where it is
possible to have individual plots they should be used. The child sees
more clearly his owm relation to the plant's growth, or lack of it, and feels
more keenly the need of care and of knowledge to precede that care. Un-

232 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

der proper guidance and conduct of class plots the pupils may be stimu-
lated to repeat the experiments at home, as is frequently done, where
conditions a little different produce different results, and comparisons of
such results may be made extremely valuable. So even if land be limited
much may be accomplished by observation plots.

One line of work that ought to be carried out is the cultivation of many
of our most common commercial products \\hich are considered in geog-
raphy but which are only names to the majority of the pupils. Some of
the grains — wheat, com, rj'e, oats, buckwheat, barley, etc. — can be
easily grown. Hemp and flax together with some of the less common
products which the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture is introducing could well be
obser\-ed.

In one of our schools flax grown by the children was soaked, and by the
janitor, who had done the work in Ireland, worked or treated until the
fibre was ready for spinning. A valuable lesson or series of lessons.

Another phase is the gathering and growing of many of our formerly
common wild flowers which are fast disappearing from the neighborhood
of cities, and are seldom seen by the children. Many valuable lessons can
l)e learned by watching the plant through its year of life; how it breaks
through the soil; how parts are protected, each part fitted for its duties;
the blooming, with interesting peculiarities, formation, protection, and
dissemination of seeds; preparation for ^^•inter, etc. So the child becomes
acquainted with the plant as he almost never does in its home -nithout.

The reproduction of plants can best be studied in the yard where the
class can be taken at any time; sowing the seeds, the best manner for
indi^'idual kinds; layering; budding; grafting; and with the latter the
study of where the sap comes; rings of growth; where new wood comes;
real meaning of a bud, whether flower or branch bud; need of keeping out
fungi; etc.; incidentally how and when to trim a tree; to treat wounds,
etc. With the coming of the flowers, the \-isits of insects, cross-pollination,
self-pollination or no pollination, hybridization, crossing squash and melon,
etc., can be observed. As the cutworms or other insects come, the sugges-
tion of studying their life histories becomes a vital question that the best
means may be discovered of combating these enemies in the most vul-
nerable stage of their existence. Caterpillars which are injurious may
in their butterflyhood do some good and so help balance accounts. Ich-
neimion flies which parasite pests may be recognized as helpers. And of
course our friend, the toad, should be watched, both indoors where more
accurate observations can be made of amount of food, etc., and outside
where one should be established in the garden if possible and treated as
a friend. The garden may give opportunity to recognize birds among our
friends.

The study of soils receives new meaning when the effect of different
kinds upon the growth of plants is observed. In this connection the study
of capillary attraction receives reinforcement in observing the work of a

children's garden conference. 233

mulch. This broadens out into the study of the soil of the forest, its in-
fluence in the retention of water, the desirability of forests at the head
waters of rivers, and the need of reforesting cut areas.

And so one could go on multiplj'ing instance after instance where prin-
ciples observed in one connection receive their application in another
connection and so make deeper and broader impression on the child's
mind. He comes to see more and more of the inter-relation of all things,
our dependence upon the life about us, and our need of studying the laws
underl;y'ing all, that we may bring under control those forces which aid
in our better li\-ing.

In a word then I would characterize the school garden as a laboratory in
which can be worked out many problems, under control, and in a com-
paratively short time, the answers to which are necessary to an intelli-
gent comprehension of the great \\'orld about us; and the child's desire to
make plants grow furnishes a keen incentive to such experimentation.

Natural Sciexce Gardens.

by arthur c. boyden, principal, state normal school, bridge-
water, mass.

Nature study is distinctly an out-of-door subject. It has a nmnber of
phases. The first phase, probably the one with which most of us started,
consists in bringing in things from out of doors for study, or in raising the
living plants and animals in the school room for study. Of course this
phase will always have to continue, more or less. The second phase consists
of walks viiih the children or excursions to see things which could not be
brought into the school room and perhaps would not otherwise be seen by
the children; the kind of work which culminates in field work with older
students. This phase we shall always have to continue. The third phase
includes the school and home gardens where the children are doing the
actual work, either in raising flowers and vegetables for the purpose of
learning the lessons about them or for some other valuable purpose.
This wiU always be an important pail of nature study.

There is a fourth phase which is now appearing, known as the natural
science garden. Your chainnan in extending the invitation to me asked
me to say a few words about what I saw in my recent visit to the Western
States. I foimd in four of the best nonnal schools these natural science
gardens either in full working order or in the process of preparation. The
natural science garden consisted of a numlaer of acres attached to the in-
stitution for the use of the children and for the training of teachers.
There was enough land for the raising of desired crops, for plant experi-
ments of various kinds, and for the school gardens. In connection with

234 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the garden there was a greenhouse and a trained gardener was in charge.
The greenhouse was for the laboratory work connected with the experi-
ments of the garden and for the use of the students in preparing for the
garden. On the grounds a plan was being worked out of having all the
trees and shnibs of the state represented so that the children could have
a broad ^^ew of the resources of their state, and, fiirthennore, these trees
would attract a great variety of birds. Finally they had set aside a little
plot for a miniature forest, in order to teach some of the lessons of
forestry'.

At the Bridgewater school we are lajing out nearly two acres for a simi-
lar garden, to ser\'e as an out-of-door biological laboratoiy.

What is the use of such a garden? It provides an abundance of growing
material for the different lines of nature study for the younger children;
crops can be raised in connection with geography. With the older chil-
dren in the grammar grades and high school it furnishes the opportvmity
to teach the elements of agriculture, horticulture, and floriculture, and
still further it is an out-of-door laboratoiy for the study of biology with all
of its problems of insect and bird life. We ha^-e had our chemical labora-
tory, oiir physical laboratory, our indoor biological laboratory'; this adds
the out-of-door laboratory for all combined.

You see then we have somewhat of a larger view of the work that is
before us.

It is distinctly in line with the changes in the other subjects of the cur-
riculvmi. Changes have come about in the arithmetic of the school through
the selection of subjects of practical vakie. In geography we have
emphasized the life side of the different peoples, and given commercial geog-
raphy a leading position. In history we are beginning to make the chil-
dren see that they study the things of the past not because of the past but
to understand the problems of today. The wise teacher makes a connec-
tion with real life in every subject.

In manual training the tendency toward vocational industries is very
marked. In nature study we shall go on with a definite purpose with the
younger pupils; it is to open their eyes to nature and its changes. With
the older pupils it becomes a definite training in the industries of nature.

We shall require in the high and nomial schools these broad natural
science gardens which will include the school gardens as well as many
other things.

One other interesting observation I made in one of the large cities of
Illinois. They have at the ends of the city two large school buildings; at
each of these the children, working with the janitor, have made a simple
greenhouse; an old heater was put in, and such equipment as the children
could make. In the fall and winter the children slipped and potted hun-
dreds of plants that would be used for all the school grounds in the spring.
From those two ends of the city went these little plants for decorating
purposes on the school grounds. I went to every school building and yard
and they were equipped with the simple variety of flowers which the chil-

CHILDREN S GARDEN CONFERENCE. JoO

dren prepared. Not a single school yard had a fence around it and not a
plant had been injured. Naturally, because all of the children of the city
were interested in their grounds and they had contributed their labor.
The plants that were left over the children from different parts of the city
were welcome to take, pro\'ided they would care for them in their yards
and contribute the slips for the winter. As I went through the city, par-
ticularly in the poorer districts, there were these same plants beautifying
ever\' home.

On the useful side, they planted tomato seeds and other vegetables, and
at the end of the season there was a little agi'icultural exhibit in the school
buildings. The whole thing was a ci\ac contribution to their city. The
focusing of natm'e study work on some definite results is coming. A few
years ago some were a little skeptical of the outcome, but now it is part of
the industrial movement which is connecting school studies with the
problems of real life.

School Gardens ix Institutions.

by miss e. mabel fletcher, superintendent of the orphans'
home, new^ bedford, mass.

The manual art of gardening as a part of modern education is no longer
considered as an ornamental appendage of school work, but as one of its
important factors in instruction and training, ^\■ith its advantages for gen-
eral and technical education. Not only in schools, clubs, and the home
are the newer uses of gardening recognized, but many philanthropic
agencies and institutions of detention for all classes of children, dependent,
delinquent, or defective, in many countries, find agricultural work and
exercise effective in the training for citizenship and the civic virtues of
application, discipline, and the regard for public and private property.

A large percent of the boys placed out from all city institutions are sent
to homes on famis.

Out of the hmidreds of children placed by the Children's Aid Society of
this state in comitrj^ homes, a vast majority of them have become farmers
or farmers' wives. The strong appeal for more school gardens throughout
the state that was made last month at the State Charities Conference in
L^Tin, can not fail to be effective. The working exhibit of school gardens
at the JamestowTi Exposition, imder the management of the International
School Farm League of New York, indicates the importance to which the
organized work has attained.

The particular institutional work about which Mr. Adams has asked me
to tell you a little today, is that which has been done for a few years at the
Orphans' Home in New Bedford.

236 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gardening Avas first undertaken at the Home to pro\ide a pleasant,
profitable emplojiiient for the summer vacation, especially one that
would continue the steady influence and accomplishment of the public
schools.

The variety of processes and the outcome of gardening is so attractive
that it encourages a habit of occupation; the sequence of development so
delightful that it appeals to the interest and fixes the attention of the
most wayward child.

'\\'hile its history may not ahvays furnish suggestions for future guidance,
yet it was interesting to read the accoimt of the school garden established
in 1695 for an Orphans' Home in Halle, Germany.

Much more definite and helpful accounts were read of the work in other
European countries and of the notable work in our own country.

It was impossible to decide what books of theory were most helpful, for
we read the best obtainable from the long list now published. The devices
and technical details of the practical work were adapted to the specific
needs of our children from six to eleven years of age.

Our work is designed to pro^'ide special teaching and training in the
simple forms of agriculture, to emphasize its importance and necessity,
and to open a new world of ambitions for success in future accomplishment.
An instance not unusual is that of a bright English boy of eleven years
who has shown a remarkable aptitude and skill in raising flowers and vege-
tables. His patience and perseverance the long season through have
never failed; digging and hoeing in the early morning and faithfully drag-
ging out the nearh' two hundred feet of hose to water the garden at
sunset.

Looking across the harbor one day at the Fairhaven home of Mr. H. H.
Rogers, he said, " A\Taen I leave the Home I 'm going over to ask Mr. Rogers
for work in his greenhouses. Some day I may get to be his head gardener! "

Our work is also designed to give a motive to and organize activity.
The boys have instruction in carpentiy and wood working during the win-
ter and mitil we begin work in the garden. Both boys and girls assist in
the housework, J>ut gardening is the favorite occupation.

Much of the instruction was individual as part of the doing was undoing
what had been indifferently or wrongly done. Various individual char-
acteristics appeared in the garden work — carelessness, invention, and
trading, among others.

The girl who does not sweep behind the door raised pigweeds with her
carrots; the boy who can never locate his cap left the watering pot to be
nm over by an automobile.

Interest was keen for possibilities of trading and exchange of products
with outsiders.

One of the business ventures planned was explained by one of the boys —
" I can trade one of these jack-lanteni squashes with a boy in my class,
for a hen. You see if I had a hen I could tie it by his neck to a stake and
he could scratch these wornis to death!" This l)oy has since been placed

children's garden conference. 237

out on a New Hampshire fann where his experience and working judg-
ment in raising vegetables will be of ser\-ice to him and his knowledge of
hens increased on acquaintance.

In passing along the streets other gardens were observed and com-
mented upon; sometimes the boys had to be restrained from calling upon
the owners of such gardens in their search for definite, usable knowledge.
Ignorance of what others are doing sometimes causes mistakes and pre-
vents the stimulus of a helpful feeling of rivalry. We were helped in this
matter, for the children often shouted across the wall of the adjoining
groimds to ask the interested gardener what kind of beans he planted, or
if he sprinkled his rose bushes with whale-oil soap water as we did. Every-
thing pertaining to our work was eagerly discussed by the children while
reviewing what they had learned with the director. In summing up the
advantages of gardening, one boy spoke better than he knew when he
said, "It is such a hopeful job!" A stimulus for effort was found in
recognizing the child's indi\'iduality in production. If Henry raised a
mammoth cabbage he had the credit, not the Orphans' Home on Taber St.

Our garden was divided into individual plots and the common or family
garden in which all the children worked, also a plot for experiment.

At planting time the most attractive bears and wolves of Ernest Thomp-
son Seton were neglected for the more fascinating catalogues of plants
and seeds. In each child's plot he had a choice of seeds for flowers, with
six kinds of the smaller vegetables, those of the perishable kind, also carrots,
beets, and onions.

In the common garden we had large plots of the same kinds of vegetables
and various kinds of beans, pease, com, cucmnbers, tomatoes, melons,
squash, cabbages, and parsnips.

Of the latter several bushels remain in the ground over winter. An
abundance of flowers, selected as to height, bordered the walks and sides
of the garden, with fifty feet of scarlet geranimxis fronting the street. A
small hot-bed gave us a few early vegetables. In spite of late planting
v. e had fairly early vegetables in plenty, and by a rotation of planting kept
up a constant yield. The keen enjojanent of the children in supplj-ing the
Home with vegetables was not the least of the benefits. The lawns, our
"grass gardens," were not in good condition as a result of a shallow soil
in which plantain had choked out the weak, short-rooted grass. Another
year it will be necessary to change the fertilizer and sow the hardy, strong-
growing blue-grass and red-top seed, that endure drought and shade.
An extensive addition has been made to the Home grovmds this year,
including the garden plot which has pre\iously been loaned for that pur-
pose. A few sycamore trees were set out, also rose bushes, syringas, and
clematis. It is probable that choice deciduous and hardy evergreen trees
and shrubs will be planted in the new grounds. This will be of value in
supplementing the study of trees as included in the nature work of the
schools. In making our gardens we made many friends. Much interest
was shown in our efforts and in the growi^h of the garden from 900 to 9000

238 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

square feet. The gardens were attractive by reason of the quantity and
quaUty of the vegetables and flowers, and satisfaetoiy according to our
necd.s and purposes. The produce for the year was all for which we could
hope, with one or two exceptions. After supphang the Home with vege-
tal)les through the summer, we have several barrels stored for winter use.
The greatest gains and advantages of school gardens to institution
interests do not appear in statistics; they are not alone in the physical
benefits, as one of the facilities of preventive hygiene, or entirely the result
of observation and experiment in plants. A development of the primal
instinct of gardening has been to the boys and girls of tliis institution more
than the growing of potatoes and posies. It has been the expression of
their desire to create, to watch the process and development of gro^^■th
that was dependent upon their personal efforts and efficiency. Its ethical
benefits have tended to develop the "social conscience" and the sense of
fellowship through the contact mth the things of nature that have made
such generous returns for the loAing care l^estowed.

School Garden Reports.

Report of the Armory Street School Garden at Sprixg-
FiELD, Mass.

BY FLORENCE M. ABBE.

The first school garden in comiection with the Armory Street School
was started in 1905. It jjroved successful and extremely popular with
the children and has been continued ever since.

The garden work is carried on by the fifth grade pu^Mls, the regular science
period being used for this work.

Each cliild had a plot of ground 8 feet long by 2^ feet wide, separated
by walks one foot wide. The entire class of forty-two pupils worked in
the garden at the same time.

There were forty-four garden plots this year, one of the two extra beds
being used by the teacher to illustrate the work to be done during the
class period by the children, and the other u.sed to give pupils practice in
transplanting, so that they might be successful in work of that kind in
their home gardens; also as a place where plants of each kind were al-
lowed to go to seed, to show seed formation.

The city furnishes the necessary tools, stakes and line, and weeders for
each pupil; and has the garden dug over and marked out. After that

SCHOOL GARDEN REPORTS. 239

the children take entire charge, buying tlieir own seed — the penny
packages being obtained.

One half of each garden is given to vegetables and the other half to
flowers. The children are allowed as much choice as possible in the selec-
tion of flower seeds to be planted. This year for vegetables, tomatoes,
cauliflower, radishes, lettuce, and beets were selected. For flowers, each
child had a choice between marigolds or zinnias, asters or coreopsis, pansies
or California poppies, pinks or snapdragon, and lobelia or candj'tuft.

Each child had a row of tomato plants, one of cauliflower, two rows of
lettuce, and two of radish; the lettuce and radish were planted for succes-
sion about a week apart. After the gathering of the lettuce and radish,
beets were planted in their stead to teach the children the continuous use
of the ground.

In the other half of the garden each one had two rows of zinnias or
marigolds, two rows of asters or coreopsis, while the California poppies and
pansies were sown broadcast. The lobelia or candytuft was used as a
border on three sides of the section in which the pinks or snapdragon were
sown.

Each child has whatever his garden produces, either to sell, cany home,
or give away. Little of the produce is sold, most of the children preferring
to take theirs home to show or give away.

The pupils are taught the proper arrangement of the flowers in vases
and then they pick and arrange them for the schoolrooms. Whenever a
member of the school or friend is ill they gather flowers and the bouquet
is sent from the school. Many bmiches of radishes are sent from the gar-
den each spring. One cliild asked permission this fall to pot some pansies
from her garden to cany to a schoolmate who was ill.

The garden work is con-elated with the other studies. This year in
Manual Training the boys made the stakes for measuring, and later bought
the materials and made the hoops to support the tomato plants. Language
Spelling, Drawing and Science are also closely allied to the outdoor work.
The pupils watch for hannful insects and much interest was taken in a
few toads which were found in the gardens. A cutworm was allowed to
develop into a moth in the schoolroom, so that the children might recog-
nize this pest in every stage.

The greatest difficulty is in the care of the gardens during the sunnner
vacation. No one but the owiiers are allowed to work in them and when
they are to be away they try to find someone who will care for their
garden during their absence in return for the produce. Considering
everything, this is quite successful.

The majority of the pupils who have gardens at school also have them at
home, using there the knowledge gained of soils, insects, depths for plant-
ing, transplanting, etc., thus appljing at home what they have practiced
at school.

240 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAT. SOCIETY.

Report of the South End Industrial School Garden,
RoxBURY, Mass.

BY MISS S. MYRTA ABBOTT, TEACHER.

There has been since 1902 a garden in connection with the South End
Industrial School; the first year the garden was in Medford, the second
year in the yard of the School at Roxburj^, and now for three years in a
lot adjoining the School in the midst of the crowded tenement district.
Situated as it is between a double row of tenements, this garden plot is
of more ser^-ice than can be estimated. All siunmer long it is a bright
spot of verdure and blossom and by careful manviring and enriching of
the soil it has been made to yield almost a hundred fold.

The development in the surrounding tenements has been interesting to
watch. The vacant plot with the stone pile in the middle had been the
happy dumping ground for these tenements. And so the first year there
was a motley collection of tomato cans glowing in among the real tomatoes.
But the second year a change was noted; the tenement dwellers began
to use the back piazzas for a sort of open air sitting room. This past
summer the change has been almost complete. Porch curtains have been
put up and window boxes and stands of all sorts for plants have blossomed
forth into color. And the garden is unmolested!

The garden plot 54 X 120 ft. is di^-ided into twenty-two plots each 12 X
15 ft. A stone pile is in the center of the garden and a three foot border
of perennials and annuals encloses the whole garden. New features this
year have been a great success. The stone pile was luxurious \\-ith nas-
turtiums planted in the soil in the top of the mound, in every crevice of its
sides, and at the base. Throughout the summer hardly a stone could be
seen the leaves and trailers were so luxuriant, and each week there was
a bushel of gorgeous blossoms. Golden glow and hollyhocks were set
against the brick and stone wall and were very effective with zinnias and
bachelor buttons and phlox and cosmos about the roots; the yellow mari-
golds banked against the golden glow and cosmos and rose zinnias against
the hollyhocks. Another new feature was the border one foot wide of
each child's favorite flower in his own garden. There were more flowers
this year than ever before and the keen enjoyment was sufficient excuse
for it.

The vegetables grown were of uniform excellence. Each child had in
his garden a bordering edge of parsley, then a foot band of flowers flanked
by two rows of radishes, one row of lettuce, two rows of beets, three rows
of beans, and one row each of carrots, kohlrabi, parsnip, and New Zealand
spinach. Each child had also in his garden three tomato plants and
three cabbage plants. All this was managed by careful planning as to
succession of crops and by utilizing every available inch of space. Vacant
spaces were filled in with extra plants from the seed bed with lettuce, with
kohlrabi and with kale.

HOME GARDEN REPORTS. 241

Three crops of radishes, two of lettuce and two of beans — golden wax
and string — were grown. Each child paid twenty-five cents for the
privilege of having a garden and realized many dollars worth of vegetables,
sometimes sold, more often taken home and used for the family.

The garden suffered little from the prevailing drought of the summer.
For by the courtesy of the committees of the Industrial School water was
piped do'mi direct to the garden, and the children watered assiduously
on their garden days, — twenty or more pots of water to each individual
plot being the rule.

One week from the date of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
Show an exhibit was held at the Industrial School. Each child had a
table covered with white paper for his or her own exhibit in the big se\ving
room of the school. The tables were loaded with vegetables and bordered
with parsley, and with flowers everywhere in tall vases the room w-as quite
in gala attire. Outside the garden itself was on exhibition and even this
late in the simimer made an excellent showing. It is a significant fact that
although the children had taken their vegetables all summer as soon as
they were ready, that although a sufficient number had been gathered for
the Horticultural Exhibit to fill one of their long tables, that although each
child took all she w^anted for her table at the Industrial School that there
should be ample and to spare left in the gardens themselves so that it
took a number of weeks to get the gardens cleared out and put in shape
for the winter.

The produce was enough to warrant any expenditure of time, labor,
and money at this garden of the Industrial School. But the produce
is not the only testimonial. A love for growing things has been planted in
the children's hearts and a sense of the need for both beauty and utility
in the great plan.

Home Garden Reports.

Report of the Marlborough School and Home Industrl\l

Association.

by o. a. morton.

The Marlborough School and Home Industrial Association submits here-
with a report of the work done during the year.

Gardening as a phase of industrial work had been discussed for some
time, but nothing definite had been done because there was not a school
lot in the city that adapted itself to garden work.

Last spring the subject of home gardening was discussed with the school

242 iLVSSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

committee and the advisability of encouraging home industries emphasized.
The coimnittee was unanimously in favor of the entire plan as outlined and
\oted a small sum of money for the purpose of starting the work.

A general meeting of all the grade teachers of the city was called. The
superintendent of schools outhned the plan of home gardening and other
home industries which had been very successfully worked out in another
place. The possibilities of such work and the opportunities that it fur-
nishes the teacher to know the children more intimately and to come in
touch with the parents and homes in a pleasant and profitable way were
discussed.

The chairman of the school committee who has much practical kno\\'l-
edge on the subject and is an enthusiastic believer in such work was present
and spoke verj^ earnestly in behalf of the plan. The whole subject was
then discussed very carefully by the teachers who voted- unanimously to
introduce this line of manual training as a part of the regular work of the
tie part ment.

The teachers appointed six of their own number to co-operate with
three members of the school conunittee and the superintendent of schools
in fomaing a permanent organization to carry out the plan. The appointed
members met and organized by electing officers. The whole plan was
definitely outlined, the organization named "The Marlborough School
and Home Industrial Association," and the aims and rules as submitted
were adopted.

The best books were purchased and placed at the disposal of the teachers
who entered upon the work with a determination to make it a success.
Meetings were held, directions fonnulated and typewritten for the teachers,
and lirinted suggestions furnished the children.

The nature study period in each school was used to instruct the children.
After the most important points in selecting suitable plots had been de-
veloped in the class and the children had talked them over with their
parents at home, they made their choice, planned and measured the plot.
The results were put on paper to a scale, and filed vnih the teachers. In
many instances, the teachers visited the proposed gardens and with the
parents aided the children in seeing needed changes that would make the
chances of success greater.

A meeting of all the pupils in the vipper grades of the grammar schools
was held in the high school hall, and the chairman of the school committee,
who is a graduate of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, addressed
them on the preparation of the soil and the method of planting the seeds
that had been selected.

Seven thousand eighty-three penny packets of seeds were sqld to about
a thousand children. As this was the first year that any work of this kind
had been attempted, as the work was wholly voluntary, no child being
urged, and as there were only one thousand three hundred three children
in the grades where the work \\as to be taken up, the fact that so many
volunteered is verj^ significant.

HOME GARDEN REPORTS. 243

The name and address of each child was kept on file at the office of the
superintendent of schools and also at the school where the child attended.
Each teacher selected a list of gardens that she would Aasit and for which
she would become responsible.

When the schools opened in September, it was found between seven and
eight hundred children had been rewarded vdth. some degree of success.
Blank cards to be used in entering their gardens for the special garden
prizes were distributed, and four hundred sixty-eight were filled out and
returned to the teachers. From this list, after visiting and inspecting
each garden, the teachers selected about one hundred to be \'isited by the
committee on home gardens. This committee consisted of prominent
members of the local grange who devoted a long and strenuous day to
dri^dng from home to home, examining gardens, taking data, and making
photographs. The size, general plan, care and beauty of the gardens sur-
passed the expectations of the most sanguine.

A meeting of the committee was held and the size of each exhibit was
fixed on as follows : Flowers — one to five vases of one to twenty-five
blooms. Vegetables — beets, three to twelve; beans, one to four quarts;
carrots, one to four bunches — three to ten in a bunch; lettuce, one to
six heads; squashes, one to six; radishes, one to four bunches — three
to ten in a bunch; sweet corn, three to twelve ears; turniiJs, three to
twelve.

Tables were arranged in the high school hall, vases and agate plates were
hired of a local dealer, and three judges for each group were selected from
different organizations of the city. The teachers apportioned the w^ork of
decorating the hall, recei\ing, marking and arranging the exhibits among
themselves.

The exhibit included not only the products of the garden Ijut all the
industrial work that the children had been doing. Although the hall is
quite large, the exhibit had to be crowded in order to get all into the
space assigned. With this compact arrangement, we had seventy-five
feet of three-foot tables covered with flowers; eighty-five feet of similar
tables covered with vegetables; tliirty-five feet covered with wood work;
fifty-five feet devoted to cooking; twenty feet to miscellaneous articles,
and six hundred seventy-five feet of wall space covered with needle work.

Invitations in form of tickets had been sent to parents and friends.
The hall was crowded with \asitors from one o'clock in the afternoon to ten
o'clock in the evening. Eveiyone seemed to enjoy the exhibit and to
have a good social time.

The committees worked during the afternoon and evening in judging
and awarding prizes. The list of prize mnners was announced the next
day in the local paper. As we have the stamp saving system, stamps
to the value of each prize were placed on the prize cards that had been
filled out and signed by the members of each committee. These cards
were presented to the children at the schools by the teachers. All seemed
pleased and the prospects for the coming year are very encouraging.

244 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

One hundred seventy-five dollars was raised among the business men of
the place for the prizes and to defray other expenses. All the seeds were
paid for by the children.

Report of the Waltham Home Garden Association.

BY MYRTA MARGARET HIGGINS, GARDEN DIRECTOR.

The Waltham Home Garden Association started in its second season
(1907) with 1295 entries of home gardens from boys and girls imder 16
years of age. This is an increase of 653 over the number entered last year.
Several gardens started at summer homes and elsewhere could not be
reported, though we are glad to know that our flowers bloomed at Cape
Cod, Nantasket, and other places. Of the 1295 who made entries this
year, 171 failed to start a garden. Of the 1115 started within the city 365
gardens did not result well. There were 170 of some merit; a larger num-
ber than made entries last year. 254 gardens were fair, 149 gardens were
good, and 345 gardens were excellent. The mark of excellence was given
to those gardens which had obtained good growth and were kept free from
weeds. As yet little has been attempted in the way of design, for many
of the children do not know even the difference between weeds and flowers,
and they often wait until the director comes before they weed their gardens,
fearing they may pull up the wrong plant, as many a child has done.
Lessons on weeding take up much of the director's time, for many children
do not know how to take a w^eed out of the ground.

Of the number who did not plant their seed, very few failed to do so
from lack of interest. Sickness, moving, lack of encouragement from the
parents, or discouraging difficulties were the reasons usually given. In
some cases the children were deprived of the ownership of a garden because
the parent took the seed, telling the child that he did not know how to
plant a garden. Some of the parents made no better garden than the
children could have made themselves. The child leams by doing, and
should be given a small plot and a few seeds to call his own. It is possible
to teach a child without taking from him the pleasure and the value of
experience. It is well to tell him how large a plant may grow, for he does
not always realize the difference in size between the seed and the plant.
The result is that he plants the seed too thickly even for thinning out.
Teach him that a few plants well cared for will give greater reward than
more not well grown.

Those gardens which did not result well sometimes failed from lack of
good care, but often were spoiled by babies, cats, dogs, chickens, rabbits,
cows, and horses. In fact, it seems as if all the lovable creatures of the
animal world were enemies of the garden. Poor soil was sometimes the

HOME GARDEX REPORTS. 245

cause of failure. In some cases good soil was obtained and brought to
the garden. The cold, rainy spring, and the drought in summer, dis-
couraged many.

It is a significant fact, and a good sign of progress that nearly all the
boys and girls ^Yho did well last year have done still better work this year.

Several new lawns were made this year planted with our grass seed.
Some of the children deprived of land have done good work in flower boxes,
which ought to be encouraged.

All the gardens were visited twice and the excellent ones were visited
the third time by the judges. The best ones were given a fourth visit.
Seven young women volunteered to make part of the first visits, and the
association and director thank them for their serxaces. Every garden
was seen at least once, and those in the thickly settled parts of the city
twice by the director herself who made about 1700 visits out of 2400.

In April about twenty-two talks were given in the schools by the direc-
tor. The various subjects discussed were Tools, Location, Plans, Prepara-
tion of Ground, Fertilizers, Planting, Transplanting, Flower Boxes, Water-
ing, Cultivation, Weeds, and Insects. The u-sefulness of toads and birds
was also discussed.

At the North Grammar and Stearns Schools small x'egetable and flower
plots were started where the children had the opportunity of object lessons
in the subjects which had been talked about in the school rooms. In addi-
tion, miniature landscape plays afforded not only fun, but a good oppor-
tunity to suggest that small flower beds should not be allowed to encroach
upon the lawni space but should be arranged along the borders and fences
and made to beautify the back yards. Simple designs, neatly kept were
shown to be better than elaborate schemes which look absurd unless given
elaborate care. Less interest was shown at the North Grammar Yard
and the garden beds finally gave way to bad treatment and the difficulties
of a poor location. A fence is needed to keep off intruders for when plants
first come up they are not easily seen. At the Stearns school the interest
was lively throughout the season, even though many of the products were
taken, and replanting was necessary so many times it \\as hard to obtain
a good groxx-th.

The value of garden work to the city is partly told by the pictures
which show what children can do to make rough places look bright
with flowers and foliage. Lessons in the care of public and private prop-
erty are gradually being learned; for when a boy becomes the owner of a
garden he does not like to have it molested, and there awakens in his
mind a sense of the value of property. The property o\\"ner wishes an
orderly city for the benefit of his property, if for no other reason. We
must make our boys and girls property oxxTiers, by encouraging them in
the ownership of a garden.

The x'alue of the work to the indixidual can nex'er he told, but the words
of the mothers tell us in part, — " It is the best thing that ever was started.
It gix'es my boy something definite to do through the vacation. It is

246 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

healthful work, and a pleasure as well. He has earned money from his
vegetable plot. He sends flowers to the sick. The girl loves flowers and
now she can have all she wishes."

Only those who have worked with the children of the streets know how
hungiy they are for color. This healthful desire should be cultivated and
made use of to choke out less desirable tendencies. Not one mother has
been heard to say that she did not believe in the garden idea, and some
who do not appreciate the kindergarten see the value of this work. If the
garden existed for no other reason than to give the boy and girl a whole-
some occupation, it were enough.

The little children of kindergarten age should be allowed to buy penny
packets of seed even though they cannot contest for a prize. One little
kindergarten boy has helped an old lady to make a corner of your city look
bright this season. The little five-year-old girl who wrote to Congressman
Tirrell from ^^'altham has voiced the feelings of those little ones whom we
should not forget because they are small. Her letter ran thus, — "Dear
Sir, I came across your address on an envelope in the street and would like
to know would you please send me some flower seeds as I am a little girl and
love flowers. I love nasturtiums, morning glories and carnations but
I don't know how to raise carnations. I am just getting my ground
ready and if you send me some I shall be very thankful to you and would
send you some flowers in an envelope when they grow. Does roses grow
from seeds? Please tell me. I love roses. I hope you will send me some
next week. I remain M. L., Waltham, Mass., age 5 years 7 months."
The kindergarteners of the city did good work with the mothers and chil-
dren by starting plants in paper flower pots, and sending them home to
be set into the ground. Some of the plants thus started obtained good
growth and the reward was appreciated.

One morning a group of children was found gathered in a narrow ally
between two houses. This and the dirty street was their playground.
The object of interest was a dying plant in a tin can. The little girl who
tried to make it live was discouraged and had thrown it out ujion the ground
when the "Garden lady" appeared. It was too late to save the tin-can
garden, but a few flower seeds and the story of how to make a flower-box
made the little girl smile again and consent to have her picture taken.
Many stories might be told which show you how anxious the children are
to have gardens. Those who have nice gardens now hope they will never
be without one again.

Landlords do much to help or hinder this work. We were sometimes
told that the landlord was pleased to have grass seed or flower seeds planted,
and occasionally he helped on the work by a contribution of shrubs or
perennials. In other places the landlord requested that the land be not
broken for a garden. These places seldom have model lawns. There is
nothing that makes a place attractive, and therefore raises the value of the
property, more than a well-kept lawn and garden, yet many people when
having a house built are not careful as to the disposal of the sand thrown

HOME GARDEN REPORTS. 247

from the cellar, but leave it covering the surface soil about the house,
and the occupants find it hard to make anything grow, and are deprived
of that educative and home-making element — the garden.

The desire to \vin a prize sometimes calls forth vmdesirable qualities on
the part of parents and children, but without the associated effort, and
■without the acknowledgment of work well done, the individual home-
garden work would not accomplish as much as it now does. We are glad
to say that the right feeling is uppermost, and the people desire the garden
for its usefulness and beauty.

The kindness that has been sho\^-n the garden director has been fully
appreciated, and the pleasant voices sajang, "Here comes the Flower-lady"
were so often heard that there was no fear of not being kindly welcomed.

There is every sign that the work of the Home Garden Association is
firmly rooted and will have a perennial growth. The people desire to con-
tinue the garden work and many feel as one mother did when she said, —
"We enjoy our garden. I don't see why we never thought of ha\ing one
all these years, until it was suggested to us. Think how much we have
missed."

Report of the Reading Home Gardens,
by mrs. emily m. babcock, reading, mass.

The Reading Woman's Club, in May, 1907, voted that its Garden Com-
mittee be allowed the sum of one hundred dollars for the season's work.

The various schools in town had been visited in April and the names
obtained of the children ready to begin their gardens; these pupils were
in the fourth to the eighth grades, inclusive.

With the simi named we were enabled to appoint ]Mr. Hubl^ard, local
superintendent of the Moth Commission, also Tree Warden of the town,
as super\'isor of our Home Gardens. This, indeed, was a step in advance,
for previous sunmaers the gardens had been visited but once or twice,
irregularly, by a few interested club members who noted conditions and
gave a word of encouragement to the children.

Seventy-five boys and girls carried on their gardens perseveringly through-
out the summer, a most trying one. The least number of visits made any
one garden was three, many four and five times. When it is considered
that the gardens are scattered (at least five miles) from one part of the
town to the other, it may form some idea of the work involved.

In August pictures were taken by Mr. Hubbard of the most promising
gardens, with the yoimg gardeners. These photographs were moimted
and sho-mn at our annual exhibition, also at the meeting of the Woman's
Club in October. At the close of the season they were given to the children .

248 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

September 18, at the hall of the Highland School, our fourth annual
exhibit was held. The display of flowers and vegetables, although not
as large as in previous years, was excellent ,jiue largely to our supervisor's
instructions. Prizes were awarded at this exhibition. The flowers
afterwards were sent to Mrs. Shaw's Settlement House, Ruggles St.,
Boston, and the vegetables to the Home for Aged Women here in Reading.

Fifty of our cliildren wrote a ston.^ of their smnmer work, describing the
care of the gardens, the products and what was done with them. These
boys and girls were entertained October 11 by the Woman's Club and
eight prizes awarded by Mrs. Henry Robinson, the President, for composi-
tions.

The children furnished the decorations for the afternoon and the com-
positions were conveniently placed for inspection.

Our prizes, pictures, and incidental expenses were paid for by private
subscription.

We hope that the impro^■ement shown in our Home Gardens, under the
direction of a supervisor, wU lead in the near future to the establishment
of a School Garden.

Report of the Fairhaaen Home G.\rdens.
by sara b. clarke, f.\irh.\ven, mass.

This, our second year of work in home gardens, has been eminently
satisfactory. Fifty-four children purchased seeds which were supplied
them at half the original cost. Thirty-nine of these children had gardens
worthy of notice, and prizes varying in amomit from two dollars to twenty-
five cents were awarded to twenty-seven of the young gardeners.

Many of the children were most enthusiastic over the Mork, and the
results obtained were really surprising, considering the existing conditions
of the summer.

Four of the children sent specimens of their products to the Massachu-
setts Horticultural Society's exhibition in September, and two of the
four were awarded prizes. One of these exhibitors, a boy in the sixth
grade, had a vegetable garden that might well have been a source of pride
to a " gro\A-n-up, " everj^ bit of it his owti work, even to the first spading.

We hope this work, which now seems fairly well started is going to groA\',
and each year will find many homes made attractive and often beautiful,
by the efforts of our boys and girls.

AWARDS FOR CHILDREN S GARDENS.

249

Prizes and Gratuities Awarded, 1907.

For the Best Collection of Vegetables from a School Garden:

First. — Cobbet School, Lynn

Second. — South Natick Garden Club .

Third. — Woman's Club, Melrose

Fourth. — Church Home Garden, South Boston

Fifth. — Woman's Club Garden, Watertown

$6 00
5 00
4 00
3 00
2 00

Special Prizes.

The Homecroft Gardens, Watertown

South End Industrial School Garden, Roxbury

Rogers' School Garden, Fairhaven

Boys' Club Garden, South Lancaster

Stoneham Children's Garden, Stoneham

For the Best Collection of Flowers from a School Garden:

First. — Tracy School, Lynn ....

Second. — Cobbet School, Lynn ....
Third. — Rogers' School, Fairhaven
Fourth. — South Natick Garden Club, South Natick
Fifth. — South End Industrial School, Roxbury .

For the Best Collection of Vegetables from a Child's Home Garden

First. — Roger Newton Perry, Worcester
Second. — Allen W. Hixon, Worcester .
Third. — Leon Briggs, Ayer .
Fourth. — Ralph Brown, Ayer
Fifth. — Alfred Boiseau, Ayer

00

00

00

00

00

. 5

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

arden

5

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

Special Prizes.

David Hubbard, Ayer
Ruth M. Lawson, Reading
Ralph J. Mason, Reading
Stephen Ryan, Ayer
Joseph Gloria, Fairhaven
Marion Love well, Wellesley
Frank A. Woods, Groton

50
50
50
50
50
50
50

250

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For the Best Collection of Flowers from a Child's]Home Garden :

First. — Roger Newton Perrj', Worcester
Second. — Mehin White, Reading
Third. — James A. Park, Reading
Fourth. — Chester Gould, Reading
Fifth. — Esther Fay, Reading

. 3

00

2

50

. 2

00

1

50

1

00

Special Prizes.

Etta Northrop, Wellesley
Ruth M. Lawson, Reading
Jennie Marshall, Fairhaven
George AV. Lawson, Reading
Harold S. Wagner, Roslindale
Marion Lovewell, Wellesley .

105
50
50
50
50
1 00

For School Gardens.

First. — Cobbet School, Lynn

Second. — Fairhaven School, Fairhaven

Third. — Boys' Garden Club, Framingham

Fourth. — Annory Street School, Springfield

Fifth. — Wellesley School, Wellesley

Sixth. — Homecroft School Garden, Watertowii

Seventh. — Watertown Woman's Club School Garden, Watertown

Eighth. — Edgeworth Industrial School, Maiden . . . ,

10

00

8

00

6

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

Special Prizes.

South Natick Garden Club, South Natick
Church Home Garden, South Boston
South End Industrial School, Roxbury
Orphans' Home, New Bedford

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

For School Grounds.
First. — Tracy School, Lynn

8 00

For Children's Home Gardens

First. — The School and Home Industrial Association, Marlbor-
ough

Second. — Waltham Home Garden Association, Waltham
Third. — The Cobbet School Home Gardens, Lynn
Fourth. — Reading Home Gardens, Reading
Fifth. — Wellesley Home Gardens, Wellesley
Sixth. — Fairhaven Home Gardens, Fairhaven

10

00

. 8

00

6

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

MASS. HORT. SOC, 1907

PLATE 6

5 I A K 1 I r-J b A lo A K U t N

AWARDS FOR CHILDREN .S GARDENS.

251

Amount of Appropriation for 1907
Amount Awarded . . . ,

Unexpended Balance

$200 00

189 00

11 00

Henry Saxton Adams
Edward R. Cogswell, Jr.
Harry S. Rand
W. E. C. Rich
William P. Rich

Committee

on Children's

Gardens.

REPORT OF THE DELEGATE TO THE STATE BOARD
OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1907.>

The work of the State Board of Agriculture the past year may
be briefly outlined as follows:

Meetings.

The annual meeting for transaction of routine business, election
of officers and committees, etc., was held on January 8 and 9.
Special business meetings were also held at Great Barrington, June
25, and at Worcester, August 13. Meetings of the Executive
Committee acting for the Board were held at Boston, March 28,
April 30, and July 19. Meetings of other committees of the Board
were also held during the year. Summer field or demonstration
meetings were held at Great Barrington, June 25, and at Worcester,
August 13. These latter meetings were markedly successful in
points of attendance, quality of demonstration work, and interest
manifested. The annual public winter meeting for lectures and
discussions was held at Horticultural Hall, Boston, December 3,
4, and 5 and was an unusually successful meeting. The lectures and
discussions were of a high order and the meeting was one of the
most satisfactory held in later years.

Annual Report.

The annual report of the Board was issued in August, somewhat
later than usual, and contained 753 pages of printed matter relat-
ing to agriculture and kindred subjects.

Book on Birds.
A book or special report on the birds of the Commonwealth,

'I am indebted to Mr. Frederick H. Fowler, Clerk of the Board, for this tran-
script of its work for the year.

253

254 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

economically considered, which was authorized by the Legislature
of 1905, was prepared by the Ornithologist to the Board, ^Nlr.
Forbush, and issued in ]March. The volume contained 457 printed
pages and appeared under the title "Useful Birds and their Pro-
tection." The supply for general distribution was quickly ex-
hausted and the I^egislature was obliged to authorize another
edition of the book.

Other Publications.

Other publications of the Board consisted of six issues of the
monthly publication known as the "Massachusetts Crop Report"
and a reissue of several Nature Leaflets. The "Arbor Day
Pamphlet" of the previous year was continued and as before was
distributed very largely for use in the public schools.

Trespass Extracts.

The extracts from the trespass laws, printed on cloth, and which
were authorized by the Legislature of 1904 w^ere distributed to
applicants, the number of which, however, was considerably less
than in 1906.

Inspection of Fairs.

Members of the Board performed the customary duties of visiting
and inspecting the annual fairs of the several agricultural societies.

Conference on Rural Progress.

An important conference on rural progress assembled at the
office of the Board on ISIarch S. Representatives from the New
England States representing officially State departments of agricul-
ture, education, the agricultural colleges, experiment stations,
church interests, ci^■ic leagues, etc. An organization for future
work along the same lines was effected at this conference.

Legislation.
There was little legislation during the year affecting the Board

REPORT OF- DELEGATE TO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 255

or its work. Aside from the usual appropriation bills the more
important legislation had to do with the duties of the State Nursery
Inspector and the State Forester; also with the book on birds already
alluded to.

Changes in Nature of AVork of the Board.

That changes in the nature of the work of the Board have taken
place in recent years and are still taking place is well known to
those who are most familiar with its history and work. The present
and future demand is quite different from that of a decade or more
ago. One indication of the change taking place is the attitude of
those working in the public schools of the State and its higher
institutions of learning towards the Board and the educational
work it is trpng to do. Dissemination of information in agricultural
matters seems to be one of the most important functions, if not the
most important function, at the present day.

William H. Spooner,

Delegate.
December 31, 1907.

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR TO THE STATE BOARD
OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1907.

To the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture: —

As Inspector of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society I have
to report that its work during the past year has been carried on
with unabated interest. The sum of .$5,500 was appropriated for
prizes and gratuities, which have been awarded for the encourage-
ment of those engaged in horticultural and agricultural pursuits.

Thirteen public exhibitions of the products of the garden, green-
house, and farm have been held during the year in the society's
building, and it is not too much to say that they have fully equaled
in tasteful arrangement and comprehensiveness any previous
exhibitions of the society.

While the floricultural exhibits have attracted, naturally, the
most attention, it is noteworthy that the displays of fruits and
vegetables have been also centers of interest on the part of the
visitors, and the philosophic observer cannot fail to be impressed
with the educational value of these exhibitions and their influence
in calling attention to the desirability of country life.

Another feature of the year's work was an exhibition, in Septem-
ber, devoted exclusively to the products of children's gardens,
which called forth a very creditable showing on the part of the young
gardeners.

In addition to the various exliibitions a course of ten free lectures
was given during January, February, and March, covering a wide
range of horticultural subjects. These were delivered by experts
in the several lines and attracted large and interested audiences.
A valuable feature of these lectures was the opportunity offered
for general discussion and for the answering of questions, of which
the audiences availed themselves very freely.
Respectfully submitted,

Francis H, Appleton,

Inspector.
Boston, December, 1907.

257

REPORT OF THE DELEGATE TO THE THIRTIETH
BIENNIAL SESSION OF THE AMERICAN POMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY.

As a delegate from this Society it was mv privilege to attend the
Thirtieth Biennial Session of the American Pomological Society,
held in the Exposition Grounds at Jamestown, Va., September 24th
to 26th, 1907. There was a goodly attendance of members and
delegates, coming from the various sections of the United States
and Canada, including several veteran fruit growers of the early
days of the Society. Also prominently present were representatives
of the Experiment Stations of the different States who were ready
to give an account of their work. President Goodman kept the
papers and the discussions well in hand, so that much ground was
covered, with unflagging interest.

A prominent topic for reports, discussion, and conversation was
the breeding of new varieties by cross-fertilization. The sessions
of this society would appear to afford the proper forum for reporting
and comparing the work in this direction by the State Stations,
which have the facilities for careful, scientific, and continuous
experiment in obtaining definite results.

The skilful cultivator, as well, who has a quick and observant
eye, may have a wider field and will often arrive at conclusions,
with happy results. Such outside work is valuable and should
receive encouragement, but it is evident it must be desultory and
the reliance in this case must mainly be upon lucky chance. The
scientific expert, however, proceeds upon well established laws of
heredity. There is no magic or necromancy in his work. There
is no such folly as attempting to create new kinds. His wise eft'ort
is to cross fertilize, recognizing distinguishing traits in the parents,
hoping thereby to develop higher traits in the offspring.

The International Society is the natural medium where all such
experiments in cross breeding, as well as all chance finds should be
reported and collated. In my opinion our Massachusetts Society

259

260 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

should keep in touch Avith the National Society in its wider and
more varied, but kindred interests.

The exhibition of fruits was limited, and no new variety, worthy
of special mention, Avas noticed, with the possible exception of the
King Grape, a "bud sport," so called, from the Concord, which is
reported on good authority to be superior to its parent.

Respectfully submitted,

Wm. C. Stroxg,

Delegate.
Waban, November, 1907.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OX LECTURES AND
PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEAR 1907.

BY WILLIAM P. RICH, CHAIRMAN.

The duties of the Committee on Lectures and Publications, as
defined by the By-Laws of the Society, are that it "shall superin-
tend all publications of the Society and ha\'e the direction in each
year of such lectures and essays on horticultural subjects as may
seem to the committee to be expedient, including that provided for
by the John Lewis Russell Fund."

In compliance with these instructions two numbers of the Trans-
actions have been issued during the year, those of 1906 Part 2 and
1907 Part 1, thus continuing without a break the method of publi-
cation begun in 1874. Previous to the latter year one number
annually was issued.

A still more prompt publication of the Transactions is desirable
and can be accomplished if the reports of committees and the papers
of lecturers are more expeditiously placed in the hands of the
Secretary.

A course of ten lectures, arranged by the Committee of the pre-
vious year, was given in the months of January, February, and
March, as follows:

January 12. The Iris and its Culture. By J. Woodward
Manning, Reading.

January 19. Peach-growing Possibilities in New England.
By Adin A. Hixon, Worcester.

January 26. The Collecting of Orchids. By John E. Lager,
Summit, N. J.

February 2. The Renovation of an Old Orchard. By George
T. Powell, New York.

February 9. The Home Vegetable Garden. By John W.
Duncan, West Roxbury.

February 16. Certain uses of the School Garden. By Miss
Anne Withington, Boston.

261

262 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Februarv 23. Forestry from a Commercial Standpoint. By
Prof. F. Wm. Rane, Boston.

IMarch 2. Planting for Streets and Waysides. By John A.
Pettigrew, Boston.

March 9. Some Bacterial Diseases of Plants: Their Nature and
Treatment. By Prof. H. H. Whetzel, Ithaca, N. Y. (The John
Lewis Russell Lecture).

]March 30. Gardens of Italy; with stereopticon illustrations.
By John K. M. L. Farquhar, Boston.

The course proved highly satisfactory, and the average attend-
ance was 12-4, considerably larger than that of recent years. The
papers presented at these meetings have been published in full in
the Transactions for 1907 Part I.

The committee considers these annual courses of lectures on
horticultural subjects as important aids in the work of the Society,
and it should be remembered that a much larger audience is reached
through their publication than is present at the hearing of them.

^YM. P. Rich ]

J. Woodward Manning

Walter S. Parker )■ Committee.

J. A. Pettigrew

Edw. B. Wilder

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN FOR
THE YEAR 1907.

The few items deemed worthy of record in the annual report
of the Secretary and Librarian do not present an adequate summary
of the business of these two offices. The usual routine of daily
duties, the many requests for information on matters of horticul-
tural interest, both in person and by correspondence, and the
attention given to the numerous details connected with the various
exhibitions comprise a multitude of minor matters which are not of
sufficient importance to claim notice in this report but are the
things that make up a great part of the year's work.

To these duties have been added since January 15 the general
superintendence of the Society's building in accordance with the
administrative changes adopted by the Board of Trustees early
in the present year.

Thirteen exlaibitions have been held during the year. The
public interest in them has been satisfactorily maintained and from
a horticultural point of view they have been fully up to the Society's
high standard of excellence.

The continuing of the Saturday exliibitions over Sunday has met
with an appreciative response on the part of the public and has
been a successful innovation, the attendance having been much
larger than on Saturday.

The two meetings of the Society recjuired by the By-laws, the
Inaugural Meeting in January and the Annual Meeting in Novem-
ber, have been duly held and also ten meetings for lecture and
discussion in January, February, and ISIarch.

The publications of the year and the dates of issue are as follows :

January 24. Schedule of Prizes and Exliibitions, 4S pages.

July 16. Transactions, 1906, Part 2, pages 85-273 and Plates
1-11.^

October 7. Transactions, 1907, Part I, pages 1-1.36.

The Library.
A year's practical experience with the new system of classification

263

264 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

adopted in 1906 has proved satisfactory and it is believed that it
will be equal to the needs of the library for many years to come.

The systematic arrangement of the collection of American and
Foreign Horticultural Trade Catalogues has shown more clearly
its value and it has been consulted frequently by specialists during
the year. It is believed to be the most important collection of its
kind in this country.

Through the continued generositv of a devoted friend of the
Society eight additional glazed bookcases were constructed early
in the year, thus proAiding suitable protection for all the valuable
folios and many of the quartos, besides adding to the architectural
finish of the library.

A count of the books was made during the summer showing
17440 volumes, including all miscellaneous pamphlets which are
now classed as books as they are bound in board covers as promptly
as possible. There are also 300 cases of trade catalogues.

With a desire to enlarge the usefulness of the library the experi-
ment was tried during the year of opening it to members and the
public on Sunday afternoons from 2 to 6 o'clock. Suitable an-
nouncement was made through the press and by other means and
the building was freely opened every Sunday afternoon from April
21 to October 27.

The number of persons, however, desiring to avail themselves
of the opportunity offered was so few that it was decided to dis-
continue the experiment during the winter months, and it may be
found more desirable to open the library one or two evenings a
week for the benefit of those who are unable to make use of it during
the hours in which it is now open. The Library Committee will
be glad to consider any suggestions in this matter.

Among the accessions of the year are the following :

Barron, Leonard, Lawns and How to Make Them.

Beattie, W. R., Celery Culture.

BissET, Peter, The Book of Water Gardening.

BuRGERSTEix, Prof. Dr. Alfred, Die kaiserl. konigl. Gartenbau-Gesell-

schaft in Wien. 1837-1907.
C.\STLE, R. Lewis, The Book of Market Gardening.
Chorlton, William, The Cold Graperj'.
Clark, George H., and James Fletcher, Fami Weeds of Canada.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN. 265

CoiT, John Eliot, A Peony Check-List.

Cook, E. T., Carnations, Picotees, and the Wild and Garden Pinks.

Daubeny, Charles, Plants of the World.

Dawson, Sir J. William, The Geological History of Plants.

Dean, Richard, and others, The Dahlia; its history and cultivation.

Descriptive and Historical Account of the Cotton Manufacture of

Dacca, in Bengal. 1851.
Downing, A. J. A Treatise on the Theory^ and Practice of Landscape

Gardening. 1S41.
Dunn, S. T. A Preliminary List of the Alien Flora of Britain.
Elgood, George S., Italian Gardens.
Farmers' Cabinet, Vols. 1 to 12. 1837 to 1848.
Farrer, Reginald, My Rock Garden.
Follwell, Percy, The Book of the Chrysanthemum.
FoRBUSH, Edward Howe, Useful Birds and their Protection.
FosDiCK, LuciAN J., Cranljerry Culture.

Fox, William F., Forest Nm'series and Nursery Methods in Europe.
French, Allen, The Book of Vegetables and Garden Herbs.
G.^RDiNER, John, and David Hepburn, The American Gardener, 1804.
Graves, George, A Monograph of the British Grasses.
Hall, Bolton, assisted by R. F. Powell, Three Acres and Liberty.
Hampel, Carl, 150 kleine Garten.
Hampel, W., Die modeme Teppichgaitnerei.
Hampel's Gartenbuch fiir Jedermann.
Hartlib, Samuel, A Discoverie for Division or Setting out of Land, etc.

1653.
Hesdorffer, M.\x, Anleitung zur Blumenpflege im Hause.

" " Handbuch der praktischen Zimmergartnerei.

" " Die schonsten Bliitenstraucher fiir Gartenausschmiick-

ung und Treiberei.
Hesdorffer, Max, Ernst Kohler, und Reinh. Rudel. Die schonsten

Stauden fiir die Schnittblumen-und Gartenkultur.
Hume, H. Harold, Citrus Fruits and their Culture.
Jarvis, Mary Rowles, The Tree Book.
KiRBY, A. M. Daffodils and Narcissus.
Lambry, . Expose d 'un moyen mis en pratique pour empecher

la \agne de couler et hater la maturite du raisin. 1817.
Lange, Willy, Gartengestaltung der Neuzeit.
Lawless, Emily, A Garden Diary\

Lawrence, John, The Clergy-Man's Recreation, 4th Ed.
Lawson, Peter, and Son, Treatise on the Cultivated Grasses.
Lefroy, Gen. Sir John Henry, The Botany of Bermuda.
Loudon, J. C, An Encyclopaedia of Agriculture. 4th Ed.
" " An Encyclopaedia of Gardening. New Ed.

" " An Encyclopaedia of Trees and Shrubs.

Macdougal, p. T., A. M. Vail, and G. H. Shull, Mutations, Variations

and Relationships of the Oenotheras.

266 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

McMuLLEN, Thomas, Hand-Book of Wines.

Main, J. Hortus Dietetica, 1845.1

Martyx, Thom.\.s, The Language of Botany. 1793.

Moore, Ch.^.rles, assisted by Ernst Betche, Handbook of the Flora
of New South Wales.

Natural History of Pliny, 6 vols.

Nederlandsch Bloemwerk. 1794.

PiROLLE, . Revue des Dahlias en 1840.

" Traite special et didactique du Dahlia. 1840.

RivoiRE, Pere et Fils, Le Dahlia.

Robinson, W., The Garden Beautiful.

Rydberg, p. a.. Flora of Colorado.

Sargent, C. S., The Pinetum at Wellesley, Massachusetts.

Scott, William, The Florists' Manual, 2d Ed.

Sedgwick, Mabel Cabot, assisted by Robert Cameron, The Garden
Month by Month.

Sevey, Glenn C, Bean Culture.

Simon, Leon, et P. Cochet, Nomenclature de tous les noms de Roses.
2e Ed.

Steele, Richard, The Husbandsman's Calling, 3d Ed.

Str.\nge, Edward F., Flowers and Plants for Designers and Schools.

SwiTZER, Stephen, A Compendious Method for the Raising of the Italian
Brocoli, Spanish Cardoon, Celeriac, Finochi, and other foreign
kitchen vegetables, 4th Ed.

Thompson, William, New and Improved Edition of the Gardener's Cal-
endar, 1715.

Thonger, Charles, The Book of Garden Design.

" " The Book of Rock and Water Gardens.

Thorburn, Grant, Forty Years' Residence in America. 2d Ed.

Thouin, a. Memoire sur la Culture des Dahlia, 1804.
" " Monographie des Greffes. 1821.

Tracy, Will W., Tomato Culture.

Vizetelly, Henry, The Wines of the World characterized and clas.sed.

Vries, Hugo de., Plant-Breeding.

Waterston, Robert C, Memoirs of George Barrell Emerson, LL.D.

Waugh, F. a.. Dwarf Fruit Trees.

Wildem.\n, Em. de., Icones selectae horti Thenensis. Vols. 2-5.

Wildman, Thomas, A Treatise on the Culture of Peach Trees. 1768.

W'illiams, Benjamin Samuel, Choice Stove and Greenhouse Ornamental-
Leaved Plants. 2d Ed.

Williams, Frederic N., Notes on the Pinks of We.stem Europe.

WiLMORE, W. W., The Dahlia Manual.

Wythes, George, and Harry Roberts, The Book (^ Rarer Vegetables.

WiLLi.\M P. Rich,

Secretary and Librarian.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1907.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society in account current with
Walter Hunnewell, December 31, 1907.

Dr.

To paid for Exhibition Ware

Library from Appropriation

" " Farlotv Fund . . .

" " French Fund . . .

Heating

Lighting

Labor

Water Rates

Stationery, Printing, and Postage

Insurance

Incidentals

Repairs

Committee on Lectures and Publi-
cations

Salaries Treasurer, Secretary, As-
sistants, etc

Salaries Committee on Plants and
Flowers

Salaries Committee on Fruit . . .
" " " " Vegetables

" Prizes . . .

Tax and Sewer Assessment in South
Boston

Medals

Prizes Plants and Flowers ....

" Fruit

" Vegetables

" Gardens and Greenhouses
" Children's Gardens ....
" H. H. Hunnewell Fund . .
" H. A. Gane Fund ....

$5000 General Electric Go's Bonds

bought

Balance Dec. 31, 1907 (Treasurer and Bursar)

267

$552 92

$293 06

84 23

256 65

633 94

1,071 18

1,149 08

2,328 70

95 10

1,570 69

1,016 40

787 84

961 58

267 35

3,160 73

397 00

175 00

177 00

250 00

459 86

136 03

14,003 54

3,480 90

1,051 93

1,127 00

31 38

147 00

160 00

16 00

. 6,014 21

5,164 20

. 13,429 65

$39,798 46

268

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

$1376 35
527 95

Cr.

By Balance Dec. 31, 1906 ....
received from Rent halls etc.

'' Annual Exhibitions
" Less Expenses
" Membership Fees .
" Mt. Auburn . .
" State Bounty . .
" Sale of Transactions
" Special Prizes . .
" J. A. French bequest
" B. V. French

" Sale of Rights Gen '1. Elec. Co.
" Interest on securities for the
following Funds:

S. Appleton

J. A. Lowell

T. Lyman

J. Bradlee

B. V. French

H. H. Hunnewell

W. J. Walker

L. Whitcomb

B. B. Davis

M. P. Wilder

J. L. Russell

F. B. Hayes

H. A. Gane

J. S. Farlow

J. D. W. French

B. H. Pierce

J. C. Chaffin

B. V. French (new) ....

J. A. French

9,733 22

3,543 00

848 40

960 46

2,259 42

600 00

2 50

750 00

3.000 00

5,000 00

50 00

50 00

550 00

50 00

25 00

200 00

117 72

25 00

25 00

50 00

50 00

500 00

50 00

100 00

200 00

32 00

40 00

113 50

189 17

2,417 39

Intere.st and dividends on se-
curities other than those for
the above Funds ....

8,963 78

8,000 00
1,935 00

8,749 07 11,166 46
$39,798 46

Approved:

S. M. Weld }

A. F. ESTABROOK (

Finance
Committee.

Walter Hunnewell,

Treasurer.

report of the treasurer. 269

Assets.

Real Estate $518,564 63

Furniture 10,171 80

Library 44,603 53

Stereotype Plates and Copies of History . . 238 50
$2,000 Kansas City Clinton & Springfield

Bonds 1,980 00

10,000 Lake Shore & Michigan Southern

Bonds 10,415 25

21,000 City of Newton Bonds 24,228 75

50,000 Atchison Topeka & Santa Fe Bonds . 44,693 25
50,000 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy,

Nebraska Extension, Bonds .... 50,012 50

10,000 Chicago & West Michigan Bonds 9,987 50
25,000 Kansas City Fort Scott & Memphis

Bonds 27,523 75

50,000 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, Illi-
nois Di^^sion, Bonds 51,625 00

8,000 Boston & Maine Bonds 8,710 00

5,000 West End Street R 'y Bonds . . . 5,162 50

5,000 General Electric Co. Bonds .... 5,164 20

150 shares General Electric Co. Stock . 7,745 70

Hayes and Loring, Trustees 3,488 76

Cash in hands of Bursar 5,734 85

Cash in hands of Treasurer 7,694 80

$837,745 27

Liabilities.

Funds invested in Bonds and Stocks:

Samuel Appleton Fund $1,000 00

John A. Lowell, " 1,000 00

Theodore Lyman " 11,000 00

Josiah Bradlee " 1,000 00

Benjamin V. French " 500 00

H. H. Hunnewell " 4,000 00

W. J. Walker " 2,354 43

Levi Whitcomb " 500 00

Benj. B. Davis " 500 00

Marshall P. Wilder " 1,000 00

John L. Rus.sell " 1,000 00

Francis B. Hayes " 10,000 00

Henry A. Gane " 1,099 00

John S. Fariow " 2,516 12

270 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

5,002 24

800 00

1,106 89

(new) 3,000 00

5,000 00

J. D. W. French
Benjamin H. Pierce
John C. Chaffin
Benjamin V. French
John A. French

Balance Caroline L. W. French's account ... 17 30 $52,395 98

Prizes awarded for 1907, payable 1908 ... 5,500 00
" Gardeners' and Florists' Club .... 25 00

" Cooperative Market 2 00

" Special Prizes 90 00

" Chrysanthemum Special 650 00 6,267 00

Surplus . . . . ■ 779,082 29

$837,745 27

Walter Huxnewell,

Treasurer.

Membership of Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
December 31, 1907.

Life Members per last report (689-4) 685

Added in 1907 16

Commuted from Annual 4

705

Deceased 25

— ~ 680

Annual members per last report (163 + 1) 164

Added in 1907 10

174

Commuted to Life 4

Resigned 6

Deceased 5

Dropped for non-payment of assessments for 2 years . 4 19 155

Membership January 1, 1908 835

Income from Membership.

16 new Life Memlsers @ $30 $480 00

4 Commuted to Life @ $20 80 00

10 New Annual Members (o! $10 100 00

Assessments for 1907 300 46

$960 46

Walter Hunnewell,

Treasurer.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER. 271

AUDITOR'S CERTIFICATE.

28 State Street, Boston,
January 25th, 1908.
To the Finance Committee of the

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Gentlemen:

In compliance with your request I have made a thorough audit of the
books and general accounting affairs of the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society for the year which ended ^\-ith the thirty-first day of Decem-
ber, 1907, and herewith submit to you my report of the same.

Report.

I proved the correctness of the ledger, journal and cash books and the
small books tributary to the cash books, and saw that all balances were
properly carried forward. I examined all vouchers and checks represent-
ing the disbursements during the year and found the amount of cash re-
quired by the cash book upon the first day of January, 1908, to have been
on hand and also examined the securities of the Society, finding them in
all details in accordance with the requirements of the records. I traced
all postings from the journal and cash books into the ledger and certify
that the balance sheet taken from it as of the 31st day of December, 1907,
is a coiTect abstract and that the Treasurer's statement of the assets and
liabilities of the Society upon said date is true to the best of my knowledge
and belief.

In short, I satisfied myself that the work in connection with the accomit-
ing affairs of the Society was being conscientiously and honestly performed
and that the books and papers of the Society were in their usual excellent
condition.

Yours very respectfully,

Andrew Stewart,

Examiner of Accounts,

THE ANNUAL MEETING, NOVEMBER 16, 190/

ANNUAL MEETING FOR THE YEAR 1907.

The Annual Meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
for the year 1907 was held Saturday, November 16, at Horticultural
Hall, Boston.

President Weld presided and in calling the meeting to order
stated that it was held in accordance with the By-Laws for the
election of officers for the ensuing year and for the transaction of
such business as might be legally presented; and that a printed
notice of the meeting had been mailed to the address of every
member of the Society as it appeared upon the records of the
Secretary.

He appointed Edward B. Wilder, J. Allen Crosby, and William
P. Rich a committee to receive, assort, and count the ballots, and
to report the number. He then declared the polls open at twelve
o'clock to continue open until four o'clock.

The record of the Annual Meeting of November 17, 1906, was
read by the Secretary and approved by vote of the meeting.

The President reported that the Board of Trustees had voted
an appropriation of $6700.00 for prizes and gratuities for the year
1908; an increase of $1200.00 over the amount appropriated for
the present year.

Dr. Augustine Henry, professor of forestry in the University of
Cambridge, England, on the recommendation of Prof. C. S. Sar-
gent, was elected to corresponding membership in the Society.

William H. Spooner called attention to the public winter-meeting
of the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture which is to be held
in our halls, December 3, 4, and 5, and invited the members of the
Society to avail themselves of the privileges offered on this occasion.

At a quarter past twelve o'clock the President called ]\Ir. Spooner
to the Chair and declared a recess until four o'clock.

At four o'clock the Chairman announced the polls closed and the
ballot committee proceeded to count the votes, reporting the num-
ber as follows: For President, Stephen M. Weld, 34; For Vice-
President, Walter Hunnewell 34; For Trustees (for three years),

275

276

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

AValtcr C. Baylies 34, Charles W. Parker 34, John A. Pettigrew 32,.
and William Whitman 34; For Nominating rommittee, AVilliam
H. Bowker 31, John W. Duncan 34, J. Henrv Fletcher 33, David
F. Roy 34, and Wilfrid W^heeler 34.

The Chairman declared the list as follows to be the officers duly
elected, in accordance with the requirement of the By-laws, for the
year 1908:

President,
Vice-President

(for two years).
Trustees

(for three years),

Stephen M. Weld.
Walter Hunnewell.

W'alter C. Baylies.
Charles W. Parker.
John A. Pettigrew.
William W^hitman.

Nominating Committee,

William H. Bowker.
John W. Duncan.
J. Henry Fletcher.
David F. Roy.
Wilfrid W^heeler.

The meeting was then dissolved.

William P.

Rich,
Secretary^

NECROLOGY, 1907.

NECROLOGY, 1907.

Samuel King Bayley of Westwood, Massachusetts, died
January 4, 1907. He ^vas elected a member of the Society in 1904.

Robert M. Gushing, a member of the Society since 1864, died
in London, January 9, 1907. He was the son of John P. Gushing
whose well-known estate at Watertown, Massachusetts, was
frequently mentioned in the records of the Society sixty years ago.

Mrs. Robert G. Hooper, who died in Boston, January 13,
1907, was the daughter of the late Frederick Lothrop Ames, and
like her father was greatly interested in and a generous patron of
horticulture. She became a member of the Society in 1902.

George F. Fabyan, a prominent merchant of Boston, died at
his home in Brookline, Massachusetts, January IS, 1907, in the
seventieth year of his age. Mr. Fabyan became a member of the
Society in 1902. He maintained a fine estate at Brookline and was
a liberal contributor of the products of his greenhouses to the
exliibitions at Horticultural Hall. In 1905 he was elected a Trustee
of the Society for three years, passing away before the completion
of his term of office.

Fernald E. Ham, a member of the Society since 1900, died at
Burlington, jNIassachusetts, January 21, 1907, at the age of seventv-
one.

John P. Loftus, a member of the Society since 1875, died in
Dorchester, Massachusetts, February 11, 1907, in his sixty-eighth
year. Mr. Loftus was a well-known gardener in the vicinity of
Boston for many years and at the time of his death was emploved
at the Mount Hope Gemetery, Mattapan. He was a veteran of the
Givil War.

279

280 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Abraham B. Coffin, for manv years a resident of Winchester,
INIassachusetts, died at his home there ]\Iarch 9, 1907, at the ace
of seventy-seven. He was a graduate of Dartmouth Colleoe in the
class of 1856. He became a member of the Society in 1900.

Edwix B. Haskell, a member of the Society since 1899, died in
Auburndale, ^Massachusetts, March 25, 1907. INIr. Haskell was
born in Livermore, INIaine, August 24, 1837. At the age of sixteen
he began work in a printing office and, after serving as a journey-
man on various newspapers, in 1860 became connected with the
Boston Herald. To this paper as reporter, editor, and proprietor
he devoted his energies for the remainder of his life. He was
interested in horticultural matters, as his beautiful estate at Auburn-
dale testifies, and from 1896 to the time of his death was a member
of the ^letropolitan Park (\)mmission.

Moses T. Stevens of Andover, Massachusetts, a member of
the Society since 1899, and prominent in business and political
affairs of the state, died INIarch 25, 1907. From his estate at
Andover he sent many collections of flowers and fruits to the
exhibitions of the Society and was awarded many j)rizes in recogni-
tion of his interest in horticultural matters.

Felker L. Temple, formerly of Boston, died at his home in
Hampden, Massachusetts, April 6, 1907. He became a member
of the Society in 1884 and was well known as a nurseryman in New
England. He was for many years one of the proprietors of the
Shady Hill Nurseries at Bedford, Massachusetts.

John E. Hodgkins, formerly of Chelsea, Massachusetts, and
a member of the Society since 1866, died at Portsmouth, New
Hampshire, April 8, 1907.

Col. Henry W. Wilson, a member of the Society since 1871,
died at his home in South Boston, May 7, 1907. Col. Wilson was
born in Boston, October 17, 1834, was educated in the public
schools of that city, and was a graduate of the English High School
in 1851.

NECROLOGY, 281

He was a civil engineer by profession and had charge of many
important works in Boston and in other parts of the country. He
was interested in military matters and served in the Civil War as an
officer of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment.

He was prominent in the affairs of the Society and deeply inter-
ested in its welfare, serving from 1885 to 1903, a period of nineteen
years, as a member of the Committee on Gardens.

Dr. INIaxwell T. Masters, for forty-one years editor of the
'Gardeners' Chronicle, London, died at his residence at Ealing,
England, May 30, 1907, at the age of seventy-four. He was
•elected a corresponding member of the Society in 1869.

Dr. Masters was a notable figure in horticultural journalism and
in addition to his editorial work on the Chronicle was the author
of numerous publications on botany and horticulture of which
especially should be mentioned his papers on the Coniferse and his
volume on Vegetable Teratology.

John Hill, a member of the Society since 1865, died at Chester
Depot, Vermont, June 3, 1907. Mr. Hill was born at Stoneham,
Massachusetts, January 23, 1822. He was a great lover of fine
fruits and flowers and in his younger days used to cultivate them
extensively.

\YiLLL\M Cains, a member of the Society since 1845, died in
Boston, June 8, 1907, at the age of ninety-two years and eleven
months.

He was probably the last survivor of the membership of the
Society for that year and was for many years engaged in the manu-
facture of glassware at South Boston, an industry established by
his father in 1812.

Stephen Van Renssel.\er Thayer of Boston died at Vichy,
France, June 24, 1907, at the age of thirty-seven. He was elected
a member of the Society in 1899.

Daniel E. Chase of Somerville, formerly of Watertown, INIassa-
chusetts, died at Potter Place, New Hampshire, July 12, 1907.

282 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Chase was born in Warner, New Hampshire, October 21,
1829. He was elected a member of the Society in 1864.

Col. AYalter Cutting of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, died in
that town July 23, 1907, at the age of sixty-six. Col. Cutting was
a veteran of the Ci^^l War and was prominent in the business and
political affairs of the state. He joined the Society in 1900.

^Irs. ]\Iary Louise Stevens, who died at Brookline, Massa-
chusetts, September 17, 1907, had been a member of the Society
since 1897.

]Mrs. Stevens was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, September
9, 1840. In recent years she was much interested in botanical
studies, devoting especial attention to the mosses, of which group
she possessed a critical knowledge.

Edgar Sanders, a corresponding member of the Society since
1892, died at Chicago, September 29, 1907. ]Mr. Sanders was
born in England, October 10, 1827, and came to the United States
in 1853, engaging in horticultural work, and later as a commercial
florist in Chicago.

He was also a frequent contributor to the horticultural press and
was actively interested in all things pertaining to the advancement
of the florists' trade.

Amor Leander Hollingsworth, a resident of Milton, Massa-
chusetts, and a member of the Society since 1895, died October
4, 1907. He was a graduate of Harvard College in the class of
1859.

Charles W. Hallstram, a member of the Society since 1896,
died at West Newton, Massachusetts, October 8, 1907, at the age
of fifty-three.

Mr. Hallstram was much interested in high-bred cattle raising
and in the cultivation of plants and flowers. He was a frequent
exhibitor of the products of his garden at the Society's exhibitions.

Solomon Lincoln, prominent in the legal profession in Boston,

NECROLOGY. 283

and a member of the Society since 1887, died at his residence in
Boston, Otober 15, 1907, at the age of sixty-nine.

Francis W. Brewer died at his home in Hingham, Massa-
chusetts, October 20, 1907, in his sixty-first year. He joined the
Society in 1886. Mr. Brewer was greatly interested in horticultural
matters and his fine estate at Hingham is considered one of the
most beautiful on the South Shore of Massachusetts.

Obadiah Browx Hadwen of Worcester, iSIassachusetts, died
in that city, October 24, 1907, at the age of eighty-three. He had
been a member of the Society since 1875.

Mr. Hadwen was one of the best known men in the agricultural
and horticultural organizations of New England. He was born
in Providence, Rhode Island, August 2, 1824, and early in life
engaged in agricultural pursuits which he followed successfully
for more than half a century.

His interest in his chosen work extended beyond the boundaries
of his own farm and he was active in the promotion of the agri-
cultural interests of New England. His wide ex]3erience in horti-
cultural matters, his business ability, and his unfailing courtesy
caused him to be much sought after as an adviser and oflBcer in
many organizations. He was President of the Agricultural Club
of Massachusetts and of the Worcester County Horticultural
Society for a number of years up to the time of his death, and was
President of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society from 1901 to
1903, inclusive.

Mr. Hadwen was greatly interested in ornamental tree planting
and his estate at Worcester bears witness to his work in this line.
In 1900 he gave an address before the Society entitled "A Half-
Century's Experience with Ornamental Tree Planting" which
was printed in the Transactions of the Society for that year.

To those favored with the privilege of association with Mr.
Hadwen in the various organizations with which he was connected
his death comes as a personal loss, but the beneficent influence of
his noble character is a sweet remembrance to all who knew him.

Edward Jackson Brown, formerly of Brookline, died at Ken-

284 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

dall Given, Massachusetts, October 25, 1907, aged seventy-four
years. He became a member of the Society in 1868.

James Herbert Veitch, a member of the well-known nursery
firm of James Veitch and Sons, London, died November 13, 1907,
at the age of thirty-nine years. He was elected a corresponding
member of the Society in 1905.

George Edward Davenport, a member of the Society since
1872, died at his home in Medford, INIassachusetts, November 29,
1907, at the age of seventy-four.

!Mr. Davenport was born in Boston, August 3, 1833, where he
lived until he took up a residence in Medford in 1875. From early
life he was greatly interested in natural history studies, at length
making a specialty of ferns in which subject he became an acknowl-
edged authority. In 1875 he presented to the Society a valuable
herbarium of ferns representing very fully the fern flora of the
United States. This collection is frequently consulted by fern
students from all parts of the country.

INIr. Davenport was thoroughly interested in the Avork of the
Society and in addition to his botanical researches was a frequent
exliibitor of plants and flowers from his garden at Medford. He
was a member of the Committee on Flowers in 1897 and 1898, of
the School Garden Committee from 1894 to 1899, and of the Li-
brary Committee from 1895 to 1904.

William Bliss, a member of the Society since 1881, died at his
home in Boston, December 14, 1907. Mr. Bliss was born in Spring-
field, Massachusetts, December 11, 1834. He was connected with
New England railroad interests the greater part of his life and was
president of the Boston and Albany road for twenty-seven years.

"William W. Edgar died at his home in Waverley, Massachusetts,
December 18, 1907. He had been a member of the Society since
1892.

Mr. Edgar was born in England, April 28, 1843, and came to
this country in 1867, finding employment in the vicinity of Boston
where he was superintendent at various times of several notable

NECROLOGY. 285

estates. In 1885 he went into business for himself, establishing a
plant at Waverley which proved a financial as well as a horticul-
tural success. Specimens of his productions were often exliibited
at the Society's flower shows, the last being a collection of chrys-
anthemums at the November exliibition which obtained first and
second awards.

Eugene Van Rensselaer Thayer died in Boston, December
20, 1907, at the age of fifty-two. He became a member of the
Society in 1899. Mr. Thayer was the owner of a fine estate at
South Lancaster, Massachusetts noted for its collection of beautiful
plants and especially for its orchid houses, specimens from which
were often displayed at the Society's exliibitions.

John Clark of Watertown, Massachusetts, died December 27,
1907, at the age of forty-four years. He was elected a member of
the Society in 1905 and was employed in the seed business in Boston.

OFFICERS, COMMITTEES, AND MEMBERS, 1907.

assacljusctts pnrtitultunil ^acietj),

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES
FOR 1907.

President.

STEPHEN M. WELD, of Dedham.

Vice-Presidents.

WALTER HUNNEWELL or Boston.
CHARLES S. SARGENT, of Brookline.

Treasurer.

WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston.

Secretary.

WILLIAM P. RICH, of Chelsea.*

Trustees.

OAKES AMES, of North Easton.
WILLIAM N. CRAIG, of North Easton.
CHARLES F. CURTIS, op Jamaica Plain.
WILLIAM H. ELLIOTT, of Brighton.
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, of Boston.
GEORGE F. FABYAN, of Brookline.
JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, of Boston.
ARTHUR H. FEWKES, of Newton Highlands.
ARTHUR D. HILL, of Boston.
JOHN LAWRENCE, of Groton.
J. WOODWARD MANNING, of Reading.
JOHN A. PETTIGREW, of Boston.

Nominating Committee.

ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, WILLIAM NICHOLSON,

OF Boston. of Framingham.

WARREN H. HEUSTIS, LORING UNDERWOOD,

OF Belmont. op Belmont.

EDWARD B. WILDER, of Dorchester.

♦Communications to the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be ad-
dressed to him at Horticultural Hall, Boston.

290 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

COMMITTEES FOR 1907.

Finance Committee.

WALTER HUNNEWELL, Chairman.
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, STEPHEN M. WELD.

Committee on Frizes and Exhibitions.

J. K. M. L. FARQUHAR, Chairman.

WILLIAM N. CRAIG, ARTHUR H. FEWKES, ISAAC H. LOCKE,

WILLIAM H. SPOONER, WILFRID WHEELER.

Committee on Plants and Flowers.

ARTHUR H. FEWKES, Chairman.
ROBERT CAMERON, WILLIAM N. CRAIG, T. D. HATFIELD,

WILLIAM NICHOLSO.V.

Committee on Fruits.

WILFRID WHEELER, Chairman.
CHARLES F. CURTIS, J. WILLARD HILL.

Committee on Vegetables.

ISAAC H. LOCKE, Chairman.
DUNCAN FINLAYSON, JOSIAH B. SHURTLEFF, JR.

Committee on Gardens.

CHARLES W. PARKER, Chairman.

OAKES AMES, GEORGE BARKER, WILLIAM N. CRAIG,

WILLIAM H. ELLIOTT, ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, ARTHUR H. FEWKES,

JOHN A. PETTIGREW, WARREN W. RAWSON, WILLIAM P. RICH,

HENRY P. WALCOTT, STEPHEN M. WELD.

Library Committee.

CHARLES S. SARGENT. Chairman.

T. OTIS FULLER, SAMUEL HENSHAW, CHARLES W. JENKS,

HENRY P. WALCOTT.

Committee on Lectures and Publications.

WILLIAM P. RICH, Chairman.
J. WOODWARD MANNING, WALTER S. PARKER,

EDWARD B. WILDER.

Committee on Children's Gardens.

HENRY SAXTON ADAMS, Chairman.
EDWARD R. COGSWELL, JR., HARRY S. RAND, WM. E. C. RICH.

WM. P. RICH.

MEMBERS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY, 1907.

Revised to December 31, 1907.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Members and correspondents of the Society and all other persons who may
know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the
following lists are inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by promptly
communicating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Sir Trevor LAWRE^X'E, President of the Royal Horticultural Society,

London.
Joseph Maxwell, Rio Janeiro, Brazil.
Donald G. Mitchell, New Haven, Conn.
Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, President of the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, Boston.
George W. Smith, Boston.
Albert Viger, President of the National Society of Horticulture of France,

Paris.
Hon. James Wilson, Secretaiy of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

fioouARD Andre, Editor-in-chief of the Revue Horticole, Paris, France.
George Francis Atkinson, Professor of Botany in Cornell University,

Ithaca, N. Y.
Professor L. H. Bailey, Director of College of Agriculture, Cornell

University, Ithaca, N. Y.
John Gilbert Baker, F. R. S., F. L. S., Kew, England.
Charles Baltet, President da la Societe Horticole, Vigneronne, et Fores-

tiere de 1' Aube, Troyes, France.

292 ^LA.SSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Peter Barr. London, England.

Napoleon Baxmaxn, Bohviller, Alsace.

D. W. Beadle, Toronto, Ontario.

Professor William J. Beal, Agricidtural College, Michigan.

Prosper J. Berckmaxs, Ex-President of the American Pomological Soci-
ety, Augusta. Georgia.

Charles E. Bessey, Ph. D., Professor of Botany in the Industrial College
of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.

Dr. Ch. Bolle, Berlin, Prussia.

CoL. GusTAvrs B. Brackett, Pomologist to the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture. Washington, I). C.

Alexander Burton, United States Consul at Cadiz, Spain, Phila-
delphia.

Sir W. T. Thiselton Dyer, K. C. M. G., F. R. S., " Witcombe," Glouces-
ter, England.

Parker Earle, President of the American Horticultural Society, Ros-
well, N. M.

H. J. Elwes, F. R. S., Colesborne, Cheltenham, England.

William G. Farlow, M. D., Professor of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard
University, Cambridge.

B. E. Fernow, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.

Beverly T. Galloway, Horticulturist and Superintendent of Gardens
and Grovinds of the United States Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C.

Charles A. Goessmann, Ph. D., LL. D., Chemist of the Experiment
Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst.

George L. Goodalb, M. D., Professor of Botany, Harvard University,
Cambridge.

Professor Byron D. Halsted, Botanist and Horticulturist at the New
Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J.

J. H. Hart, Superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Trinidad.

Dr. Augustine Henry, Cambridge, England.

Dr. F. M. Hexamer, Editor of the American Agriculturist, New York.

J. W. Hoffmann, Colored State University, Orangeburg, S. C.

J. C. Holding, Ex-Treasurer and Secretary of the Cape of Good Hope
Agricultural Society, Cape Town, Africa.

Sir Joseph Hooker, K. C. S. I., The Camp, Sunningdale, England.

Senor Don Salvador Izquierdo, Santiago, Chile.

Sir George King, K. C. I. E., M. B., LL. D., F. R. S., Calcutta.

Professor William R. Lazenby, Department of Horticulture and
Forestry; Secretary College of Agriculture and Domestic Science,
Ohio State University, Columbus, O.

Max Leichtlin, Baden-Baden, Germany.

Victor Lemoine, Nancy, France.

Dr. Peter MacOwan, Uitenhage, Cape Colony.

George Maw, Benthal, Kinley, Surrey, England.

CORRESPONDIXG MEMBERS. 293

T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N. Y.

F. W. Moore, A. L. S., Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin,

Dublin, Ireland.
Sir Daniel Morris, C. M. G., D. Sc, M.A., F. L. S., Imperial Commis

sioner of Agriculture. Barbados.
George Nicholson, Kew, England.
Peter Novik, Secretary of the Norwegian Horticultural Society, Chris-

tiania.
Professor D. P. Penhallovv, Director of the Botanic Garden. Montreal,

Canada.
Lieut. Col. David Praix, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens,

Kew, England.
P. T. QuiNN, Newark, N. J.
Cavaliere Enrico Ragusa, Palermo, Sicily.
S. Reynolds, M. D., Schenectady, N. Y.

Dr. Henry L. Ridley, Director of the Botanic Garden, Singapore.
Benjamin Lincoln Robinson, Ph. D., Curator of the Gray Herbarium

of Harvard University, Cambridge.
William Robinson, Editor of Gardening Illustrated, London.
William Salway, Superintendent of Spring Grove Cemeterv, Cincinnati,

O.
William R. Smith, Superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Washington,

D. C.
Robert W. Starr, Port William, N. S.

William Trele.-vse, Director of the Missouri Botanic Garden, St. Louis.
Dr. Melchior Treub, Director of the Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg, Java.
H. J. Veitch, Chelsea, England.
Maurice L. de Vilmorin, Paris, France.
Philippe L. de Vilmorin, Paris, France.

William Watson, Curator of Royal Botanic Gardens. Kew, England.
Miss E. Willmott, Essex, England.
Professor L. Witt.m.\ck, Secretarj' of the Royal Prussian Horticultural

Society, Berlin, Prussia.

294

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

LIFE MEMBERS.

Adams. Mrs. Charles Francis, South
Lincoln.

Adams, George E., Kmgston, R. I.

Adams, Henry Saxton, Wellesley.

Agassiz, Mrs. George R., Yarmouth
Port.

.Allen, Hon. Charles H.. Lowell.

Allen, Thomas, Boston.

Ames, F. Lothrop, North Easton.

Ames, John S., North Easton.

Ames, Miss Mary S., North Easton.

Ames, Oakes, North Easton.

Ames, Oliver, North Easton.

Ames, Mrs. Oliver, St., North East-
on.

Ames, Preston Adams, Washington,
D. C.

Ames, Miss Susan E., North Easton.

Amorj', C. W., Boston.

Amory, Frederick, Boston.

Anderson, Larz, Brookline.

Andrews, Charles L., Milton.

Andros, Milton, San Franci-sco, Cal.

Appleton, Hon. Francis H., Boston.

Arnold, Mrs. George Francis,
Brookline.

Ash, John, Pomfret Centre, Conn.

Atkins. Edwin F., Belmont.

Ayer, James B., Boston.

Backer, Clarence A.. Melro.se.
Badger, Walter L, Cambridge.
Bailey, Jason S., West Roxbury.
Bailey, Robert M., Dedham.
Baker, Clifton P., Dedham.
Baker, James E., South Lincoln.
Balch, Joseph, Dedham.

Banfield, Francis L., M. D., Wor-
cester.

Barber, J. Wesley, Newton.

Barker, George, Swampscott.

Barnard, George E., Ipswich.

Barnard, Robert M., Everett.

Barnes, Walter S., Boston.

Barney, Arthur F., Dorchester.

Barney, Levi C, Boston.

Barry, John Marshall, Boston.

Barry, William C, Rochester, N. Y.

Bartlett, Francis, Beverly.

Bartlett, Miss Mary F., Boston.

Bates, Miss Mary D., Ipswich.

Baylies, Walter C, Taunton.

Beal, Thomas P., Boston.

Becker, Frederick C, Cambridge.

Beckford, Daniel R., Jr., Dedham.

Beebe, E. Pierson, Boston.

Beebe, Franklin H., Boston.

Beebe, J. Arthur, Boston.

Bemis, Frank B., Beverly.

Bigelow, Albert S., Cohasset.

Bigelow, Joseph S., Cohasset.

Bigelow, Dr. William Sturgis, Bos-
ton.

Black, George N., Manchester.

Blake, Mrs. Arthur W., Brookline.

Blake, Edward D., Boston.

Blake, Francis, Weston.

Blanchard, John W., West New-
ton.

Boardman, Miss Eliza D., Boston.

Boardman, Samuel M., Hyde Park.

Boardman, T. Dennie, Manchester.

Bolles, William P., M. D., Roxbury.

Bosler, Frank C, Carlisle, Penn.

LIFE MEMBERS.

295

Bowditch, Charles P., Jamaica
Plain.

Bowditch, Ernest W., Milton.

Bowditch, James H., Brookline.

Bowditch, Nathaniel I., Framing-
ham.

Bowditch, William E., Roxbury.

Bowker, William H., Boston.

Breck, Joseph Francis, Allston.

Bremer, Mrs. John L., Manchester.

Bresee, Albert, Hubbardton, Vt.

Brewster, William, Cambridge.

Briggs, William S., Lincoln.

Brigham, William T., Honolulu,
Hawaii.

Brooks, Henry, Lincoln.

Brooks, J. Henry, Boston.

Brooks, Lawrence, Groton.

Brooks, Peter C. Boston.

Brooks, Shepherd, Boston.

Brown, John M., Belmont.

Brown, Samuel N., Boston.

Brush, Charles N., Brookline.

Buitta, Vincent, Newton Upper
Falls.

Burlen, William H., Boston.

Burnett, Harry, Southborough.

Burnham, John A., Wenham.

Burrage, Albert C, Boston.

Buswell, Frank E., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Butler, Aaron, Wakefield.

Butterworth, George William, South
Framingham.

Butterworth, J. Thomas, South
Framingham.

Buttrick, Stedman, Concord.

Cabot, Dr. Arthur T., Boston.
Cabot, George E., Boston.
Calder, Augustus P., Brockton.
Cameron, Robert, Cambridge.
Campbell, Francis, Cambridge.
Carr, Hon. John, Roxbury.
Carr, Samuel, Boston.
Carter, Charles N., Needhain.

Carter, Miss Maria E., Woburn.

Cartwright, George, Dedham.

Casas, W. B. de las. Maiden.

Chadbourne, Marshall W., East
Watertown.

Chamberlain, Chauncy W., Boston.

Chapman, John L., Prides Crossing.

Cheney, Mrs. Elizabeth S., Wellesley.

Choate, Charles F., Southborough.

Christie, William, Everett.

Clapp, Edward B., Dorchester.

Clapp, James H., Dorchester.

Clapp, William C, Dorchester.

Clark, Benjamin C, Boston.

Clark, B. Preston, Cohasset.

Clark, Miss Eleanor J., Pomfret
Centre, Conn.

Clark, Herbert A., Belmont.

Clark, J. Warren, Millis.

Clarke, Miss Cora H., Boston.

Clarke, Eliot C, Boston.

Clough, Micajah Pratt, Lynn.

Cobb, John C, Milton.

Coburn, Isaac E., Everett.

Codman, Miss Catherine A., West-
wood.

Codman, James M., Brookline.

Coe, Miss Mary Alma, Boston.

Cogswell, Edward R., Jr., Cam-
bridge.

Cole, Edward E., Boston.

CoUamore, Miss Helen, Boston.

Colton, Samuel H., Worcester.

Comley, Norris F., Lexington.

Converse, Col. H. E., Maiden.

Coolidge, Harold J., Boston.

Coolidge, Joshua, Watertown.

Coolidge, J. Randolph, Chestnut
Hill.

Coolidge, Mrs. J. Randolph, Chest-
nut Hill.

Coolidge, T. Jefferson, Jr., Boston.

Cottle, Henry C, Boston.

Cox, Thomas A., Dorchester.

Craig, William Nicol, North Easton.

296

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Crane, Zenas, Dalton.
Crawford, Dr. Sarah M., Roxbury.
Crocker, Hon. George G., Boston.
Crocker, Miss S. H., Boston.
Crosby, George E., West Medford.
Cross, Alfred Richard, Nantasket.
Crowell, Randall H., Watertown.
Curtis, Charles F., Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, Charles P., Jr., Boston.
Cushing, Livingston, Weston.
Cutler, Mrs. Charles F., Boston.
Cutler, Judge Samuel R.. Revere.

Dalton, Charles H., Beverly.

Daly, John C, Roxburj'.

Damon, Frederick W., Arlington.

Daniels, Dr. Edwin A., Boston.

Davenport, Albert M., Watertown.

Davis, Arthur E., Wellesley.

Davis, Mrs. Arthur E., Wellesley.

Davis, Edward L., Worcester.

Davis, L. Shannon, Brookline.

Dawson, Jackson T.. Jamaica Plain.

Day, Frank A., Newton.

Day, Henry B., West Newton.

Dee, Thomas W., Cambridge.

Denny, Clarence H., Boston.

Denton, Eben, Dorchester.

Dexter, George, Beverly.

Dexter, Gordon, Beverly Farms.

Dexter, Philip, Beverly.

Dike, Charles C, Stoneham.

Doane, Edgar Howard, Wenham.

Dodd, Henry W., Boston.

Doliber, Thomas, Brookline.

Donald, William, Cold Spring Har-
bor, N. Y.

Donaldson, James, Roxbury.

Doten, Scott T., Brookline.

Dove, George W. W., Andover.

Dowse, William B. H., West New-
ton.

Draper, Hon. Eben S., Hopedale.

Draper, George A.. Hopedale.

Dreer, William F., Philadelphia, Pa.

Dumaresq, Herbert, Chestnut Hill.
Duncan, The Hon. Mrs. George,

Nahant.
Duncan, James L., New York, N. Y.
Dmican, John W., West Roxbury.
Dunlap, James H., Nashua, N. H.
Durfee, George B., Fall River.
Dutcher, Frank J., Hopedale.
D wight, Theodore F., Kendal Green.
Dyer, Herbert H., Arlington.

Eaton, Horace, Cambridge.

Eldredge, H. Fisher, Boston.

Elliot, Mrs. John W., Boston.

Elliott, William H., Brighton.

Ellsworth, J. Lewis, Worcester.

Emerson, Nathaniel W., M. D.,
Boston.

Endicott, William, Boston.

Endicott, William, Jr., Boston.

Endicott, William C, Danvers.

Estabrook, Arthur F., Boston.

Estabrook, Mrs. Arthur F.. Boston.

Eustis, Miss Elizateth M., Brook-
line.

Eustis, Miss Mary St. Barbe, Brook-
line.

Ewell, Warren, Dorchester.

Fairchild, Charles, New York, N. Y.

Falconer, William, Pittsburg, Pa.

Farlow, Lewis H., Pasadena, Cal.

Farnsworth, Mrs. William, Dedham.

Farquhar, James F. M., Roslindale.

Farquhar, John K. M. L., Roxbury.

Farquhar, Robert, North Cam-
bridge.

Faxon, John, Quincy.

Fay, H. H., Woods Hole.

Fay, Joseph S., Woods Hole.

Fenno, L. Carteret, Boston.

Fessenden, George B., AUston.

Fewkes, Arthur H., Newton High-
lands.

Finlayson, Duncan, Jamaica Plain.

LIFE MEMBERS.

297

Finlayson, Kenneth, Jamaica Plain.
Fisher, Peter, Ellis.
Fletcher, George V., Belmont.
Fletcher, J. Henry, Belmont.
Foster, Charles H. W., Needham.
Foster, Francis C, Cambridge.
Fottler, John, Jr., Dorchester.
Fowle, George W., Jamaica Plain.
French, Miss Caroline L. W., Boston.
French, Mrs. Susan E., North East-

on.
French, S. Waldo, Newtonville.
French, W. Clifford, Newton.
Frohock, Roscoe R., Brookline.
Frost, Harold L., Arlington.
Frost, Irving B., Belmont.
Frost, Varnum, Arlington.

Gardner, Mrs. Augustus P., Hamil-
ton.

Gardner, George A., Boston.

Gardner, George P., Boston.

Gardner, John L.. Boston.

Gardner, Mrs. John L., Brookline.

Gardner, William Amory, Groton.

Garratt, Allan Y., Holliston.

Gaston, William A., Boston.

Gibbs, Wolcott, M. D., Newport,
R.I.

Gill, George B., Medford.

Gillard, William, Dorchester.

Gilson, F. Howard. Welle.sley Hills.

Goddard, Joseph, Sharon.

Goddard, Samuel J., Framingham.

Goodale, Dr. Joseph L., Boston.

Goodell, L. W., Dwight.

Gowing, Mrs. Clara E., Kendal
Green.

Grandin, J. Livingston, Boston.

Gray, Mrs. John C, Boston.

Greenough, Mrs. Charles P., Brook-
line.

Gregory, Hon. James J. H., Marble-
head.

Grew, Edward S., Boston.

Hale, James O., By field.

Hall, Edwin A., Cambridgeport.

Hall, George A., Chelsea.

Hall, Jackson E., Foxboro.

Hall, Osborn B., Maiden.

Hammond, George W., Boston.

Harding, George W., Arlington.

Harding. Louis B., Chestnut Hill.

Hardy, F. D., Cambridgeport.

Hardy, Miss Susan White, Boston.

Hargraves, William J., Jamaica
Plain.

Harris, Charles, Cambridge.

Harris, Thaddeus William, A. M.,
Keene, N. H.

Hartshorn, Arthur E., Worcester.

Harwood, George Fred, Newton.

Hastings, Levi W., Brookline.

Hatch, Edward, Boston.

Hauthaway, Edwin D., Sharon.

Haven, Franklin, Boston.

Hawken, Mrs. Thomas, Rockland,
Me.

Hay ward, George P., Chestnut Hill.

Hellier, Charles E., Boston.

Hemenway, Augustus, Canton.

Hemenway, Mrs. Augustus, Can-
ton.

Henshaw, Joseph P. B., Boston.

Hen.shaw, Samuel, Cambridge.

Heurlin, Julius, South Braintree.

Hewett, Miss Mary C, Canton.

Higginson, Francis L., Boston.

Higginson, Mrs. Henry L., Boston.

Hilbourn, A. J., Boston.

Hittinger, Jacob, Belmont.

Hoitt, Hon. Charles W., Nashua,
N. H.

Holbrook, E. Everett, Boston.

Hollander, Louis Preston, Boston.

HoUingsworth, Z. T., Boston.

Hollis, George W., AUston.

Holmes, Edward J., Boston.

Holt, Gustavus C, Belmont.

Holt, Mrs. Stephen A., Cambridge.

Holt, William W., Norway, Maine.

Hooper, William, Manchester.

298

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Horsford, Miss Kate, Cambridge.

Hosiner, Oscar, Wenhani.

Houghton, Clement S., Chestnut
Hill.

Hovey, Charles H., South Pasa-
dena, Cal.

Hovey, Stillman S.. Woburn.

Howard, Henrj^ M.. West Newton.

Howard, Joseph W., Somerville.

Hoyt, William J., Manchester, N*. H.

Hubbard, Charles Wells, Weston.

Hubbard, James C, Everett.

Humphrey, George W., Dedham.

Hunnewell, Henry Sargent, Welles-
ley.

Humiewell, Walter, Wellesley.

Hunt, Dudley F., Reading.

Hunt, Franklin, Charle.stown, N.
H.

Hunt, William H., Concord.

Hutchins, Rev. Charles Lewis, Con-
cord.

Jack, John George, Jamaica Plain.
Jackson, Charles L., Cambridge.
Jackson, Robert T.. Cambridge.
James, Ellerton, Milton.
James, Mrs. Ellerton, Milton.
James, George Abbot, Nahant.
Jeflfries, William A., Boston.
Jenks, Charles W.. Bedford.
Johanssohn, Emil, Brookline.
Johnson, Arthur S., Boston.
Johnson, J. Frank, Maiden.
Jones, Mrs. Clarence W., Brookline.
Jones, Jerome, Brookline.
Jones, Dr. Mary E., Boston.
Jordan, Eben D., Boston.
Jordan, Henry G., Brookline.
Jose, Edwin H., Cambridgeport.

Kellen, William V., Marion.
Kelly, George B., Jamaica Plain.
Kendall, D. S.. Woodstock. Ont.
Kendall, Edward, Cambridgeport.

Kendall, Joseph R., San Francisco,
Cal.

Kendall. Dr. Walter G., Atlantic.

Kendrick, Mrs. H. P., Boston.

Kennedy, George G., M. D., Milton.

Kent, John, Chestnut Hill.

Keyes, Mrs. Emma Mayer, Boston.

Keyes, John M., Concord.

Kidder, Charles A., Southborough.

Kidder, Nathaniel T., Milton.

Kimball, David P., Boston.

Kimball, Richard D., Waban.

King, D. Webster, Boston.

Kingman, Abner A., Wakefield.

Kinney, H. R., Worcester.

Kinnicutt, Mrs. Leonard P., Wor-
cester.

Kirkland, Archie Howard, Reading.

Knapp, Walter H., Newtonville.

Lamb, Horatio A., Milton.

Lancaster, Charles B., Boston,

Lane, Gardiner M., Boston.

Lanier, Charles, Lenox.

Lawrence, Amory A., Boston.

Lawrence, Amos A., New York,
N. Y.

Lawrence, James, Groton.

Lawrence, John, Groton.

Lawrence, Samuel C, Medford.

Lawrence, Rt. Rev. William, Bos-
ton.

Learned, Charles A., Arlington.

Lee, Daniel D., Jamaica Plain.

Lee, Francis H., Salem.

Lee, George C, Newton.

Leeson, Hon. Joseph R., Newton
Centre.

Leighton, George B., Monadnock,
N. H.

Lemme, Frederick, Charlestown.

Leonard, George H., Boston.

Leuchars, Robert B., Dorchester.

Libby, Charles W., Medford.

Lincoln, George, Hingham.

LIFE MEMBERS.

299

Lindsey, N. Allen, Marblehead.
Little, James L., Brookline.
Little, John Mason, Swampscott.
Locke, Isaac H., Belmont.
Lodge, Richard W., Boston.
Loomis, Elihu G., Bedford.
Loring, Augustus P., Beverly.
Loring, David, Boston.
Loring, Mrs. William Caleb, Bev-
erly.
Low, George D., Boston.
Lowell, Abbott Lawrence, Boston.
Lowell, Miss Amy, Brookline.
Lowell, James A., Chestnut Hill.
Lowell, John, Newton.
Lowell, Miss Lucy, Boston.
Luke, Otis H., Brookline.
Lumb, William, Boston.
Lunt, William W., Hingham.
Lyman, George H., Wareham.
Lyman, Mrs. Theodore, Brookline.

Mabbett, George, Plymouth.

McCarty, Timothy, Providence, R.
I.

Mackie, George, M. D., Attleboro.

Mc William, George, Whitinsville.

Mahoney, John, Boston.

Mallett, E. B., Jr., Freeport, Me.

Manda, W. A., South Orange, N. J.

Mandell, Mrs. William D., Boston.

Mann, James F., Ipswich.

Manning, J. Woodward, Reading.

Manning, Mrs. Lydia B., Reading.

Manning, Warren H., Brookline.

Marble, Benjamin C, Manchester.

Marshall, Frederick F., Everett.

Marston, Howard, Boston.

Mason, Miss Ellen F., Boston.

Mason, Col. Frederick, Taunton.

Mathison, Fred R., Waltham.

Matthews, Nathan, Boston.

Maxwell, George H., Newton.

Melvin, George, South Framing-
ham.

Melvin, James C, Boston.

Meredith, J. Morris, Topsfield.

Merriam, Charles, Weston.

Merriam, Herbert, Weston.

Metivier, James, Cambridge.

Milmore. Mrs. Joseph, Washington,
D. C.

Minot, Charles S., Milton.

Mitton, Edward J,, Brookline.

Mixter. George, Boston.

Monteith, David. Hyde Park, Vt.

Montgomeiy, Alexander, Natick.

Montgomery, Alexander, Jr., Na-
tick.

Moore, George D., Arlington.

Moore, John H., Concord.

Morgan, George H., New York,
N. Y.

Morse, John T., Boston.

Morse, Robert M.. Jamaica Plain.

Morton, James H.. Mattapan.

Moseley, Charles H., Roxbuiy.

Motley, E. Preble, Boston.

Mudge, George A., Portsmouth,
N. H.

Murdock, Albert L., Boston.

Murray, Peter, Fairhaven.

]\Iutch, John, Waban.

Nevins, Mrs. David, Methuen.

Newman, John R., Winchester.

Newton, Rev. William W., Pitts-
field.

Nickerson, Mrs. George A., Ded-
ham.

Nickerson, William E., Cambridge.

Norton, Charles W., AUston.

Norton, Edward E., Boston.

Oakman, Hiram A., North Marsh-
field.

Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr., Brook-
line.

Olmsted, John C, Brookline.

Orpet, Edward O., South Lancas-
ter.

Page, Mrs. Henrietta, Cambridge.
Paige, Clifton H., Mattapan.
Parker, Charles W., Boston.

300

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Parkman, Henry, Boston.

Parsons, John E., Lenox.

Patten, Marcellus A., Tewksbury.

Paul, Alfred W., Dighton.

Peabody, Frank E., Boston.

Peabody, George A., Danvers.

Peabody, John E., Salem.

Peabody, S. Endicott. Salem.

Peck, William G., Arlington.

Peirce, E. Allan, Waltham.

Peirce, Miss Marion W., Topsfield.

Perry, George W., Maiden.

Perry, Oliver Hazard, Lowell.

Pfaff, Col. Charles, South Framing-
ham.

Phillips, John C, North Beverly.

Phillips, Mrs. John C, North Bev-
erly.

Phillips, William. North Beverly.

Pickman, Dudley L., Best on.

Pickman, Mrs. Ellen R.. Boston.

Pierce, Dean, Brookline.

Pierce, George Francis. Neponset.

Pierce, Wallace L., Boston.

Pierson, Frank R., Tarry town,
N. Y.

Pond, Preston, Winchester.

Pope, Col. Albert A., Cohasset.

Porter, Alexander S., Boston.

Porter, James C, Wollaston.

Prang, Louis, New York, N. Y.

Pratt, Laban, Dorchester.

Pratt, Robert M., Boston.

Prendergast, J. M., Boston.

Prescott, Eben C, New York, N.
Y.

Presson, Alfred, Gloucester.

Preston. Howard Willis, Provi-
dence, R. I.

Pringle, Cyrus G., Burlington, Vt.

Proctor, T. E., Bo.ston.

Putnam, George, Manchester.

Putnam, George J., Brookline.

Putnam, Joshua H., Newton Cen-
tre.

Quinby, Hosea M., M. D., Worces-
ter.

Raddin, Everett W., North Cam-
bridge.

Rand, Harry S., North Cambridge.

Rawson, Herbert W., Arlington.

Rawson, Warren W., Arlington.

Ray, James F., Franklin.

Raymond, Walter, Boston.

Read. Charles A., Manchester.

Reardon, Edmund, Cambridgeport.

Reardon, John B., Boston.

Remick, Frank W., West Newton.

Rice, George C, Worcester.

Rich, William P., Chelsea.

Richards, John J., Brookline.

Richardson, Charles E., Brookline.

Richardson, Mrs. F. L. W., Brook-
line.

Richardson, Dr. William L., Bos-
ton.

Riggs, William Allan, Jamaica
Plain.

Ripley, Charles, Dorchester.

Ripley, Ebed L., Hingham Centre.

Robb, Russell, Concord.

Robinson, John, Salem.

Robinson, Joseph B., Dorchester.

Rodman, Miss Mary, Concord.

Roffe, Albert H., Newton Centre.

Rogers, H. H., Fairhaven.

Rogers, Mrs. Jacob C, Peabody.

Roland, Thomas, Nahant.

Rothwell, James E., Brookline.

Roy, David Frank, Maiden.

Ruddick, William H., M. D.,
South Boston.

Russell, George, W^oburn.

Russell, James S., Milton.

Salisbury, William C. G., Brook-
line.

Saltonstall, Richard M., Chestnut
Hill.

LIFE MEMBERS.

301

Sanger, Mrs. George P., Boston.

Sargent, Andrew Robeson, Brook-
line.

Sargent, Charles S., Brookline.

Sargent, Mrs. Charles S., Brookline.

Sargent, Charles Sprague, Jr.,
Brookline.

Sargent, Mrs. Francis W., Wel-
lesley.

Scorgie, James C, Cambridge.

Scott, Charles, Newton.

Sears, Miss Clara E., Boston.

Sears, Dr. Henry F., Boston.

Sears, Mrs. J. Montgomery, Boston.

Sharp, Miss Helen, Boston.

Shaw, Christopher C, Milford, N.
H.

Shaw, Francis, Wayland.

Shaw, Mrs. Robert G., Wellesley.

Shea, James B., Jamaica Plain.

Sherman, J. P. R., Newton.

Shorey, John L., Lynn.

Shuman, Hon. A., Roxbuiy.

Shurtleff, Josiah B., Jr., Revere.

Sias, Charles D., Wenham.

Siebrecht, H. A., New Rochelle,
N. Y.

Skinner, Francis, Dedham.

Sleeper, Henry Davis, Boston.

Smiley, Daniel, Lake Mohonk, N.
Y.

Smith, Archibald, Oxford, Eng-
land.

Smith, Charles S., Lincoln.

Smith, Edward N., San Francisco,
Cal.

Smith, Thomas Page, Waltham.

Snow, Eugene A., Boston.

Sohier, Col. William D., Beverly.

Spaulding, Edward, Weston.

Sprague, Isaac, Wellesley Hills.

Springall, George, Maiden.

Stearns, Charles H., Brookline.

Stearns, Frank W., Newton.

Stedman, Henry R., M. D., Ros-
lindale.

Stewart, William J., Winchester.
Stone, Charles A., Newton.
Stone, Charles W., Boston.
Stone, Prof. George E., Amherst.
Stone, George F., Chestnut Hill.
Storrow, James J., Boston.
Stratton, Charles E., Boston.
Strong. William C, Waban.
Strout, Charles S., Biddeford, Me.
Sturgis. Richard Clipston. Boston.
Swain. Charles E., Roxbury.
Sweet, Everell F., Maiden.
Sylvester. Edmund Q., Hanover.

Taylor, Charles H., Boston.

Tenpey, C. H., Methuen.

Thatcher, William, Brookline.

Thayer, Mrs. Alice R., Boston.

Thayer, 'Bayard, South Lancaster.

Thayer, Ars. Bayard, South Lan-
caster.

Thayer, Mrs. Eugene V. R., South
Lancaster.

Thayer, Heniy J., Boston.

Thayer, John E., South Lancas-
ter.

Thayer, Mrs. John E., South Lan-
caster.

Thayer, Nathaniel, Lancaster.

Thayer, Mrs. Nathaniel, Lancaster.

Thiemann, Hermann, Belchertown.

Thomas, W. B., Manchester.

Thurlow, Thomas C, West New-
bury.

Tilton, Stephen W., Brookline.

Tolman, Miss Harriet S.. Boston.

Toppan, Roland W., Maiden.

Torrey, Elbridge. Dorchester.

Torrey, Everett, Charlestown.

Tower, Miss Ellen May, Lexington.

Tower, Mrs. Helen M., Cambridge.

Travis, Charles B., Brighton.

Trepess, Samuel J., Glencove, L.
I., N. Y.

Tucker, Lawrence, Boston.

Tufts, George AV., Rockport.

302

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Underwood, Loring, Belmont.

Vander-Woerd. Charles, Waltham.
Vaughan. William Warren, Boston.
Vinal, Miss Mary L., Somerville.
Vining, R. William E., Hingham.

Wakefield, E. H., Cambridge.

Walcott, Henrj' P., M. D., Cam-
bridge.

Waldo, C. Sidney, Jamaica Plain.

Wales, George O., Braintree.

Walsh, Michael H., Woods Hole.

Waltham, George C, Dorchester.

Walton, Arthur G., Wakefield.

Warburton, Chatterion, Fall River.

Ward, Francis Jackson, Roxbury.

W^ard, John, Newton Centre.

Ware, Miss Marj^ L., Boston.

Warren, Samuel D., Dedham.

Washburn, Andrew, Hyde Park.

Watson, Benjamin M., Jamaica
Plain.

Watson, C. Herbert, Brookline.

Watson, Thomas A., East Brain-
tree.

Watts, Isaac, Waverley.

Webster, Edwin S., Chestnut Hill.

Webster, Frank G., Boston.

Webster, George H. Haverhill.

Webster, Hollis, Caml)ridge.

Webster, Laurence J., Holderness,
N. H.

Welch, David, Dorchester.

Welch, Edward J., Dorchester.

Weld, Christopher Minot, Read-
ville.

Weld, Richard H., Boston.

Weld, Gen. Stephen M., Dedham.

West, Mrs. Maria L., Neponset.

Wheeler, Frank, Concord.

Wheeler, James, Brookline.

Wheeler, Wilfrid, Concord.

"V^Tieelwright, A. C, Brookline.

Wheelwright, Edmund M., Boston.

Whitcomb, William B., Medford.

White, Mrs. Charles T., Boston.

White, Francis A., Brookline.

White, George R., Boston.

White, Joseph H., Brookline.

Whitman, William, Brookline.

Whitney, Arthur E., Winchester.

Whitney, Ellerton P., Milton.

Whitney, Henry M., Cohasset.

Whittier, George E., Groton.

Whittier. William Benjamin, South
Framingham.

Wigglesworth, George, Milton.

Wilbur, George B., Boston.

Wilde, Mrs. Albion D., West Rox-
bury.

Wilder, Edward Baker, Dorchester.

Wilder, Henrj^ A., Maiden.

Willcutt, Levi L., Brookline.

Williams, Miss Adelia Coffin, Rox-
bury.

Williams, George Percy, Boston.

Williams, Henry Bigelow, Boston.

Williams, John Davis, Boston.

Williams, Mrs. J. Bertram, Cam-
bridge.

Williams, Mrs. Moses, Brookline.

Williams, Philander, Taunton.

Wilson, William Power, Boston.

Winsor, Robert, Weston.

Winter, Herman L., South Medford.

Wood, William K., Chicago, 111.

Woodberry, Miss E. Gertrude, Cam-
bridge.

Woodbur^^ John, Lynn.

Woodw^ard, Mrs. Samuel Bayard,
Worcester.

Wright, George C, West Acton.

Wright, John G., Brookline.

Wyman, Oliver B., Shrewsbury.

Wyman, Windsor H., North Abing-
ton.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

303

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Allen, Mrs. Sallie R., Wilmington.
Alles, William H., Watertown.
Anderson, George M., Milton.

Balme, Juan, Jr., City of Mexico.

Bangs, Francis R., Boston.

Barker, John G., South Bend, Ind.

Barr, John, South Natick.

Bennett, John W., Springfield, Vt.

Bigelow, Arthur J., Eastlake, Wor-
cester.

Bigelow, Mrs. Nancy J., South-
borough.

Bird, John L., Dorchester.

Blackmur, Paul R., Quincy.

Blomberg, Carl, North Easton.

Bolton, Sabin, North Easton.

Borst, Theodore F., South Fram-
ingham.

Bradley, Miss Abby A., Hingham.

Breck, Charles H., Newton.

Breed, Edward W., Clinton.

Carpenter, Frank O., Boston.
Chandler, Alfred D., Brookline.
Chase, Joseph S., ]\Ialden.
Child, Stephen, Kendal Green.
Chubbuck, Isaac Y., Roxbury.
Clark, John W., North Hadley.
Clark, Joseph, Manchester.
Clark, Theodore M., Boston.
Collins, Frank S., Maiden.
Colt, Mrs. J. D., Chestnut Hill.
Cotter, Lawrence, Dorchester.
Crosby, J. Allen, Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, Joseph H., Boston.
Curtis, Louville, Tyngsborough.

Cutting, Mrs. Isabelle Ladd, Lex-
ington.

Davis, Frederick S., West Rox-
bury.
Derby, William H., Revere.
Dorr, George B., Boston.
Doyle, William E., Cambridge.

Evans, Franlv H., Maiden.

Ewell, Marshall F., Marshfield Hills.

Farlow, Mrs. William G., Cambridge.
Fisher, Sewell, Boston.
Fiske, Harry E., Wollaston.
Fitzgerald, Desmond, Brookline.
Forbes, William H., Jamaica Plain.
Francis, George E., M. D., Wor-
cester.
Freeman, Miss Harriet E., Boston.
Fuld, Maurice, Boston.
Fuller, T. Otis, Needham.

Gardiner, John Hays, Cambridge.
Garthley, James, Fairhaven.
Gill, Mrs. E. M., Medford.
Grew, Henry Sturgis, Boston.
Grey, Robert Melrose, Belmont,

Cuba.
Grey, Thomas J., Chelsea.

HaU, Harrj' F., Durham, N. H.

Hall, Stacy, Boston.

Harrison, C. S., York, Nebraska.

Hatfield, T. D., Wellesley.

Head, Thomas W., Groton, Conn.

Herff, B. van. New York, N. Y.

304

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Heustis, Warren H., Belmont.
Hildreth, Miss Ella F., Westford.
Hill, Arthur Dehon, Boston.
Hill. J. Willard, Belmont.
HoUingsworth, Miss Rose, Boston.
Holli.^. George, South Weymouth.
Houghton, George S., Reading.
Hovej-, Charles L., Waban.
Howden, Thomas, Whitinsville.
Howe, Miss Louise, Brookline.
Hubbard, Allen, Newton Centre.

Ulenberger, Henry, Lake Geneva,
Wisconsin.

Jack. Dr. Frederick L., Boston.
James, Robert Kent, Newton Cen-
tre.
Jameson, G. W., East Lexington.
Johnston, Robert, Lexington.

Keith, ]\Irs. Mary R., Washington,

D. C.
Kelsey, Harlan P., Salem.
Kennard, Frederic H., Brookline.
Knott, N. W. T., Waban.

Lancaster, Mrs. E. M., Roxbury.
Lawson, Joshua, Brookline.
Leuthy, A., Roslindale.
Lewis, E. L., Taunton.
Lincoln, Miss Agnes W., Medford.
Loring, Mrs. Thacher, Brookline.
Loring. William C, Beverly.
Lothrop, Thornton K., Boston.
Low, Hon. Aaron, Essex.
Lumsden, David, Durham, N. H.

McKenzie, John, Milford, N. H.
McLaren, Anthony, West wood.
MacMulkin, Edward, Boston.
Manning, A. Chandler, Reading.
Means, Arthur F., Somer\'ille.
Meriam, Horatio C, D. M. D., Sa-
lem.
Metcalf, Dr. Ben H., Winthrop.

Milman, William, Roxbuiy.
Morgan. George M., Boston.
Morrison, .William, Dedham.
Moseley, Frederick Strong, New-

burj^port.
Munson, Prof. W. M., Orono, Me.

Newton, John F., Roxbury.
Nicholson, William, Framingham.
Nicol, James, Quincy.
Nixon, J. Arthur, Taunton.
Norton, Patrick, Dorchester.

Oakes, F. L., Newton.

Parker, Ehab, Roxbury.
Parker, Walter S., Reading.
Pettigrew, John A., Jamaica Plain.
Pierce, Mrs. F. A., Brookline.
Pray, James Sturgis, Cambridge.
Pritchard, John, Madbury, N. H.
Purdie, George A., Ormond, Florida.

Rane, Prof. F. W., Waban.
Rea, Frederic J., Norwood.
Rich, Miss Ruth G., Dorchester.
Rich, William E. C, Roxbuiy.
Richards, Mrs. P. D., West Med-
ford.
Robb, Peter B., Whitinsville.
Robinson, Walter A., Arlington.
Ross, Charles W., Newtonville.
Ross, Henry Wilson, Newtonville.
Ross, Walter D., Worcester.

Sanborn, Edward W., Boston.
Sander, Charles, Brookline.
Saunders, Miss Maiy T., Salem.
Scott, Augustus E., Lexington.
Scudder, Samuel H., Cambridge.
Searles, E. F., Methuen.
Seaver, Edwin P., Waban.
Seaver, Robert, Jamaica Plain.
Sharkey, John F., Cambridge.
Sharpies, Stephen P., Cambridge.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

305

Shaw, Hon. Edward P., Newbury-

port.
Sim, William, Cliftondale,
Stuart, James, Brookline.
Symmes, Samuel S., Winchester.

Tailby, Joseph, Wellesley.
Thorpe, Joseph, Taunton.
Tingley, Mrs. Etta Fish, Green-
wood.
Turner, Everett P., Arlington.
Tyndale, Theodore H., Boston.

Vaughan, J. C, Chicago, 111.

Ware, Horace E., Milton.
Warren, Samuel H., Weston.
Waugh, Prof. F. A., Amherst.

Welch, ^ Patrick, Dorchester.

Westwood, Thomas H., Jamaica
Plain.

^Vheeler, Ezra H., Dorchester.

Wheeler, Henry A., Newtonville.

Wheelwright, George William, Ja
maica Plain.

Whipple, Frank L., Lynn.

White, Miss Margaret, Cambridge.

Wilder, Miss Grace S., Dorchester.

Wilder, Miss Jemima R., Dorches-
ter.

Wilkie, Edward A., Newtonville.

Winter, WilHam C, Mansfield.

Wood, EHjah' A., West Newton.

Young, E. Bentley, Boston.

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