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TRANSACTIONS

passatljusctts pBrtitiiltural ^ucietg

FOR THE YEAE 1908

PART I

BOSTON
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND EIGHT

CHAPEL 1168-6?

Massachusetts Horticultural Society
1908

The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts
under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and Publications.

Communications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi-
cations, exliibitions, and membership, may be addressed to William
P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, No. 300 Massachusetts
Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts.

John A. Pettigrew,

Chairman
William H. Spooner
Miss Mary L. Ware
Prof. F. A. Waugh

Committee

on

Lectures and

Publications.

CONTENTS

The Inaugural ^Meeting

Horticultural Papers and Discussions

The Concord Grape and its Originator. By Wilfrid
Wheeler ........

Opportunities for Commercial Apple Growing in Xew

England. By Prof. F. C. Sears ....
Annuals and Biennials. By Robert Cameron
The Treatment of Home Grounds. By Frederick Law

Olmsted, Jr. .......

The Forcing of Vegetables under Glass. By William

Turner .......

Hardy Conifers for Private Estates. By John Dunbar
The Private Gardener. By Robert Craig
Agricultural Education in the Schools. By Pres

Kenyan L. Butterfield .....
Development of Disease Resistant Varieties of Plants

By H. T. Jackson .....

Conference on Grape Growing ....

15

31
39

63

m

83
99

111

123
139

32813

THE INAUGURAL [MEETING, JANUARY 4, 1908.

TRANSACTIONS

1908, PART I.

INAUGURAL IMEETING.

The Inaugural Meeting of the Massachusetts Horticuhural
Society for the year 1908 was held at Horticultural Hall, Boston,
on Saturday, January 4, at twelve o'clock, noon.

President Stephen M. Weld presided and opened the meeting
with the deUvery of the following inaugural address :

Inaugural Address of President Weld.

To the Members of the Massachusetts Horticidtiiral Society:

It becomes my duty to present to you my annual report for the
year.

On the whole the year has been, in many respects, a most en-
couraging one. I think there is a spirit of unity amongst us which,
working towards a common end, will enable us to accomplish
fully as much as we have in the past, and keep our Society at the
head of the column of associations engaged in advancing horti-
culture. There is more work to be done each year, and new
avenues are opening all the time where we can work to great ad-
vantage.

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The financial condition of the Society you Avill learn from the
report of the Treasurer. It shows that we still need to practise
economy in the administration of affairs. If we are to be a perma-
nent success and accomplish the fullest amount of good possible
we must not exceed our income.

As a means of increasing our income there are possible ways of
improving our halls to make them more sought after by tenants.
Your officers have had the hall in which we are now meeting
decorated, at a cost of about one thousand dollars. It seems to
have accomplished its purpose in every way. It has made a pretty,
attractive hall and at the same time the acoustic defects have
been absolutely remedied. We hope you will find it a great im-
provement and that it will make the hall more attractive for pur-
poses of lease. The success of the improvements in the Lecture
Hall has encouraged your Trustees to consider further improve-
ments. In the large hall something will have to be done in the
future in regard to an improved floor. This is in the hands of a
committee who are giving it careful attention.

The Exhibitions of the year have been of a high standard of
excellence. The Chrysanthemum Show in November was hardly
as full and complete in its exhibition of chrysanthemums as was
hoped for. Measures are under way to insure a beautiful show
for next fall, and I earnestly invite the cooperation of all mem-
bers to make this a success.

In regard to Prizes, the sum of S5500.00 was appropriated last
year. There is a strong difference of opinion among the members
of the Society as to what is most conducive to the horticultural
spirit; whether a cash prize or a prize of a medal or vase, or some-
thing of that sort, is the greater incentive to the best interests of
horticulture. This matter may come up for discussion at some
time, and I strongly advise all members of the Society to look at
this question in its various lights.

The Lectures this year have been well attended and are of in-
creasing interest, and the fact that they are published in the Boston
Transcript and given a wider circulation has made their influence,
of course, still greater and more important. The interest in hor-
ticulture seems to be growing everywhere, and by wise action on
the part of this Society it should steadily increase.

THE INAUGURAL MEETING. . 9

With reference to the new subjects that this Society could take
up, prizes could be oflfered for plantations of trees. It would be a
most important subject for our consideration, and it is really within
the scope of our Society to undertake this. We have in this state
a vast amount of idle land on which trees would grow and on which
timber could be raised. I know of numerous instances where a
great deal would be done were it not for the danger of fire. The
State apparently is appreciating the importance of this, and is
doing everything it can to afford adequate protection to plantation
owners in this respect. A more vigorous enforcement of present
laws should be demanded. I know of cases where owners of real
estate are compelled to hire private watchmen to protect their
woods in the mayfloAver season. In one case woods are regularly
set on fire each spring by trespassers, from various motives, often-
times from carelessness. x\ few prosecutions would put a stop to
this.

We have lost during the year by death twenty-nine members,
among whom we pall to mind at this time —

Robert M. Gushing, a member since 1864.

George F. Fabyan, one of our Trustees for the past two years.

Col. Henry W. Wilson, for many years one of our actively inter-
ested members.

William Cains, a member since 1845, and probably the last
suFA-ivor of that date.

Solomon Lincoln, the well-known Boston lawyer. .

Steven Van Rensselaer Thayer and Eugene V. R. Thayer, two
members of a family held in high esteem among us for its interest
in horticulture.

O. B. Hadwen of Worcester, President of the Society in the years
1901, '02 and '03, and an interested worker for many years.

Felker L. Temple and Edgar Sanders, the horticulturists.

Moses T. Stevens of Andover, a frequent exliibitor at our exlii-
bitions.

George E. Davenport, the noted fern authority; and within the
last few days we have been called upon to record the death of
William W. Edgar of Waverley and John Clark of Watertown.

As a partial offset to these losses we have received twenty-five
new members.

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

This is the fourth year that our new By-laws have been in force,
and the opinion of all the members whom I have consulted is that
they have worked well and have been a great success and that it is
an excellent system which it would be very difficult to improve
upon.

There has been a change in the internal administration of this
Society by putting a portion of the duties of the Treasurer upon the
Secretary, and reducing expenses by combining the work. So
far it has given great encouragement to the Trustees. It has
worked well and promises to bring our various departments up to
date in every way.

I cannot omit from this address a recognition of the work of
many of the members of this Society, particularly the Chairmen
of the Committees. A great amount of time and labor has been
freely devoted to this work, and with much benefit and profit to
the well-being of the Society. I hardly think the members of the
Society are aware of the time, energy, and hard work that these
gentlemen have given us.

At the conclusion of his address the President called for the
annual reports of the various officers and chairmen of committees
which were presented as follows:

Report of the Board of Trustees.

Report of the Finance Committee, Walter Hunnewell, Chairman.

Report of the Treasurer.

Report of the Secretary and Librarian.

Report of the Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture, William
H. Spooner, Delegate.

Report of the Inspector to the State Board of Agriculture, Francis
H. Appleton, Inspector.

Report of the Society's Delegate to the Thirtieth Biennial Session
of the American Pomological Society, WilUam C. Strong, Delegate.

Report of the Committee on Prizes and Exliibitions, John K.
M. L. Farquhar, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers, Arthur H.
Fewkes, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Fruits, Wilfrid Wheeler, Chairman.

THE INAUGURAL MEETING. 11

Report of the Committee on Vegetables, Isaac H. Locke, Chair-
man.

Report of the Committee on Gardens, Charles AV. Parker, Chair-
man.

Report of the Committee on Children's Gardens, Henry Saxton
Adams, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Lectures and Publications, William
P. Rich, Chairman.

Mr. Hunnewell, in presenting the Report of the Finance Com-
mittee, read the following commimication:

AUDITOR'S CERTIFICATE.

28 State Street, Boston.

January 11, 1907.

To the Finance Committee of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Gentlemen:

In compliance with your request I have made a thorough audit of the
books and general accounting affairs of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society for the year which ended" with the 31st day of December, 1906,
and herewith submit to you my report of the same.

Report.

I proved the correctness of the ledger, journal, and cash book, and the
small books tributary' to the cash book, and saw that all balances were
correctly carried forward. I examined and checked the vouchers and
warrants representing the disbursements during the year and found the
amount of cash required by the cash book upon the first day of January,
1907, to have been on hand, and also examined the securities of the Society
and found that they were in all details in accordance with the requirements
of the records. I traced all postings from the journal and cash book
into the ledger and certify that the balance sheet taken from the ledger
as of the 31st day of December, 1906, is a correct abstract and that the
Treasurer's statement of the assets and liabilities of the Society upon said
date is true to the best of my knowledge and belief.

In short, I satisfied myself that the work in connection with the account-
ing affairs of the Society was being conscientiously and honestly performed
and that the books and papers of the Society were in their usual excellent
condition.

I would like to add, as Mr. Richardson closes his long service as Treasurer

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

at this time, that I know from my experience with the Society's account-
ing affairs for the past ten years how he has performed his duties with
singular correctness, integrity and fidehty.

Yours very respectfully,

Andrew Strwaht,

Examiner of Accounts.

On motion of Mr. Spooner it was voted to accept the reports as
presented and to refer them to the Committee on Publications.
The meeting was then dissolved.

William P. Rich,

Secretary.

HORTICULTURAL PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS.

13

MASS. HORT. SOC, IE

PLATE T

Ephraim Wales Bull

From a photograph taken 1861

THE CONCORD GRAPE AND ITS ORIGINATOR.
By Wilfrid Wheeler, Concord, Mass.

Delivered before the Society, January 11, 1908.

In order to place the subject of the origin of the Concord grape
fully before you it will be necessary to go back and trace very
briefly the history of the grape up to the time that our story proper
shall begin.

The grape is probably the oldest of cultivated fruits and certainly
no other fruit has been cultivated so extensively, although its earlier
uses were largely confined to wine making. In this connection
we hear a great deal of it in the Bible, even as far back as Noah,
"who planted vineyards." The grape is undoubtedly of Asiatic
origin, but was early introtluced into Europe, where now as many
as 300 varieties are cultivated in the great wine-growing countries.
European varieties of the grape were brought to America very
early in the history of the colonies, particularly in the South; but
all attempts at cultivation failed owing to the incursions of mildew
and rot. Early growers in America followed the same ideas that
were practiced in Europe and planted on terraced hillsides. So
when European varieties proved unsuccessful many horticulturists
turned their attention towards our native grapes and attempted to
improve them through cultivation.

x\s far back as 1800 many eft'orts were thus made, but it was
only in the South that any real success was attained and Isabella
and Catawba were produced from native varieties, the former in
Sotith Carolina and the latter in Georgia. The introduction of the
Isabella in 1819 gave a great impetus to grape growing; and as
this variety proved hardy in New England, everyone who owned a
back yard bought some of these vines and began growing grapes;
so that up to 1850 this was the only grape grown in New England,
for table use with the possible exception of the Diana.

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Diana, which was a seedUng from Catawba, was discovered
in ]Mihon, INIassachusetts, and while it proved hardier than its
parent, its ripening period was too late to be dependable in our
climate. The Isabella, unless grown in a very favorable location,
seldom ripened to perfection, so that cuhivators looked with
longing to the time when an early, good quality grape should be
produced, and that time was not far off.

About the time the Isabella grape was first grown there lived near
Boston a man, who by trade was a gold beater, and while successful
at his business was at the same time very much devoted to horti-
cultural pursuits and particularly to grape growing, which he
carried on in a limited way in his garden at Dorchester. This man
was Ephraim AYales Bull; he was born in Boston, ^Nlarch 4, 1806,
at a house on Washington street, between Franklin and Milk
streets, almost on the exact spot where the Transcript office now is.
About this house was a large garden, in which the young man
loved to work and it was here that he developed his love for nature
and horticuhure. At that time Boston was a large and growing
town; Washington street was the tillage highway and cows grazed
on the Common. Young Bull was evidently a very active and
studious child; we learn that at the age of eleven years he won a
Franklin medal and we are also told that he was a great reader,
often reacUng all night. His schooling, however, was cut short and
the boy was early apprenticed to a Mr. Lauriat, a chemist, and with
him probably learned his trade of gold beating.

In 1826 Mr. Bull married and soon after removed to Boston and
went into business for himself on Cornhill, making his home on
Fayette street, where again he grew grapes in his garden. Close
confinement to his business, to which he gave a great deal of his
time, soon brought him to a point where it was a choice between
his heahh or his business; and, realizing that he could not afford to
lose his health, he began to look about for a place where he could
lead an out-of-door life and at the same time earn a living. After
considerable searching Mr. Bull decided to settle in Concord,
Massachusetts, where his brother Albert Lawrence was living;
so he bought a small farm of seventeen acres on the Lexington
road and there removed with his family in 1836.

The soil on this farm was of a sandy nature with a slope to the

THE CONCORD GRAPE AND ITS ORIGINATOR. 17 "^

south, and Mr. Bull at once recognized in it great possibilities for
grape growing. But his first experiment in the new home was
disappointing. There was in the garden of the Fayette street
house in Boston a vine of the Sweetwater variety of grape which in
a very sheltered place managed to survive the winter, and on his
removal to Concord INIr. Bull took this vine with him and planted
it in the most protected part of his new garden. The vine grew
and flourished the first season, but the winter cut it back severely;
however, it started up again the second summer only to be com-
pletely killed the following winter, in spite of ample protection.
Through this experience ]\Ir. Bull was confronted with the same
problem which had upset many others Avho had attempted grape
growing in the North, namely, the lack of a variety sufficiently
early and hardy to be depended upon to ripen in this climate and
particularly (to quote his own words) "in the valley of Concord
which has a season shortened at both ends by early and late frosts.'*
So he turned his attention to the native stock about him and pro-
cured from all quarters native vines which had a local reputation
for excellence; but here again he met with disappointment. Still
he had faith in the native stock and, having read a great deal of
Van Mons and his work of raising pears from seeds, he came to
the conclusion that this process was applicable to the grape, so he
went to work along new lines.

There was a native vine {Vitis Labrusca) growing in one corner
of his farm which he watched carefully; the habits of the vine
pleased him and when it fruited jNIr. Bull noticed about it at least
one of the qualities that he sought, it ripened its fruit very early.
Moreover, the quality of the grape was good, so he felt greatly
encouraged to use this grape for the experiments he wished to make.
To quote his own words, "I put these grapes whole into the ground,
after they had thoroughly ripened, skin and all at a depth of two
inches, October 1, and covered the row with boards. I nursed
these seedlings six years and of the large number obtained only one
proved worth keeping. The seeds of this were in turn planted and
from these I obtained the Concord. On the 10th of September,
1849, I was enabled to pick a bunch of grapes and when I showed
them to a neighbor who tasted them he at once exclaimed, "Why,
this is better than Isabella." Mr. Bull continued to nurse the vine

18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

of his choice for five years, increasing it by cuttings, and each year
it was amply fulfilling his ideals in hardiness, season, and quality.
Although Mr. Bull was by no means satisfied he realized that this
seedling was the best grape that had then been found. He con-
tinued planting seed each year from his new vine so that he could
say, "I have grapes of great variety, some of them excellent, if I
may trust my own judgment. The original wild habit seems to
be entirely broken up and from the original stock, black as night,
I have obtained grapes white as the Chasselas, delicate of texture,
and of the most agreeable flavor."

"The great want of the country in this latitude is a good table and
wine grape, which shall also be early, hardy, and prolific. The
Concord fulfils these conditions, and I feel a sincere pleasure in
offering it to my countrATiien." (Concord, Mass., January, 1854).

During all these years Mr. Bull had kept up his business of gold
beating in a small shop near his cottage, but had devoted a larger
part of his time to the vines he loved so well. He had heretofore
found his trade more profitable than farming, but now that he had
produced what he firmly believed to be the best hardy grape for
New England, he set about developing it and getting it ready to
disseminate. While ]Mr. Bull may have had ambition for the
money that this grape might bring him, this was not the primary
object of his experiments. He, firmly believing in his discovery,
knew that it would be a great blessing to his countrymen and had
faith enough in them to believe that they would receive this result
of his care and patience gladly and appreciatively.

Realizing that it would be necessary to bring his new seedling
before the public Mr. Bull exhibited it at the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, September 3, 1853. The fruit shown on this
occasion was, to use his own words —

"From a vine that was neither pruned nor pinched, nor had
application of any of the horticultural arts, whereby precocity and
size are obtained; my object being to ascertain what would be the
constant habit of the vine. I suppose that its quality would be
much improved in a more favorable climate, and that its superiority
to Isabella would be as apparent under such circumstances as it is
here."

Before this he had spoken to several members of the society

THE CONCORD GRAPE .\ND ITS ORIGINATOR. 19

about the grape, and on the appointed day when he had agreed to
bring it into the exliibition he was taken suddenly ill, so asked a
neighbor to take it in for him. About noon two members of the
Fruit Committee of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society ap-
peared at ]Mr. Bull's house in Concord and asked why the grapes
had not been sent as promised. Mr. Bull replied that they had
been sent and the committee were much puzzled but returned to
Boston on the next train and went directly to the exliibition, and
after some searching found the missing grapes among the vegetables
in a very inconspicuous place. The new seedling at once attracted
much attention, ifi fact, created a sensation in the horticultural
world. It was described in Hovey's Magazine in 1853 as follows:
"Mr. Bull's new early and delicious native variety was exhibited
before the INIassachusetts Horticultural Society on Saturday,
September 3, fully ripe — being more than two weeks before
Diana. It has not only proved by far the earliest grape we have,
but also one of the most delicious, having in place of the musky
flavor of the Isabella the rich aroma of the Catawba, with which,
probably, its parent was somewhat fertilized. Specimens were
exhibited before the committee, who say that it fully maintains the
high character heretofore given it."

"We are gratified to announce," continued the report, "that Mr.
Bull has decided to offer it for sale in April next and has placed the
entire stock in the hands of IVIessrs. Hovey & Co. for disposal.
It will be called the Concord grape, having been raised in the town
of that name, very near the spot so memorable in the annals of our
history, and known as the Concord battle ground."

The report of the fruit committee of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society for 1853 was more or less conservative in its esti-
mate of the new seedling and read as follows: "There are many
seedling grapes being raised at this time; indeed a perfect mania
for raising grapes abor.nds and among them all five or six are
promising, one of these being Concord which had attracted much
attention during the past year, and the committee called upon Mr.
Bull at his home, September 7, 1854, to examine the grape. To all
questions put he gave free, frank answers. The vines were located
on a southeast exposure, protected from the north and noKjJ/ieast
by a hill; the soil was sandy. Some vines had received a coating

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of clay; these had made a growth of twelve feet; others had ])een
treated with horse manure. The bunches of grapes averaged seven
inches in length. On some vines the grapes were ripe and the
following Saturday were in the best condition."

"An Isabella vine on the house, although in a better locality, had
not ripened at all. Should this new variety prove as early in other
places we predict a general cultivation where Isabella fails. jNIr.
Bull had at this time some fifteen hundred seedlings showing many
forms of leaf. From the sample of wine from this grape we fully
believe that it will be valuable for wine making."

It seems that some of the members of the Fruit Committee of
the Society were in doubt as to whether or not the vines Avere girdled
in order to produce clusters which weighed a pound as this was an
unheard of thing at that time, and in order to satisfy themselves
they sent two of their number out to Concord to see the vines and
report to the committee. The two members arrived in Concord
on the noon train and took a carriage to jNIr. Bull's house. Not
finding him at home, they asked and received permission to look
over the vines, and, after satisfying themselves that they were not
girdled, went back to Boston and reported that not only were there
bunches as large as those exhibited, but many larger and no vines
girdled.

In the summer of 1853, having worked up a large stock of the
vines, Mr. Bull placed the whole in the hands of Hovey & Co.,
to be sold by them, and this firm advertised it as follows: "This
remarkable, fine American variety is the greatest acquisition
which has yet been made to our hardy grapes and supplies the
desideratum so long wanted of a superior table grape sufficiently
hardy to withstand the coldest climate, and early enough to ripen
its fruit in any part of the Northern or Northeastern States. It
is four Meeks earlier than Isabella and two weeks earlier than
Diana. It was fully ripe last season on September 3, Avhen speci-
mens were exhibited at the INIassachusetts Horticultural Society.
It is a most vigorous growing vine, perfectly hardy, with bunches
of large size, handsomely shouldered, often weighing a pound,
and with large rounded oval berries, frequently measuring an inch
in diameter; color very dark, covered with a thick blue bloom;
flesh free from all pulp; flavor very rich and luscious with a fine,

THE CONCORD GRAPE AND ITS ORIGINATOR. 21

sprightly aroma. The foUage is broad and thick and the berries
have never been known to mildew, rot or drop off under any cir-
cumstances during the five years it has borne fruit. All good
judges who have tasted it pronounce it far superior to the Isabella in
its ripest condition."

To quote Mr. Bull's own words:

"I confess I did not expect to arrive at so great a success so soon,
but when I had the good fortune to find th& parent of the Concord
among the first crop of seedlings, the thovght dawned upon me
that in the perhaps far off future, higher success awaited the culti-
vator, who had the patience to wait. I had almost said the courage
to venture, for I was sensible that any attempt to improve the
wild grape would be considered an imputation upon the judgment
and sagacity of the operator. Fully aware of this I kept my own
counsel and if I had not succeeded nobody would ha^e known that
I had ever ventured."

"I said chat grape growing is possible in Massachusetts. I
do not mean by that that all grapes can be grown here; but I do
mean, that grapes have always been here since the first white man
set his foot on the soil of ^Massachusetts, when he found the grape
so abundant that he christened the coimtry " Vineland.''' We had,
then, only to get out of this native stock, which was atlapted to our
climate, and perfectly hardy, a seedling of good quality; we had
only to break it of its old habits, in short, to make it edible, to attain
the object we had in view. I do not doubt that this idea occurred
to many before I took it up. The intelligent horticulturist said
that it would be the work of a lifetime, and we are a people impatient
of delays; we want our results swiftly; and, therefore, although
they saw it to be possible, and might recommend it to others, they
forebore to proceed with a course of breeding which involved the
work of a lifetime and perhaps more. In my own case after
growing grapes of all kinds in my garden at Boston, with great
success, I found myself unable to grow them on a sunny slope where
I felt sure that I could do so. What was I to do? I loved the
grape and must have it. I might go to Pennsylvania and grow
grapes, but I could not take Massachusetts with me and I wanted
Massachusetts and I wanted grapes too."

"So I set about raising seedlings from this native stock and in

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the second generation, 1 got a good grape; and from that grape 1
have seedUngs still better; and from them again, I have seedlings
growing; and I think that I have established the fact that the time
■will come when out of these successive reproductions you will
have grapes as good as you desire; grapes as good, perhaps, as
those of any part of the world; hardy, perfectly adapted to our
climate, and that may be grown in field culture as you grow any
other crop."

In 1854 the vines were sold at $5 each and $40 a dozen to the
trade; and the following year they were sold at $3 each and $24 a
dozen to the trade. Such papers as the Ohio Farmer, Horticul-
turist, New York Tribune, Country Gentleman, Boston Transcript,
and the Boston Journal gave it very flattering notices and spoke
very highly of it in 1854.

The first season's sales amounted to $3200, a very large sum for
a new fruit in those days, but within a short time every nurseryman
in the country had a stock of it and the sale slipped from the hands
of the originator, bringing much money to others and but little to
him. While Mr. Bull could give to his vines the best care, and
while he could perform the hardest work at home among the scenes
-^ie'loved so well, yet, like a true genius, he was unable to make a
business success out of a discovery which was to mean so much to'
his country.

At a meeting of the Farmers' Club held in Concord, October,
5, 1854, a committee of the following-named men was appointed
and called the "Committee on the Concord grape": Joseph
Reynolds, W. W. Wheildon, S. G. Wheeler, William D. Brown,
and James A. Brown, who reported that "they have attended to
their agreeable duty assigned to them, and that, in their opinion,
the Concord grape possesses in a high degree the essential properties
of a perfect grape; beauty of color and form, richness, fragrance
and flavor, and abundant juiciness. Its skin is thin and remarkably
free from astringency. The vine is a free grower and abundant
bearer and very hardy in its habits, and what renders it peculiarly
valuable, in our New England climate, is the fact that it ripens
from two to three weeks earlier than any other good quality grape
with which we are acquainted."

"They congratulate INIr. Bull, the producer of this seedling

THE CONCORD GRAPE AND ITS ORIGINATOR. 23

grape, upon the success which has resulted from his patience,
perseverance and skill, and they congratulate the horticulturists of
the country upon the addition of so fine a variety to our native
grapes." '

"Your committee have partaken of more than one bottle of
wine made from this grape, and they assure the members of the
club that they do not speak under the influence of wine, when
they say that they know of no other grape in this country so well
adapted to the production of wine as the Concord grape."

Reports of the Fruit Committee of the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society for 1855 said: "jNIr. Bull exliibited Concord at the
weekly show, and both bunches and berries were fully equal to last
year. It is not expected that Concord is come to the exclusion of
Diana, but it will be sought for as additional to those which can
for a certainty be grown and ripened sufficiently early to prove re-
munerative."

"The Concord grape is gaining friends as fast as we supposed
it would until it had been cultivated longer," said the 1856 com-
mittee. "We have evidence from all quarters of its hardiness,
earhness, and excellence, ahhough the \-ines are yet akogether too
young to produce a good-sized bunch. The American Agricul-
turist thus speaks in regard to this much abused variety: 'The
Concord grape, which caused so much discussion at its introduc-
tion three years ago, is settling down to a place among standard
fruits in northern climates. No grape was ever introduced with a
louder flourish of trumpets, and few were ever assailed with severer
criticism.'"

Hovey's Magazine for IMarch, 1857, referred to the Concord
grape in an editorial, comparing its earhness with Isabella. INIost
growers agreed that it was ten days earlier, but in jNIaine it proved
to be two weeks ahead. Isabella would not ripen at all in some
places where Concord was all right.

The 1857 committee said: "The Concord is now widely dis-
seminated and some are strenuous in its favor. In the course of a
year or two it will have become so well tested as to earhness, etc.,
that growers will be enabled to judge for themselves as to its merits,
and will probably decide in favor of its being a valuable variety."

In 1858 the verdict was as follows: "The Concord, so often

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

spoken of heretofore, has ripened in many instances where Isa-
bella failed. Mr. Bull has shown Concord in abundance, but
few others have done so, probably for the reason that it has not
been planted out a sufficient length of time to allow for a liberal
show. It is a valuable acquisition, and ]Mr. Bull is deserving of a
liberal reward for his patient waiting, biding the time when the
community will say he should be amply compensated for originat-
ing so valuable a variety."

From these various reports it will be seen with what differing
opinions the new seedling was received. The detractors of it,
among whom were men from the leading horticultural and pomo-
logical societies, attacked Mr. Bull and the Hovey company, some
even going to the extent of accusing them of deliberate falsehood,
in order to sell the vines.

The first ten years after its introduction saw the gradual spread
of the Concord grape over most of the country. The winter of
1856-57, being very severe, reports all varieties except Concord as
killed or so badly hurt that they did not bear. The name of its
originator was likewise spreading with the fame of the grape, and
prominent men came from all over the country to see INIr. Bull in
his humble home. To all he gave a most hearty welcome, and
being naturally endowed with grace and charm of manner, he
made many friends, and left the impression of a man who was
thoroughly imbued with a love for his work and an enthusiasm for
the calling which he had chosen, that had resulted in discoveries
deserving the highest honors a nation could bestow.

Marshall P. Wilder said: "Had ]Mr. Bull done nothing else for
the benefit of mankind than to originate the Concord grape, his
name Avould be held in grateful remembrance while the fruit of
the vine shall cool the parched tongue, or its juice make glad the
heart of man."

Success with the Concord grape did not stop jNIr. Bull's work
on grapes. He continued experimenting and produced Cottage,
named for his home; Esther, a beautiful white grape, which,
believing it to be the best he could produce, he lovingly named
for his mother; Rockwood, named after his closest and lifelong
friend, Judge E. Rockwood Hoar, who said that a public benefactor
such as Mr. Bull would in any country of the Old World have

THE CONCORD GRAPE AND ITS ORIGINATOR. 25

received government recognition. lona and August Rose were
also among his discoveries, besides many unnamed seedlings.

Mr. Bull said: "From over twenty-two thousand seedlings there
are twenty-one grapes which in the light of today I consider val-
uable. I had at one time 125 vines which I thought were worth
saving, but growing more critical with every new success I have
discarded most of them."

Had these various varieties introduced by ^Nlr. Bull been handled
by a man of business they would have brought wealth to the origi-
nator, but, as with the Concord, no wealth came, and being asked
why he did not put them on the market, he said with bitterness:
"There are no honest nurserymen. I shall be cheated."

Among some of the better known descendants of the Concord
Grape, although originated by other men, are Niagara, Worden,
Brighton, Eaton, Martha, and Pocklington. The Concord has
been often used by hybridizers to get vigor, health, and hardiness
combined with other varieties whose c[uality is better, but which
will not stand our severe winters. To this end alone we owe a
great debt to INIr. Bull for producing a grape from which have
sprung so many deserving varieties.

His vineyard and home by no means showed Mr. Bull's entire
usefulness. In 1855 he was elected to the General Legislature and
did good service on many committees. He was also a member of
the State Board of Agriculture for twelve years and was present
at most of its meetings. Mr. Flint, the then secretary, said that
jSIr. Bull did more than any other man, through the admirable
papers he furnished, to awaken interest in grape culture in Massa-
chusetts. Mr. Bull took a keen interest in the affairs of his
adopted town, as is evidenced by his services as selectman, as
a member of the school committee, and a very active contribu-
tor to the Farmers' Club of Concord to which he brought his great
knowledge of horticulture gained through experience and deep
research, and being well informed in other branches of horticulture
for which he had a real love and to Avhich he gave careful study,
we hear of him advising the farmers in various ways, among them
to plant forest trees and improve the streets of the town, and jNIr.
Bull not only gave this advice, but practised it himself. When he
bought his Concord home there were but three trees about the cot- -

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tage, so he set to work and planted many others, also vines and
shrubs, making a bower of the formerly barren, shadeless house.
The wealth of foliage about his place now is largely due to his
personal efforts and his love for trees.

Among Mr. Bull's many friends was his neighbor Hawthorne,
who, though reserved and retiring with most men, gave to this sim-
ple man much of his time, and Hawthor"/:e's son, Julian, in writing
his father's memoirs, speaks of ]\Ir. Bull as follows: "Another
neighbor of ours, hardly less known to fame, though in a widely
different line of usefulness, makes a very distinct picture in my mind;
this was Ephraim W. Bull, the inventor of the Concord grape.
He was eccentric as his name, but he was a genuine and substantive
man, and my father took a great fancy to him, which was recipro-
cated. He was short and powerful with long arms and a big head
covered with bushy hair, and a jungle beard from which looked out
a pair of eyes singularly brilliant and penetrating. He had brains
to think with as well as strong and skilful hands to work with; he
personally did three-fourths of the labor on his vineyard and every
grape vine had his separate care. He often came over and sat with
my father in the summer house on the hill and there talked about
politics, sociology, morals, and human nature with an occasional
lecture on grape culture."

x\nother friend of INIr. Bull's was Professor Agassiz, who invited
him to lecture on grape culture at Harvard, which he did in 1865.

In 1855 the INIassachusetts Horticultural Society awarded ]Mr.
Bull a silver medal for the Concord grape, and in 1873 a silver
medal for seedling grapes; also the gold medal of the society, valued
at $60, was awarded him for the production of the best hardy
seedling grape, the Concord, which was proved after a thorough
trial so universally adapted to general cultivation throughout the
United States and the most reliable grape for vineyard cultivation
in Massachusetts. Mr. Bull became a member of tlie ^Slassa-
chusetts Horticultural Society in 1853 and was elected an honorary
member in 1892.

Few people at the time the Concord grape was introduced real-
ized what this discovery was to mean to horticulture, and many do
not now place the credit where it is due. When it is understood
that the Concord grape was not the end of this great movement,

THE CONCORD GRAPE AND ITS ORIGINATOR. 27

when it is realized that this grape was to be the parent of practi-
cally all of our best hardy native varieties, when it is understood
that an industry was to be created by this discovery, an industry
which increased so rapidly that within fifteen years of the appear-
ance of the Concord grape, vineyards aggregating thousands of
acres were planted all over the country, and the grape which had
heretofore been a luxury among a few people was to be placed
within reach of the simplest householder, then, perhaps, one can
grasp the breadth of this man's work and what it should mean to
his country. One very important result of Mr. Bull's work was
the arousing of an enthusiasm in others to experiment along the
lines of his discovery. ]\Ir. Bull was most anxious for this and
he said in an address before the jNIassachusetts State Board of
Agriculture:

"Now I want your help. I have given my life to this work, not
solely for the benefit of others, not alone for a selfish purpose, but
because I must do it. The enthusiasm which has animated me in
regard to grape culture for thirty-five years does not abate, but
increases with increasing years; and so long as I live I shall go on
with my work. But I must depart, and if somebody does not
follow it up, we shall never have what we ought to have — an
American grape which shall excel all others."

The later years of Mr. Bull's life do not present the bright and
happy picture that we wish they might. The many disappoint-
ments incident upon the introduction of his later seedlings and the
treatment at the hands of the men he had trusted had a marked
effect upon his nature and helped to change him from a simple,
frank, neighborly man to one of suspicion and bitterness toward
his fellow men, so that his life became more or less that of a recluse.
It was only the advent of a meeting of the State Board of Agriculture
which could draw him from his retirement. These meetings
seemed to be the one connecting link with the life of the past and
Mr. Bull loved to attend them and give to them his best thought.

Mr. Bull had built a small greenhouse behind his cottage where
he spent much of his time cultivating tender grapes and flowers,
and here at all times in his later life he might be found caring for
the plants which were the only solace of his lonely and simple life.
He lived, however, to see one of the results of his labors, the Con-

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cord grape, spread with amazing rapidity over the country, leaving
wealth and prosperity in its path, carrying the name Concord into
places where the fame of its authors and its battle ground had never
been heard, and creating an industry which before its discovery had
not been dreamed of; while he, the originator, the pioneer of this
great movement, was all but forgotten and broken in spirit. He
died September 26, 1895, and the pathetic epitaph on his grave
fittingly marks his life's work:

He Sowed; Others Reaped.

Discussion.

William N. Craig inquired if the original Concord vine was still
in existence.

INIr. Wheeler replied that it is said to be there still but has not
borne fruit for the last fifteen years, probably owing to its being
overgrown and shaded by large trees.

Joseph S. Chase remarked that he once visited Mr. Bull at his
home and was shown the original Concord vine. At the time of
his visit the vine was mostly dead but had one shoot with fruit
on it.

George F. Wheeler said he knew Mr. Bull very well and that he
was a most pleasant man to meet. He had often met him at the
Farmers' Club meetings in Concord. Mr. Bull's work as a gold
beater was much broken up by the Civil War because his two
assistants enlisted in the army and it was impossible to get others.

He had several other seedling grapes which he had originated
and eight or ten of them are still in existence in the garden of his
daughter, Mrs. G. W. Lauriat, of Medford, INIassachusetts, and
ought to be propagated and made better known.

Mr. Sims asked about the varieties of grapes that had originated
from the Concord and also as to how widely it was distributed.

Mr. Wheeler stated that the following named varieties had been
grown from seeds of the Concord or by hybridization with it:
Brighton, Eaton, Moore's Early, Niagara, Pocklington, and
Worden.

The distribution of the Concord reached as far west as Oregon,

THE CONCORD GRAPE AND ITS ORIGINATOR. 29

and from Canada to certain latitudes in ]Mexico, but does not
thrive in the Southern United States. It will grow in regions with
a winter temperature of fifty degrees below zero, but is not sure to
ripen its fruit.

Mr. Craig said that the Concord grape was used in Europe for
crossing with other varieties in order to get a higher bloom on the
fruit.

Mrs. G. "W. Lauriat, the daughter of jNIr. Bull, who was present
at the lecture, exhibited medals of the INIassachusetts Horticultural
Society Avhich were awarded to her father in 1855 and 1873.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR COMMERCIAL APPLE GROW-
ING IN NEW ENGLAND.

By Prof. F. C. Sears, Amherst, Mass.

Delivered before the Society, January IS, 1908.

It is difficult to understand why commercial orcharding is not
more extensively carried on in Massachusetts, and, indeed, through-
out all of southern New England, at the present time. We have
practically every condition which is conducive to the success of
the enterprise, and as few" of the difficulties as one will usually find;
and the limited nvimber of those who are engaged in it on a reason-
ably large scale are certainly making it a financial success.

The only explanation which I can suggest for the relatively
small number of men who are at present carrying on orcharding
on a commercial basis is that Massachusetts is so largely a suburban
country that men have gone into dairying and market gardening,
for the products of which there is good market and the returns
from which begin to come in almost at once. But it seems to me
that this idea has been largely overworked. While it is true that a
tomato comes into bearing more quickly than an apple tree yet the
popular idea as to the length of time required for an apple tree to
bear fruit is based largely on the results of the old style of orchard-
ing when trees were planted out on some hillside, which was n't
suitable for anything else, and received no further attention from
anyone but the cattle and sheep until they did at last produce some
fruit. Under this method it was usually ten or twelve years before
apples bore fruit, and correspondingly long with other fruits, so
that it is small wonder if the impression got abroad that one was
to a large extent working for the next generation in starting an
orchard; an impression which is not conducive to popularizing
any project.

But whatever the explanation we adopt, or whether we pass it

31

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

by without an explanation, this scarcity of commercial fruit growers
in the state is in many ways a decided advantage to the man who
takes it up as a business. At least I should not let it deter me from
undertaking the enterprise once I had satisfied myself that it could
be made profitable. I have already satisfied myself of this and I
should like to suggest some of the factors which, it seems to me,
promise success to the man who undertakes to grow fruit here on
modern principles.

To begin with, our climate is adapted to the growing of fruit of
the finest quality. No one who has seen and tasted the best c[uality
of Massachusetts-grown Mcintosh Red, Sutton Beauty, or Palmer
Greening (Washington Royal) it seems to me, ought to doubt our
ability to grow apples which will compare favorably for quality
with those grown anywhere. And this is certainly a prime requisite
to a successful business. For looks, some of the western-grown
iruit can certainly discount any apples that I have ever seen grown
here, and that is also a very important factor. But if not cjuite
so fine in appearance as that from the west, our apples, when well
grown, are fine enough to look at, and when you bite into them
there is a quality there which I do not believe the best western apple
grown under irrigation, as most of them are, can equal. And while
fine appearance is always to be desired it seems to me that for the
highest type of fruit trade people are sufficiently discriminating
that they will very soon learn that the home-grown fruit has the
•quality to back it up.

The second hopeful factor in our situation here in Massachusetts,
as I see it, is our nearness to good markets. There is not another
section of the United States which can ecjual us in this respect.
Within a radius of three hundred and fifty miles from central
Massachusetts there are about twenty-three millions of people, a
very large proportion of whom are non-producers and are working
for good and regular wages. That class of people give the best
market possible for what might be called standard grades of fruit.
Add to this the fact that we have a large and increasing class of the
very wealthy who are not particular what they pay for fruit pro-
vided it is of such a quality as to appeal to them, and you have a
<'ombination in the way of a market which it would be difficult to
improve.

APPLE GROWING IX XEW ENGLAND. 33

Thirdly, I believe that the labor question is less acute here in
Massachusetts than in many parts of the country. We are reason-
ably near to the tide of immigration so that as a rule we can get the
help which we need in the orchard.

And I feel like adding a fourthly, in the San Jose scale, which,
however disastrous it may be to the country generally, is certainly
weeding out the scattered apple trees and the small, poorly-cared-
for orchards, and is leaving the markets for the man who is really
making a business of apple growing.

Some other elements of the situation might well be discussed if
time would admit but I think we have already arrayed a sufficient
number to warrant us in concluding that the outlook is flattering.
With a climate and soil which will grow the best of fruit, with a
market that will buy it at remunerative or even gilt-edged figures,
if it is of the right kind, and with labor to grow the fruit, what more
could we ask ?

If now, in order to strengthen our position still more, we wish to
see what has already been accomplished in profitable orcharding,
while, of course, I do not speak as one who has all the facts by any
means, yet it seems to me that I have already known of enough
cases to fully justify my opinion that orcharding when properly
carried on in the past has proved to be very remunerative. May
I cite a few instances ? On the Agricultural College grounds is an
orchard of mixed apples and peaches, the apples forty feet apart
each way and interplanted both ways with peach trees. These
trees are now ten years set and the Wealthy and Mcintosh apples
(of each of which there is a row through the orchard) have averaged
two bushels per tree per year since they were five years old; and
this fruit has sold without the slightest difficulty at $2.00 per bushel
box. At forty feet apart this does not give a large return per acre,
but at twenty feet each way, which is a perfectly feasible distance
for these varieties for the first twenty-five years, we have 108 trees
or $432.00 per acre, for the years from the fifth to the tenth. This
ought at least to be doubled during the next five years.

If we take the peaches growing in this same orchard there have
been three full crops in the past five years and each crop has more
than paid for the land.

There is a large Baldwin orchard in the neighborhood of Amherst

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

from which the apples Avere this year sold at §3.50 per barrel tree
run. I cannot give statistics of the yield but it was excellent and
at the price received must have given a handsome income.

And lastly, if I may be permitted to draw on my Nova Scotia
experience which I think is legitimate, a few years ago their Fruit
Growers' Association gathered some statistics as to crops and
returns from bearing apple orchards and the net returns from ten
of the best orchards in the province ranged from 10% to 20% on a
valuation of $1000 per acre, for a period of five years. I am often
met with the objection, when I advocate orcharding in ^Nlassachu-
setts, that "we can't afford to go into it, our land is too valuable."
Now, I doubt if much of our farming land is worth $1000.00 per
acre except trucking land near large cities, and I certainly doubt
if much of it gives 10% on such a valuation.

]May I suggest, in closing, some of the elements which it seems
to me enter into the success of any orchard ? I mean the elements
which the owner of the orchard can control. And the first, and I
am almost inclined to think the most important of all, is to go into it
on a reasonably extensive scale. INIake your operations large
enough so that you will take pride in them. I do not believe that
the importance of this factor is half appreciated. No man can
wax enthusiastic over a dozen or two Baldwin trees set in a back
lot. But few men can fail to become enthusiastic over a half-
dozen acres of orchard which is yielding a revenue of $500.00 per
acre.

I do not consider the soil and site for an apple orchard matters
of extreme importance, for apples will grow in almost any soil
and on almost any slope; though poorly drained soil and windy
locations are certainly to be avoided. With other fruits than the
apple these are matters of more importance.

But I do consider that the question of varieties is an all-important
one. Unfortunately it is a good deal of a personal question but I
should like to suggest a few general considerations which I think
will apply in all cases.

1st. Be satisfied with a reasonable number of varieties. If
one is catering to a special market it may be desirable to grow eight
or ten sorts but this I should consider the limit, while for the general
market two or three is all that should be set.

APPLE GROWING IN NEW ENGLAND. 35

2nd. Set varieties of good quality. In a country like ours
which can produce good quality it is ridiculous to throw that ad-
vantage to the winds and try to compete with Colorado in growing
Ben Davis.

3rd. Select prolific varieties. There is little satisfaction in
growing even the best variety if it does n't bear and bear well.

I shall not discuss, in detail, the elements of successful culture
though they are of vital importance. In my opinion the best fruit
cannot be grown without intelligent cultivation, pruning, spraying,
and fertilizing, but each one is a subject in itself.

The last and most vital element in profitable orcharding which
I shall mention, and the one in which it seems to me that our growers
most often fail, is the handling and packing of the fruit. I believe
it is this more than anything else which has so largely given our
markets over to the Oregon and Washington growers. They pack
with the utmost care; every fruit is perfect and is handled perfectly.
Ours is too often roughly handled, is packed in barrels where it is
still further damaged, and reaches the consumer in anything but
an attractive condition. If we will adopt western methods of
picking and packing I feel sure that we can rely on Massachusetts
quality to more than offset Oregon appearance.

Discussion.

A lady inquired as to the proper pruning of a tree at time of
planting.

Prof. Sears replied that it was best to begin with a severe pruning
and by heading low. Then head back one-third to one-half the
growth for the first five years. After that it is a matter of thinning
out in order to develop the fruit buds.

Samuel H. Warren said he had the San Jose scale on several of
his trees and asked how often it was necessary to spray, and if
there were any parasites for keeping the scale in check.

Prof. Sears recommended spraying with the lime and sulphur
wash every year, in the late winter or early spring. This will keep
the trees in good condition and one application a season is all that
is necessary.

36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

As to parasites for the San Jose scale we have none here. They
appear to be efficient in the latitude of Washington but have not
been as yet introduced here.

R. W. Curtis asked the lecturer if he had had any experience in
spraying with a soluble oil.

Prof. Sears said that it had been used in some places but was not
usually as satisfactory as the lime and sulphur. The ad\'isability
of using a soluble oil depended a good deal upon local conditions.
It would be very desirable to use it on account of the convenience
of handling but it was not as effective as the lime and sulphur
preparation.

INIr. Doherty enquired as to the relative merits of Kainit and
sulphate of potash.

Prof. Sears answered that Kainit was not a form desirable to use
on account of the low percentage of actual potash. "While it ap-
peared to be cheaper than sulphate of potash it really cost more.

The question was asked if the Delicious apple grown in the
Ozarks was desirable to grow here.

Prof. Sears replied that on general principles it was not, as it had
not been tried here and western apples often do not do well in the
East.

E. O. Orpet remarked that the San Jose scale was the worst
element ever experienced in New England orcharding and many
trees had been killed by it. He said that it was necessary now to
spray everything in order to get any results.

John W. Duncan said that it was rare to find an orchard in Xew
England in good condition and when one was seen it would be found
that it had been sprayed. One spraying during the winter was
sufficient to keep down the San Jose scale.

William N. Craig spoke favorably of Scalecide which he had used
successfully in keeping down the scale insect.

Wm. H. Spooner recommended the Wagener apple which he
had found a first-class fruit and a good keeper. He asked the lec-
turer if it paid to thin fruit.

Prof. Sears replied that ordinarily it does not pay with apples
and if the trees are pruned properly it is not necessary. In the
ordinary run of commercial growing it is not recommended on
account of the extra expense of labor. Peaches and plums, how-
ever, should be thinned.

v APPLE GROWING IN NEW ENGL.AJSTD. 37

Mr. Orpet asked what were the best varieties of apple trees to
set out.

Prof. Sears recommended the Weahhy, INIcIntosh Red, Pahner
Greening, Sutton Beauty, and Northern Spy. For the ordinary
grower five to eight varieties are all that are necessary.

The question was asked if the Rome Beauty was not a good
apple to plant.

Prof. Sears said it was a fine apple but not desirable here, as it
had not been fully tested.

Mr. Doherty spoke highly of the King apple which he said sold
in the New York market for four dollars a crate.

Prof. Sears said the difficulty with the King was that it was a
shy bearer; it had the advantage, however, of producing large
fruit.

Christopher C. Shaw said that many have grown the Gravenstein
apple with success and questioned the recommendation of the
Wealthy instead.

Prof. Sears said the difficulty usually with the Gravenstein is that
it is not sufficiently prolific. The Wealthy will bear ten apples to
the Gravenstein one; but when the Gravenstein does well no apple
is better in its season.

Mr. Warren remarked that he agreed with the lecturer in the
matter of limiting the number of varieties. It was better to confine
one's efforts to a few proved kinds rather than to try all varieties
known.

ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.

By Robert Cameron, Cambridge, Mass.

Delivered before the Society, January 25, 1908.

From a horticultural standpoint an annual is a showy flowering
plant which lives but one season and, consequently, requires to be
raised from seed each year.

A biennial is a showy flowering plant which is produced from
seed in one year, and blooms, ripens its seed, and dies the year
following.

These definitions do not always hold good as there are some
annuals that can be kept longer than one year, if they are restrained
from flowering and fruiting.

Annual plants give more pleasure to a larger number of persons,
are less expensive, easier to grow, and give quicker results than any
plants that are grown in our gardens. They are the poor man's
plants as well as the rich man's. They are not like the orchids
which can only be enjoyed by the wealthy, in fact, they are the real
plants for the masses. They are so cheap that there is no excuse
for the poorest people in our thickly-settled tenement districts to
be without plants.

Origin of Annuals.

No doubt some of you have wondered, as I have, why nature
gave such a short period of time to these plants to complete the
cycle of life, while to others she has given an almost indefinite time
to live. Why are they so short lived and have they been always
annuals? These are puzzling questions and very little has been
written about them.

We are told by scientists that flowering plants have come to us

39

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

from a remote period, from the higher cn-ptogams, such as Selagi-
nellas and Lycopodiiims ; that the Gymnosperms such as the
Coniferae and Cycadaceae were probably the first plants to produce
seeds; then probably came the woody trees and shrubs, and after
that the herbaceous plants, and no doubt after these came the
annuals and biennials. To answer the question as to why they
are so short lived — it probably came about in this way: At one
time, where these plants were growing they were about to be driven
out of existence by some agents — probably by cold in cold climates
and by drought and heat in dry and hot climates. When a plant's
life is in danger it always tries to reproduce itself. Therefore these
plants under those hard conditions flowered early and produced an
abundance of seeds which carried them through the trying seasons
and they were able to again reproduce themselves when congenial
conditions prevailed. Doing this same thing for many years they
inherited this mode of reproducing themselves annually from seed,
and were saved in this way from extinction. This change did not
take place all at once, but required a long period of time. The
whole question is one of environment and inheritance.

From a horticultural standpoint this shortness of life is not such
a drawback as some people imagine it is; the fragile flowers and
transient beauty of the annuals make them all the dearer to those
who love a touch of sentiment in their gardens.

Should w^e forget how important the economic annuals and
biennials are?

Are not most of our garden and farm vegetables annuals and
biennials? And are not nearly all of our cereals annuals? Just
think for a moment, if all our annual vegetable and cereal crops
were destroyed what should we do?

Geographical Distribution.

The annuals we have in our gardens come from all parts of the
world and anyone who loves variety in the garden cannot do with-
out these plants. They are not like the herbaceous perennials, of
which we can only grow such kinds as come from cold climates
that will stand our severe winters. During the summer and fall

-AJS'NUALS AND BIENNIALS. 41

we can grow the annual plants of the tropics as well as those from
temperate and cold climates.

Let us look at a short list of the most important genera so that
we can see how our summer gardens are supplied with plants from
all over the world.

From the East Indies have come Amarantus caudatiis, Cacalia
coccinea, Celosia cristata and pi/ramidalis, Dolichos, different spe-
cies, most of the annual gourds, Impatiens Balsamina the balsam,
and Thunbergia alata.

From China we have CaUistephus Chinensis or China asters,
Dianthus Chinensis, and Perilla Xankinensis.

AustraUa has given us Acroclinium roseum, Ammobium alatum,
Brachycome or Swan River daisy, Cephalipterum Drummondii,
Didiscus caeruleus, Helichrysum, Helipterum or Rhodanthe,
Podolepis gracilis, and Wahlenbergia grandiflora.

Africa has given us Arctotis, Crj-ptostomma, Dimorphotheca,
Hebenstretia, Lobelia erinus, Linum grandiflorum, Malope, Xeme-
sia, and Senecio elegans.

From South America, Alonsoa, Browallia, Collomia, Hunne-
mannia, jNIartvnia, Petunia, Salpiglossis, Schizanthus, Tropaeolum
majus and minus.

Mexico gave us Ageratum Mexicanum-, Argemone Mexicana
and grandiflora, Cosmos bipinnatus, Lophospermun scandens,
Maurandia Barclaiana, Sanvitalia, Tagetes erecta and patula,
Zinnia elegans and Haageana.

From Europe, Anfirrhinuvi majus, Calendula officinalis, Cen-
taurea Cijanus, Convolvulus tricolor, Delphinium^ Ajacis and
Consolida, Iberis coronaria, odoraia, and iimhellata, Lathyrus
odoratus or sweet pea, Matthiola annua and incana, Nigella
Damascena, Papaver Rhoeas and somniferum, Reseda odorata, and
Scabiosa afropurpurea.

California gives us an immense lot of good annuals, Abronia,
Baeria, Bartonia, Clarkia, Coreopsis tinctoria and Atkinsoniana,
Eschscholzia, Eutoca, Gilia, Godetia (Oenothera), Lasthenia,
Leptosyne, Nemophila, Oenothera, and Phacelia (^Yhitlavia).

Coreopsis Drummondii and coronata and Phlox Drummondii
come from Texas.

42 massachusetts horticultural society.

Improvement by selection* axd Breeding.

Although many of our annuals are extremely beautiful in their
wild state there have been most wonderful changes brought about
in some of the genera and species by cultivators and specialists.
Annual plants have been of much more interest to those who have
been interested in the improvement of cultivated plants than herba-
ceous plants have ever been. They have been more easily handled,
that is, their habits and forms have more easily responded to the
requirements or desires of the improver. On the other hand they
have had drawbacks which the improver found great difficulty
to overcome in many instances. To get a new habit or new form
of flower in annual plants was not the only difficulty the improver
or cultivator had to contend with. His time and skill would have
been wasted if varieties could not be produced true from seed.
Therefore, it is in getting good strains that will come every time
true from seed that takes time, patience, and perseverance.

In woody or herbaceous plants this difficulty is much more
easily overcome when new varieties have been obtained, as they
can be increased in many ways other than by seed, such as by
cuttings, grafting, and many similar modes of propagation. Con-
sequently much time and trouble have to be given to keeping true
the fine strains of many kinds of our garden annuals. They very
soon degenerate and, if not carefully looked after, many of them
will revert to their wild state. One would be almost safe in saying
that if the skill and labor of our cultivators and specialists were
abandoned for a few years, nearly all the good varieties of garden
annuals would disappear and be replaced by inferior kinds more
like the original wild forms.

Wonderful improvement has been brought about since the
garden annuals were collected in their native countries. The
time and labor that has been spent on some of these plants is hardly
credible. The history and orign of some of the varieties make
intensely interesting reading. Some men have spent the best
part of their lives improving the species and varieties of one genus.
Eckford and Laxton in England gave the greater part of their
lives to improving the sweet pea. In Germany and France much
time has been spent in raising and improving these plants. The

ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 43

trial grounds, which cover hundreds of acres, of some of the large
seed growers in Europe show us what is being done with this class
of plants. I shall never forget the impression created by the ap-
parently endless beds of annuals at the extensive grounds of the
well-known seedsmen, INIessrs. Sutton of Reading, England, when
I visited their establishment a few years ago.

Hardly any of us ever give it a thought when we are enjoying
the beautiful plants in our gardens as to how these plants originated.
How little credit some men have got for what they originated in the
plant world! Those who write poetry and novels are always
heard about. jSIen who have produced new flowers and plants
which give so much pleasure to the aesthetic side of life, are hardly
ever heard about. Those who produce new and improve useful
plants are a boon and a blessing to any country.

Usefulness of Annuals.

The real merits of annual plants are sufficiently great to render
needless any exaggerated statement of their claims. We are all
well aware that to many the hardy perennials offer superior attrac-
tions, and the lovers of these plants are always sure to lay emphasis
on the great trouble of sowing annuals each year. However, the
true lover of garden beauty will hardly attempt to estimate by any
nice process the comparative merits of the various classes of orna-
mental plants, but on the other hand should be gratefully thankful
for the bountiful supply which has been given him to embellish
his surroundings. They possess many advantages, strong points
in their favor being the short time reciuired to produce an effect,
and the small cost at which a display of flowers may be maintained
from early summer until late in the fall. They are especially easy
to o-row and their value for cuttino; cannot be overlooked. One
merit which they possess and which is not thought about is that
they do not take up room in winter; consequently they are ideal
plants for those having limited space.

With a good knowledge of the various species and varieties there
is no kind of ornamental gardening in the way of borders or beds
that cannot if necessary be done with annuals, just as well as with
other plants. Many of the failures which have existed with these

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

plants have come about through not knowing the proper kinds to
use; to attain resuks one must know which are best suited for the
effects that are desired.

Importance of Good Seed.

In my opinion it is ahvays best to buy the very best strains of
seed obtainable, even if they cost more. There is less work and
care with good fresh seed than there is with cheap unreliable kinds.
The cheap seed needs as much care and attention as good seed
does, and never gives as good results. No doubt you have all
noticed in spring when the weather begins to get warm and when
man begins to think he ought to get back to the soil, how quickly
seed stores multiply; they grow up like mushrooms. At that
time you will see displayed in the windows of druggists, grocers,
bakers and such places, boxes of annuals with pictures of flowers
of the most brilliant colors imaginable. If anyone wants to get
results my advice would be to shun these places and buy seeds from
reputable seedsmen who have made a life study of the seed busi-
ness. They can't afford to sell you unreliable seeds.

Many of the annual seeds lose their germinating power much
earlier than other seeds, therefore it is very important that they
have been freshly collected the previous year. The cheaper the
strains the more plants you will get. From the finer and more
expensive strains fewer plants are obtained but one gets quality
against quantity. Some of you will be surprised to know that in
France and Germany some of the growers of fine strains of pansy
seed sell their products weight for weight, that is one ounce of pansy
seed for one ounce of gold. So it is easily seen from this that fine
strains of seed are "worth their weight in gold."

Cultivation of Annuals.

There are no plants easier to grow than annuals, but the ease of
culture has got many people into the habit of growing them in a
haphazard way and often they do not get the attention they deserve.
To get good results we have to give them just as good care as we give

ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 45

to other garden plants. Then the kixuriance of growth and the
plentiful supply of flowers pav-us amply for the extra care.

It is a great mistake to think they will grow in any kind of soil.
The majority enjoy a good, rich, loose, open soil, and most of them
are great lovers of sunlight ; therefore they should be given position
where they can get plenty of light.

In nature we find that most of the annuals are sown in the fall
and in Europe many of them are sown in gardens at that time in
warm sheltered spots where they will bloom early in the summer.
Very few of our very hardiest annuals will survive our severe winters
in this part of New England in the open ground. I have tried
quite a number of them but the results were unsatisfactory. Many
of them will stand until Christmas or thereabouts, and after that
they disappear. The alternate freezing and thawing seem to do
the injury.

For spring bedding we raise quite a number of kinds and winter
them in cold frames. The seeds are sown in August and the young-
plants are set out in the beds whenever the frost is out of the ground
in spring.

There are several ways of raising or growing these plants but the
time when the display of blossoms is wanted must to some extent
determine the time to sow the seeds. If they are recpiired for early
decoration in the garden they may be sown in the greenhouse as
early as March or April. The seeds are sown in pots or boxes which
are filled with moderately light, fine soil. The covering of the seed
is of importance as some kinds when covered too much never ger-
minate.

Very small seeds such as Begonias, Torenias, and such like need
hardly any covering. Large seeds should be covered more heavily,
a good rule being to cover seed to the depth of their diameter.

When the seeds have germinated and the seedlings are large
enough to handle they should be pricked oif into boxes of moderately
fine soil, after this they are shaded for a few days during the hottest
part of the day. In a short time they are large enough to be boxed
off or else potted off singly into small pots. Very soon they are
large enough to be put into cold frames where they are hardened off
to plant and put out of doors.

Where there are manv kinds of annuals raised in this wav in

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the spring, should the ■ueather happen to be dull there is sure to
be "damping off." The best way to stop this is to prick the seed-
lings into boxes or pots of fresh soil.

Another way to obtain plants earlier than those raised out of
doors is to sow the seeds in cold frames. When the weather is
warm enough the young plants may be transplanted from the
frames into the ground where they are to blossom. The trans-
planting should be done when the weather is moist.

The best and most popular way to raise these plants is to sow
the seeds where the plants are to be grown in the garden. The
ground should be put into good condition by digging and enriching
and made fine by raking before the seeds are sown. Very often
the seedlings come up too thickly and thinning the plants out is
one of the most important points in their culture, the neglect of
which does more to injure them than anything else. When sown
thickly and allowed to run up into flower without ever being thinned
great disappointment will often follow. Thinning out the plants
should begin just as soon as they are large enough to handle.

Sowing should begin outdoors with the most hardy kinds when-
ever the frost is out of the ground. In fact there are kinds which
are a complete failure if not sown early; such, for instance, are
sweet peas and poppies. The kinds that are more tender should
not be sown until the ground is gaining warmth, about the middle
of May.

There is another point in connection with these plants that is
very important and often neglected; that is, removing all decaying
blossoms and preventing seed from forming. If this is not attended
to the season of blossoming is very much shortened. If this is
constantly seen to the energies of the plants are put towards the
production of growth and flowers, and the flowers are finer and are
produced more abundantly. Watering and stirring the soil are
two factors which must be attended to regularly.

The large growing kinds will require staking and this should be
done as neatly as possible. There are very few people who have
the knack of staking outdoor plants successfully.

ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 47

Popular Annuals.

Annuals are generally divided into two classes, hardy and half-
hardy. Then we have the greenhouse kinds, but it is not my
purpose to speak about them now. Hardy annuals are the kinds
which are sown directly into ground where they are to grow.
Some can be sown in the fall and wintered over in frames. Half-
hardy annuals are those which are sown in the greenhouse, frame,
or window in March or April. They need slight protection in the
early stages of their growth and some of them do not develop to
their full extent if not treated in this way.

I will give you a few lists of the best kinds, hopii g in this way
to demonstrate their general usefulness and also to show a wider
range of varieties that can be used in general cultivation.

Agcrafum comjzoides is the common Ageratum of gardens. It
is a favorite because of its bright blue flowers which are produced
all summer. There are two dwarf forms which are valuable for
bedding and massing; they are Little Dorrit and Swanley Blue.
There is a new form with rose-colored flowers which promises to
be valuable for bedding purposes ; the name of this \ariety is Rose
Queen.

Sweet alyssum, Alyssum maritimum, is one of the most common
annuals and is much used for the edging of beds. Its fragrant
flowers are very pleasing. It is very hardy and can be sown out
of doors early in ^lay and will flower all summer.

The snapdragon, Antirrhinum vmjus, is very popular and de-
serves to be on account of its handsome flowers which are pro-
duced very abundantly. It is one of the plants which have been
very much improved by horticulturists and has now a great range of
beautiful, distinct colors. Not only have the colors of the flowers
been improved but also the habit of the plants. We have them in
tall and dwarf forms coming true from seed. There are many
named varieties among the latter. For early flowering the seeds
must be sown in ^Nlarch or April in the greenhouse or window.
The seeds sown out of doors in May will flower in July or August.
The flowers are especially good for cutting and possess good
keeping qualities, and on this account they are grown by florists

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in winter. In warm sheltered positions this plant occasionally
lives over to the second year.

Balsams are beautiful plants when well grown, and by selection
and improvement we have a large variety. A good strain will give
plants that will produce large, double flowers. If sown out of
doors in warm sheltered spots about the end of May they soon
germinate and develop into fine specimens, but they must have
sufficient room to grow.

BrowaUia data and grandiflora are old-fashioned plants that are
easily grown and are valuable on account of their producing a fine
show of blue flowers all summer.

There are few plants that are more satisfactory than the annual
Coreopsis. They will grow and flower in almost any kind of soil
or situation. If sown out of doors in May, they soon begin to
flower and will continue blossoming until they are destroyed by
frost in the fall. The best kinds are tinctoria and Druvimondii.

The pot marigolds, Calendula, are very valuable for growing
in light and dry soils and have many pleasing shades of yellow
flowers. They may be sown quite early out of doors and will
continue in bloom until fall. The flowers are good for cutting and
are much used by florists. The best varieties are Meteor, Prince
of Orange, and Lemon Queen.

China or Indian pinks are biennials but if sown early they
flower the first year from seed. When given a good sunny position
in the garden they make a good display, flowering from July until
frost. Good varieties are Fireball, Purity, Salmon Queen, Snow-
drift, and Vesuvius.

Nasturtiums are general favorites and there is no soil too poor to
grow them in. The dwarf kinds are best adapted for beds and
massing and the tall Lobbianum varieties are the best for picking
flowers from. A marvellous range of new colors has been devel-
oped in this flower. Some good varieties of the dwarf kinds are
Aurora, yellow; Crystal Palace Gem, yellow and carmine; King
of the Tom Thumb, scarlet; and Ruby King, dark red.

Amongst the tall chmbing kinds choice varieties to grow are
Jupiter, which is golden yellow; Sunlight, light golden yellow; 'and
Vesuvius, salmon colored.

Of the Lobbianum varieties the best kinds are Asa Grav, vellow-

ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 49

ish white; Fulgens, dark. scarlet; Lucifer, very dark scarlet ; Spit-
fire, brilliant scarlet; and ^Marguerite, cream white.

Ten Weeks' stocks are charming plants for borders and their
handsome flowers are excellent for cutting. There are many
pleasing shades in the flowers now, ranging from dark red to snow
white. The "Cut-and-come- Again" varieties are especially good
for cutting as when the first flowering shoots have been cut the side
branches produce good cutting material. The autumn and late-
flowering kinds are not so useful as they bloom too late.

The candytufts are useful for edging and massing effects, and
the varieties Empress, Little Prince, and Giant White Perfection
are the best kinds. Sow out of doors early in spring, and for
succession, sow late in the summer.

The cornflowers, Centaurea Cyanus, are extremely hardy annuals
and will stand out of doors all winter. The light, airy, blue flowers
are charming for cutting. The varieties Emperor William and
Victoria are the best.

The Sweet Sultan is useful for massing and cutting. Of late
years we have had many new varieties which are exceptionally
fine garden plants. Centaurea Margaritacea has pure white flowers
which are very fragrant. The different forms of Centaurea im-
perialis are very valuable for cuttings and they keep well. They
are grown by florists a good deal but for general garden use they
should be grown much more extensively.

The summer-flowering chrysanthemums are not like our large
autumn-flowering kinds, but they possess a charm of their own
and no garden should be without them. They are .of easy culture,
coming into flower quite early enough if the seed is sown in May.
There are many varieties, some having so-called double flowers.
Chrysanthemum carinatum or tricolor makes a bushy plant from
one to two feet high, and its flowers are composed of three colors.
The best varieties of this species are Burridgeanum and Eclipse.
The double forms of Chrysanthemum coronarium are the best. The
corn marigold, C. Segetmn grand ijtorum, is a taller-growing plant
than the former kinds and is good for massing and cutting. The
dwarf Chrysanthemum multicaule makes a good edging plant.

In low-growing plants for yellow effects, we have nothing better
than the Californian poppy, Eschscholzia Californica. To get it

50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

to grow well it must be sown early in spring. It is very impatient
of transplanting and must be left alone. The finest kinds would
include crocea. Golden West, tenui folia, and maritima.

The annual Gaillardias are well adapted for summer gardening
as they produce their flowers all summer. Amblyodon, piilchella,
and pulchella var. pida are the best.

Cosmos is one of the finest annuals we have in late summer and
fall. Much has been done of late years to get the plants to bloom
earlier and the size of the flowers has also been improved. What
we need now is the improvement of the habit of the plants. They
seem to bloom earlier if when they are half grown they are cut
back; the check seems to induce them to flower. There are many
new forms but the finest we have seen is Lady Lenox, a variety
which originated in Lenox, Massachusetts.

The annual larkspurs are very showy plants when well grown,
and are very valuable for cutting. They do best when sown very
early out of doors and given plenty of room to develop. They are
strong-growing plants and like good rich soil. They have a great
range of color, including shades of light, dark azure blue, white,
rose, pink, red lilac and dark lilac, and violet. The variety known
as Newport Pink which was introduced a few years ago has rose-
colored flowers and is well worth growing. The choicest varieties
are now grown in the winter in the greenhouse for cut flowers.

The best of our garden poppies originated from the corn poppy,
Papaver Rhoeas. The carnation, picotee, and ranunculus poppies
are double forms of this species, so are also the Shirley poppies.
The corn poppy is the common wild poppy of Europe which grows-
abundantly in the fields there. The Shirley is a charming race
and was obtained by selection. They are the most lovely of all
the poppies and are of every imaginable shade and combination
of white, pink, and red, with yellow anthers. The opium poppy,
Papaver somniferum, has some pleasing shades and the paeony-
flowered poppies belong to this plant. The range of color in this
species and its varieties runs from white, through pink and red,
to purple. Bride and Flag of Truce are good single white forms;
Danebrog is a beautiful single variety of the richest scarlet with a
white cross at the base of the petals; and :Mephisto is a beautiful
fringed variety varying from red and black to rose and Avhite. The

.ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 51

double forms are all pleasing and well worth growing, but we like
the single kinds best. For gracefulness, airiness of poise, and deli-
cacy there are no annuals that can outdo the poppies. They
make a most gorgeous show when they are grown liberally. ISIany
are good for cutting and not near as fugacious as Robert Burns
had them in his simile when he said,

Pleasures are like Poppies spread,

You seize the flower, the bloom is shed.

To get good results thev must be sown out of doors whenever the
frost is out of the ground in spring. The seeds should be covered
very lightly. Thin out the plants well and give them room to
develop. They do not stand transplanting well.

The marvel of Peru or four o'clock, is a perennial in its native
country but is grown here as an annual and will grow and flower
in any kind of soil or situation. It will do well under the shade of
trees.

Petunias are very showy and easy to grow. For massing or
bedding we have n't anything better, and they flower continuously
from July to frost. They are not fastidious about soil and will
grow almost anywhere. The large-flowered variety called Ruffled
Giants is very fine with very large beautifully marked flowers.
Countess of Elsemere is a good bedding variety and, although the
flowers are not as large as some kinds, they are produced profusely
and are of a pleasing pink color. Almost any of the varieties are
good and can be recommended.

Drummond phlox when sown in masses gives very brilliant
effects, and is easy to grow from seed and lasts a long time in bloom.
It contains almost all shades of color and is so compact in habit
that it adapts itself to many purposes. If given plenty of water
and if relieved of the seed pods when formed, the plants last in
flower a long time. They are much better for cutting than the
perennial kinds. The graiidifiora forms are by far the best; the
flowers are larger and better shaped than the old kinds. The
cuspidata varieties are pretty and interesting on account of their
star-shaped flowers. Sow out of doors early in May.

The African and French marigolds, Tagetes, are natives of Mexico
and are so well known that w^e hardly need mention them. They

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

are very valuable for late fall and it is then that they look the best.
There are many fine varieties and the dwarf kinds are very compact
and showy for beds. Tagetes signata pumila is well worth growing
on account of its dwarf habit; it does not attain more than one
foot and is completely covered with small yellow flowers.

We must not forget mignonette; no garden should be without
this old-fashioned fragrant plant. The seed may be sown early
in spring and later another sowing may be made for succession.
Almost any kind is good but we prefer the variety Machet because
it is a good grower, has large flowers, and is very fragrant.

For low growth and brilliancy of color we have nothing better
than Portulaca. It is excellent for beds or edgings. It is one of
the easiest plants to grow but its seed must not be sown too early;
when the soil gets warm late in May being early enough. There
is a large range of colors, and double forms are also obtainable,
but the single-flowering kinds are most pleasing.

For large, imposing, flowering annual plants we have nothing
better than the sunflowers. There are several species which are
not grown as widely as they ought to be. The silver-leaved sun-
flower, Helianthus argophi/Uus, grows four or five feet high and
has handsome, silvery foliage with beautiful single flowers. The
cucumber-leaved sunflower, Helianihus cucmnerifolius, is the
handsomest of all the annual sunflowers. It has very compact
growth and produces an immense number of single, bright orange
flowers. Its varieties Stella and Orion are very decorative ard
their flowers are good for cutting.

The China asters, Callistephus hortensis, are amongst the most
common of annuals. They are of the easiest culture and can be
had in a large number of forms and colors. The history of the
evolution of this plant is very similar to that of the chrysanthemum.
When it was introduced it was a single flower and it is pleasing
that there is a growing fondness for single-flowered forms again.
They are subject to several diseases. Those diseases that attack
the roots are avoided if the plants are not grown on the same piece
of ground two years in succession. The fungous diseases which
attack the leaves can be held in check by spraying with some of
the copper fungicides. Spraying the plants should begin before
the disease appears and should be repeated about every ten days.

.\NXUALS AND BIENNIALS. 53

The best kinds are Comet, Truffaut, Chinese Singles, American
Branching, Queen of the ^Market, and Victoria.

Probably the most important of all the annuals are the sweet
peas. They are comparatively easy to grow if a few cardinal
points are attended to. They must be sown early in the spring.
A strong soil, medium rich, is best. The early sowings should
not be covered quite as deep as later sowings. A light mulch helps
to keep the ground moist. For support a wire trellis or birch
stakes with the small branches left on are as good as an}1;hing.
The newer kinds through hybrif.ization and development are not
quite as easy to grow as the older kinds and closer attention must
be given to cultivation. There are innumerable varieties but the
following kinds are amongst the best and they are reasonably cheap.

For white, Dorothy Eckford, Nora Unwin, and ^Miite Wonder.
The best colored primrose varieties are Hon. Mrs. E. Kenyon and
Queen Victoria. The best scarlet kinds, and which do not burn
in the sun, are Queen Alexandra, King Edward VII, and John
Ingman. In Orange Pink, Miss Willmott and Helen Lewis are
good. Gladys Unwin and Countess Spencer are good soft pink
varieties. Prince of Wales and Phyllis Unwin are good rose varie-
ties. Lady M. Omsby Gore is a very pleasing blush pink. In
lavender blue. Lady Grisel Hamilton and Frank Dolby. Xavy
Blue and Black Knight are good dark blue varieties. In striped
kinds America and Earliest of All are very good.

For early kinds, INIont Blanc which is white, Sunbeams, prim-
rose color, and Earliest of All, pink and white, are good varieties.

Zinnias are very valuable. They come into flower early in the
season and continue blooming until frost comes. Their great bril-
liancy makes them especially fine for beds and masses. There is
such a variety in different heights that one can get kinds adapted
for all purposes. The double forms of Zinnia Haageana are very
good for yellow flowers.

Sweet scabious makes an excellent plant for the border and is to
be had in various colors, including white.

Salpiglossis is very handsome. It needs care in the early stages
of growth and should be planted in warm positions.

The new Nicotiana Sanderae and Sanderae hybrids are fine
things and worthy of cultivation; so are the pyramidal cockscombs,
especially the variety Thompsoni.

54 massachusetts horticultural society.

Annuals that are not Popular Enough.

The above list includes no doubt the most popular annuals but
there are many others which if they are properly vmderstood and
given the right conditions will produce wonderful effects.

The Clarkias, which are Californian plants, are amongst the
prettiest of annuals. They are robust, easy to grow, and flower
for a long time. Clarkia elegans grows about two feet high, has
erect and bushy habit, and bears long, leafy racemes of flowers,
varying from purple to pale red or salmon color. Clarkia pulchella
is very showy and has many good forms. There are double varie-
ties, the single forms being the most pleasing. Sow the seeds out
of doors early in May and give the plants a position where they are
slightly shaded.

The Eucharidiums are near relatives of the Clarkias ; they grow
about a foot high and have rosy purple flowers. Eucharidium
grandiflorum and E. Breweri are the best kinds.

The Godetias have large blossoms which are produced very
abundantly and the colors are very pleasing. Sow the seeds in
May in a partially shady position and thin the plants out well to
give them room to grow and they will make nice bushy plants from
one to two feet high. The best species are cirandiflora and avioena,
but many of the varieties such as Rosamond, The Bride, Duchess
of Albany, and Lady Albemarle make most charming plants.

The Phacelias are well worth more general cultivation. Their
beautiful blue flowers are produced for quite a long time if they
are given a cool moist position. Sow them early in the season before
the weather gets too hot. The best kinds are P. campanularia,
ianacetifolia, Parry i, ard Whitlavia.

The best of the annual Campanulas are macrostijla and Lorei/i.

Everlasting flowers contain several genera, most of them coming
from Australia. They are not only showy in the garden but their
flowers are useful for winter boucjuets for which use the blooms
should be cut before they are fully open, and hung up to dry with
the flowers downward. The most important genera are Ammo-
bium, Helichrysum, Rhodanthe, and Acroclinium. When large
masses of these showy plants are grown the effect produced is very
imposing.

ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 55

Gilias are dwarf annuals that give good results if grown in a
sunny, moist position. Collinsias are also charming, low plants
which flower most profusely if given a sunny place with plenty of
water.

The tulip poppy, Hunnemannia jumariae folia, has large, yellow
flowers which are produced on good, long stems and they are good
for cutting. Sow the seeds early and grow in a warm, sunny spot.

The butterfly flower, Schizanthus, has become rather popular
of late years on account of its beautiful flowers which very much
resemble small, orchid flowers. They are grown as pot plants for
conservatory or house decoration. The best kind for growing in
pots is Wisetonensis; it flowers very freely and has a good com-
pact habit. Schizanthus Grahami, 'pinnatus, retvsus, and their
varieties are very showy plants for the garden.

The annual lupins are very showy and easy to grow. Sow the
seeds out doors in May in any kind of soil. The new Lupinus
hyhridus roseits is one of the finest; it has large spikes of pink
flowers, and the plants grow from one and one-half to two feet
high. Other kinds that are showy and easy to grow are Hart-
wecjii, luteus, mutahilis, and pilosus.

Other things that might be added to the above list are Amaran-
tus, Arctotis, Argemone several kinds, Centranthus, Calandrinia,
Emilia, Gaura, Kaulfussia, Lavatera, Leptos^ne, Malope, San-
vitalia, Specularia, Tridax, Viscaria, Erysimum Perofskianmn,
Gomphrena, Lepachys, Rudbeckia, and Linum.

Some of the annual grasses can be used with good effect in the
garden and are useful amongst cut flowers. The following are
the most common varieties grown: Arena sterilis, Briza gracilis,
Eragrostis elegans, Hordeum jubatum, Lagurus ovatus, and Pen-
nisetum longistylum .

Best Kinds for Cut Flowers.

If a large quantity of cut flowers is wanted the annuals should be
grown in a piece of ground set aside for this purpose. The ground
should be rich and well worked and given plenty of water if the
weather is dry. Plenty of room is necessary so that the plants can
develop to their full extent.

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The following kinds we have found good for cutting: sweet
peas, China asters, Centawea Cyanus, Centaurea imperialis and
Americana, Antirrhinums, Coreopsis, Cosmos, mignonette, stocks,
larkspur, lupins, poppies, Browallia, Calendula, chrysanthemums,
Gaillardia, Helianthus, small-flowered kinds, Hunnemannia,
candytuft, phlox, Acroclinium, Helichrysum, Schizanthus, Scabi-
osa atropurpurea, Tropaeolum, and Zinnia.

Varieties Suitable for Beds and Masses.

Many kinds of common annuals blossom all summer and are
well adapted for beds. INIany disappointments have come about
through planting sorts which do not blossom throughout the
summer months. The following kinds flower for the greater part
of the summer. Alt/ssum viaritimum, Antirrhinum, Browallia,
Coreopsis, Celosia, Convolvulus tricolor, Gaillardia picta and its
varieties, Lobelia Erin us and tenuior, Mirabilis, Neiyiesia strumosa,
Nicotiana affinis, sylvestris, Sanderae, and Sanderae hybrids,
Perilla, Petunia, Phlox Drummondii, Salvia splendens, Schizan-
thus, Tagetes, Torenia, Tropaeolum, Verbena hybrida and venosa,
also Kochia tricophylla.

Begonia semperflorens and all its forms and the beautiful Begonia
gracilis, if treated as annuals and sown in January, make most
pleasing bedding plants. The tuberous-rooted begonias can
also be grown from seed annually. Pentstemon hybridus, if sow^n
in February or March, makes a good bedding plant. Vinca rosea
and its white form, in warm sunny positions, make a blaze of color
all summer. The seeds must be started in heat and not planted
out until the end of May.

For subtropical eft'ects we have quite a number of kinds that are
well adapted for this sort of work, such as Ricinus, Amarantus,
Cannabis gigantea, Cosmos, Helianthus difterent species, Nicoti-
ana suaveolens, sylvestris, and tomentosa, Solanum atropurpureum,
pyracanthum, and Warscewiezii, Malva crispa, Pennisetuvi longi-
stylum and Ruppellii, Zea gracillima variegata, and Japonica
variegata.

For spring bedding eft'ects we use the following: pansies, Viola
cornuta and all its varieties, Viola lutea and Golden Gem, Bellis

ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 57

ferennis, Myosotis alpestris in its several varieties, and Silene
pendula.

Seashore and Mountain Varieties.

There are many annuals which require cooler treatment and
more moisture than we can give them in this vicinity, in fact, many
of them are almost a failure, but when grown near the seashore or
in the mountains they flourish and flower profusely. The following
do well in such places, Alonsoa, Bartonia, Brachycome, Clarkia,
Clintonia, Colhnsia, CoUomia, Cosmanthus, Eschscholzia, Gilia,
Godetia, Hymenoxis, Baeria, lonopsidium, Lasthenia, Lapa,
Leptosiphon, ^Nlimulus, Nemophila, Xigella, poppies, PhaceUa,
mignonette, Ursinia, Limnanthes, and Saponaria Calabrica.

Climbing Annuals.

Sometimes one has an ugly fence or some such object to screen,
and wants something to cover it up quickly. The annual climbers
grow very rapidly and are well adapted for this work. Some of
the best to use are Dolichos, Huviidus Japonicus, Maurandia
Barclaiana, Ipomoea grandiflora alba, hederacea imperialis, pur-
purea, and rubro-caerulea, Thunbergia alaia, Scarlet Runner bean,
Tropaeolum Lobbianum and viajus, annual gourds, and Cobea
scandens. ^

Best Kinds for School Gardens.

Annuals are about the best subjects for school gardens as they
grow quickly and the children do not get discouraged waiting for
them to blossom. Some of the best yarieties for this purpose would
be China asters, Calendula officinalis, Coreopsis Drummondii and
tinctoria, Centaurea Cyanus, Chrysanthemum carinatum and corona-
rium, Convolvulus tricolor, rocket larkspur, Gaillardia picta,
Helianthus, Helichrysum, Iberis coronaria, Ipomoea purpurea,
sweet peas, lupines, Ten- Weeks stocks, Petunia, Drummond phlox,
mignonette, Salvia splendens, sweet scabious, African and French
marigolds, and Tropaeolums.

58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

^Mien using annuals as bedding plants many beautiful effects
can be made, but I think they are much more pleasing if grown
in large masses of one kind than when two or three kinds are grown
in befls. What can be more pleasing or effective than large beds of
Salvia spJendens, or in the spring, large beds of Silene jiendula ?
There are innumerable ways in which these plants can be used. It
must iiot be forgotten that if large masses are planted only kinds
should be used that will produce flowers for a long time.

Biennials.

Biennials are not as numerous in species and varieties as annuals.
They are fewer in number, but some of them are handsome old-
fashioned plants. "NMio does not love hollyhocks, foxgloves, and
sweet Williams ? Can those who have visited British gardens in
spring forget the fragrance of the wallflowers ?

Hollyhocks are probably the most popular biennials we grow.
They are old-fashioned plants which have been greatly improved
and are the noblest of garden plants. They are subject to several
diseases and owing to this many people have been discouraged in
growing them. One of the worst diseases is a rust which destroys
the leaves. This can be held in check by spraying with Bordeaux
Mixture.

There are single and double forms. The single kinds, Avith the
exception of those Avith purple flowers, have pleasing colors, and
are more thrifty and less liable to disease than the double forms
are. The double hollyhocks when grown well are exceptionally
fine things and when in bloom are so stately that we have no plants
at that time that will compare with them. To get good healthy
plants and to have a stock of young material always on hand, seeds
should be sown each year. The usual time to sow the seed is in
June or early in July and if the plants are given liberal treatment
they make large plants before winter begins. A dry position Avhere
no water will lodge about them is a very favorable place for them in
winter. A slight covering with coarse straw or salt-marsh hay is
very beneficial. However, if one has a cold frame it is the best
place for the young plants in winter. Whenever the frost is out
of the ground in spring they may be transplanted into deep, rich

ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 59

soil where they are to blossom during the following summer. There
are annual varieties catalogued which produce fine flowering plants
the first season. Any variety of hollyhock will flower the first
season, if the seed is sown in the greenhouse early in January and
grown along in a moderately warm house. They make fine
material by planting outdoors and blossom profusely during the
summer. Young plants grown in this way are less liable to the
attacks of fungous diseases. For backgrountls to large borders,
grouping on lawns, or for distant effects, the hollyhocks stand un-
rivalled.

Canterbury bells are handsome decorative plants and when in
bloom are profusely covered with large bell-shaped flowers which
make a most brilliant display. The seeds should be sown in July
and when the weather is very severe the plants may be kept over
winter in cold frames. If they are grown out of doors all winter,
a slight covering of hay is very beneficial. They can be obtained in
single and double forms and cup-and-saucer varieties. The colors
most prominent in the single-flowered varieties are rose, mauve,
blue, white, and striped. In double-flowering varieties the most
pleasing colors are blue, white, and rose. The cup-and-saucer
forms are the most showy and have many colors; the white-flow-
ered and the pink-flowered kinds are the most eftective. They
are good border plants and when grown in large masses they are
highly decorative. When grown as pot plants they make hand-
some specimens and are especially valual)le for conservatory or
piazza plants.

Sweet Williams are very old-fashioned plants and although we
have many fine colored varieties there has not been so much im-
provement as with many other plants. To obtain good flowers
very much depends on the strain of seed. The finest strain we
know is Sutton's; their Pink Beauty and Sutton's Scarlet are two
excellent kinds; so are also their Auricula-eyed and self-colored
varieties. The double-flowering kinds although they have some
fine colors are not as pleasing as the single-flowered forms. Of
course old plants can be preserved by growing them in extra fav-
orable places and increased by division. The best results are
obtained by treating them as biennials : they bloom more profusely
and more evenly when grown in this way. In many places they

60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

are not very hardy and require a mulching of leaves or hay to keep
them over the winter. In places where the weather is very severe,
a cold frame is the best place for sweet williams in winter. To get
good sized plants the seeds are sown in April or May and they
blossom the following summer. They hke a strong, rich soil and a
position where water will not lodge about the crowns of the plants.

Wallflowers are not grown as much as they should be. We have
no flower in early spring that has such a dehcious fragrance. If the
seeds are sown in April or May the young plants may be planted
out for the summer and put in cold frames during the winter. In
spring they make pleasing beds and although the flowers are not
as showy as those of some other plants, this deficiency is made up
by their sweet fragrance. There are single and double forms;
the single flowers are the most fragrant. The Parisian annual
variety, which was introduced a few years ago, if sown early in
spring in the greenhouse, will flower the first summer.

Foxgloves or fairy thimbles. Digitalis purpurea, are sometimes
perennials but when we want them for massing effects we grow
them as biennials as they flower more evenly. In some situations
they are not hardy and are benefited by a mulch in winter. The
seeds are sown in spring and grown out during the summer and
produce their long flowering stems the following year. They
make good border plants and are excellent for semi-wild effects.
The kinds known as Digitalis gloxiniflora are the most showy.
Foxgloves are sometimes grown in pots for conservatory or piazza
decorations.

Sometimes sweet rocket, Hesperis matronalis, although a peren-
nial is grown as a biennial. When large massive effects are re-
quired this is the best way to grow the plants.

Honesty, Lunaria biennis, is a biennial which has rather showy
purplish flowers, but it is not altogether for the blossoms that they
are grown, but for their showy, silvery-white seed pods which are
used in winter in bouquets. They are called "Honesty" because
the seeds can be seen through the pods. If the seeds are sown in
spring the plants will blossom the following year.

This subject is intensely interesting and would take much more
time than I can give it here. If I have helped to point out some
of the ways in which these plants can be used to advantage, and

.-^^NUALS AND BIEXXIALS. 61

demonstrated the kinds to use for certain purposes, then I have
accomplished my desire.

Discussion.

Wilfrid V^Tieeler asked if it were possible to cut back certain
annuals, such as Alyssum, Ageratum, etc., and have them bloom
again.

Mr. Cameron answered that it was a very good plan to do this
as the plant rapidly renewed itself and bloomed more freely; this
was expecially true of Alyssum.

William N. Craig said he was surprised to hear Mr. Cameron
speak of a lack of \dgor in the newer varieties of sweet peas. He
had found them fully as robust as the older sorts and in some cases
more so.

He recommended the use of single annual hollyhocks; sown in
February or March they would flower a good part of the summer
and were more disease proof than the perennial forms. The
colors in some cases were not desirable but were being constantly
improved upon.

Mr. Craig said that he could not agree with the Lecturer in con-
sidering sweet Williams doubtfully hardy. On level ground where
water would stand they might winter-kill, but on any sloping land
they were as iron-clad as any perennial and needed a very light
protection. He had used Celsia arcturus as a bedding plant the
past summer; the seeds, sown in heat in March, started to bloom
in the border in July, and continued in flgwer until October. They
seemed to be almost hardy, withstanding a temperature of 18°
below freezing without injury.

Mr. Craig advised several sowings of the annual poppies during
the season, otherwise big gaps in the border were inevitable. The
Shirleys should be sown four times; make the last sowing late in
July and they would bloom until cut down by frost. The flowers
in late fall lasted better cut than during the summer. The Mexican
poppy, Hunneviannia fumariaefolia, deserved to be more largely
grown. It kept four or five days fresh in a cut state and could
stand several degrees of frost.

With Digitalis he had found that plants kept until a third year

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

made a much finer display than could be obtained when they were
treated as biennials. The first flowerino; season three or four spikes
were about the average for a plant ; the second flowering year nine
or more are often carried. Digitalis required a winter mulch of
leaves or straw.

Amongst the annual lupines he would include Lupinus Menziesii
which is a deep golden yellow and is fine for massing. He said he
would be glad if Mr. Cameron would give the best cure for aphis
on the roots of asters.

Mr. Cameron replied to the last question by stating that change
of soil was the best remedy; don't plant in the same soil two years
in succession. Plant asters in fresh soil each year.

THE TREATMENT OF HOME GROUNDS.

A summary of the chief points touched on in a lecture before the Society
by Frederick Law Ohnsted, Jr., Februaiy 1, 190S.

1. The Beauty of Home Grounds should be Functional.

Whatever aesthetic quaHties they may or may not have home
grounds, like the houses they surround, ought first of all to serve
as well as possible the practical domestic and social needs of those
who live in them. Anything done for beauty or for display that
makes it less convenient or satisfactory for the family to do the
things they want really most to do is, in so far, bad design.

If the head of the family is in the habit of hurrying for the train
and is delayed and seriously irritated by an indirect path from the
front door to the street or by a plantation of shrubs that prevents
him from making a convenient short-cut, then those home groimds
are for him, in so far, ill designed, no matter how pretty a picture
they may present to the eye of an unsympathetic and leisurely artist.
The design may be good of its kind and yet be the wrong kind for
the owner of the place. If a man has a number eight foot he does
not want a number seven shoe, no matter how good it may be of
its kind. If there are boys in the family and they want to play
tag and dig holes and climb trees and behave in general like real
boys, and their mother is not content to drive them out upon the
street or to the neighbors whenever they go out of doors to play, then
home grounds that are so horticulturally precious that the boys
can't be boys without causing serious destruction are, in so far,
very poor home grounds for that family. If the mother, without
pretending to much skill as a gardener, wants to putter about with
plants and try little gardening experiments from year to year it
would be a pity to have the only available space occupied by a
beautiful shrub-bordered lawn, where the introduction of flower-

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

beds would be felt by any person of taste to be inharmonious, or
occupied by a formal garden so precisely ordered that any change in
the beds would spoil the color scheme of the pattern.

Of course there are people who would under no circumstances
make any real use of their home grounds except as a means of in-
gress and egress to and from the house, and as a foreground across
which they may gaze from the house at what occurs upon the street
or at the neighbors, and across which the house may be agreeably
or impressively seen by those passing on the street. For people of
such Umited powers of enjoyment as these, the problem of home
ground treatment is a comparatively simple one; but it is safe to
say that of the countless families living on grounds which are laid
out without regard to any other domestic or social usefulness than
the above, a large majority would get a good deal more enjoyment
out of their homes if they had the enterprize and the skill to adapt
their surroundings to various other uses suggested by their indi-
vidual preferences, instead of dumbly accepting a stereot^-jDcd
pattern of grounds which provides for nothing beyond those few
requirements that are common to everybody.

In the treatment of home grounds, then, the first and controlling
consideration is to make them conveniently and satisfactorily usable
for the particular kinds of things that the family will get most
personal satisfaction out of. It often happens that the family or
different members of it would like to provide for more different
kinds of things than can be got into the space without serious inter-
ference; and in such cases it is important to look the facts in the
face and choose deliberately what to provide and what to forego,
because it frequently happens that people drift into the hopeless
undertaking of tr^^ing to' accomplish two incompatible purposes at
the same time and place, with the inevitable result of botching both;
as, for example, when they try on the one hand to get the charming
simplicity of a quiet informal lawn, and on the other hand try to
secure the equally charming but incompatible beauty of gay and
striking flower beds by setting out the latter in the midst of the
lawn. Some people find it very hard to learn that they cannot have
their cake and eat it. But it is a fact that a fair amount of imagi-
nation and ingenuity in planning will reconcile a surprising number
of different purposes and care for them all on a limited area with-
out ])ractical conflict or artistic discord.

TREATMENT OF HO-ME GROUNDS. 65

No such combination of purposes exists that has not the possi-
biUty of beauty; the beauty inherent in good proportions and in
well combined colors, textures and forms; and the beauty of a
certain expression or character arising out of these things and out
of the suggestions and associations called up in the mind by all of
them together. The kinds of beauty are infinite in number, and
in art it is not so much the kind of beauty you attempt that counts
as the success with which you attain the kind you aim at.

First, find the general arrangement that is most serviceable; sec-
ond, see what kinds of beauty, what general character of pleasing
appearance, that arrangement suggests or most perfectly permits;
third, try to make the necessary details of the general arrangement
emphasize so far as possible and enhance the character thus selected
and obscure or minimize any necessary defects or inharmonious
elements in it; and finally, be sure that everything which may be
added 'by way of decoration contributes to the same end. No
matter how beautiful or how precious a thing may be in itself —
whether flower, shrub or tree, whether fountain, vase or pergola,
whether work of sculpture, architecture or gardening — it is a
blemish to the home grounds if its presence does not enhance the
eifect of the surroundings in which it is set.

It is probable that a greater number of carefully tended home
grounds fall short of excellence through the crowding into them
of too many and too varied objects of decoration than from any
other cause, and perhaps in no other simple way could so much
be done for the improvement of their appearance as by the mere
elimination first, of those objects which are more or less distinctly
inharmonious with the dominant expression, and second, of those
which without being positively inharmonious are encumbering and
confusing.

2. There should be a Recognition of Functional
Divisions.

The home grounds are bound to consist of one or more principal
spaces or divisions, each having certain more or less definite pur-
poses to serve and a more or less definite character of appearance.
The boundaries of these divisions may be strongly and sharply

66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

marked, as by fences, hedges or continuous lines of shrubbery,
tree foHage, carpentry or masonry; or they may be only sketchily
suggested in ways too subtle to be described in words.

Just as it is true in a general way of the home grounds as a whole
that they cannot be thoroughly agreeable if they have not a certain
harmony and unity of character, so it is true that each of these sub-
di\asions should be even more closely self-consistent in character.
That is to say, on the practical side, it is desirable to keep con-
flicting vises in separate divisions; to arrange for the handling of
garbage, ashes and household supplies in a distinct and separate
compartment of the lot from the holding of garden parties. And on
the side of artistic and harmonious composition it is desirable that
all the necessary and the decorative features of the grounds should
reinforce each other by suggesting to the eye the same system of
subdi^^sion. If the shape of the ground and the arrangement of
the masses or lines of tall foliage suggest strongly to the eye the
diATsion of a given front yard into two units one lying to the west
and the other to the east, and if at the same time, the northerly half
of both spaces is used for one purpose and treated as to details of
decoration and maintenance in one style and the southerly half of
both divisions is used for another purpose and treated in another
style, it must be obvious that the appearance will be confused,
perplexing, and disorderly. Z\ow while such an extreme case
might be easy enough to avoid, it is evident from the examples
all about us that the principle here so grossly violated is in a less
striking but equally mischievous way very generally violated. What
most frequently happens is that there is so much conflict and con-
fusion that no recognizable units are suggested at all and the place
is a mere patchwork of more or less agreeable details. The sim-
plest way to guard against such a result is to choose deliberately the
main subdivisions to be recognized in the grounds, to see that their
boundaries are unmistakably indicated or suggested, in placing
every utilitarian and decorative object that does not form in effect
a part of one of the boundaries, and to have the question always in
mind "Will this thing, so placed, strengthen or weaken the unity
of the space in which it occurs and the character which already
belongs to the unit ?"

In planting, a point frequently overlooked is that objects less

TREATMENT OF HOME GROUNDS. 67

than three or four feet high do not interrupt the sweep of the eye
over a surface, and that objects which rise to the height of the eye
or above it do form such an interruption. Therefore no matter
what the character of a given space may be, whether formal or
informal, whether garden, courtyard, lawn, glade or woodland,
the eye-height is a very critical height in the objects which occur
in that space.

Objects which occur at this critical height and which do not
form parts of the boundaries of a main unit must be used very
sparingly and with much skill and discretion or they will destroy
the unity of the space. Lower objects may or may not improve
the character of the main unit, but at least they do not actually
pre^■ent one from seeing it as a whole, and they may generally be
so arranged as to form or suggest the boundaries of a series of sub-
ordinate units which one recognizes as parts of the main unit.
People very generally fail to ask themselves, as they should when
they plant an insignificant looking wisp of a shrub from a nursery,
"Does this kind of shrub grow high enough to prevent us from
looking over it when fully grown and if so will a barrier to the view
at this point be desirable or undesirable?"

The main subdivisions of the house grounds may be few or they
may be many, but in nearly all cases it is desirable to distinguish
more or less clearly at least three functional divisions.

The first of these is the entrance or public portion, devoted to the
ingress and egress of the family and their visitors, to the expression
of hospitality and of regard for the enjoyment which may be given
by the place to passing strangers and to all who are not taken into
the bosom of the family. In terms of the normal suburban lot
this is the front door yard. The proportion of the place devoted
to these ciuasi-public functions may be large or small but some
recognition of them there ought to be.

The second is the family or living portion of the place. This
may be merged with the first and far too often is thoughtlessly so
combined. In a village community where everybody is friends
with everybody else, or in cases where people are lonely and eagerly
welcome the sight of every passing stranger, or where no true family
life exists at all, a family may really find it more agreeable to com-
bine the entrance portion and the living portion of their place in

68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

one, just as some people prefer a hotel parlor to a real home; but
normally people who have any real family life and any real social
enjoyment more highly developed than a mere gregarious instinct
like that of cattle and English sparrows, find, as a matter of experi-
ence, that it is pleasanter and more civilized to have a portion,
often the major portion, of their home grounds more or less com-
pletely screened or shielded from the public at large and from the
entrance portion of the grounds, and so treated that it may be
conveniently and pleasantly used as an integral part of the home,
as an outdoor sitting-room or series of rooms where one may sew
or read or doze in the shade of a tree or play a game of cards or
appear in a negligee costume without an uncomfortable sense of
wondering what Mrs. Smith ■v\dll think about it or whether ]Mrs.
Robinson will see you and come in to bore you with one of her
long-winded visits.

The third division which generally needs to be recognized is that
devoted primarily to service operations. There are obvious ad-
vantages, which it is needless to rehearse, in favor of not keeping
the frying pan and the sink and the slop pails in the dining room
or parlor but in a distinct part of the house devoted to such uses
especially adapted for them and completely shut off though
conveniently accessible from the living part of the house. Similarly
it is desirable to pro^-ide proper convenient places out of doors for
ash barrels, garbage pails and the like, for the incoming of supplies
and outgoing of wastes, for the hanging out of washing to dry and
other such importan. but not pleasing functions arranged so as to
be separated from both entrance and living portions.

The clear recognition of these three controlling functional di^d-
sions in most home grotinds — the entrance ])ortion, the living
portion, and the service portion — and the application of a fair
degree of ingenuity and taste to the problem of separating them
and making each convenient and appropriate in character for its
own function would do a great deal toward bringing about that
good order which is the foundation of beauty.

THE FORCING OF VEGETABLES UNDER GLASS.
By William Turner, Oceanic, N. J.

Delivered before the Society, February, S, 1908.

Rapid advancements have been made in recent years in all
greenhouse products; not only in quantity but also in quality.
Particularly is this true in the subject that I am to speak on, the
forcing of vegetables, which while the method is not new by any
means it is always interesting. No doubt each and every grower
of greenhouse vegetables have their own way of doing certain
things, but we are all working for one aim, that is to produce the
best we can from a given space. I have had success in the forcing
houses and I have had failures. However, it seems much pleasanter
to talk of successes than reverses. Still there are times we may
learn a lesson from a failure; at the same time we have no desire
to come in contact with them.

Whoever takes up this branch must have a love for the work and
should watch the developments of the different crops, knowing when
to feed and when not to, which I shall try to explain later. The
first thing to be considered along those lines — and all important —
is the house or houses best adapted for the work, that is for pro-
ducing vegetables through the winter months. Twenty or twenty-
five years ago the average house at our disposal was anyi\^here
from ten to twenty feet in width, in fact an}1;hing wider was looked
upon with disfavor. But experience has taught us in recent years
that a house an}^vhere from twenty-five to fifty feet in width is to
be highly recommended, according to the demands. However,
as a private gardener, I shall endeavor to confine my remarks to
private establishments in general. Therefore the house that I
would recommend for the private establishment would be, say
from twenty to twenty-eight feet in width. Good results may be
had whether the house runs north and south or east and west.

69

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

My preference would be east and west, as one gets more benefit
from the sun during the short days. One thing should be borne
in mind, that is for best results build as light a house as jiossible
so that there will be no shade to speak of in the house. In regard to
heating, either steam or hot water is successful, although hot water
is to be preferred.

There is quite a variety of vegetables that adapt themselves to
forcing. I shall divide them into two grades as it would be impossi-
ble to grow them in the same temperature. Take, for instance,
lettuce, cauliflower, and radishes. These may be grown success-
fully in the same house, while cucumbers, tomatoes, beans, etc.
require a warmer atmosphere.

Vegetables are not particular as to soil. In fact, here is a difficult
problem in explaining the nature of soils, the amount of fertilizer
to give best results, etc. Experience has taught me that some
soils will take much more food than others. I claim there can be
no hard and fast lines laid down in regard to how much fertilizer
a certain crop should receive for the best results. My theory has
always been that each grower in different localities and with differ-
ent soils, by studying the condition of his growing crops is the best
judge as to how much food will be of benefit. I have no doubt
there are various opinions on this one important subject of feeding;
but the grower, who carves his own road, using his own good
judgment, will usually come out the most successful. We know
that to produce good crops potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen
are a necessity. These should be applied to the soil in some shape
or form. I am confident whoever has given this question study
and deep thought will stand by his own good judgment; self-taught
experience one never forgets. Pages could be written on this one
subject alone of feeding. However, my feeling is there can be
more solid information got through friendly discussions carried on
intelligently among the different societies than in any other way.

The demand for lettuce is ever increasing, and without doubt
this is one of the main Avinter crops. Whether for private or for
commercial purposes monstrous houses have been built for the
lettuce industry within the past few years, which probably tAA'enty-
five years ago would have been thought madness. As I have
stated, vegetables are not particular as to soil; but a sandy or

FORCING OF VEGETABLES UNDER GLASS. 71

gravelly loam is to be preferred, more especially for the head
lettuce which is the main lettuce grown for the New York market.
Years ago lettuce was grown on raised benches. It was thought
of much benefit to have the plants near the glass, but certainly a
mistaken idea for these cool-blooded vegetables. In the first
place, it is too hot for the roots, and second, the plants recpiire too
much water on the raised benches. Lettuce to be appreciated
must be grown quick and without a check, therefoi'e to produce
a quick healthy growth, a rich soil is necessary. Eight inches of
good soil is none too much. Say a week or so before planting a
good coat of well-rotted farmyard manure should be dug in, then
when ready for planting a light application of hard wood ashes
raked in will be all right. In the vicinity of New York the first
lot of seed is sown around the latter part of August. Then a sowing
every week or ten days for a succession. The aim should be to
keep a constant supply ready for use all through the winter months.
Therefore, a sowing of seed should be made every week or ten days,
from the end of August to the early part of February. The seed
may be sown at one end of the house or in flats. ^Mien large
enough to handle transplant again into flats or in the bed four
inches apart. In three or four weeks they will be ready to set in
their permanent quarters, planting in rows about eight inches apart
each way. One great advantage in solid beds is the crops don't
recpiire water very often. In fact, if the surface soil can be kept
on the dry side, providing there is plenty of moisture below, the
roots then will have a tendency to work down giving the plants
health and vigor, which is all important for best results; but a
thorough watering just as they begin to head will help to increase
the size and cjuicken maturity.

Airing plays an important part in regard to success or failure
with this ever popular vegetable or salad. Give them all the air
possible. Too much coddling is a mistake, as the foliage will get
soft and then be in a condition to catch any disease that comes
along. I claim there is more disease brought on through careless
airing than any other one cause, in the 'growing of lettuce arti-
ficially. Nature will give us a good lesson to follow. "We find
when growing in the open garden lettuce makes ideal growth when
the temperature ranges around forty-five to fifty degrees at night,

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

with ten or fifteen degrees higher (Un-ing the day. So taking nature's
lessons as a rule is a good criterion to follow up. One thing I am
strongly in favor of: that is putting a small crack of air on before
the temperature goes much above night temperature and gradually
increase as the conditions require. Of course, when the first crop
is gathered there must be plants ready to set out again, keeping
the space devoted to lettuce filled. I find in forking over the bed
after every crop, a sprinkling of bone meal and wood ashes alter-
nately is beneficial. It will take about seven weeks after planting
in permanent cjuarters to mature a crop of lettuce. The thing
most to be dreaded is the fungous disease commonly called sun-
burn, although this is an erroneous idea, as the disease spreads
more readily in a spell of dull weather than when it is bright. One
thing certain, when a crop is badly infested it is useless; better
throw it out; and take the top soil off and replace with fresh or
sterilize the soil. This is the only safeguard to eradicate the evil.
Lettuce requires very little surface feeding, providing it is grown
in rich soil. However, a crop may be hastened somewhat by a
watering once with nitrate of soda, say a level tablespoonful to three
gallons of water. Still, it is well to be on guard against much
feeding in the short days; as the days increase in length there is
not so much danger in overfeeding. There are a number of varie-
ies of lettuce adapted for forcing purposes, among them the Boston
Market and Glass House (Ideal) ; the last named being one of the
best that I have ever grown inside. Ideal was one of Weeber and
Don's novelties a year ago.

Cauliflower.

Probably there is no vegetable more improved by growing under
glass than cauUflower, requiring the same treatment in every respect
as lettuce, as regards temperature, sohd beds, etc., but the soil
used may be of a trifle heavier nature, and it is perfectly safe to
feed them considerably more than lettuce as they are strong rooting
vegetables. Yes, even during the short days this vegetable will
respond readily to liberal treatment. I would not advocate starting
young plants before, say the first week in September. If started
before that date they are apt to head up prematurely, or in other

FORCING OF VEGETABLES UNDER GLASS. 73

words what we term "Buttons." Sow seed according to the num-
ber of plants required. Transplant once about four inches apart,
then in about three weeks transplant again where they are to mature
in rows, eighteen inches apart and fifteen inches in the row. The
first crop should be ready to cut from the first of December on.
For a succession sow seed two weeks apart. As stated, cauliflower
delights in rich compost, and without doubt a liberal supply of hard
wood ashes is a capital fertilizer for this crop. I remember some
years ago growing a batch, one-half given a top dressing of wood
ashes, the other half got none. There certainly was a marked
difference in favor of the wood ashes, and I question if there is
another vegetable forced that will take as much nitrate of soda to
good advantage as the cauliflower. They will take at least three
waterings with soda to good advantage and a watering just as they
begin to head up with manure water would be in order; that from
the cow barn preferred. This crop should never suffer for want
of water at the roots, taking considerably more water than the
lettuce. Snow Ball and its varieties and the Early Erfurt strain
are recommended; the first is the best and is admirably adapted
for forcing purposes. For private use the cauliflower is to be
highly recommended as a forced vegetable.

Radishes.

Radishes are easily produced under glass. I have seen it recom-
mended taking a crop of radishes from among lettuce or any other
growing crop; the idea being that the radish crop under favorable
conditions will mature in about a month from the time of sowing the
seed. However, this method I am not in favor of, claiming that
one crop at a time is sufficient even if grown under glass. While
radishes are of easy culture, it is true, and I think that I am safe
in stating that many a batch of radishes has been destroyed by the
erroneous impression that this crop needs Httle or no attention.
In the first place radishes are rank feeders ; they delight in a fairly
sandy soil, well enriched with farmyard manure. ^Manure that is
thoroughly decayed is my preference. Seed should be sown in
rows eight inches apart, fairly thin, and before they get crowded
they should be thinned out to two inches in the rows. There is

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

nothing gained by overcrowding. The main secret with this crop
is knowing just when to gather it. Radishes to be appreciated
must be crisp and tender. If left in the bed too long they get soft
and pithy, and are comparatively useless at that stage. The very
best seed obtainable should be used for this purpose. In fact, if
there is much small seed noticeable, which there often is in radish
seed, it would pay to screen the small seed out, the object being,
to have all the seed near the same strength so that the crop will
come in even. A batch of radishes properly handled should be
cleaned off with a couple of pullings; under those circumstances
there should be no trouble with pithy roots. Where it is necessary
to keep up a supply, seed may be sown every five or six days accord-
ing to demands, and by all means, if possible, keep them in solid
beds. It is far superior to raised benches. For varieties for
forcing purposes select those that do not produce much top. Xon
Plus Ultra, for example. I shall class that as one of the very best
for greenhouse forcing. Radishes can be grown successfully with
the lettuce-house temperature.

Tomatoes.

^Ye come now to a class of vegetables that will thrive better in a
warmer climate. Good tomatoes can be had either in solid beds
or raised benches. But for the winter months raised benches are
to be preferred. ^Yonderful progress has been made in recent
years, and the quantity of tomatoes consumed, compared with
years ago, is very much greater, particularly so with the forced
products, not only in private establishments, but also as a com-
mercial enterprise.

True, tomatoes come from the South fairly early, but there is
no comparison between the southern product and the tomatoes
produced in our hothouses, neither for color, flavor, or attractive-
ness in general. Tomatoes as a winter crop are usually a success,
provided a few details are carried out which I shall endeavor to
explain as concise as possible. In the first place we should aim
to start our plants in time so that we can have a good set of fruit
before the shortest days set in; this will give a heavy picking
throuffh the shortest davs. To get this seed should be sown not

FORCING OF VEGETABLES UNDER GLASS. /O

ater than the first of August. Those plants for winter forcing I
prefer growing on in pots up to five-inch pots, potting firm. There
is nothing hke having stocky, short-jointed, thrifty plants to set
in the bench. Tomatoes are not particular as to soil. However,
the best is none too good for the work. What I would term a good
rose soil would be ideal for tomatoes with about half the quantity
of manure. Four or five inches of soil is sufficient to mature a
heavy crop of fruit. Supposing the house to be running east and
west, the tomatoes may be planted in rows across the house, eighteen
inches apart and fifteen inches in the rows, growing the plants
single stem, pinching away all lateral growth, and having a wire
running across say four or five feet above the bench for each row
secured to a five-foot stake. I find this a simple and effective way
in securing the growth.

After planting the soil should be made firm, even, and pounded
down. We are not anxious for the plants to reach the five feet
too quick, but rather to keep them short jointed. From such
plants we naturally may expect a heavy crop, with not much diffi-
culty in setting them. This crop should be grown on what I shall
term the dry side, particularly so during the short days, otherwise
the result will be long jointed, soft growth, but I do believe in giving
the plants a thorough watering when they need it. Of times they
will look dry on the surface, but if the foliage looks vigorous with
no signs of wilting, they do not require water. During the winter
months it will be necessary to pollenate the blossoms. This may
be done very rapidly at midday when the pollen is dry. Tip the
blossoms gently, allowing the pollen to drop on your finger; then
just allow the stigma to come in contact with the pollen lodged on it.
This crop will take a considerable amount of feeding after the vines
are well set with tomatoes. Of course, the amount will be gov-
erned by the weight of fruit, conditions of vines, etc. In chemical
fertilizers, potash and phosphoric acid should be applied in a much
larger proportion than nitrogen, giving a firmer growth to both
vines and fruit. White fly used to bother me considerably, but
since the hydrocyanic gas came in use for greenhouse fumigating,
white fly is not a dread any more. Say one ounce of cyanide of
potassium to 1200 cubic feet will eradicate the pest. Of course,
in a week or so it may be necessary to give the house another fumi-

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

gating as the poison does not appear to destroy the eggs. For an
early spring crop of tomatoes seed may be sown any time in Decem-
ber, grown on in pots for a while, then planted as recommended
for the winter crop, or they may be planted in solid beds. One of
the main features in keeping a healthy, vigorous growth is the
temperature. I am not an advocate of any high temperature; say
60° at night, and 70° to 75° degrees in the day according to condi-
tions of weather, and give air every available chance, never allowing
the foliage to get soft and flabby. Then there will not be much
trouble with mildew and kindred other diseases. Two of the best
tomatoes that I have ever tested for forcing purposes are the Comet
and the Don. I think if anything the Don is the best. Stirling
Castle also is a very free setting tomato, but a bit small.

Cucumbers.

The demand for cucumbers is equal to that for the tomato.
Years ago if we produced a crop in the fall and another in the spring
it was not altogether necessary through the shortest days. Now
there is a call for them at all seasons. Probably the commercial
grower has been responsible for popularizing this vegetable in a
general way, more than the private gardener, as their produce goes
on the market where it is sold broadcast to the public, which natur-
ally causes a brisk demand.

I believe I am correct in stating that the Arlington, Massachusetts,
growers were the first to see the possibilities of growing cucumbers
on a large scale for the market as a financial enterprise, and today
I believe that town is the largest center for this ever-growing business.
The White Spine t^'pes are grown principally in the commercial
establishments, while on the private places we oftener see the
English or Long Telegraph type. However, both t^pes, are
worthy of a place in the forcing house. INIy cultural remarks will
be for the short winter months. Cucumbers can be grown suc-
cessfully during the short days with a comparatively small amount
of soil. They delight in a sandy loam; that cut from a pasture
land preferred and laid up for a month or so before using. Also
avoid using green manure. If farmyard manure is used have it
thoroughly decayed. The English varieties are better planted

FORCING OF VEGETABLES UNDER GLASS. i i

SO that the vines can be trained on trellises about fifteen inches
from the glass. "We usually make our first sowing some time in
August in small pots, one seed in a pot, then before they get pot-
bound, shift into four or five-inch pots. From those plant on raised
benches three to three and one-half feet apart, using, say three
shovelfuls of soil for each hill. As the roots work through, keep
adding fresh soil with a little Thomson's manure until the bench is
full; bone mixed through would be of benefit. A bench five inches
deep and two feet in width is sufficient to mature a heavy crop of
fruit. During the short days, heat, moisture, and careful airing
are the important items to contend with. While cucumbers are
rapid, vigorous growers, with good treatment, on the other hand
any neglect is easily detected by the stunted appearance of their
growth. In fact a severe check is disastrous. Liquid manure may
be applied when the vines are in heavy crop; that from the cow
barn is the best. However, anyone should be very careful in re-
gards feeding during the short days, otherwise one is apt to damage
his vines rather than benefit them. As I have stated, it depends to
a certain extent on conditions. A temperature of 65° at night,
75° by day is necessary for the Telegraph t^i^es, or 80° with sun heat ;
and above all things be careful with airing, especially in cold weather.
The White Spine t^i^es may be grown successfully in a trifle lower
temperature. There is an advantage in one way with growing the
English cucumbers in winter. They need no fertilizing, not unless
it is necessary to procure some seed.

Beans.

While beans are not grown commercially under glass, still they
are very acceptable for the private table, and far superior to any
that can be procured in the open market during the winter months;
therefore, for private greenhouses beans are to be highly recom-
mended as a forced vegetable. When grown successfully it is
surprising the amount that can be gathered from them. There
are two methods of growing this crop, in pots or planted on raised
benches. If grown in pots half fill six or seven-inch pots with
fairly rich, porous soil, then ])lant about six beans in a pot. As
the beans grow keep adding soil by degrees until filled. It takes

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

about seven weeks to mature a crop groAvn in a temperature of 60°
to 65° at night and 70° to 75° day temperature. The bench system
is my preference, as there is not so much labor and attention re-
quired, and results are equal, if not better than other methods.
Plant in rows across the bench eighteen inches apart and the beans
about two inches apart in the rows, or probably the better way to
make sure of a good even crop is to sow more seed in the rows than
is necessary, then if all the seed germinates thin out to about two
inches. One of the worse enemies to be dreaded is the red spider.
If that once gets started it spreads rapidly. Moisture and hght
spraying is the remedy. Like every other crop it needs careful
airing or mildew will make its appearance. In fact when mildew
once attacks the foliage it checks the growth severely. Black
Valentine, Wonder of France, Sutton's Forcing, and Sutton's
Perfection are all adapted for forcing purposes.

Rhubarb.

I do not consider the forcing list complete without rhubarb.
There is considerable demand for this wholesome vegetable both
private and commercially. It rec[uires very little attention; the
main secret is if the roots are dug for forcing they should get a
thorough freezing before they are taken into the forcing house.
Also leave as much of the soil adhering to the roots as possible.
These roots may be forced successfully in the mushroom house or
under the tomato house bench setting the roots close together, and
filling in the hollow spaces between them with soil or leaf mould —
anything to hold moisture. Every two weeks a fresh supply of
crowns may be brought in according to demands.

Greenhouse vegetable forcing has got to be one of the important
branches of our profession and appeals readily to the consumer as
it is not subjected to extreme temperature as our early garden
vegetables are at times. The results are that greenhouse vegeta-
bles are tender and can be appreciated by all.

forcing of vegetables under glass. /vj

Discussion.

Warren "\Y. Rawson said he had Hstened to the lecture with a
good deal of interest and had no exceptions to take in the descrip-
tions given for the management of a private house.

For the treatment of a commercial house, however, other methods
are preferable; the houses should be from 40 to 50 feet in width;
steam is better than hot water for heating; and we have done awav
with benches, the crops being grown on the ground. The lecturer
had given the results of his own experience, which showed that
different conditions required different regulations in the successful
growing of crops under glass.

George D. ]Moore asked the lecturer if he had had experience in
the use of nitrate of soda in his house. He had used it and it was
of value in freshening the foliage. He also inquired concerning the
red spider which he had found a serious pest and that spraying
did not have any effect on it.

Mr. Turner replied that nitrate of soda used with other fertilizers
and farmyard manure is of much benefit especially in hastening
crops along.

As to the red spider if it gets much headway it is almost impossible
to stop it and you might as well throw out the entire crop at once,
and change the soil in the house, and plant over again. By close
watching and spraying he had experienced no trouble in keeping
it in check.

Duncan Finlayson inquired why the lecturer had left out peas
and spinach, especially on a private place where expense was no
object.

]Mr. Turner answered that to grow these would require a house
as big as a farm.

^Yilliam X. Craig said he had recently seen a fine crop of peas
growing in a house and had noticed also a bench of the New Zealand
spinach which was the most profitable variety for greenhouse
cultivation. He would like to hear something about the culture
of asparagus and mushrooms under glass.

Mr. Turner stated regarding asparagus that he had grown it on
and off but had dropped it entirely. It grew too spindling to b?

80 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

worth the trouble, and was not satisfactory to his employers. He
would like to know himself what was the matter with it.

As to mushrooms it was a pretty hard question to talk about.
AYhen he was located on the Hudson River he was very successful
with them, but where he was now, at Oceanic, New Jersey, he
found it a very uncertain crop, and he had begun to think it was
either a case of hard luck or that he had outgrown his usefulness
in this respect. The main thing about mushroom culture is the
atmosphere you grow them in ; with him the beds dry out, but in
the Hudson River locality they kept moist and never dried out.

John W. Duncan asked the lecturer concerning the culture of
beets under glass.

Mr. Turner replied that it takes too long for beets to mature;
they make slow growth in the winter; and he had cut them out of
his forcing list.

Wilfrid Wheeler asked the lecturer what was the age of his
asparagus plants when he set them out.

INIr. Turner replied that they were about four years old.

Mr. Wheeler said that was probably the reason of the lack of
success with it. The plants should not be over two years old.

INIr. Turner remarked that he always had the feeling in trnng
to grow asparagus under glass that for the roots destroyed it did not
pay.

Robert Cameron asked the lecturer if he had ever tried the
foi'cing of Ash Leaf Kidney potatoes which is done quite extensively
in Europe.

INIr. Turner answered that he had never tried forcing potatoes
in this country.

INIr. iNIoore said he considered beet culture under glass as quite
a profitable crop in Arlington. With cucumber heat they grow
quickly and sell for a pretty high price along in April. They may
take up a good deal of plant food, but on the whole he considered
it paid to grow them.

James Wheeler said he was much interested in the matter of
heating the house — whether hot water or steam is the best. He
said that if ^Ir. Rawson had to do his own firing he might think
better of the hot water system. His opinion was that for houses
under fourteen or fifteen thousand feet of glass hot water was the
best.

FORCING OF VEGETABLES UNDER GLASS. 81

Mr. Wheeler said that nothing was so uncertain as mushroom
growing. The secret was to have the beds kept damp, and that
watering kills the spawn. He thought there was more in the
quality of the spawn than in the preparing of the beds.

HARDY CONIFERS FOR PRIVATE ESTATES.
By John Dunbar, Rochester, X. Y.

Delivered before the Society, February 15, 1908.

Among the hardy subjects that beautify the grounds of small or
large estates hardy conifers usually hold an important position.
WTierever the taste and love for ornamental gardening have been
highly developed the interest and admiration for hardy conifers
have held a correspondingly high place. They convey to us the
various aspects of dignity, nobility, grace, and refinement, if we
carefully study and analyze their outlines, when they are growing
in conditions that allow their best development. The gracefulness
of the Hemlock Spruce, the nobility of the ^Yhite Fir, the picturesque
features of the Pitch Pine, the refined aspect of the Swiss Stone
Pine, are not by any means farfetched. They have especial
features at all times of the year, and they look particularly cheerful
during the winter period.

In the British Islands hardy conifers are much loved and exten-
sively planted on private estates, and they have always held a
leading position in ornamental gardening, and their varying char-
acteristics have been adapted in manifold ways to appropriate
landscape scenes. The climate of the British Islands is however
better adapted to the healthy growth of a much larger number of
species than can be grown in the northeastern states of this country.

In the older settled portions of this country conifers have been
extensively planted on private estates, and a few interesting col-
lections have been formed. Undoubtedly the finest private col-
lection in this country is the Hunnewell Pinetum at Wellesley,
Massachusetts. The oldest trees are about 65 years of age and are
now in the stage of what might be termed adolescence, and show a
high state of intelligent cultivation, and perhaps from no other
source in this country can such object lessons be learned about the

83

84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hardihood of the best species and varieties for the northeastern
states.

The winter of 1903-1904 was the .severest test that conifers have
been subjected to in many years in this country. A few conifers
we were experimenting with were killed outright, and quite a
number were severely injured. We were therefore able to form
important deductions about the hardihood of a number of species.

Some species of conifers are liable to attack from different insect
pests. During the past two or three years, the Arbovitae has been
infested by a small caterpillar which bores into the tips of the
young twigs and turns them yellow and rusty, and soon gives the
whole tree a very sickly appearance. It is said to be a serious pest
in some parts of Canada. Dr. James Fletcher, Entomologist of
the Experimental Farms in Canada, gives a brief account of it in
the annual report of the Experimental Farms for 1906. Dr.
Fletcher states that large numbers of parasites are found active in
connection vrith the insect and there is every reason to believe the
outbreak will soon come to an end. I have seen its ravages in
natural ArborA-itae plantations in Western New York. I do not
know to what extent it prevails in this country as the account in the
Canadian report is the first published description I have seen of it.
From the nature of its operations it can be seen that it is difficult
to deal with by any spraying methods.

The mite known to gardeners as red spider is a very serious pest
on some spruces and junipers in many parts of this country. It is
always worse in a dry season. It can be readily controlled where
there is a strong pressure of water under command applied with a
hose, but that is rarely available. Water applied with a hose from
a powerful spray pump will dislodge it. John F. Johnston, Super-
intendent of Mr. Paul Dana's estate in Long Island, who is an
expert cultivator of conifers, has lately been using sulphur to destroy
it on spruces and junipers. He blows it on with a bellows in the
morning when the dew is on the branches, followed at intervals
throughout the summer with occasional strong, hose sprayings of
water. Mr. Johnston tells me that the experiments, which he has
conducted for a short time, appear to be effective and satisfactory.

The White Pine weevil causes serious injury in many parts of
the country. It sometimes attacks spruces and other pines, but

HARDY CONIFERS FOR PRIVATE ESTATES. 85

not to any serious extent. The beetle lays its eggs in the month of
May on the shoots of the previous year. During the month of
June and first part of July the larvae feed on the inner bark, and
the shoots turn yellowish and brownish and soon die down to the
base of infestation. If the infested terminals are cut off as soon as
detected in June and July and burned, the broods of the weevils
will be destroyed. Professor A. D. Hopkins, Entomologist of the
United States Department of Agriculture, states that this course,
however, may destroy large numbers of valuable parasites. He
recommends placing those infested shoots in a tight barrel securely
covered with wire fly-screen netting, so that the parasites may
escape, while the beetles perish. By the first of October the weevils
will be dead, and the netting may then be removed, but the barrel
and its contents should be left until the following June to allow the
escape of the later developing parasites.

We will give brief general descriptions of what we consider the
best and hardiest conifers for the northern and northeasteni states,
and we will take up the pines first. The section which includes the
white pines, or those with five leaves in a sheath, are perhaps the
most ornamental.

The White Pine {Pinus Strohus), although a familiar native, is
very handsome and desirable. The light glaucous-green foliage
when stirred by the wind has a most pleasing effect. It grows
about as rapidly as any conifer when planted under congenial
conditions. Although growing naturally as far north as Manitoba
if it is planted in bleak situations and exjjosed to cold, northwest
winds it suffers greatly. It is therefore advisable to plant it where
it will be protected by the lay of the land, or otherwise, from the
sweep of the prevailing cold winds. Amongst the different forms
of the White Pine in cultivation a dwarf, compact variety dissemi-
nated from the Arnold Arboretum is a very desirable garden subject.
The Swiss Stone Pine (P. Cembra) has a distinctly compact
pyramidal outline. It is slow growing but it is a remarkably
handsome pine, both in juvenile and adult conditions. It will
retain its branches almost from base to summit when it attains
maturity if not crowded by other trees.

The Corean White Pine (P. Koraiensis) is one of the most useful
and beautiful of the foreign white pines. It is said to seldom

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICUTLURAL SOCIETY.

exceed a height of thirty feet, where it is seen growing in proximity
to Japanese temples. The plants of this pine at Rochester are
small. There are, however, beautiful specimens in Long Island
and in the Arnold Arboretum and elsewhere, which in the compact
habit of growth, massive light green foliage, look remarkably
handsome.

The Mountain Pine (P. monticola) resembles the ^Miite Pine,
but it has a more pyramidal outline. Our plants are small, but it
appears to be perfectly hardy. There is a good individual at the
Cambridge Botanic Gardens, and it is quite promising in the
Arnold Arboretum.

The Macedonian White Pine (P. Pence) has a decidedly conical
stiff outline, but it has nevertheless a very attractive appearance.
It is quite hardy, slow-growing, and rare in cultivation.

The Squirrel Pine or American Cembrian Pine (P. flexilis) is
very slow growing with us and assumes the habit of a spreading
bush. This pine is found growing on the Rocky Mountains at
very high altitudes, frequently in bushy form. It is very ornamental
and quite hardy.

The Japanese White Pine (P. jxirmflora) has so far made a very
good record in this country. It is growing quite satisfactorily at
various places in the New England States. It has short silvery
leaves and looks quite distinct from other white pines. It is said
to attain a height of 60 to 70 feet at maturity in Japan.

Lambert's Pine (P. Lambert i ana) , which is pronounced hardy
at Boston, has not as far as we are aware ever been tested at Roches-
ter. It is difficult to procure in nurseries, and only just recently
have we been able to secure a few plants of it. It is one of the
most beautiful of the white pines.

The Bhotan Pine (P. Nepalensis) is an elegant tree where it
succeeds. The long drooping silvery leaves look remarkably
handsome. When it attains a height of 15 feet or so with us it
becomes diseased and fails. There is, however, a good healthy
specimen on the estate of Mrs. Oilman Perkins at Rochester about
40 feet high.

Amongst the pines with three leaves in a sheath, the Pitch Pine
(P. rifjida) is one of the hardiest. It is not considered by some
people to be ornamental. During late years we have formed

HARDY CONIFERS FOR PRIVATE ESTATES. 87

quite an admiration for it on account of its picturesque rugged
characters. It thrives remarkably well in very sandy soil.

Bunge's Pine or the Lace Bark Pine (P. Biingeana) is quite
promising at Rochester but the plants are small yet. It is quite
hardy at Boston. Dr. C. S. Sargent says in his last journey to
Asia he was much impressed with the peculiar appearance of the
Lace Bark Pine in connection with the Chinese temples. The
stems or boles look as if they had been whitewashed. We are not
aware that any of the trees in this country are old enough to show
this adult characteristic.

The Bull or Yellow Pine (P. ponderosa) has a very massive and
bold appearance, and is c[uite handsome in its juvenile state. We
understand it is not regarded as quite hardy at Boston. In Roches-
ter there are trees 50 or 60 years old in perfect health, and during
the trying winter of 1903-1904 they were not injured.

Jeffrey's Pine (P. Jeffreyi) has about the same degree of hardi-
hood as the Yellow Pine and looks somewhat like it, but the habit
is thinner and it is not as handsome.

Amongst the two-leaved pines the Red Pine, known by lumbermen
as Norway Pine (P. resinosa) and often mistaken by many people
for the Austrian Pine, is a very handsome and useful evergreen.
The branches and leaves have a heavy and ponderous appearance,
and the foliage has a very pleasing olive-green color. It does well
in light sandy soil. It is very hardy and stands the sweep of cold
winds without injury.

The Swiss Mountain Pine (P. montana) is remarkably useful in
ornamental planting and very hardy. There are several forms of
it in cultivation. The variety known as the Mugho Pine (P.
montana variety Mughus) is the one most commonly grown, and
it sometimes will not exceed three feet in height, and cover a diame-
ter of 30 feet. For planting on banks and slopes it is excellent.

The Jack Pine (P. divaricota) is a very hardy American pine.
It cannot be called handsome, but we think it is very picturesque.

Thunberg's Pine (P. Thunbergi) suffered with us considerably
during the winter of 1903-1904, but it is considered hardy at Boston.
The habit of this pine is thin, but it looks quite pictiu-esque.

The Japanese Red Pine (P. densi flora) is quite hardy at Rochester
and forms a dense bushy spreading top.

50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Corsican Pine {P. Laricio) is hardy and ornamental, but the
variety of it famiUarly known as the Austrian Pine {Pinus Laricio
variety Austriaca) is perhaps more planted than any other pine.
It is very hardy and stands the sweep of cold winds very bravely.
It has the reputation of being short-lived, but we know of numbers
of it in fine health at 50 years of age. We regard it as quite orna-
mental.

The Scotch Pine (P. syhestrift) is, next to the Austrian Pine,
very extensively planted, and will grow and thrive in very sandy
soil. It is perhaps the hardiest pine we know of. When it gets to
a height of 50 or 60 feet it looks very picturesque and interesting
with its yellow-barked stems.

The larches are most important deciduous conifers for ornamental
grounds. The unfolding leaves show a rich coppery green tint
that is charming. The erect conical outline with the stem rigidly
straight which obtains in some of the larches, render them distinct
and appropriate objects for situations in private estates.

The European Larch {Larix decidua) is extensively planted.
It grows rapidly and does well in almost any well-drained soil.
A fastigiate variety appeared a few years since amongst a lot of
seedlings in a Rochester nursery, which is the only one we have
ever seen, and efforts are being made to propagate it as it ought to
be a good garden plant.

The Japanese Larch (L. lepiokpis) is smaller growing than the
European but the branches are longer and more spreading and
ascending. It grows rapidly and thrives well in Western New York.

Our native larch or Tamarack (L. Americana) is not as much
planted as it should be. In moist soils it makes a very handsome
characteristic tree. When standing alone it will form an intricately
branching head, looking very picturesque and altogether distinct
from other larches.

The Chinese False Larch or Golden Larch (Pseudolarix Kaemp-
feri), with its long stout spreading branches and pendulous laterals
thickly clothed with the light yellowish green leaves, is a beautiful
object. The plants of this at Rochester are small but there are
fine specimens of it in cultivation in the Wellesley Pinetum, ^Ir.
Paul Dana's estate in Long Island, and elsewhere.

The spruces are of great ornamental value. They are distinct

HARDY CONIFERS FOR PRIVATE ESTATES. 89

and beautiful in their pyramidal outlines, and the branches are
regularly disposed in circular layers.

The White Spruce (Picea Canadensis) shows remarkable hardi-
hood, and is a very handsome object when standing alone and well
developed. It stands well in the sweep of cold winds, but to see
it to the best advantage it should be planted in cool, moist, and
well-drained soil.

Parry's Spruce (P. Parryana) which is commonly known as Blue
Spruce, through that highly glaucous form which is frequently
planted, is a very handsome and dignified ornament for gardens
and possesses great hardihood.

Engelman's Spruce (P. Engehnanni) is sometimes taken for the
Blue Spruce, but the foliage is quite distinct from the former. It
is a most elegant conifer and when it attains a height of 30 or 40
feet and is clothed with branches to the ground, it is a most striking
object. It does splendidly in the Arnold Arboretum.

The Eastern Spruce (P. orientalis) is a hardy species whose
beauty will stand close analysis. The smallish dark green leaves
are closely set on the branches, and the general graceful habit
conveys a very refined aspect. It retains its lower branches until
it is well into adult age. There is a beautiful example of this in the
Hunnewell Pinetum about 50 feet in height.

The Macedonian Spruce (P. Omorika) is one of the newer species
in cultivation, but is giving every promise of hardihood and a high
order of beauty. It has a dense and conical outline and it is one of
those conifers whose beauty unfolds itself under close analysis.
The largest specimens of it in this country are in the Arnold Arbore-
tum.

The Ajan Spruce (P. Ajanensis) is a gem, at least in its juvenile
days. The silvery white appearance of the leaves, which is well
displayed towards the ends of the branches, renders it highly orna-
mental. It seems to be perfectly hardy.

Alcock's Spruce (Picea Alcockiana), which in general appearance
resembles the Ajan Spruce, and has a somewhat similar habit of
displaying its glaucous foliage at the tips of the branches, is quite
hardy, very desirable, and beautiful. This spruce and the last
are badly mixed up in nurseries. The Ajan Spruce can be mainly
distinguished by the flattish leaves, and Alcock's Spruce by its
somewhat four-angled leaves.

90 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Tiger's Tail Spruce (P. polita) is perhaps one of the most
picturesque of the spruces. The rigid branches and stiff leaves
give it a singular and interesting appearance. It is quite hardy
and does remarkably well at Rochester.

Our native Black Spruce {P. Mariana) is not by any means to be
despised, although it is not held in favor by many planters. A
group of the Black Spruce in the Arnold Arboretum looks remark-
ably well and presents a decidedly picturesque appearance.

The Red Spruce (P. ruhens), whilst hardy enough, presents a
sickly appearance and looks very unhappy, and with us seems to be
utterly unfitted for cultivation.

The Norway Spruce (P. e.vcelsa) is more planted than any other
spruce, and better known, but we confess to have little respect for
it. There is so much of it to be seen around the country in a sickly,
decrepit condition that famiUarity with it in this way has bred
almost a feeling of contempt. The habit of the Norway Spruce
is coarse and conveys no aspect of refinement or picturesque beauty.
In a moist cool well-drained soil it grows rapidly, and where a quick
evergreen shelter belt or a protective hedge is wanted in a short
time, the Norway Spruce will perhaps fulfil those conditions
fairly well; but even in the best of conditions it will not endure
many years. There are numerous varieties of the Norway Spruce in
cultivation, but the best for gardening purposes are the different
dwarf forms which are quite interesting.

The Douglas Spruce {Pseudotsuga mucronata), particularly the
hardier form which grows in the interior of the continent on the
higher altitudes, is a most beautiful evergreen and a most important
conifer for planting in ornamental grounds. The slender branches
give this tree a most graceful appearance. It is quite variable in
the color of its foliage, and varies from dark olive green to different
glaucous tints. In a moist cool soil it grows rapidly.

The Hemlock spruces are a most beautiful genus of conifers, and
the common Hemlock Spruce {Tsuga Canadensis) is the most
important amongst them. The late JOsiah Hoopes, who wrote an
admirable treatise on conifers, said if he were restricted in his choice
to only one evergreen he would prefer a fine sjjecimen of the Hem-
lock S])ruce. The Hemlock, although a common native, will not
stand the sweep of cold wintls without serious injury. It should

HARDY CONIFERS FOR PRIVATE ESTATES. 91

always be planted in cool moist well-drained soils and protected
from the sweep of the cold prevailing winds. Sargent's Weeping
Hemlock (T. Canadensis Sargenti pendula) when it attains some size
is a most beautiful object.

The Carolina Hemlock (T. Caroliniana) is a handsome evergreen
but grows very slowly with us. It was injured considerably during
the winter of 1903-1904.

The Japanese Hemlocks (Tsuga diversifolia and T. Sieboldi)
are beautiful hardy evergreens, but they are very slow growing and
require much patience. There are fine examples of them on Long
Island.

The firs hold an important place in ornamental planting, and
there are few trees that convey such conceptions of nobility and
majesty.

The White Fir (Abies concolor) is perhaps the most useful of all
the firs. The long prominent leaves form frond-like masses on
the rigid branches, and they vary on different trees from dark
green to a rich glaucous color, and the lower branches are retained
for many years. It is absolutely hardy and we have never seen it
scorched by the severest winter weather.

The Taurian or Cilicican Fir (.4. Cilicica) is rare in cultivation
in this country. There are several fine .specimens of it at various
places in the New England States, 45 to 50 feet in height and in
fine health. It retains the lower branches for a great man_v years,
and the abundant silvery-green leaves give it a handsome appear-
ance. We have seen the European Silver Fir {A. pectinata) sold
for it.

Xordmann's Fir (.4. N ordmanniana) is a noble looking tree and
a well-developed individual, 30 or 40 feet in height, is a beautiful
object. During the winter of 1903-1904 it was severely scorched
at Rochester, except where growing in well-sheltered situations.
There are individuals at Rochester planted by the late Mr. Ellwan-
ger 60 feet in height and in perfect health. It is always important
in the Northeastern States to plant it in protected places and in
moist well-drained soil.

The fir from the mountains of Central Japan, (.4. homolepis)
is a hardy and beautiful evergreen. It is in fine condition in the
Hunnewell Pinetum and there are good specimens elsewhere in
this country. The plants at Rochester are small.

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Veitch's Fir (A. Veitchii) is a remarkably hardy form and will
stand the severest winters without injury. It grows rapidly but
is apt to grow somewhat thin with long naked internodes. If the
leader is stopped several times to produce more lateral growth it
can be much improved.

The Cephalonian Fir {A . Cephalonica) does fairly well at Roches-
ter where it is well protected. In exjDOsed situations it was severely
injured during the winter of 1903-1904. It is particularly liable,
to injury by February's sun after a severe freezing night if the
conditions are extreme. The sharp-pointed leaves of this fir are
very distinct.

The Alpine Fir {A. lasiocarpa) is quite promising at Rochester
and stood the winter of 1903-1904 without injury.

The Saghalin Fir {A. Sachalinensis), only recently introduced,
appears to be perfectly hardy. It has a somewhat thin habit of
growth, and an occasional stopping of the leader improves its
appearance.

The Spanish Fir {A. Pinsapo) and the Numidian Fir {A. numi-
dica) are beautiful and handsome evergreens wherever they prove
to be hardy. They fail to stand the winter at Rochester and they
do not appear to be satisfactory north of Long Island.

The European Silver Fir (A. pectinata) is distinct in the way
in which the leaves are disposed in a comb-like arrangement. It
does fairly well at Rochester but it requires a well-sheltered situation.

Fraser's Fir {A. Fraseri) and the Balsam Fir (A. balsamea) as a
rule look wretchedly in a few" years in cultivation. It seems im-
possible for them to be long comfortable away from their native
haunts and they are of little ornamental account for private grounds.

The Japanese Umbrella Pine {Sciadopitys verticiUata), with its
prim conical habit and the deep green leaves regularly disposed in
circular clusters, is an interesting conifer and perfectly hardy. I
have not known it to be injured by severe cold. I remember in
my first experience with this conifer in England we grew it in a pot
in the greenhouse. I was therefore much surprised when I saw it
for the first time in this country looking well and happy in zero
weather.

The Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum), a deciduous conifer,
is a good examjile of a few trees or plants that will thrive a long

HARDY CONIFERS FOR PRIVATE ESTATES. 93

distance outside the latitudes of their natural geographical distribu-
tion, and very few trees will exceed those limits very far unless the
isothermal and atmospheric conditions are relatively maintained.
Southern Indiana is the northern natural limit of the Bald Cypress
but it does remarkably well in many places in the Northeastern
States. It should always be planted in moist soil. The light green
foliage looks very attractive.

Our native Arborvitae {Thuya occidentalu) is a very useful and
accommodating conifer and it does remarkably well in a variety
of different conditions, and stands the sweep of cold winds well.
In a natural state it generally has a stiff outline. The numerous
varieties of this in cultivation are excellent garden plants, particu-
larly in formal gardening.

The Canoe Cedar or Western Arborvitae (T. plicata) is a rapid
growing tree with a much thinner habit than our native one, and
seems to stand the cold well at Rochester. It is very ornamental
and promising with us.

The Chinese Arborntae {Thin/a orieutalis) is a beautiful species;
it has a bushy conical habit, and the foliage is bright olive green.
When protected by the lay of the land, or otherwise, it does well at
Rochester.

The Japanese Arborvitae (T. JapoJiica) is hardier than the
Chinese species. There are no large plants at Rochester, but there
is a good example at Wellesley about 30 feet in height.

The White Cedar {Chamaeci/paris sphaewidea), whilst it appears
to be hardy enough with us, is not of much ornamental merit.

The Yellow Cedar (C. Xutkaten.ns) is a beautiful and choice
species, with a bushy conical outline. The deep rich bluish green
foliage on the branchlets, which have the appearance of folding
together in layers, gives it a most attractive appearance. Our
plants suffered no injury during the winter of 1903-1904.

The Japanese Retinisporas, which are noAV placed botanically
in the genus Chamaec^iDaris are quite extensively planted. The
two species Chamaecijpari.s obtusa and C. pisifem. and their numer-
ous varieties, which have been mostly produced and perpetuated
from seedling plants in their young or juvenile state, are very pretty
attractive garden plants wherever conditions happen to suit them.
As a general rule they are short-lived in the Northeastern States.

94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

They are so interesting, however, that they are worth the trouble
of occasionally replanting them to enjoy their beauty.

The Junipers contain some species that are remarkably hardy
and they are splendidly adapted for planting in ornamental grounds.
The Virginia Juniper or Red Cedar {Jiiniperus Virginiana) is a
species of great hardihood and virility. It will occupy spontane-
ously the bleakest wind-swept situations and assume very picturesque
attitudes. The typical form is usually pyramidal and young
plants are always distinctly so, but when they attain maturity they
show much difference in individual characters. Amongst 1,000
seedlings we planted 12 years since there appears to be a remarkable
diversity of varietal . characteristics. It readily reproduces itself
from seed and in abandoned meadows and woodlands where young
plants are appearing they should be zealously guarded.

There are a number of most interesting garden forms of the Red
Cedar in cultivation. One of the most beautiful is a bluish or
highly glaucous form, J. Virginiana variety glaiica, with a loose
spreading habit which is highly meritorius for garden decoration.

The Savin Juniper {Juniperus Sabina) is a low-growing, ascend-
ing or spreading, shrubby species of great hardihood, and exceed-
ingly valuable and ornamental in landscape work. There are
several distinct and interesting varieties, and all are exceptionally
valuable in ornamental planting. The Tamarisk-leaved Juniper
{J. Sabina variety tamariscifolia) with dense-procumbent branches
and yellowish green foliage is a most attractive form and well
adapted for planting on slopes. What is known as the Waukegan
Trailing Juniper {Juniperus Sabina variety procumbens) with
loose procumbent branches and the leaves with a metallic bluish
tint is a most useful form for planting on rocky slopes. A form
which has been sold in nurseries under the name of Juniperus
Sabina variety alpina has branches loosely procumbent and ascend-
ing, and has the peculiarity of being difficult to transplant.

We have had a pretty low prostrate Juniper in the Pinetum for a
number of years which forms a dense mat close to the ground
from 6 to 9 inches in height. We have almost come to the con-
clusion that this form agrees with the J . Sabina variety prostrata
of Loudon and with the J. prostrata of Michaux. It has never
fruited with us but, if it is a good species, it would appear to be
correct to recognize it under the name given by Michaux.

HARDY CONIFERS FOR PRIVATE ESTATES. 95

The common Juniper {J . cammunis) is a very variable and
ornamental hardy species, sometimes forming a tree, but usually
a procumbent shrub. The low form is very common along the
Great Lakes. I have often admired the numerous natural forms
of this juniper around the Thousand Islands and in many places
along the valley of the St. Lawrence, growing on those old Lauren-
tian rocks. It is extremely useful for planting on all kinds of banks
and slopes.

The Scaly-leaved Juniper (Juniperus recurva variety squamafa)
is a low prostrate form with peculiar scale-like leaves. Whilst it is
hardy with us it is not as hardy as the common Juniper. Timothy
McCarthy, the Superintendent of Swan Point Cemetery at Provi-
dence, uses this juniper extensively and with good effect in his
planting.

The Rigid-leaved Juniper (J. rigida) is rare in cultivation. It
grows rapidly into a small pyramidal tree; is quite handsome
and appears to be hardy.

The Chinese Juniper (J. Chinends) is quite hardy at Rochester.
The staminate form grows much more rapidly than the pistillate.
There are a number of interesting forms of this species. A prostrate
variety of the Chinese Juniper, (J. Ckinensis variety prostrafa),
which I think was brought from Japan in 1892 by Dr. Sargent, is a
very hardy, ornamental plant. There is a juniper sold in Long
Island and around New York under the name of J. Chinensis
variety stricta which is a beautiful garden form. I saw fine speci-
mens of it in the Pinetum on the Palmer Estate at Stamford, Con-
necticut.

The Yews are beautiful in their rich dark green foliage and are
favorite subjects of all who love conifers.

The English Yew {Taxus baccata) is unfortunately unreliable
north of New York City, and even further south is apt to be scorched
by the winter's sun. At Rochester we protect our plants in winter
with evergreen branches. We have two varieties, T. baccata variety
Washingtoniana and T. baccata variety erecta which are hardier
than the type.

The Japanese Yew (T. cuspidata) is one of the most important of
exotic conifers in this country. Dr. C. S. Sargent regards it as a
"Most valuable addition to the list of evergreens which can be

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

successfully cultivated in the Northern States." During the trying
winter of 1903-1904 the Japanese Yew, entirely unprotected, was
not injured in the least. It grows quite rapidly and promises in
the course of years to assume the proportions of a tree. There
appear to be two distinct varieties in cultivation, one known as
T. cuspidata variety brevifolia and another with distinct fastigiate
spreading branches which is not as far as we are aware recognized
under any name.

The Canadian Yew (T. Canadensis) commonly known under
the name of Ground Hemlock, a common native throughout the
Northern States and Canada in moist dense woods, is well adapted
to cultivation. Planted in exposed situations it assumes a very
different appearance from the natural condition in shade. We
propagate it from cuttings in large ciuantities for planting on moist
slopes, banks and ravines.

The Japanese Ginkgo (G-inhgo hiloha), a deciduous conifer, has
shown great hardihood in the Northeastern States and grows to a
large size and attains mature beauty. Its usefulness as a street
tree has been shown in Washington, D. C. The Ginkgo in a young
state has a stiff, ungainly appearance, but when it attains a con-
siderable height and age it looks remarkably picturesque. In the
fall the leaves turn to a very beautiful light shade of yellow, and a
tree covered with these leaves is beautiful against a background of
evergreens.

Discussion.

John W. Duncan spoke appreciatively of the lecture but he did
not quite agree with jNIr. Dunbar's criticism of the Norway spruce.
He said that he thought he had convinced him of its beauty and
desirability after he had shown him the handsome specimens of
this tree on the lawn of the Hunnewell Estate at Wellesley. ISIr.
Duncan said he considered it one of our best conifers and that the
Retinisporas also were great favorites of his.

William H. Spooner said he would like to inquire if a very dry
summer followed by a cold winter was not the primal cause of the
winter killing of some of the conifers.

Mr. Dunbar replied that such conditions might have an injurious

HARDY CONIFERS FOR PRIVATE ESTATES 97

effect but they certainly did not apply to the winter of four years
ago. There was no lack of moisture in the summer of that season
and yet it was one of the most disastrous winters for conifers in
many years.

Mr. Duncan asked what the Lecturer considered the best season
of the year for transplanting evergreen trees.

Mr. Dunbar replied that he had had experience in planting
evergreens in all seasons. He had planted them in the spring, in
late summer, in the fall, and in midwinter. His most serious losses
came from fall planting. He considered that the spring, when
the buds began to swell, was, on the whole, the best time for this
work and he had moved successfully in late summer, after heavy
rains, a large number of white pines and spruces.

R. W. Curtis inquired concerning the propagation of evergreens,
and what the Lecturer considered the best methods, whether by
cuttings or grafting.

Mr. Dunbar stated that during the last few years he had propa-
gated about fifteen thousand by cuttings of yews, junipers, and the
different varieties of Thuya occidentalis. The best method was
to take the cuttings about the first of November and insert them in
a box of sand, about 4 X 22 X 15 inches in size.

A box of these dimensions will hold about 200 cuttings. They
should be kept at a temperature of 40° to 45° under a gradually
rising temperature, and in two or three months will root quite
freely. Some varieties, however, will not root and usually have
to be grafted. He had not done much grafting of evergreens
but grafting had to be resorted to with the nursery varieties of
spruces, firs, pines, and many others to perpetuate them, as they
will not strike from cuttings. All the different species can be raised
from seeds, but that requires great care and watchfulness.

INIr. Hollingworth asked concerning the white pine borer and if
an}thing could be done for a remedy. He had noticed in some
places that the older pines were dying and the borers at work in
them could be distinctly heard in the woods.

Mr. Dunbar said that he had had no experience with them.

T. D. Hatfield remarked that the borers attacked only the decay-
ing pines and did not trouble healthy trees.

Joseph Clark stated that he had had much experience in growing

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

evergreens on the north shore of Massachusetts where nearly all the
species do well, with perhaps the exception of the Austrian and
Scotch pines which he said were apt, after a term of years, to be-
come rusty and die. He considered the Norway spruce one of our
best trees. The hemlock was difficult to grow except in sheltered
positions.

Robert Cameron inquired as to the success the Lecturer had had
in the cultivation of Seciuoia, Cedars of Lebanon, and Torreya.

Mr. Dunbar replied that the largest trees of Sequoia gigantea in
cultivation that he knew of were in the nursery of Ellwanger &
Barry at Rochester, New York. They are about fifty years old,
but are now in a dnng condition. He said that he did not con-
sider them of much value as an ornamental tree and they do not
appear to find congenial conditions anj-^here outside of their native
home in the mountains of California.

Sequoia sempervirens was a more tender species than S. gigantea
but is useless in this part of the world. INIr. Dunbar said that he
had planted some Cedars of Lebanon about twelve years ago but
they were not making much progress. The Torreyas were not
of much account as ornamental trees in this part of the world.
T. nucifera does fairly well in some parts of Connecticut and in
some of the milder parts of the Northeastern States.

THE PRIVATE GARDENER.
By Robert Craig, Philadelphia.

Delivered before the Society, Februaiy 29, 1908.

I use the term "Private Gardener" because it is one in common
use and well understood to distinguish one who has charge of a
garden or grounds and cultivates vegetables, plants, and flowers,
not to sell, but for the use of those who employ him to do this work.
The gardener assists and directs nature in producing everything
which grows out of the ground for man's use, for the gratification
of his palate, and for ministering to his sense of beauty. His work
is to provide not only food for the body but also "Food for the
Soul." We sometimes see an advertisement in the daily papers
like this, — "Wanted a gardener who understands care of horses"
or "who can milk." Such an " Ad." is a sad abuse of the word;
what is wanted is a handy laborer or man of all work; much that
I shall say today cannot sj^ecially be applied to him.

I know that my audience includes many who are not gardeners,,
but I feel that they, in their interest in the subject, will pardon me
if the greater part of my remarks are directed specially to gardeners.
I choose the subject because I conceive that it is one of more im-
portance than is generally assigned to it, and that the private gar-
dener is likely to play a part of continually growing importance in
American life. His influence on the future of horticulture is
powerful for good or for evil. If he be a capable, energetic, and
honest man he will do such work as will make his employer a patron
of gardening, and if he be ignorant, careless, and dishonest he will
not only ruin himself but will damage the cause he misrepresents.
Allow me to recite a couple of instances occurring in my own neigh-
borhood which illustrate this point : —

I was well acquainted with a wealthy gentleman who built new
greenhouses and started to improve the grounds surrounding his

100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fine mansion. He was fortunate in securing a fine English gardener,
newly arrived in this country; his place rapidly improved under the
new gardener's care and after two years' work, when the owner
saw he was getting good results, he became greatly interested and
invested freely large sums to carry on the improvements and enrich
the grounds with plantings of rare and beautiful trees and shrubs;
he built additional greenhouses, bought many plants, and also a
fine collection of orchids. Everything prospered and was a source
of great pleasure to the owner and his friends, when suddenly the
good gardener was stricken with an incurable disease and had to
give up work. The place was then put in charge of his first assist-
ant, a young man about 26 years old, who was given a fine oppor-
tunity to make a name for himself, but he could not stand even a
little prosperity; took to drinking and playing the races, and
during a spree in which he did not put in an appearance for two
days, an accident to the boilers resulted in the entire stock of plants
being frozen to death. The owner, who had plenty of money to
spend in gratifying his tastes, lost all interest in gardening and
became a liberal patron of other fine arts. His collection of paint-
ings and examples of fine sculpture are known far and wide, but
the greenhouses are empty, the garden neglected, and it is not
likely the owner's interest in these will ever be re\-ived.

Another instance coming under my immediate observation
interested me still more : — One of the wealthiest men in the
neighborhood of Philadelphia, retiring from active business, built
one of the finest mansions in the state, employed the highest talent
in landscape gardening, and with a large force of men in a couple
of years had the new place greatly improved. He employed a
young German gardener who had previously, at a salary of only
$60 per month, made a good name for himself; gave him entire
charge, and he worked with such intelligence, industry, and honesty,
that the employer built for him additional ranges of glass about
two years ago at a cost of fifty thousand dollars, and allows him to
spend annually a large sum in improving the place. Only last
summer he took a trip to Europe at his employer's expense with
power to purchase such rare plants as he might select. His salary
is now quite satisfactory to him. Oh! but you say, this was a
rare case; perhaps it was, but I am sure at the rate wealth is in-

THE PRIVATE GARDENER. 101

creasing in this country the number of such places will steadily
increase, I like to quote Lord Bacon on this point : — " "\Mien
ages grow to civility and elegancy men come to build stately, sooner
than to garden finely, as if gardening were the greater perfection."

Before proceeding further it may be well for us to consider that
we are in Boston; Boston, a city rich in horticultural history, has
always been foremost in encouragement of advanced gardening.
Here in 1S29 the Massachusetts Horticultural Society was incor-
porated "For the purpose of encouraging and improving the science
and practice of horticulture." Ever since, and before that time,
Boston has been the foremost American city in horticulture. In
1822 the first gardening periodical, The New England Farmer
and Horticultural Journal was founded, followed by Hovey's
American Magazine of Horticulture, and Barretts' Horticultural
Register in 1835; the first greenhouse in the country, history says,
was built in Boston by Andrew Faneuil about the beginning of the
18th century. And today in the excellence of its parks and pri-
vate gardens, in proportion to its population it is easily inlthe
front. Those who love gardening in any branch, find in Boston a
congenial atmosphere; Boston has been the home and scene of the
life work of many famous gardeners. I look upon Jackson Daw-
son as the best all-around propagator and plantsman that America
has known, and the late Fred Harris, for nearly half a century at
Hunnewell's famous place at Wellesley, was a model for private
gardeners to imitate.

The problem of how a gardener should set about preparing
himself for his life work is, in this country, a serious one. In the
older countries of Europe opportunities to acquire a thorough
knowledge of all departments are plentiful. There are so many
estates on which the grounds are admirably planned and planted
and where there are numerous houses adapted for propagating
anrl growing everything for the garden; cold pits and cold houses;
intermediate houses and "stove" houses, with graperies, fruit
houses, and hot beds, so that a man may get a thorough knowledge
of gardening in all branches; and there are many commercial
places which carry on all lines and where boys may go and learn
the business as they grow to manhood. There are only a very
few such commercial places in America. In this country almost

102 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

all the trade establishments cultivate specialties, as Roses, Carna-
tions, or Palms. Nearly all of our good all-around gardeners get
their training abroad, and it is well for any young man who can
get a chance to learn ffardening under such a man, cither on a
large private place or in a park, some of which in the larger cities,
I am glad to say, have now large ranges of glass where everything
is grown but vegetables, which is a very important branch and
concerning which I have a few words to say later on. Some of
our colleges have now facilities for teaching gardening. I wish
that all of the colleges would follow the example of Cornell, where
they have six greenhouses in which students may gain a practical
knowledge of plant growth, learn how to prepare soil and manure,
and have opportunity to gain a general knowledge of advanced
gardening. INIany of the colleges have now a course in forestry,
and I understand that young men getting diplomas, if otherwise
fitted, can readily procure employment at fair salaries. It seems
to me that the time is now ripe for all the leading colleges to build
ranges of glass and have courses in practical horticulture. Grad-
uates from these classes, and otherwise desirable, would have an
advantage over uneducated men in securing the best positions.
The recent establishment of classes in landscape gardening by
the Florists' Club of Boston is of great advantage to those near
enough to take advantage, and is an example for all similar institu-
tions everywhere to imitate.

Important as is the subject of forestry, gardening is equally so.
We can see, on the part of American business men, a growing
disposition as soon as they are financially able, to establish gardens
for their use and enjoyment and as the most pleasant refuge from
our ail-too strenuous business life.

To the gardener, who wants to improve himself, books are a
paramount necessity. The recorded wisdom of the ages is at your
service here. Nicholson's Dictionary of Gardening and Bailey's
Cyclopaedia of American Horticulture should be in the possession
of every gardener; they describe nearly every plant in cultivation
and their cultural notes are of very great value. I will not attempt
naming all the good books but cannot refrain from mentioning
Jenkins' Art of Propagation and Improvement of Cultivated
Plants; Professor Taft's Greenhouse Construction; Hunt's How

THE PRIVATE GARDENER. 103

to Grow Cut Flowers; Henderson's Practical Floriculture; Fal-
coner's iNIushrooms and how to grow them; EUwanger and Rey-
nolds Hole on Roses; Downing's Fruits and Fruit Trees; Peter
Henderson's Gardening for Profit; INIrs. Van Rensellaer's Art out
of Doors; The principles of the harmony and contrast of Colors
by iSI. E. Chevreul ; and Herrington and Smith on Chrysanthemums.
Cultivate a love for books; it is a habit that grows by indulgence;
as the fondness for books grows you can add to your library; all
the larger seed houses now carry the best of the horticultural books
which you are privileged to look over and select according to your
needs or taste. Subscribe for one or more of the trade papers and
get your names on the lists of the Agricultural Stations so as to get
up-to-date information; the results of the latest experiments along
all lines. The seedsmen's catalogues are great educational factors;
I know of no greater improvement horticulturally than in the
character and contents of these valuable publications. A gardener
should study natural landscapes so as to readily apprehend their
points of beauty and their beauty as a whole, and then with "The
art that doth mend nature" put the finishing touches thereto.

Every garden may be made more interesting by excelling in
some specialty; every gardener should have a hobby. If the place
be a small one and your opportunity meagre, take, in the flower
line, Pansies, Verbenas, or Phlox Drummondii, or the Herbaceous
Phlox, and in the greenhouse plants either Cyclamen, Cineraria,
Primula, etc. By saving your own seed, carefully selecting year
after year the finest, it is astonishing how you can improve the
varieties in any species. Like results follow a similar course in
vegetables. Buy, for instance, the finest varieties of corn and
select from these for seed the ears that contain the greatest average
of good points, as flavor, size, and good appearance, and you are
likely to get corn better than you can buy. Or, if your place and
opportunity are greater, start, for instance, making a collection of
Conifers, in groups or in single specimens, or a collection of Rhodo-
dendrons or lilacs, of which there are now so many fine kinds, or
Roses, or Paeonias, or similar plants in the hardy garden. You
will find in a few years the constant and careful pursuit of your
hobby will result in making you and the place you represent more
or less famous, and your application to work along a special line

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

will enable you to give valuable points to your fellows. As Emerson
says "If you make shoes better than anyone else you will find a
path beaten to your cottage door."

It is profoundly interesting to study how new varieties come.
Nature works, often we know not how, in bringing forth new varie-
ties; the influence of heredity undoubtedly prevails to some extent
and instances are not wanting to show that it does. Let me give
you just one in my own experience: — three years ago we made a
number of crosses in Carnations using the variety Harlowarden
as one of the parents; you will recollect that this sort had a very
long, very desirable stem, and we noticed that about one-fifth of
these seedlings had this Harlowarden stem, but there were char-
acteristics developed in a number of seedlings which had no visible
connection with either of the parents. Sometimes, however, the
influence of both parents can be distinctly traced. Time will
allow me to mention only one or two instances: — Many of you will
recollect the introduction of the "Daybreak" Carnation, a charm-
ing variety which had not many stems, but these were long and
stiff, and every shoot produced a flower. About the same time
was introduced "Tidal Wave" which produced many stems but
lacking in length; the crossing of these two varieties produced the
famous "Lawson" which inherited the good points of both varieties.
Among the seedlings with Lawson blood has been found "Enchan-
tress" which I think has more good qualities than any other variety
and following along this line has resulted in producing a free-
blooming vigorous U'pe which has made Mr. Fisher famous. The
results of Mr. Walsh's work in roses of the Wichuraiana t^-pe are
little short of marvellous ; the man who does such things is a public
benefactor. But, while man can do something in breeding from
types, nature is always at work and often produces, we know not
how, valuable "breaks" in seedlings or sports, which are frequently
lost because the gardener fails to recognize their merits and propa-
gate and perpetuate them. Private gardeners have done much
in the past to preserve and propagate good new things and should
be ever on the alert to take advantage of any opportunities along
this Hne which kind nature may afford. The famous Seckel pear
was a "chance" seedling found growing along the roadside and
man had no hand in its origin, but some one should receive the
blessings of generations for preserving and propagating it.

THE PRIVATE GARDENER. 105

One of the main branches of work for the private gardener is the
growing of vegetables. Our enterprising seedsmen are continually
introducing new varieties and a large percentage of these novelties
have merit and occasionally there is a great advance over previous
varieties. Be ever on the alert for the good new things. There
should be an abundance of vegetables for spring, summer, and
fall, and where the facilities exist, in the winter also. George
Eliot says: "No man can be wise on an empty stomach" and Ben
Jonson that "A good dinner lubricates business." No dinner is
complete without fresh vegetables, and many of the very finest,
most luscious, and delicately flavored cannot be purchased in the
markets, because they do not pay to grow commercially. If you
can furnish your employer a regular supply of these dainties you
will find yourself in close touch with him and he is likely to help
you in any of your plans. Vegetables grown under glass are supe-
rior to those grown outdoors in tenderness, crispness, and fine
flavor, and every large garden should have special houses or
ranges of houses for this purpose. These need not be expensive
structures and may be in any out-of-the-way place so as not to
interfere with the architectural eftect of the plant structures. Con-
nected with these vegetable houses there could be other inexpensive
houses where seedlings could be started, dormant plants kept, and
much of the repotting and unsightly work done, thus giving oppor-
tunity to keep the show houses more attractive.

Now, a few words on the importance of industry. From the
very earliest times the great men have extolled the value of in-
dustry— "Go to the ant thou sluggard, consider her ways, and
be wise" has served for the text of many a powerful sermon. The
expression that "Genius in only an infinite capacity for work"
has been endorsed by many thinkers. Napoleon said "I have
never found the Hmit of my capacity for work." In short, the men
who have made their mark in the world have been at a loss for
words to express themselves strongly enough on the subject. Don't
be afraid of work and don't forget that "Folks who never do more
than they are paid for, never get paid for more than they do."
Let not the amount of pay be your main consideration, rather see
how much and how well you can do the work; the real reward
that life holds out for work is the increased capacity to do more

106 ^lASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and better work, and consequently greater satisfaction and enjoy-
ment. The man who wants an indolent life is not fitted for a gar-
dener. INIany good men fail to do their best for want of courage,
and faith in themselves, and from lack of energy and ambition;
there are not so many failures from want of capacity. Herrick
says: — "The great man is not so great as folks think, nor the
stupid man so stupid as he seems."

The late Peter Henderson, a great gardener, close observer,
and successful business man often said that he did not think there
was so much difference in the mental capacity of men as in their
courage, ambition, and industry. Have faith in yourselves and
loyalty to your employer. I am fond of the saying of Fra Elbertus
"If put to the point, an ounce of loyalty is worth a pound of clever-
ness." Don't be afraid to undertake all the time bigger things;
your ability will grow in your earnest attempts to accomplish; and,
don't be afraid of manual labor if occasion require; it will not
lessen, but increase your mental power. A stiffening and strength-
ening of the spinal column begets no weakness of the mind; "A
sound mind in a sound body." The immortal Lincoln split rails,
and it was only recreation for Gladstone to cut down immense
trees with an axe. The advantage of outdoor exercise is recog-
nized ever}"\vhere. The orator in the English Parliament exclaimed
"the Battlefields of England were won on the cricket fields of
Eton"; there was as much force in the rejoinder of the Irish
Member, "They were won on the bogs of Ireland."

One of the most encouraging points in gardening is the improve-
ment in greenhouse architecture since the days of small glass and
heating by brick flues. Many of the more ambitious structures
of early date Avere failures for practical purposes; architecturally
effective, they were frequently poorly heated and otherwise defective
from a cultural standpoint. Thanks to frequent consultations in
recent years between architects and advanced gardeners, the more
modern houses have gained in appearance ami are almost perfect
in producing results.

The problem of compensation for gardeners is an interesting
one; most gardeners think it is a poorly paid work and perhaps it
ds, considering how much has to be learned. I think, however,
ihe money reward rests largelv with the individual; there can be

THE PRIVATE GARDENER. 107

nothing like a uniform scale of wages. I had, for instance, paid
my foreman about twelve hundred dollars a year, but I must say
that one to whom I paid two thoiisand dollars per annum was the
most profitable one to me. I think, on the whole, the outlook for
first-class gardeners is good. Never in the history of nations has
wealth increased so fast as in the United States during the ]:>ast
quarter of a century, and a majority of the wealthy men will, in the
future, I venture to say, find their highest pleasiu'e in developing
their gardens and country estates.

On the fine old estates in England, France, and Germany no
one is more respected, nor in closer, kindlier touch with the owner
than the head gardener. As fast as men fit themselves in character,
deportment, and ability, this is coming to pass here; but, admitting
that salaries might in some cases be justly increased, we must not
forget that gardening has many advantages for those who are fond
of it; it is the most healthful of all occupations; it is one of the fine
arts. Ruskin has defined fine art as any in which the head, hand,
and heart work together. I cannot see why the gardener cannot
take as much pleasure as the owner. "He who admires is the real
possessor." "There are no ancient gentlemen, but gardeners."

Give fools their gold and knaves their power,

Let fortune's bubble rise and fall.
Who sows a field, or trains a flower,

Or plants a tree, is more than all."

Discussion.

In reply to a question concerning the growing of Gardenias the
Lecturer stated that there was no difficulty in growing them in the
-summer time, but the problem of success with them in the winter
was a very different one. He grew them in his houses all the year
round, especially in the winter. He had heard gardeners say
that they could not get them to flower in cold weather, but, in his
opinion, their failure was due to the lowering of the temperature,
causing the buds to blast. A temperature of 65° should be regu-
larly maintained.

William N. Craig praised the Lecturer for his eminently jiractical

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

talk which he would have Uked a much larger audience to have
heard. He said that the private gardener of the future would
need to be a very much better educated man than he was today.
The majority of the craft in charge of estabUshments today lacked
the opportunities for scholastic training which were now open to
them. He believed that a course in horticulture, including botany
and chemistry, as well as landscape gardening, at one of our agri-
cultural colleges would be needed in addition to the more practical
training at trade or private establishments. Some of our brightest
men, especially commercial men, were sending their sons to Durham,
Cornell, or Amherst today. He understood that the Massachusetts
Agricultural College would ask for $17,000.00 this year for new
ranges of glass to make their plant more up-to-date horticulturally.

The varied duties outside of those of a horticultural nature
required of present-day gardeners had been referred to. Too many
men preferred to remain in a rut when by a little persistent study
they could easily broaden the scope of their learning and thus fit
themselves for much better places. Strictly horticultural places
were far less proportionate to their number than in Europe. Here
a man should learn something of electric and gas lighting, water
supplies for the estate, and also have a fair knowledge of agri-
culture and arboriculture and the various et ceteras incidental to a
place.

There was also no reason why this same person should not
interest himself in the affairs of the community in which he resided,
thus benefiting the community and himself at the same time.

In England where horticulture was on a higher plane than it had
yet reached in America the private gardener on a large estate was
a very esteemed person. Such prominent patrons of horticulture
as the Duke of Portland and Lord Aldenbarn had stated in public
speeches that they looked upon their head gardeners more as
friends than servants, and, indeed, when it is remembered how
much good advice such a man can give when it comes to large plans
for improvement or additions there is no reason why even in America
he should not reach a similar status. If intelligent, courteous,
and always gentlemanly, feeling as much interest in the place as
though it were his own, surely there are employers who will appre-
ciate such men.

THE PRIVATE GARDENER. 109

Too many men prefer to largely confine themselves to the green-
house work. This is not the most essential feature on an estate,
important though it may be. Landscape features, collections of
trees and shrubs, perennials and bulbous plants, natural gardening,
and up-to-date vegetable gardens were impoitant requisites.

The question of remuneration would solve itself; he believed
the deserving man would get his reward, and the constantly dis-
satisfied and shifting class were not those likely to rise in their
profession.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION IN THE SCHOOLS.
By Pres. Kexyon L. Butterfield, Amherst, Mass.

Given before the Society, March 7, 190S.

I like the word "vocational" as applied to a system of training
for one's life work. While it suggests that one is preparing for an
occupation, it seems to imply that technical skill is not all of voca-
tion, and that the man himself as well as the work he has to do are
to be considered in preparation for vocation. This is so because if
vou show a man what he ought to know about his calling; in life
you must indicate to him not merely how he may become a skilful
worker, but you must tell him how his particular calling is related
to other callings, how it is bound up with the welfare of the state
and nation, what bearing it has upon the development of civilization,
and indeed you must show him also its moral aspects. Conse-
cjuently while a vocational training pre{)ares men and women for
work, it is far from blind to the fact that mere individual skill and
efficiency are not sufficient.

It may be objected of course that vocation is not all of life, and
consecpiently that a vocational education is not a liberal training.
But I contend that for most people vocation is the larger proportion
of life, when you take into consideration all these industrial, political,
social and moral relationships. The areas of the two circles are
substantially the same. At any rate, this may be said, that for
most people vocation is the key to the most of life.

We have several great divisions of vocation, namely, — agri-
culture, manufacturing, transportation and commerce, home-
making and other work for women, and the so-called professions _
With respect to the last it may be said that gradually new pro-
fessions are arising out of the old vocations. It is becoming
increasingly evident that education for all these vocations is neces-
sary. In the past we have emphasized the professions and have

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

neglected training for the manual vocations. Furthermore, we
have laid stress on the training of leaders ; we have not given enough
attention to the preparation of subordinates. We have attempted
to train men who are supposed to do mental work chiefly; we liaA'e
neglected to train people who are to intellectualize muscular work.
We have attempted to train generals; we have not trained captains.
We have made it possible for the few to find their niche in the world's
work; we have turned the mass of boys and girls loose to get along
as best they could in the struggle for existence.

But now we have come to see that there is a supreme industrial
reason for training for vocation. We need to develop the maximum
skill of indi\'iduals in the interests of production, just as we need to
secure the maximum return from a machine or an acre of land.
We have learned also that sociologically there is a strong reason
for vocational training, hdng in the desirability of adjustment of the
individual function and ability to social progress. We need to
have each man doing the work for which he is best fitted and which
the world wants done. We must put the square pegs in the square
holes, both in the interest of the individual and of society.

In our industrial problems heretofore agriculture has been
treated largely as a non-mental pursuit. It has been looked upon
as an art, an art with a low degree of skill, — "anyone can farm."
But we have reached the time when the abundance of scientific
knowledge about agriculture shows that this opinion is no longer
tenable. The depletion of soils, under our old system of agri-
culture which "anybody could follow," further emphasizes our
mistake. Furthermore, land was formerly given away and some
of it held by the inefficient ; now we are approaching a time of land
scarcity and a time when land can be held only by the efficient.
Consequently the need of a training for the vocation of agriculture
is forced upon our attention, and we find a great movement setting
in in which agriculture, as well as other industrial vocations, is
knocking at the doors of the schools.

Before going further it would be well to signify that agriculture
as we use it implies a rather definite sort of thing. It is not chiefly
an art; it is a body of knowledge. While it may not perhaps be
justly called a science, such as chemistry, it is an applied science,
such as medicine. It has to do not primarily with practices, but

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION IX THE SCHOOLS. 113

with laws. What are the underlying principles that govern soil
activity and plant and animal growth, and how may these laws be
utilized by man in the production of economic goods? True,
agriculture includes the art of farming, although training in agri-
culture does not attempt to perfect one in the art. On the technical
side agriculture would develop reasons for processes.

But it has also a business side. It involves the question of
selling, — consequently that of marketing and that of farm manage-
ment.

It has a social side. Agriculture is related to other industries
and indeed it is fundamental to them. The rural voters are of
great political significance and our forty millions of rural people
constitute a great factor in the development of our national life
and thought.

Agricultural education, like all other forms of industrial education
has, then, its vocational purpose, but it also has its pedagogical
purpose. That is to say, it has educational value. It is interesting
to know that in the argument made for industrial education today
men continually hark back to the old days of the farm home regime
for children and describe the educational value of the experience
in the t^i^ical farm home. They say frankly that the chief reason
for putting industrial education into the schools, at least so far as
mere schooling is concerned, is that if possible something may be
developed which shall take the place of this old farm home training.
Furthermore, we have come to recognize the value of manual skill
in training the mind itself. Even with our definition of agriculture
there is room there for manual training. It follows therefore that
agriculture may be used for strictly educational purposes, without
reference to vocational ends. "While in the main agriculture will
be taught as a vocational subject, it is worth while to keep in mind
that it has also a definite and specific educational value, even for
those who are not to follow agriculture as a vocation. Agriculture
presents facts that are worth knowing by every intelligent man.
It develops principles that illustrate natural laws in many fields.
It organizes processes. It gives manual work. All of these things
are of definite value to the growing mind. They are educational.

There are three grades of school work in agriculture. First,
the college and graduate grade, which may be grouped together

114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for our purposes. Second, the high school grade, and third, the
elementary grade. The first two define themselves. The third
perhaps requires a word of explanation. The schools have been
giving nature study for a number of years. Nature study uses
many of the materials of agriculture, and while there is perhaps no
very sharp line of demarcation between nature work and agri-
culture in a general way, the two things should be kept apart.
Nature work is relatively unorganized and unsystematic. It does
not confine itself to any one body of knowledge. It aims to teach
the child to observe, to love nature, to appreciate the beauty of the
commonplace, and to look for the cause behind the phenomenon.
Even elementary agriculture is rather definite and fairly well organ-
ized. It studies processes. It has an economic bearing. It deals
with an industry. It shows the interests of men making a living^
from the soil. Its illustrations are specific, such as come for in-
stance by the use of school gardens and the incubator.

Now the real question that arises after this brief preliminary
survey is this: Shall agriculture as we have defined it be utilized
to any large degree in the public school system ? So far as college-
grade work is concerned this question has been settled. Agricul-
tural colleges have been supported at public expense for fifty years.
We need not discuss that question further. The point at issue
concerns the work of secondary and elementary agriculture. It
seems to me that we may at once answer this question also in the
affirmative, provided we are ready to acknowledge the value of
agriculture as mental training and are willing to assent to the
proposition that the school system shall be utilized for purposes of
vocational training.

I do not think it needs elaborate argument to prove that the
subject matter of agriculture properly taught gives abundant
material for training of the mind. The educational value of
science in general and of applied science in particular is pretty
commonly recognized. Agriculture ofi'ers a most inviting field
for the study of science in its application to the work of men. It
trains the powers of observation as almost nothing else does. It
brings the student into contact with real processes, with men at
work, with the man achieving things, Avith the great current of the
Avorld's industrial life. Agriculture in its broad sense has economic

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION IX THE SCHOOLS. 115

and social aspects of large meaning. The importance of the
agricultural industry, the dependence of other industries upon it,
the development of population, the significance of rural Ufe in our
American civilization, — all these things give breadth of view and
sanity of judgment. The mental value of the manual art of agri-
culture, particularly for boys and girls who do not live upon the
farm, is generally recognized by the movement for school gardens,
I might go on with other illustrations of the educational value of
agriculture. I think there is no longer any doubt in the minds of
educators about this.

The other question which has been raised is whether the school
system shall be utilized for vocational education. We cannot
dwell long upon this point, and I do not think we need to. It is
true that at the beginning the public school was not designed pri-
marily to prepare for one's life work; it was rather designed to
give each child the tools which he could use in any occupation.
Gradually, however, there has crept in a new use for the public
school system. This movement began when state-supported in-
stitutions established courses for law, for medicine, for pharmacy,
and the like, and when the normal schools for teachers were estab-
lished. It was forwarded Avith particular regard to the industries
of life by the passage of the famous Morrill Act of 1862, establishing
a colleo;e of agriculture and mechanic arts in everv state and terri-
tory in the Union. The preparation of men for the higher positions
in all important vocations of life, including the industries, is now
a recognized part of the public system of education. But the
movement has gone further than that, and in many states there
have been established technical high schools, and commercial
departments or courses, with the definite intention of preparing
boys and girls for the vocations of life, particularly for the vocations
not represented by the professions.

The question now comes up — Shall this movement be extended ?
Why not ? Shall the public school system serve all the people, or
shall it continue to serve merely that fraction of our youth who go
on into the colleges and become generals or captains of industry ?
I go so far as to say that our democracy to a great degree depends
upon the proper answer to this question. We can never democ-
ratize education, we can never democratize industry, we can

116 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

never thoroughly democratize our civilization until we have made
the public school system the feeder for all the great vocations of
life. Agriculture plays such an important part in our national
labor and life that no schenn? of vocational education could for a
moment ignore it.

Let us pass to the final cjuestions, — To what extent and how can
elementary and secondary agriculture be made a part of the school
system ?

First with respect to elementary agriculture. Certainly ele-
mentary agriculture should be taught in the rural schools, both
because the environment of the child must play so large a part in
his education, and because the study of agriculture in the country
school will lay a foundation for interest and skill in the agricultural
vocation, into which so many of the country-bred children will
go. To a degree, elementary agriculture should also go into the
city schools because the city environment yields so little to many
phases of the child's education, and because the material of agri-
culture is in itself so fresh, so interesting, so tonic.

That there are difficulties in the way of introducing elementary
agriculture into the public schools we cannot deny, first because
of the lack of ciualified teachers, and second for lack of time. AVith
respect to the teachers it is safe to say that teachers of elementary
agriculture can be trained. They are being trained. But we
should not blink the fact that probably the ordinary teacher in the
country school who has to teach many things will hardly prepare
herself adequately to teach elementary agricultiu-e. If this work
is to be done at its best we can expect that only special teachers
specifically trained can meet the need.

With regard to the lack of time the only solution is correlation of
subject matter. Agriculture may be taught through arithmetic,
or, better, arithmetic through agriculture. If agriculture is to be
introduced into the lower schools it must not come in simply as an
additional subject. It must be related to all other subjects in the
curriculum, but related in an organic and definite way.

Now with respect to secondary agriculture. Shall it be put into
the high school as a means of education alongside the other sub-
jects, or shall it be only a means of vocational training by which the
school in which it is placed shall be a finishing school ? Or shall

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION IN THE SCHOOLS. 117

both be done? I advocate that it be introduced into the schools
for both reasons. There are difficidties in making agriculture a
part of the regular high school curriculum and in some schools it
will be a long time before that is done. But it is worth doing.
I am satisfied that there is a movement now setting in which arises
from the interest of the teachers and looks toward this very thing.
Some wish to teach agricultural subjects in order that the pupil
may be better able to enter the agricultural college.

There can be but one answer to the cjuestion, — Shall agriculture
of secondary grade be given as a vocational subject ? It is needed
badly. Our agricultural colleges are doing well, and a few years
hence they are going to have many more students than they are
having today. But as every one knows, they do not meet the
need of the great body of young men who will never go to college
no matter how good the course, no matter how great the need of
training.

Perhaps the most important question which faces us at this
time is whether we shall have separate schools of agriculture or
whether we shall put agriculture into existing high schools. Agri-
cultural educators and others are gradually taking sides on this
question and I think it is only fair to say that, whereas a short time
ago the idea seemed to be running in favor of separate schools of
agriculture, today some of our leading men are making serious
objections to the separate schools of agriculture and are advocating
very strongly that agriculture shall be put into existing high schools
and recognized as a subject of study there. While I do not expect
to say the final word on this question, and while in fact I hold my-
self in readiness to change my opinion, my present answer to this
inquiry is that we should do both. I believe keenly, to put the
matter in a nutshell, that we ought to place agriculture in the high
schools alongside of other subjects of study, but I believe that at
the same time we should establish separate schools of agriculture
substantially of secondary grade.

Let me state some of the advantages of the separate schools.
In the first place, they emphasize vocation. It seems to me that
the ordinary course of study in the high school, in the nature of
things cannot, and perhaps should not, give due emphasis to a
particular calling. The special task of the high school is to give

118 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

foundation training. Inevitably the demand for vocational educa-
tion will compel high schools to offer also courses fitting jiupils
for various occupations. But almost as inevitably the occupational
courses will be segregated. Whether or not the separation shall
be so marked that an entirely new school shall be set apart for a
given vocation or set of vocations is a question to be determined
entirely by circumstances. Some towns can afford the separate
schools, some cannot.

In the second place, the separate school is likely to have more
adequate equipment for specialized purposes. It is difficult for
the average high school to procure adequate land, animals, crops,
teachers. The separate high school of agriculture must have
those things, merely to justify its existence as an agricultural school.
It takes a large equipment for the proper study of agriculture if
the course is to fit one for the business. Few high schools can
afford the expense.

In the third place, separate schools will have the agricultural
atmosphere. Students will think, act and dream in terms of
agriculture. Whichever way they turn they come upon something
that drives home the fact that they are studying agriculture, that
they are preparing for their vocation.

And finally, separate schools of agriculture will naturally evolve
into finishing schools for young men who cannot go to college. I
do not believe our public high schools will ever devote sufficient
attention to any one vocation like agriculture to make it possible
for them to train the number of men who ought to be trained for
work upon the farm. It seems to me imperative that we recognize
this need and that Ave supply it by that form of school which defi-
nitely makes agriculture, as a life work, its principal object and aim.

There are many objections raised to separate schools of agri-
culture. One of them is that the high schools can do this work
well enough. In the first place, however, you must remember
that this equipment costs money. Our larger high schools are in
the city, and even if they put agriculture into the high schools they
are bound to reach only a small proportion of the })upils who need
this work. You Avill have the anomaly also of an agricultural
school, or coiu'ses of study, in a city environment. Of course it
would be possible for the city to establish its high school out in the

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION IN THE SCHOOLS. 119

suburbs in the rural section, but when you have done that you
have to all intents and purposes made a separate high school.

It is also objected that if you have separate schools you break
down the present school system. It seems to me that in answer
to this we would say that separate work is a necessity for adequate
vocational training. We must organize agriculture as a vocational
subject of study by itself, related of course to other subjects, but
still a thing somewhat by itself, if you are to get real vocational
results. And this process logically will probably eventuate in
separate schools for agriculture. Furthermore, I do not see that
it is necessary to separate these individual agricultural high schools
from the public school system. It seems to me that we must main-
tain the integrity of our public school system, but I do not believe
that the mere fact of establishing an agricultural high school leads
necessarily to making that school something apart from the public
school system. |«^

It is also urged that separate schools make a cleavage of social
classes. On this point my feeling is this. It is better to have
cleavage within the schools than to have a cleavage between the
schooled who do not go into industries and the unschooled who do.
And that is precisely what has taken place in the days gone by.
Those who went through the high schools have largely gone into
professions. They have not gone into industry. And boys who
have gone into industry have not been educated in the high schools.

If you put agriculture into the high schools, you attract those
who want to go into this field of industry. Sooner or later there
may come some cleavage in the school itself. If agricultural
education is introduced into the school and the school is made really
vocational, made really a finishing course, it will of course be marked
off necessarily from other educational training and from work of a
general type. But I foresee no serious danger from this. Vocations
do inevitably make social classes. I can't see that thorough training
for vocations, even in schools specially devoted to that purpose,
is likely to increase the tendency to stratification. It will rather
break it down because each occupation will be dignified by being
intellectualized.

And finally, I object to the idea implied in the argument against
separate schools of agriculture, that a vocational course fails to

120 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

educate a man as well as to make a worker. I claim that a well-
balanced course of agriculture, properly taught, trains men, and
that it has definite educational values. Hence such a course is
still an educator of men as well as a trainer of workers. The man
is trained as a worker and the worker is educated as a man. In the
same way in which a man is educated hy his work, so a man may be
educated in the process of being trained for his work.

Let us then put agriculture into the schools ever\"\vhere. Let us
have separate schools of agriculture wherever such schools can be
maintained. Let us also put agriculture into the regular work of
existing schools. Let us give every boy and girl in the common-
wealth a chance to prepare for farm life, and at least to use the
splendid materials offered by agriculture in securing a broader
outlook upon life.

Discussion.

Dr. David F. Lincoln asked for further information concerning
the proposed Northampton school.

Pres. Butterfield replied that he was not familiar with all the
plans but it was expected to open the school next autumn. It is
established as the result of a provision made by Mr. Smith of
Northampton some sixty years ago. After much delay the city
has decided to aid in organizing it and a director has been chosen.

It will be a school for youth who desire to get practical work
in horticulture and husbandry on the farm and at the same
time have some regular school studies with it. The aim of the
course will be to give general as well as technical instruction. He
stated that a farm had been purchased on the outskirts of North-
ampton and that it would be a boarding school. He said that
this kind of a school would develop in a little different way than an
agricultural high school, or any organization in a small town. It
will become a sort of a semi-agricultural college, though open to
boys as young, perhaps, as fourteen years. They will take up sub-
jects not taken in college. The length of the course is to be four
years and a course of study has been outlined in a pamphlet issued
by the Commission on Industrial Education. Pres. Butterfield
said he thought there was need of such an institution in the state.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION IN THE SCHOOLS. 121

Pres. Butterfield referred also to the Davis bill, introduced into
Congress by Congressman Davis of INIinnesota, which provides
$8,000,000 to be distributed to states on the per capita basis.
The bill calls for the establishment of schools of agriculture and
mechanic arts in each state, and under its provisions agricultural
schools can be provided in agricultural sections.

The income is limited to ten cents per capita, thus Massachusetts
would receive about S325,000 for this purpose. He thought that
the bill would not be likely to pass this season, but it was being
pushed by interested parties and would, no doubt, soon become a
law.

Robert Cameron inquired how far this agricultural school would
carry a boy. Would he be able to analyze soil and water? He
further asked what the boys would be able to do after being gradu-
ated from the agricultural school rather than the high school.

Pres. Butterfield replied that people very often mistake the work
of the farmer. Analyzing soil and w^ater is the province of the man
in the laboratory and not the farmer. In training farmers we do
not make chemists of them; we do cry to make them understand
the fundamental principles of farming. He said that in some
cases in the college work men do not get the best results. Some
were not fitted or were incapable of making a success of the voca-
tion. The ideal of the college standing back of its graduates had
not been reached. A boy who is quite capable of doing the re-
quired work in good shape in the college might, when placed in a
position where he must do the real work and make it a success,
be a failure. He said that he thought the course in an agricul-
tural college could be further developed by requiring that every
boy should have had at least one summer of practical work in
managing a farm.

DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE RESISTANT VARIETIES
OF PLANTS.

By H. S. Jackson, 2neavark, Del.

Given before the Society, March 14, 190S.

AVhilc the subject which I have selected may not be of special
local interest, I believe it to be of sufficient general interest to merit
a discussion before any body of men interested in any branch of
agricultural science. In the entire discussion of the development
of disease resistant varieties, I may not mention any special crops
which are of particular interest to Massachusetts horticulturists,
for this phase of plant breeding is not sufficiently developed as yet
to enable us to direct the grower how to proceed to obtain results,
except with very few crops. The study of the development, by
man, of disease resistance in plants is yet in its infancy. I propose
to discuss the subject in general, and to give a review of what has
already been accomplished by horticulturists and plant breeders
in developing plants resistant to specific diseases.

We must first get a definite idea of what is meant by disease
resistance in plants. We must distinguish it from hardiness.
Hardiness is a general term. A hardy variety, as generally con-
sidered, is merely one that is less susceptible to cutting frosts,
drought, or extreme changes in temperature, in short, one that is
capable of withstanding adverse cUmatic conditions in a state of
health. A disease resistant variety for our present purpose, may
be defined as one that shows resistance to the attack of a specific
disease due to a specific organism.

In this age of intensive agriculture, with our advanced and in-
creasing knowledge of the principles of culture and fertilization
of all sorts of agricultural crops, the question of the health of the
plant is recognized as one of paramount importance. We know
that under certain conditions, if we give our plants the proper food

123

124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and the proper cultivation, we may expect a reasonably healthy
crop. Neglect these factors and we know that we may expect an
unhealthy crop. We know that soil, plant food, culture and
weather conditions all have their influence on the health of ])lants.

We have come to learn, however, that we cannot control many
specific diseases by cultural methods. We must resort to spraying
and seed or soil treatment of various kinds. We know that we can
control apple scab, bitter rot of apples, black rot of grape, and
many other similar diseases, with Bordeaux Mixture. We have
come to realize that spraying of certain crops is a necessity to suc-
cessful culture. The successful apple grower sprays as faithfully
as he prunes. The successful potato grower, in sections where
late blight of potatoes is prevalent, sprays as regularly as he culti-
vates, and is always assured of a crop. The farmer who wishes a
crop of oats free from smut knows that he may obtain such a crop
by proper treatment of seed before planting. The market gardener
who grows cabbage with the best success knows that he must treat
his cabbage seed with formalin or corrosive sublimate as a pre-
caution against the introduction of the bacterial rot.

There are a host of diseases which might be mentioned for which
some specific treatment is in common practice.

Why then is it necessary for us to have resistant varieties ?
Spraying is a nuisance at best, and any man who has had any
actual spraying to do would gladly eliminate this not inconsiderable
item of labor and expense. The second reason is that, while
spraying may be profitable for the large grower, particularly the
man who makes a specialty of some one crop, it frecjuently is not
profitable for the small grower. The man who grows a few apple
trees, a few acres of potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers and other
vegetables in proportion, frequently has to give up the cultivation
of any crop that is repeatedly attacked by a serious disease. Spray-
ing frequently is not profitable for men who carry on diversifietl
farming. I do not wish to be misunderstood in this connection.
When the mere item of added expense of materials and labor
necessary to do the spraying alone is considered, we will find that
spraying is profitable in most cases even for the small grower.

The labor question, however, adds another factor. When it is
possible for the small grower or the man who carries on diversifieil

DISEASE RESISTANCE IX PL.AJXTS. 125

farming to obtain additional labor of the right sort at any time, he
can spray his various crops with profit, but when labor is limited
and the grower must depend on his steady labor to do the spraying,
he will usually find that to carry on the work ]5roperly other im-
portant things must be neglected. Spra^-ing must be done at the
right time, or it is of no value. The third reason is that there are
many diseases which experimentally can be controlled, but not
profitably. x\s an example we may mention the rust of wheat,
and many other diseases of field crops. The fourth reason is that
certain very serious diseases have never been satisfactorily con-
trolled even by experimenters. To this class belong such diseases
as peach yellows, crown gall, and various soil rots and wilts. Most
bacterial diseases of plants belong to this class.

Methods.

In order to develop varieties resistant to disease, several methods
of work are open to the investigator.

(a) Selection of individuals.

(b) Selection of varieties.

(c) Hybridization followed by selection of varieties and individ-
uals.

Selection of Individuals.

Every grower of plants has doubtless observed that in a field of
a crop suffering from an epidemic disease, certain individual plants
may show more or less resistance to the disease. By selecting seed
from such plants we would expect, if the resistance is an actual
one, to have ofPspring which would inherit the character of resist-
ance. By repeated selection through several generations, always
saving seed from the most healthy plants, we would expect to
gradually develop a variety or strain much more resistant than the
ordinary one. This has been practically tested in a number of
cases and found to be successful. ^Nlr. P. K. Blynn, of the Colorado
Experiment Station, has obtained most satisfactory results by this
method in selecting a strain of cantaloupe known as the Pollock

126 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

strain, resistant to the very serious leaf spot disease due to Macro-
sporium cucumerinum.

Selection oe Varieties.

In order to obtain results by this method, all the varieties of a
crop obtainable are grown on infested ground in order to study
their relative resistance to disease. Experimenting in this way
some variety may prove exceedingly resistant to the disease in
question and further work rendered unnecessary except to keep
the variety pure. Uually, however, all commercial varieties will
be more or less susceptible. If such is the case, then the varieties
least susceptible must be studied further and selection of individuals
proceed as in the first method. I believe that the most certain and
best results are to be obtained by combining the first method with
the second. That is, select the most promising varieties with
which to practice individual selection.

Hybridization.

In case no varieties give promise of resistance, hybridization, or
crossing, may give satisfactory results. It frequently ha])pens
that wild species which may be worthless commercially, but closely
related to cultivated forms, show marked resistance to diseases
which seriously attack the latter. Sometimes we may have a
variety which is worthless commercially, but which is known to be
strongly resistant. If such a resistant species or variety be crossed
with a profitable commercial variety, and a close study of the
resulting offspring be made, some desirable new variety thus \n-o-
duced may show marked resistance. A notable example of this
method of procedure is the work of Mr. W. A. Orton with water-
melons. Watermelons in the South are seriously attacked by a
soil disease (Xcocosmo.spora), which it has been im])ossible to
combat satisfactorily. INIr. Orton first matle a study of all varie-
ties of watermelons and relatetl j^lants obtainable, and found that
all commercial varieties were almost ecjually susce})tible. He
found, however, that a form of citron (hard fleshed melon) was very

DISEASE RESISTANCE IN PLANTS. 127

resistant, but worthless commercially. He crossed this with com-
mercially desirable varieties. The seed resulting from this cross,
when planted the next year, revealed the fact that he had obtained
about a thousand new varieties, most of which were either worth-
less commercially or non-resistant. He selected a few of the most
promising of these for further study, and found that he had one
variety commercially desirable, profitable, and strongly resistant.

"What has been done?

Let us see what has been accomplished toward obtaining practical
results in the breeding or selection of disease proof varieties. I
will speak briefly of some of the most notable results obtained in
this country or applied to American conditions. It is not my
purpose to review the observations (and they are many) on resistant
varieties of vegetable or fruits that are in common use, but to con-
fine myself to a discussion of the outcome of definite efforts to obtain
varieties resistant to specific diseases.

Wheat.

"We will agree that to spray a wheat field for rust would be out
of the cjuestion from a practical standpoint, even though such
treatment might rid the crop of the disease. It is evident that in.
sections where wheat rust is especially prevalent, disease resistant
varieties of wheat would be of especial value. Investigations have
been made in Europe, Australia, and the United States for the
purpose of obtaining rust resisting wheats. ^Nlore or less success
has been obtained by all investigators. Carlton, working in this
country, has made a study of all available varieties from all coun-
tries and has found that certain varieties of the Durum wheats
are most resistant to the black stem rust. In this connection the
recent work of R. H. Biften on the hybridization of wheats bids
fair to have a far reaching influence on future work in developing
immune varieties. He found that susceptibility and immunity
in certain varieties of wheats are definite INIendelian characters,,
the former beins the dominant one.

128 massachusetts horticultural society.

Clover.

Messrs. Bain and Essarv of the Tennessee Experiment Station
have conducted experiments in selecting and developing a variety
of red clover resistant to a nevr fungus disease belonging to the
anthracnoses, that has for several years threatened the cultivation
of red clover in Tennessee and the South. They have })racticed
selecting seed from indivdual plants which survived in a field
very seriously attacked by the disease and have obtained very
satisfactory results.

Cow Peas.

This plant suffers in the South from two serious troubles, a wilt
disease and a nematode root gall. Varieties have been studied
and the Little Iron cow pea found to resist the attack of both these
diseases.

Potatoes.

Various potatoes resistant to the late blight have been known
for many years in Europe. Recently the study and selection of
resisting varieties have secured considerable attention in this coun-
try. Jones and Stuart working at the Vermont Experiment Station
have had very favorable results in selecting varieties resistant to this
trouble. The work on potatoes resistant to this disease has been
largely a study of varieties. It is still in progress. In connection
with the work with late blight attention has been jiaid to sorts
resistant to scab. The Ohio and other Stations have had marked
results in selecting varieties and individuals resistant to the early
blight {Altcnuiria), which is not easily controlled by spraying.

Tobacco.

This crop is attacked in Connecticut by a serious wilt disease.
By selecting seeds from individuals which have survived in a field
nearly totally destroyed by the disease, Shamel and Cobey have

DISEASE RESIST.\NCE IN PL.^NTS. 129

succeeded in developing resistant strains. A similar disease in
North Carolina has been investigated in the same way with very
favorable results.

This plant is also attacked by Nematode worms, which cause
gall-like swellings on the roots. Experiments are now underway
by officials of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture for the selection of
varieties resistant to this trouble.

Cotton.

Very satisfactory results have been secured in selecting varieties
resistant to the wilt of cotton in the South. The work has been
carried on by W. A. Orton of the Department of Agriculture. He
has found that several varieties of Eg^-jDtian cotton, as well as one
upland cotton, give great promise of resistance. He suggests
crossing the different resistant sorts, especially resistant varieties
of different races, with the hope of obtaining varieties which will
combine the good qualities of both races. INIr. Orton's investiga-
tion of cottons resistant to the wilt fungus revealed a very important
fact. He found that even with the most resistant sorts grown on
infected land, infection occurred in the rootlets but the fungus was
not able to gain entrance to the main root system, and therefore,
could not spread in the plant. The resistance, then, in cotton to
the wilt fungus is not caused by some peculiarity of the roots which
prevent the entrance of the fungus into the tissue, but to some
undetermined character which prevents the spread of the fungus
to any extent after it has gained entrance to the tissues.

Watermelon.

An account has already been given of the success of Mr. Orton
in obtaining a wilt resistant variety of the watermelon by hybridiza-
tion with the citron.

130 massachusetts horticultural society.

Cantaloupe or Muskmelon.

The work, previously mentioned, of Mr. P. K. Bl}Tin, special
agent of the Colorado Station, in developing the Pollock strain of
the cantaloupe resistant to leaf spot disease due to Macrosporium,
is especially notable as it is, perhaps, the most successful attempt
yet made in this country to develop a variety resistant to a leaf
parasite. The strain is a result of careful selection of seed from
resistant vines.

Asparagus.

It is well known that the Palmetto variety of asparagus is espe-
cially resistant to rust. It is, however, not a desirable variety for
canning. In California R. E. Smith of the State Experiment
Station, is engaged in developing a variety which will combine
rust resistance with the qualities desired by canners found in the
Conover's Colossal.

Violet.

Violets grown in greenhouses are especially subject to a leaf
spot disease known as Alternaria violae. It is known among
violet growers that the Lady Hume Campbell variety is the most
naturally resistant variety in cultivation. This natural resistance
has been greatly increased by carefully selecting the most resistant
plants from which to propagate.

Fruits.

Little work has been attempted to develop disease resistant
varieties among the fruits. As I have previously stated, the de-
velopment of disease resistance is a comparatively new undertaking
for plant breeders. That is, it has been a relatively short time since
horticulturists and plant breeders have undertaken, with a definite
idea in view, to develop varieties resistant to specific diseases.
Perhaps this is why little work has been accomplished among the

DISEASE RESISTANCE IN PLANTS. 131

fruits. Obviously it would take a longer period to obtain results
in developing varieties of perennials than annuals and the plant
breeder will naturally select for study those problems which give
promise of solution in the shortest time. It is, however, a matter
of common observation that some varieties of our tree fruits are
more resistant to certain of their maladies than others. For ex-
ample, in Delaware it is known that among apple varieties the Lily
of Kent is above all others most resistant to scab and bitter rot,
while the Jonathan is especially susceptible to rot. The whole
Winesap group is said to be relatively resistant to rot but susceptible
to scab, while the York Imperial is resistant to scab. Among
pears the Keiffer is known to be resistant to fire blight, while the
Bartlett and others are very susceptible. A host of such observa-
tions might be cited to show that among our tree fruits there is
varietal variation as regards resistance to disease.

There are some diseases of tree fruits which are especially trouble-
some and impossible to combat satisfactorily, for which it would
be highly desirable to have resistant varieties. I refer particularly
to the peach yellows. The observations of Professor E. W. Morse,
reported in the Bulletin of the Bussey Institution, indicate that
individual peach trees from which to propagate may be found
which are resistant to yellows. Since no satisfactory method has
ever been found to combat this dread disease, the study of the
problem of prevention from this standpoint is highly desirable.

Another disease of great importance is the crown gall of rasp-
berry and blackberry. This is a very serious trouble in infested
districts. In Sussex County, Delaware, the raspberry industry,
once very large, has been practically wiped out by this trouble.
Since the organisms of the disease are retained in the soil and attack
the roots or crown only, no preventative measures are practicable.
It seems highly desirable to attack the problem of the . treatment
of this disease by the selection or breeding of disease resistant varie-
ties.

An interesting application of disease resistant varieties illustrating
one of the uses to which such varieties may be put is seen in the
American grape "sdnes used as stocks on which to graft the Euro-
pean wine grapes. Many years ago an American ^ine insect
known as the Phylloxera was introduced into Europe where it

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

spread with great rapidity. Its most serious damage was done by
its ravages on the roots. It soon wiped out many of the largest
vineyards of France and other European countries. For a time it
looked as though the whole wine industry of Europe was threatened.
The matter was thoroughly investigated, and it gradually became
known that certain American vines were comparatively resistant to
the attacks of this insect. Someone conceived the idea of grafting
European varieties on American stocks. After many failures
it was found that if certain strains of Vitis riparia and V. rwpestris,
both native American grapes, were used as stocks, that very little
trouble was experienced from the Phylloxera. In California
growers of European grapes have had the same trouble with prac-
tically the same results as regards successful treatment.

In France great success has been met with by jNIillardet in hy-
bridizing the American with European grapes for the purpose of
uniting the Phylloxera resisting qualities of the former with the
wine producing qualities of the latter. He has also succeeded in
combining the above qualities with resistance to the downy mildew.

This brings us to the question — Is it possible to obtain disease
resistance in an individual of one variety or species by grafting on
an indi^^dual of another variety or species ? There is some CAidence
in the affirmative but the question is at most a disputed one. It is
worthy of careful investigation. If such be the case would the
induced immunity be transmitted to offspring or to cuttings? If
so, then we must admit the existance of graft hybrids, which most
plant breeders are not willing to do.

While comparatively little has really been done in the actual
development of disease resistant varieties, enough has been accom-
plished to indicate the possibilities. We are able at the present
time in certain sections of the country to advise growers of certain
crops what varieties to plant in order to insure a crop relatively
resistant to some specific disease.

At first thought there would seem to be almost no limit to the
practical results obtainable. There are certain valid objections,
however, which stand out prominently and which cannot be over-
looked.

disease resist.\nce in plants. 133

Difficulties axd Objections.

in view of present-day knowledge no one will deny that all our
common plants vary, and every grower of plants knows that culti-
vated varieties are especially given to variation. How many of us,
however, have ever given thought to the fact that the organisms,
causing the diseases of our cultivated plants may also vary ? I say
"fact" advisedly, for there is an abundance of evidence to prove
hat fungi and bacteria are capable of as wide variation compara-
tively as we are familiar with in the most variable of cultivated
plants.

That fungi vary in form when growing under different conditions,
has been repeatedly proven. I wish to point out that fungi vary
in their physiological characteristics and in their degree of parasitism.
I wish that time would permit me to go into a detailed discussion
of this interesting subject, but I will content myself with saying
that the breeder of resistant varieties has this difficulty to contend
with: The organism which he has been endeavoring to evade by
the development of resistant varieties may in time vary in the direc-
tion of greater virulence, and his carefully selected variety become
as susceptible as was the original stock. In support of this ob-
jection, the history of the Keiffer pear may be cited, ^^^len first
introduced it was especially resistant to the bacterial disease
known as fire blight, which in some sections has prevented the
cultivation of any variety except the one under discussion. There
seems to be considerable evidence to show that it is much less
resistant to the disease than formerly, particularly in southern
Delaware. ' A prominent apple grower of Kent County, Delaware,
who has practiced spra}ing against apple scab for nearly twenty
years, recently expressed the opinion that apple scab was much
harder to control now than when he began to spray, and said that
he believed it was due to variation on the part of the scab organism
in the direction of greater virulence. The history of the coffee
leaf disease in Ceylon is also in support of this objection.

Another serious objection has frequently been raised. Will
resistant varieties developed in a given locality and in a particular
soil retain their resistance if transferred to another climate and to
soil of a verv different character ? Doubtless some of the varieties

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of certain crops so far developed will retain their resistance through
a fairly wide range of conditions, but some may be found wanting.
The person who introduces a disease resistant variety should test
his production for several seasons, and under a variety of condi-
tions.

The objection has been raised that resistant sorts are inferior.
This is frequently the case. In the development of immune
varieties the market requirements must be kept in mind. It is,
however, something gained to have developed a variety showing
high resistance to some malady, even if the variety is worthless
commercially for this sort may then be used as one parent in cross-
ing with commercially desirable varieties.

Another difficulty in this work which presents itself is that most
of our cultivated plants have more than one parasitic organism
attacking them. Some plants have a score or more such diseases.
A plant breeder usually develops his immune variety in some
particular section to the most serious disease in that locality.
When the variety is transferred to another section where another
disease is the prevalent one, he may find that the plant is not at all
resistant to the second trouble.

Ward, Salmon, and others have shown that there exist what
have been termed biological forms of certain species of fungi, that
is a species of fungus may include certain forms, one of which is
able to infect only a certain species or group of species of host plants,
while another may infest other species not infected by the first
form, etc. These forms are indistinguishable from each other
morphologically. In developing a resistant variety of plant in
one locality we may be developing resistance to only one biological
form of the fungus. "VN^en we transfer the variety we may encounter
another form of the same fungus to which our plant will be sus-
ceptible.

Salmon also points out the possibility of there being strains of
the same fungus having great virulence.

Cause of Immunity.

So far I have omitted any reference to the cause of disease re-
sistance or immunity. It is perhaps beyond the scope of this talk

DISEASE RESIST.\NCE IN PL.YNTS. ISo-

to go into any detailed discussion of this phase of the subject.
Very little is really known about it.

Some writers claim that in certain cases anatomical characters
have some influence on the degree of attack by fungus parasites.
For example, a thin-skinned potato may be more subject to scab
than a potato ha^•ing a thick skin. This point does not seem to be
satisfactorily proven. The researches of Marshall Ward and
others tend to show that immunity of the host plant to some true
obligate parasites is not due to any pecuHarities of anatomy, as-
abundance of plant hairs, thickness of cuticle, or number of stomates
per square inch, but has to do with the attraction or repulsion
offered by the cells of the plant to the feeding organs of the attacking^
organism. A fungus may enter the plant but not be able to develop
after entrance. This attraction or repulsion offered to the feeding
organs of the fungus is believed to be due to certain little under-
stood chemical substances present in the cells of the plant. In
selecting disease resistant varieties, we are probably selecting^
those which contain chemical substances which inhibit the growth
of the organism we are endeavoring to evade.

There is need of much more investigation and study on this
phase of the subject. When we know more about these chemical
substances we can, perhaps, proceed more intelligently. The
recent work in breeding increased protein in corn, sugar in beets,
etc., shows us that there is variation in the amount of chemical
substance in plants, and that this variation can be directed along
desired lines by intelligent plant breeders.

Artificial I:\imunity.

If natural immunity is due to chemical substances present in the
cells of the plant which prohibit the growth of the disease producing
organism, the question arises as to the possibihty of producing an
artificial immunity in an individual by treatment with chemicals
which will combine or mix with the cell sap and act in the same
way as the obscure chemical substances present in naturally
immune individuals. Can we produce an artificial immunity in a.
plant by inoculating such chemical substances into the tissues or
inducing the plant to absorb them through its roots ?

There have been many experiments conducted to test the effect

136 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of introducing chemicals directly into the tissues, but so far without
any practical results. Interesting efTects from the plant physiolo-
gist's standpoint have been recorded, but no one has ever satis-
factorily treated any specific diseases by these methods.

There has been some work published, notably that of Massee
working in England, and Beauverie and Laurent in France, indi-
cating that immunity to specific . diseases may be produced by
watering the soil in which plants are growing with solutions of
chemical substances having fungicidal properties. Massee suc-
ceeded in rendering tomato and cucumber plants immune to certain
greenhouse diseases by watering them regularly with a solution
containing one part of copper sulphate to 7000 parts of water,
later he increased this to the proportion of 1 : 6000.

Whether the study of the development by artificial means of
disease resistant individuals, as indicated, will be productive of
any practical results has yet to be demonstrated. This work is yet
in the experimental stage. The work that has already been re-
corded needs verification and there is much more to be done.
There is excellent opportunity for investigation in this field by the
plant physiologist and plant pathologist.

I hope that I have succeeded in showing my audience some of
the possibilities of this phase of plant breeding work and that I
have not given a false impression as to the ultimate utility of disease
resistant varieties. I wish to lay particular stress on the objections
which I have mentioned. At this stage of the work we cannot say
whether the difficulties will be surmounted or whether they will in
time make the continuation of the study impracticable.

In resistance we have not a cure-all. It is, however, a prominent
adjunct to the increasing number of methods of treating plant
diseases.

Some phases of the work of developing disease resisting varieties
are very simple and I hope that I have shown that any intelligent
grower may add to the sum of our knowledge of this subject by
careful observation of varieties or by selecting seed from individuals
which have survived an epidemic.

Discussion.
William H. Spooner remarked that the fire blight of pears in

DISEASE RESISTANCE IN PLANTS. 137

this section of the country seems to aflFect some varieties more
seriously than others. In his own experience he had noted that
Superfin and Urbaniste were affected the most, while Bartlett,
Anjou, and jNIerriam had very generally escaped the blight.

Robert Cameron said that Prof. Jackson's lecture was very
interesting although it did not contain much that was very new.
The subject is as old as the oldest plants we have on the earth at the
present time. All the plants we have now are those that survived
the numerous diseases and enemies they had to contend with in the
ages that are past; and it is all a question of the survival of the
fittest. We can never expect to have plants without disease.

He said that he was much interested in the references to disease
resisting violets and canteloupes and would like more information
concerning them. In the matter of the coffee leaf disease to which
the lecturer had referred he stated that at one time in the East
Indies the Arabian coffee was almost destroyed by a fungous disease,
but the industry was saved by substituting another species, the
Coffea Liherica, which was a more robust and a larger-growing
plant than the Coffea Arahica.

Mr. Spooner called attention to the fungous disease of the holly-
hock and asked if someone could give a remedy for it.

Mr. Cameron, in reply to INIr. Spooner's inquiry, stated that
hollyhocks raised from seed sown early in January and grown along
in a moderately warm house made good material for planting out in
INIay, and that plants grown in this way were more thrifty and less
subject to the attacks of disease.

James Wheeler said that much trouble was experienced by
growers from the fungous diseases of plants and that the only
thing to do by way of a remedy was selection and new stock. This
was very well, however, for annuals, but, ^Miat shall we do for
apples and pears ? for which there does not seem to be any cure.
AMiat can be done to save our trees ?

Mr. Cameron replied that many of the diseases that attacked our
plants were often blessings in disguise. The gy\)sy and brown-tail
moths have been a great expense but we have learned a lesson
that by spraying our orchards we are able to raise much better
fruit. We can control disease but we cannot cure it.

CONFERENCE OX GRAPE GROWING.

Held at Horticultural Hall, Boston, March 28, 1908.

A general discussion of the subject of grape growing in Massa-
chusetts was held at Horticultural Hall, Boston, on Saturday morn-
ing, March 28, 1908.

Ex-President William C. Strong presided and in opening the
meeting referred very feelingly to the recent death of William H.
Spooner who he said was always deeply interested in the work of
this Society and with whom in earlier years he had been closely
associated. He said that Mr. Spooner had done work in the
interests of horticulture in Massachusetts which would be a lasting
monument to his memory.

Mr. Strong announced that a paper oq, the subject of the Confer-
ence had been prepared by Charles W. Libby of Medford, Massa-
chusetts, entitled

Experience with Hardy Native Gr-ajes.

]Mr. Libby 's paper is herewith presented in full.

Moore's Diamond. — This fine variety which was originated by
Jacob Moore about the year 1873 I have grown for nineteen years.
After being thoroughly tested it was first offered for sale by the
Western New York nurserymen in the spring of 1888. In the
following year I purchased some vines, so I am one of the first,
if not the first, to grow this variety in Medford.

It is a strong grower and excellent bearer, has healthy foliage
and makes grand canes, and always ripens its fruit. The clusters
are large, berries good size, and adhere strongly to the stem. The
skin is thin and tough and although it resembles the Niagara in
some respects it is much superior to that variety, having no foxiness
or disagreeable aroma.

In our exhibitions of outdoor grapes I see no white varieties-

139

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

which excel this in handsome appearance and high quaUty. Bulle-
tin 44, issued by the State Experiment Station, Amherst, says of
this variety, 10 representing the highest score, — Vigor 9, Hardiness
9, Resistance to Disease 10, Adhesiveness 7, Keeping Qualties
6. This is my choice of all the white grapes.

Concord. — This variety I have grown for thirty-five years. It
has been truly said to be the grape for the million. It was grown
to perfection on my father's place where he had a line one hundred
and fifty feet long. Some of these vines were far superior to others,
although they all came from the same nursery and were of the same
age at the time of planting.

In my first growing of this variety mildew and brick rot mani-
fested themselves at various seasons, but after purchasing a spraying
outfit and using copper sulphate solution before the buds started,
followed by Bordeaux mixture later, these diseases disappeared.
I have noticed that at times when other varieties are nearly a total
failure the Concord bears a good crop and I never have had any
winter killing of this variety.

Niagara. — This variety which I have grown for eighteen years
will do better further south than in this latitude. It really does
not ripen \vell oftener than every third year or so unless it has the
heat of a building or wall with a southerly exposure. It is the
richest in pollen of any variety and for pollenizing the hybrid
varieties it has no superior. It is a remarkably strong grower
and heavy bearer, but the fruit is foxy which is objectionable to
many.

Herbert {Rogers' No. 44)- — I consider this grape which I have
grown sixteen years the best of the Rogers' black varieties. It is
a remarkably strong grower, splendid bearer, and never deficient
in pollen like many others of this group. It has large clusters
with extra large berries, thick skin, often having the appearance of
Black Hamburghs from a greenhouse.

My first introduction to this grape was in the vineyard of our
highly esteemed member, Mr. Joseph S. Chase of jNIalden, ]\Iassa-
chusetts. I was surprised at the number of varieties he grew and
the high quality of many of them. I did not suppose so many
arieties would grow in this state, as at one time I lived near the
famous vineyards of the Sonoma Valley in California. This

CONFERENCE ON GRAPE GROWING. 141

ariety has always ripened its fruit and is a stronger grower than
my Concords and does not need the pollen of the Labrusca to
insure a crop. The fruit is of most excellent quality.

Warden. — I have grown this variety eighteen years and cannot
speak too highly of it for home use. It is a strong grower and
excellent bearer of large clusters and berries. It is superior to its
parent, the Concord, but does not bear shipment as well owing to
its thin skin. It is good eating before it is ripe. I have to cover
this variety with netting during the ripening season to protect its
fruit from the attacks of the English sparrow.

Campbell's Early. — Grown six years. My cultivation of this
grape is quite recent, it having fruited but once since planting, but
I have carefully watched this variety on the estates of other growers.
In some seasons it is as deficient in pollen as some of the hybrid
varieties, and, although it colors its fruit early, it is not as early
as its name indicates, but the berries hang well to the stems until
the leaves fall. In some seasons the fruit is of handsome appear-
ance but is not of as high quality as the Worden or Brighton or
some others. In my opinion this grape has been greatly overrated.

Brighton. — This grape which I have grown nineteen years is
another of Jacob IMoore's productions and is one of the finest red
varieties growing outside of a greenhouse. To be successful with
it it must be planted between other varieties to insure poUenization.
Then the clusters will be very large if not allowed to overbear,
and what is remarkable of this variety the fruit is nicer eating when
rose colored than when fully ripe which is a dark maroon. This
vine is a strong grower and must be sprayed to keep in healthy
condition, especially in unfavorable seasons. It may well be
classed as a choice table fruit but has to be protected from the
English sparrow.

Delaware.— I have grown this for twenty years. In this latitude
this variety is slow in coming into bearing. My first plantings
gave me no fruit until the fifth year. I find that the vines of this
grape improve with age, but they must be limited in clusters to
insure ripening in our short s?ason. Two clusters to a cane is
enough for any of our varieties if high quality and certainty of
ripening is desired ; and I do not know of any grape that proves
this more than the Delaware or Diana.

142 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Diana. — This variety I have grown for fourteen years. It is
very late in ripening which is about the last of our growing season.
To insure full ripeness but one cluster to a cane is the best. The
^^ne is a strong grower, a seedling of the Catawba, and originated
at Milton, Massachusetts. The bunch and berry are of medium
size, skin quite thick, brick red, and the best keeping grape raised
in this latitude. I have frequently kept this grape in good condition
until March. Although the stems dry the clusters have the appear-
ance of raisins.

Lindley (Rogers' No. 9). — Fifteen years grown. This is my
favorite of the Rogers' red varieties and with me is usually later
in ripening than most of the other hybrids. It is very deficient in
pollen and must be planted near the Worden, Concord, or Niagara,
especially the latter, in order to poUenize its blossoms.

The berries are very large (as grown by me) and of high quaUty
and an excellent keeper. The soil should not be made too rich
for this variety as it is a heavy wood maker at the expense of the
fruit. I grow this variety with four arms where I grow many of
the others with two only.

Other varieties. — Other varieties grown by me are Green's
Early, Pocklington, Early Daisy, Lucile, Massasoit (Rogers' No. 3),
Rogers' No. 30, and Isabella. My method is to train moderate
growers to one arm, strong growers to two arms, and extra strong
growers to four arms.

N. B. White, the veteran grape hybridizer, of Norwood, Massa-
chusetts, presented a paper on the Breeding of Grapes. He said
that hybridizing, or the crossing of two species, tends to give ^dgor
to the offspring as well as to furnish new and improved varieties.
The three best species of grapes to breed from are the Vitis Labriisca,
Vitis vidpina, and Vitis vinifera. Thus far our best grapes have
in their combination those three species and fine results have been
■obtained from this combination.

Some southern varieties of grapes also possess desirable qualities
and experimental work with these and the northern species is
likely to produce valuable varieties.

Mr. White said that there should be more attention paid to
acclimatizing grapes that require a longer season than our own by
planting hybridized seeds of such varieties here. The influence of

CONFERENCE ON GRAPE GROWING. 143

our climate upon the seed while growing will tend to adapt it to
our short season, and if the planting of such seeds is persisted in
for several generations grapes will be produced from such a basis
that will mature fruit in this climate.

He said that he had a southern grape that had several valuable
characteristics, but he was obliged to grow it in a tub in order to
secure the ripening of its seed, and most of the seedlings of that
grape were well out of danger from frost when it came. That is
a basis that should not be neglected as it promises very desirable
results. The tendency of all plants to adapt themselves to sur-
rounding conditions is noticeable everj^Ahere in Sweden where
there are but nine weeks of spring, summer, and fall. They get
two crops of hay and their gardens peld two crops of vegetables.

Mr. White also called attention to the production of unfermented
grape juice, a product that might be made of great commercial
value in this state. The conditions are as favorable in Massa-
chusetts for the production of this commodity as are those of any
section of the country.

Wilfrid Wheeler said that the Concord grape had given this
country a great impetus in grape growing and was grown ten to one
in proportion to other varieties. In New York State more than
half of the varieties grown are Concords. Grape growing has
improved much in the last hundred years but it will improve still
more in the next century. Cross hybridization is going on indefi-
nitely, and the few hardy varieties we have do not compare with
those grown in hothouses at the present time. There is still a
great chance for improvement.

One of the greatest troubles with garden grown grapes is that
they are grown in too rich soil. The best A-ineyards arovmd here
are grown in rocky or sandy soil where the ^^nes get fertilizing
from the decayed granite.

One of the worst pests of the grape vine is the rose bug which,
when it gets at a crop, is likely to wipe out the whole of it at one
inroad.

Mr. Wheeler said that one of the most profitable uses of the grape
is for the making of unfermented grape juice. The foreign element
coming into the country is demanding this. The price of grapes
now is eight to twelve cents a pound and there is no reason why
^rape growing should not return a good profit.

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

He said that the ideal bunch of grapes should not be too large;
it should weigh about three-quarters of a pound, at most. The
berries should not be too close, as in the Worden. He thought the
Concord made a better shaped bunch.

Adin A. Hixon of Worcester, Secretary of the Worcester County
Horticultural Society, said that he came down to Boston last year
and talked before this Society on the possibilities of peach growing
in New England and the peach crop in the state the following
season was almost a complete failure. He had come to this con-
ference to recommend the growing of grapes but he hoped the
result would not be the same as the previous year.

Mr. Hixon said he wanted to advise people who have gardens
and who want to grow something to grow grapes. The ravages
of the g^'psy and brown-tail moths had made it hard to grow pears
and peaches, and the San Jose scale had wiped out many of the
nice little gardens we used to have, but grape vines are more
easily cultivated. A bit of cheese cloth or netting will protect
them from the rose bug, or, for commercial growers, spraying for
this pest is beneficial. Grape vines can be bought very cheaply
and they grow and come into fruiting very quickly. He said for
an early grape the Concord is a little behind in ripening and it is
not quite heavy enough to make grape juice. The Hartford is
better and the flavor of the Diana appealed to him.

Herbert A. Cook of Shrewsbury said that thirty years ago he
grew many grapes and had great success with them until a few
years ago when grape growing went under a cloud. The con-
sumption of them was greatly reduced on account of the wide-
spread notion that grape seeds caused appendicitis. A similar
opinion regarding the injurious results of tomato eating was at one
time prevalent. He had formerly six acres of grapes under culti-
vation but the returns became so small that he had pulled them
all up and discontinued the business. In recent years, however,
their cultivation is coming around again. The former prejudice
against them has been removed and there was a tendency towards
an increased consumption.

Mr. Cook stated that the varieties of grapes had not changed
much; the Concord, ]Moore's Early, Worden, and Delaware were
all good. The Worden is a good grajie for private use but is not a

CONFERENCE ON GRAPE GROWING. 145

good market grape as the skin is too tender for shipping. The
Campbell's Early is considered an early grape; it colors up very
quickly but it is not sweet enough for a popular grape. To be
readily salable a grape must be sweet. The Green Mountain is
an excellent early white grape and there is nothing better for a
white variety than the Moore's Diamond.

jNIr. Cook said that the location of a vineyard is very important.
Select a place with a good air drainage as well as a good water
drainage. A rocky hill with a south or southeast exposure, not
northeast, is an especially good location, because less subject to
frost. Sandy soil is very good but it is more likely to be found in a
flat country. The grape needs potash and phosphates; too much
nitrogen or nitrate of soda is not good for it.

William C. Strong referred to the subject of bud variation. He
said that the bud of a Bartlett pear produced a Bartlett pear and
he asked the question if it was the same with the grape. The
King grape, recently exhibited at the Jamestown Exposition, is
said to be a bud variation of the Concord. He remarked there
was a good deal to be said on both sides of this question.

INIr. Wheeler stated that the bud often produced a different
strain. Buds of Baldwin apples in one section would be different
from those in another section. The Gravenstein apple is almost
perfectly red in one place and in another it might be striped, and
these two grafted would produce a better red variety. He said
it was the same with the grape.

Joseph S. Chase of INIalden said he had grown some twenty
varieties of grapes for twenty years. His method was to grow
them in rows eight feet apart and eight feet in the row. He advised
growing on a hillside and would not attempt to grow grapes on
flat land. It was not easy to graft the grape.

Dr. C. E. Wing stated that he had cultivated sixty varieties of
grapes and in regard to the best varieties he said it was really a
matter of taste. Personally he considered the Brighton the best
variety. He said that the ^loore's Diamond is a good white grape
but the Green Mountain was much earlier. He considered the
Lindley next to the Brighton and the Worden better than the
Concord in flavor.

]\Ir. Chase remarked that the Brighton should be eaten on the
vine for it flats down soon after it is picked.

146 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Moran inquired if it would not be more profitable to prune
vines closer here as is done in California vineyards.

Mr. Cook replied that he thought it would not do to prune as
close here as is done in California on account of the difference in
the climate. There is more evaporation in California so that the
vines may be pruned closer. Here it is very moist and the vines
are very susceptible to mildew, whereas in California the climate
is very dry. In California grapes are grown on single stumps and
have an excessive growth of wood.

TRANSACTIONS

P^assiitljusctts Jjortiailtiu al ^0cietg

FOE THE YEAR 1908

PART II

BOSTON
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND NINE

Massachusetts Horticultural Society
1908

The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts
under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and Publications.

Communications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi-
cations, exhibitions, and membership, may be addressed to William
P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, No. 300 Massachusetts
Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts.

John A. Pettigrew, 1

Chairman
William H. Spooner !•
Miss Mary L. Ware |
Prof. F. A. Waugh J

Commitiee

on
Lectures and
Publications

148

CONTENTS

Annual Reports for the Year 1908

Report of the Board of Trustees

Report of the Committee on Prizes and Exliibitions

Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers

Report of the Committee on Fruits .

Report of the Committee on Vegetables

Report of the Committee on Gardens

Report of the Committee on Children's Gardens

Report of the Delegate to the State Board of Agricul
ture . . . . . .■ .

Rejjort of the Committee on Lectures and Publication;

Report of the Secretary and Librarian

Report of the Treasurer
The Annual Meeting, November 14, 1908

Necrology, 1908

»

Officers, Committees, and iSlEMBERS, 1908

153
161
163
197
217
229
239

243

247
249
259
267
271
279

149

ANNUAL REPORTS FOR THE YEAR 1908.

—— — - o

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

1908, PART II.

REPORT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR THE

YEAR 1908.

The Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, in accordance with the requirement of the By-laws, pre-
sents herewith its fifth annual report.

There have been held during the year seven meetings with an
average attendance of eight members.

January 4. Several communications were presented expressing
the regrets of the writers that they would be unable to serve on the
standing committees on which they had been appointed at the
pre\ious meeting. The vacancy in the chairmanship of the Com-
mittee on Lectures and Publications was filled by the appointment
of Mr. Pettigrew, and it was voted that the vacancies existing in
other committees be filled by the members of the several com-
mittees.

The following recommendations were received from the Com-
mittee on Prizes and Exliibitions :

1. That Rule 26 of the General Rules and Regulations of the
Schedule, relating to protests, be discontinued and that a rule be
substituted providing that all decisions of the several exliibition
committees relating to awards of prizes shall be final.

153

154 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

2. That the first sentence in Rule 22 be amended to read —
All awards are payable on or before December 31 next after they
are made.

3. To approve the offer of S 100.00 for a prize for the best
plantation of timber trees in Massachusetts, of not less than five
acres, which shall be planted in the year 1908; the prize payable
in 1911.

It was voted to adopt the three recommendations of the Com-
mittee on Prizes and Exhibitions.

It was voted that the President and Mr. Hunnewell be a com-
mittee to procure a portrait of ex-President Estabrook.

Mr. Hunnewell presented a preliminary report of the Treasurer
for the year showing income of $20,400.00 and disbursements of
$21,500.00.

It was voted that the President and the Secretary be appointed
a committee to consider the matter of painting the walls of the
rooms in the basement of the Society's building.

The following named persons having been duly proposed in
accordance with the requirements of the By-laws were elected to
membership in the Society:

Augustine H. Parker of Dover, proposed by S. M. Weld.
Laurence Minot of Boston, proposed by S. M. Weld.

February 3. Mr. Walter Hunnewell was appointed Treasurer
of the Society for the current year and Mr. William P. Rich was
appointed Secretary and Superintendent of the building.

An appropriation of $400.00, in addition to the income of the
French and Farlow Funds, was voted for Hbrary purposes for the
year 1908, and an appropriation of $300.00, to include the income
of the John Lewis Russell Fund, was voted for lectures for the
season of 1909.

The Treasurer presented the report of the Auditor for the year
1907 which was accepted and placed on file.

Miss Katharine P. Peabody of Boston, proposed by Mrs. R. G.
Shaw, was elected a member of the Society.

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 155

March 21. A special meeting was held to consider the pro-
posed change in the system of tree planting on Commonwealth
Avenue, Boston, between Dartmouth Street and Massachusetts
Avenue.

President Weld presented a draft of a memorial to the Board of
Park Commissioners of the City of Boston as follows :

"The undersigned believe that the plan of planting one row of
trees only in each lawn of Commonwealth Avenue, adopted by the
residents of the Avenue in 1880 upon the ad\dce of Frederick Law
Olmsted and Charles S. Sargent, is the best for insuring the per-
manent beauty of the Avenue and its trees.

We therefore trust that you will not change the plan of planting,
in process of execution by you since 1902, between Dartmouth
Street and Massachusetts Avenue."

All the members present approved the recommendations of the
memorial indi\'idually but thought it would exceed their authority
to give them the sanction of the Society.

It was therefore voted, on motion of Mr. Hunnewell, — That
the members of the Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, present at this meeting, and such other Trustees
as might care to join, in their individual capacity recommend the
adoption of the plan of planting trees on Commonwealth Avenue
as outlined in the memorial.

Mr. Farquhar called attention to the need of more large glass
vases for exhibition use and on his motion it was voted to appropri-
ate S200.00 for the additional glassware needed.

The following named persons were elected to membership in the
Society:

Frank P. Briggs of Ajer, proposed by Wm. P. Rich.
Wilton B. Fay of West Medford, proposed by J. K. M. L.
Farquhar.

April 11. President Weld referred to the great loss the Society
had sustained in the death of ex-President, William H. Spooner,
and presented the following memorial which was read by Mr.
Farquhar:

156 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Memorial of William H. Spooner.

Since the last meeting of the Board of Trustees we have been called
upon to record the death, on March 21, of William H. Spooner, a former
member of the Board and for over half a century an actively interested
member of this Society.

Mr. Spooner joined the Society m 1855 and was one of the few remain-
ing members of that period of its history. From 1886 to 1905 he was
prominent in the management of the Society's affairs, serving for eighteen
consecutive years as a member of the old Executive Committee, and when
the new By-laws were adopted in 1904 he was elected a Trustee for two
years. He was also a Vice President of the Society from 1887 to 1889
and President from 1890 to 1892, inclusive.

In addition to the duties of these offices he rendered valuable service
on numerous committees and his work was always characterized by the
utmost conscientiousness and regard for the interests of the Society.

In his earlier years he was engaged in horticultural pursuits as a business
and later made a specialty in the growing of roses.

For his many noble qualities of mind and heart and for his faithful
devotion to the interests of the Society we hold his memory in grateful
appreciation.

It was voted that the memorial be entered upon the records of
the Society and a copy sent to the family of Mr. Spooner.

It was voted, in accordance with the provisions of the By-laws,
to appoint Mr. Wilfrid Wheeler of Concord to act as the Society's
Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture for the unexpired term
of the late William H. Spooner.

It was voted also that the Committee on Lectures and Publica-
tions be authorized to fill the vacancy existing in that committee
occasioned by the death of Mr. Spooner.

Mr. Farcjuhar suggested the desirability of illustrating a Japanese
Garden as a feature of the Spring Exliibition of 1909, and stated
that he and his brother James Farcjuhar were prepared to carry
out the plan if space was guaranteed them for this purpose.

On motion of INIr. Craig it was voted that such space in the Soci-
ety's main hall as may be required by the INIessrs. Farquhar, for
the proper exliibition of a Japanese Garden, be allotted them for
the Spring Exhibition of 1909, and that any ex-pense of mechanical
construction be paid by the Society.

The following named persons were elected to membership in the
Society:

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 157

E. K. Butler of Jamaica Plain, proposed by J. K. M. L. Far-
quhar.

George F. Wheeler of Concord, proposed by Wilfrid Wheeler.

E. Cyrus Miller of Haydenville, proposed by Wilfrid Wlieeler.

F. Tracy Hubbard of North Easton, proposed by Wm. P. Rich.
B. Hammond Tracy of Wenham, proposed by Wm. P. Rich.
R. Wilton Lockwood of South Orleans, proposed by Wm. H.

Bowker.

Mrs. George Langford Hamilton of Magnolia, proposed by J.
H. Gardiner.

Miss Margaret A. Rand of Cambridge, proposed by Harry S.
Rand.

May 1. A communication from INIrs. Mary B. Spooner was
read acknowledging with thanks the receipt of a copy of the
memorial of her husband, the late William H. Spooner.

Mr. Hunnewell presented for consideration a protest against
the adoption of Section 6 of Senate Bill, No. 254, February, 1908,
providing for the distribution by the State of seed and seedlings of
forest trees. It is claimed that such legislation will cause a serious
interference with the business of the seedsmen and nurserymen
of this Commonwealth.

After some discussion of the subject by various members of the
Board, on motion of Prof. Sargent, the following vote was passed: —
That the Chair appoint a committee of three to appear before the
Lieut. Governor and state the reasons for the Society's opposition
to Section 6 of the proposed Act; the Chairman to be a -member
of the committee. The President, pro tern, appointed ISIessrs.
Farquhar, Pettigrew, and Hunnewell as the committee.

November 14. A communication from Dr. Augustine Henry
of Cambridge, England, was presented accepting his election as a
Corresponding jNIember of the Society.

On motion of Prof. Sargent an appropriation of S 106.94 was
voted on account of the library; this amount being the unused
balance of the appropriation of the previous year.

It was voted that a committee consisting of Messrs. Hunnewell,
Hill, and Sargent be appointed to consider the matter of a settle-

158 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ment of the Hayes' Estate and to report at a future meeting. It
was further voted that Mr. Estabrook be appointed a committee
to report on the vahie of the Society's real estate at South Boston.

On motion of Mr. Farquhar it was voted that a sum not exceeding
$5000.00 be appropriated for prizes and gratuities for the year 1909.

The Schedule of Prizes and Exhibitions for the ensuing year was
taken up and referred to the next meeting for further consideration.

The President appointed Messrs. Elliott, Craig, and Parker a
committee to prepare a list of the standing committees of the Soci-
ety for the year 1909 to be acted upon at the next meeting of the
Board.

The following named persons were duly elected to membership
in the Society:

O. P. Beckley of Harrisburg, Pa., proposed by John W. Duncan.
William S. Spaulding of Boston, proposed by Wm. P. Rich.
John T. Spaulding of Boston, proposed by Wm. P. Rich.
Valentine Eckert of Watertown, proposed by H. A. Wheeler.
Ernest B. Dane of Brookline, proposed by J. E. Rothwell.
Mrs. Ernest B. Dane of Brookline, proposed by J. E. Rothwell.
Charles Abner Campbell of Ipswich, proposed by Wm. P. Rich.

December 26. A communication from Julius Heurlin was read
in reference to certain recent awards made by the Committee on
Plants and Flowers, also from W. W. Rawson & Co. concerning
the Society's certification of Gladioli Harvard and Kathryn, and
from M: H. Walsh calling attention to alleged errors made in award-
ing prizes at the last Rose and Strawberry Exliibition together
with suggestions as to the time of holding this exliibition.

These three communications were severally referred to the
Committee on Prizes and Exliibitions with instructions to report
in writing at a future meeting.

A communication was presented also from Pres. Kenyon L.
Butterfield of the Massachusetts Agricultural College soliciting
the Society's interest in the work of the New England Conference
on Rural Progress and suggesting an appropriation towards the
financing of the Conference.

It was voted that the Secretary be instructed to reply to Pres.

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 159

Butterfield's request and to state that the Board of Trustees does
not feel authorized to make an appropriation for the purpose stated.
The special committee on nominations for the standing com-
mittees of the Society for the ensuing year reported through its
chairman, Mr. Elhott, the following list which was adopted :

St.ajstding Com^iittees for the Year 1909.

Finance: — Walter Hunnewell, Chairman, A. F. Estabrook, S. M.

Weld.
Library: — C. S. Sargent, Chairman, Geo. B. Dorr, S. Henshaw,

C. S. Minot, H. P. Walcott.

Lectures and Publications: — W. J. Stewart, Chairman, J. A.
Pettigrew, W. P. Rich, INIiss M. L. Ware, Prof. F. A.
Waugh.

Prizes and Exhibitions: — J. K. M. L. Farquhar, Chairman, Robert
Cameron, W. N. Craig, Edw. MacMulkin, C. S. Sar-
gent, William Sim.

Plants and Flowers: — T. D. Hatfield, Chairman, J. F. M. Far-
quhar, D. Finlayson, Peter Fisher, Thomas Roland.

Fruits:— Wilfrid Wheeler, Chairman, H. F. Hall, E. B. Wilder.

Vegetables: — J. B. Shurtleff, Jr., Chairman, J. W. Duncan, Geo.

D. Moore.

Gardens: — C. W. Parker, Chairman, W. H. Bowker, A. H. Fewkes,

T. J. Grey, T. D. Hatfield, J. Heurlin, W. P. Rich, J.

B. Shurtleff, Jr., S. M. Weld, T. H. Westwood, Wilfrid

Wheeler.
Children's Gardens: — Mrs. R. G. Shaw, Chairman, Mrs. E. M.

Gill, INIrs. K. P. Peabody, ^Irs. D. L. Pickman, Miss

INI. A. Rand, Mrs. J. E. Thayer.

The nominating committee recommended the appointment of a
Press Committee whose duty shall be to furnish information to the
representatives of the newspapers concerning the public exliibi-
tions of the Society.

It was voted that the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions be
authorized to appoint a suitable person to attend to this matter
with compensation for his ser\'ices.

160 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

An appropriation of $250.00 was voted for the expenses of the
exhibitions during the coming year.

It was also voted, at the suggestion of Mr. EUiott, that the Park
Street Flower Market, the Music Hall Flower Market, and such
other commercial growers of plants as may care to join be invited
to hold their annual exhibitions at Horticultural Hall.

The following named persons were duly elected to membership
in the Society:

George Page of Newton Highlands, proposed by Wm. P. Rich.

Edmund G. Brooke, Jr., of Providence, R. I., proposed by Wm.
P. Rich.

Eldrcdge H. Blood of Cambridge, proposed by J. Allen Crosby.

James J. Casey of Boston, proposed by H. A. Wheeler.

Alfred E. Robinson of Bedford, proposed by J. F. Sharkey.

Geo. William Page of Newton Highlands, proposed by Wm.
P. Rich.

Mrs. John Carter Brown of Providence, R. I., proposed by C.
S. Sargent.

William P. Rich,

Secretary.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OX PRIZES AND
EXHIBITIONS FOR THE YEAR 1908.

BY JOHN K. SI. L. FARQUHAR, CHAIRMAN.

Thirteen exliibitions have been held during the year which have
been generally better than those of recent preceding years. At
only two of these exhibitions were admission fees charged, the
others being free to the public.

The Spring Exliibition was exceptionally fine, and included
several notable exhibits which will be spoken of in the reports of
the other committees. At the Summer Shows the splendid cUsplays
of hardy herbaceous plants attracted much attention.

The largest attendance at any show was at the Dahlia Exhibition,
when on Sunday, September 13th, over 5000 persons ^•isited the
halls. The November Show was the only one not showing im-
provement, and this is largely due to the diminished interest in
large specimen chrysanthemum plants and blooms.

During the year the supply of exliibition furniture has been
added to. The Society now has a plentiful supply of convenient
tables and vases sufficient for its present requirements.

John K. M. L. Farquhar

William N. Crmg
Edward MacMulkin
Charles S. Sargent
William J. Stew^^rt

Commitfee on
Prizes and
Exhibitions.

161

EEPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND
FLOWERS FOR THE YEAR 1908.

BY T. D. HATFIELD, CHAIRMAN.

The number of awards made during the year by the Committee
on Plants and Flowers was 574 and the number of exliibitors 120,
a considerable reduction from the previous year.

The exliibition of January 25 was a good one for the season.
Backer & Co. of Billerica showed carnation Sunrise, a promising
yellow-flowered variety; Mrs. Frederick Ayer of Newton High-
lands, George Page, gardener, two handsome plants of Erica
melanthera; and Thomas Watt, gardener to Mrs. H. F. Durant of
Wellesley, a pretty basket-plant, Schizocentron elegans, with round-
ish, purple flowers, of which Honorable Mention was made. It
belongs to the family Melastomaceae. Mr. Watt also exhibited
some handsome plants of Calceolaria fuchsiaefolia, a shrubby,
yellow-flowered species. William Ritchie, gardener to Mrs. J. M.
Sears, showed some splendidly grown plants in bloom of Celsia
Arcturus for which a Cultural Certificate was awarded.

Walter Hunnewell of Wellesley showed the new Corydalis Wil-
sonii and was given Honorable Mention. It is an herbaceous plant
w^ith glaucous, finely-cut leaves, and long spikes of yellow flowers.
It is a native of Western China and its hardiness is in doubt. A
Certificate of Merit was given to William Downs, gardener to Mr.
Dumaresq of Chestnut Hill, for a magnificent display of Begonia
Gloire de Lorraine.

February 1. W. W. Rawson & Co. of Arlington showed some
well-grown plants in bloom of Begonia Gloire de Sceaux with
dark bronzy leaves and pink flowers. It is one of the Begonia
Socotrana hybrids to which Gloire de Lorraine belongs and was
awarded Honorable Mention.

February 29 Honorable Mention was given to R. & J. Farquhar
& Co. for an exhibit of some handsome plants of a Rambler rose
named Tausendschon, a pink-flowered variety which promises to

163

164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

be useful as an Easter forcing variety as well as for outdoor culti-
vation on trellises.

Spring Exhibition.

The Spring Show, March 20-23, was a remarkably good one.
Still we are very much dependent upon the trade growers for the
filling put of the classes and for the general effectiveness of the
displays which add much to the attractiveness of the halls. Time
was, when scant welcome was given to the commercial man, and
every mark had to be removed; but he has become necessary now
and greater privileges are allowed. Something should be done
to induce the private gardener to resume his place, as the dominat-
ing spirit of the exhibitions. There is plenty of material in the
vicinity of Boston among private places to fill the exhibition halls,
at least tolerably well. I mean no discourtesy to the owners of
estates when I suggest that some inducement should be offered the
private gardeners to come. They could do lots if they went about
it the right way. Certain it is, if the gardener has no inducement
to come he will find ways and means to stay away.

R. & J. Farquhar's display of bulbous plants in design was well
worked out, harmoniously blended, and appropriate to the season.
A Gold Medal was awarded to them and it was well merited.

With cut roses and carnations the commercial men had the field.
It is seldom a private gardener attempts competition.

Narcissi were noteworthy for their excellence. Some of the
newer N. bicolor types were particularly striking. It was a great
improvement in arrangement to put all the Narcissi in the small
hall, and a great help to the committee.

The Rawson Prize of a Silver Cup for a collection of Narcissi
went to Wm. A. Riggs of Jamaica Plain, and it was well merited.

Rambler roses from M. H. Walsh of Woods Hole Avere of notable
excellence. A Silver Medal was awarded for climbing rose Arcadia,
double, dark crimson illumined with scarlet; a First Class Certificate
to Excelsior, crimson-maroon, tipped scarlet; and Honorable Men-
tion to Celeste, light china pink, tipped white. A Silver Medal
was awarded to John L. Smith, gardener to Mrs. A. W. Blake of
Brookline, for a grand specimen of Nephrolepis Barroiosii; a

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLAXTS AND FLOWERS. 165

silver INIedal to A. Roper of Tewksbury for a promising variegated
carnation named Bay State; a Silver Medal to Wm. Nicholson of
Framingham for carnation Afterglow, a lovely cerise-pink and
finely shaped flower; Honorable Mention to F. C. Green of War-
wick, R. I., for the new pink Roman hyacinth Excelsior; a Cul-
tural Certificate to William Downs for some splendidly grown
yellow snapdragons; a Certificate of Merit to E. A. Wood of West
Newton for a promising new red carnation, Mrs. Geo. A. Frost;
Certificate of Merit to William Sim of Cliftondale for three new
sweet peas, W. W. Smalley, satin pink, Mrs. Alexander Wallace,
lavender, and La Marquise, self-colored blue; Honorable Mention
to H. A. Dreer Co., Philadelphia, for new blush Queen Alex-
andra marguerite; Honorable Mention to W. W. Rawson & Co.
for new double Lobelia erinus, Kathleen Mallard; a Cultural
Certificate to William Thatcher, gardener to Mrs. J. L. Gardner
of Brookline, for a display of well-flowered plants of Chorizema
ilici folia; Honorable Mention to W. A. Manda for the new Aspara-
gus elongatus, with the habit of the culinary species, but South
African and evergreen; and Honorable Mention to Thos. Roland
of Nahant for an interesting display of clipped Cytisus and some
neatly grown plants of the Lady Gay climbing rose.

The display of hard-wooded plants for which the Spring Show
in Boston was once noted, when Kenneth Finlayson and other
Brookline gardeners competed, was practically nothing. The
committee did not think well enough of the only entry in this class
to award it the first prize.

The display of orchids made by Seth A. Borden of Fall River
was notable for the excellence of the indiN^dual plants, particularly
the Dendrobiums.

A Gold Medal was awarded to Walter Hunnewell of Wellesley
for a magnificent display of seedhng Amaryllis.

At the Show of May 9 were some good herbaceous Calceolarias
from James Crosbie of Medford, and Pelargoniums from William
Whitman of Brookline, Martin Sullivan, gardener. The collec-
tion of Narcissi from Langwater Gardens, North Easton, W. N.
Craig, gardener, was comprehensive and good. There was also
a large display of tulips — some fifty varieties — from R. & J.
Farciuhar & Co. which attracted much attention. A Certificate

166 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of Merit was awarded to J. T. Butterworth of South Framingham
for a grand specimen of Cattleya Mossiae, Mrs. Butterworth.

A very fine display of seasonable indoor plants in bloom came
from the greenhouses belonging to W. S. & J. T. Spaulding of
Beverly Farms, including roses, carnations, gladioli, and snap-
dragons.

Rhododendron Show, June 6. But for two exhibitors the
Rhododendron Show would be little more than in name. Walter
Hunnewell of Wellesley usually sends about one thousand blooms.
It is safe to say no more gorgeous flowers ever grace the tables of
the Society's halls than these. It is surprising how well they last
when cut. The exhibition lasts two days and the flowers are al-
most as fresh on the evening of the last day as when cut. Rho-
dodendrons in pots or tubs seldom figure at these exhibitions. The
Messrs. Farquhar made an excellent exhibition in pots and tubs
for which the Society's Silver Medal was awarded.

Robert Cameron of the Harvard Botanic Garden and George
Page, gardener to Mrs. Frederick Ayer of Newton, made neat
displays of fuchsias in pots, which made one wish to see them
figure again in the Schedule and be exhibited at the autumn shows.
A First Class Certificate was awarded Julius Heurlin of the Blue
Hill Nurseries for the new Lupinus polyphyllus Moerheimn, a variety
with pink and white variegated flowers. The orchid display from
Mrs. J. L. Gardner was well worthy the prize offered. There
was also a notable display of cut orchids from the estate of J. E.
Rothwell, Brookline, Emil Johansson, gardener.

Rose and Peony Show, June 13.

It was rather early for roses and they were much better a week
later. The quality was excellent. Mrs. Aaron Ward of Roslyn,
N. Y., competed in the class for Hybrid Perpetual Roses with a
superb collection of Tea and Hybrid Tea roses, and, although she
had many beautiful blooms, the committee did not think they
equaled the Hybrid Perpetuals in attractiveness. Really there
should be a separate class for them. The competition in the Gen-
eral Display brought out some very attractive stands. The class
for specially named varieties was poorly filled, which may be ac-

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 167

counted for by the fact that varieties listed in the Schedule are not
grown nowadays.

The Peony Show was large and the number of varieties was
large. The perennial question of nomenclature was much dis-
cussed; undoubtedly duplication is very common.

E. J. Shaylor of Wellesley Hills made a large display of novelties.
Honorable Mention was given him for the new peony Georgiana
Shaylor, a very handsome blush-pink seedling. T. C. Thurlow
& Co. of West Newbury made a well-balanced exliibit. George
Hollis showed a large number of seedlings, among them some very
promising ones, notably, x\dmiral Togo, dark crimson, and Aris-
tocrat, white, flushed pink.

A selection of the best peonies shown included Therese, rose
pink; Felix Crousse, crimson; Aurora, white and soft pink; Mme.
Mechin, dark red; Germaine Bigot, light pink with touches of
salmon-red; James Kelway, broad petaled, red; Eugene Verdier,
soft pink; Baroness Schroeder, flushed wliite; Avalanche, clear
white; Madame Emile Lemoine, blush; Marguerite Gerard, pink;
Rosa Bonheur, mauve-pink; Mme. de Treyeran, light pink,
streaked darker; Pottsiialba; Souvenir de I'Exjiosition Universelle,
light rose; Albatre, white, streaked crimson; Charles Verdier,
dark pink; Mme. Lemoine, full pink; and Couronne d'Or, white
with crimson markings in center.

The varieties exhibited in competition for vases of twenty-five
blooms, were, — in the order of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd — White or Blush:
Festiva maxima, M. Dupont, Baroness Schroeder. Pink or Rose:
Pottsii, Modeste, Lady Bramwell. For Red or Crimson: Felix
Crousse, Louis Van Houtte, Triomphe du Xord.

Robert Cameron showed an interesting collection of insectivorous
plants.

Rose and Strawberry Show, June 20.

The class for Hardy Roses brought out some very fine blooms
and the competition was quite close. The committee thinks there
should be a special set of rules put in the Schedule for judging flow-
ers where the effectiveness of staging may affect a decision. In
judging roses this came up for discussion and the committee agreed

168 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that it is almost impossible not to consider effectiveness of staging
a point in favor of any group in competition; and if this were incor-
porated in the rules it would come under the consideration of ex-
hibitors as well as the committee. When judging flowers efficient
staging should weigh.

Edward J. Mitton, Joshua Lawson, gardener, staged a fine
group of orchids ; among them were Cattleya gigas var. Sanderiana,
Cattleya Gaskelliana, Laelia X Cattleya Timora, L. 'pumila var.
Day ana, Cattleya Ludemanniana, all very fine specimens.

The Blue Hill Nurseries exhibited Hydrangea arborescens var.
grandiflora for the first time in the halls of the Society. It is a
small white-flowered species with sterile heads of bloom, and
promises to be a very useful kind for shrubbery and herbaceous
borders. The Blue Hill Nurseries also got a First Class Certificate
for a strikingly beautiful display of Campanula persicifolia var.
Humosa, an intense blue without purple shades. F. J. Rea of
Norwood put up a handsome border rose. Ruby King, for which
Honorable Mention was given. R. & J. Farquhar & Co. made a
striking exliibit of Spanish iris for which Honorable Mention was
given. The Harvard Botanic Garden had an attractive exhibit
of water plants, always an interesting feature.

Sweet Pea Exhibition, July 18-19.

Notwithstanding remarkably dry weather, sweet peas were un-
usually fine. All the classes were well filled and competition close.

Mrs. Lester Leland of West Manchester, E. H. Waterlow,
gardener, made a very comprehensive display comprising about all
the best kinds in cultivation. Among them were Burpee's Primrose,
Spencer, Apple Blossom, and Countess Spencer, soft rose; Helen
Lewis, orange and red shades; Queen Alexandra, self colored
scarlet: Shasta, white; Helen Pierce, blue, mottled white; Phenom-
enal, an orchid- flowered variety with white flowers, edged blue;
Gladys Unwin, rose pink; Dorothy Eckford, white; Sadie Burpee,
white; Mrs. Dugdale, rose; Prince of Wales, rose crimson, self-
colored; King Edward VII, bright crimson; Miss Willmott,
orange, pink shaded; Salopin, scarlet; Royal Rose and Janet
Scott, pink, buff shaded; Hon. Mrs. Kenyon, deep primrose;

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 169

America, deep red, striped; Aurora, orange-salmon on white
ground; Lady Grisel Hamilton, lavender blue; Mrs. George
Higginson, Jun., azure-blue; Black Knight and Captivation,
magenta, self-colored; Othello, glossy maroon; Captain of the
Blues and Duke of Westminster, purple; Lady Roseberry, bronzy;
and Venus, salmon-buff and pink.

Honorable Mention was given to Messrs. R. & J. Farquhar
& Co. for an exhibit of new lilies from China.

Later in the season the Messrs. Farquhar invited the Committee
on Plants and Flowers to inspect their beds of new lilies from China
sent by collector Wilson. There is every reason to believe these
lilies are the same as collected by Wilson some years ago for Messrs.
James Veitch & Sons of Chelsea, England. Robert Cameron had
with him at the inspection Dr. Wallace's Notes on Lilies, 2d Ed.,
which had cuts of a lily supposedly the same, which, if so, is Lilium
Brovniii var. leucanthemum. Mr. Pettigrew of the Boston Parks
stated that he had seen a lily named L. myriGphyllum at IMessrs.
Veitch's which appeared to be the same plant. Later I wrote to
the Messrs. Veitch and received from them a communication of
which the following is an abstract:

"This Chinese lily was exhibited by us as L. Broivnii var. leu-
canthemum and obtained a first class certificate from the Royal
Horticultural Society on August 29, 1905, and was figured in 'The
Garden' for April 28, 1906, page 224.

" It was afterwards discovered that the form in question was not
Baker's L. Brownii var. leucanthemum, which is described in
'The Gardeners' Chronicle' August 18, 1894, page 180, as white
without crimson or purple markings on the outside of the perianth,
which characterises the other forms of L. Brownii, and the Kew
authorities referred our lily to L. myriophyllum."

Messrs. Farquhar's lilies appear to be mostly of the L. myrio-
'phyllum variety, but they inform the committee that they have
found a number of pure white flowers among theirs, and these are
probably the L. Brownii var. Jeucanthemum of Baker.

Messrs. Veitch go on to say:

"X. myriophyllum was originally discovered by Delavay in 1888
and described as a new species by Franchet, ' Journal de Botanique,'
Vol. 6, p. 313. It was also figured in 'The Gardeners' Chronicle'
1905, Vol. II, opposite page 328.

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

"Although Mr. C. H. Wright in the ' Journal of the Linnean
Society,' Botany, Vol. 36, pages 128 and 132, retains L. myrio-
phyllum as a distinct species, apart from L. Brownii and its varieties,,
the same writer in the 'Botanical Magazine' {loc. cit.), states
that it is a member of a group of closely related Lilies which cluster
round L. Broumii, of which they are probably geographical forms.

"Dclavay found it originally in Yunnan, while Wilson collected
it in N. W. Szechuan.

" The variety leucanthemum is stated to be rare in Hupeh, but
common in Yunnan, and especially in Szechuan, sparsely in N. W.
Szechuan, where formosum is the common form. About Ichang
the varieties 'Chloraster' and 'Colchester' occur.

" L. myriophyllum is easily distinguished from the other members
of the L. Brownii group by its crowded narrow-linear leaves."

This last character was very prominent among Messrs. Far-
quhars' beds.

August 8. This was the day for Perennial Phloxes. Large and
handsome exhibits were made by W^illiam \Miitman of Brookline,
T. C. Thurlow & Co. of West Newbury, George Hollis of WejTuouth,
the Bellevue Greenhouses, Mr. Flood of Dedham, and the Blue
Hill Nurseries.

Some of the best varieties from the different collections are
enumerated herewith:

Mr. Flood. — Feu de Monde, salmon-pink; Caprice, salmon;
Crepuscule, blush; and Queen of Whites.

George Hollis. — Thurlows' Brunette, dark magenta; Ober-
gartner Wittig, fine purplish-pink; ^Marquise de St. Paul, light
pink, deeper eye; and Flambeau, fine salmon-red.

Blue Hill Nurseries. — Tapis Blanc, dwarf white; Amphitryon,
lavender; Selina, rosy-pink; Victor, deep rose; B. Comte, crimson;
Daybreak, shell pink; Mrs. Heurlin, very fine, white; Mme.
Beranger, pink; and R. P. Struthers, scarlet.

F. J. Ilea, Norwood, showed James Bennett, white, pink eye,
and Charles Darwin, salmon-pink.

The Blue Hill Nurseries made a splendid exhibit of herbaceous
plants, among them Helenium grandiccphalum var. rubrum. It is
quite showy and promises to be a valuable acquisition to midsum-
mer border plants. They showed also two beautiful Tritonias —

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 171

T. martagon, with reflexed red and yellow flowers, and Germania,
a fine red.

Honorable Mention was awarded B. Hammond Tracy of Wen-
ham for a very fine collection of seedling Gladioli; a rose-pink
variety named Dawn was most beautiful. The Messrs. Farquhar
showed the dahlias Strathleen Kroone, a handsome yellow-flowered
variety belonging to the Decorative class, and Garibaldi, a new red
of the Peony-Flowered type. Honorable INIention was given to
F. J. Rea for a new light blue larkspur, named Persimmon.

There was an excellent display of annuals. Martin Sullivan
was awarded a Cultural Certificate for some well-grown Lilium
tigrinum.

The Messrs. Farquhar showed a magnificent lot of Lilium aura-
tum, among them some distinct and beautiful forms, including a
double one. Honorable Mention was awarded them for the dahlia
Mrs. Charles Lanier, a new yellow-flowered variety, and the
Cactus dahlia Wilhelmina.

August 22. Phloxes again were a feature and, in respect to
varieties exhibited, a repetition of the show of August 8.

In other respects the show was notable for the excellent displays
of Gladioli. The most striking ones in B. Hammond Tracy's
exhibit were Jean Dieulafoy, cream colored, with carmine blotch;
Klondike, clear primrose-yellow, with crimson blotch; Kathryn,
orchid-like, rich lilac with white throat and veinings; JNIrs. Francis
King, light scarlet; Princess Sandersoni, white, penciled crimson;
Duke, dark, with lighter throat; and Dawn, rosy pink.

Honorable Mention was awarded John Lewis Childs of Floral
Park, N. Y., for a very fine display of Gladioli, and to B. Hammond
Tracy for Gladiolus Dawn.

Autumn Exhibition, September 11, 12, 13.

Dahlias were the main feature. The schedule was well filled,
and competition close. There was a goodly display of Pompon
varieties and it was pleasing to see the interest taken in them.

The Messrs. Farquhars' gorgeous display of massed dahlia
blooms in design, set off by laurels, ferns, and rubber plants, was
exceedingly effective and was the most attractive feature of the

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

show. It carried one back to the now almost forgotten days of
carpet bedding. An award of Honorable Mention was given for
this display. William Whitman's display of annual and herbaceous
plants was very effective. The Blue Hill Nurseries showed Trol-
Ims Asiaticus in bloom - — quite out of the season; also Centaurea
nigricans in white and pink varieties; Origamim Creticum with
small reddish-pink flowers; Salvia azurea; Helenium pumilum
ruhrurti; and Aster Novae-Angliae alba.

F. W. Fletcher of Auburndale exhibited a new violet of the
Princess of Wales type named Baronne Rothschild. It is appar-
ently an improved form and has the added value of blooming pro-
fusely from September until May. Certainly the flowers at this
early season were of good quality and sweetly scented. The same
exhibitor showed Physostegia Virginica var. grandiflora, a very
fine form of the "Obedient plant." It is an imported novelty
and promises to be not only useful as a border plant but for florists'
use, which was shown in a made-up wreath very effectively.

Mr. Duncan, Assistant Superintendent of the Boston Parks, had
an interesting display of cut flowers. There were vases of Calluna
vulgaris, commonly called "Scotch Heather," properly "Ling,"
which brought up memories of home to many. Some lovely spikes
of Tamarix showed what a handsome small tree this is. It appears,
however, to succeed only locally and does not do well far from the
seashore. B. Hammond Tracy had more Gladioli, one especially
fine one named Purity.

The Rawson Prize for Cactus dahlias of a $25.00 Silver Cup for
private gardeners did not bring out as many competitors as we
could wish to see. But the flowers were good and the prize went
to Wm. A. Riggs of Jamaica Plain. Peirce Brothers of Waltham
received a First Class Certificate for chrysanthemum Golden Glow,
a finely incurved early, yellow-flowered variety. Honorable Men-
tion was given H. A. Drecr Co. for a splendid display of Aquatics.

Among the best Cactus dahlias shown by the winner of the Raw-
son Cup, were — Good Hope, crimson; Mrs. Hawley, yellow;
Mrs. Grinstead, carmine; J. M. Stredi^^ck, white; and H. T.
Robertson, pink.

W. H. Crouft"'s Decorative varieties included Gigantea, light
yellow; Jeanne Charmant, pink; and J. R. Baldwin, salmon.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 173

W. D. Hathaway' s — Decorative — Le Geant, crimson; May
Desblanc, white; and Souvenir de Gustav Douzon, scarlet.

J. K. Alexander's — Pompon — Star of the East, white; Amber
Queen, orange; Little May, maroon; Fascination, pink; and
Rosalie, yellow.

Towle Dahlia Farm — Pompon — Alwine, light pink; Harry,
yellow; Marguerite, deep pink; and Thora, magenta.

J. K. Alexander's — Cactus — Countess of Lonsdale, salmon-
red; Denion, maroon; Elsie, pink, yellow center; Lucifer, scarlet;
and W. D. Baker, yellow.

W. D. Hathaway's — Fancy — Lucy Fawcett, light yellow,
striped magenta; Mrs. Hall, variegated red and white; and Pea-
cock, purple and white.

W. H. Crouff's ■ — Fancy — Buffalo Bill, buff, striped vermilion;
Gold Medal, bright canary yellow, splashed red; Mabel, pink,
splashed red; and Gaiety, blush and red.

Mrs. H. A. Jahn's — Show — John Bennett, red, light-tipped
center; Gracchus, buff, light-tipped center; INIeteor, large, crim-
son; Muriel, yellow; and Emily, white, pink-tipped.

L. W. Goodell of Pansy Park, Dwight, Massachusetts, showed
a remarkable collection of Verbenas called the Ruby strain. They
are the result of thirty years of breecUng and are very much in ad-
vance of the ordinary seedsmen's strain. A Certificate of Merit
was awarded.

On October 10, W. W. Rawson & Co. made a fine display of
Gladioli, Montbretias, and tuberoses. Honorable Mention was
awarded this firm for a chsplay of dahlias with autumn foliage
and a Vote of Thanks for a display of seedling dahlias. Also a
Vote of Thanks was given to A. E. Hartshorn of Worcester for a
display of Tuberous Rooted Begonias.

Chrysanthemum Show, November 6-9.

The Boston Chrysanthemum Show was once noted all over the
country especially for specimen plants, and visitors from the princi-
pal cities came to see it. Now it is hardly more so than in name.
It is almost impossible to get a dozen good plants from one exhibi-
tor now. This was no doubt foreseen by the committee on awards

174 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and it was doubtless thought to stimulate competition by offering
a large prize and a Silver Medal for the best specimen in the exhi-
bition. The committee was gratified to find one plant worthy the
award. This was shown by Wm. C. Rust, gardener to Dr. C. G.
Weld of Brookline. But, aside from that, all the rest — a dozen
or so — would not have taken collectively a third prize a dozen
years ago.

Large specimen blooms were up to the average, but we do not
think they were better than those shown by the Waban Rose Con-
servatories, John Barr, and James Brydon, a dozen or more years
ago. But the names are all different. This may be ascribed to
the desire or attraction of novelties or the tendency of high-bred
varieties to degenerate. The same thing we find in carnations.

As a matter of record we believe the names of the winning twenty-
four blooms for the Josiah Bradlee prize funds should be given;
they are as follows :

J. E. Dunne, bronzy Reflexed.

Simon Josser, white Incurved.

Wm. Duckham, pink Incurved.

Miss Clay Frick, white Incurved.

Mrs. Wm. Duckham, yellow Japanese.

Mrs. H. Partridge, bronze Incurved.

Col. Appleton, yellow Incurved.

Presdt. Viger, pink Japanese.

Miriam Hankey, pink Incurved.

Cheltoni, yellow Japanese.

Beatrice May, white Japanese.

Mrs. H. Barnes, bronze Incurved.

Mary Donnellan, yellow Incurved.

Annie Hamilton, white Japanese.

Gen. Hutton, gold Japanese.

Morton F. Plant, pink Reflexed.

John Frazer, gold Reflexed.

J. C. Neil, yellow Incurved.

Lady Hopetown, pearly pink Incurved.

Mary Mason, bronze Incurved.

Chrys. Montigny, light yellow Incurved.

Mrs. West, white Japanese.

W^ H. Moir, white Incurved.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 175

These were shown by Thos. W. Head, gardener to Morton F.
Plant of Groton, Connecticut. The same exliibitor also took the
prize for the six best novelties of the year 1908, as follows:

J. C. Xeil, light yellow Incurved.
Dorothy Goldsmith, fluffy yellow Japanese.
Mary Donnellan deep-yellow Incurved.
Harold Wells, white Japanese.
Touring Club, chrome-yellow Incurved.
W. H. Moir, white Incurved.

The prize for six vases of ten long-stemmed blooms — Josiah
Bradlee fund — went to W. S. & J. T. Spaulding, as follows:

Miriam Hankey, pink Incurved.

Mrs. Eaton, white Incurved.

INIrs. H. A. Allen, bronzy.

Mrs. Wm. Duckham, yellow.

Dr. Enguehard, pink.

Souvenir de Pire, light pink Japanese.

The Henry A. Gane Memorial Prize of .^20.00 went to James
Nicol of Quincy for a splendid vase of Mrs. Jerome Jones.

The varieties which won in the competition for the Society's
prize for ten long-stemmed blooms in colors were: —

Pink, Dr. Enguehard.
White, Merza.

Yellow, ]\Irs. AVm. Duckham.
Red, Mrs. H. Partridge.
Bronzy, Mrs. J. E. Dunne.

The Class for Incurved (Chinese) was not filled and since we are
devoting so much attention to the Singles it seems a pity they are
forgotten.

The class for twenty-five commercial plants should have been
better filled. There was only one competition and the prize
amply paid for the plants.

The classes for Singles were well filled. Still the plants might
have been better finished, as some exhibited for the grand prize
showed they could have been. These Singles are handsome
when cut at a certain stage and some make good pot plants, but

176 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

they quickly fade and present a wretchedly ragged appearance
when grouped either as pot plants or cut flowers.

The exhibit of coniferous trees made by the Joseph Breck
Corporation was a very creditable one and should have been given a
more prominent position. The following named plants were
shown: Picea Parryana, blue spruce; Thuya occidentalis, western
arborvitae; Juniperus communis, native golden variety and Irish
juniper; J . Japonica; J. Virginiana, blue variety; Picea excelsa,
weeping variety; Juniperus Sabina, European sabine; Picea
Ajanensis, Japanese; Pinu^ montana; Pinu3 sylvestris, Scotch;
Abies Fraseri, southern balsam fir; Abies concolor, Colorado silver
fir; Picea alba, white spruce; and Cedrus Atlantica, Atlantic cedar.
Some exception has been taken as to the hardiness of some of these.
All but two might be called "ironclad." The two m question —
the southern balsam and Atlantic cedar are hardy locally, and quite
hardy in southern New England; and as the Schedule merely
calls for "Hardy Coniferous Trees" it is to be presumed, at least,
that the whole of New England is to be taken in.

The orchid groups were very creditable. They were the occasion
of some difficulty to the committee on account of the indecisive
wording of the Schedule. The prize went to the best table of
orchids, the one richest in varieties, and not to the one best arranged.

By a comparison of the Decorative Groups, with and without
chrysanthemums, it could be easily seen how difficult it is to blend
them with foliage plants. It is well known that left overs, and
other unpresentable chrysanthemum plants are used for these
decorations. They fail to mix, and do not fill up the gaps har-
moniously; thus it can always be seen just what they are. It is
plain that when chrysanthemums are used with foliage ])lants
they must be specially grown for that purpose, and this was made
quite clear by the exhibit of Sidney Hoffman which was by far the
best in this way that has ever been made in the halls of the Society.

A First Class Certificate was awarded to H. A. Dreer Co. for
Nephrolepis Scholzelii. It is a moderately-crested fern of the N.
Scottii type, and like that variety should be of exceptional decorative
value.

Honorable Mention was awarded to H. H. Barrows & Son of
Whitman for another of the densely-crested forms now so common.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 177

It evidently has the merit of being more durable in texture than
some of the earlier introductions of this type.

A Silver Medal was awarded the Waban Rose Conservatories
for a superb white variety of the well-known Killarney rose; Hon-
orable Mention to Miss Rose L. Schaller of South Natick for a
beautifully large-fringed white carnation which evidently has a
promising future; a Bronze Medal to John L. Smith, gardener
to Mrs. A. W. Blake of Brookline, for a well-flowered plant of
Zygopefahnn Mackayi; a First Class Certificate to Mrs. H. F.
Durant of Wellesley, Thos. Watt, gardener, for a beautiful plant
of Vanda Sanderiana; a Cultural Certificate to William Thatcher,
gardener to Mrs. J. L. Gardner, for a splendid specimen of Alpinia
Sanderiana; Honorable Mention to Langwater Gardens, Wm. N.
Craig, gardener, for a collection of seedling chrysanthemums; and
Honoi-able Mention to Philip Dexter of Beverly, James Salter,
gardener, for a seedling Anemone-flowered chrysanthemum.

The amount appropriated for the committee was . $3900 00

Amount expended in money prizes and gratuities . . 3587 00
Amount expended for medals . . . . . 150 50

Unexpended balance . . . . . . . 162 50

We have also awarded

2 Gold Medals

6 Silver INIedals

1 Silver Gilt Medal

2 Bronze Medals

17 First Class Certificates
6 Cultural First Class Certificates
42 Honorable Mentions
14 Votes of Thanks
A detailed list of awards is appended to this report.

178 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS AND
FLOWERS.

1908.

January 25.

Primula Sinensis. — Six plants in not less than six-inch pots:

1st, E. J. Mitton, $5; 2d, Dr. C. G. Weld, $3; 3d, Mrs. J. M. Sears, $2.
Primula stellata. — Six plants in not less than six-inch pots:

1st, Mrs. . L. Gardner, $5.
Primula Obconica Varieties. — Six plants in not less than six-inch pots:
1st, Dr. C. G. Weld, $6; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3; 3d, Mrs. J. M.
Sears, $2.
Violets. — Best bunch, one hundred blooms, Double:

1st, H. F. Woods, $3; 2d, H. F. Calder, $2; 3d, W. B. Goodenow, $1.
Best bunch, one hundred blooms. Single:

1st, H. F. Woods, $3; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $2; 3d, W. B. Goode-
now, $1.
Carnations. — Best vase, twenty-five blooms, White:

1st, M. A. Patten, White Perfection, $4; 2d, Backer & Co., White
Perfection, $3; 3d, Backer & Co., Puritana, $2.
Scarlet:

1st, S. J. Goddard, Beacon, $4; 2d, M. A. Patten, Beacon, $3; 3d,
Backer & Co., Firefly, $2.
Light Pink:

1st, M. A. Patten, Winsor, $4; 2d, S. J. Goddard, Rose Pink Enchant-
ress, $3; 3d, M. A. Patten, Rose Pink Enchantress, $2.
Daybreak Pink:

1st, S. J. Goddard, Enchantress, $4; 2d, M. A. Patten, Enchantress, $3.
Dark Pink:

1st, S. J. Goddard, Helen Goddard, $4; 2d, M. A. Patten, Pink Patten,
$3; 3d, Backer & Co., Pink Patten, $2.
Crimson :

1st, S. J. Goddard, Octoroon, $4; 2d, M. A. Patten, Harry Fenn, $3;
3d, M. A. Patten, Octoroon, $2.
Striped :

1st, M. A. Patten, Variegated Lawson, $4; 2d, Backer & Co., Varie-
gated Patten, $3.
Yellow:

1st, Backer & Co., Sunrise, $4; 2d, Backer & Co., Golden Glow, S3.

Gratuities : —

William Downs, Begonia Gloire de Lorraine, $5.
Gen. S. M. Weld, Primula Kewensis, $2.
Dr. C. G. Weld, " " $2.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 179

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, Erica melanthera, $c
E. A. Wood, Mignonette, $2.
Mrs. J. M. Sears, Celsia Arcturus, $3.
W. A. Riggs, Leptosyne maritima, $1.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of Flowers, $2.

February 29.
Gratuity : —

Miss E. A. Mansfield, Carnations, $3.

Spring Exhibition.
March 20, 21, 22 and 23.

Theodore Lyman Fund.

Indian Azaleas. — Six distinct named varieties:
1st, Edward MacMulkin, $15.

Society's Prizes.

Palms. — Pair, in pots or tubs:

1st, Edward MacMulkin, $12; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $10; 3d,
Edward MacMulkin, $8.
Ericas. — Six plants, not less than three species:

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $12.
Acacias. — Specimen plant:

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $10.
Twelve plants, not over four feet in height, not less than four species:
1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $15.
Hard- Wooded Greenhouse Plants. — Six specimens, other than Ericas
and Azaleas:
2d, J. R. Leeson, $8.
Climbing Rose. — Specimen plant in bloom:

1st, M. H. Walsh, Delight, $10; 2d, M. H. Walsh, Arcadia, $6; 3d,
M. H. Walsh, Lady Gay, $4.
Rambler Roses. — Six plants in pots, at least three varieties:

1st, M. H. Walsh, $15; 2d, M. H. Walsh, $10.
Hardy Primroses and Polyanthuses. — Twelve plants of distinct
varieties :
1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $6; 2d, A. F. Estabrook, $4; 3d, Mrs. J. L.
Gardner, $2.
Cyclamens. — Twelve plants, in not over seven-inch pots:

1st, Dr. C. G. Weld, $12; 2d, W. A. Riggs, $8; 3d, E. J. Mitton, $6.

180 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Six plants, in not over ten-inch pots:

1st, Dr. C. G. Weld, $20; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $15\ 3d, E. J.
Mitton, .^10.
Cinerarias. — Six varieties:

1st, William Whitman, $15.
Specimen plant:

1st, William Whitman, $4.
Cineraria stellata, six plants:

1st, William Whitman, $12; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $8.
Hyacinths. — Six plants, not to exceed ten inches, six bulbs of one vari-
ety in each pan:
1st, W. A. Riggs, $12; 2d, William Whitman, $8; 3d, Mrs. J. L. Gard-
ner, $6.
Single pan, not to exceed twelve inches, with ten bulbs of one variety:
1st, William Whitman, $5; 2d, William Whitman, $4; 3d, Mrs. J. L.
Gardner, $3; 4th, A. F. Estabrook, $2.
Tulips. — Six eight-inch pans, nine bulbs of one variety in each :

1st, W. A. Riggs, $10; 2d, William Whitman, $8; 3d, Mrs. J. L. Gard-
ner, $6.
Three eight-inch pans, nine bulbs of one variety in each :

1st, William Whitman, $5; 2d, W. A. Riggs, $4; 3d, A. F. Estabrook,
$3.
Jonquils. — Six pots or pans, not exceeding eight inches, the number of
bulbs in each to be at the discretion of the grower:
1st, William Whitman, $4; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3.
Narcissuses. — Three eight-inch pots, one variety in each:

1st, William ^Vhitman, $5; 2d, William Whitman, $4; 3d, W. A.
Riggs, $3.
Collection of Large Trumpet varieties, not less than six eight-inch pots,
one variety in each:
1st, William Whitman, $12; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $10; 3d, A. F.
Estabrook, $8.
Collection of Short Trumpet varieties, not less than six eight-inch pots,
one variety in each:
1st, William Whitman, $12; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $10.
ScHiZANTHUS. — Six plants in pots:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3; 3d, A. F.
Estabrook, $2.
Amaryllises. — Six pots, distinct varieties:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $15.
Group of Easter Flowering Plants. — Arranged for effect with other
foliage :
1st, Edward MacMulkin, $30; 2d, Edward MacMulkin, $20.
Forced Bulbs. — {For amateurs only.) Six pans, six inches in diameter,
grown without aid of frame or greenhouse:
1st, Margaret A. Rand, $10; 2d, II. L. Rand, $8; 3d, Margaret A.
Rand, $6.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AXl) FLOWERS. 181

General Display of Spring Bulbous Plants. — All classes:

1st, William Whitman, $30.
Orchids. — Group of plants arranged for effect with ferns and other foli-
age plants, to cover not less than fifty square feet:
1st, S. A. Borden, !$30.
Three plants, distinct:

1st, S. A. Borden, $10.
Specimen plant:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, .$5; 2d, S. A. Borden, $3; 3d, Mrs. J. C.
T;\^itin, .$2.

Special Prize offered by W. W. Rawson & Co., Boston.

For the largest and best collection of Narcissi and Daffodils in eight-inch
pans, one variety in each pan, to be competed for by private gard-
eners only:
W. A. Riggs, Silver Cup valued at .$25.

Society's Prizes.

Tender Roses in Vases. — Twenty-five blooms of The Bride :
1st, Montrose Greenhouses, $12; 2d, W. H. Elliott, $8.
Bridesmaid:

1st, \\. H. Elliott, $12; 2d, Montrose Greenhouses, .$8.
Liberty or Richmond:

1st, W. H. Elliott, $12; 2d, Waban Rose Conservatories, .$8; 3d,
Montrose Greenhouses, $6.
Killarney :

1st, Waban Rose Conservatories, $12; 2d, W. H. Elliott, .$8.
Any other variety:

1st, W. H. Elliott, Safrano, $12.
The Bride. — (For non-commercial growers only.) Twelve blooms:

1st, Dr. C. G. Weld, .$6.
Bridesmaid. — (Fcr non-commercial growers only.) Twelve blooms:
1st, Dr. C. G. Weld, $6; 2d, Mrs. J. C. Phillips, $4.
Carn.\tions. — Vase of one hundred cut blooms, one variety with foliage :
1st, S. J. Goddard, Helen Goddard, $10.
Twenty-five blooms of any named Crimson variety:

1st, S. J. Goddard, Octoroon, .$5; 2d, M. A. Patten, Harry Fenn, .$4;
3d, S. J. Goddard, Harry Fenn, $3.
Dark Pink variety:

1st, Miss E. A. Mansfield, Mrs. T. W. Lawson, $.5; 2d, William Whit-
man, Mrs. T. W. Lawson, .$4; 3d, M. A. Patten, Helen Goddard, $3.
Daybreak Pink variety:

1st, C. S. Strout, Enchantress, $5; 2d, S. J. Goddard, Enchantress,
.$4; 3d, Mrs. J. C. Phillips, Enchantress, $3.

182 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Light Pink variety:

1st, Backer & Co., Rose-Pink Enchantress, $5; 2d, S. J. Goddard,
Winsor, $4; 3d, M. A. Patten, Winsor, $3.
Scarlet variety:

1st, S. J. Goddard, Victory, $5; 2d, M. A. Patten, Beacon, $4; 3d,
C. S. Strout, Victory, $3.
White variety:

1st, S. J. Goddard, Lady Bountiful, $5; 2d, C. S. Strout, White Per-
fection, $4; 3d, S. J. Goddard, White Perfection, $3.
White Variegated variety:

1st, Backer & Co., Mrs. M. A. Patten, $5; 2d, M. A. Patten, Variegated
Lawson, $4.
Pansies. — Forty-eight cut blooms, not less than twenty-four varieties:

1st, Mrs. E. M. Gill, $3; 2d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $2.
Violets. — Bunch of one hundred blooms of any Double variety:
1st, H. F. Woods, $3; 2d, H. F. Calder, $2.
Bunch of one hundred blooms of any Single variety:

1st, William Sim, $3; 2d, Estey Bros., $2; 3d, William Sim, $1.
Camellias. — Twelve cut blooms:

1st, Mrs. J. M. Sears, $5.
Winter Flowering Sweet Peas. — Best two vases, distinct varieties,
one hundred blooms of each :
1st, William Sim, $5.

Gratuities : —

J. E. Rothwell, display of Orchids, $30.
Lager & Hurrell, " " " $20.
Harvard Botanic Garden, Display, $30.
Gen. S. M. Weld, " $20.

Thomas Roland, display of Cytisus, $25.
Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of Chorizema, $15.
Thomas Roland, display of Rose Lady Gay, $8.
Mrs. A. W. Blake, Nephrolepis Barrowsi, $8.
Thomas Roland, two plants of Acacia longifolia, $6.
Mrs. Frederick Ayer, two plants of Erica Caffra, $6.
Dr. C. G. Weld, Rhododendron Alice Fitzwilliam, $5.
R. J. Kimball, vase of Antirrhinums, $2.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of Flowers, $3.

May 9 and 10.

Calceolarias. — Six varieties, in pots:

1st, James Crosbie, $15; 2d, James Crosbie, $10.
Pelargoniums. — Six named Show or Fancy varieties, in not less than
eight-inch pots, in bloom:

1st, William Whitman, $10.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 183

Tulips. — Late Single, including Bizarres, Bybloemens, and Roses, twelve
named varieties, one eight-inch pan of each:
1st, William Whitman, $12.
Forty-eight cut blooms, not less than twelve named varieties:
1st, William Whitman, $5.
Hardy Narcissuses. — Collection of fifty vases of not less than ten named
varieties :
1st, Langwater Gardens, $15; 2d, William Whitman, $10.
Pansies. — Forty-eight blooms, not less than twenty-four varieties, in
flat dishes:
Ibt, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $3; 2d, Mrs. E. M. Gill, $2; 3d, Mrs. A. W.
Blake, $1.

Gratuities : — ■

J. T. Butterworth, Lily of the Valley, $5.
Mrs. Frederick Ayer, Spanish Iris, $i.
Langwater Gardens, vase of Phlox Mme. Lingard, $3.
Hon. J. R. Leeson, miscellaneous display of Orchids, $3.
. Miss E. A. Mansfield, Antirrhinums, $1.
W. S. Spaulding, display of Flowers, $15.
Harvard Botanic Garden, display of Flowers, $10.
William Whitman, " " " $3.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " " $2.

Rhododendron Exhibition.
June 6 and 7.

Orchids. — Display of twenty-five plants, arranged for effect, with foliage
plants, in a space eight feet by five feet:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $25.

H. H. Hunnewell Fund.

Rhododendrons. — Largest and best collection, not less than fifteen dis-
tinct varieties, six trusses of each, displayed on beds of moss in
baskets, froin plants that have been grown in the open in Massa-
chussetts for at least three years:
1st, Walter Hunnewell, $20; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $15.

Society's Prizes.

German Irises. — Thirty-six vases of three trusses each, of not less than
twelve varieties:
1st, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $5; 2d, F. J. Rea, $3.

184 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — Distinct species and varieties, not less
than ten genera, grasses admissible, thirty bottles:
1st, Blue Hill Nurseries, $10; 2d, Blue Hill Nurseries, $8.

Gratuities : —

R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Iris and Herbaceous Plants, .$25.

Harvard Botanic Garden, display of Fuchsias, $25.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, " " " $8.

J. E. Rothwell, display of Orchids, $15.

E. J. Shaylor, display of Peonies, $4.

Frederick Mason, vase of Peonies, $2.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, display of German Iris, $5.

C. W. Parker, vase of Iris pallida Dalmatica, $1.

Blue Hill Nurseries, Display, $6.

W. W. Rawson & Co., " $5.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " $4.

James McKissock, " $2.

Rose and Peony Exhibition.
June 13 and 14.

Theodore Lyman Fund.

Hardy Roses. — Twenty-four distinct named varieties, three of each
variety :
1st, W. J. Clemson, $25.

John C. Chaffin Fund.

Best three blooms of any White Hybrid Perpetual Rose:

1st, E. E. Lincoln, $5.
Best three blooms of any Pink Hybrid Perpetual Rose :

1st, E. E. Lincoln, $5.

Society's Prizes.

Twelve named varieties, three of each :

1st, E. E. Lincoln, $15; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $12; 3d, Mrs. -\aron Ward,
$8.
Six named varieties, three of each:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $8; 2d, Mrs. Aaron Ward, $6.
Twenty-four named varieties, one of each:

1st, William Whitman, $10; 2d, Mrs. Aaron Ward, $8.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 185

Twelve named varieties, one of each:

1st, Mrs. Aaron Ward, $6.
Six named varieties, one of each :

1st, Mrs. Aaron Ward, $4.
Best collection of Hybrid Tea Roses:

1st, Mrs. Aaron Ward, $10.
Best three blooms of a variety introduced since 1903:

1st, W. J. Clemson, S3.
Six blooms of Frau Karl Druschki:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3.
Six blooms of Mrs. R. G. Sharman Crawford:

1st, E. E. Lincoln, $3.
Six blooms of Margaret Dickson:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, E. E. Lincoln, .$2.
Six blooms of any other variety:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $2; 3d, Mrs.
Frederick Ayer, $1.
General display, one hundred bottles of Hardy Roses in the Society's
racks :
1st, W. J. Clemson, $15; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $10; 3d, Mrs. E.
M. Gill, $8; 4th, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6; 5th, Frederick Mason, $5.
Sweet Williams. — Display, eighteen vases of three trusses each, not
less than six varieties:
1st, William Whitman, $3; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $2.
Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — Thirty bottles, distinct species and
varieties, not less than ten genera, grasses admissible:
1st, Blue Hill Nurseries, $8; 2d, Blue Hill Nurseries, $6.
Herbaceous Peonies. — Collection of thirty or more varieties, double,
one flower of each :
1st, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $12; 2d, James McKissock, $8; 3d, George
Hollis, $6; 4th, E. J. Shaylor, $4.
Collection of twelve named varieties, double, three flowers of each:
1st, William WTiitman, $12; 2d, E. J. Shaylor, $8; 3d, George Hollis,
$6.
Specimen bloom, double:

1st, James McKissock, Therese, $2; 2d, George Hollis, Aristocrat,
$1.
Collection of twelve or more named varieties, single :

1st, T. C. Thurlow & Co., .$4; 2d, George Hollis, $3.
Collection of twelve or more named varieties, Japanese single, including
all single varieties destitute of pollen:
1st, George Hollis, $4.
Vase of blooms on long stems, arranged for effect in the Society's large
China vases:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $10; 2d, Dr. C. G. Weld, $6; 3d, Frederick
Mason, $4.

186 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Collection of six named double varieties, Wliite, one flower of each:

1st, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $3; 2d, I. L. Blanchard, $2; 3d, Dr. C. S.
Minot, $1.
Rose Pink:

1st, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $3.
Salmon Pink:

1st, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $3.
Red or Crimson:

1st, T. C. Thiirlow & Co., $3.
Vase of twenty- five blooms, double. Blush or White:

1st, T. C. Thurlow & Co., Festiva maxima, $5; 2d, T. C. Thurlow &
Co., M. Dupont, $3; 3d, E. J. Shaylor, Baroness Schroeder, $2.
Pink or Rose:

1st, E. J. Shaylor, Pottsii alba, $5; 2d, T. C. Thurlow & Co., Modeste
Guerin, $3; 3d, William Whitman, Lady Bramwell, $2.
Red or Crimson:

1st, T. C. Thurlow & Co., Felix Crousse, $5; 2d, William Whitman,
Louis Van Houtte, $3; 3d, Frederick Mason, Triomphe du Nord, $2.
Any other color:

1st, William 'Whitman, $5.

{For non-commercial growers only.)

Collection of twelve named varieties, double, one flower of each:

1st, I. L. Blanchard, $6; 2d, William Whitman, $4; 3d, Mrs. J. L.
Gardner, $3.

Gratuities : —

Dr. C. G. Weld, display of Roses, $1.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of Roses and Peonies, $5.

A. H. Fewkes, display of Peonies, $5.

E. J. Shaylor, " " " $4.
William Whitman, '' " " $3.
Frederick Mason, " " " $2.
J. T. Butterworth, Spanish Iris, $2.

T. C. Thurlow & Co., Iris orientalis and var. alba, $2.
C. W. Parker, Iris 'pallida Dalmatica, $1.

F. J. Rea, display of Hardy Flowers, $4.

W. W. Rawson & Co., display of Hardy Flowers, $3.
William Whitman, display of Pyrethrums, $2.
Harvard Botanic Garden, Insectivorous Plants, $3.

awards for plants and flowers. 187

Rose and Strawberry Exhibition.

June 20 and 21.

Hardy Roses. — Collection, named, not less than twelve varieties, filling
fifty vases, one rose in each vase:
1st, Miss S. B. Fay, $12; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $8; 3d, Miss S. B. Fay, $4.
Campanula Medium. — Collection, not less than fifteen bottles :

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $4.; 2d, William Whitman, $3.
Delphiniums. — Display, twelve spikes in twelve different varieties,
named:
1st, William Whitman, $8; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6.
Hakdy Herbaceous Flowers. — Thirty bottles, distinct species and varie-
ties, not less than ten genera:
1st, Blue Hill Nurseries, .$8; 2d, Blue Hill Nurseries, $6.

Gratuities : —

Miss S. B. Fay, display of Roses, $15.

W. A. Riggs, " " " $8.

J. G. Wright, " " " $5.

Frederick Mason, " " " $4.

W. J. Clemson, " " " $2.

Harvard Botanic Garden, display of Water Lilies, $20.

E. J. Mitton, display of Orchids, $10.

William Whitman, display of Sweet Williams and Delphiniums, $3.
W. A. L. Bazeley, Sweet Williams, $2.
Bellevue Greenhouses, Herbaceous Flowers, $4.

F. J. Rea, " " $2.
Mrs. Frederick Ayer, Display, $4.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " $4.

Sweet Pea Exhibition.

July 18 and 19.

Sweet Peas. — Display of thirty distinct named varieties filling thirty
vases, twelve sprays of one variety in each vase, cut with their
own foliage:
1st, E. Jenkins, $8.
Best twelve varieties, named, six sprays of each:

1st, E. Jenkins, $3; 2d, Joseph Thorpe, $2; 3d, Thomas Howden, $1.
Fifty sprays, any named White variety:

1st, E. Jenkins, $3; 2d, Thomas Howden, $2; 3d, W. A. Riggs, $1.

188 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Fifty sprays, Light Pink or Blush:

1st, Thomas Howden, $3; 2d, E. Jenkins, $2; 3d, W. A. Riggs, $1.
Fifty sprays, Rose colored:

1st, Thomas Howden, $3; 2d, W. A. Riggs, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason,
$1.
Fifty sprays. Blue or Purple:

1st, E. Jenkins, $3; 2d, Thomas Howden, $2; 3d, Mrs. Lester Leland,
$1.
Fifty sprays. Lavender:

1st, E. Jenkins, $3; 2d, Thomas Howden, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason, $1.
Fifty sprays. Red or Crimson:

1st, Thomas Howden, $3; 2d, E. Jenkins, $2.
Fifty sprays, Orange or Salmon:

1st, E. Jenkins, $3; 2d, Thomas Howden, $2.
Fifty sprays, any other color:

1st, E. Jenkins, $3; 2d, W. A. Riggs, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason, $1.
Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — Thirty bottles, distinct species and
varieties, not less than ten genera:
1st, Blue Hill Nurseries, $8; 2d, Blue Hill Nurseries, $6; 3d, Bellevue
Greenhouses, $4.

Gratuities : —

Mrs. Lester Leland, Sweet Peas, $4.

Frederick Mason, " " $2.

William Whitman, " " $2.

George HoUis, display of Phloxes, $2.

William Whitman, Phloxes and Herbaceous Flowers, $8.

F. J. Rea, Herbaceous Flowers, $4.

Harvard Botanic Garden, display of Gloxinias, $5.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, Asparagus Sprengeri, $1.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Display, $3.

August 8.

Perennial Phloxes. — Twelve named varieties, one truss of each:

1st, William Whitman, $8; 2d, George Hollis, $6; 3d, T. C. Thurlow
& Co., $4; 4th, Bellevue Greenhouses, $2.
Annuals. — General display, named, not less than thirty species, filling
not less than one hundred bottles:
1st, William Whitman, $10; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $8; 3d, Mrs.
E. M. Gill, S6.

Gratuities : —

William Whitman, display of Phloxes, S3.

Blue Hill Nurseries, display of Herbaceous Flowers and Phloxes, $5.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 189

F. J. Rea, Herbaceous Flowers, $3.
Bellevue Greenhouses, Herbaceous Flowers, $2.
Mrs. A. W. Blake, Display, S3.
William Whitman, " $3.

August 22 and 23.

Perenni.\l Phloxes. — General display, in not less than thirty vases,
named:
1st, T. C. Thurlow & Co., $6; 2d, Blue Hill Nurseries, So; 3d, William
Whitman, $3; 4th, George Hollis, $2.
Gladioli. — Twelve named varieties, one spike of each:

1st, William WTiitman, So; 2d, B. H. Tracy, $3; 3d, William Whit-
man, $2.
Display of named and unnamed varieties, filling one hundred vases,
arranged for effect with any foliage:
1st, B. H. Tracy, $8.
China Asters. — Display of Large Flowered of all classes, named, not
less than fifty vases, three flowers, in each:
1st, Francis Skinner, S6; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $4; 3d, William
Whitman, S2.

Gratuities: —

B. H. Tracy, display of Gladioli, $4.

W'illiam Whitman, " " " $2.

James Garthly, two vases of Gladioli, $2.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of Asters, $1.

William Whitman, display of Herbaceous Flowers, So.

Blue Hill Nurseries, " " " " $4.

Bellevue Greenhouses, " " " " S3.

F. J. Rea, " " " " S2.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of Flowers, $2.

General Autumn Exhibition.

September 11, 12, and 13.

Dahlias. — Show, twenty-four blooms, named varieties:
1st, J. K. Alexander, $4; 2d, Mrs. H. A. Jahn, S3.
Show, twelve blooms, named varieties:

1st, F. L. Tinkham, $3; 2d, Towle Dahlia Gardens, $2; 3d, W. D.
Hathaway, $1.
Fancy, twelve blooms, named varieties:

1st, J. K. Alexander, $3; 2d, W. D. Hathaway, S2; 3d, W. H. Crouff,

190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cactus, twenty-four blooms, named varieties:

1st, W. D. Hathaway, $4; 2d, J. K. Alexander, $3; 3d, Mrs. H. A.
Jahn, $2.
Cactus, twelve blooms, named varieties:

1st, Joseph Thorpe, $3; 2d, F. L. Tinkham, $2; 3d, W. H. Symonds,
$1.
Decorative, twenty-fom* blooms, named varieties:

1st, J. K. Alexander, $4.
Decorative, twelve blooms, named varieties:

1st, W. H. Crouff, $3; 2d, W. D. Hathaway, $2; 3d, Mrs. H. A. Jahn,
$1.
Pompon, twelve vases of three blooms each, named varieties:

1st, Towle Dahlia Gardens, $3; 2d, W. D. Hathaway, $2; 3d, Mrs. H.
A. Jahn, $1.
Pompon, twenty-four vases of thiee blooms each, named varieties:

1st, J. K. Alexander, $4.
Largest and best collection of named varieties, one vase of each :

1st, J. K. Alexander, $8; 2d, Towle Dahlia Gardens, $6; 3d, Dor-
chester Dahlia Farm, $4.

Special Prize offered by W. W. Raivson & Co., Boston.

For the largest and best collection of Cactus Dahlias, to be competed

for by private gardeners only:
W. A. Riggs, a Silver Cup valued at $25.

Society's Prizes.

Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — Thirty bottles, distinct species and
varieties, not less than ten genera :
1st, Blue Hill Nurseries, $10'; 2d, Bellevue Greenhouses, $8; 3d,
Blue Hill Nurseries, $6

Gratuities: — ■

Harvard Botanic Garden, Herbaceous Flowers and Annuals, $15.

F. J. Rea, display of Herbaceous Flowers, $3.

B. H. Tracy, display of Gladioli, $5.

W. C. Winter, display of Petunias and Dahlias, $3.

William Whitman, display of Flowers, $10.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " " $5.

awards for plants and flowers. 191

Chrysanthemum Show.

November 6, 7, 8, .vntd 9.

H. H. Hunnewell Fund.

Hardy Coniferous Trees. — Display in pots or tubs, named:

1st, Joseph Breck & Son, $25; 2d, Xew England Xurseries, §10.

Society's Prizes.

Best AUR.'USfGED group of foliage and flowering plants covering three hun-
dred square feet. Chrysanthemums excluded:
1st, Edward MacMulkin, S50; 2d, Edward MacMulkin, S35.
Orchids. — Best table of Orchids, both plants and flowers, accurately
named :
1st, S. A. Borden, S75; 2d, ^Mieeler & Co., S60; 3d, Edward Mac-
Mulkin, $50.
Chrysanthemums. — Specimen plant, any color or class:

1st, Dr. C. G. Weld, $50; 2d, T. E. Proctor, $30; 3d, Mrs. A. W.
Blake, $20; 4th, T. E. Proctor, $10.
Twenty-five plants, all colors, commercial specimens:

1st, W. H. Elliott, $40.
Twelve plants, single-flowering sorts, not less than three varieties:
1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $15; 2d, W. A. Riggs, $12; 3d, Mrs. Freder-
ick Ayer, $10.
Six plants of six different A'arieties, grown to six stems with one bloom
to each stem, in seven-inch pots:
1st, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $10.

Josiah Bradlee Fund.

Chrysanthemums. — Twenty-five blooms of twenty-five distinct varie-
ties, named:
1st, M. F. Plant, $25; 2d, W. A. Riggs, $15; 3d, P. B. Robb, $10.
Six vases of six named varieties, ten blooms each :
1st, W. S. & J. T. Spaulding, $30.

Henry A. Gane Memorial Fund.

For the best vase of blooms of the Mrs. Jerome'Jones, or the Yellow
IVIrs. Jerome Jones:
1st, James Xicol, §20; 2d, G. W. Knowlton, $10.

Society's Prizes.'^

Twelve blooms, Japanese, named, in vases:
1st, M. F. Plant, §8; 2d, P. B. Robb, §6.

192 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Twelve blooms, Japanese Incurved, named, in vases:

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $8; 2d, W. S. & J. T. Spaulding, $6.
Twelve blooms, Reflexed, named, in vases:

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $8.
Twelve blooms. Anemone, named, in vases:

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $6; 2d, Mrs. J. M. Sears, $4.
Twelve sprays or branches of Pompon, distinct varieties:

1st, P. B. Robb, S5; 2d, Bellevue Greenhouses, $3; 3d, Bellevue
Greenhouses, $2.
Six best varieties, named, introductions of the current yea :

1st, M. F. Plant, $6.
Vase of ten blooms on long stems. Pink, named:

1st, W. A. Riggs, Dr. Enguehard, $10; 2d, M. F. Plant, Morton F.
Plant, $8; 3d, W. S. & J. T. Spaulding, Miss Miriam Hankey, $6.
Red:

1st, W. A. Riggs, Mrs. Henry Partridge, $10.
White:

1st, James Nicol, Merza, $10; 2d, G. W. Knowlton, Merza, $8; 3d,
M. F. Plant, Miss Clay Frick, $6.
Yellow :

1st, W. A. Riggs, Mrs. William Duckham, $10; 2d, M. F. Plant, Col.
D. Appleton, $8.
Any other color:

1st, M. F. Plant, Mrs. J. E. Dunne, $10; 2d, W. A. Riggs, Mrs. J. E.
Dunne, $8; 3d, G. W. Knowlton, W. R. Church, $6.
Twelve vases, Single, twelve distinct varieties, six cut sprays each, not
disbudded :
1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $10: 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $6; 3d, F.
Heeremans, $4.
Best decoration of Chrysanthemums for table of ten covers :

1st, Edward MacMulkin, $40; 2d, Mrs. E. M. Gill, $30; 3d, Sidney
Hoffman, $20; 4th, Sidney Hoffman, $10.
Best vase of one hundred Chrysanthemum blooms in the Society's large
China vases:
1st, W. W, Edgar & Co., $40; 2d, M. F. Plant, $30; 3d, W. W. Edgar
& Co., $20; 4th, Edgar Bros., $10.
Carnations. — Best six vases, fifty blooms each:

1st, William Nicholson, $40; 2d, C. S. Strout, $30; 3d, Backer & Co.,
$20.

Gratuities : —

William Whitman, display of Palms and Chrysanthemums, $25.
Mrs. J. L. Gardner, " " " " " $12.

Sidney Hoffman, decorative group of Palms, Ferns, and Chrysanthe-
mums, $35.
T. E. Proctor, Standard Chrysanthemum plants, $5.
F. W. Fletcher, display of sprays of Single Chrysanthenuims, $4.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 193

Mrs. J. M. Sears, display of Anemone-flowered Chrysanthemums, $4.

Mrs. J. M. Sears, display of Single-flowered Chrysanthemums, $4.

W. H. Elliott, display of pot Chrysanthemums, $5.

Lager & Hurrell, display of Orchids, $15.

Mrs. H. F. Durant, group of Orchids, $5.

William Nicholson, Carnations, $3.

Maugus Valley Conservatories, Carnations, .$2.

Philip Dexter, Carnations, $1.

Edward MacMulkin, Bays and Palms, $10.

Edward MacMulkin, Adiantum Farleyense, $5.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, Erica melanthera, $1.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Alpinia Sanderae, $5.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of cut Flowers, $5.

Gold Medals.

March 20. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., for excellence of quality and arrange-
ment of Spring Flowering Bulbs.
" " Walter Hunnewell, collection of Seedling Amaryllises.

Silver Gilt Medals.

June 6. R.& J. Farquhar & Co., display of Rhododendrons and Kalmias.

Silver Medals.

March 20. J. L. Smith, superior cultivation of Nephrolepis Barrowsi.

" " A. Roper, Carnation Bay State.

" " William Nicholson, Carnation Afterglow.

" " M. H. Walsh, Climbing Rose Arcadia.
November 6. Dr. C. G. Weld, Specimen Chrysanthemum plant.

" " Waban Rose Conservatories, White Killarney Rose.

Bronze Med.'Vls.

June 20. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Spanish Iris.
November 6. J. L. Smith, Zygopetalum Mackayi.

First Class Certificates of Merit.

January 4. W. A. Riggs, Moschosma riparium.

" 25. William Downs, Begonia Gloire de Lorraine.
March 20. E. A. Wood, Carnation Mrs. Geo. A. Frost.
William Sim, Sweet Pea W. W. Smalley.

" Mrs. Alex. Wallace.
" " " " La Marquise.

M. H. Walsh, new Rambler Rose Excelsior.
Julius Roehrs Co., Cattleya Schroderae The Baroness.

194

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

April 25. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Seedling Lilium No. 1 (L. Philippi-

nense X L. longiflorum).

May 9. J. T. Butterworth, Cattleya Mossiae Mrs. Butterworth.

June 6. Blue Hill Nurseries, Lupinus Moerheimii.

" 13. E. J. Shaylor, Peony Georgiana Shaylor.

" 20. Blue Hill Nurseries, Campanula Hximosa.

September 11. L. W. Goodell, collection of Verbenas.

" " Peirce Bros., Chrysanthemum Golden Glow.

November 6. Henry A. Dreer Inc., Nephrolepis Scholzeli.
" " Mrs. H. F. Durant, Vancla Sanderiana

Cultural Certificates.

January 25. William Ritchie, Celsia Arcturus.
March 20. William Downs, Yellow Antirrhinums.

" " William Thatcher, Chorizema glauca.
June 6. Robert Cameron, Cereus speciosus.
August 8. Martin Sullivan, Lilium tigrinum.
November 6. William Thatcher, Alpinia Sander de

Honorable Mention.

January 25. Thomas Watt, Schizocentron elegans.
" " Walter Hunnewell, Corydalis Wilsoni.

" " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Begonia Gloire de Lorraine

perba.
February 1. W. W. Rawson & Co., Begonia Gloire de Sceaux.

" 29. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Rose Tausendschon.
March 20. Walter Hunnewell, Chrysanthemum Evening Star.
W. A. Manda, Seedling Carnation No. 20.
F. C. Green, Roman Hyacinth Excelsior.
W. A. Manda, Asparagus elongatus.
Henry A. Dreer Inc., Marguerite Blush Queen Alexandra.
W. W. Rawson & Co., Lobelia Kathleen Mallard.
" " " " Anchusa Italica and Crocuses.

M. H. Walsh, new Rambler Rose Celeste.
Julius Roehrs Co., Climbing Rose Newport Fairy.
R. &. J. Farquhar & Co., collection of Seedling Lilies.
" " " " display of fifty varieties of Tulips.

H. S. Rand, Magnolia Watso7ii.
R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Peonies.
T. C. Thurlow & Co., display of Peonies.
George HoUis, display of Peonies.

R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Herbaceous Flowers.
F. J. Rea, Rose Ruby King.
July 18. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., new Lilies from North China.
" " " " " " Rudbeckia fulgula.

April

25

May

9.

June

6.

13.

20.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 195

August 8. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Dahlia Mrs. Charles Lanier, and Cac-
tus Dahlia Queen Wilhelmina.
" F. J. Rea, Delphinium hybridum Persimmon.

B. H. Tracy^ Seedling Gladiolus.
22. J. L. Childs, display of Gladioli.
" R. & J. Farquhar & Co., new Dahlias.
" " " " " Herbaceous Flowers.

" B. H. Tracy, Gladioli Dawn and Mme. Butterfly.
September 11. Henry A. Dreer Inc., display of Aquatics.
" " F. W. Fletcher, Marguerite Asters.

" " " " " Violet Baronne Rothschild.

" " " " " Phijsostegia Virginica var. grandiflora.

" " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., gorgeous display of Dahlias and

Foliage Plants.
October 10. W. W. Rawson & Co., display of Dahlias with Autumn
foliage.
" 24. F. C. Becker, Chrysanthemum Yellow Clementine Touset.
November 6. H. H. Barrows & Son, Nephrolepis magnifica.
" " Mrs. R. L. Schaller, Seedling Carnation.

" " Langwater Gardens, Seedling Chiysanthemum.

" " Philip Dexter, Seedling Anemone-flowered Chrysanthe-

mums.

Votes of Thanks.

January 25. Walter Hunnewell, Camellias.
February 1. T. W. Head, Carnation White Perfection.
May 9. W. W. Rawson & Co., display of Tulips.
July 18. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Herbaceous Flowers.
August 8. " " " " display of Lilium auratum, Dahlias,

and Herbaceous Flowers.
" 22. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Lilies.
September 11. C. W. Parker, collection of Roses.

" " Boston Park Department, flowers of Calluna vulgaris,

Buddleia variabilis, and Tamarix sp.
" " Wilfrid 'Wlieeler, Aster Vick's Pink, and Helianthus

multiflorus pi.
" " Gen. S. M. Weld, display of Herbaceous Flowers.

October 10. Mrs. L. A. Towle, Dahlias.

" " A. E. Hartshorn, Tuberous Rooted Begonias.

" " W. W. Rawson &,Co., display of Seedling Dahlias.

November 6. S. J. Renter & Son Co., Rose Mrs. Jardine.

T. D. Hatfield i „

„ Committee

Joseph Clark

Duncan Finlayson
Thomas Roland

on
Plants and Flowers.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS FOR
THE YEAR 1908.

BY WILFRID WHEELER, CHAIRMAN.

Aside from the strawberry the fruit crop of Massachusetts,
with a few rare exceptions and shining examples, might be said
to be picked but not grown; but when a combination of favorable
circumstances occurs, like good weather and a partial freedom from
insects, we manage to harvest a small crop of good fruit. Fruit
growing in Massachusetts and particularly orcharding are not
carried on as a business but rather as a side issue to general farm-
ing. In traveling through the state we see, instead of fine orchards,
neglected, unpruned, unsprayed, and generally uncared-for apple
trees, standing beside walls or in pastures, fighting out their battles
with insects, decay, and fungous diseases; yet, bearing under
these unfavorable conditions fruit, which it is possible to use but
which is capable of great improvement. These apple trees stand
a silent tribute to the quality of our soil for apple production and a
promise of better things to come.

About 1840 Massachusetts had more apple orchards than are
now contained in all New England. These orchards were the
pride of many of the farmers and were good examples of wonderful
tree growth; for the general idea then was that in order to get apples
at all, a very large tree was necessary. Little pruning therefore
was done beyond removing decayed and broken limbs so that the
trees not only rapidly encroached upon each other above ground
but also robbed the soil of its nourishment which was in no way
artificially supplied again. Thus year after year the fruit became
poorer and poorer and the farmer, who could not see the cause of
it all, allowed matters to go from bad to worse, so the case soon
became almost hopeless and we are now, in Massachusetts at least,
confronted with a problem which, if not speedily remedied, will
mean an appleless state.

The actually bearing, cultivated, and cared-for orchards in

197

198 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Massachusetts now number less than three hundred acres. Allow-
ing forty trees to the acre and an average crop of two barrels per
tree the number of barrels of really good apples produced in the
state will be less than 25,000, while we have a population of almost
3,000,000 people capable of consuming one barrel per capita. You
will see from these statistics what a small proportion of the apples
consumed are really grown here. These figures do not include the
large quantities of very poor fruit which are put upon the market
and are taken up at very low prices, hardly paying transportation
charges.

Our nearness to good markets is both a benefit and a detriment
to us for where a distributing point is accessible there is a tendency
to market all of our product, whereas if we had to ship our fruit
long distances it would not pay to send anything but the best, while
inferior grades would naturally find their way to the evaporator
or the cider mill. The apples received here from the West is a
good example of this.

The decline of orcharding in Massachusetts is due not alone to
the neglect of the trees by their owners but also to the repeated
ravages of the many insect pests. Of these pests probably the
worst is the San Jose scale which from the nature of its attack
renders itself less liable to discovery than any other insect. All
kinds of fruit trees are attacked by it and generally the damage is
done before the cause is known. While the state is making prog-
ress toward the suppression of the gypsy and brown-tail moth,
practically nothing is being done in the direction of checking the
spread of the San Jose scale. We have a fairly good law on the
statute books regarding this matter, but the law is inoperative where
persons do not know the scale, and it seems reasonable to ask that
the law which regulates the g}'psy and brown-tail moth should
include the San Jose scale. What we need is a vigorous campaign
of education in relation to insects and fruit; a campaign that will
carry insect knowledge into every school and home in the state,
and make the people see that it is for their benefit to keep down
these various annoying and destructive pests.

Yet, with conditions as outwardly discouraging as they appear,
we have much in the fruit outlook to give us optimism. We have
soils wonderfully adapted to the growing of fruit, suitable climate

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 19&

for the development of all hardy fruits, and, best of all, we are
within easy reach of nearly one-fifth of the population of the United
States, besides having excellent shipping facilities to all foreign ports.
But why, in the light of all these promising conditions, are not men
growing fruit ? Why are not capitalists investing money in Massa-
chusetts fruit lands, while they send thousands to be invested else-
where ? The reason is hard to discover.

There was probably never a more auspicious time to plant fruit
trees in ^Massachusetts than the present. Someone has well said
that the man who does not care for his trees will soon have no
trees to care for; thus leaving the man who does care for his trees
in entire possession of the field. We know that the orcharding of
the future will be on a far different scale from that of the past. In
Massachusetts, at least, small areas will be highly cultivated and
large returns will be the result. Our conditions, where a great
many farmers are tilling small farms, lend themselves to the more
intensive form of agriculture, in contrast to the extensive form
practised in the West. In connection with this intensive form of
fruit growing trees will not be allowed to grow as large as formerly,
thus making spraying, pruning, and the picking of the fruit much
easier; and, until the orchard is producing, quick return crops
will be planted among the permanent trees so that the land will not
only yield an income at once, but, through the thorough cultiva-
tion which the small crop receives, will at the same time very much
benefit the })ermanent trees.

The winter of 1907 and '08 was a very mild one and was followed
by good sj^ring weather which gave promise of excellent fruit con-
ditions. This promise however was not realized for a period of
unusual dryness and heat set in affecting all vegetation and many
newly-set trees died outright and older ones were badly hurt.
The rainfall was over nine inches below normal while the tempera-
ture was over 365 degrees warmer than normal. Largely on account
of these conditions, the fruit crop of the state for 1908 was far below
the average.

The strawberry, however, was an exception to this general rule,
for there was a very good crop and of unusual quality. We are
learning to market this fruit more satisfactorily for where formerly
almost every grower shipped his berries to Boston many are now

200 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

finding that a home market is better; so that the rural districts are
now being supplied with this fruit which was not long ago deemed
of too great value for home consumption.

Of the other small fruits the currant is grown in such small quan-
tities that it plays an insignificant part in the markets of the state
and we look to New York, Ohio, and other western states for our
largest supply, so it seems as if there were an opportunity for an
increased production of this fruit in this state.

Gooseberries, too, are but little grown and our people do not seem
to be alive to the possibilities of this fruit; there is hardly a com-
mercial plantation worthy of the name in the state, and the few
native gooseberries that reach the market are generally the surplus
from the home garden. We import most of this fruit from Nova
Scotia where it is considered one of the most remunerative crops
grown.

Owing to the very dry weather the raspberry and blackberry
crop was almost a total failure, and it was a great disappointment
to see bushes that promised an excellent crop deprived of the
necessary moisture conditions and so fail to mature their fruit.

Grapes, although not a commercial crop in Massachusetts, are
still grown by the amateur and private gardener, and under these
favorable conditions of care and attention did not suffer as much as
other fruits from the dry season, but on the contrary were ripened
to perfection by the hot weather, and many varieties like Diana,
Catawba, and Isabella which do not ordinarily mature in this climate
were known to ripen perfectly.

The peach, plum, and cherry crop was light, but the quality was
excellent. There seems to be a great tendency in these fruits to
overbear, when they bear at all, with the result that either the trees
are killed outright or else they do not bear again for a few years.

The apple crop was a very light one this year and on the whole
sold well considering its poor quality. Pears were abundant and
as a rule small so that this had a tendency to make them cheaper
than last year. All the late fruit was more or less affected by the
very hot dry weather in October when we had real summer condi-
tions, with the thermometer at 75° in the day and 60° at night;
this had a tendency to ripen fruit too fast and consequently the
winter supply will be smaller.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 201

Insects of many kinds were more numerous than last year and
one explanation of this which seems reasonable is, that owing to
the lack of rain the eggs of the insects were not washed off the
foliage, so that where generally one-half to three-quarters of the
eggs are destroyed in this way, our conditions were such that nearly
seven-eighths of the eggs laid were hatched.

We have never had such an outbreak of the various aphides
known as plant lice, and the tender growing shoots of all kinds of
fruit trees and bushes were fairly alive with them. No sooner was
one crop destroyed than another took its place.

Fortunately for the grape the rose bugs did not appear as num-
erous as last year, consequently grape clusters were well filled out.

The gj'psy moth did not work as disastrously as last year and its
ravages seem to be more or less confined to certain areas, while on
the other hand the late summer damage done by the brown-tail
moth was very widespread; we were unfortunate in having high
winds at the time these moths were hatching, consequently large
areas are now infested with them, a future menace to the shade and
fruit trees of the state.

The codling moth and railroad worm are both factors in the
poor quality of the apple crop; while curculio and peach borers
damaged the plum and peach.

Spraying is now more universally practised, but owing to the
lack of knowledge on the part of property owners much of this
work is fruitless.

In spite of all unfavorable conditions the exliibitions for the year
were well filled with good fruit. This can probably be explained
by the fact that many of our exhibitors are amateur growers and
give their trees, bushes, and vines exceptional care so that the
weather conditions do not affect their crops as seriously as they do
when the cultivation is a more or less haphazard affair. No other
department of horticulture shows the result of care and attention
so surely as the fruit crop and we can consider ourselves most
fortunate in having about us men who are making an avocation of
fruit culture. We very much need, too, men who will devote more
of their time to the hybridization of fruit and the originating of
new varieties; for while we have many fine fruits now these are as
capable of improvement as were the varieties of fifty years ago.

202 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

At the June Strawberry Exhibition, which was the largest the
society has held for at least ten years, all classes were well competed
for, and a number of very promising new varieties were shown.
Chief among these was the Barrymore, from H. L. Crane of West-
wood, Massachusetts. This variety has been shown before, but
never in such splendid condition as this year. The berry is won-
derfully attractive; in size it is as large as Marshall and somewhat
similar to it in shape; the color is a bright glossy scarlet, retaining
this color right through the berry. Barrymore is the first straw-
berry to supersede the Marshall in the four-quart contest since
the introduction of the latter berry and it promises to become one
of the leading fancy and commercial berries.

Marshall F. Ewell, the originator of the Marshall Strawberry^
exhibited an attractive new seedling which he has named the
Franklin, but the quality was so poor that the committee did not
consider it worthy of recognition. Mr. Ewell, although in his
eighty-fifth year, still retains his interest in strawberry culture and
now has a number of promising seedlings.

The summer shows were fairly well filled with specimens of
fruit, but our exhibitions still lack a really good showing of the
summer small fruits other than the strawberry. Very seldom do
we see blackberries and raspberries on our tables, and only limited
exhibits of gooseberries and currants; while such fruits as blue-
berries, juneberries, and wineberries are never shown at all. We
ought to have specimens of these fruits brought in each year, for
the time is certainly coming when we shall have these fruits in our
gardens as we now have strawberries and currants.

The hot dry summer was very favorable for the development of
the muskmelon and at our August shows some very fine specimens
were exhibited. James Garthly of Fairhaven, Massachusetts,
brought in some excellent Montreal and Honey Drop melons, and
also a seedling of his called Fairhaven Gem, a cross between the
above named varieties, which for flavor and quality surpasses both
of its parents. Mr. Garthly was awarded a First Class Cultural
Certificate for this melon. All over the state, indeed, muskmelons
were reported in good supply and of the best quality. Practically
no rust was in evidence thus showing that a dry season is favorable
to the best development of this class of fruit.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 203

The Sea Eagle peach exhibited by Walter Hunnewell was awarded
a First Class Cultural Certificate.

The October fruit and vegetable exhibition was the finest which
has been held since the present hall was built and all classes were
well competed for. The beauty of the whole exhibition was greatly
enhanced by a wonderful display of fruited shrubs and vines sent
by the Boston Park Department which exhibit was awarded a
Silver Medal. One particularly attractive and interesting exhibit
was that of Dr. Joseph L. Goodale of Boston. It consisted of many
varieties of seedling grapes.

These varieties were hybridized by Prof. T. V. INIunson of Deni-
son, Texas, and consisted of the following varieties: Amerbonte,
America, Beacon, Brilliant, Captain, Cloeta, Delago, Headlight,
Hidalgo, La Reine, Manito, Mericadel, R. W. Munson, Valhallah,
Wine King, Wapanuka, and Xlnta.

Of the above named varieties the following are recommended
for planting in Massachusetts :

Headlight, similar to Delaware; ripens before Moore's early.

Hidalgo, large, white; ripens before Concord and is of the best
quality.

Manito, dark purple, fine quality, medium sized berry; ripens
with Moore's Early.

Wapanuka, large, white, of best quality; ripens with Concord.

These four varieties have been grown in Massachusetts for seven
years and are perfectly hardy.

The exhibit of almost sixty varieties of pears from Ellwanger
and Barry of Rochester, New York, was very instructive and added
much to the success of the exhibition in general.

The orchard prize which was offered this year by the Society for
the first time has four entries. These entries represent four differ-
ent t}"pes of orcharding that are possible in Massachusetts. One
of the entries is from the western part of the state and is an orchard
of about twenty-five acres planted entirely with Baldwin apples.
Part of this orchard is now bearing and the quality of the fruit was
very good. The position of this orchard is ideal, being planted
on a beautiful hill overlooking a country, wonderful for its apple
possibilities. This orchard is treated in a scientific manner, the
trees are low headed and so shaped that all the fruit hangs on the

204 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

outside of the tree so that nearly all the fruit receives an equal share
of sunshine and air. An orchard situated as this one is cannot
have clean cultivation for unless some sod was left the soil would
wash badly and injure the trees, so a strip between the trees is kept
cultivated and here where the feeding roots of the trees are the ferti-
lizers are applied in the form of wood ashes and manure.

Another orchard nearer Boston represents a different form of
commercial orcharding, for while the first named orchard being far
from a market grows an apple that can be shipped or stored, this
orchard produces only those fall varieties of the best quality which
have to be placed on the market soon after being picked, such as
Mcintosh, Rolfe, Gravenstein, and Wealthy.

Here again the trees are in excellent condition, due largely to a
scientific knowledge of tree culture by the owner, and demonstrates
successfully what a careful man can accomplish with this form of
fruit growing. This orchard is in sod and is fertilized by heavy
applications of manure and wood ashes. The grass which grows
in the orchard is cut in the summer and allowed to decay around
the trees thus making a mulch that is very beneficial to fruit growth
and especially so in a dry season. Spraying, pruning, and thinning
of the fruit are practised so that in form, color, and flavor the
product of this orchard surpasses that of the western orchards
and the prices realized are better.

The third orchard which is located near the sea represents the
amateur type of fruit growing and here a business man of Boston,
himself an enthusiastic fruit grower, spends his spare time delight-
ing in this pleasant avocation, and demonstrating in the most ap-
proved manner the fact that INIassachusetts can produce as good
apples as the far-famed Hood River Valley. The trees here are
in sod and are treated much in the same way as the orchard last
described; pruning and spraying the trees and thinning the fruit
are large factors in the production of these fine apples.

The fourth orchard represents what can be done by the renovat-
ing of old apple trees. This orchard of about fifteen acres is situ-
ated within fifteen miles of Boston. Four years ago it fell into the
hands of a young man who has entirely made over the trees and
from a condition chaotic in the extreme has brought order and
reward that would be hard to equal. The ground under the trees

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS.

205

has been ploughed and harrowed, fertilized with manure, lime, and
wood ashes, and green crops of buckwheat and clover have been
turned under to enrich the soil; all of which has wrought a won-
derful transformation and this year from the same trees that four
years ago produced nothing but worthless apples over $1500 worth
of really good fruit was taken. Part of the orchard is cultivated
by the use of hogs, that not only work over the ground but in
eating the wormy apples prevent the increase of the codling moth
and railroad worm.

Anyone who says that fruit farming is not possible in Massachu-
setts should pay a visit to any one of these four orchards and see
what results can be obtained with good care and scientific treatment.

Such orchards as these if more numerously scattered through the
state would be a great inducement for others to take up orcharding
as a business, and would not only bring material reward to the
planter but would add greatly to the beauty of the state.

It seems to your committee that perhaps some of the money of
the Society could be used to good advantage in the further encourage-
ment of orcharding and fruit planting in Massachusetts.

Market prices for the year have ruled as follows (wholesale):
Strawberries, early, from 15 to 35 cts. per quart.

late.

8

20 "

(( it

Currants

8

12 "

u u

Gooseberries

8

12 "

l( <(

Raspberries

15

25 "

l( l(

Blackberries

10

12 "

tl li

Plums

$2.50

$4.00

a bushel.

Peaches

.75

$2.50

a basket.

Pears, Bartlett,

.75

$1.50

a bushel.

" Bosc,

$1.50

$3.00

a "

Grapes

3

10 cts

alb.

Apples, early,

$1.00

$2.50

a bushel.

" late.

$1.50

$4.00

a barrel.

Some of the newer fruits which seem to be adapted to our climate
and soil and also combine many desirable qualities are Barrymore
strawberry, Perfection currant, Herbert raspberry, Ward black-
berry, and Carman peach. Indeed, this last named fruit bids
fair to solve the peach question for it is one of the very few varieties

206 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

which stand our winters and yet combine with this hardiness,
wonderful quahty, and productiveness.

There were 154 classes open for competition in fruit for 1908
and of these 137 were competed for. There were appropriated
for prizes and gratuities on fruits for 1908, $1270.00; of this $1082.00
was awarded; leaving a balance of $188.00.

Four Silver Medals, two Bronze Medals, and two First Class
Cultural Certificates were awarded by the committee.

The detailed list of awards follows :

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS
1908.

Spring ExHIBITIO^.

March 20, 21, 22 and 23.

For the best collection of Winter Apples, not less than four varieties:
1st, G. V. Fletcher, $5.

Rose and Peony Exhibition.
June 13 and 14.

Gratuity : —
G. V. Fletcher, Marshall Strawberries, $3.

Rose and Strawberry Exhibition.
June 20 and 21.

Theodore Lyman Fund.

Strawberries. — Four quarts of any variety:

1st, H. L. Crane, Barrymore, $10; 2d, H. A. Clark, ^Marshall, $8; 3d,
G. V. Fletcher, Golden Gate, $6; 4th, Mrs. J. C. Phillips, Marshall,
$5; 5th, S. H. Warren, Golden Gate, $4.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS. 207

Benjamin H. Pierce Fund.

Two quarts of any variety introduced since 1905 :

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, Golden Gate, $5; 2d, A. W. Clark, Ashton, $5;
3d, Wilfrid Wheeler, Hundred Dollar, $2.

Society's Prizes.

For the best collection of fifteen baskets of two quarts each, and not
less than six varieties:

1st, G. F. Wheeler, $20; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $15; 3d, I. E. Coburn, $10.
Six baskets of one quart each, and of six varieties:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $6; 2d, I. E. Coburn, $5; 3d, G. F. Wheeler, $4.
Five baskets of two quarts each, of one variety:

1st, H. L. Crane, Barrymore, $10; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Marshall, $8;
3d, I. E. Coburn, Sample, $6.
For the best display of any new Seedling Strawberry not yet introduced:

1st, H. L. Crane, Barrymore, a Silver Medal; 2d, A. W. Clark, King
Edward, $5.
For the luost tastefully arranged centerpiece of strawberries and foliage
for a dinner table:

1st, Emily L. Wheeler, $8; 2d, I. E. Coburn, $6; 3d, John Ward, $4.
Two quarts of Abington:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, $2; 3d, G. F. Wheeler, $1.
Brandy wine :

1st, I. E. Coburn, $3; 2d, Wilfrid WTieeler, $2.
Bubach:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3.
Cardinal :

1st, G. F. Wlieeler, $3; 2d, A. W. Clark, $2.
Glen Mary:

1st, S. H. Warren, $3; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, $2; 3d, G. F. Wheeler, $1.
Haverland :

1st, I. E. Coburn, $3.
Marshall :

1st, H. A. Clark, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, John Ward, $1.
Minute Man:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3: 2d, G. F. Wlieeler, $2.
Sample :

1st, I. E. Coburn, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, John Ward, $1.
Senator Dunlap:

2d, WUfrid Wheeler, $2.
Any other variety:

1st, H. L. Crane, Barrymore, $4; 2d, H. A. Clark, Golden Gate, $3;
3d, S. H. Warren, Hub, $2; 4th, G. V. Fletcher, Golden Gate, $1.

208 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cherries. — Two quarts of any Red variety:

1st, J. H. Fletcher, Royal Ann, $2; 2d, C. B. Travis, Elton, $1.
Two quarts of any Black variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Black Tartarian, $2; 2d, C. B. Travis, Black
Eagle, $1.

Sweet Pea Exhibition.

July 18 and 19.

Raspberries. — Two quarts of Cuthbert:

2d, W. A. Riggs, $1.
Currants. — Two quarts of any Red variety:

1st, W. G. Kendall, Wilder, $3; 2d, William Whitman, Fay's Prolific,
$2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, Versaillaise, $1.
Two quarts of any White variety:

1st, W. G. Kendall, White Grape, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, White Grape,
$2; 3d, William Whitman, White Grape, $1.
Collection, six baskets, one quart each, not less than three varieties:
2d, G. V. Fletcher, $6.
Gooseberries. — Collection of six baskets, one quart each, not less than
three varieties:
1st, J. S. Chase, $5.
Two quarts of Chautauqua:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, J. S. Chase, $2.
Two quarts of any other variety of American origin :

1st, W. G. Kendall, Bates, $3; 2d, J. S. Chase, Triumph, $2; 3d,
Wilfrid Wheeler, Columbus, $1.
Two quarts of Industry:

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, $3; 2d, W. A. Riggs, $2; 3d, Wilfrid
Wheeler, $1.
Two quarts of any other variety of Foreign origin :
1st, J. S. Chase, Ashton, $3.

August 8.

Apples. — Red Astra chan:

1st, E. E. Cole, $3; 2d, Sarah A. Wheeler, $2; 3d, J. S. Chase, $1.
Sweet Bough:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3.
Any other variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Williams, $4; 2d, H. A. Clark, Oldenburg, $3;
3d, H. A. Clark, Williams, $2; 4th, G. F. Wheeler, Williams, $1.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS. 209

Peaks. — Any variety:

1st, E. B. Wilder, Clapp's Favorite, $4; 2d, J. L. Bird, Giffard, $3;
3d, W. Heustis & Son, Clapp's Favorite, $2; 4th, E. B. Wilder,
Brandywine, $1.
Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety:

1st, M. W. Chadbourne, Dorchester, $3.
Peaches. — Open culture, any variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Greensboro, $3; 3d, F. H. Evans, Waddell, $1.

August 15.
Gratuities: — -

H. H. Rogers, collection of Muskmelons, $5.

James Garthly, Muskmelon Fairhaven Gem, First Class Certificate of
Merit.

August 22 and 23.

Apples. — Chenango:

1st, E. E. Cole, $3; 3d, G. L. Brown, $1.
Duchess of Oldenburg:

1st, J. Corey & Son, $3; 2d, H. A. Clark, $2; 3d, W. P. Milner, $1.
Sweet Bough :

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, E. B. Parker, S2.
Williams :

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, H. A. Clark, $2; 3d, F. W. Dahl, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, Gravenstein, $4; 2d, J. Corey & Son, Garden
Royal, $3; 3d, E. E. Cole, Gravenstein, $2; 4th, G. F. Root, Twenty
Ounce, $1.
Melons. — Four specimens:

1st, H. H. Rogers, Farquhar's Honey Drop, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason,
Tip Top, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason, Long Island Beauty, $1.
Pears. — Clapp's Favorite:

1st, E. B. Wilder, $3; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $2; 3d, H. A. Clark, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, E. B. Wilder, Brandywine, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Bartlett, $2;
3d, F. W. Dahl, Tyson, $1.
Peaches. — For the largest and best collection, twelve specimens of each
variety :
1st, E. B. Parker, $6; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $4.
Greensboro :

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, E. B. Parker, $2.
Any other variety:

1st, W. P. Hutchinson, Carman, $3; 2d, H. G. Spring, Carman, $2;
3d, D. L. Fiske, St. John, $1.
Plums, Japanese. — Abundance:
1st, Frederick Mason, $2.

210 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Burbank:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3; 2d, O. B. Kenrick, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason,
$1.
Any other variety:

1st, W. P. Hutchinson, Lincoln, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Bradshaw, $2;
3d, O. B. Kenrick, Bradshaw, $1.
For the best collection of eight plates of plums, not less than five varieties,
all classes admissible:
1st, W. P. Hutchinson, $5; 2d, E. B. Parker, $4.

Gratuities : —

Frederick Mason, collection of Melons, $2.

Walter Hunnewell, Sea Eagle Peach, First Class Certificate of Merit.

General Autumn Exhibition.
September 11, 12, and 13.

Special Prizes.

Foreign Grapes. — Collection of not less than four varieties, two bunches
of each:
1st, Mrs. J. C. Whitin, $25.

Benjamin V. French Fund.

Apples. — Gravenstein:

1st, E. E. Cole, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, H. A. Clark, $1.

Marshall P. Wilder Fund.

Pears. — Bartlett:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, J. L. Bird, $1.

Society's Prizes.

Apples. — Mcintosh:

1st, L. F. Priest, $3; 2d, E. B. Parker, $2.
Porter:

1st, Wilfrid \^aieeler, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2.
Any other variety:

1st, E. E. Cole, Maiden's Blush, $4; 2d, W. G. Kendall, McLellan, $3;
3d, W. G. Kendall, Maiden's Blush, $2; 4th, E. E. Cole, Holland
Pippin, $1.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS. 211

Melons. — Sweet:

1st, Joseph Thorpe, Tip Top, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, Tip Top, $2;
3d, Frederick Mason, Montreal, $1.
Watermelons. —

1st, Joseph Thorpe, Halbert Honey, $3; 2d, State Hospital, Taunton,
Sugarstick, $2; 3d, State Hospital, Taunton, Halbert Honey, $1.
Pears. — Any variety, ripe, Bartlett excepted:

1st, F. W. Kurth, Belle Lucrative, $4; 2d, E. B. Wilder, President,
$3; 3d, F. W. Dahl, Tyson, $2; 4th, W. C. Winter, Boussock, $1.
Peaches. — Collection of not less than four varieties:
1st, G. V. Fletcher, ,S8; 2d, E. B. Parker, .$4.
Champion:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 2d, E. B. Parker, $1.
Elberta:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, .$3; 2d, E. B. Parker, $2.
Foster:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 2d, J. L. Bird, $1.
Mountain Rose:

2d, E. B. Parker, $1.
Oldmixon Freestone:

1st, E. B. Parker, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2.
Any other variety:

1st, H. A. Clark, Crawford's Early, $4; 2d, E. B. Parker, Niagara, $3;
3d, J. L. Bird, Crawford's Early, $2; 4th, E. B. Parker, Belle of
Georgia, $1.
Plums. — Collection of not less than four varieties, twelve specimens of
each:
1st, W. P. Hutchinson, $5; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $3.
Single plate of any variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Bradshaw, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Yellow Egg,
$2; 3d, W. P. Hutchinson, Monarch, $1.
Japanese Plums. — Collection of not less than four varieties, twelve
specimens of each:
1st, E. B. Parker, $5.
Single plate of any variety:

1st, E. B. Parker, Chabot, $3; 2d, W. P. Hutchinson, Wickson, $2;
3d, E. B. Parker, October Purple, .$1.
Native Grapes. — For the best White grape:

1st, E. E. Lincoln, Green Mountain, $3; 2d, C. W. Libby, Moore's
Diamond, $2; 3d, W. G. Kendall, Green Mountain, $1.
For the best Red grape:

1st, W. G. Kendall, Delaware, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Brighton, .S2;
3d, J. S. Chase, Delaware, $1.
For the best Purple Grape:

1st, W. G. Kendall, Worden, $3; 2d, J. S. Chase, Worden, $2; 3d,
Frederick Mason, Eaton, .$1.

212 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For the best collection of five varieties, three bunches of each:

1st, Frederick Mason, $5; 2d, C. W. Libby, $4; 3d, J. S. Chase, $3.
For the best collection of seasonable fruit arranged for effect with
foliage, not to cover a space larger than four by six feet:
1st, G. V. Fletcher, $10.

Gratuities : —

L. F. Priest, collection of Apples, $2
E. R. Farrar, Worden Grapes, $1.
" " " Concord Grapes, $1.

Annual Exhibition of Fruits and Vegetables.

October 10 and 11.

Theodore Lyman Fund.

Apples. — For the best collection of six varieties of Fall Apples; speci-
mens to be ripe and twelve of each:
1st, E. E. Cole, $12; 2d, L. F. Priest, $10; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, $8.

Samuel Appleton Fund.

Apples. — Baldwin:

1st, L. F. Priest, $3; 2d, R. W. Ward, $2; 3d, C. E. Swain, $1.
Hubbardston:

1st, L. F. Priest, $3; 2d, R. W. Ward, $2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn, $1.
Pears. — Bosc:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3; 2d, H. A. Clark, $2; 3d, J. B. Shurtleff,
Jr., $1.
Sheldon:

1st, Elbridge Torrey, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2; 3d, H. A. Clark, $1.

Benjamin V. French Fund.

Apples. — Rhode Island Greening:

1st, E. E. Cole, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, H. A. Clark, $1.

Marshall P. Wilder Fund.

Pears. — Anjou:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, E. B. Wilder, $2; 3d, F. W. Kurth, $1.
Grapes. — Concord, twelve bunches:

1st, C. F. Hayward, $3; 2d, E. E. Lincoln, .$2.
Worden:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $3.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS. 213

Society's Prizes

Apples. — For the best six varieties of Winter Apples, twelve specimens of
each :

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $12; 2d, E. E. Cole, $10; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, $8.
Belleflower :

1st, G. F. Wheeler, $3; 2d, W. H. Stone, $2; 3d, O. E. Swain, $1.
Fameuse :

1st, E. E. Cole, .$3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2.
Gravenstein :

1st, Elliott Moore, $3; 2d, L. F. Priest, $2; 3d, E. E. Cole, $1.
Hunt Russet:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $2; 2d, G. F. Wheeler, $1.
Maiden Blush:

1st, E. E. Cole, $3; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $2.
Mcintosh:

1st, L. F. Priest, $3; 2d, H. A. Clark, .$2; 3d, J. Corey & Son, $1.
Northern Spy:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, E. E. Cole, $1.
Rolfe:

1st, L. F. Priest, $3.
Roxbury Russet:

1st, L. F. Priest, $3; 2d, E. E. Cole, $2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn, $1.
Sutton:

1st, H. A. Clark, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, $1.
Tompkins County King:

1st, J. Corey & Son, $3; 2d, C. A. Campbell, $2; 3d, E. E. Cole, $1.
Twenty Ounce:

1st, H. A. Clark, $3.
Tolman Sweet:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, E. E. Cole, .$2; 3d, G. H. Cuthbertson, $1.
Wealthy:

1st, J. Corey & Son, .$3; 2d, L. F. Priest, $2.
Any other variety, ripe:

1st, E. E. Cole, Alexander, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Porter, $2; 3d,
J. Corey & Son, Fanny, $1.
Any other variety, not ripe:

1st, C. E. Swain, Spitzenburgh, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, Canada Red,
$2; 3d, L. F. Priest, Palmer Greening, $1.
Pears. — For the best collection of Pears, not more than twelve plates of
twelve specimens each, and not less than six varieties:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $10; 2d, E. B. Wilder, .$S; 3d, F. W. Kurth, $6; 4th,
J. L. Bird, .$5.
Angouleme ■

1st, Elbridge Torrey, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2; 3d, F. W. Kurth, $1.

214 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Clairgeau :

1st, W. J. Wheeler, $3; 2d, F. W. Kurth, $2; 3d, F. W. Dahl, $1.
Cornice:

1st, J. L. Bird, $3; 3d, E. E. Lincoln, $1.
Dana's Hovey:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, F. W. Damon, $1.
Josephine of Malines:

1st, J. B. Shurtleff, Jr., $2; 2d, J. L. Bird, $1.
Lawrence :

1st, S. D. Crafts, $3; 2d, G. D. Moore, $2; 3d, F. W. Kurth, $1.
Louise Bonne of Jersey:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, F. W. Kurth, $2.
Marie Louise:

1st, Elbridge Torrey, $2.
Onondaga:

1st, C. B. Travis, $2; 2d, J. L. Bird, $1.
Urbaniste:

1st, J. L. Bird, $2; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $1.
Seckel :

1st, W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, L. F. Priest, $2; 3d, W. J. Wheeler, $1.
Vicar :

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, E. B. Wilder, $2; 3d, F. W. Kurth, $1.
Worden Seckel:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $3.
Any other variety:

1st, C. E. Swain, Mt. Vernon, $4; 2d, F. W. Dahl, Winter Nelis, $3;
3d, F. W. Dahl, Sieulle, $2; 4th, W. J. Wheeler, Frederick Clapp, $1.
Quinces. — Any variety:

1st, L. F. Priest, Champion, $4; 2d, G. G. Barker, Orange, $3; 3d,
F. H. Jackman, Orange, $2; 4th, W. G. Kendall, Meech, $1.
Peaches. — Any variety:

1st, D. L. Fiske, Elberta, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Elberta, $2; 3d,
D. L. Fiske, Late Crawford, $1.
Plums. — Any variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Yellow Egg, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Lombard, $2;
3d, Elliott Moore, German Prune, $1.
Native Grapes. — Not girdled. For the best collection of hardy, native
grapes, not less than six varieties, of three bunches each:
1st, C. W. Libby, $10; 2d, J. S. Chase, $8; 3d, J. B. Shurtleff, Jr.,
$6.
Six bunches of Brighton:

1st, C. W. Libby, $3; 2d, J. S. Chase, $2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, $1.
Delaware :

1st, C. W. Libby, $3; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $2; 3d, J. S. Chase, SI.
Herbert :

1st, C. W. Libby, $2; 2d, J. S. Chase, $1.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS. 215

Isabella:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $2.
Lindley :

1st, C. W. Libby, $2.
Moore's Diamond:

1st, C. W. Libby, $3 2d, J. Bauernfeind, $2.
Niagara :

1st, J. Bauernfeind, $3; 2d, C. F. Hay ward, $2; 3d, J. S. Chase, $1.
Prentiss :

1st, J. S. Chase, $2.
Salem:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $2; 2d, J. L. Bh'd, $1.
Vergennes :

1st, J. S. Chase, $2.
Any other variety:

1st, Mrs. R. Goodnough, Eaton, $4; 2d, F. H. Jackman, Pocklington,
$3; 3d, C. W. Libby, Diana, $2; 4th, J. S. Chase, WUder, $1.
Any other variety, girdled:

1st, E. E. Lincoln, Concord, $3; 2d, W. G. KendaU, Isabella, $2.

Special Prizes.

Cranberries. — Half-peck of any variety:

1st, L. J. Fosdick, McFarlins, $2.
Native Nuts. — Collection of at least four varieties, one quart of each :

1st, D. L. Fiske, $3; 2d, W. S. Wheeler, $2.
Collection of Native Fruit exhibited by the grower, arranged in a
space not to exceed four by six feet:
1st, G. V. Fletcher, $20.
For the best Fruit shown at the exhibitions of 1908:
G. V. Fletcher, Silver Medal.

Gratuities : — ■

J. L. Bird, collection of Pears, $3.

L. F. Priest, Hyslop Crabapples, $2.

M. J. Handley, " " $1.

S. H. Warren, Strawberries Pan American and Autumn, $1.

Ellwanger & Barrj^, collection of Pears, Silver Medal.

Boston Park Department, display of Fruited Shrubs, Silver Medal.

T. E. Smith, display of Apples, Bronze Medal.

J. L. Goodale, Seedling Grapes, Bronze Medal.

216 massachusetts horticultural society.

Chrysanthemum Show.
November 6, 7, 8, and 9.

For the most tastefully decorated table of fruit, eight by six feet:
1st, I. H. Locke & Co., $40; 2d, Edward MacMulkin, $30.

Gratuities : —

E. B. Wilder, display of Pears, $2.

Edward MacMulkin, table of Apples and Pears, $3.

Benjamin Shurtleff, Rome Beauty and Gilpin Apples, $1.

Wilfrid Wheeler 1 Committee
William Thatcher > on

Edward B. Wilder J Fruits.

REPORT OF THE COIVIMITTEE ON VEGETABLES FOR
THE YEAR 1908.

BY JOSIAH B. SHURTLEFF, JR., CHAIRMAN.

The Vegetable Committee is pleased to state that, considering
the exceptionally dry season, the exhibitions, as a whole, for the
vear 1908 were of unusual merit.

Keen interest has been taken by the exhibitors and competition
has been very close in most of the classes.

There were ten exhibitions, all of which were unusually well
attended and the visitors as well as exhibitors were well pleased
with the remarkably fine cjuality of the vegetables.

INIiddlesex County has always led in the growing of vegetables
in Massachusetts, but this year it has been defeated by our friends
from Tavmton who have won more than half of the prizes offered.

In ]May the displays were both large and of excellent quality
and included sweet corn, green peas, string beans,^ and cauliflower.

In June a First Class Certificate of ^Nlerit was awarded Farquhar's
new tomato. In July onions of unusual size were displayed by
W. J. Clemson.

In September the new English variety of tomato (Cannon Ball)
was a special feature. It is an ideal variety for table use and was
given Honorable Mention.

The October show was the largest of the season and had the keen-
est of competition in most all classes. The quality was unusually
fine and the salad collections were large and intensely interesting.

The November displays were large and of excellent quality and
the celery was exceptionally well grown.

The amount awarded for prizes and gratuities during the year
was 1940; there were also awarded two Silver ]\Iedals and one
Bronze INIedal.

One of the Silver Medals was awarded in March to F. E. Cole
of Beverly for superior cultivation of vegetables grown under
glass, and the committee feels that this class of vegetables should
be encouraged to a greater extent.

217

218 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR VEGETABLES.

1908.
January 25.

Cauliflowers. — Four specimens:

1st, M. J. Handley, $3.
Celery.— Four roots:

1st, Frederick Mason, Pascal, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, Nott's Mag-
nificent, $2.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, G. D. Moore, $3.
Parsley. — Four quarts :

1st, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $2.
Radishes. — Four bunches:

3d, W. J. Clemson, $1.
Salsify. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Frederick Mason, Mammoth Sandwich Island, $3; 2d, W. J.
Clemson, Mammoth Sandwich Island, $2 ; 3d, W. J. Clemson, White
French, $1.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

2d, W. J. Clemson, Comet, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson, Stirling Castle, $1.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than four varieties:

1st, Frederick Mason, $5; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $3.

Spring Exhibition.

March 20, 21, 22, and 23.
William J. Walker Fund.

Cucumbers. — Four:

1st, W. W. Rawson & Co., $3.
Dandelions. — Peck:

2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2.
Lettuce.— Four heads:

1st, W. W. Rawson & Co., $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2.
Parsley. — Four quarts :

1st, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $2; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $1.
Radishes. — Four bunches:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3.
Collection of Veget.\bles. — ■ Not less than four varieties:

2d, Vincent Buitta, $3.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES. 219

Gratuity : —
F. E. Cole, superior cultivation of vegetables under glass, a Silver Medal.

May Exhibition.

May 9 and 10.

William J. Walker Fund.

Asparagus. — Four bunches, twelve stalks each :

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, $3; 2d, W. S. & J. T. Spaulding, $2; 3d,
W. J. Clemson, $1.
Beets. — Twelve specimens:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, S3.
Cucumbers. — Four White Spine:

1st, G. D. Moore, $3.
Dandelion. — Peck:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3; 2d, George Page, $2; ,3d, W. J. Clemson,
$1.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, W. S.
& J. T. Spaulding, $1.
Parsley. — Four quarts:

1st, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $2; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $1.
Radishes. — Four bunches:

1st, G. D. Moore, $3; 2d, State Hospital, Taunton, $2.
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, open culture:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, State Hospital, Taunton, $2; 3d, George
Page, $1.
Collection of Vegetables grown in 1908. — Not less than four varieties:

1st, W. S. & J. T. Spaulding, $5; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $-3.

Rhododendron Exhibition.

June 6 and 7.
Theodore Lyman Fund.

Asparagus. — Four bunches, twelve stalks each :

1st, G. F. Wheeler, $3; 2d, State Hospital, Taunton, $2; 3d, W. J.
Clemson, $1.
Beets. — Twelve specimens, open culture:

1st, W. W. Rawson & Co., .S3; 3d, State Hospital, Taunton, $1.

220 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Carrots. — Four bunches:

1st, W. W. Rawson, $3; 3d, W. J. Clemson, $1.
Cucumbers. — Four:

1st, W. S. & J. T. Spaulding, $4; 2d, G. D. Moore, $3; 3d, W. W.
Rawson & Co., $2.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $4; 2d, Frederick Mason, •'$3; 3d, Frederick
Mason, $2; 4th, W. J. Clemson, $1.
Radishes. — Four bunches:

1st, W. W. Rawson & Co., $3; 2d, G. D. Moore, $2; 3d, W. Heustis &
Son, $1.
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, open culture:

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, George
Page, $1.
Spinach — Peck:

1st, Frederick Mason, S3; 2d, State Hospital, Taunton, $2; 3d, W. J.
Clemson, $1.
Collection of Vegetables grown in 1908. — Not less than four varie-
ties, decorative arrangement to be considered:
1st, W. S. & J. T. Spaulding, $5; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $3.

Gratuity : —

W. Heustis & Son, Onions, SI.

Rose and Strawberry Exhibition.

June 20 and 21.

Beets. — Twelve, open culture:

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, G. D.
Moore, SI.
Cabbages. — Four specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, S3; 2d, G. D. Moore, $2; 3d, G. D. Moore, $1.
Carrots. — Four bunches:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn,
$1.
Cucumbers. — Four specimens:

1st, G. D. Moore, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, ^Y. J. Clemson, SI.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, William Whitman, S3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, State Hos-
pital, Taunton, SI.
Peas. — Gradus, half-peck:

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, S3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, A.
E. Hartshorn, $1.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES. 221

Eclipse or Nott's Excelsior:

1st, Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, State Hospital, Taunton, $2; 3d, W.
J. Clemson, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, J. B. Shurtleff,
Jr., $1.
Onions. — Twelve specimens:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, .$2; 3d, State Hospital,
Taunton, $1.
Collection of Veget.\bles. — Not less than six varieties, decorative
arrangement to be considered:
1st, W. J. Clemson, $5; 2d, W. S. & J. T. Spaulding, $4.

Gratuities: —

Frederick Mason, Broad-leaved Endive, $1.

William Downs, Farquhar's New Tomato, First Class Certificate of
Merit.

Sweet Pea Exhibition.
July 18 and 19.

Beans. — Half-peck of Wax:

1st, Mrs. E. J. Whitney, $3; 2d, Joseph Thorpe, $2; 3d, Frederick
Mason, $1.
Half-peck of Green:

1st, Mrs. E. J. Whitney, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, .$2; 3d, Mrs. E. J.
Whitney, -11.
Beets. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Frederick Mason, .'i;2; 2d, State Hospital, Taunton, .$1.
Cabbages. — Four specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, Frederick
Mason, $1.
Cucumbers. — Four specimens:

1st, G. D. Moore, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $1.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, W. J. Clemson, .$3; 2d, Frederick Mason, Big Boston, $2; 3d,
Frederick Mason, Deacon, $1.
Onions. — Twelve specimens:

1st, W. J. Clemson, Danvers, .$3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, Ailsa Craig, $2;
3d, W. J. Clemson, Prize Taker, $1.
Peas. — Half-peck, late varieties:

1st, E. Jenkins $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, .12; 3d, Frederick Mason, $1.
Squashes. — Summer, Long Warted:

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, W.
Heustis & Son, $1.

222 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Summer Scallop, four specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3; 2d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $2; 3d, William
Whitman, $1.
Collection op Vegetables. — Not less than four varieties, decorative
arrangement to be considered:
1st, Frederick Mason, $5.

Gratuities : —

Frederick Mason, Sweet Corn, $1.
William Whitman, Collection, $1.

August 22 and 23.

Beans. — Two quarts, shelled, not Lima:

1st, Frederick Mason, .S3; 2d, State Hospital, Taunton, $2; 3d,
Aaron Low, $1.
Cabbages. — Three specimens:

1st, State Hospital Taunton, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d,
Frederick Mason, $1.
Celery. — Four roots of any variety :

1st, Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, State Hospital, Taunton, $2; 3d, W.
Heustis & Son, $1.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

3d, Frederick Mason, $1.
Onions. — Twelve specimens :

1st, W. J. Clemson, Danvers, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, Prize Taker, $2;
3d, W. J. Clemson, Ailsa Craig, $1.
Peppers. — Twelve specimens. Bell or Bull Nose: .

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2.
Any other variety:

1st, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, State
Hospital, Taunton, $1.
Potatoes. — Twelve specimens of any variety:

1st, Frederick Mason, New Queen, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, Clark's
No. 1, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason, Hebron, $1.
Squashes. — Marrow, three specimens:

1st, Frederick Mason, Frost's Marrow, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason,
Dunlap, $2; 3d, W. Heustis & Son, $1.
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears of Crosby:

1st, Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2.
Any other variety:

1st, Frederick Mason, Columbus Market, S3; 2d, Frederick Mason,
Stowell's Evergreen, $2 ; 3d, Frederick Mason, Potter's Excelsior, $1.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES. 223

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, William Whitman, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, State Hos-
pital, Taunton, $1.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than six varieties, decorative
arrangement to be considered:
1st, State Hospital, Taunton, $5; 2d, Mrs. E. J. Whitney, $3.

General Autumn Exhibition.

September 11, 12, and 13.

Beans. — Two quarts of Lima:

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, $3; 2d, G. B. Gill, .$2; 3d, Mrs. E. M.
Gill, $1.
Beets. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Frederick Mason, .S3; 2d, State Hospital, Taunton, $2; 3d,
Frederick Mason, SI.
Cabbages. — Three of any variety, trimmed:

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, $3; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $2.
Celery. — Four roots:

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, .$3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2.
Onions. — Twelve specimens:
1st, Frederick Mason, $3.
Parsnips. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Frederick Mason, Bobbie's Selected, $3; 2d, Frederick IMason,
Early Model, $2.
Squashes. — Marrow, three specimens:

1st, Frederick Mason, Frost's Marrow, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason,
Dunlap, .S2.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens :

1st, E. B. Wilder, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, Stone, .$2; 3d, Frederick
Mason, Matchless, %1.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than six varieties, decorative
arrangement to be considered:
1st, Frederick Mason, $8; 2d, State Hospital, Taunton, $5.

Gratuities : —

Aaron Low, Golden Queen Tomato, $1.

Mrs. H. F. Durant, Sweet Potatoes, $1.

Gen. S. M. Weld, Egg Plants, $1.

Dorchester Dahlia Gardens, Canada Crookneck Squash, $1.

F. S. DeLue, Cannon Ball Tomato, Honorable Mention.

224 massachusetts horticultural society.

Annual Exhibition of Fruits and Vegetables.

October 10 and 11

Beets. — Twelve specimens:

1st, W. W. Rawson & Co., $3; 2d, State Hospital, Taunton, $2; 3d,
W. Heustis & Son, $1.
Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck:

1st, Elliott Moore, fS; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason,
$1.
Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, trimmed:

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, $3: 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d,
Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $1.
Three Savoy, trimmed:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $2; 3d, W. J. Clem-
son, $1.
Three Red, trimmed:

1st, Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, .$2; 3d, Frederick
Mason, $1.
Carrots. — Twelve Long Orange:

1st, Elliott Moore, $3; 2d, J. A. Nixon, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason, $1.
_ Twelve Intermediate :

1st, Frederick Mason, .$3; 2d, State Hospital, Taunton, $2; 3d,
Elliott Moore, $1.
Cauliflowers. — Four specimens:

1st, W. H. Teele, $4; 2d, M. J. Handley, $3; 3d, DeSouza Bros., $2.
Celery. — Four roots of Paris Golden:

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2; 3d,
J. A. Nixon, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, J. A. Nixon, $2; 3d, State Hospital,
Taunton, $1.
Corn, Sweet. — Twelve ears:

1st, Frederick Mason, Mammoth, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, Columbus,
$2; 3d, W. J. Clemson, U.
Cucumbers. — Four White Spine:

1st, W. W. Rawson & Co., $4; 2d, N. F. Comley, $3.
Four of any other variety:
1st, N. F. Comley, $3.
Culinary Herbs, Green. — Collection, named: '

1st, J. A. Nixon, $4; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3; 3d, Mrs. A. A. War-
burton, $2.
Egg Plants. — Four Round Purple:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, .$3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, State Hospi-
tal, Taunton, $1.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES. , 225

Endive. — Curled, four specimens:

1st, Vincent Buitta, .S3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson,
SI.
Broad Leaf or Escarol, four specimens:

1st, Vincent Buitta, S3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, Vincent Buitta,
$1.
Leeks. — Twelve specimens:

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, S3; 2d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, .$2; 3d,
A. E. Hartshorn, SI.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, William Whitman, Salamander, $3; 2d, William Whitman, Sut-
ton's, $2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn, SI.
Cos or Romaine, four heads:

1st, J. A. Nixon, Black Seeded, $3; 2d, William Whitman, .S2; 3d,
J. A. Nixon, WTiite Seeded, $1.
Onions. — Twelve Danvers:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, J. A. Nixon, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason, SI.
Twelve Red:

1st, Frederick Mason, .S3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, J. A. NLxon, $1.
Twelve White:

1st, Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, S2; 3d, Mrs. A. A.
Warburton, SI.
Paksley. — Four quarts:

1st, William Whitman, S3; 2d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $2; 3d, Mrs. A.
A. Warburton, $1.
Parsnips. — Long, twelve specimens:

1st, W. W. Rawson & Co., $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, S2.
Hollow Crown, twelve specimens:

1st, W\ Heustis & Son, S3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, .$2; 3d, W. W. Rawson
& Co., SI.
Peppers. — Twelve specimens of Squash :

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, S3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2; 3d,
Mrs. A. A. Warburton, SI.
Any other variety:

1st, Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, State Hospital, Taunton, .$2; 3d, Mrs.
A. A. Warburton, $1.
Potatoes. — Twelve Hebron:

1st, Frederick Mason, .$3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, .$2.
Green Mountain:

1st, J. A. NLxon, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, .S2; 3d, Mrs. A. A. Warbur-
ton, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, Frederick Mason, Carmen No. 3, S3; 2d, Frederick Mason, New
Queen, .$2; 3d, C. A. Campbell, $1.
Radishes. — Four bunches:

1st, W. W. Rawson & Co., S3; 2d, Frederick Mason, .$2; 3d, J. A.
Nixon, SI.

226 . MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Salsify. — Twelve specimens:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, Mrs. A. W.
Blake, $1.
Squashes. — Three Bay State:

1st, Graves Bros., $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, A. E. Hartshorn,
$1.
Three Hubbard:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, A. F. Estabrook,
$1.
Three Hybrid Turban:

1st, Graves Bros., $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason,
$1.
Three Marrow:

1st, Massachusetts Agricultural College, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son,
$2; 3d, Massachusetts Agricultural College, $1.
Tomatoes. — Twelve Belmont or Beauty:

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, $3; 2d, Aaron Low, $2; 3d, Elliott
Moore, $1.
Twelve Stone:

1st, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $3; 2d, E. B. Wilder, $2; 3d, Aaron Low,
$1.
Any other variety: '

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, $3; 2d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $2;
3d, Frederick Mason, $1.
Turnips. — Twelve Flat:

1st, Elliott Moore, $3; 2d, G. F. Wheeler, $2; 3d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $1.
Twelve Swedish:

1st, De Souza Bros., $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, M. J. Handley,
SI.
Twelve Egg:

1st, Elliott Moore, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2; 3d, J. A. NLxon, $1.

Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than ten varieties, decorative

arrangement to be considered:

1st, Frederick Mason, $25; 2d, State Hospital, Taunton, $15; 3d,

W. J. Clemson, $10; 4th, Massachusetts Agricultural College, $8.

Collection of Leaf Salad Plants:

1st, Vincent Buitta, $5; 2d, J A. Nixon, $3.

Gratuities:

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Lima Beans, $1.
William Sim, White Sweet Potatoes, $1.

" Red " " $1.

" Yellow " " $1

awards for vegetables. 227

Chrysanthemum Show.

November 6, 7, 8, and 9.

Special Prizes.

Celery. — Eight roots, commercial grown:

1st, Frederick Mason, a Silver Medal; 2d, Mrs. G. T. Hartshorn, a
Bronze Medal.

Regular Prizes.

Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck:

1st, A. E. Hartshorn, $3; 2d, Elliott Moore, $2; 3d, John Lally, .$1.
Cabbages. — Three Red, trimmed:

1st, Frederick Mason, Drumhead, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, .$2; 3d,
Frederick Mason, Rock, $1.
Three Drumhead, trimmed:

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, $S; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, Mrs. J.
L. Gardner, .$1.
Three Savoy, trimmed:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, .'g3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $2.
Cauliflowers. — Four specimens:

1st, W. H. Teele, $3; 2d, M. J. Handley, $2.
Celery. — Four roots, Pascal, best kept:

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, $4; 2d, Mrs. A. \V. Blake, .$3; 3d, G. D.
Moore, $2.
Any other variety, best kept:

1st, Frederick Mason, $4; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 3d, Mrs. G. T.
Hartshorn, $2.
Corn. — Yellow or Field, twenty-five ears, traced:

1st, C. A. Campbell, Greenfield, .$3; 2d, Elliott Moore, Longfellow, $2;
3d, Elliott Moore, $1.
Cucumbers. — Four:

1st, W. S. & J. T. Spaulding, $3.
Endive. — Curled, four specimens:

1st, Vincent Buitta, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2.
Broad Leaf or Escarol, four specimens:

1st, Vincent Buitta, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, .$2.
Leek. — Twelve specimens :

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, $3; 2d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $2; 3d,
Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $1.
Lettuce. — Four heads, best kept:

1st, G. D. Moore, $4; 2d, Rane & Hall, $3; 3d, William Whitman, $2.
Cos or Romaine ; foiu" heads:
3d, William Whitman, SI.

228 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Parsnips. — Twelve specimens of Long Smooth:

1st, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, W. Heustis
& Son, $1.
Twelve specimens of Hollow Crown :

1st, DeSouza Bros., $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson
$1.
Salsify. — Twelve specimens:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $2; 3d, W. Heustis &
Son, $1.
Tomatoes. — Hothouse, twelve specimens:

1st, T. E. Proctor, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, T. E. Proctor, $1.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than fifteen varieties, decorative
arrangement to be considered:
1st, Frederick Mason, $25; 2d, State Hospital, Taunton, $15; 3d,
J. A. Nixon, $10; 4th, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $5.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than eight varieties (for private
gardeners only): 1st, W. J. Clemson, $12; 2d, W. S. & J. T. Spauld-
ing, $10.
Collection of Leaf Salad Plants:
1st, Vincent Buitta, $5.

Gratuities : —

A. F. Stevens, Red Onions, $1.
" " " Yellow " $1.
G. E. Cabot, Gourd, $1.

JosiAH B. Shurtleff, Jr. 1 Committee
John W. Duncan [ on

George D. Moore J Vegetables.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS FOR
THE YEAR 1908.

BY CHARLES W. PARKER, CHAIRMAN.

The Committee on Gardens of the Massachusetts Horticukural
Society is pleased to report an increased interest during the present
year in this department of the Society's work. Eleven entries
for the prizes offered have been received, and the committee has
made fourteen visits during the season to various estates and
gardens which are reported upon as follows:

Mrs. James McKissock's Garden at West Newton.

The first visit of the season was made jNIay 29 to inspect the
collection of tree peonies on the grounds of Mrs. James McKissock
at West Newton. This estate of about 19000 square feet was
entered for the prizes offered by the Society for the best garden of
summer or fall-flowering plants and for the best peony garden.

On the occasion of this visit the tree peonies, comprising about a
dozen varieties, were in handsome flower and were well worthy a
visit. Among the more noticeable plants were the Queen Alex-
andra, white tinted with pink; Mme. Stewart, Reine Elizabeth,
and Jean d' Arc, pink; and the George Sand, a very double and
floriferous plant. They had been planted about six years and
were in a flourishing condition, showing interested care and skill
in their cultivation.

In addition to these plants the estate contained an interesting
rockery and numerous specimen trees and shrubs, among which
were especially noted in passing the variegated-leaved tulip tree
and the pink Cornus florida, the latter in fine flower.

On June 11 the committee inspected Mrs. McKissock's collection
of herbaceous peonies which were in the perfection of bloom.
This peony garden is among the most notable private gardens
devoted to the culture of this flower in the vicinity of Boston.

229

230 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTIRAL SOCIETY.

There are here some 300 varieties, including most of Dessert's,
Terry's, Lemoine's, Kehvay's, and Richardson's best sorts. Mr.
McKissock informed the committee that he was experimenting
with a solution of formalin in which he placed the peony tubers
for about ten minutes before planting. He hoped that this process
would be of benefit in the prevention of the peony rot.

W. J. Clemson's Rose Garden at Tauntox.

On June 10 the committee visited the ro.se garden of W. J.
Clemson at Taunton. This collection comprised some four
hundred plants distributed among fifty difterent varieties. They
were mostly Hybrid Perpetuals with a few Hybrid Teas inter-
mixed. Although the plants were somewhat crowded they showed
evidence of skilful cultivation on the part of the head gardener,
J. O. Christenson. The foliage was particularly clean and healthy
and the neat, low, box edging which inclosed the rose garden formed
an appropriate setting for it.

At the request of the committee INIr. Christenson has furnished
a list of a few desirable varieties of Hybrid Perpetuals under the
head of their various colors. The list is as follows:
White : — Frau Karl Druschki, Margaret Dickson, Clio.
Pink: — Magna Charta, Mrs. John Laing, Mrs. R. G. S. Crawford,

Mme. Gabrielle Luizet, Paul Neyron.
Bright Red: — Alfred Colomb, Prince Camille de Rohan, Ulrich

Brunner.
Bright Vermilion : — Duke of Edinburgh.
Scarlet: — Fisher Holmes.
Red: — General Jacqueminot.
Cherry Rose: — Mme. Victor Verdier.

E. J. Shaylor's Peony Garden at Weston.

June 11 the committee visited the extensive peony gardens of
E. J. Shaylor at AVeston which had been entered for the prizes
offered by the Society for the best collection of peonies. Mr.
Shaylor had about two acres of upland devoted to the cultivation
of these plants and the long rows of variously colored blooms

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX GARDENS. 231

presented a brilliant spectacle against a background of green
woodland.

Of the almost innumerable varieties grown here the following
kinds on the day of the committee's visit were conspicuous by reason
of their size and beauty of coloring: Mme. Emile Lemoine, Mme.
de Verneville, Baroness Schroeder, Marguerite Gerard, in creamy
white; Mme. Crousse, Marie Jacquin, Boule de Neige, and Cour-
onne d'Or, in more or less clear white; Nobilissima, Therese,
Triomphe de 1' Exposition de Lille, Duchesse de Nemours (Guerin),
Baron J Rothschild, Miss Brice, and Welcome Guest (Hollis')
in various shades of handsome pink; and Fulgida, M. M. Cahuzac,
and Adolphe Rousseau in red to crimson.

The old varieties Pottsii alba and Festiva maxima were in fine
condition and suffered nothing in comparison with the more recent
productions.

Henry A. Belcher's Estate at Randolph.

June 12 the committee visited the fine estate of Henry A. Belcher
at Randolph which was entered for the special prizes offered for
the best-kept place in ^Massachusetts of one to three acres.

The lawns, walks, and shrubbery plantings were in perfect
condition, and no rubbish pile was anywhere in sight. There
were substantial beds of Rhododendrons and Azaleas in large
variety, also Kalmias in full bloom. An extensive bed of hybrid
lilacs containing some twenty varieties all on their own roots was
noted, and there were nearly a hundred varieties of Hybrid Per-
petual and Hybrid Tea roses, the former good, the latter fine.

One of the most interesting objects on the estate was the rockery,
a natural ledge of about 10,000 square feet area, planted with
dwarf phloxes, ferns, and alpine plants, as well as with conifers,
heaths, honeysuckles, and roses. The treatment of this feature
of the estate is natural and very pleasing, and leaves an inijiression
that lingers in the memory.

There was also a small range of greenhouses in which are grown
a general assortment of flowering and foliage ])lants. Taken as a.
whole this {)lace may well serve as an example of what an estate
of this extent should be.

232 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

George E. Barnard's Estate at Ipswich.

June 15 the committee visited the extensive estate of George E.
Barnard at Ijiswich which had been entered for the H. H. Hunne-
well Triennial Premium. This estate, comprising about sixty
acres, is being transformed from a typical old New England farm
into a modern country seat and the committee witnessed the results
of the first twelve months' improvements.

Long ranges of flower borders edged the lawns around the house
and above these on the sloping hillside was planted a great variety
of hardy coniferous shrubs and trees, including many of the varie-
gated-leaved forms, hardly less attractive in coloring than the flowers
of the garden borders. Foxgloves, larkspurs, sweetwilliams, and
yellow pansies were the conspicuous elements of the floral display
on the occasion of the committee's visit and masses of the golden
Syringa were also a notable feature of the garden arrangement.

In the rear of the house and sloping gradually to the Ipswich
River were the areas devoted to the vegetable and fruit gardens,
the orchard of dwarf fruit trees, comprising apples, pears, plums,
and cherries, and a water garden and rockery; all giving promise
of abundant returns. Although many fine old trees adorned the
estate Mr. Barnard has planted several thousand pines and spruces
on the adjacent hillsides which will prove an attractive feature
in his plan of improvement.

The committee will await the further development of this estate
with much interest.

Ernest E. Lincoln's Rose Garden at Hingham.

On June 23 a visit was made to the rose garden of Ernest E.
Lincoln at Hingham. Mr. Lincoln is much interested in the cul-
ture of the rose and has about 140 plants distributed among 35 or
40 varieties of Hybrid Perpetuals which he started six years ago.

Conspicuously in flower on the day of the committee's visit were
the following-named varieties: Duke of Teck, Capt. Hayward,
Mrs. R. G. S. CraAvford, Gabrielle Luizet, Fisher Holmes, and
Baroness Rothschild.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 233

At the Society's rose exhibition held June 13 and 14 Mr. Lincoln
received four first prizes and one second prize for specimen blooms
grown in this garden. •■

Peter B. Bradley's Rose and Vegetable Gardens

AT HiNGHAM.

On June 23 the committee visited also the extensive estate of
Peter B. Bradley at Hingham which had been entered for the prizes
offered by the Society for a rose garden and a vegetable garden.

The inspection of the rose garden was the principal object of
the visit at this time. This garden which contained several hundred
plants was inclosed by a tall hedge of hardy shrubs whioh formed
not only a shelter for the roses but a suitable background for their
handsome display. The plants had been grown about ten years
and prominent among them were the Magna Charta, Jules Verdier,
Paul Neyron, Clio, Duke of Edinburgh, and Baron Bonstetten.

Among the other attractions of this notable estate were the plan-
tations of coniferous trees and ornamental shrubs in great variety,
and the ranges of greenhouses devoted to the culture of fruits, orchids,
tropical plants, carnations, tomatoes, cucumbers, and melons.

There were also many fruit trees and collections of small fruits,
and an extensive vegetable garden.

Oscar Hay is the head gardener and superintendent of the estate,
the proper care of which requires the highest horticultural knowl-
edge and skill.

September S the committee again visited this place to inspect the
vegetable garden. The recent favorable weather with abundant
rains had produced a good effect and everything was in a most
flourishing condition. The usual kinds of vegetables are grown
here and their appearance showed good cultivation, no weedy rows
being seen.

Miss Ellen M. Tower's Flower Garden at Lexington.

June 26 the flower garden of ]Miss E. M. Tower at Lexington
was visited by several members of the committee. This garden
which is composed mainly of mixed perennials and annuals pre-

234 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sented such a brilliant display of color and artistic arrangement
as to call forth the enthusiastic admiration of the \nsitors. The
grassy paths were particularly delightful and the latticed shelter
at the further end of the garden, shaded by large trees and covered
with vines and roses in flower formed an attractive feature of this
ideal garden.

The planning and cultivation of such a place require profes-
sional ability of a high order and the head gardener, Otto Strassen-
burg, has reason to be proud of the results of his work here.

On September 15 the committee again visited this garden and
found it hardly less interesting than on the occasion of the previous
visit in June. The earlier flowers, now mostly passed, had been
succeeded by masses of gladioli, asters, phloxes, and Hibiscus,
which with the yellow of the marigolds and Helianthus, glowed in
the brightness of the September day. Around the borders of the
garden the dense inflorescence of Boltonia and Clematis was con-
spicuous.

James Garthly's Muskmelon Garden at Fairhaven.

On August 7, by invitation of James Garthly, superintendent of
the estate of H. H. Rogers, the committee visited his garden of
melons at Fairhaven.

It is currently believed that it is almost impossible to grow melons
successfully in open ground in Eastern Massachusetts owing to the
depredations of insects and the liability to fungous diseases. Mr.
Garthly, however, shows that it can be done and his melon garden
proves his claim, for on a piece of land, 66 by 78 feet, he has pro-
duced such a quantity of this fine fruit, that if grown for market
purposes would yield a very handsome return.

The varieties planted were the Montreal and Honey Drop,
together with a row devoted to a cross between these two varieties
which has been named the Fairhaven Gem. There Avas also a
row of plants grown from seed sent from INIinnesota which showed
three distinct forms.

The seed was set out in place from the lOtli to the 15th of May

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 235

and covered with sash during the germinating period. The secret
of success is in getting the plants started early and in growing them
fast to avoid blight. The foliage at the time of the committee's
visit was in a very healthy condition, especially when it is considered
that no spraying had been done, because not needed. The melons
were ripening rapidly and some of the larger specimens were
weighed in the presence of the committee, the weights being 16^
14, 12, and 10 pounds.

Mr. Garthly made a careful count of the product of this field,
the entire crop numbering 1000 melons.

Louis P. Hollander's Estate at Marblehead Neck.

August 26 the committee visited the estate of Louis P. Hollander
at Marblehead Neck. This estate of three acres in extent had
been entered for the special prizes offered by the Society for the
purpose of encouraging the horticultural adornment and improve-
ment of suburban homes and summer residences.

The location is one of those rocky eminences on the north shore
of Massachusetts which command a broad range of landscape and
ocean scenery. Mr. Hollander has planted during the last five
years an extensive collection of hardy flowering shrubs and herba-
ceous plants which growing amongst the gray ledges produce a
very pleasing effect.

We are fortunate to have in our community so many men, who,
although actively engaged in business affairs, are also interested
in the advancement of horticulture, and we are under obligation
to them for the opportunities of witnessing what can be done in the
amelioration of our rugged New England hills and shores by
judicious planting and tasteful arrangement.

The day of the visit being decidedly rainy the members of the
committee were obliged to forego a more careful inspection of the
various shrubs and flowers, but Avere Avell pleased with the general
effect.

236 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Messrs. Spauldings' Formal Gardens at Beverly.

October 7 the committee inspected the formal gardens of W. S.
and J. T. Spaulding at Beverly. These comprise an area of about
thirteen acres and are laid out in general accordance with the plans
of some of the noted English and French models. Though only
in the second year of construction it is evident that they will take
rank with the best productions of this class of garden arrangement
in the country.

There seems to be a strong tendency on the part of the owners
of some of our large estates to renew the interest in the formal
garden; the architectural garden, if it may be so termed; the
garden of statuary, pergolas, masonry, topiary work, and other
accessories, which judiciously combined with the plats of shrubs
and flowers preserves to us the type of garden of former genera-
tions and not wholly to be discarded in this era of informality and
naturalism.

From this point of view such a garden as the Messrs. Spaulding
have constructed at Beverly is to be highly commended and we are
pleased to have in our territory such a splendid object lesson of this
class of landscape gardening.

It would take more space in this report than we can be allowed to
enter into a more detailed description of this remarkable garden,
or to refer even in a most general way to the extensive collections of
trees, shrubs, and flowering plants which adorn it. The rose is
evidently a favorite with its owners and the wire fences which
surround the estate are covered with luxuriant Ramblers and with
the pergolas within must in the season of bloom present a spectacle
worthy a long journey to see. In addition to these are the plots of
Hardy Perpetual and Tea roses, of which there are more than
400 varieties, including thousands of plants, all planted by and
having the personal supervision of the well-known rosarian, Mrs.
Harriet R. Foote of Marblehead.

The large range of glass on the place is devoted to the culture
of the usual varieties of tender plants and flowers and to fruits
and vegetables. Noteworthy among the latter are the houses of
melons, tomatoes, grapes, and peaches. The members of the com-

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 237

mittee were especially interested in observing the crops of corn,
beans, peas, Swiss chard, cauliflower, and eggplant growing on
benches with but three or four inches of soil.

Among the numerous features of interest was a secluded, grassy
avenue, several hundred feet in length, bordered by red cedar trees,
25 feet high, and terminating at the facade of a Grecian temple in
the distance.

Fred E. Cole has the general management of the estate which
requires a high degree of skill and experience to produce such
results in the few years of its establishment.

The awards made by the committee for the vear are as follows:

Special Prize.'}.

For the best-kept estate in jNIassachusetts of not more than three
acres nor less than one acre:

First, Henry A. Belcher, Randolph . . . $50.00

Second, Louis P. Hollander, Marblehead . . 25.00

Society's Prizes.

For the best Flower Garden of summer or fall-flowering plants,
not commercial:

Second, Mrs. James McKissock, West Xewton . 10.00

For the best Garden of Hardy Roses, not commercial :

First, W. J. Clemson, Taunton .... 15.00

Second, Peter B. Bradley, Hingham . . . 10.00

For the best Collection or Garden of Peonies:

First, E. J. Shaylor, Weston 30.00

Second, Mrs. James McKissock, West Newton . 20.00

Special^ Awards.

Miss E. M. Tower, Lexington, for Flower Garden,

Silver JNIedal and 10.00

238

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Peter B. Bradley, Hingham, for Vegetable Garden,

Silver Medal and 10.00
E. J. Shaylor, Weston, for Sii])erior Collection of Peonies,

Silver Medal
James Garthly, Fairhaven, for Superior Cultivation of

Muskmelons 10.00

The Estate of George E. Barnard of Ipswich was favorably
reported for the first year of entry for the H. H. Hunnewell Tri-
ennial Premium.

Charles W. Parker
Robert Cameron
Arthur H. Fewkes
Julius Heurlin
F. L. Olmsted
Wm. P. Rich
Stephen M. Weld
Thomas H. Westwood

Committee

on
Gardens.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OX CHILDREN'S
GARDENS FOR THE YEAR 190S.

BY MRS. R. G. SHAW, CHAIRMAX.

The work of the Committee on Children's Gardens for the
present year has centered wholly in an exhibition of the products
of school and home gardens held at Horticultural Hall, Boston,
September 5 and 6.

This exhibition was very successful in the displays made by the
children and also in the public interest manifested. It showed at a
glance the great progress made throughout the state in the horticul-
tural education of the young people. The exhibition filled the large
hall of the Society's building and the displays of vegetables and
flowers would have done credit to older exhibitors.

An innovation in the committee's schedule for the year was the
awarding of prizes for collections of flowers grown in window boxes
in the city which brought out five competitors. Owing to the
increased interest in this line of work due to the efforts of the South
End Social Union we anticipate more exhibits another year. Sev-
eral model window boxes filled with plants were also exhibited
and attracted a good deal of attention.

The prizes were about equally divided between flowers and
vegetables and both of these classes were well represented, the
vegetable class being, perhaps, the more popular. Sixty prizes,
ranging from fifty cents to six dollars, were offered, and seventy-
three awards were made which included a number of extra prizes.

The exhibits of the various school gardens in the vicinity of Boston
were of unusual excellence and showed the high degree of per-
fection reached in these gardens.

The total amount expended by the committee for prizes and
expenses was $162.40 and the list of individual awards is given
herewith.

239

240

MASSACHUSETTS HOHTICLLTURAL SOCIETY,

Awards for Children's Gardens.

Prizes and Gratuities Awarded, September 5 and 6, 1908.
For. the best collection of vegetables from a school garden :

First. — Fall River School Garden

Second. — South Boston Church Home Garden

Third. — Fairhaven School Garden

Fourth. — Homecrofters' Guild, Watertown .

Fifth. — South End Industrial School, Roxbury

Special Prizes.

Winthrop School Garden, Boston .

Edgeworth Chapel Industrial School, Maiden

Lawrence Playground, Groton

Orchard St. Garden, Wellesley Hills

Melrose School Garden .

Newton School Garden .

Whiting Park Garden, Watertown .

Lancaster Centre Garden

North Lancaster Garden

South Lancaster Garden

South Natick School Garden .

Wellesley School Garden

For the best collection of annual flowers from a school garden:

First. — Tracy School, Lynn
Second. — Cobbet School, Lynn
Third. — Fairhaven School
Fourth. — South Natick School
Fifth.— South Carver School

Special Prizes.

Fall River School Garden .....
Orchard St. Garden, Wellesley Hills
Armory St. School Garden, Springfield .
Wellesley School Garden .....

For the best collection of vegetables from a child's home

First. — Rockwood Reed, Shrewsbury .
Second. — Roger N. Perry, Worcester .
Third. — Frank A. Woods, Groton
Fourth. — Hammond B. Tracy, Wenham
Fifth. — Leon F. Briggs, Ayer

garden :

$6 00
5 00
4 00
3 00
2 00

50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
00

5 00
4 00
3 00
2 00
1 00

1

00

50

50

1

00

5

00

4 GO

3

00

2

00

1

00

AWARDS FOR CHILDREN S GARDENS.

241

Special Prizes.

Herbert Patrick, Reading
Marion Lovewell, Wellesley .
Robert W. Townsend, Lynn
Philip Elsmore, So. Framingham .
Ralph Lawrence, West Groton

For the best collection of annual flowers from a child's home garden

First. — Eleanor L. Warren, Leicester .
Second. — Mildred A. Reed, Shrewsbury
Third. — Roger N. Perry, Worcester
Fourth.— H. B. Tracy, Wenham
Fifth. — Robert W. Townsend, Lynn .

50

50

50

50

arden

50

. 3

00

. 2

50

. 2

00

1

50

. 1

00

Special Prizes.

Etta Northrop, Wellesley
Louise Hoch, Roxbury .
Ethel Evans, Reading .
Harvey McArthur, Melrose
Chester Gould, Reading
Amos White, Reading
Stanley R. Hixon, Worcester
Arthur Barber, Roxbury
Clara Coston, So. Framingham

50
50
60
50
50
50
50
50
50

For the best collection of five vasesy distinct varieties of perennial
flowers from a school garden or school grounds:

First. — Cobbet School, Lynn
Second. — Tracy School, Lynn
Third.— South Natick School
Fourth. — Cobbet School, Lynn
Fifth. — • Cobbet School, Lynn

5 00

4 00
3 00
2 00
1 00

For the best collection of five vases, distinct varieties of perennial flowers
from a child's home garden:

First. — George Caldwell, Lynn

5 00

For the best vase of one variety of a perennial flower from a school
garden or school grounds:

First. — - Edgeworth Chapel Industrial School, Maiden
Second. — Cobbet School, Lynn ....
Third. — South End Industrial School, Roxbury
Fourth. — Church Home Garden, So. Boston
Fifth. — Fall River School Garden

5 00

4 00
3 00
2 00
1 00

242

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For the best vase of one variety of a perennial flower from a child's
home garden:

First. — Frank A. Woods, Groton
Second. — Roger N. Perry, Worcester .
Third. — Dorothy Emerson, Lynn
Fourth. — Mildred A. Reed, Shrewsbury
Fifth. — Gertrude Page, Roxbury

5 00
4 00
3 00
2 00
1 00

For the best collection of flowers grown in a window box in the City of
Boston under the supervision of an organization.

First. — Freda and Mildred Hauser, Roxbury
Second. — Esther NicoU, Roxbury
Third. — Samuel Collins, Roxbury
Fourth. — Theodore Schlums, Roxbury
Fifth. — Joena Rosetti, Boston

5 00
4 00
3 00
2 00
1 00

Additional Awards.

Mildred A. Reed, Shrewsbury

For vase of Gladioli.
Hammond B. Tracy, Wenham

For collection of wild flowers.

Mrs. R. G. Shaw
Mrs. E. M. Gill
Mrs. W. R. Peabody
Mrs. D. L. Pickman
Mrs. J. E. Thayer

50
50

Committee

on Children' i

Gardens.

REPORT OF THE DELEGATE TO THE STATE BOARD
OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1908.

In accordance with the usual custom I present herewith an
outhne of the doings of the Massachusetts State Board of Agri-
cukure in 1908.

The annual business meeting of the State Board of Agriculture
was held at the office of the Secretary, in Boston, January 7 and 8.
At this meeting reports were read, organization for the year effected,
and routine business transacted. The principal items of new
business were as follows : favoring the creating of the office of State
Ornithologist; favoring all reasonable appropriations for increased
efficiency in instruction at the ISIassachusetts Agricultural College;
favoring the taking by the Board of the premium lists of the agri-
cultural societies a little more directly under its control; favoring
forming of local cow-testing associations; and favoring certain
changes in the milk standard law. Resolutions were also adopted
on the death of one of the members of the Board — Quincy L.
Reed of South Weymouth. The reports of the Secretary, the
Chief of the Cattle Bureau, the Dairy Bureau, the State Nursery
Inspector, and the State Forester, giving accounts of the doings
of these departments, were presented and may be found in the
"Agriculture of jNIassachusetts" for 1907.

Special business meetings of the Board were held in Boston in
April, in Barre in August, and in Greenfield in December, routine
business being transacted. Perhaps the chief items were the
election of Mr. Edward Howe Forbush as State Ornithologist;
the choosing of a committee to investigate a proposed plan of
draining the Neponset Meadows; the choosing of a committee on
the matter of forming a cow-testing association; and also of a com-
mittee to consider the control and eradication of the San Jose scale.

The usual committee work and inspection of fairs were passed
upon.

Successful summer field or demonstration meetings were held at
Ashfield in June and at Barre in August. At the Ashfield meeting
Hon. W. A. Blodget demonstrated the proper manner of grading

243

244 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and packing apples for domestic and foreign markets; General
Agent Harwood of the Dairy Bureau demonstrated the points of
the dairy cow and showed how to select and breed for best results;.
Dr. Paige of the Agricultural College demonstrated the soundness
of the horse, with instructions as to feed and care, when in use and
when idle; and Prof. S. T. Maynard demonstrated the proper
methods of budding, grafting, and pruning fruit trees, showing
proper tools and appliances.

At the Barre meeting Dr. Paige and Prof. IMaAnard repeated
their demonstrations. Dr. Paige also demonstrated the proper
methods of handling and hiving bees, with observation hive, and
instructions as to the best methods of keeping them. Mr. Har-
wood's subject at the Ashfield meeting was demonstrated by Mr.
S. H. Reed at Barre. The after-dinner speaking was under the
auspices of the Massachusetts State Grange.

The public winter meeting of the Board for lectures and discus-
sions was held at Greenfield, December 1, 2, and 3. The lectures
were: "The Sheep Husbandry in ^Massachusetts," by Mr. L. B.
Harris of Lyndonville, Vt.; "The Planting of a Commercial
Orchard in Massachusetts," by Prof. F. C. Sears of the Agricul-
tural College; "Lessons from a Decade's Experience in Poultry
Keeping," by Dr. Paige of the Agricultural College; "Profitable
Bee Keeping," by Charles Stewart of Johnstown, N. Y. ; "The
Cow and the Man, — Twins of the Dairy Industry," by Prof. H.
H. Dean of the Ontario Agricultural College; and "The Profitable
Use of Commercial Fertilizers," by Director Voorhees of the New
Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. These lectures, with
accompanying discussions, will be found in the "Agriculture of
Massachusetts" for 1908.

The main publication of the Board, known as the "Agriculture
of Massachusetts," was received from the printers in August.
It contained 662 printed pages, 172 of which comprised the twen-
tieth annual report of the jNIassachusetts Agricultural Exjieriment
Station.

The popularity of ]VIr. Forbush's book on "Useful Birds and
their Protection" has been such that it was found necessary to
publish a third edition before the close of the year. These books
are on sale at the office of the Board at $1 ])cr copy, which price
covers cost of paper, printing, binding, etc.

REPORT OF DELEGATE TO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 245

Six monthly Crop Reports were issued as usual — May to Novem-
ber. The special articles printed in these reports were on potato
growing, sheep, drainage, chickens, orchards, and strawberry
growing.

Reprints of the following publications by Mr. Forbush were
issued during the year: "Decrease of Certain Birds, and its Causes,
with Suggestions for Bird Protection"; "Birds as Protectors of
Orchards"; and "Two Years with the Birds on a Farm."

The following new Nature Leaflets were issued: "Window
Gardening"; "Hotbeds"; "How to Test Seeds"; "Howto Plant";
"Milk: its Character and Value as a Food"; " Care of Milk in the
Home"; and "The European Elm-Leaf Beetle." Reprints of
several of the earlier issues were also published during the year.

A new departure in the publication line was the compilation
of several papers on poultry, previously published by the office,
into a pamphlet on "Poultry Culture" and issued as Bulletin No.
1. of ^Massachusetts Agriculture. It is proposed to follow this
issue with similar pamphlets on other subjects.

The Dairy Bureau also compiled and issued a "Manual of Dairy
Laws of Massachusetts," being the laws relating to dairy products
and their imitations, with a digest of Supreme Court decisions
thereon.

Wilfrid Wheeler,

Delegate.
December 31, 1908.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON LECTURES AND
PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEAR 1908.

BY JOHN A. PETTIGREW, CHAIRMAN.

The Committee on Lectures and Publications reports that the
Transactions of the Society have been issued as usual in two parts
and a series of nine lectures and one general conference have been
given.

It has been the aim of the committee to make the lectures as
practical as possible and to that end the lecturers, for the most
part, have been chosen from among those who have successfully
carried out in practice the various subjects treated.

The Conference on Grape Growing, held INIarch 28, was of
special interest and many of the most prominent growers in the
state took part in the general discussion.

The course of lectures given was as follows: January 11. The
Concord Grape and its Originator. By Wilfrid Wheeler, Concord.

January 18. Opportunities for Commercial Apple Growing in
New England. By Prof. F. C. Sears, Amherst.

January 25. Annuals and Biennials. By Robert Cameron,
Cambridge.

February 1. Treatment of Home Grounds. By Frederick
Law Olmsted, Jr., Brookline.

February 8. Vegetable Growing under Glass. By William
Turner, Oceanic, N. J.

February 15. Hardy Conifers for Private Grounds. By John
Dunbar, Rochester, N. Y.

February 29. The Private Gardener. By Robert Craig,
Philadelphia.

March 7. Agricultural Education in the Schools. By Pres.
Kenyon L. Butterfield, Amherst.

March 14. Development of Disease Resistant Varieties of Plants.
By Prof. H. S. Jackson, Newark, Del.

March 28. Conference on Grape Growing.

These lectures and the discussions following them have been
printed in the Transactions of the Society for 1908, Part I.

John A. Pettigrew ]

Miss Mary L. Ware [ Committee.

Prof. F. A. Waugh J

247

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN
FOR THE YEAR 1908.

The work of the Soci^y during the year 1908 has been carried
on through the usual channels and it would be a repetition of the
reports of the chairmen of the various committees to refer to it
except in a general way.

Thirteen public exhibitions of plants, flowers, fruits, and vege-
tables have been given and it is not stating it too strongly to say
that in general arrangement and in quality of material the Society's
high standard of excellence has been fully maintained. The
public interest, also, in these flower shows has been well kept up
and the opening of them on Sunday afternoons still continues to
meet with general approval. The increased interest in the smaller
shows is undoubtedly due in great measure to the extension of the
hours of exliibition. It was formerly the custom to limit them to
Saturday afternoons from 12 to 3 o'clock, but during the last few
years the experiment has been tried of keeping them open from 12
to 6 o'clock on Saturday and from 2 to 6 o'clock on Sunday.

The effect of this policy has been two-fold, for it has not only
afforded larger opportunity for the inspection of the exhibitions
but it has tended to increase the interest of the exliibitors them-
selves by making it more worth while to bring in larger and more
ambitious displays.

It will be noticed that there has been a tendency in recent years
to reduce the number of the exhibitions of the Society. During
the years from 1890 to 1896 there were held from twenty-one to
twenty-four exhibitions annually, whereas in the present year but
thirteen were held.

This policy appears to have had the effect of increasing the mag-
nitude of what used to be called the smaller shows, making all
the exhibitions really large ones as was the case this year. The
results of this plan of reducing the number of the exhibitions of the
Society and its influence on the horticultural interests of the com-
munity will be noted with interest and doubtless will call forth a
strong difference of opinion. It should be stated, however, in the

249

250 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

discussion of this matter that the appropriations during the years
of the larger number of exhibitions averaged $2000.00 more than
the amounts appropriated in recent years.

The usual winter course of lectures was held during January,
February, and March. Ten lectures on a variety of subjects of
horticultural interest were presented all of which have been pub-
lished in the proceedings of the Society.

The publications of the year and the dates of issue have been as
follows :

January 25. Schedule of Prizes and Exliibitions, 48 pages.

July 27. Transactions, 1907, Part 2, pages 137-305 and Plates
1-6.

October 9. Transactions, 1908, Part 1, pages 1-146 and Plate 1.

The Library.

Continued effort has been made during the year to increase the
library's list of the world's best horticultural periodicals, with the
result that sixteen additional titles have been added. There are
now regularly received one hundred and fifty periodicals repre-
senting the horticultural activities of many countries and mostly
acquired in exchange for the publications of the Society.

The bound volumes of these periodicals are frequently consulted
by investigators of special subjects and form one of the most valu-
able departments of the library and it is hoped to still further add
to their number.

Other classes of horticultural literature have not been neglected
as the list of the principal accessions appended to this report will
show. A thousand more pamphlets have been bound in durable
covers bringing the number up to twenty-five hundred, all of which
have been placed in their appropriate classes on the shelves.

Desirable volumes have been presented to the library by the
following named interested members of the Society: Prof. C. S.
Sargent, Charles Baltet, John L. Bird, Oakes Ames, John Robin-
son, Edw. E. Norton, and Wm. C. Barry. The gift of a large
number of American and foreign horticultural trade catalogues,
containing many additions to the collection already in the library,
has been made by Prof. Sargent and adds much to the valuable
accumulation of this material.

REPORT OF SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN. 251

The growth of the hbrary to its present important position has
been largely due, next to the liberality of the Society itself, to the
special funds bequeathed to it in years past. The Stickney Fund,
the income of which was enjoyed for twenty years, furnished the
means by which some of its most expensive acquisitions were made,
volumes that it would be difficult to obtain now.

In later years the income of the John D. W. French Fund and
the John S. Farlow Fund, which is used exclusively for the purchase
of books, has enabled the library to add much valuable material,
especially in the line of current publications, and has caused the
memory of the givers to be held in grateful appreciation. It is
hoped that in the years to come additional bequests of a similar
nature may come to the Society for the benefit of the library that the
usefulness of this department of its work may be still further
developed.

A new and complete catalogue of the library is much needed and
would add greatly to its availability. None has been printed since
1873.

The opening of the library room on exliibition Sundays during
the hours of the exhibitions seems to be at present a reasonable
solution of the Sunday opening problem and has worked satisfacto-
rily thus far. It is proposed to continue the same arrangement in
the future with extension of the plan should there be sufficient de-
mand for this privilege.

In conclusion, the library is now in good condition, the books
conveniently classified and easily accessible, and the members of the
Society are cordially invited to make free use of them.

Among the accessions of the year are the following:

Agricola, Georg Andrea. Versuch einer allgemeinen Vermehrung aller
Baume, Stauden und Blumengewachse, etc. Regensburg: 1772.

Albonico, Johann Heinrich. Niitzliche Bemerkungen fiir Garten- und
Blumenfreunde, 9 parts. Leipzig: 1795-1798.

Andrew, John A. An Address delivered before the New England Agri-
cultural Society at Springfield, Mass., Sept. 9, 1864.

— — ■ An Address delivered at Brattleborough, Vermont, by invitation
of the Agricultural Society of Vermont, Sept. 7, 1866.

Anthophilus, Isidor. Wohlbewahrtes Garten-Buch, etc. Lucern und
Strassburg: 1758.

Baltet, Charles. Traite de la Culture Fruitiere, Commerciale et Bour-
geoise, Quatrieme ed., Paris: 1908.

252 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Barry, William C. How to Have Roses. The Best Sorts to Grow.

Suggestions to Lovers of the Rose.
Bolus, Harry. Icones Orchidearum Austro-Africanarum ; or, Figures,

with Descriptions of Extra-Tropical South African Orchids. Vol. 1,

London: 1896.
Bordley, J. B. Essays and Notes on Husbandry and Rural Affairs, 2d

ed., Philadelphia: 1801.
BouTWELL, George S. Address delivered at Concord, September 18,

1850, before the Middlesex Society of Husbandmen and Manufacturers.

Address before the Hillsborough Agricultural and Mechanical

Society, Sept. 30, 1852.

Address before the Housatonic Agricultural Society at its 13th

Anniversary, held at Great Barrington, September, 1854.

System of Agricultural Education. An Address before the Barn-
stable Agricultural Society, October 8, 1857.

Boyle, Frederick. The Culture of Greenhouse Orchids.

Bradley, R. A General Treatise of Husbandry and Gardening, etc.

London: 1726.
Brongniart, Adolphe. Essai d'une Classification naturelle des Cham-
pignons. Paris: 1825.
Brown, Robert. Flax: its culture and preparation in Scotland, Ireland,

and Flanders, etc. Glasgow, Edinburgh, and London: 1851.
Brown, Stew^ardson. Alpine Flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains.

New York: 1907.
Burnett, M. A. Plantae Utiliores; or. Illustrations of Useful Plants

employed in the Arts and Medicine. London: 1842-1845-.
Card, F. W. Farm Management, etc. New York, 1907.
Carey, Mathew. Address delivered before the Philadelphia Society for

Promoting Agriculture at its meeting on the 20th of July, 1824.
Cass, Gen. Lewis. Address delivered before the Kalamazoo County

Agricultural Society on October 11, 1850.
Cecil, The Hon. Mrs. Evelyn. London Parks and Gardens. New

York: 1907.
Chate, E. fils. Culture pratique des Lantanas. Paris.
Chazotte, Peter Stephen. Facts and Observations on the Culture of

Vines, Olives, Capers, Almonds, etc., in the Southern States, and of

Cofffee, Cocoa, and Cochineal, in East Florida. Philadelphia: 1821.
Cheney, Clara Imogene. Plants from Cape Cod. Boston: 1904.
Chesnel, a. de. La Rose chez les differents peuples, anciens et modernes.

Seconde ed. Paris: 1838.
Claye, L. Culture des Fleurs et des Plantes aromatiques. P^abrication

des Parfums en Portugal et dans ses Colonies. Paris: 1865.
Clinton, George W. An Address delivered at Canandaigua, June 22,

1830, before the Domestic Horticultural Society of the Western parts

of the State of New York. Canandaigua: 18.30.
Colman, Henry. An Address deliveretl before the Massachusetts Agri-

cultin-al Society at the Brighton Cattle Show, October 17, 1821.

REPORT OF SECRETARY A]sT> LIBRARIAN. 253

The Improvement of Agriculture as an Art and a Profession; an

address at the Annual Cattle Show and Fair of the Monroe County
Agricultural Society in Rochester, N. Y., October 26, 1842.

European Agriculture and Rviral Economy, Vol. 1, Part II. Boston

and London: 184-t.

Cook, E. T., Ed. Sweet Violets and Pansies, and Violets from Mountain

and Plain.
CoRREVON, H., ET H. Masse. Les Iris dans les Jardins. Geneve: 1907.
CowDiN, Elliot C. Agriculture: its Dignity and Progress. An Address

delivered before the Society of Agriculture and Horticulture of West-
chester County, at the Annual Fair at White Plains, N. Y., September

20, 1866.
Dallimore, W. Holly, Yew, and Box. With notes on other Evergreens.

London: 1908.
Dodge, Allen W. A Prize Essay on Fairs. Boston: 1858.
Doll, Wilhelm. Der Rosen-Garten. Leipzig: 1855.
Du Cane, Florence. The Flowers and Gardens of Japan. London: 1908.
Elgood, George S., and Gertrude Jekyll. Some English Gardens.
Encke, Fritz. Der Hausgarten.
FiLLASSiER, . Culture de la grosse Asperge, dite de Hollande. Paris:

1809.
Fletcher, S. W. Soils: How to Handle and Improve Them. New York:

1907.
Flint, Charles L. The Board of Agriculture and the State Farm. An

Address delivered before the Franklin County Agricultural Society

at Greenfield, October 2, 1856.
FoRDYCE, George, M. D. Elements of Agriculture and Vegetation, 3d

Edition. London: 1779.
Foster, Edmund. Husbandry: an Ancient, Honourable, and Useful

Employment. An oration delivered before the Western Society of

Middlesex Husbandmen at their Semiannual Meeting at Littleton,

October 28, 1799. Amherst, N. H.: 1800.
(Gibson, J.) The Fruit-Gardener, etc. London: 1768.
Gilbert, Samuel. The Florist's Vade-Mecum, 3d edition. London:

1702.
Goodrich, Charles L. The First Book of Farming. New York: 1905.
Gray's New Manual of Botany, Seventh edition. New York: 1908.
Gray, John C. Essay on Orchards, reported to the Massachusetts Board

of Agriculture. Boston: 18.53.
Grieve, Peter. A History of Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums, with

practical hints for their production, propagation, and cultivation.
Hariot, Paul. Le Li\Te d'Or des Roses. Paris.
Heckel, Edouard. Sur les Origines de la Pomme de terre cultivee, etc.

Marseille: 1906.
Hibberd, Shirley. Les Roses du XlXme siecle. Catalogue annote

des roses horticoles, etc. Liege: 1882.

254 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

HiLDEBRAND, Dr. Friedrich. Die Gattung Cyclamen L. Jena: 1898.

Hitchcock, Edward. Report on the Geology, Mineralogy, Botany, and
Zoology of Massachusetts. Amherst: 1833.

Horticultural Society for Women. First Annual Report, for seven
months ending January 9, 1871. Boston: 1871.

Hough, Romeyn Beck. Handbook of the Trees of the Northern States
and Canada, East of the Rocky Mountains.

Huber, Dr. J. Arboretum Amazonicum. Para: 1900-1906.

Jacquin (AiNE). Monographie complete du Melon. Paris: 1832.

Jardinier port.\tif ou la culture des quatre classes de jardins et de
I'education des fleurs. Liege: 1774.

KiRWAN, Richard. The Manures most advantageously applicable to
the various Sorts of Soils, and the causes of their beneficial effect, etc.
London: 1796.

Knight, Gov. Address to the Farmers of Rhode Island, October, 1832.
Providence.

Krause, Ludwig Philipp. Der Kluge und sorgfaltige Gartner. Langen-
saltza: 1738.

Lambertye, Le Comte Leonce de. Le Fraisier: sa botanique, son his-
toire, sa culture. Paris: 1864.

Lamson, Alvan, D. D. Agricultural Life in some of its Intellectual As-
pects. An Address delivered before the Norfolk Agricultural Society
at Dedham, September 30, 1857.

Lange, Theodor. Allgemeines Gartenbuch. 2 vols. Leipzig: 1908.

Le Berryais, Louis Rene. Traite des Jardins ou le nouveau De la
Quintinye. Troisieme edition, 4 vols. Paris: 1789.

Lelieur de Ville-sur-Arce, Cte. Memoires sur le Dahlia et sur sa culture.
Versailles: 1829.

Liger, L. Le nouveau theatre d'agriculture et menage des champs, etc.
Paris: 1713.

The Retir'd Gardener, 2d edition. London: 1717.

Lobe, William. Die neueren und neuesten Culturpflanzen fiir den
Landwirth und Gartner. Frankfurt: 1863.

Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, J. L. A. La Rose, son histoire, sa culture,
sa poesie. Paris: 1844.

Loring, Dr. George B. Address delivered before the Hampshire, Frank-
lin, and Hampden Agricultural Society, at Northampton, October 4,
1858.

Lowell, J. An Address delivered before the Massachusetts Agricultural
Society at the Brighton Cattle Show, October 13, 1818.

Lucand, L. Figures peintes de Champignons de la France. 17 fascicles,
bound in 3 vols., 1881-1896.

McCoR.MiCK, Richard C. The Patriotism of the Plough: an Address de-
livered before the Queens County Agricultural Society, at the Twen-
tieth Annual Exhibition, at Flushing, Long Island, October 3, 1861.

McPhail, James. A Treatise on the Culture of the Cucumber, etc., etc.
London: 1794.

REPORT OF SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN. 255

Maling, Miss. Flowers for Ornament and Decoration and how to arrange

them. London: 1862.
Malo, Charles. Histoire des Roses. Paris.
Mandirola, F. Augustixo. Manuale di Giardinferi diviso in tre hbri,

etc. Macerata: 1649.

Der neu-aufgesetzte Bhimen-Garten. Niirnberg: 1670.

Massachusetts School of Agriculture. List of Officers, By-Laws, etc.

Boston: 1858.
Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, Laws and Regulations

of the, etc. Boston: 1793.

■ On the Culture of Potatoes. Boston: 1798.

Maumene, Albert. L'Art Floral a travers les Siecles. Paris: 1900.

Manuel pratique de Jardinage et d'Horticulture. Paris: 1900.

Mears, J. EwiNG, M. D. Agricultural and Horticultural Notes from a

City Summer Resort. Solebury, Pa.: 1908.

Agriculture and Agricultural Methods in the Orient. Solebury,

Pa.: 1908.

Menand, L. Autobiography and Recollections of Lncidents connected
with Horticultural Affairs, etc., from 1807 to 1892. Albany: 1892.

Meyer, Franz Sales, und Friedrxch Ries. Die Gartenkunst in Wort
und Bild.

Miles, Rev. Henry A., D. D. The Farmer, as illustrating Solidity of
Life and Contributing to the Stability of the State. An Address de-
livered to the Worcester County Agricultural Society, in Worcester,
September 20, 1866.

Miller, Francis. The Husbandman's Directory. London: 1770.

MoLYNEUX, Edwin. Chrysanthemums and their culture. Fifth edition.
London: 1890.

MoNCRiEFF, A. R. Hope, and T. Mower Martin. Kew Gardens. Lon-
don: 1908.

Moore, Humphrey. An Address delivered at Hopkington, before the
Hillsborough Society for the Promotion of Agriculture and Domestic
Manufactures, October 17, 1821. Amherst, N. H.: 1822.

Morse, Lester L. Field Notes on Sweet Peas. San Francisco: 1907.

MoRTiLLET, P. DE. Arboriculture Fruitiere. Les Meilleurs Fruits, etc.
Le Cerisier. Grenoble: 1866.

MoTTET, S. Les Arbustes d'Ornement de pleine terre. Paris: 1908.

Mount Auburn Cemetery. Twenty-sixth Annual Report of the Trus-
tees, for 1907.

Pe.\rson, R. Hooper. The Book of Garden Pests.

Pemberton, Rev. Joseph H. Roses: their historj^, development, and
cultivation. London: 1908.

Phinney, Elias. Address delivered before the Middlesex Society of
Husbandmen and Manufacturers, at their Annual Festival, October
7, 1830. Chariest own: 1831.

PoiTEAU, A. Pomologie Frangaise. Le Cerisier. Le Fraisier. Paris.

256 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PoRCHER, Francis Peyre, M. D. Resources of the Southern Fields and
Forests .... also a Medical Botany of the Southern States. New-
edition. Charleston: 1869.

Pratten, Mary A. My Hundred Swiss Flowers, with a short account of
Swiss Ferns. London: 1887.

Putnam, Henry. Touches on Agriculture, including a treatise on the
Preservation of the Apple Tree. 2d edition. Salem: 1825.

Pynaert, fin. Les Serres- Vergers. Gand: 1888.

QxJiNCY, Jo.siAH. Address delivered before the New York State Agricul-
tural Society, at Elmira, October 5, 1860. Albany: 1860.

Ray, John. Methodus plantarum nova, etc. Amstelaedami: 1682.

Russell, Cha's The'o. Agricultural Progress in Massachusetts for the
Last Half Century. An Address delivered before the Agricultural
Society of Westborough and Vicinity, September 2.5, 1850. Boston:
1850.

Schneider, Camillo Karl. Landschaftliche Gartengestaltung.

Shepherd's Kalender: or, the Citizen's and Country Man's Daily Com-
panion. 6th edition. London: (1736).

Skinner, John S. A Christmas Gift to the Young Agriculturists of the
United States. Washington City: 1841.

Smyth, Walter. Hardy Border Flowers the Year Round.

Stevens, Alex. H., M. D. Address delivered before the State Agricul-
tural Society, etc., etc., February, 1848, on the Food of Plants. Albany:
1848.

Switzer, Stephen. The Practical Fruit Gardener. London: 1724.

Trattinnick, Leopold. Neue Arten von Pelargonien deutschen Ur-
sprungs. Wien: 1825-1829,

Trueman, Howard. Early Agriculture in the Atlantic Provinces. Monc-
ton: 1907.

Ward, H. W. The Book of the Peach: being a practical handbook on the
cultivation of the Peach under glass and out-of-doors. London: 1903.

Weathers, John. A Practical Guide to School, Cottage, and Allotment
Gardening. London: 1908.

Weed, Clarence M. Our Trees: how to know them. Philadelphia:
1908.

Weston, Richard. Botanicus Universalis et Hortulanus, etc. The
Universal Botanist and Nurseiyman, etc. 4 vols. London: 1770-
1777.

Whitmarsh, Samuel. Eight Years' Experience and Observation in the
Culture of the Mulberry Tree and in the Care of the Silk Worm, etc.
Northampton: 1839.

Wilder, Marshall P. Address delivered before the Berkshire Agricul-
tural Society at its Annual Exhibition in Pittsfield, October 2, 1851.
Boston: 1852.

Williamson, Willi.vm. The British Gardener. London: 1901.
Worcester County Agricultural Society. Transactions for the year
1844. Twenty-sixth Annual Report.

REPORT OF SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN. 257

Transactions for the year 1846. Twenty-eighth Report.

Transactions for the year 1849. Thirty-second Annual Report.

Wright, Walter P. Pictorial Practical Rose Growing.

ZuRN, Dr. E. S. Die deutschen Nutzpflanzen, etc. Leipzig: 1901.

William P. Rich,

Secretary and Librarian.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1908.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society in account current with
Walter Hunnewell, Treasurer, December 31, 1908.

Dr.

Paid for Exhibition Ware $625 16

Library from Appropriation .... 506 94

" French Fund .... 200 91

" Farlow Fund .... 113 61

" C. L. W. French ... 6 50 827 96

Heating 955 48

Lighting 1,344 55

Water Rates 124 35

Labor 2,106 72

Stationery, Printing, and Postage . . 1,360 69

Insurance 442 65

Incidentals 573 24

Repairs 232 00

Committee on Lectures and Publications 280 35
Salaries of Treasurer, Secretary, Assis-
tants, etc 3,141 92

" " Committee on School Gar-
dens ... 10 71
" Gardens and

Greenhouses 35 68
" Plants and

Flowers . . 322 08

" Fruit ... 177 60

" Vegetables . . 164 00

" Prizes ... 250 00

Tax South Boston 155 10

Medals 225 23

Legal services 75 00 11,977 35

Prizes for Plants and Flowers .... 2,702 00

" Fruit 717 00

" Vegetables 863 00

" " Gardens and Greenhouses . . 40 00

" Children's Gardens .... 351 40

" H. H. Hunnewell Fund . . 160 00

" Chaffin Fund 15 00

" " Chrysanthemiun Show . . . 590 00

" " Gardens 1 to 3 Acres ... 50 00
259

260

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Paid for prizes for Gardeners and Florists

" " " " Specials

" " " " GaneFund

" " " " Roehrs' "

Balance Dec. 31, 1908 (Treasurer and Bursar).

25 00

75 00

20 00

15 00

5,623 40

11,966 11

$31,019 98

Cr.

Balance Dec. 31, 1907

Received from Rent halls, etc 2,266 00

" Annual Exhibitions $1598 25

" Less Expenses 692 35 905 90

" " Membership Fees 698 00

" Mt. Auburn 1,794 70

" " State Bounty 600 00

" " Sales of Transactions and History 7 60

" Special Prizes 100 00

" " Interest on Securities from the

following funds:

S. Appleton 50 00

J. A. Lowell 50 00

T. Lyman 550 00

J. Bradlee 50 00

B. V. French 25 00

H. H. Hunnewell 200 00

W. J. Walker 117 72

L. Whitcomb 25 00

B. B. Davis 25 00

M. P. Wilder 50 00

J. L. Russell 50 00

F. B. Hayes 500 00

H. A. Gane 50 00

J. S. Farlow 100 00

J. D. W. French 200 00

B. H. Pierce 32 00

J. C. Chaffin '. 40 00

B. V. French (new) ..... 120 00

J. A. French 200 00

2,434^
" " Interest and dividends on securi-

ties other than those for the

above funds 8,783 41

13,429 65

6,372 20

11,218 13
"$31^19 98

REPORT OF THE TREASURER. 261

Assets.

Real Estate $518,564 63

Furniture 10,796 96

Library . 45,110 47

Stereotype plates and Copies of History . . 235 50
$2000 Kansas City Clinton & Springfield

Bonds 1,980 00

21,000 City of Newton Bonds 24,228 75

10,000 Lake Shore & Michigan Southern

Bonds 10,415 25

50,000 Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe Bonds 44,693 25
50,000 Chicago Burlington & Quincy,

Nebraska Bonds 50,012 50

10,000 Chicago & West Michigan Bonds 9,987 50
25,000 Kansas City Fort Scott & Memphis

Bonds 27,523 75

50,000 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, Illinois

Bonds 51,625 00

8,000 Boston and Maine Bonds 8,710 00

5,000 West End Street R'y Bonds .... 5,16250

5,000 General Electric Bonds 5,16*1 20

150 shares General Electric Stock .... 7,745 70

Hayes and Loring, Trustees 3,488 76

Cash in hands of Bursar 474 'J2

" " " " Treasurer 11,491 39

$837,410 83

Liabilities.

Funds invested in Bonds and Stocks:

S. Appleton Fund $1,000 00

J. A. Lowell " 1,000 00

T. Lyman " 11,000 00

J. Bradlee " 1,000 00

B. V. French ' " 500 00

H. H. Hunnewell " 4,000 00

W. J. Walker " 2,354 43

L. Whitcomb " 500 00

B. B. Davis " 500 00

M. P. Wilder " 1,000 00

J. L. Russell " 1,000 00

F. B. Hayes " 10,000 00

H. A. Gane " 1,129 00

262 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

J. S. Farlow Fund 2,502 51

J. D. W. French
B. H. Pierce
J. C. ChafBn

B. V. French (new)
J. A. French

C. L. W. French
Prizes awarded for 1908 payable 1909
Surplus

5,001 33

800 00

1,131 89

3,000 00

5,000 00

10 80

$52,429 96

5,724 00

779,256 87

$837,410 83

Walter Hunnewell,

Treasurer.

Membership of Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
December 31, 1908.

Life members December 31, 1907 680

Added in 1908 11

Commuted from Annual 1

692^

Deceased 24

Resigned 1 25 667

Annual members December 31, 1907 161

Added in 1908 5

. 1l66

Commuted to Life 1

Deceased 1

Dropped for non-payment of assessment for 2 years .4 6 160

Membership December 31, 1908 827

Income from Membership.

11 New Life Members at $30 $330 00

1 Commuted to Life at $20 20 00

5 New Annual Members at $10 50 00

Assessments for 1908 298 00

$698 00

Walter Hunnewell,

Treasurer.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER. 263

AUDITOR'S CERTIFICATE.

28 State Street, Boston,
January 29th, 1909.
To the Finance Committee of the

Mass.\chusetts Horticultural Society.

Gentlemen:

In compliance with your request I have made a thorough audit of the
books and general accounting affairs of the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society for the year which ended with the thirty-first day of Decem-
ber, 1908, and herewith submit to you my report of the same.

Report.

I proved the correctness of the ledger, journal and cash books and the
small books tributary' to the cash books, and saw that all balances were
properly carried forward. I examined all vouchers and checks represent-
ing the disbursements during the year and found the amount of cash re-
quired by the cash book upon the first day of January, 1909, to have been
on hand and also examined the securities of the Society, finding them in
all details in accordance with the requirements of the records. I traced
all postings from the journal and cash books into the ledger and certify
that the balance sheet taken from it as of the 31st day of December, 1908,
is a correct abstract and that the Treasurer's statement of the assets and
liabilities of the Society upon said date is true to the best of my knowledge
and belief.

In short, I satisfied myself that the work in connection with the account-
ing affairs of the Society was being conscientiously and honestly performed
and that the books and papers of the Society were in their usual commend-
able condition.

Yours very respectfully,

Andrew Stewart,

Examiner of Accounts.

THE ANNUAL MEETING, NOVEMBER 14, 1908.

ANNUAL MEETING FOR THE YEAR 1908.

The Annual jNIeeting of the Massachusetts Horticuhural Society
for the year 1908 was held at Horticultural Hall, Boston, on Satur-
day, November 14, at twelve o'clock, noon. There were thirty
members present.

President Weld presided and stated that the meeting had been
called in accordance with the By-laws for the election of officers
for the ensuing year and for the transaction of such other business
as might be legally presented; and that a printed notice of the meet-
ing had been mailed to the address of every member of the Society
as it appeared upon the records of the Secretary.

He appointed Edward B. Wilder, J. Allen Crosby, and William
P. Rich a committee to receive, assort, and count the ballots, and
to report the number. The polls were then declared open until
four o'clock.

The record of the Annual JNIeeting of November 16, 1907, was
read by the Secretary and approved by vote of the meeting.

The President reported that an appropriation of $5000.00 had
been made by the Board of Trustees for prizes and gratuities for
the year 1909, a reduction of $1700.00 from the amount appro-
priated for the present year.

The President then called upon Mr. Wilder to act as Chairman
for the remainder of the meeting.

At four o'clock the polls were declared closed and the ballot
committee proceeded to count the votes, Mr. Crosby reporting the
number as follows: Whole number of ballots cast, 38. For Presi-
dent, S. M. Weld, 37; for Vice-President, C. W. Parker, 38; for
Trustee for two years, Geo. B. Dorr, 37; for Trustees for three
years, W. H. Bowker, 36, Peter Fisher, 38, Thomas Roland, 36,
C. S. Sargent, 36; for Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture
for three years, Wilfrid Wheeler, 38; for Nominating Committee,
Geo. V. Fletcher, 36, Thos. J. Grey, 37, N. T. Kidder, 36, William
Sim, 37, William Thatcher, 37.

Chairman Wilder than declared the list as follows to be the

267

268 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

officers duly elected, in accordance with the requirements of the
By-laws, for the year 1909:

President, Stephen INI. Weld

Vice-President Charles W. Parker

(for two years),

Trustee George B. Dorr

(for two years),
Trustees William H. Bowker

(for three years), Peter Fisher

Thomas Roland
Charles S. Sargent

Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture for three years,

Wilfrid Wheeler

Nominating Committee, George V. Fletcher

Thos. J. Grey
Nath,\niel T. Kidder
Willia:m Sni
William Thatcher

The meeting was then dissolved.

William P. Rich,

Secretary,

NECROLOGY, 1908.

NECROLOGY, 1908.

George Warren Hammond, a member of the Society since 1889,
died at Yarmouth, Maine, January 6, 1908.

Mrs. Lydia B. Manning who became a member of the Society
in 1874 died at her home in Reading, Massachusetts, January 9,
1908, at the age of 68 years.

Mrs. Manning was the widow of the late Jacob W. INIanning,
the well-known horticulturist, and shared with him in her interest
in the Society and in horticultural affairs.

Charles H. Dalton, a prominent business man of Boston,
died at his home in that city, February 23, 1908. Mr. Dalton was
born in Chelmsford, Massachusetts, September 25, 1826. Early
in life he came to Boston and engaged in business pursuits and
was identified with several large manufacturing companies. He
was also much interested in public affairs and in various public
institutions. He was elected a member of the Society in 1899.

Robert B. Leuchars, one of the oldest members of the Society,
having joined in 1852, died at Brookline, Massachusetts, INIarch
3, 1908.

He was born in Scotland 85 years ago and when a young man
came to this country securing employment as a gardener at Balti-
more, and later was employed in laying out some of the notable
estates on the Hudson River.

He achieved distinction as a landscape gardener and published
many articles on this subject as well as on general gardening and
fruit growing. He was, during the years from 1849 to 1853, a
frequent contributor to Hovey's Magazine of Horticulture. One
of his articles of especial interest was entitled "Notes on Gardens
and Gardening in the neighborhood of Boston," which was printed
in the February, 1850, number of that paper.

271

272 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

William Heath Spooner, a prominent and actively interested
member of the Society for more than half a century, died at his
home in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, March 21, 1908. He was
born in Jamaica Plain, April 2, 1833, and had lived there nearly
all his life. For some years he was engaged in the nursery and seed
business, later making a specialty of rose growing.

Mr. Spooner was President of the Society in the years 1890, 1891,
and 1892, and was a member of one or more committees continu-
ously from 1877 to the year of his death. He was also the Society's
Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture from 1900 to 1908,
inclusive.

He became a member of the Society in 1855 and was one of the
very few remaining members of that period of its history.

Henry W. Dodd died at his home in Boston, March 29, 1908.
Mr. Dodd was born in Bangor, Maine, October 18, 1849. He
was engaged in the banking business in Boston for thirty years.
He became a member of the Society in 1905.

Richard Harding Weld, another of the older members of the
Society, died in Boston, March 30, 1908. He was born in West
Roxbury, Massachusetts, in 1835. He was a graduate of Harvard
College in the class of '56 and served as captain in the Forty-fourth
Massachusetts Regiment in the Civil War. He was connected
for many years with the firm of Aaron D. Weld's Sons and had
been a member of the Society since 1858.

Warren Ew'ELL, a member of the Society since 1890, died at his
home in Dorchester, Massachusetts, April 2, 1908, at the age of
fifty-six. Mr. Ewell was well known among horticulturists in the
vicinity of Boston as a commercial grower and was for a number of
years a prominent contributor to the exhibitions of the Society.

Franklin Haven, who died in Boston, April 7, 1908, was elected
a member of the Society in 1900. He was born m Boston, October
11, 1836, graduated from Harvard in 1857, and served as an officer
in the army during the War of the Rebellion. He was in later
years actively identified with many of Boston's financial and
charitable institutions.

NECROLOGY. 273

Milton Andros, formerly of Boston, and a member of the Society
since 1858, died at his home in San Francisco, CaUfornia, April 24,
1908, at the age of eighty-six.

John Murray Brown, the head of the well-known publishing
house of Little, Brown & Co. of Boston, died at his residence in
Belmont, INIassachusetts, April 28, 1908, in the sixty-sixth year of
his age.

He was much interested in horticultural matters and owned a
fine estate in Belmont. He became a member of the Society in 1899.

Ezra Howard Wheeler, a member of the Society since 1902,
died in Dorchester, Massachusetts, iNIay 31, 1908.

JNIr. Wheeler was born in Phillips, jNIaine, October 8, 1840. He
enlisted in the army in the Seventeenth Maine Regiment early in
the Civil War and saw much active service with the Army of the
Potomac. He was severely wounded at the Battle of Chancellors-
ville. May 3, 1864. In later years he carried on the drug business
in Salmon Falls, New Hampshire, and in Boston.

Andrew Cunningh.\m Wheelwright died at his home in
Boston, June 15, 1908, at the age of eighty-one. He was a graduate
of Harvard in the class of 1847 and adopted the profession of the
law. He had been a member of the Society since 1864.

Edward Preble Motley, a member of the Society since 1902,
died at his summer residence at Prides Crossing, Massachusetts,
July 3, 1908, at the age of forty-eight.

Mrs. Susan Ames French died at her home in North Easton,
Massachusetts, July 20, 1908. She joined the Society in 1905.

Hon. Warren W\ Rawson, the most widely-known market
gardener in the country, died at his home in Arlington, Massachu-
setts, August 9, 1908.

Mr. Rawson was born in Arlington, January 23, 1847. Early
in life he began business with his father as a grower of vegetables
for the Boston market. In a few years he bought out his father's
interest and entered upon the development of the business on a
larger scale than had ever been attempted before.

274 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Early in his experience he saw the possibilities in the culture of
vegetables under glass and to this end he devoted himself with
untiring energy, adopting every new method that promised to be
of help in his work. He was among the first to introduce the sys-
tem of sterilization of the soil and to demonstrate its value in the
growing of hothouse products. In recent years he had also carried
on experiments with electric light and electric currents in the
ground as aids in hastening the growth of vegetable crops.

He was thoroughly interested in the work of the Society, of
which he had been a member since 1873, and was often called upon
to speak at its meetings on matters connected with vegetable grow-
ing. In 1902 he gave a lecture before the Society on "The Evolu-
tion of Vegetable Culture during the last Forty Years" which is a
valuable contribution to the literature of this subject. He pub-
lished also a book on market gardening.

In addition to his great business interests he was identified with
many organizations and took a prominent part in the public affairs
of his native town and state, serving as a member of the Governor's
Council in 1905 and 1906. He was also a Vice-President of the
Society in 1904 and Chairman of the Committee on Vegetables in
1905 and 1906.

His death, while still in the vigor of middle age, is a serious loss
to all the interests with which he was identified, but he has left to
those that remain the stimulating example of an honorable and
successful life.

Emil Joh:anssohn of Brookline, Massachusetts, a well-known
private gardener and specialist in orchid growing, died in that
town, September 11, 1908.

Mr. Johanssohn was a native of Sweden. He joined the Society
in 1902 and was a member of the Committee on Plants and Flowers
at the time of his death.

Charles E. Richardson, a member of the Society since 1865
and also its Treasurer for sixteen* years, died in Brookline, Massa-
chusetts, September 14, 1908, at the age of seventy-two.

Mr. Richardson was a native of Portland, INIaine, his family
removing to Cambridge, Massachusetts, Avhen he was a child.
In his early business life he was an officer in several banking insti-

NECROLOGY. 275

tutions in Boston and Cambridge, until the year 1891 when he
was elected Treasurer of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
resigning in 1907 on account of his impaired health. He was an
expert accountant and his business relations with the Society won
for him the utmost confidence of its members and were always
characterized by the strictest fidelity.

He was especially interested in fruits and was particularly well
informed on the names of varieties of pears.

George Nicholson, a Corresponding Member of the Society
since 1889, died September 20, 1908.

Mr. Nicholson was the Curator of the famous Kew Gardens in
England for many years. He was especially known throughout the
horticultural world as the editor of "The Illustrated Dictionary of
Gardening," the first edition of which was published in 1891. This
work was the standard cyclopaedia of horticulture in this country
as well as in England until the publication of Bailey's "Cyclopaedia
of American Horticulture" in 1900.

Joshua Coolidge of Watertown, Massachusetts, died at his'
home there September 25, 1908, in the ninety-sixth year of his age.
He had been a member of the Society since 1873.

Andrew Washburn of Hyde Park, Massachusetts, died Sep-
tember 28, 1908, at the age of seventy-eight. Major Washburn
was a graduate of Harvard in the Class of 1852 and served in the
Civil War in the years 1861 and 1862. He became a member of
the Society in 1881.

John C. Daly, a member of the Society since 1899 died at his
home in Roxbury, Massachusetts, in September, 1908.

William Lumb, who joined the Society in 1874, died at his
home in Brighton, Massachusetts, October 9, 1908, in his eighty-
ninth year. ]\Ir. Lumb was born in Yorkshire, England, and came
to the United States in 1840. In 1848 he established a plumbing
business in Boston which he carried on for more than half a century.

George W. W. Dove, of Andover, Massachusetts, died in that
town, October 24, 1908, at the age of seventy-three. He served

276 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in the army and navy throughout the Civil War. He was engaged
in a manufacturing business in Andover and joined the Society in
1873.

John Kent, a member of the Society since 1866 died in Boston,
October 28, 1908.

Charles Baltet, the distinguished French horticuUurist of
Troyes, France, and a Corresponding Member of the Society since
1895, died November 24, 1908, at the age of seventy-eight years.

He was widely known as a practical cultivator and also as a
prolific writer in several lines of horticultural literature. He was,
perhaps, best known in this country through his valuable treatise
" L'Art de Greffer," a work that has been translated into English
under the name of "The Art of Grafting and Budding."

Donald Grant Mitchell, an Honorary Member of the Society
since 1867, died at his home in New Haven, Connecticut, December
15, 1908, at the age of eighty-four.

Under the nom de 'plume of "Ik Marvel" he occupied a conspicu-
ous position in American literature. He was always greatly in-
terested in horticultural and agricultural matters and early in life
bought a farm near New Haven where he indulged his fancy in a
practical manner. He wrote much on the subject of the rural
life and even ventured to contribute to the agricultural journals
articles on the management of the garden and farm.

OFFICERS, COMMITTEES, AND MEMBERS, 1908.

assacljusrtts iorticultunil Snnetg.

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES
FOR 1908.

President.

STEPHEN M. WELD, op Dedham.

Vice-Presidents.

WALTER HUNNEWELL of Boston.
CHARLES S. SARGENT, of Brookline.

Treasurer.

WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston.

Secretary.

WILLIAM P. RICH, of Chelsea.*

Trustees.

OAKES AMES, of North Easton.
WALTER C. BAYLIES, of Taunton.
WILLIAM N. CRAIG, of North Easton
CHARLES F. CURTIS, of Jamaica Plain.
WILLIAM H. ELLIOTT, of Brighton.
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, of Boston.
JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, of Boston
ARTHUR H. FEWKES, of Newton Highlands
ARTHUR D. HILL, of Boston.
CHARLES W. PARKER, of Boston.
JOHN A. PETTIGREW, op Boston.
WILLIAM WHITMAN, of Brookline.

Nominating Committee.

WILLIAM H. BOWKER. j. heNRY FLETCHER,

OF Boston. ^„ -r,

Tr^TjxT TI7 T^TTXT^ . T.T ' o^ Belmont.

JOHN W. DUNCAN, DAVID F ROY

OF West Roxbury. ^^ jj^^^^^

WILFRID WHEELER, of Concord.

*Communications to the Secretary, on the business of "the Society, should be ad-
flressed to him at Horticultural Hall, Boston.

280 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

COMMITTEES FOR 1908.

Finance Committee.

WALTER HUNNEWELL. Chairman.
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, STEPHEN M. WELD.

Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions.

J. K. M. L. FARQUHAR, Chairman.

WILLIAM N. CRAIG, EDWARD MacMULKIN. CHARLES S. SARGENT,

WILLIAM J. STEWART.

Committee on Plants and Flowers.

T. D. HATFIELD, Chairman.

JOSEPH CLARK, DUNCAN FINLAYSON, EMIL JOHANSSOHN,

THOMAS ROLAND.

Committee on Fruits.

WILFRID WHEELER, Chairman.
WILLL\M THATCHER, EDWARD B. WILDER.

Committee on Vegetables.

JOSIAH B. SHURTLEFF, JR., Chairman.
JOHN W. DUNCAN, GEORGE D. MOORE.

Committee on Gardens.

CHARLES W. PARKER, Chairman.

ROBERT CAMERON, ARTHUR H. FEWKES, JULIUS HEURLIN,

FREDERICK L. OLMSTED, JR., WILLIAM P. RICH, STEPHEN M. WELD,

THOMAS H. WESTWOOD.

Library Committee.

CHARLES S. SARGENT, Chairman.

CHARLES S. MINOT, RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL,

HENRY P. WALCOTT.

Committee on Lectures and Publications.

JOHN A. PETTIGREW, Chairman.

WILLIAM H. SPOONEIl, MISS MARY L. WARE.

FRANK A. WAUGH.

Committee on Children's Gardens.

MRS. ROBERT G. SHAW, Chairman.

MRS. E. M. GILL, MRS. W. RODMAN PEABODY.

MRS. DUDLEY L. PICKMAN, MISS MARGARET A. RAND,

MRS. JOHN E. THAYER.

MEMBERS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY, 1908.

Revised to December 31, 1908.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Members and correspondents of the Society and all other persons who may
know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances shelving that the
following lists are inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by promptly
communicating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, President of the Royal Horticultural Society,

London.
Joseph Maxwell, Rio Janeiro, Brazil.
Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, Washington, D. C.
George W. Smith, Boston.
Albert Viger, President of the National Society of Horticulture of France,

Paris.
Hon. James Wilson, Secretaiy of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Edouard Andre, Editor-in-chief of the Revue Horticole, Paris, France.
George Francis Atkinson, Professor of Botany in Cornell University,

Ithaca, N. Y.
Professor L. H. Bailey, Director of College of Agriculture, Cornell

University, Ithaca, N. Y.
John Gilbert Baker, F. R. S., F. L. S., Kew, England.
Peter Barr, London, England.
Napoleon Baumann, Bohviller, Alsace.
D. W. Beadle, Toronto, Ontario.

282 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Professor William J. Beal, Agricultural College, Michigan.

Prosper J. Berckmaxs, Ex-President of the American Pomological Soci-
ety, Augusta, Georgia.

Charles E. Bessey, Ph. D., Professor of Botany in the Industrial College
of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.

Dr. Ch. Bolle, Berlin, Prussia.

Col. Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist to the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

Alexander Burton, United States Consul at Cadiz, Spain, Phila-
delphia.

Sir W. T. Thiselton Dyer, K. C. M. G., F. R. S., " Witcombe," Glouces-
ter, England.

Parker Earle, President of the American Horticultural Society, Ros-
well, N. M.

H. J. Elwes, F. R. S., Colesborne, Cheltenham, England.

William G. Farlow, M. D., Professor of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard
University, Cambridge.

B. E. Fernow, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.

Beverly T. Galloway, Horticulturist and Superintendent of Gardens
and Grovinds of the United States Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C.

Charles A. Goessmann, Ph. D., LL. D., Chemist of the Experiment
Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amhefst.

George L. Goodale, M. D., Professor of Botany, Harvard University,
Cambridge.

Professor Byron D. Halsted, Botanist and Horticulturist at the New
Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J.

J. H. Hart, Superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Trinidad.

Dr. Augustine Henry, Cambridge, England.

Dr. F. M. Hexamer, Editor of the American Agriculturist, New York.

J. W. Hoffmann, Colored State University, Orangeburg, S. C.

J. C. Holding, Ex-Treasurer and Secretary of the Cape of Good Hope
Agricultural Society, Cape Town, Africa.

Sir Joseph Hooker, K. C. S. I., The Camp, Sunningdale, England.

Senor Don S.\lvador Izquierdo, Santiago, Chile.

Sir George King, K. C. I. E., M. B., LL. D., F. R. S., Calcutta.

Professor William R. Lazenby, Department of Horticulture and
Forestry; Secretary College of Agriculture and Domestic Science,
Ohio State University, Columbus, O.

Max Leichtlin, Baden-Baden, Germany.

Victor Lemoine, Nancy, France.

Dr. Peter MacOwan, Uitenhage, Cape Colony.

George Maw, Benthal, Kinley, Surrey, England.

T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N. Y.

F. W. Moore, A. L. S., Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin,
Dublin, Ireland.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 283

Sir Daniel Morris, C. M. G., D. Sc, M.A., F. L. S., Imperial Commis-
sioner of Agriculture, Barbados.
Peter Novik, Secretaiy of the Norwegian Horticultural Society, Chris-

tiania.
Professor D. P. Penhallow, Director of the Botanic Garden, Montreal,

Canada.
Lieut. Col. David Prain, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens,

Kew, England.
P. T. QuiNN, Newark, N. J.
Cavaliere Enrico Ragusa, Palermo, Sicily.
S. Reynolds, M. D., Schenectady, N. Y.

Dr. Henry L. Ridley, Director of the Botanic Garden, Singapore.
Benjamin Lincoln Robinson, Ph. D., Curator of the Gray Herbarium

of Harvard University, Cambridge.
William Robinson, Editor of Gardening Illustrated, London.
William Salway, Superintendent of Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati,

O.
William R. Smith, Superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Washington,

D. C.
Robert W. Starr, Port William, N. S.

William Trelease, Director of the Missouri Botanic Garden, St. Louis.
Dr. Melchior Treub, Director of the Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg, Java.
H. J. Veitch, Chelsea, England.
Maurice L. de Vilmorin, Paris, France.
Philippe L. de Vilmorin, Paris, France.

William Watson, Curator of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.
Miss E. Willmott, Essex, England.
Professor L. Wittmack, Secretary of the Royal Prussian Horticultural

Society, Berlin, Prussia.

284

IMASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LIFE MEMBERS.

Adams, Mrs. Charles Francis, South
Lincohi.

Adams, George E., Ivingston, R. I.

Adams, Henry Saxton, Wellesley.

Agassiz, Mrs. George R., Yarmouth
Port,

Allen, Hon. Charles H., Lowell.

Allen, Thomas, Boston.

Ames, F. Lothrop, North Easton.

Ames, John S., North Easton.

Ames, Miss Mary S., North Easton.

Ames, Oakes, North Easton.

Ames, Oliver, North Easton.

Ames. Mrs. Oliver, Sr., North East-
on.

Ames, Preston Adams, Chel-ea.

Ames, Miss Susan E., North Easton.

Amory, C. W., Boston.

Amory, Frederick, Boston.

Anderson, Larz, Brookline.

Andrews, Charles L., Milton.

Appleton, Hon. Francis H., Boston.

Arnold. Mrs. George Francis,
Brookline.

Ash, John, Pomfret Centre, Conn.

Atkins, Edwin F., Belmont.

Ayer, James B., Boston.

Backer, Clarence A., Melrose.
Badger, Walter I., Cambridge.
Bailey, Jason S., West Roxbury.
Bailey, Robert M., Dedham.
Baker, Clifton P., Dedham.
Baker, James E., South Lincoln.
Balch, Joseph, Dedham.
Banfield, Francis L., M. D., Wor-
cester.

Barber, J. Wesley, Newton.

Barker, George, Swampscott.

Barnard, George E., Ipswich.

Barnes, Walter S., Boston.

Barney, Arthur F., Dorchester.

Barney, Levi C, Boston.

Barry, John Marshall, Boston.

Barry, William C, Rochester, N. Y.

Bartlett, Francis, Beverly.

Bartlett, Miss Mary F., Boston.

Bates, Miss Mary D., Ipswich.

Baylies, Walter C, Taunton.

Beal, Thomas P., Boston.

Becker, Frederick C, Cambridge.

Beckford, Daniel R., Jr., Dedham.

Beebe, E. Pierson, Boston.

Beebe, Franklin H., Boston.

Beebe, J. Arthur, Boston.

Bemis, Frank B., Beverly.

Bigelow, Albert S., Cohasset.

Bigelow, Joseph S., Cohasset.

Bigelow, Dr. William Sturgis, Bos-
ton.

Black, George N., Manchester.

Blake, Mrs. Arthur W., Brookline.

Blake, Edward D., Boston.

Blake, Francis, Weston.

Blanchard, John W., West New-
ton.

Blood, Eldredge H., Cambridge.

Boardman, Miss Ehza D., Boston.

Boardman, Samuel M., Hyde Park.

Boardman, T. Dennie, Manchester.

BoUes, William P.. M. D., Roxburj-.

Rosier, Frank C, Carlisle, Penn.

Bowditch, Charles P., Jamaica
Plain.

LIFE MEMBERS.

285

Bowditch, Ernest W., Milton.

Bowditch, James H., Brookline.

Bowditch, Nathaniel I., Framing-
ham.

Bowditch, William E., Roxbury.

Bowker, William H., Boston.

Breck, Joseph Francis, Allston.

Bremer, Mrs. John L., Manchester.

Bresee, Albert, Hubbardton, Vt.

Brewster, William, Cambridge.

Briggs, William S., Lincoln.

Brigham, William T., Honolulu,
Hawaii.

Brooks, HenrJ^ Lincoln.

Brooks, J. Henr^^ Boston.

Brooks, Peter C, Boston.

Brooks, Shepherd, Boston.

Brown, Samuel N., Boston.

Brush, Charles N., Brookline.

Buitta, Vincent, Newton Upper
Falls.

Burlen, William H., Boston.

Burnett. Harry, Southborough.

Burnham, John A., Wenham.

Burrage, Albert C, Boston.

Buswell, Frank E., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Butler, Aaron, Wakefield.

Butterworth, George William, South
Framingham.

Butterworth, J. Thomas, South
Framingham.

Buttrick, Stedman, Concord.

Cabot, Dr. Arthur T., Boston.
Cabot, George E., Boston.
Calder, Augustus P., Mattapan.
Cameron, Robert, Cambridge.
Campbell, Charles A., Ipswich.
Campbell. Francis, Cambridge.
Carr, Hon. John, Roxbury.
Carr, Samuel, Boston.
Carter, Charles N., Needham.
Carter, Miss Maria E., Woburn.
Cartwright, George, Dedham.
Casas, W. B. de las, Maiden.

Chadbourne, Marshall W., East
Waterto^^^l.

Chamberlain, Chauncy W., Boston.

Chapman, John L., Prides Crossing.

Cheney, Mrs. Elizabeth S., Wellesley.

Choate, Charles F., Southborough.

Christie, William, Everett.

Clapp, Edward B., Dorchester.

Clapp, James H., Dorchester.

Clapp, William C, Dorchester.

Clark, Benjamin C, Boston.

Clark, B. Preston, Cohasset.

Clark, Miss Eleanor J., Pomfret
Centre, Conn.

Clark, Herbert A., Belmont.

Clark, J. Warren, Millis.

Clarke, Miss Cora H., Boston.

Clarke, , Eliot C, Boston.

Clough, Micajah Pratt, Lynn.

Cobb, John C, Milton.

Coburn, Isaac E., Everett.

Codman, IVIiss Catherine A., West-
wood.

Codman, James M., Brookline.

Coe, Miss Marjr Alma, Boston.

Cogswell, Edward R., Jr., Cam-
bridge.

Cole, Edward E., Boston.

CoUamore, Miss Helen, Boston.

Colton, Samuel H., Worcester.

Comley, Norris F., Lexington.

Converse, Col. H. E., Maiden.

Coolidge, Harold J., Boston.

Coolidge, J. Randolph, Chestnut
Hill.

Coolidge, Mrs. J. Randolph, Chest-
nut Hill.

Coolidge, T. Jefferson, Jr., Boston.

Cottle, Henry C, Boston.

Cox, Thomas A., Dorchester.

Craig, William Nicol, North Easton.

Crane, Zenas, Dalton.

Crawford, Dr. Sarah M., Roxburj'.

Crocker, Hon. George G., Boston.

Crocker, Miss S. H., Boston.

286

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Crosby, George E., West Medford.
Cross, Alfred Richard, Nantasket.
Crowell, Randall H., Watertown.
Curtis, Charles F., Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, Charles P., Jr., Boston.
Gushing, Livingston, Weston.
Cutler, Mrs. Charles F., Boston.
Cutler, Judge Samuel R., Revere.

Damon, Frederick W., Arlington.

Dane, Ernest B., Brookline.

Dane, Mrs. Ernest B., Brookline.

Daniels, Dr. Edwin A., Boston.

Davenport, Albert M., Watertown.

Davis, Arthur E., Wellesley.

Davis, Mrs. Arthur E., Wellesley.

Davis, Edward L., Worcester.

Davis, L. Shannon, Brookline.

Dawson, Jackson T., Jamaica Plain.

Day, Frank A., Newton.

Day, Henry B., West Newton.

Dee, Thomas W., Cambridge.

Denny, Clarence H., Boston.

Denton, Eben, Dorchester.

Dexter, George, Beverly.

Dexter, Gordon, Beverly Farms.

Dexter, Philip, Beverly.

Dike, Charles C, Stoneham.

Doane, Edgar Howard, Wenham.

Doliber, Thomas, Brookline.

Donald, William, Cold Spring Har-
bor, N. Y.

Donaldson, James, Roxbury.

Doten, Scott T., Brookline.

Dowse, William B. H., West New-
ton.

Draper, Hon. Eben S., Hopedale.

Draper, George A., Hopedale.

Dreer, William F., Philadelphia, Pa.

Dumaresq, Herbert, Chestnut Hill.

Duncan, The Hon. Mrs. George,
Nahant.

Duncan, James L., New York, N. Y.

Duncan, John W., West Roxbury.

Dunlap, James H., Nashua, N. H.

Durfee, George B., Fall River.
Dutcher, Frank J., Hopedale.
D wight, Theodore F., Kendal Green.
Dyer, Herbert H., Arlington.

Eaton, Horace, Cambridge.

Eldredge, H. Fisher, Boston.

Elliot, Mrs. John W., Boston.

Elliott, William H., Brighton.

Ellsworth, J. Lewis, Worcester.

Emerson, Nathaniel W., M. D.,
Boston.

Endicott, William, Boston.

Endicott, William, Jr., Boston.

Endicott, William C, Danvers.

Estabrook, Arthur F., Boston.

Estabrook, Mrs. Arthur F., Boston.

Eustis, Miss EUzabeth M., Brook-
line.

Eustis, Miss Mary St. Barbe, Brook-
line.

Fairchild, Charles, New York, N. Y.

Falconer, William, Pittsburg, Pa.

Farlow, Lewis H., Pasadena, Cal.

Farnsworth, Mrs. William, Dedham.

Farquhar, James F. M., Roslindale.

Farquhar, John K. M. L., Roxbury.

Farquhar, Robert, North Cam-
bridge.

Faxon, John, Quincy.

Fay, H. H., Woods Hole.

Fay, Joseph S., Woods Hole.

Fay, Wilton B., West Medford.

Fenno, L. Carteret, Boston.

Fessenden, George B., Allston.

Fewkes, Arthur H., Newton High-
lands.

Finlayson. Duncan, Jamaica Plain.

Finlayson, Kenneth, Jamaica Plain.

Fisher, Peter, Ellis.

Fletcher, George V., Belmont.

Fletcher, J. Henry, Belmont.

Foster, Charles H. W., Needham.

Foster, Francis C, Cambridge.

LIFE MEMBERS.

287

Fottler, John, Jr., Dorchester.
Fowle, George W., Jamaica Plain.
French, Miss Caroline L. W., Boston.
French, S. Waldo, Newtonville.
French, W. Clifford, Newton.
Frohock, Roscoe R., Brookline.
Frost, Harold L., Arlington.
Frost, Irving B., Belmont.
Frost, Varnum, Arlington.

Gardner, Mrs. Augustus P., Hamil-
ton.

Gardner, George A., Boston.

Gardner, George P., Boston.

Gardner, John L., Boston.

Gardner, Mrs. John L., Brookline.

Gardner, William Amors', Groton.

Garratt, Allan V., Holliston.

Gaston, William A., Boston.

Gibbs, Wolcott, M. D., Newport,
R. I.

Gill, George B., Medford.

Gillard, William, Dorchester.

Gilson, F. Howard, Wellesley Hills.

Goddard, Joseph, Sharon.

Goddard, Samuel J., Framingham.

Goodale, Dr. Joseph L., Boston.

Goodell, L. W., Dwight.

Gowing, Mrs. Clara E., Kendal
Green.

Grandin, J. Livingston, Boston.

Gray, Mrs. John C, Boston.

Greenough, Mrs. Charles P., Brook-
line.

Gregory', Hon. James J. H., Marble-
head.

Grew, Edward S., Boston.

Hale, James O., Byfield.
Hall, Edwin A., Cambridgeport.
Hall. George A., Chelsea.
Hall, Jackson E., Foxboro.
Hall. Osborn B., Maiden.
Harding, George W., Arlington.
Harding, Louis B., Chestnut Hill.
Hardy, F. D., Cambridgeport.
Hardy, Miss Susan ^Tiite, Boston.

Hargraves, William J., Jamaica

Plain.
Harris, Charles, Cambridge.
Harris, Thaddeus William, A. M.,

Keene, N. H.
Hartshorn, Arthur E., Worcester.
Harwood, George Fred, Newton.
Hastings, Levi W., Brookline.
Hatch, Edward, Boston.
Hauthaway, Ed-s\in D , Sharon.
Hawken, Mrs. Thomas, Rockland,

Me.
Hayward, George P., Chestnut Hill.
Head, Thomas W., Groton, Conn.
Hellier, Charles E., Boston.
Hemenway, Augustus, Canton.
Hemenway, Mrs. Augustus, Can-
ton.
Henshaw, Joseph P. B., Boston.
Henshaw, Samuel, Cambridge.
Heurlin, Julius, South Braintree.
Hewett, Miss Mary C, Canton.
Higginson, Francis L., Boston.
Higginson, Mrs. Henry L., Boston.
Hilbourn, A. J., Boston.
Hittinger, Jacob, Belmont.
Hoitt, Hon. Charles W., Nashua,

N. H.
Holbrook, E. Everett, Boston.
Hollander, Louis Preston, Boston.
HoUingsworth, Z. T., Boston.
HoUis, George W., Allston.
Holmes, Edward J., Boston.
Holt, Gustavus C, Belmont.
Holt, Mrs. Stephen A., Cambridge.
Holt, William W., Norway, Maine.
Hooper, William, Manchester.
Horsford, Miss Kate, Cambridge.
Hosmer, Oscar, Wenham.
Houghton, Clement S., Chestnut

HiU.
Hovey, Charles H., South Pasa-
dena, Cal.
Hovey, Stillman S., Woburn.
Howard, Henry M., West Ne\\-ton.
Howard, Joseph W., Somerville.
Ho\'t, William J., Manchester, N. H.

288

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Hubbard, Charles Wells, Weston.

Hubbard, James C, Everett.

Humphrey, George W., Dedham.

Hunnewell, Henry Sargent, Welles-
ley.

Hunnewell, Walter, Wellesley.

Hunt, Dudley F., Reading.

Hunt, FrankUn, Charlestown, N.
H.

Hunt, William H., Concord.

Hutchins, Rev. Charles Lewis, Con-
cord.

Jack, John George, Jamaica Plain.
Jackson, Charles L., Cambridge.
Jackson, Robert T., Cambridge.
James, EUerton, Milton.
James, Mrs. EUerton, Milton.
James, George Abbot, Nahant.
Jeffries, William A., Boston.
Jenks, Charles W., Bedford.
Johnson, Arthur S., Boston.
Johnson, J. Frank, Maiden.
Jones, Mrs. Clarence W., Brookline.
Jones, Jerome, Brookline.
Jones, Dr. Mary E., Boston.
Jordan, Eben D., Boston.
Jordan, Henry G., Brookline.
Jose, Edwin H., Cambridgeport.

Kellen, William V., Marion.
Kelly, George B., Jamaica Plain.
Kendall, D. S., Woodstock, Ont.
Kendall, Edward, Cambridgeport.
Kendall, Joseph R., San Francisco,

Cal.
Kendall, Dr. Walter G., Atlantic.
Kendrick, l^lrs. H. P., Boston.
Kennedy, George G., M. D., Milton.
Keyes, Mrs. Emma Mayer, Boston.
Keyes, John M., Concord.
Kidder, Charles A., Southborough.
Kidder, Nathaniel T., Milton.
Kimball, David P., Boston.
Kimball, Richard D., Waban.

King, D. Webster, Boston.
Kingman, Abner A., Wakefield.
Kinney, H. R., Worcester.
Kinnicutt, Mrs. Leonard P., Wor-
cester.
Kirkland, Archie Howard, Reading,
Knapp, Walter H., Newtonville.

Lamb, Horatio A., Milton.

Lancaster, Charles B., Boston.

Lane, Gardiner M., Boston.

Lanier, Charles, Lenox.

Lawrence, Amory A., Boston.

Lawrence, Amos A., New York,
N. Y.

Lawrence, James, Groton.

Lawrence, John, Groton.

Lawrence, Samuel C, Medford.

Lawrence, Rt. Rev. William, Bos-
ton.

Learned, Charles A., Arlington.

Lee, Daniel D., Jamaica Plain.

Lee, Francis H., Salem.

Lee, George C, Newton.

Leeson, Hon. Joseph R., Newton
Centre.

Leighton, George B., Monadnock,
N. H.

Lemme, Frederick, Charlestown.

Leonard, George H., Boston.

Libby, Charles W., Medford.

Lincoln, George, Hingham.

Lindsey, N. Allen, Marblehead.

Little, James L., Brookline.

Little, John Mason, Swampscott.

Locke, Isaac H., Belmont.

Lodge, Richard W., Boston.

Loomis, Elihu G., Bedford.

Loring, Augustus P., Beverly.

Loring, David, Boston.

Loring, Mrs. William Caleb, Bev-
erly.

Low, George D., Boston.

Lowell, Abbott Lawrence, Boston.

Lowell, Miss Amy, Brookline.

Lowell, James A., Chestnut Hill.

LIFE MEMBERS.

289

Lowell, John, Newton.
Lowell, Miss Lucy, Boston.
Luke, Otis H., Brookline.
Lunt, William W., Hingham.
Lyman, George H., Wareham.
Lyman, Mrs. Theodore, Brookline.

Mabbett, George, Plymouth.

McCarty, Timothy, Providence, R.
I.

Mackie, George, M. D., Attleboro.

Mc William, George, Whitinsville.

Mahoney, John, Boston.

Mallett, E. B., Jr., Freeport, Me.

Manda, W. A.., South Orange, N. J.

Mandell, Mrs. WilUam D., Boston.

Mann, James F., Ipswich.

Manning, J. Woodward, Reading.

Manning, Warren H., Brookline.

Marble, Benjamin C., Manchester.

Marshall, Frederick F., Everett.

Marston, How-ard, Boston.

Mason, Miss Ellen F., Boston.

Mason, Col. Frederick, Taunton.

Mathison, Fred R., Waltham.

Matthews, Nathan, Boston.

Maxwell, George H., Newton.

Melvin, George, South Framing-
ham.

Melvin, James C., Boston.

Meredith, J. Morris, Topsfield.

Merriam, Charles, Weston.

Merriam, Herbert, Weston.

Merry, Louis E., West Somerville.

Metivier, James, Cambridge.

Milmore, Mrs. Joseph, Washington,
D. C.

Minot, Charles S., Milton.

Minot, Lawrence, Boston.

Mitton, Edward J., Brookline.

Mixter, George, Boston.

Monteith, David, Hyde Park, Vt.

Montgomery, Alexander, Natick.

Montgomery, Alexander, Jr., Na-
tick.

Moore, George D., Arlington.

Moore, John H., Concord.

Morgan, George H., New York

N. Y.
Morse, John T., Boston.
Morse, Robert M., Jamaica Plain.
Morton, James H., Mattapan.
Moseley, Charles H., Roxbury.
Mudge, George A., Portsmouth,

N. H.
Murdock, Albert L., Boston.
Murray, Peter, Fairhaven.
Mutch, John, Waban.

Nevins, Mrs. David, Methuen.

Newman, John R., Winchester.

Newton, Rev. WiUiam W., Pitts-
field.

Nickerson, Mrs. George A., Ded-
ham.

Nickerson, Wilham E., Cambridge.

Norton, Charles W., AUston.

Norton, Edward E., Boston.

Oakman, Hiram A.., North Marsh-
field.

Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr., Brook-
line.

Olmsted, John C. Brookline.

Orpet, Edward O.. South Lancas-
ter.

Page, Mrs. Henrietta, Cambridge.
Paige, Clifton H., Mattapan.
Parker, Augustine H., Dover.
Parker, Charles W., Boston.
Parkman, Henry, Boston.
Parsons, John E., Lenox.
Patten, Marcellus A., Tewksbury.
Paul, Alfred W., Dighton.
Peabody, Frank E., Boston.
Peabody, George A., Danvers.
Peabody, John E., Salem.
Peabody, S. Endicott, Salem.
Peck, William G., Arlington.
Peirce, E. Allan, Waltham.
Pentecost, Mrs. Ernest Harvey,

Topsfield.
Perry, George W., Maiden.

290

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Perry, Oliver Hazard, Lowell.

Pfaff, Col. Charles, South Framing-
ham.

Phillips, John C, North Beverly.

Phillips, Mrs. John C, North Bev-
erly.

Phillips, William, North Beverly.

Pickman, Dudley L., Boston.

Pickman, Mrs. Ellen R., Boston.

Pierce, Dean, Brookline.

Pierce, George Francis, Neponset.

Pierce, Wallace L., Boston.

Pierson, Frank R., Tarrytown,
N. Y.

Pond, Preston, Winchester.

Pope, Col. Albert A., Cohasset.

Porter, Alexander S., Boston.

Porter, James C, Wollaston.

Prang, Louis, New York, N. Y.

Pratt, Laban, Dorchester.

Pratt, Robert M., Boston.

Prendergast, J. M., Boston.

Prescott, Eben C, New York, N.
Y.

Presson, Alfred, Gloucester.

Preston, Howard Willis, Provi-
dence, R. I.

Pringle, Cyrus G., Burlington, Vt.

Proctor, T. E., Boston.

Putnam, George, Manchester.

Putnam, George J., Brookline.

Putnam, Joshua H., Newton Cen-
tre.

Quinby, Hosea M., M. D., Worces-
ter.

Raddin, Everett W., North Cam-
bridge.
Rand, Harry S., North Cambridge.
Rand, Miss Margaret A., Cambridge.
Rawson, Herbert W., Arlington.
Ray, James F., Franklin.
Raymond, Walter, Boston.
Read, Charles A., Manchester.
Reardon, Edmund, Cambridgeport.

Reardon, John B., Boston.

Remick, Frank W., West Newton.

Rice, George C, Worcester.

Rich, William P., Chelsea.

Richards, John J., Brookline.

Richardson, Mrs. F. L. W., Brook-
line.

Richardson, Dr. William L., Bos-
ton.

Riggs, William Allan, Jamaica
Plain.

Ripley, Charles, Dorchester.

Ripley, Ebed L., Hingham Centre.

Robb, Russell, Concord.

Robinson, John, Salem.

Robinson, Joseph B., Dorchester.

Rodman, Miss Mary, Concord.

Roffe, Albert H., Newton Centre.

Rogers, H. H., Fairhaven.

Rogers, Mrs. Jacob C, Peabody.

Roland, Thomas, Nahant.

Rothwell, James E., Brookline.

Roy, David Frank, Marion.

Ruddick, William H., M. D.,
South Boston.

Russell, George, Woburn.

Russell, James S., Milton.

Salisbury, William C. G., Brook-
line.

Saltonstall, Richard M., Chestnut
Hill.

Sanger, Mrs. George P., Boston.

Sargent, Andrew Robeson, Brook-
line.

Sargent, Charles S., Brookline.

Sargent, Mrs. Charles S., Brookline.

Sargent, Charles Sprague, Jr.,
Brookline.

Sargent, Mrs. Francis W., Wel-
lesley.

Scorgie, James C, Cambridge.

Scott, Charles, Newton.

Sears, Miss Clara E., Boston.

Sears, Dr. Henry F., Boston.

Sears, Mrs. J. Montgomery, Boston.

LIFE MEMBERS.

291

Sharp, Miss Helen, Boston.

Shaw, Christopher C, Milford, N.
H.

Shaw, Francis, Wayland.

Shaw, Mrs. Robert G., Wellesley.

Shea, Janies B., Jamaica Plain.

Sherman, J. P. R., Newton.

Shorey, John L., Lynn.

Shmnan, Hon. A., Roxbury.

Shurtleff, Josiah B., Jr., Revere.

Sias, Charles D., Wenham.

Siebrecht, H. A., New Rochelle,
N. Y.

Skinner, Francis, Dedham.

Sleeper, Henry Davis, Boston.

Smiley, Daniel, Lake Mohonk, N.
Y.

Smith, Archibald, Oxford, Eng-
land.

Smith, Charles S., Lincoln.

Smith, Edward N., San Francisco,
Cal.

Smith, Thomas Page, Waltham.

Snow, Eugene A., Boston.

Sohier, Col. William D., Beverly.

Spaulding, Edward, Weston.

Spaulding, JohnT., Prides Crossing.

Spaulding, William S., Prides Cross-
ing.

Sprague, Isaac, Wellesley Hills.

Springall, George, Maiden.

Stearns, Charles H., Brookline.

Stearns, Frank W., Newton.

Stedman, Henry R., M. D., Ros-
lindale.

Stewart, Williain J., Winchester.

Stone, Charles A., Newton.

Stone, Charles W., Boston.

Stone, Prof. George E., Amherst.

Stone, George F., Chestnut Hill.

Storrow, James J., Boston.

Stratton, Charles E., Boston.

Strong, William C, Waban.

Strout, Charles S., Biddeford, Me.

Sturgis, Richard Clipston, Boston.

Swain, Charles E., Roxbuiy.

Sweet, Everell F., Maiden.
Sylvester, Edmund Q., Hanover.

Taylor, Charles H., Boston.

Tenney, C. H., Methuen.

Thatcher, William, Brookline.

Thayer, Mrs. Alice R., Boston.

Thayer, Bayard, South Lancaster.

Thayer, Mrs. Baj^ard, South Lan-
caster.

Thayer, Mrs. Eugene V. R., South
Lancaster.

Thayer, Henry J., Boston.

Thayer, John E., South Lancas-
ter.

Thayer, Mrs. John E., South Lan-
caster.

Thayer, Nathaniel, Lancaster.

Thayer, Mrs. Nathaniel, Lancaster.

Thiemann, Hermann, Belchertown.

Thomas, W. B., Manchester.

Thurlow, Thomas C, West New-
bury.

Tilton, Stephen W., Brookline.

Tolman, Miss Harriet S., Boston.

Toppan, Roland W., Maiden.

Torrey, Elbridge, Dorchester.

Torrey, Everett, Charlestown.

Tower, Miss Ellen May, Lexington.

Tower, Mrs. Helen M., Cambridge.

Travis, Charles B., Brighton.

Trepess, Samuel J., Glencove, L.
L, N. Y.

Tucker, Lawrence, Boston.

Tufts, George W., Rockport.

Underwood, Loring, Belmont.

Vander-Woerd, Charles, Waltham.
Vaughan, William Warren, Boston.
Vinal, Mi.ss Mary L., Somerville.
Vining, R. William E., Hingham.

Wakefield, E. H., Cambridge.
Walcott, Henry P., M. D., Cam-
bridge.
Waldo, C. Sidney, Jamaica Plain.

292

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Wales, George O., Braintree.

Walsh, Michael H., Woods Hole.

Waltham, George C, Dorchester.

Walton, Arthur G., Wakefield.

Warburton, Chatterton, Fall River.

Ward, Francis Jackson, Roxbury.

Ward, John, Newton Centre.

Ware, Miss Mary L., Boston.

Warren,| Samuel D., Dedham.

Watson, Benjamin M., Jamaica
Plain.

Watson, C. Herbert, Brookline.

Watson, Thomas A., East Brain-
tree.

Watts, Isaac, Waverley.

Webster, Edwin S., Chestnut Hill.

Webster, Frank G., Boston.

Webster, George H., Haverhill.

Webster, Hollis, Cambridge.

Webster, Laurence J., Holderness,
N. H.

Welch, David, Dorchester.

Welch, Edward J., Dorchester.

Weld, Christopher Minot, Read-
ville.

Weld, Gen. Stephen M., Dedham.

West, Mrs. Maria L., Neponset.

Wheeler, Frank, Concord.

Wheeler, James, Brookline.

Wheeler, Wilfrid, Concord.

Wheelwright, Edmund M., Boston.

Whitcomb, William B., Medford.

White, Mrs. Charles T., Boston.

White, Francis A., Brookline.

White, George R., Boston.

White, Joseph H., Brookline.

Whitman, William, Brookline.

Whitney, Arthur E., Winchester.

Whitney, Ellerton P.. Milton.

Whitney, Henry M., Cohasset.

Whittier, George E., Groton.

Whittier, William Benjamin, South
Framingham.

Wigglesworth, George, Milton.

Wilbur, George B., Boston.

Wilde, Mrs. Albion D., West Rox-
bury.

Wilder, Edward Baker, Dorchester.

Wilder, Henry A., Maiden.

Willcutt, Levi L., Brookline.

Williams, Miss Adelia Coffin, Rox-
bury.

Williams, George Percy, Boston.

Williams, Henry Bigelow, Boston.

Williams, John Davis, Boston.

Williams, Mrs. J. Bertram, Cam-
bridge.

Williams, Mrs. Moses, Brookline.

Williams, Philander, Taunton.

Wilson, William Power, Boston.

Winsor, Robert, Weston.

Whiter, Herman L., South Medford.

Wood, William K., Franklin.

Woodberry, Miss E. Gertrude, Cam-
bridge.

Woodbury, John, Lynn.

Woodward, Mrs. Samuel Bayard,
Worcester.

Wright, George C, West Acton.

Wright, John G., Brookline.

Wyman, Oliver B., Shrewsbury.

Wyman, Windsor H., North Abing-
ton.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

293

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Allen, Mrs. Sallie R., Wilmington.
Alles, William H., Watertovvn.
Anderson, George M., Milton.

Balme, Juan, Jr., City of Mexico.

Bangs, Francis R., Boston.

Barker, John G., South Bend, Ind.

Barr, John, South Natick.

Bennett, John W., Springfield, Vt.

Bigelow, Arthur J., Eastlake, Wor-
cester.

Bigelow, Mrs. Nancy J., South-
borough.

Bird, John L., Dorchester.

Blackmur, Paul R., Quincy.

Bolton, Sabin, North Easton.

Borst, Theodore F., South Fram-
ingham.

Bradley, Miss Abby A., Hingham.

Breck, Charles H., Newton.

Breed, Edward W., Clinton.

Briggs, Frank P., Ayer.

Butler, E. K., Jamaica Plain.

Carpenter, Frank O., Boston.
Chandler, Alfred D., Broc""line.
Chase, Joseph S., Maiden.
Child, Stephen, Kendal Green.
Chubbuck, Isaac Y., Roxbury.
Clark, John W., North Hadley.
Clark, Joseph, Manchester.
Clark, Theodore M., Boston.
Collins, Frank S., Maiden.
Colt, Mrs. J. D., Chestnut Hill.
Cotter, Lawrence, Dorchester.
Crosby, J. Allen, Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, Joseph H., Bo.ston.
Curtis, Louville, Tyng.sborough.

Cutting, Mrs. Isabelle Ladd, Lex-
ington.

Davis, Frederick S., West Rox-
bury.
Derby, William H., Revere.
Dorr, George B., Boston.
Doyle, William E., Cambridge.

Evans, Frank H., Maiden.

Ewell, Marshall F., ]VIarshfield Hills.

Farlow, Mrs. William G. , Cambridge.
■ Fisher, SeweU, Boston.
Fiske, Harry E., WoUaston.
Fitzgerald, Desmond, Brookline.
Forbes, William H., Jamaica Plain.
Francis, George E., M. D., Wor-
cester.
Freeman, Miss Harriet E., Boston.
Fuld, Maurice, Boston.
Fuller, T. Otis, Needham.

Gardiner, John Hays, Cambridge.
Garthly, James, Fairhaven.
Gill, Mrs. E. M., Medford.
Grew, Henry Sturgis, Boston.
Grey, Robert Melrose, Belmont,

Cuba.
Grey, Thomas J., Chelsea.

Hall, Harry F., Waban.

Hall, Stacy, Boston.

Hamilton, Mrs. George Langford,

Magnolia.
Harrison, C. S., York, Nebraska.
Hatfield, T. D., Wellesley.

294

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Herff, B. van, New York, N. Y.
Heustis, Warren H., Belmont.
Hildreth, Miss Ella F., Westford.
Hill, Arthur Dehon, Boston.
Hill, J. Willard, Belmont.
Hollingsworth, Miss Rose, Boston.
HoUis, George, South Weymouth.
Houghton, George S., Reading.
Howden, Thomas, Whitinsville.
Howe, Miss Louise, Brookline.
Hubbard, Allen, Newton Centre.
Hubbard, F. Tracy, Boston.

Illenberger, Henry, Lake Geneva'
Wisconsin.

Jack, Dr. Frederick L., Boston.
James, Robert Kent, Newton Cen-
tre.
Jameson, G. W., East Lexington.
Johnston, Robert, Lexington.

Keith, Mrs. Mary R., Washington,

D. C.
Kelsey, Harlan P., Salem.
Kennard, Frederic H., Brookline.
Knott, N. W. T., Waban.

Lancaster, Mrs. E. M., Roxbury.
Lawson, Joshua, Brookline.
Leuthy, A., Roslindale.
Lewis, E. L., Taunton.
Lincoln, Miss Agnes W., Medford.
Lockwood, R. Wilton, South Or-
leans.
Loring, Mrs. Thacher, Brookline.
Loring, William C, Beverly.
Lothrop, Thornton K., Boston.
Low, Hon. Aaron, Essex.
Lumsden, David, Durham, N. H.

McKenzie, John, Milford, N. H.
MacMulkin, Edward, Boston.
Manning, A. Chandler, Reading.
Means, Arthur F., Somerville.
Meriam, Horatio C, D. M. D.. Sa-
lem.

Metcalf, Dr. Ben H., Winthrop.
Milman, William, Roxbuiy.
Morgan, George M., Boston.
Morrison, William, Dedham.
Moseley, Frederick Strong, New-

buryport.
Munson, Prof. W. M., Orono, Me.

Newton, John F., Roxbury.
Nicholson, William, Framingham.
Nicol, James, Quincy.
Nixon, J. Arthur, Taunton.
Norton, Patrick, Dorchester.

Oakes, F. L., Newton.

Parker, Eliab, Roxbury.
Parker, Walter S., Reading.
Peabody, Mrs. W. Rodman, Cam-
bridge.
Pettigrew, John A., Jamaica Plain.'
Pierce, Mrs. F. A., Brookline.
Pray, James Sturgis, Cambridge.
Pritchard, John, Madbury, N. H.
Purdie, George A., Wellesley^Hills.

Rane, Prof. F. W., Waban.
Rea, Frederic J., Norwood.
Rich, Miss Ruth G., Dorchester.
Rich, William E. C, Roxbury.
Richards, Mrs. P. D., West Med-
ford.
Robb, Peter B., Whitinsville.
Robinson, Walter A., Arlington.
Ross, Charles W., Newtomdlle.
Ross, Henry Wilson, Newtonville.
Ross, Walter D., Worcester.

Sanborn, Edward W., Boston.
Sander, Charles, Brookline.
Saunders, Miss Mary T., Salem.
Scott, Augustus E., Lexington.
Scudder, Samuel H., Cambridge.
Searles, E. F., Methuen.
Seaver, Robert, Jamaica Plain.
Sharkey, John F., Cambridge.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

295

Sharpies, Stephen P., Cambridge.
Sim, William, Cliftondale,
Stuart, James, Mamaroneck, N. Y.
Symmes, Samuel S., Winchester.

Tailby, Joseph, Wellesley.
Thorpe, Joseph, Taunton.
Tingley, Mrs. Etta Fish, Green-
wood.
Turner, Everett P., Arlington.
Tjmdale, Theodore H., Boston.

Vaughan, J. C, Chicago, 111.

Ware, Horace E., Milton.
Warren, Samuel H., Weston.
Waugh, Prof. F. A., Amherst.

Welch, Patrick, Dorchester.

Westwood, Thomas H., Jamaica
Plain.

Wheeler, Henry A., Newton^^lle.

Wheelwright, George William, Ja-
maica Plain.

Whipple, Frank L., Lynn.

White, Miss Margaret, Cambridge.

Wilder, Miss Grace S., Dorchester.

Wilder, Miss Jemima R., Dorches
ter.

Wilkie, Edward A., Newtonville.

Winter, William C, Mansfield.

Wood, Elijah A., West Newton.

Young, E. Bentley, Boston.

TRANSACTIONS

ITassacIjusdts Jorliatltai al ^ocietg

FOR THE YEAR 1909

PART I

BOSTON
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND NINE

Massachusetts Horticultural Society
1909

The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts
under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and Publications.

Communications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi-
cations, exhibitions, and membership, may be addressed to William
P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, No. 300 Massachusetts
Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts.

William J. Stewart, Chairman
John A. Pettigrew
William P. Rich
Miss Mary L. Ware
Prof. F. A. Waugh

Committee

on

Lectures and

Publications.

CONTEXTS

The Inaugural Meeting

Horticultural Papers and Discussions ...

The Yeast of the Soil. By William H. Botvker .

Garden Insects and how to Control them. By Prof. E
D wight Sanderson .....

The Etherization of Plants for Forcing Purposes. By
Prof. William Stuart .....

The Outlook for Plant Breeding. By Dr. Herbert J
Webber ........

American Landscape Architecture. By Prof. F. A
Waiigh ........

Rural New England. By Mrs. Charlotte R. F. Ladd

13
29

Ornamental Gardens and Garden Materials. By Prof.

E. A. White 39

The Effects of Conditions of Growth upon Susceptibility

to Fungous Diseases. By Prof. B. M. Duggar . 51

67

89

105

119

The Different Methods of Propagation of Plants. By

Jackson Dawson ..... . 131

THE INAUGURAL MEETING, JANUARY 2, 1909.

TRANSACTIONS

1909, PART I.

INAUGURAL MEETING.

The Inaugural Meeting of the Massachusetts HorticuUural
Society for the year 1909 was held at Horticultural Hall, Boston,
on Saturday, January 2, at twelve o'clock, noon.

President Stephen M. Weld presided and opened the meeting
with the delivery of the following inaugural address :

Inaugural Address of President Weld.

To the Members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society:

In entering upon the duties of President of your Society for the
new year, to which office you have kindly chosen me for the third
time, there are a few remarks which I should like to make to the
Society.

In the first place, I wish to refer to the fact that we are still
spending more money than we get from our income, which is not a
business-like proposition. We have cut down expenses very much
from what they were a few years ago, and it will take but a small
increase in our income to put us in a proper position. The past

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

year our expenses exceeded our receipts by about $1600.00 and I
hope that in the coming year this deficit can be wholly made up.
I urge you all to bear in mind how much we need funds and how
much we need additional members.

Twenty-seven new members have been elected during the year.
The membership of the Society is 827 and it would be desirable to
increase the number. A little extra effort on the part of all interested
should be made to bring the membership up to 1000.

We have been called upon during the year to record the death of
twenty-four of our members among whom are many who have
been actively identified with the Society's affairs for many years,
and we recall their names at this time in appreciative remembrance.

The roll contains the names of Mrs. Lydia B. Manning, the widow
of our late well-known member, Jacob W. Manning; Robert B.
Leuchars, one of our oldest members, having joined the Society in
1852, and for many years prominent as a horticulturist and land-
scape gardener; William H. Spooner, an ex-President of the Society,
and a member since 1855, who had devoted a half-century of active
and valuable service to our work; Warren W. Rawson, a member
since 1873, widely known for his success as a cultivator of vege-
tables under glass, and always actively interested in all that per-
tained to the Society's welfare; Charles E. Richardson, a member
since 1865, and our faithful Treasurer for sixteen years; and
Joshua Coolidge of Watertown, a generation ago an exliibitor of
the products of his farm at our exhibitions.

Among others we have also in remembrance at this time George
W. Hammond, Charles H. Dalton, Henry W^ Dodd, Richard
Harding Weld, Franklin Haven, Warren Ewell, John Murray
Brown, Milton Andros, Ezra H. Wheeler, Andrew C. Wheelwright,
Edward P. Motley, Mrs. Susan E. French, Emil Johansson, John
C. Daly, Andrew Washburn, William Lumb, Robert M. Barnard,
and George W. W. Dove; all of whom have lent a hand on their
way through life.

There have been held during the year thirteen exhibitions of
plants, flowers, fruits, and vegetables which have been of more
than the usual excellence. The public interest in these has been
well sustained, and I feel sure that the prestige of the Society in
this respect has been kept u]i to the high standard of past years.

THE INAUGURAL MEETING. 9

The usual winter course of lectures on subjects of horticultural
interest was given early in the year, and next to the exhibitions, is
one of the important methods of carrying on the work of the Society.

The general interest in the cultivation of the ground, whether for
ornamental or for practical purposes, is undoubtedly increasing,
and in that respect our Society is in reality a great educational
institution whose object is to foster the love of gardening and to
present to the people the possibilities in this line of employment
through the exhibition of fine specimens of flowers, fruits, and
vegetables, the most tkstef ul methods of planning the home grounds,
and the means by which such results are attained.

In regard to the giving of prizes, there is an increasing desire on
the part of some of the members to have this Society give medals
in place of money for prizes. I am glad to see that this opinion is
spreading among you, as I think it is the true ground on which we
shall ultimately have to distribute rewards for merit.

I have left the last part of my address to the latest possible
moment in hopes I could give you some definite figures with regard
to the Treasurer's accounts. Owing to the fact that the meeting
comes earlier than usual this year, and through no fault of the
Treasurer's office, it has been impossible to get any definite figures
as yet. So far the receipts have been, roughly, $18,400, and the
expenses $20,000. This would make a deficit for the year of
$1600.00.

I would again urge the members of the Society to do all they can
to increase our income by gifts of money, and by getting parties
to lease our hall. The Trustees are doing all in their power to get
additional means of income, and I hope by another year that we
shall be able to increase the income and keep our expenses within
our receipts.

At the conclusion of his address the President called for the
annual reports of the various officers and chairmen of committees
which were presented in the following order.

Report of the Board of Trustees.
Report of the Finance Committee.
Report of the Treasurer.

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Report of the Secretary and Librarian.

Report of the Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture, Wilfrid
Wheeler, Delegate.

Report of the Committee on Lectures and Publications, John A.
Pettigrew, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions, John K.
M. L. Farquhar, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers, T. D. Hatfield,
Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Fruits, Wilfrid Wheeler, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Vegetables, J. B. ShurtleflF, Jr.,
Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Gardens, Charles W. Parker, Chair-
man.

Report of the Committee on Children's Gardens, Mrs. R. G.
Shaw, Chairman.

The reports as presented were separately accepted and referred to
the Committee on Publications.

The meeting was then dissolved.

William P. Rich,

Secretary.

HORTICULTURAL PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS.

11

THE YEAST OF THE SOIL.
By William H. Bowker, Boston.

Read before the Society, January 9, 1909.

In the discussion of this subject I shall not contribute anything
new to science, but I shall try to apply some of the scientific j^rinci-
ples and teachings which have been worked out during the past
decade.

"The yeast of the soil," as we shall consider it, is not plant food,
but low organisms of life which exist in the soil and but for which
agricultural soils would be practically barren. "The yeast of the
soil" is what is scientifically known as bacteria, — organisms
which thrive in the soil and by means of which unavailable plant
food, especially nitrogen in the form of organic matter, such as
stable manure (leaves, stalks, etc.), is rendered available. The
great discoveries of Hellreigel, the leading investigator along this
line, demonstrate that higher orders of plant life are dependent upon
lower oixiers of life. We could not profitably grow a corn or potato
crop unless these organisms were growing at the same time in the
soil, or had previously existed there and done their work.

We speak of a soil as being cold and non-])roductive. It may be
cold from an excess of water, or because it is too compact and
heavy, but the moment we drain it or lighten it by cultivation, it
becomes productive. The real reason it becomes productive is
that we admit air and warmth, which are necessary to develop the
growth of the little "yeast plants" (bacteria) which, in turn, attack
the stable manure or other organic matter (humus), and l^reak it
down, rendering it available to plants. Farmers say that they can
hear corn grow on warm days and hot nights, which is almost liter-
ally true. It is because the weather is favorable to the growth of
the nitrifying plants (bacteria of the soil) which convert the
unavailable nitrogen into available and soluble forms.

13

14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It is a well-known fact that the yeast used in making bread and
the "mother" used in making vinegar are nothing but an aggrega-
tion of "yeast plants," as it were. When the yeast is added to
bread under warm, favorable conditions it begins to grow and in its
growth liberates carbonic acid gas which causes the bread to rise
and become light and porous. In the case of vinegar, a ferment
or "yeast plant" attacks the sugar of the cider and converts it into
alcohol; then the "mother" of vinegar (another kind of bacteria)
attacks the alcohol and converts it into an acid which we call
vinegar.

Similar forms of life are at work, under warm, favorable condi-
tions, in the soil preparing plant food for assimilation. Not only is
warmth and the right proportion of moisture necessary for their
growth but the soil must be neutral or slightly alkaline for their
highest development. In order to produce this condition, an appli-
cation of quicklime or unleached wood ashes is frequently necessary
to correct any acidity of the soil resulting from organic acids which
are produced under certain soil conditions.

All organic matter or substances which have been at some time
organized into plants by the life force, such as leaves, roots, stems,
etc., must decay before they can nourish; that is, before they can be
absorbed and reorganized again into growing crops. Stable manure
contains some soluble salts which are immediately ready to feed
the crop, but the bulk of the manure must rot down through the
influence of bacterial action before it becomes food; and the process
of decay or rot is largely the result of the growth of lower forms of
life or "yeast plants" in the manure or in the soil, which, as we
have seen, are dependent upon certain favorable conditions.

There are several known forms of nitrogen organisms in the soil ;
two that are well defined, the de-nitrifying and the nitrifying, the
destructive and the constructive. Touching the various organisms,
Prof. Stone of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, writes :

"The de-nitrifying organisms are those which convert nitrates
into nitrites and ammonia. The nitrifying organisms are those
which convert ammonia into nitrites and nitrates. The latter are
exceedingly beneficial, while the former are not considered so, as
plant food must be in the form of nitrates. We never find nitrites
in plants. There is another type of organism known as nitrogen

THE YEAST OF THE SOIL. 15

fixation organisms, and are represented by the organisms in legume
nodules; also by many free organisms which exist in the soil. We
do not know much about these organisms, but we do know that there
are quite a number of them. Some of them appear to work better
when living with other organisms than when isolated by them-
selves. There is evidence to show that a large number of organisms
have the power of fixing nitrogen in the soil ; for example, besides
the species of bacteria, there is evidence to show that many of the
algae which live in the soil and certain molds will do the same thing.
In our work here, we find the largest percentage of nitrogen in those
solutions which are contaminated with the blue bread mold (Pen-
cillum), showing that it is a nitrogen fixer. I think it will be shown
later on that c{uite a little nitrogen is fixed in the soil by this tv^je of
organism, exclusive of those on the nodules of the legumes. The
de-nitrif}ang organisms are often found in manure piles and are
responsible for the liberation of ammonia and, as such, we would
not consider them favorable."

In the spring of the year, when the weather conditions are usually
unfavorable for the propagation and rapid multiplication of these
soil "yeast plants," commercial manures are found of great assist-
ance in forcing an early growth by suppliying forms of plant food
which have been rendered soluble by chemical treatment or are,
so to speak, predigested and ready for the crop to feed upon
immediately. Since most of our cultivated crops make their chief
growth in from sixty to ninety days, it will be clear that we must
have plant food in the soil that will feed the plant from beginning
to end, especially in the beginning of the season when the bacteria
of the soil, owing to weather conditions, have not gotten under way.

The Modern Explanation of Composting, Drainage, and

Cultivation.

The discovery of soil bacteria, which also exist in stable manure,
explains the advantage of composting and cultivation for forcing
early growth. In the majority of cases it is no doubt cheaper if not
better to apply stable manure in its crude state directly to the soil ;
to cultivate it into the soil and allow the bacteria to attack it there;

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in short, to compost it in the soil rather than beforehand. In many
cases it is desirable to use some thoroughly composted stable manure,
manure which has been subjected to the bacterial process, broken
down, and a considerable part of its crude plant food converted
into available forms. This, however, Avas deemed more necessary
years ago, before commercial manures were introduced. Now
that concentrated available plant food can be bought the necessity
of composting manure in advance is passing out. It is not only a
slow process but more or less wasteful and expensive, for in the
process of nitrification through the bacterial action a considerable
amount of ammonia may be set free and wasted into the atmosphere.
This always takes place when the manure or compost pile is al-
lowed to "fire fang" and turn white.

It is urged, however, by some experimenters that composting is
desirable in order to raise the temperature of the manure pile to a
point that will destroy the foul weed seeds ; but is not this an ex-
pensive way to destroy weed seeds, as obA-iously it must expose the
compost to loss of ammonia while also consuming time and labor ?
Except where a very fine seed bed is desired, with considerable
humus present, it is believed the compost heap will go out and
commercial manures will be used in its place for forcing purposes.

Bacteria and Drainage.

In the matter of drainage, the old theory obtained that Ave wanted
to draw off the water from the soil in order to admit the air and
warmth, and also afford a better chance for the roots to permeate
throughout the soil. This is all true today, but we have found
that this is only a small part of the advantage of drainage. The
paramount object of drainage is to promote the growth of bacteria
in the soil, a life Avhich cannot exist Avhere there is an excess of water,
where the soil is too compact, or where the proper amount of air
and warmth does not permeate. Hence drainage assists in culti-
vating a crop of "yeast plants" below the surface of the soil, which
are as essential to the growth of the crop above the soil as water
and sunshine.

In the matter of fine cultivation, the old theory of cultivation was

THE YEAST OF THE SOIL. 17

to kill not only the weeds, but to make the soil light and friable, to
admit the air, to encourage the circulation of moisture through the
soil, and to make it an acceptable medium for the roots of the crop.
The modern theory includes the old and also recognizes the necessity
of making the conditions as favorable as possible for the growth
of bacteria. Thorough cultivation also conserves the moisture
of the soil by means of a fine mulch on the surface, which prevents
the moisture from evaporating into the atmosphere.

In the West, where they carry on "dry farming," that is, farming
without irrigation, where there is little rainfall, they have been
successful in raising large crops by continuous cultivation, keeping
the surface like a dust heap which, strange to say, not only retains
the moisture, but, by means of capillary action, draws it up from
lov.er levels. Mr. Hale, the celebrated peach grower of Connecti-
cut, keeps horse cultivators going practically all the time in his
orchards, during the growing season, not only to keep down weeds,
but to conserve moisture. He calls it "horse-leg irrigation." Thus
the modern farmer cultivates not for the purpose solely of killing
weeds and of admitting warmth and air into the soil, but to encour-
age the growth of bacteria, as well as the distribution and conserva-
tism of soil moisture.

The Sap of the Soil.

We frequently hear farmers speak of the "sap of the soil," a
phrase which expresses a great deal. All cultivated plants take up
their food in dilute solution. The sap of a tree or plant circulates
throughout its system of trunk, branches, and leaves, carrying with
it the nourishment necessary for its upbuilding. This sap has been
absorbed from the soil through the roots of the plant and is more or
less charged with plant food ingredients which were either applied
in a soluble form or were rendered soluble through bacterial action
in the soil, or through the digestive process which takes place in
contact with the roots of plants. Manure or commercial fertilizers
enrich the sap of the soil by supplying additional quantities of
available plant food. Bacteria, as we have seen, help to break down
the organic forms of plant food and render them soluble for the sap
of the soil to absorb.

18 massachusetts horticultural society.

The Modern Idea of Plant Feeding.

It is admitted that fertility or plant food is the corner-stone o£
agriculture, as agriculture is the corner-stone of all other industries.
Fertility, that is available plant food, is what nature or man prepares
for plants which are now grown as food crops for the support of
humanity. It goes without saying that living, growing crops,
like living, growing animals, must be supplied with food, either
through long accumulations and natural processes, or by the skill of
man.

Formerly, the practice was to manure the soil in order to restore
lost fertility and to supply, by guess work, deficiencies in the soil,
as ascertained by a chemical or a crop analysis of the soil. This
method is not now regarded as a practical solution of the problem,
for neither chemical analysis nor the growing of crops can be relied
upon as a true guide to its enrichment. The chemical analysis of
the soil discloses too much that is misleading, and the growing, or
even the matured crop, too little that is conclusive.

Modern practice teaches that it is not the soil but the crop that
we should first consider. In a word, we have turned from the soil,
which cannot positively answer, full though it is of life, to the lix-ing
crop which can; so today we feed the crop rather than the soil.
In the modern sense, therefore, the farmer is a manufacturer and
the soil is his machine, into which he puts plant food and out of
which, by the aid of nature, including the bacteria and other seen
and unseen forces, combined with his own efforts, he takes his
product at harvest time. If the soil machine is a good one, that is
of the right texture and retentive of plant food, full of active nitrify-
ing bacteria or "yeast," so much the better. If it has a balance of
crop-producing power to its credit, we seek to preserve that balance
for an emergency, as the prudent man preserves a balance in the
bank in case of panic.

In stock feeding, we chiefly concern ourselves with a study of
the animal and its needs. So, in plant feeding we must make an
intelligent study of the needs of the living crop, and in the study of
this problem we must also study the soil, its latent or })otential
fertility, its physical and chemical characteristics, and, particularly,

THE YEAST OF THE SOIL. 19

the lower orders of life which it contains, the bacteria and other
unseen forces, to the end that we may know what each contributes
to the upbuilding, not alone of the soil, but of the crop life above the
soil, upon which all higher forms of life and acti\'ity depend.

Potential Fertility.

Chemistry teaches us that plants are composed of certain fixed
elements which are supplied by the soil and the air. It further
teaches that while there is an abundant supply, yet we have ex-
hausted the three leading elements, nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and
potash, in available forms; that so-called barren or unproductive
soils may be rich in plant food elements but that these elements are
so locked up as to be of little value to the commercial farmer whose
chief concern is quick crops for quick returns. In other words,
the available plant food (nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash) has
been exhausted, lea^^ng only the unavailable or what is known as
the potential fertility which, by the slow processses of nature, is
yielded up too slowly to be depended upon by the commercial
farmer.

It has been known for a long time that practically all tillable soils
are rich in all plant food elements, and yet many of them are barren,
and most of them will not produce profitable crops without the aid
of manure or fertilizer. Prof. Frederick D. Chester, of the Delaware
Agricultural College, states:

"An average of the results of 49 analyses of the tyj^ical soils of
the United States showed per acre for the first eight inches of surface,
2600 lbs. of nitrogen, 4800 lbs. of phosphoric acid, and 13,400 lbs.
of potash. The average yield of wheat in the United States is 14
bushels per acre. Such a crop will remove 29.7 lbs. of nitrogen,
9.5 lbs. of phosphoric acid and 13.7 lbs. of potash.

"Now, if all the potential nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash
could be rendered available, there is present in such an average soil,
in the first eight inches, enough nitrogen to last 90 years, enough
phosphoric acid for 500 years, and enough potash for 1000 years.

"This is what is meant by potential soil fertility, and yet such a
soil possessing this same high potential fertility may, under certain

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

conditions, be so actually barren of results to the farmer as to lead
him to believe it absolutely devoid of plant food."

In a word, potential fertility represents plant food which is so
tightly locked up that it is not available for present needs, and be-
comes available only through the process of decay and disintegration,
which is too uncertain to meet the requirements of modern, intensive
farming.

The Little Bal.vxce.

Therefore, in modern practice, instead of asking the soil how
much of the potential fertility can be depended upon for each crop,
or what the "natural \ield will be" (a question which will never be
satisfactorily answered) we now apply what we believe to be neces-
sary to produce the maximum yield over and above the natural
yield of the land. In all cases, we find that the actual requirements
of plant food for various crops are very small indeed, in many cases
not over 200 lbs. of actual plant food (nitrogen, potash, and phos-
phoric acid) — so little to produce so much — and yet if it is absent
the crop will be a failure. It is this little, essential balance of avail-
able plant food which stands between success and failure and which
concerns the modern farmer today. Thus our problem is to supply
the "little balance of ready plant food" for the growing crop, as
milk or prepared food is supplied to the growing child, and later,
as cooked or digestible foods are supplied to man.

To illustrate: We apply say 1,000 lbs. of concentrated fertilizer,
carrying about 200 lbs. in all, of nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric
acid, to an acre of corn. An acre of land contains 43,560 square
feet. If we take the average depth of agricultural soil to be tweh'e
inches, then the acre contains 43,560 cubic feet of soil, through which
this 1,000 lbs. of fertilizer, or 200 lbs. of actual plant food, is dis-
tributed. In short, it gives to each cubic foot of soil 160 grains of
mixed fertilizer, or 32 grains of actual plant food. A cubic foot of
arable soil, according to the best authorities, weighs from 80 to 90
lbs. Taking it at 85 lbs., an acre of soil weighs in round numbers,
about 2,000 tons; and therefore we have only 2 grains of mixed
fertilizer to each pound of soil, or seven-tenths of a grain of actual
plant food.

THE YEAST OF THE SOIL. 21

Is this not applying plant food in homoeopathic doses ? And yet ,
1,000 lbs. to the acre of concentrated fertilizer, such as I have de-
scribed, is an average dressing for many crops. When one witnesses
the rapid growth of the corn crop, and thinks of the infinitesimal
quantity of applied nourishment allotted to each stalk — so little
to produce so much — it seems like a miracle of nature, even more
wonderful than the miracles of Scripture.

Stable Manure and Commercial Fertilizers.

It is estimated that a cord of stable manure, weighing 4,000 lbs.,
contains on the average 50 lbs. of plant food, worth about $3, the
remainder (3,950 lbs.) being water, straw", and organic matter. For
the 50 lbs. of plant food to be rendered available, we are dependent
very largely upon bacterial action in the manure and in the soil.
In the old days, as I have said, we composted manure in advance in
order to hasten the process of decomposition and increase its availa-
bility. Now, as a rule, depending upon commercial manures for
active available plant food, we apply the manure on the soil directly
as we produce it or receive it.

While there are only 50 lbs. of actual plant food (nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid, and potash) in a cord of manure, yet we must not over-
look the value of the organic matter, straw, etc., not only for the
humus which is added to the soil by means of the manure, but also
for the improved physical condition which it imparts to the soil.
This humus, no commercial manure supplies, and in this respect
stable manure is superior to commercial manures, but the value of
this excessive amount of humus in stable manure, as a source of
plant food, depends, as we have seen, not only upon a thorough dis-
tribution of the manure in the soil, but chiefly on normal conditions
of warmth and moisture, in order that bacterial action may be in-
duced and by means of which it is rendered available. Thus, when
we solely rely on stable manure, we are more dependent on weather
conditions than when we apply predigested fertilizers, or part ferti-
lizer and part manure.

Stable manure, as a by-product of the farm, or where it can be
bought and hauled at a price that is not in excess of its intrinsic

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

value, will always be a good source of fertility; partly because
of its plant food, and chiefly because of the humus it supplies; but
in market gardening and in general farm practice the best results
will usually be obtained when it is used in connection with chemical
manures. On the other hand chemical manures, while not supply-
ing humus, supply in a concentrated way, not only needed plant
food, but supply it in forms that anticipate, supplement, and in
some cases, promote bacterial action, without which stable manure,
and even the organic portion of the fertilizer, would be barren in
results. The progressive farmer, therefore, supplements and
improves his stable manure by the use of concentrated fertilizers,
in the same way as he supplements and improves his hay with the
use of concentrated grain foods in feeding his stock.

While it is undoubtedly true that stable manure, all things con-
sidered, is a good source of fertility, yet it is by no means the
cheapest if one has to buy it, and neither is it absolutely essential
in the growing of many farm crops. This is sho'OTi by the enormous
and rapidly increasing areas which are planted annually to corn,
cotton, tobacco, wheat, potatoes, and vegetables, on commercial
fertilizers as the sole dependence in the matter of plant food.

Incidentally, it should be noted that twenty years ago, manure
sold in Boston stables at about $10 a cord. Today, unless a stable
is very advantageously located, the market gardeners are getting it at
a nominal price, and in some cases, for the hauling. The intro-
duction of commercial manures has been one of the causes of the
reduction in the price of stable manure, for which the gardeners
should be thankful. The Germans have a phrase which expresses
"manure sick land." With cheap stable manure we are likely to
have such a condition around Boston. On such land, commercial
manures should be applied in part, and occasionally lime or wood
ashes, in order to promote the slightly alkaline condition of the soil
which is necessary for satisfactory bacterial growth.

Finally, it seems to me the question, as between the purchase of
stable manure and commercial fertilizers, resolves itself into two
parts: First: Does one's soil and the character of the crops to be
grown require the excessive humus of stable manure for the most
profitable returns? Second: How much can one afford to pay for
this humus, knowing that it can often be obtained, or all that is

THE YEAST OF THE SOIL. 23

needed, by a rotation of crops or by ploughing in stubble or green
crops ? Assuming that the actual plant food in a cord of stable
manure is worth on a fertilizer basis, S3 per cord, what is the
humus, the remainder of the cord, worth and how much will it
cost to haul or freight it, and apply it to one's own soil and crop
recjuirements ?

Plant Food Supply.

As a manufacturer studying ways and means of supplying the
plant food which is required by the intensive methods around
Boston, and by wasteful methods in some other sections, I some-
times wonder where it is all coming from, and if we can keep up
with the demand. Yet, knowing what science has done, and is
capable of doing, I have no fear that so far as plant food is concerned
(which is only one item in the problem) we shall find the needed
supply. Just now, our chief concern are nitrogen and potash.
Discoveries will render the nitrogen of the air available, in fact,
discoveries have already been made which are claimed to be a
commercial success. The bacteriologist, through his study of life
of the soil, will also help us in this direction. We are now, through
the efforts of the chemist, also utilizing a hundred and one by-
products of our industries which a few years ago were thrown away,
while new discoveries of phosphoric acid, in the shape of mineral
phosphates, are being made all over the world. It only remains
now, to find some new source of potash, like that in Stassfurt,
Germany, or some feasible way of rendering available, the potash
in our feldspar rocks. Then, with the aid of the "yeast of the soil"
we shall have rounded out the circle.

Intensive Agriculture.

INIarket gardeners and florists are carrying on "intensive agri-
culture." They produce abnormal crops and therefore require
intensive methods of cultivation and feeding. A potato plant,
left to itself and in the state of nature, produces potato balls. Man,
by modern methods of cultivation and selection of seed, has changed

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the nature of the plant to produce tubers. A cabbage left to it.self
would run to a seed stalk, but we cultivate it for its head alone,
which is an aggregation of leaves that are very palatable as a food
for man, but quite exhaustive of the soil. As we have changed the
nature of most of our cultivated crops, so we must cliange our
methods of cultivation, and especially our methods of feeding them.
The old method of relying wholly on stable manure, raw or com-
posted, waiting on the slow processes of nature to render it available,
must give way to cpiicker and surer methods for the commercial
farmer and gardener of today.

Intensive Agriculture in Europe.

"About the middle of the last century, a lighthouse known as
Dunstan Pillar was built on Lincoln Heath, in Lincolnshire,
England. It was erected to guide travelers over a trackless, barren
waste, a very desert, almost in the heart of England; and long it
served its useful purpose.' The pillar, no longer a lighthouse, now
stands in the midst of a rich and fertile farming region, where all
the land is in high cultivation. For many years, no barren heath
has been \isible even from its top." Such is the story told by the
veteran agricultural chemist, Prof. Johnson, of Connecticut, to
which the late Prof. Atwater adds: "Had not chemists busied
themselves to find out what makes plants grow, and had practical
farmers not been ready to use their discoveries, Lincoln Heath
would perhaps still remain a waste. What is true of this bit of
English soil is true in greater or less degree of wide areas of our
OAvn and other lands."

Prince Kropotkin, in an article on "The Coming Reign of
Plenty," writes:

"If we want, however, to know what agriculture can be, and
what can be grown on a given amount of soil, we must apply ^f or
information to the market-gardening culture in the neighborhoods
of Paris, Amiens, and other large cities in France and in Holland.
There we shall learn that each hundred acres, under proper cultiva-
tion, yield food not for forty human beings, as they do on our best
farms, but for 200 and 300 persons; not for 60 milch cows, as they

THE YEAST OF THE SOTL. 25

do in the Island of Jersey, but for 200 cows, and more if necessary.
They (the gardeners there) have created a totally new agriculture.
They smile when we boast about the rotation system having per-
mitted us to take from the field one crop every year, or four crops
every three years, because their ambition is to have six and nine
crops from the very same plot of land during the twelve months.
They do not understand our talk about good and bad soils, because
they make the soil themselves. They aim at cropping not five or
six tons of green grass on the acre, as we do, but from fifty to one
hundred tons of various vegetables on the same space; not $25
worth of hay, but $500 worth of vegetables of the plainest description,
cabbage and carrots. That is where agriculture is going now."

Prince Kropotkin adds: "In the hands of men, there are no
unfertile soils; that the most fertile soils are not in the prairies of
America, nor in the Russian steppes; that they are in the peat-bogs
of Ireland, on the sand-downs of the northern seacoast, on the craggy
mountains of the Rhine, where they have been made by man's
hands."

A French scientist once longed for two degrees less of latitude
that, among other things, he could have the luxuries of the season.
The market gardener in the neighborhood of Paris has practically
eliminated the matter of climate. In fact, he defies climate. By
his wall culture, glass houses, cold frames, etc., he has made a rich
southern garden from which he supplies the City of Paris "with
mountains of grapes and fruit, in any season, and in spring he in-
undates and perfumes it with flowers" — in addition to an abun-
dance of plain vegetables. In no city are the products of the garden
and greenhouse cheaper or better.

Intensive Agriculture at Home.

But we need not go to France or Holland to find intensive farming.
Within twenty miles of Horticultural Hall in Boston, we are in a
measure duplicating the result about Paris, perhaps not so inten-
sively, because market conditions do not require it, but certainly
quite as scientifically and profitably. We have our Rawsons,
Wheelers, Sims, W^}Tnans, and Pierces, and hundreds of others

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

who are not satisfied with a return of $100 per acre, as the Western
farmer is, but demand and actually receive $500, $1,000, and if
covered with glass, fully $10,000 net per acre. These progressive
gardeners, like the Paris gardener, also defy climate and soil.

We will not attempt to detail the steps which have led up to this
satisfactory condition for both producer and consumer. Suffice it
to say that it is partly due to intensive methods which have been
worked out by practical, hard-headed men, and partly to scientific
research. It is a splendid example of science and practice going
hand in hand, of the selection and breeding of seeds and plants, of
successfully combating plant diseases and insects, of conser%ing
and distributing the needed moisture, and finally, of utilizing all the
sources and forces of fertility, of Avhich the "yeast of the soil,"
though unseen, is not the least.

Discussion.

INIr. Howard inquired how deep in the soil the bacterial action
extended. The Lecturer replied that he should say from three to
six inches, or to a depth in which the necessary warmth permeates.
The bacteria multiply faster in warm weather. There are some that
build up and others that tear down. Under normal conditions, that
is, when the conditions are all healthy, they never work at cross
purposes.

Wm. P. Rich asked concerning the success of the experiments of
the U. S. Department of Agriculture made a few years ago in intro-
ducing nitrogen-fixing bacteria as aids in the growing of leguminous
crops.

The Lecturer replied that these experiments had not met with
much success. We can inoculate the soil with these bacteria by
transferring portions of it from one piece of land where they grow
to another piece of land in need of them and thus encourage their
development. If we could grow alfalfa in this climate as they
grow it in the West we could solve the nitrogen problem here.

Wilfrid Wheeler asked as to the effect of lime on untreated soils,
that is, soils that had not been manured or fertilized.

The Lecturer stated in reply to this question that lime did not

THE YEAST OF THE SOIL. 27

have any action on the bacteria. Lime is not necessary to the soil
unless it is acid, whether it has been treated or not treated; its
great office is to render soil slightly alkaline in which bacteria can
only grow. Acid soil is indicated by the growth of many kinds of
weeds, goldenrods for example, and if such conditions exist lime is
beneficial.

William N. Craig enquired as to the amount of available plant
food in a ton of stable manure.

The Lecturer replied that as nearly as he could determine it
roughly he would place the amount at fifty pounds, worth from
$3.00 to $4.00. The balance of the ton was chiefly straw, valuable
only as humus.

Mr. Craig also asked which was better, commercial fertilizer or
barnyard manure; would our New England soil ^ield as well with
commercial fertilizers as with barnyard manure.

Li reply to this inquiry the Lecturer said that commercial ferti-
lizers never will compete with barnyard manure under glass. That
for roses and other more delicate plants barnyard manure was
used more than commercial fertilizers. Commercial plant food
will never compete with stable manure, although good returns are
readily obtained from commercial fertilizers. In greenhouse culture
the man controls the conditions of warmth and moisture and where
he has stable manure he knows he will get certain results. He sup-
plies it under glass with those conditions and it is the best thing he
can use. It gives the right conditions to the humus of the soil.
Commercial fertilizers when used with stable manure help to bring
about the desired conditions quicker.

As to outdoor conditions, that is another proposition. There
we do not control the weather, which is the greatest factor, and we
do not control other conditions, so some predigested plant food is
necessary. The most successful market gardeners in Arlington
and Concord are using stable manure and chemical fertilizers in
combination which bring about results that stable manure alone
would not accomplish, thus taking advantage of the humus of the
barnyard manure and the value of the chemical plant food.

The question was asked if successful crops had been grown for a
series of years where commercial fertilizer had been alone used.

The Lecturer replied that for a series of years with certain

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

crops commercial plant foods and chemical manures had been very
successful. Sweet com for canning purpose was all grown on
commercial fertilizers; so also potatoes where grown in large
acreages. The cotton grower of the Southern States is getting
stronger financially through the use of commercial manures. In
England, France, and Germany they could not carry on their
agricultural industries without the aid of commercial plant food
and the advice of the agricultural chemist.

On the other hand, some crops and some small fruits where there
is a very delicate root system require a better seed bed and some-
what different treatment. Less moisture is required for the assimi-
lation of commercial fertilizers than of stable manure. Of 1500
pounds of fertilizer put about one-third in the hills and scatter the
rest broadcast. Use stable manure on grassland and fields which
are easily accessible and commercial manures on hoed crops and on
fields at a distance.

Methods have greatly changed since the introduction of com-
mercial manures. Formerly 50 to 100 bushels of potatoes to the
acre were satisfactory. Now 250 to 300 bushels are grown.

In growing a hoed crop never trust it in the open, to the bacterial
action alone, but use some predigested food to feed that crop until
it gets into condition to feed itself.

Geo. F. Wheeler inquired as to the value of ground floats.

The Lecturer answered that he would use floats as bedding as he
would use road dust, but would not expect great results when
applied to a crop of cabbages or carrots. He considered floats as
unavailaVjle dead assets.

GARDEN INSECTS AND HOW TO CONTROL THEM.
By Prof. E. Dwight Saxdersox, Durham, N. H.

Read before the Society, Januarj^ 16, 1909.

Myriads of individual insects and hundreds of different species,
■uath the most diverse structure and habits, infest our gardens
annually. INIany appear but sporadically while others are with us
always. Some are more injurious in particular localities, and
others only under peculiar climatic conditions. To discover those
particular garden pests which are of most general interest to an
audience of this character is no slight task. I shall endeavor to
discuss a few of the pests which are more or less commonly found
in all gardens and to point out some general principles in the control
of insects of the garden. Quite probably the questions you may see
fit to ask and the incident discussion will bring out more clearly the
methods of handling those particular pests which you have found
it most difficult to combat.

In our warfare with insect pests we are coming more and more to
seek methods of prevention rather than of remedy. As the pro-
gressive physician is placing larger emphasis upon hygiene and less
upon drugs so the entomologist is gi^'ing more and more study to the
relation of insect pests to their surroundings so that he may better
advise methods of culture which will prevent as far as possible the
losses from them. Such cultural methods for controlling insect
pests are more largely applicable to what we may term field or
staple crops, but nevertheless have an application to the crops of
the garden and orchard. Thus it is well known that many insect
pests hibernate over winter in the old ^'ines, stubble, or other refuse
from a crop which is left on the soil. If this refuse be removed
there will be less chance of the pests of the garden remaining there
over winter, and though there will be an immigration from outside
the next season, there will be fewer individuals and less injury than

29

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

if they had been allowed to accumulate undisturbed. Other
garden pests, such as cutworms, hibernate in the soil over winter.
Therefore, if it be possible to plow the garden late in the fall and
thoroughly harrow it, many of these hibernating insects will be
destroyed by being exposed to the weather and their natural enemies.
In the case of insects attacking the roots or boring in the stalks or
\ines of plants, when it is impossible to reach them with any in-
secticide it is often possible to so stimulate the plant with a liberal
use of quickly available fertilizer that a fair crop may be secured in
spite of the attack and it is well known that starved plants are
always more readily attacked by insects and diseases than those
which are vigorous and thrifty.

But though much may be done by way of prevention we must be
prepared to give battle to the insect invaders of the garden promptly
and efficiently if we would save our crops from their attack. To
await injury by an insect and then attempt to fight it usually means
failure as far as preventing considerable loss is concerned. Those
gardeners who control their insect enemies most successfully are
those who are constantly on the watch for them, and knowing the
best means of handling them, are prepared to combat them at once
upon their appearance. A good spray pump should be part of the
equipment of every garden. For the small garden a good bucket,
compressed air or knapsack pump will be most satisfactory, while
for larger gardens a barrel pump, with an attachment for spra}dng
several rows when occasion demands, or an automatic pump geared
to the wheels of the truck will be found more economical of time and
labor. The small compressed air sprayer is handy in that it leaves
both hands free for use and is therefore useful if it is desired to spray
two or three small trees, possibly with the use of a step ladder to
reach their tops. A supply of those insecticides which are needed
every year, such as Paris green, arsenate of lead, whale oil soap,
tobacco dust, copper sulphate or prepared Bordeaux mixture, should
be laid in at the beginning of the season so that no time may be lost
when an insect invasion occurs.

Among the first insects to annoy the gardener are the voracious
cutworms. Hardly has a plant been set before it is often cut down
by one of these nocturnal depredators. There are many species
of cutworms which differ more or less in habits, but for practical

GARDEN INSECTS. 31

purposes ^xe may discuss them as a class. They are the caterpillars
of our most common night-fl^-ing moths, known as the Owlet
moths and belonging to the family Noctuidae. ^Nlost of the common
"moth millers" which fly to our lights through an open window
belong to this group of moths. For this reason, the use of trap
lanterns for catching the moths has often been advocated, but
practical experiments have failed to show a sufficient number of
'injurious forms caught to make the trap lights profitable. Cut-
worms are usually one and one-half to two inches in length, dark
gray or broMn, marked with dull stripes or dashes of brown, black,
or green, usually sombre colored caterpillars. They should be
distinguished from the common white grubs, the young of our com-
mon Alay beetles or June bugs, Avhich often cut off strawberry
jjlants and are consequently sometimes termed cutworms by those
unacquainted with these pests. The white grubs are pure white.
The reddish browTi head and legs always remain curled up and
never feed above ground, while the true cutworms often climb
up on the plants and rag the foliage. Cutworms hibernate over
winter in the soil in a partially grown state and emerge with raven-
ous appetites as soon as some green stuff appears in the garden for
their breakfast. Their work is done entirely at night, cabbages,
tomatoes, beans, corn and similar vegetable^ being cut off at the
surface of the ground and the plant is often dragged down into the
soil, or the foliage is seriously eaten. During the day the culprits
bury themselves in the soil often at some little distance from the
plant, so that one must look carefully to find them.

The cutworms become full grown during the middle or latter
part of June, when they transform to pupae, from which the moths
emerge in late July and August. The moths deposit their eggs on
grass land or on such grass and weeds as grow up after a crop is
harvested. The young cutworms hatch and feed upon the roots
of such herbage during the fall until frost. Deep plowing in late
fall has already been mentioned as one of the best means of cutworm
control and it is evident that clean culture after a crop has been
removed will probably lessen the number of eggs deposited in a
garden. Cutworms are always to be found in old sod land which
should therefore be avoided for immediate use for gardening.
Where injury is expected one of the best methods for destroying

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cutworms is by the use of a poisoned bait. The soil should be
plowed early and kept cultivated until the crop is planted so as to
deprive the cutworms of food. Then apply the poisoned bait late
in the afternoon, a day or two before the crop is planted. Clover
or other succulent herbage dipped in Paris green, one-half pound
per barrel of water, may be scattered along the rows in bunches,
and kept from withering if covered by a board or litter. The
thorough spraying of weeds and grass which may have grown upofl
a garden plot with Paris green will also be found of value. Poisoned
bran mash makes an excellent bait, which may also be used against
grasshoppers, but not where poultry run at large. Mix one pound
of Paris green or white arsenic with twenty-five pounds of bran or
middlings, and then moisten with water containing a little cheap
molasses, so as to form a damp mash, but not so wet as to cake. A
tablespoonful should be placed near each plant or every three or
four feet in the row, putting it out late in the afternoon. This
method has been successfully used on a large scale by tobacco
growers. The dead worms will not be found on the surface of the
soil, but a little search beneath the soil will reveal them and their
depredations will decrease at once. Market gardeners frequently
protect their plants by knocking the bottoms out of old tin cans and
placing a tin cylinder around each plant. A similar cylinder may
be made from heavy tarred paper. Such cylinders should be sunk
in the soil for an inch or two, and will thus prevent access by the
worms.

As soon as potatoes are up and tomatoes are set out they are at
once infested with m}Tiads of small black flea beetles, which eat
small pits out of the foliage, often penetrating the leaf so that it
looks at if hit by a charge of very fine shot. So severe is this attack
that tomatoes are often destroyed or seriously checked. These
little beetles have been well named, for like their namesake the flea
they perform prodigies in jumping which would put to shame any
Olympian winner of the broad jump, for one of these little beetles
will jump several feet, several hundred times its own length, to
equal which a man would need to jump a half or three-quarters of a
mile. Many species of these flea beetles attack our garden crops,
but the most common is the so-called potato flea beetle. The flea
beetles have an interesting life-historv in that the larval stage is

'garden insects. 33

passed on the roots of various common weeds. Here they Hve
unobserved and indeed are not always readily found, but when they
transform to adults they leave the native food plants and swarm on
the more toothsome cultivated crops. The best means of control
so far de-\-ised is to keep the young plants covered with a thick coat
of Bordeaux mixture. This does not destroy the beetles, but in
some way acts as a repellent or deterrent, for they pass by plants so
treated. A spra\ing with Bordeaux mixture should be given at this
time for the prevention of diseases, at any rate, and to it should be
added a half-pound of Paris green per barrel to destroy the ever-
present Colorado potato beetle. A second spraying will also
usually be necessary for the latter pest as soon as the young grubs
have hatched from the eggs.

Where one has but a small garden and does not have the facilities
for readily preparing Bordeaux mixture, some of the prepared
Bordeaux pastes now on the market might well be used, though
they are more expensive and slightly less efficient than the home
made mixture.

With the pea vines come the large green pea aphides which often
become so numerous as to destroy the crop. This pest first came
to our attention in 1899 and 1900, when it practically destroyed the
entire crop of the Atlantic Coast States, involving a loss estimated at
S7,000,000 and causing a most extraordinary rise in the cost of
canned peas. Every year since then serious injury from this pest
has been reported from part of New England to garden or sweet
peas. Just where the first of these aphides come from in the spring
is a mystery, for their winter habits are not known yet in this latitude.
Farther south they are known to winter over on clover and other
legumes, sometimes becoming so numerous on crimson clover as to
destroy it and make necessary a migration to the pea \anes. Many
plant lice which reproduce throughout the winter further south
pass the winter in the egg stage here, and it is quite possible the eggs
of this pest may be discovered on some other winter host plant.
The injury done by aphides may be almost entirely attributed to
the method and rapidity of reproduction. A single female will
give birth to 110 or 120 young in INIaryland in the course of her
short life, and probably nearly as good a record could be secured
in INIassachusetts. Inasmuch as one of these voung becomes full

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

grown in ten or twelve days, and as all are females and at once
commence gi^'ing birth to more young — no males occurring during
the summer — it is e^ddent that the aphid population will increase
at a geometrical ratio of over 100 every ten days. Astonishing
computations have been made as to what would happen were there
no natural checks for such prolific reproduction and it has been
shown that if all the descendants of a single aphis were to live and
reproduce during a summer season, and the resulting progeny were
placed side by side, they would form a line from the earth to the
farthest star visible vnth the strongest telescope. This is of course
mere hypothesis for their natural enemies always hold them in
check, but the mathematically inclined may verify the computation.
Thus we can readily see that though our indi%'idual aphis can do
but little harm, if it be allowed to reproduce for but a few genera-
tions, its progeny may be numerous enough to destroy a crop.
This has been frequently observed with the pea aphis. Fields
where indi^adual aphides could only be found after long search
have been utterly destroyed by their progeny within six weeks.
Injury is worst in dry seasons as the aphides are usually kept under
control by a fimgous disease which propagates only with normal
moisture. To detect the first appearance of this pest and to rid
the vines of it early in the season is therefore of the greatest impor-
tance, as indeed in fighting all aphides. Kerosene emulsion diluted
so as to contain 10% of kerosene, or whale oil soap one pound to
six gallons of water, will be found effective for spraying the aphides.
The latter is more readily mixed and can be secured of any seedsman
or insecticide dealer. It should be remembered that the aphides
are sucking insects, drawing their food from the interior of the leaf,
and that these insecticides kill them by contact, so that a mere cover-
ing of the foliage is of no value. The aphides must be hit to kill
them, and this will require a spray with some force and applied
from beneath the vines so as to reach the under sides and get into
the terminals. Early maturing varieties, such as Alaska, are much
less attacked and indeed are often quite free where later sorts are
practically destroyed.

Every garden has a few heads of cabbage and in many localities
the crop is grown extensively. The common cabbage worm is
among the best known of all our garden insects, both as a larva and

GARDEN INSECTS. 35

in the adult stage, when it becomes our common black spotted, white
cabbage butterfly. It is correctly known as the Imported cabbage
worm, as it is an old European pest. It was first introduced into
America near Montreal and appeared in New England in 1865,
whence it has spread to all parts of the United States. The butter-
flies are among the first to appear in the spring and lay their eggs
on the early cabbage. These hatch in about a week, and after
feeding most voraciously the caterpillars become full grown two
weeks later when they transform to chrysalides attached to the
leaves. In summer the butterflies emerge in one to two weeks,
but the fall chrysalides remain undeveloped until the following
spring. Three generations probably occur here. The caterpillars
attack not only cabbage but cauliflower and other cruciferous
crops. Often cabbage is so injured as to make it unmarketable.
It is evident that allowing old leaves and stumps to which the chry-
salides may be attached to remain in the fields over winter will
aid the increase of the pest. Possibly the best method of control
is to spray the young plants with arsenate of lead, one ounce to a
gallon of water, and keep the foliage covered until they commence
to head up well. Water heated to 130 degrees F. will destroy all
worms which it hits without injury to the plants. In many sections
this pest is not as much feared as formerly owing to the very effective
work of its natural parasitic enemies in destroying it.

Another cabbage pest which is often held in check by small
parasitic flies is the cabbage aphis. In dry warm weather these
enemies are most active and consequently injury by the aphis is
least severe. Aphides which are distended, inflated, and dried,
of a brown color, and many with regular round holes in them, have
been parasitized. Whenever a considerable number of these occur
it is probable that the parasites will increase with sufiicient rapidity
to control the pest, and its destruction had best be left to them, for
destruction of the aphides by spraying would also kill the parasites.

The relation of parasites to insects is a matter which should be
studied by every gardener, so that he may aid rather than hinder
nature's insect friends. But often the cabbage aphis does serious
injury, cabbage-growers in Delaware reporting thousands of dollars
loss from it in recent years. Whale oil soap, one pound to five
gallons of water, sprayed on the plants with considerable force and

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SO as to reach the under surfaces of the leaves, will be found effective.
Ten per cent kerosene emulsion is also effective, but occasion-
ally injures plants. Where hydrant water under pressure is avail-
able, a strong jet from a garden hose will often wash off and destroy
the aphides. Reproducing with the same rapidity as the pea louse,
this insect must be attacked before it becomes numerous to ensure
success.

Possibly the most serious of our cabbage pests is the root maggot.
Frequently plants are found withering and when examined white
maggots will be found embedded in the roots. These maggots
are the young stage of flies rather smaller than, but nearly related
to the house fly, which deposit their eggs in the soil near the stems.
Where the eggs are laid in plant beds the maggots are often trans-
ported to the field on the young plants. This has been successfully
prevented in New York by screening the plant beds with cheese
cloth. No entirely satisfactory methods of fighting the pest in the
field are known. Many rake the soil up to the plants and then as
soon as eggs are found, hoe them away to the middle of the row,
where the young maggots perish. But the small white eggs are
difficult to see, and this method is but partially successful. Some
advocate placing sand which has been saturated with kerosene
about the base of the plants. This acts as a repellent to the flies
and any maggots which may hatch from eggs laid upon it are
killed by the kerosene. If too much such kerosened sand should
come in contact with the stem the plant might be injured. Carbon
bisulfide has often been used with considerable success. With a
dibble make a hole four or five inches from the plant and pour
in from a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful of carbon bisulfide, and
at once close the hole with earth and pack with the foot. The
vapor of carbon bisulfide penetrates the soil and will kill most of
the maggots. Early planting may sometimes be found of value.
It seems that the insect passes the winter in the soil in the pupa
stage, so that cabbage planted after cabbage or any other crucifer-
ous crop, or near last year's cabbage bed is more badly attacked.
Here again fall plowing and rotation is of great importance.

Only a few representatives of the hundreds of insect pests of the
garden have been discussed, but to consider even those fairly com-
mon would require a goodly volume.

GARDEN INSECTS. 37

The losses occasioned by garden pests here and there in our
small gardens seem trivial, though often distl-essingly annoying,
but when we come to consider the damage done the truck crops of the
whole country it is seen to be enormous. In 1904, Mr. C. L. Mar-
latt, assistant entomologist of the United States Department of
Agriculture, estimated that twenty per cent of the value of the
truck crops of the United States was lost through the depredations
of insect pests. At the present time this would therefore mean
some $60,000,000 loss every year from the insect pests of garden
crops.

It is evident from the unsatisfactory knowledge we now have
of remedies for many of these pests that there is still much work for
the observant gardener, cooperating with the trained entomologist,
to do in determining the habits of many of these insects upon which
measures of control may be based. And while these pests are to be
diligently fought, much pleasure may be secured by the progressive
gardener in studying their habits and transformations, for many of
them are most wonderful and interesting, especially the relations
of their natural enemies, and with such knowledge of their habits
they may be much more successfully controlled.

Discussion.

Many questions were asked concerning known and unknown
insects from which the various speakers had suffered in their garden
experiences. A summary of the principal suggestions offered by
the Lecturer is herewith presented.

The common white fly of the greenhouse is best destroyed by the
use of hydro-cyanic acid gas. This is, however, a rather dangerous
remedy, unless used by an expert. For house plants a better method
is to place the plants in a closet or a closed room and fumigate with
tobacco. It may be necessary to repeat several times. For out-of-
door treatment soap and water will be generally found satisfactory.

In combating the rose bug, one of the meanest pests, leading
authorities say there is no remedy. The only thing to do is to pick
it off in the early morning when it is dormant and burn it. Arsenate
of lead, ten pounds per barrel, and Bordeaux mixture have been
recommended as useful in its destruction.

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For the red spider use sulphur sprays or drenching the plants
with water.

The squash bug is rather hard to combat except by hand picking.
The eggs, which are conspicuous on the under side of the leaves, may
be gathered by hand before they hatch and so help rid the plant of
this pest.

Query was made concerning a leaf miner which appears about
the first of May, eats out half of the leaf of the elm, causing the
leaves to drop. Kerosene emulsion was suggested as a possible
remedy for it.

The best way to treat the soft scab or scale on house plants is to
wash them off with a soap and water solution. Whale oil soap or
any strong soap is always satisfactory.

The rose slug is controlled very nicely by using arsenate of lead
or by dusting with air-slaked lime. For the elm leaf beetle, which
has done great injury to our elm trees, spray with arsenate of lead
and collect the insects at the base of the tree.

For the root maggot of the cabbage and cauliflower bi-sulphide of
carbon has been recommended. It w^as tried quite extensively three
years ago and in some places it did well and in others it was not satis-
factory. After giving it a careful trial the New York growers have
dropped it. It is doubtful if it be advisable to use it on a large
scale.

For the lace bug of the rhododendron kerosene emulsion is the
simplest thing.

Miscible oils can be used for spraying apples and pears for San
Jose scale, but they are not safe to use on peach trees.

The home preparation of arsenate of lead is not to be recom-
mended unless operations are carried on on a large scale.

The best time to spray for the San Jose scale in an apple orchard
is in April just before the buds begin to swell, if sprayed only once;
if sprayed twice it should be done in the fall and in April.

ORNAMENTAL GARDENS AND GARDEN MATERIALS.
By Prof. E. A. White, Ajmherst, Mass.

Delivered before the Society with stereopticon illustrations, January

23, 1909.

The development of ornamental gardening folloAvs stejD by step
the increasing wealth and prosperity of a nation. Our early colon-
ists spent little time in home ornamentation. They were too busily
engaged in establishing the home, and in procuring the necessities
of life, to devote themselves to these things, but with the increasing
prosperity which has followed our American people since the
Revolutionary War, and more especially since the Civil War,
interest in gardening has steadily increased until the present period
shows great enthusiasm in all lines of ornamental work.

One of the most pleasing features of this subject is the interest
manifested by all classes of people ; the wealthy man in the develop-
ment of his large estate with its extensive lawns and elaborate formal
gardens; the so-called middle class, the business man, who owns
his suburban home, and with it a quarter or half-acre of lawn;
the workingman with his backyard plot; and we must not exclude
the tenement dweller with the geranium in an old tin can. Plant
life in some form appeals to all classes of individuals.

Not everyone can afford extensive and elaborate formal gardens,
and although natural beauties are abimdantly at hand, still there
is a deplorable lack of attractiveness about too many of our homes.
This is especially true in the rural sections and not wholly to be
wondered at. There are factors which bring this about. The
man employed in the store or the shop has his definite hours of
labor. Often he is through work in summer at five o'clock, or is
free on one afternoon in the week, and he spends these spare hours
working about his home, caring for the kitchen garden, or for the
trees, shrubs, vines and the flower garden. The average farmer is

39

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hard at work about the bams or in the fields from early morning
until late at night. Additional work about the home grounds does
not appeal to him. However, there is the younger generation, the
boys and girls, who should be trained to take some interest in these
things. In many of our larger cities and towns interest is being
aroused by the training in gardening the young people are getting
in the public schools. I have followed with much interest the work
of the school gardens in Amherst and other towns, and the work
in home gardens which is being carried on by the Home Culture
Club in Northampton. I hope the time may soon come when
elementary agriculture may be introduced in more of the public
schools in the rural sections, that the boys and girls who are to
remain on the farms may receive better instruction in these subjects
which touch their lives most closely.

I wonder if we realize perfectly what our New England hills and
valleys would be like were they denuded of nearly every form of
vegetation — not a tree or shrub to harbor the birds ; not a flower
to enliven the landscape. We owe much to our native plant
materials, and to those materials which have come to us from other
lands.

A detailed study of the history of English gardens is intensely
interesting. Very little gardening was done in England previous
to the sixteenth century. Before this period the country was
engaged in wars, the castles and homes were inaccessible places,
limited in extent, and surrounded by moats. When men came to
dwell together in harmony the homes were built on broader fields,
the gardens spread beyond the enclosure of the moat, then developed
an interest in gardening.

The idea of seclusion suggested by the moat is retained in English
gardens at the present day. The Englishman's garden is for his
private use, and is characterized by neatness and seclusion. In
America the tendency is too often for the individual to seek to im-
press the outsider with a show of elegance and color in the front
yard, while the back yard may.be far from attractive.

In England the Roman style of gardening prevails. This is
characterized by regularity and restraint. External nature is
excluded by a square enclosure containing terraces, canals and
fountains; the trees and shrubs are planted in rows and squares

ORNAMENTAL GARDENS. 41

and their foliage is cut into formal and unnatural shapes. During
the earlier period of the development of English gardens, when the
dwelling was surrounded by barriers for defence, and the garden
area was consequently limited, it was the custom for the owner to
build a mound of earth, for the purpose of getting a A-iew into the
surrounding country. With the passing out of use of the moat,
elevations began to be built along the sides of the gardens from which
the owner might obtain many and varied views over the enclosure.
These were the terraces which are so much in evidence at the present
time.

In many of the gardens there are elaborate pools and waterways,
with their formal copings and abundance of aquatic vegetation, but
nowhere do we find the abundant use of moving water which
characterizes the gardens of Italy.

One of the most conspicuous materials of the English gardens is
the yew. It is not unlike our American hemlock, Tsuga cana-
densis, in many of its characteristics. Its extreme plasticity makes
it an especially valuable plant for hedges, and for trimming into the
formal and often grotesque shapes which may here be seen. By the
way, our hemlock is a species which deserves more frequent use in
America than is now given it. No one of our evergreens has a
more graceful foliage, and none gives us more beautiful winter
effects. It is a shade enduring tree, which makes it especially
valuable for screens along town or village streets, where the larger
trees of the street make such a dense shade that other species are
killed by them. The hemlock is also extremely plastic, and will
endure severe pruning without detriment to the vigor of the tree.

Nowhere is rivaled the beauty of the English roses; the cUmate
especially suits them, and doubtless their \'igor and hardiness are
due also to the protection from driving winds and rains afforded by
the yew hedges.

English gardens abound in the old-fashioned flowers, so dear to
the hearts of our grandmothers. Hollyhocks, poppies, larkspurs,
columbines, and lavender grow in wonderful profusion, the beauty
and brilliancy of the blooms being unexcelled in other gardens of
the globe. Beyond the limits of these formal gardens extends the
natural style of gardening and the park system prevails.

Italian gardens are distinct in their composition and accessories.

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Flowering plants play but a small part in their composition. The
long, dry summers are not conducive to growth and continued
bloom. The three main features in garden composition in Italy
are marble, water, and perennial verdure. Because of the artistic
blending of these three factors, Italian gardens please. These
gardens are for the most part built on the slopes of the hillsides and
usually extend for a considerable distance along these elevations.
This has brought about the frequent use of the terrace in garden
composition. Different elevations allow decidedly different treat-
ment with pleasing harmonious effect. For example, the lower
elevation, or garden, may be distinctly formal in its effect, with
regular walks bordered by low hedges; the second elevation may
be elaborate in its ornamentation, with statues and sculpture of
various kinds; the third elevation may be distinctly natural, with
trees of the native species, grass unmow^n and shrubs untrimmed.
These varying elevations make possible a pleasing use of water in
the garden composition and without this much of the charm would
be lost. Here the water is the enlivening element in the landscape,
and without its use the Italian garden would be dull and lifeless in
the extreme. Water is ever}Tvhere thrown up in thin jets, trickling
down from one elevation to the next through a series of shallow
basins, or spread out in thin sheets. The Italians seldom undertake
massive water effects, but they seem to realize that their gardens
need just the sprightliness given by the fine jets and thin sheets of
water.

In this country we have few t}q3ical Italian gardens, but several
distinctly formal gardens are so called. The nearest approach to the
typical Italian garden is that on the Hunnewell estate at Wellesley.
Here we find evergreen trees predominating, and these trees are
trimmed in symmetrical and unusual shapes. The terraces are in
evidence, and the placid water of the lake harmonizes with the
perennial verdure.

Japanese gardens are representative of the natural scenery of
the country. These people seek to bring into their gardens the
beautiful that surrounds them in nature and to reproduce these
scenes, often in miniature, from the varied landscape of the country.
There are artificial hills, rocks, lakes, and cascades copied from
some unusual landscape effect. Garden compositions are striking

orna:mental gardens. 43

in the extreme, and the garden accessories are many and varied.
These inckide garden stones, lanterns, pagodas, water, water basins,
wells, bridges, and arbors. The Japanese attach much significance
to the use of stones in their garden composition. In all styles of
garden design careful attention is given to the shapes and proportion
of stones. Many consider that these constitute the skeleton of the
garden, and that their choice and placing is of the greatest impor-
tance, the planting being secondary.

The sizes of the principal stones indicate the scale of the garden,
and the trees, shrubs, fences, lanterns, and the like, are selected
with reference to these sizes. Large stones would be unsuited for
the smaller gardens, likewise the smaller ones would not be in
harmony with the elaborate development of an extended area. In
many of the large gardens there are as many as one hundred and
thirty-eight large stones having special names and functions. In
the smaller gardens there may be only a few of the most important
stones used. The Japanese excel in the art of so placing stones and
so arranging them as to make them appear as if natural forces had
placed them in position. Even our best landscape gardeners have
not as yet wholly mastered this art.

It has been a custom of the Japanese from very ancient times to
attach a religious significance to their principal garden stones by
giving them the names of different Buddhist deities. Some of
these religious stones are found in every garden, no matter how
limited may be its area. These stones are selected with the greatest
care, and have considerable value, because of the difficulty in ob-
taining them, and because often the expense of transporting them
is considerable. In the Japanese gardens there are recognized
five radical shapes of stones; the tall vertical stone, the low broad
stone, a stone of medium height, and a long curved boulder of
horizontal character.

Turf was not used to any extent in any of the old gardens, al-
though its introduction is frequent in the gardens of the present time.
In a typical old Japanese garden the plain, open portions are spread
with sand, which is carefully raked and weeded. This is kept
moistened at all times, and in summer this moisture gives the cool,
fresh, pleasing character to the gardens. In order to preserve these
sanded areas from injury by the Japanese footwear, and also to

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

make walking comfortable in the garden when the soil is wet, a
pathway is invariably constructed with stepping stones. The
Japanese gardeners follow carefully devised rules in placing these
stones, in order that they may be walked upon with ease. In
ancient times it is said that the height of these stones was governed
by the importance of the individual owner; that those in the em-
peror's gardens were made six inches high, those for a daimio four
inches, those for ordinary samurai nearly three inches, and those for
common folks an inch and a half.

Stone lanterns form a feature of all Japanese gardens. These
are not used solely to illuminate the grounds, but for their archi-
tectural effects. Often they are not lighted, and if they are, their
function is to ])roduce a dim, mysterious glow, or to cast a dim, red
light which is reflected in the water or pools of the garden. These
lanterns are many and varied in shape, and are divided into two
classes, the "standard" and "legged."

The stone tower or pagoda is a garden accessory frequently seen
in Japanese gardens. These are finely decorative, and consist of
two, three, five or more separated roofed stages.

The water basin is found in all Japanese gardens, situated gener-
ally close to the dwelling, but considered a part of the garden com-
position. Its purpose is to provide water for washing the hands and
it is so placed as to be easily accessible from the house or veranda.
In many gardens this basin has come to be used chiefly for orna-
mentation, and it is therefore removed farther from the building.
These basins vary much in shape and size, but each has its definite
name.

The bridges are quite an important feature in Japanese gardens.
Water is another essential element in their composition, and if
water is not available the gardens are frequently so arranged with
sanded water-courses and carefully arranged pebbles and stones,
that the effect is produced of a dried-up water-course. This makes
the use of bridges essential. These vary in their structure from a
simple plank laid over the water-course to elaborate stone bridges.
The presence of water in the gardens makes possible also the intro-
duction of secondary features, such as cascades, rivers, islands and
the like. These cascades and islands often have special names, as,
for example, the "Windswept Isle," the "Guest's Isle," the "Moun-
tain Isle," or the "Rock Isle."

ORNAMENTAL GARDENS. 45

In Japan the gardener's model tree is not the ordinary symmetrical
specimen so frequently demanded by our x\merican gardeners, but
it is the abnormal tree which age and tempests have moulded into
quaint and umisual shapes. Probably this one feature gives more
distinctive character to Japanese gardens than any other. Trees
of varying height assist in giving the garden its definite proportions
and the gardener spends much time in training his trees so that
each suits its special environment. He plants single specimens, or
masses the foliage for special effects, but almost never plants in
symmetrical lines. These are most carefully avoided by the Japan-
ese gardener in all lines of work, and these gardens are characterized
by their freedom from the formal arrangement of any garden acces-
sories. One of the most carefully selected trees in the Japanese
gardens is the so-called "Tree of the Setting Sun." This is so
placed that the declining sun will cast pleasing shadows from its
foliage over the garden areas.

In our garden development in America we have come to recognize
two distinct tjqoes of gardening — the formal and natural. Each
is good, but each requires its special treatment. The formal has
been designated as the "full dress type of gardening; stately,
princely, full of dignity; a type of gardening which seems to de-
mand that the actual working of it be kept out of sight, while the
ordinary gardens full of natural beauty in free, flowing lines seem
to demand the mower, the wheelbarrow, and the shirt-sleeved
laborer." The development' of each of these types will depend
largely upon the use to be made of the area ornamented.

The ]danting in gardens in America may be divided into various
subdivisions. These are that of the formal gardens on large private
estates, that of the smaller home gardens, that of school gardens,
cemetery planting, street planting, planting about railway stations,
and the natural planting in God's great garden "Out-of-Doors."

Probably the most elaborate planting is demanded in the formal
gardens. Here there must be symmetrical and geometric designs
and shapes. The trees and shrubs which lend themselves the most
readily to this character must therefore be selected for planting.
The rectangular and curvilinear beds must contain herbaceous
perennials which are pleasing in the combination of their colors,
and which furnish a succession of flowers throughout the season.

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bulbs are followed perhaps by pansies or English daisies, and these
by aquilegias, hollyhocks, larkspurs, boltonias, asters, hardy
chrysanthemums, and the like. Such gardens as these demand
constant attention. As one species passes out of bloom the dying
plants must be removed and space allowed for the succeeding
species.

The trees, shrubs, and herbaceous perennials which should sur-
round the homes of the average class of Americans are of especial
interest to the majority of people. These should be selected Avith
the greatest care, and they should represent the finest taste possible.
The number need not necessarily be large. The species should
not be too varied, or the effect will be too striking and not in good
taste.

One must take into consideration the species best suited for spring,
summer, fall, and winter effects. Too frequently the winter effects
are not carefully considered and much of the charm of planting is
lost. The varied green of the coniferous trees, and especially the
delicate effect produced when the evergreens of more delicate foliage,
like the hemlocks and Chamaec^'paris, are covered with snow, is very
pleasing. The variation in color in winter of the bark of many of
the deciduous trees and shrubs should also be carefully studied in
selecting the planting list. Few, if any of the shrubs, equal the
different varieties of Cornus and Salix for these winter effects. The
flowers of spring and summer, the fruits of summer, fall and winter,
and the colors of bark and twigs in winter should keep our homes
bright and attractive throughout the year.

Perhaps the home is rented and the owner does no<r care to pay
out much for improvements of this nature. It is interesting to
note the attractiveness one may add to a home of this kind with
small expense. Vines of rapid, annual growth, like the cobseas or
morning glories, may be cheaply grown, and these will quickly
cover unsightly objects, or serve as a screen for the piazza or
veranda. The castor bean plants will give sub-tropical effects with
comparatively little expense, and geraniums, petunias, verbenas, or
cannas may serve to brighten and make cheery the home grounds.

The improvement of school grounds, especially in the rural
districts, is a topic which should be more generally considered by
the governing board. Many of our country schoolhouses are far

ORNAMENTAL GARDENS. 47

from pleasing in their architecture, and the barreness of the school
grounds is depressing. In many cases the building is situated on the
cheapest land available, and the soil is consequently of the poorest
quality. In such instances it is possible to remove sufficient soil
from around the base of the building so that vines may be used to
hide its deficiencies. By a careful selection of species it is possible
also to adapt to their environment the shrubs planted in the school
yard.

In our country cemeteries we see much that is depressing. The
grass is too frequently unmown, the graves are conspicuous because
of the mounds, the planting of trees and shrubs, if there be such, is
somber and unharmonious, because of individual selection. In
towns where more careful attention is given cemetery management,
the care is given to a superintendent whose business it is to see that
the cemetery is developed in a park-like manner; no mounds mar
the lawn; the somber aspect is lost because of care in selecting and
planting trees and shrubs of lighter foliage and more cheerful aspect;
harmony is secured because individual owners of lots are not allowed
to plant trees or shrubs, the selection of species and the grouping
being left to the cemetery superintendent.

If there be one place more than another where the planting should
be bright, attractive, and cheery, it should be in our gardens of the
dead.

New England prides herself upon her beautiful street trees. The
towns of the Middle West and South suffer much by comparison in
this respect. Our settlements are older and our valuable trees have
had an opportunity to develop in a marked degree. They should
be preserved from the ravages of fungus diseases and insect pests;
but in many cases this is not being done, and we are witnessing the
destroying of many of the fine old specimens. All the character-
istics valued in the street tree are to be found in our American elm.
High headed, with a tendency to overarch the street, traffic is not
interfered with; open headed, it allows a good circulation of air
through the street; naturally long lived, it attains magnificent
dimensions; and everything considered, it is an ideal street tree for
New England towns. But the ravages of the elm-leaf beetle have
already threatened its destruction, and the town and the city foresters
are planting hardier species. The sugar maple is a pleasing street

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tree in many respects, and deserves more frequent planting. In some
towns the Norway maple has been extensively planted, but the
tendency of the species to form a low head makes it objectional. It
interferes with traffic and prevents a free circulation of air through the
street. The pin oak promises to become one of the more valuable
trees; naturally narrow and upright in shape, moderately rapid in
growth, free from disease and insect attacks, and especially attractive
in its fall coloring, it has much in its favor. In some sections the
poplars and silver maples are extensively planted for quick effects,
but these trees are naturally short-lived, and give an appearance of
cheapness to the locality when used abundantly.

Many of our railroads are criticised for one cause or another.
The trains are not run on schedule time, the suburban rate of fare
is too high, or the cars are not modern in their equipment. In
many cases these criticisms are warranted. However, on many of
these railroads the management has given much consideration to the
value of the aesthetic surrounding of their stations, and the orna-
mental planting around these stations is to be commended. One's
opinion of the attractiveness of a town for residential purposes is
raised by pleasing first impressions, and here lies one value of orna-
mentation around railroad stations.

One may study the effect of the beautiful produced by the hand
of man in the gardens of the Old and the New World. He finds
much that is impressive and to be admired in these gardens. But to
the nature lover this same element of beauty prevails throughout
the garden of God's "Out-of-Doors." Nowhere in the formal
gardens do we find impressiveness more forcible than in the tower-
ing pine, the massive oak, or the picturesque hickory. In Nature's
garden there is a marvellous blending of colors for spring, summer,
fall, and winter effects. The attractive white birch bark blends
with the grays and browns of other species. The fall fruits are
just as abundant and attractive as in our introduced species, and the
spring and summer flowers just as brilliant in coloring and sweet
in perfume. In English gardens the symmetrical enclosures are
attractive; in Italy the perennial verdure of the trees, blended with
the moving water, is grand ; in Japanese gardens the picturesqueness
appeals to the eye; but in no garden fashioned by the hand of man
do we find the lofty grandeur of mountain peaks, blended Avith

ORNAMENTAL GARDENS. 49

broad sheets of water surrounded by magnificent trees, beautiful
shrubs and flowers such as we find in the garden of the great
"Master Gardener."

THE EFFECTS OF CONDITIONS OF GROWTH UPON
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FUNGOUS DISEASES.

By Prof. B. M. Duggar, Ithaca, New York.

Delivered before the Society, January 30, 1909.

The John Lewis Russell Lecture.

In the Proceedings of this Society, I notice that the fungous dis-
eases of horticukural plants have been given Uberal consideration.
The papers on this topic in 1898 and 1899 presented most interest-
ing facts of general significance with respect to host resistance and
the phenomenon of disease. In 1905 an historical sketch of the
work accomplished was recorded. Other reports have included dis- •
cussions of most of those special diseases which are of peculiar im-
portance to the floricultural and fruit cultural interests. It has,
therefore, seemed appropriate to occupy this hour with the question
of how certain conditions of growth, or factors of the environment,
may play a part in the relations of host to parasite. This seems to
be a phase of the general subject of fungous diseases which has
received less than a proportionate share of attention, and it is one of
growing experimental importance. When the duty of the plant
pathologist seems to have been accomplished in the matter of dis-
covering new diseases or working out life histories, there will still
remain a field of valuable research in which the relation of the host
and parasite are the chief problems.

It is not to be understood that the problem of working out the
causes of new or obscure diseases is growing less important. On
the contrary a review of the work of the past year in this country
alone would bring out creditable additions to our knowledge of com-
mon diseases, and some new diseases of peculiar interest. I recall
that at last the precise nature of the wonderfully destructive crown

51

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

gall has been established. The organism is a species of bacteria
and the disease is proving second to none in the category of those
with which the horticulturist is concerned. It shows a natural
range of host plants and a power of cross infection which is truly
discouraging. Here in New England one of the more common
fruit diseases, generally known as the Baldwin fruit spot, has been
traced to a specific fungus. A carnation bud rot has been dis-
covered, and several other important diseases of floricultural plants
have been successfully investigated. The organism producing the
well-known canker of the apple has been shown to cause, throughout
the country, the widespread spot of the leaves of this plant. A study
of sub-tropical fruit diseases has received a new impetus. In the
line of treatment we may note improvement in the methods applic-
able to the refractory peach rot, the anthracnose of bean and many
other maladies.

It is to be hoped that no other field of work will for some time
lessen the effort which may be devoted to a more complete under-
standing of the life histories of fungous diseases. Such work should
become more searching and thorough, and be able to stand the test
of time. The work in this country is not yet old. It had its begin-
ning about 1876, at which time there appeared from the Bussey
Institute those well-known papers on the black knot of the plum
and the downy mildew of the grape. It is true that at times over-
ambitious investigators have proceeded with undue haste, and the
result has been that an enormous number of fungous diseases has
been half discovered and others discovered and described would
require a considerable imagination to rediscover.

From time immemorial, it has been observed that one condition
or another of the environment is favorable to the perpetuation and
spread of fungous diseases. In general, the close relation which
exists between weather and disease has been recognized by every
person interested in plant life. It has been little more than a genera-
tion since many producers held the weather directly responsible for
the severe annual losses now known to be due to fungi. Today a
careful discrimination is made between the weather as a complex
set of factors conditioning a disease and a parasitic fungus which,
under the conditions, is able to infect, and directly to produce and
spread a disease.

FUNGOUS DISEASES. 53

We may turn for a moment to one or two well-known diseases
which are very closely associated with abundant precipitation or a
humid atmosphere. There is no more conspicuous example than
the brown rot of stone fruits. Here is a fungus which, under
favorable conditions for propagation, has repeatedly carried off
practically the entire peach, plum, and cherry product of large
regions. It is well known that ten days or less of rainy, damp or
muggy weather as the ripening period of these fruits approaches
has often sufficed utterly to ruin the promise of a rich harvest.
The myriads of spores which break forth in tufts from the decaying
fruits spread with the utmost ease to neighboring trees and even
orchards, finding lodgment always most readily when two or three
fruits hang together, preventing ventilation and surface drying.
Again, it is under such conditions that the black rot of grapes has
invariably exhibited its greatest severity. Similarly, the potato dis-
ease, that is, the late blight or Phytophthora, and many other fungi
of the family of downy mildews spread with enormous rapidity
with moisture as a chief factor. The same could be said of some of
the anthracnoses and other tvj^es of disease-producing organisms.

On the other hand, there are fungous diseases which profit
materially from severe alternations or contrasts of weather condi-
tions. During a season which shows droughty and rainy periods
such leaf blights as those of celery and strawberry thrive to the
greatest degree. In fact the alternation of rainy seasons may not
be essential if hot weather and heavy dews prevail. It is then
apparent that the plant supports some injured or drying leaves.
It is primarily upon such organs that we may look for the first seats
of such diseases. Finally, there are fungous diseases which,
under ordinary circumstances, seem to be wholly dependent for
inoculation or infection upon previous wounds in the host plant.
Among such organisms are many of the canker-producing fungi,
and even a greater number of the toadstools and punks of our shade
trees, as well as possibly some bacterial diseases. In a discussion,
therefore, of the effect of conditions of growth upon the host plant,
it may be well to bear in mind these general types of fungous attack.
To enumerate these more specifically, there are certain fungi which
are, or seem to be, specially endowed with the ability to enter
relatively vigorous growing organs of the plant. Among some of

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the natural groups of the fungi which should be included here may
be especially noted the downy mildews (those of grape, potato,
cucumber, etc.); the powdery mildews (those of the rose, grape,
lilac, etc.); the peach leaf curl, the rusts, smuts, and other well-
known groups. In addition to the fact that the above mentioned
fungi, together with many others, are able to penetrate vigorously
growing plant organs, these especially enumerated have, for the
most part, another characteristic which should be noted. They
do not kill the tissues which they invade, or at least do not kill for a
considerable period of time. All sorts of deformities, or "witches'
brooms," may appear as a result of stimulation due to these fungi,
but they seem to have a well established relation with the living
cells such that when the tissues which they invade are killed the
fungus must very promptly cease its growth.

In contrast to the above, there is that general sub-division of
diseases which may be roughly designated as leaf spots, stem rots,
and fruit decays. The fungi producing these affections frecjuently,
though by no means always, kill the tissues as they penetrate the
host. In other cases they only enter and produce disease when the
affected parts have suffered some injury, over-stimulation or drying
out. In the case of fruits they are proverbially destructive when
the fruits approach maturity. In other words, a very large number
of the fungi here included are not in very close association with
Hving tissues, and are, from several points of view, hemi-parasitic.
In nearly all cases these fungi may be grown upon artificial media
in the laboratory. It is to be emphasized, however, that many of
our disastrous fungous diseases are included in this sub-division,
such as the rot of stone fruits, the bitter rot of apple, the various
anthracnoses, apple scab, and numerous other well-known horti-
cultural maladies. In the case of these fungi in particular, it is
not at all surprising that the effects of conditions upon the host is
most important in infection.

Almost as long as fungous diseases have been known, there has
existed the behef that such diseases in any given host plant are in
some way dependent upon a certain lack of vigor in the plant. With
perfect propriety, practical growers and many plant pathologists
have held that vigorous, well-cultivated and well-nourished plants
mean plants resistant to disease. No one would today question

FUNGOUS DISEASES. 55

from any point of view the desirability of vigorous plants. Yet,
in the case of the strictly parasitic fungi already referred to, it is
very doubtful if vigor alone is sufficient to prevent disease. Re-
sistance to strictly parasitic fungi seems to be more commonly a
character; a character like earliness or something of that nature,
wholly independent of vigor, and any condition of the environment
may operate to assist the fungus or operate to make the host more
susceptible. Some of the most vigorous varieties have been pe-
culiarly susceptible to certain diseases. Before adopting the view
that all ills flee before vigor we must make ourselves clear as to
what vigor means. If it is S}Tion}'mous with resistance to disease
then of course all plants subject to disease under any conditions are
non-vigorous. Many wild or native prototyj^es of certain highly
robust, cultivated varieties when grown side by side with the latter,
may show more, or may show less resistance to disease, wholly
independent of robustness. It does not at all hold that climatic
factors which favor the fullest development of the host may not also
encourage the fungus. Moreover, factors unfavorable to the host
may be similarly unfavorable to the fungus. In the case of fungi
whose weapons of attack are most effective where the plant is least
active, as when the leaves have been injured by drought or other
causes, or when the fruit is maturing, it is clear that any environ-
mental factor promoting a healthy growth of all parts throughout
the season would decrease disease. Sanitation, so-called, is in ail
cases essential. Passing now to some of the chief factors of the
environment we may take up what seem to be particularly important
instances in which environmental conditions predispose.

The Chief Factors of the Exvironment.

As some of the chief factors of the environment now known
which may promote or inhibit fungous diseases, we may enumerate
water (precipitation, humidity, soil moisture); light; acidity and
alkalinity of the soil; nutrition; and temperature. We may
examine some of the effects of these factors upon cultivated plants
and upon certain disease-producing organisms; but it must be
understood that we are not always able to distinguish between the

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

eflfects of these different factors and, therefore, no attempt will be
made to arrive at ultimate causes.

The Water Relation.

The ^^•ater relation is invariably a most important one, and a
few typical instances of how it operates may be cited. The com-
mon disease of the cabbage in many sections of the country is the
black rot, or black heart, a bacterial disease. In order that the
minute organisms causing this disease may gain entrance to the
leaf, the presence of beads of water around the margin of the leaf
is demanded. Such beads of water in this position are a normal
occurrence on cool mornings after a warm day. The roots of the
plant are active in the warm soil, while the loss of water from the
plant by evaporation is checked, so that these droplets are filtered
out through certain water pores of the leaves. In this case we can
scarcely say that there is lessened vigor on the part of the cabbage.
The essential point is that there is a water connection between the
external and internal environment. If we consider remedies it is
evident that the check which is to be applied to the spread of this
disease, especially in the seed bed, is one which would prevent the
formation, as far as possible, of such droplets, and this can perhaps
best be done by a regulation of the conditions through screens or
shading. Unfortunately, some root infections also occur.

Mr. Stone in this State, and iNIr. Smith in California, seem to have
clearly demonstrated that there exists between the asparagus rust
and its host a very definite water relation. During the dry summer
of 1905, this fungus in INIassachusetts was confined to the coarsest
soils easily affected by drought, and each of the severe outbreaks
since 1896 has been identified with a similar condition, or at least
with long periods of relatively dry weather between rainfalls. At
such time the addition of water, as through irrigation, is desirable.
Efficient cultivation affording perhaps a better soil mulch is also
recommended. On the other hand, it is to be inferred from the
work of others that too much water in the sub-stratum, or over-
irrigation, is alone sufficient to intensify what is in other fields a
very mild epidemic. In substance, the relation between the aspar-

FUNGOUS DISEASES. 57

agus plant and the rust fungus is approximately this : In the East,
where summer dews are frequent, and where there is at night
moisture on the leaves practically sufficient to assure the germina-
tion of the spores, the fungus is commonly most severe on poor,
light soils in dry weather. It is believed that there the plant is
less resistant, that is, less hardy. On the other hand, in California,
there is generally no spread of rust during the summer in those
regions where there is no dew, except when the ground is constantly
moist and air drainage insufficient. The local condition in any
case is said to be a sufficiently moist soil to promote the most
vigorous development of the plant. This is not without some
surprising suggestions, for I shall show subsequently that any
condition affecting the vigor or full vegetative growth of certain
grasses tends to prevent the production of disease by rust. So
far as I am aware, no one has been able to demonstrate that rust in
wheat or oats is inversely proportionate to the vigor of the plant.

We are now well aware that chrysanthemum rust in the green-
house may be largely controlled by sub-irrigation, and a complete
cessation of the use of a nozzle or spray. Under similar conditions
the carnation rust is certainly far less abundant. This, however,
seems to be a simple matter of the prevention of rust germination
through lack of moisture upon the leaves or in the air. It is quite
possible in these cases, as is held by many florists, that weak stock
predispose to these diseases, but we lack information on this point ;
for weak stock, as previously suggested, may mean simply stock
which rusts, and that which is subject to rust will in the course of
time appear weak. An examination of the conditions under which
epidemics occur in the case of such fungi as the leaf blight of celery,
of violets, or others of this tyi^e, leads to some interesting suggestions,
as already indicated. Numerous similar diseases of truck and
floricultural crops are commonly most important in what we would
consider to be insufficient moisture for vigorous crop production.
Atkinson found a leaf blight of cotton abundant on certain soils in
the South. These soils responded promptly to the application of
potassic fertilizers. It seems that here, too, the ultimate factor is
that of water, which the plant is far more able to get in the presence
of potassium salts in the soil. Reference has already been made,
on the other hand, to the increased abundance of the rot of stone

58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fruits, grape rot and many other diseases when the conditions are
continually moist. There seems to be no doubt that such conditions
of continuous moisture affect not only the spread of the fungus, but
also the relations of the host plant. The growers of western New
York claim that during a moist season the grape rot is worst W'here
the vines are \agorous. This may mean, of course, that heavy
leafage prevents air circulation or ventilation, to such an extent
that about vigorous vines the conditions are more moist, in w'hich
case the relation of vigor to disease is indirect, being really governed
by the amount of moisture.

It is well known that in New England the potato Ph}i;ophthora
is unusually destructive during moist weather. AVard thinks that
not only the amount of external moisture but the water and soluble
food materials in the plant together determine the intensity of an
epidemic. He cites Klihn's observation to the effect that there
are two stages of growth when the plant is most susceptible. One
of these is when all portions of the plant are young and tender.
The second period is at about the time when the growth of vegeta-
tive parts is complete, and w^hen tuber formation begins w^ith more
vigor. At this time he would postulate a more rapid movement of
soluble food material tow'ard the tubers and consequently greater
sensitiveness.

The Role of Light,

The chief role of light in plant economy is connected with the
formation of sugar and starch, from which, in large part, the other
organic products are ultimately derived. Light, how'ever, calls
forth a variety of responses in every green plant, and it may play a
direct or indirect role in the relation with parasitic fungi. It has
long been observed that celery under lath or cloth screens, that is,
half shade, is largely free from the early blight. The leaf spot or
so-called rust on the strawberry may be similarly controlled through
the light factor. It is also reported that the tent cloth during a
relatively dry summer is effective against asparagus rust. In this
latitude screening is not advised for strawberries, and it would be
available in the home garden only where such a device may be at
will readily interposed or removed. Ginseng growers in New York

FUNGOUS DISEASES. \ 59

and Missouri are employing the lath screen advantageously in the
prevention of a serious blight of this plant, due to a fungus which
is believed to gain entrance most readily at the margin of the leaf,
possibly following a tendency to sun scald in that area. In opposi-
tion to the beneficial effects of half shade, we have also abundant
observations showing that certain powdery mildews are far more
effective as parasites under just such conditions as above enumerated.
I have seen wheat under partial shade badly infested with the
powdery mildew, which in the central West, at least, is seldom, if
ever, seen in the open. Time and again, in that same region,
moreover, I have noticed that in the case of well-watered lawns the
mildew of blue grass abounds in a circle rather sharply limited by
the heavier shadow areas of trees. Similarly, in that region the
grape mildew is, as a rule, found on Vitis vinifera stock only in
shaded places. The fungus soon disappears from leaves to which
strong sunlight is admitted. Strawberry mildew is also far more
abundant in shaded localities. It is claimed that certain greenhouse
plants are more subject to the attack of the common gray mold,
Botrj'tis, when partially etiolated, and DeBary, it seems, was able
to predispose Petunia to the attack of Botrytis through etiolation.

It is apparent that in so far as screen mechanisms largely prevent
the formation of dew, it is probably in large part through this
effect upon the moisture relation that they are important. There
may also result a number of direct effects of light, for in the case of
strongly etiolated or yellowed and attenuated plants, bud and stem
diseases seem frequently to be more common. Very little study
has been bestowed upon these relations. In this connection, we
may briefly indicate some of the modifications in form, size, struc-
ture, and chemical content which plants undergo with varying light
intensities. Under partial shade accompanied also by certain other
changes in the en^^ronment, such as increased or diminished humid-
ity and soil moisture, the general effects upon the plants may be
remarkable. Plants grown in partial shade show leaves which are
larger and thinner; but when still more light is excluded the leaf
area will be greatly reduced. Again, under partial shade, the stems
are longer and of less diameter. The cell structure is not so com-
pact, the cell walls are thinner, the water content is greater, aro-
matic substances in the plant are reduced, and the relative acidity

60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

is considerably affected. The latter is perhaps brought about
commonly through the reduced sugar content, whereby the acidity
becomes more apparent. In the case of the rust of certain brome
grasses where etiolated plants are not readily infected, Professor
Marshall Ward, took the view that the fungus is closely associated
with the nutrition of the plant and requires a vigorous nutrition.
Such vigorous "nutrition" could not be p^o^'ided when etiolation
effects were marked. Therefore, infection fails under such cir-
cumstances. It is true that from many points of view etiolated or
shaded plants may be regarded as "ill adapted to withstand the
ordinary exigencies of plant life," and nevertheless, it must be
remembered that during bright sunlight there is an unbalanced con-
dition of the environment. The light is far more intense than is
necessary in order that the plant may use all of the carbon dioxide
which comes in contact with its leaf surface. The additional energy
of this unnecessary sunlight produces beyond all doubt certain
destructive effects, and these may themselves predispose to diseases
of certain t^'jDcs. Infection by means of uredospores, aecidiospores
and various other forms of spores takes place through the stomates.
These stomates are apparently important in the regulation of the
amount of moisture given off by the plant through evaporation, but
they are most important in the interchange of gases between the
outside air and that contained within the plant. In consequence
they are open during the sunlight, and it is safe to. assume that in
many cases healthy tissues are more readily infected during sunlight
than at any other time. INIoreover, the growth of a h}T)ha seems
to be directed toward a source of moisture, so that if we imagine a
rust spore which has germinated in the dew condensed upon the
surface of the leaf during the night it will be directed as this dew
dries up in the early morning toward the open stoma, and entrance
will be effected. There is a difference, however, between the
entrance of the fungus and its growth within the tissues, in other
words, a difference between penetration and effective infection.
The conditions outside may alone practically determine the germi-
nation of the s])ore and its entrance to the stomatal caAity. The
chief relation, however, in the case of such plants as rusts and
other equally parasitic forms with the host is subsequent to pene-
tration. The infection tube may be stopped by various starvation

FUNGOUS DISEASES. 61

processes whether brought about by the lack of carbon dioxide or
water, hght, etc.

The practical results of studies upon the relation of light to fun-
gous diseases indicate that plants which are subject to powdery
mildews may be shaded only with great caution, and that, on the
contrary, those plants which are made more vigorous by partial
shade, especially those which are subject to leaf spots of various
types may, if other conditions warrant, be placed under partial
shade to great advantage.

Acidity ast> Alkalinity of Soil.

In recent years, the relations of plants to acid conditions of the
soil have received careful attention. In some instances it appears
that acid conditions promote root diseases. A Rhizoctonia disease
or stem rot of carnation, and a similar disease of sugar beets seem
to be of this class. It was at first suspected that the acid conditions
of the soil might be directly favorable to the fungus. An investi-
gation of this point has shown, however, that the fungus is wholly
indifferent to weak acids or alkalies, and the only alternative seems
to be that this acidity renders the host plant more susceptible. If
this assumption is correct, we may have an explanation of other
more or less similar phenomena. Under certain conditions al-
kalinity is favorable to the conquest by the fungus. There is in
New England, particularly, and extending westward as far as Ohio,
a root fungus which is directly or indirectly stimulated to far greater
activity by an alkaline condition of the soil. In Connecticut,
Clinton has observed a disease of the tobacco of some importance
induced by the fungus, Thielavia basicola. The same fungus has
been found by Stewart and others on pansies and sweet peas in New
York and elsewhere. Recently, the matter of treatment has been
taken up by Briggs as a result of studies in the tobacco fields of
Connecticut. He finds that the addition of acids and of acid
fertilizers to the soil are in this case sufficient to prevent these
attacks. From the evidence available through the culture work
thus far accomplished with the fungus, it would seem that the
fungus is more or less indifferent to slight changes of acidity and

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

alkalinity. If this opinion is sustained the relation of the fungus to
the host can only be explained through increased sensitiveness on
the part of the host under alkaline conditions.

Soil liming is distinctively beneficial in preventing the attacks of
Plasmodiophora, the fungus which produces the club rot of cabbage
and turnips. It is possible that the lime is directly injurious to the
fungus, but so far as I am aware no studies have been made to
determine whether it is directly injurious to the fungus or directly
beneficial to the host plant. It is certain that the cabbage plant is
partial to an alkaline condition of the soil, and experiments in
Japan have demonstrated that this plant prefers a content of cal-
cium which shall be relatively great in comparison with that of
certain other mineral nutrients.

Nutrition.

It is extremely difficult to interpret the effect of nutrition upon re-
sistance or susceptibility to fungous diseases on account of the
great complexity of the problem. In the experimental plots of the
Rothamsted Experiment Station it has, however, been very clearly
shown that one-sided nutrition, particularly over-fertilization with
nitrogen, unaccompanied by the other essential fertilizers, results
in the appearance of many fungous diseases upon the plots so
treated, which diseases are practically absent from the plots ferti-
lized with complete manures. The application of nitrogen in un-
balanced quantity to crops has long -been considered as the cause of
a production of weed at the expense of grain or fruiting, and a few
experiments reported by Ward on the grasses indicate that potas-
sium or phosphates, when afforded the plant only in minimum
quantity, cause not only a starvation of the host, but of the fungus
as well; and he believes that any "hindrance" to free nutrition,
assimilation, transpiration, etc., also act detrimentally to the well
being of the mycelium.

In connection with the phenomenon of nutrition, it is perhaps
necessary to say a word at least concerning the often discussed
possibility of feeding the host plant toxic solutions in order to
prevent fungous diseases, or the possibility of injecting such solu-

FUNGOUS DISEASES. 63

tions into the host. In spite of one or two alleged successful ex-
periments it is not possible at the present time to hold that any
value whatever can be expected from this line of work. It is thor-
oughly well known that a great majority of the fungi are far more
resistant to toxic or poisonous substances than the cultivated agri-
cultural plants. If such solutions, therefore, enter the living roots
or are injected and pass into living tissues, it must be assumed,
and indeed is known, that they would kill the host plant long before
they had accumulated sufficiently in the li\'ing cells of leaves and
stems to prevent infection. It is not difficult to try an experiment
of this nature. An auger hole may be made in a peach tree, and by
means of rubber tubing and a reservoir of copper sulphate solution
one may force this toxic agent into the tree. During a hot period,
when evaporation is rapid, the tree will promptly respond in the
course of a day or two by shedding its leaves, and great injury will
result to the trunk in a short time. I am well aware that in Florida
it is now the practice with some growers to insert crystals of copper
sulfate beneath the bark of orange trees affected with dieback.
This dieback seems to be a case of malnutrition brought about by
some unknown en^-ironmental factor. It is not a fungous disease.
The amount of copper used is small, and furthermore we lack as
yet any well-controlled experimental proof of its efficacy. It is
true that the germination of certain rust fungi may be readily in-
hibited or prevented by very small amounts of ammonium com-
pounds, but it is doubtful if this can be made use of practically,
for the obvious reasons that they may not as ammonia compounds
reach the cells they are designed to protect.

Temperature.

The relations of temperature to disease may not be made so
evident by illustration, but it is unquestionably important.

Lack of aeration of the roots is shown to predispose certain
plants to disease. One of the most conspicuous examples cited is
that of the Texas root disease of cotton. On the other hand,
aeration favors the growth of the nodule-forming clover bacteria,
which, while not in the strictest sense disease producing, are never-
theless parasitic organisms.

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In view of what has been said, it is perhaps not surprising that we
should find in horticultural and plant disease literature, after unusual
seasons, notes on new or previously little known disease-producing
organisms. Some of these organisms remain in the role of disease
producers, while others may never again be mentioned, or at most
only at intervals. In many cases it is justifiable to assume that
unusual conditions of the en^dronment are operative on the host
plants, the fungi, or both, — so affecting the balance between the
host plant and the disease organism that tissues formerly resistant
are penetrated, or that a fungus ordinarily weak is rendered more
virulent.

It seems to be well established that there may be such a thing as
progressive virulence during successive generations of a fungus,
just as there may be progressive losses of virulence. It has been
shown in the case of certain bacterial diseases of animals that a
certain variation in \irulence resides in the bacteria, but the condi-
tion of the animal organism is likewise important and a general
delicacy of constitution, unusual exposure, or in certain cases any
condition producing a low obsonic relation is of importance in
determining effective infection, or the intensity of reaction to the
attack.

Discussion.

The question was asked if there were any new methods to be
recommended in the treatment of fungous diseases of pears.

The Lecturer in reply said that no new methods had been de-
veloped but the necessity of early and effective spraying should be
emphasized. Early spraying prevents the disease getting a start
from spores which have been harbored by bark, bud scales, etc.

George D. Moore inquired concerning a remedy for mildew of
lettuce grown under glass.

The Lecturer stated that it was very difficult to prevent the start
of mildew. It may be kept under control to some extent by thor-
ough ventilation and surface drainage. The soil of the house also
should be frequently changed.

An inquiry was made for a simple method of testing soil to de-
termine its acidity or alkalinity.

FUNGOUS DISEASES. 65

The Lecturer said that the Htmus paper method in the ground
was not rehable. A somewhat better way was to make an aqueous
extract of the soil by mixing it with water and after letting it settle
then apply the litmus paper test to the liquid.

He said that an acid condition of the soil is unfortunate for many
plants. It should be more nearly neutral but what its condition
should be with respect to fungous disease depends upon the specific .
disease that is being treated.

Robert Cameron asked concerning the diseases of the hollyhock
and aster.

The Lecturer replied that the copper solutions are serviceable,
but objectionable, and that extensive experiments were now being
tried for the treatment of rust, the chief hollyhock disease. In
regard to the stem disease of the aster he said it was quite difficult to
prevent. It was caused by fungi gaining admittance to the plant
through the soil or through some injury to the stem. Destruction of
the infected stock was recommended and thorough aeration and
cultivation were the best remedies. Also sterilization of the soil
in the seed bed was advantageous.

In answer to a question regarding the wilt of the melon the Lec-
turer said that the common wilt or bacterial disease of the melon
begins frequently before the plant has begun to blossom and spreads
rapidly. The leaves become affected, wilting and dr}ing up.
No effective remedial measures have yet been found. He advised
destroying the old diseased parts, for the bacteria may be carried
over the season in the soil. Seed selection from resistant hills
should be practiced where practicable.

R. W. Curtis spoke of the peony disease which was causing much
trouble to peony growers. The Lecturer said that there may be
several peony diseases. Very few data are available at present, but
peony diseases are now receiving special attention by Prof. Whetzel
in the experimental plots at Cornell University.

The question was asked as to the value of Bordeaux mixture as a
remedy for the asparagus rust.

The Lecturer replied that Bordeaux mixture as a spray was
effective if used properly and with the right kind of apparatus for
spraying, but that the expense was large. Replying to an inquiry
concerning diseased roots, he said that asparagus rust ordinarily

66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

reinfects the plant each season from spores ^Yhich winter over. In
the case of two plants seemingly growing under the same conditions,
where one annually becomes infected and the other does not, we
may say that one may be much more resistant to the rust than the
other. It is not a matter of treating the roots. Thorough culti-
vation and the destruction of stubble and old tops are advantageous.
Keep the cultivator going all the time, for in this case good cultiva-
tion and vigorous plants are most important.

THE ETHERIZATION OF PLANTS FOR FORCING

PURPOSES.

By Prof. William Stuart, Burlixgtox, Vermont.

Read before the Society, Februarj' 6, 1909.

The employment of ether and other substances possessing
anesthetic properties as an aid to forcing flowering shrubs and
herbaceous perennials into bloom during their period of dormancy,
or of intense rest, is a comparatively new development in plant
forcing. Notwithstanding the fact that ether, chloroform, and
other anesthetics are now known to impart, when properly used,
a decided growth impulse to plants in the earlier stages of dormancy,
its employment commercially, so far as the writer is informed, is
exclusively confined to European establishments. A possible
explanation for this lack of interest on the part of American gar-
deners is that flowering shrubs such as lilacs, deutzias, spireas,
viburnums, etc., are not used so extensively for forcing purposes as
in Europe, certainly not in the early winter months, when it is most
difficult to force them successfully.

Early Investigations.

Investigations regarding the nature of the effect of ether, chloro-
form, and other substances upon plants may be very properly
considered under two heads, viz: A. The physiological effect
upon the tissues of a plant in an active growing condition. B.
The growth acceleration effect upon plants in a state of rest.

Naturally the first phenomenon to be studied was that of the
physiological effect. Such experiments were the results of inquiries
on the part of investigators as to the comparative effect of anesthe-
tics upon animals and plants.

67

68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

•A. Physiological Effect of Anesthetics upon Plants in
Active Growth.

The earliest mention we have been able to find regarding etheri-
zation of plants is that contained in an article by Drude, Ledien,
and Naumann (6) published in 1902, in which the authors claim
that Leclerc more than fifty years ago observed the action of ether
upon plants. Unfortunately they neglected to cite their authority
for this statement and we are therefore left in doubt as to the exact
nature of Leclerc's investigations, and are unable to determine
whether he was the first to discover that plant response to anesthet-
ics was physiologically similar to that in animals. It seems
rather singular that such writers upon the svibject of etherization as
Johannsen (15) and INIaumene (20) should not have knoAvn of these
earlier investigations, certain it is that no mention is made of Leclerc's
work in any of their publications. These writers and those who
have followed them with, so far as we are aware, but one excep-
tion (12) have given the credit for this discovery to Claude Bernard
(4). Bernard's observations were made in 1878 and are of such an
interesting nature that we desire to present a rough translation of
certain portions of his paper. He says "The agents which we
employ to render man or animal insensible are ether and chloroform.
Well! singularly enough plants like animals can be anesthetized
and all the attendant phenomena may be observed in essentially
the same manner. I have separately placed under different bell-
glasses, a bird, mouse, frog, and a sensitive plant. , Under each
bellglass I placed a sponge saturated with ether. The anesthetic
influence was not slow to make itself felt — the climax was soon
reached. It was the bird, highest in organization, which was the
first to succumb and so on. The sensitive plant was the last to
come to rest or to become insensible to external stimuli. It was not
until after the lapse of twenty or tAventy-five minutes that the sensi-
tive plant commenced to show signs of insensibility. In half an
hour it was completely anesthetized.

"The effect of the anesthetic is therefore the same in animals
as in plants. That which we here observe in the sensitive plant is
in effect true for all other movements that have been noted in plants,

THE ETHERIZATION OF PL.VNTS. 69

movements such as that of the stamens of the prickly barberry, etc.
This is a question of very great importance to settle. If the analogy
of these effects is pursued even to the nature of their action we
perceive what an intimate relation is thus manifested between
animal and vegetable organisms.

"This experiment proves that ether and chloroform react very
naturally upon all living substances; their action reveals in the
sensibility a property common to all living beings both animal and
vegetable, simple or complex."

Bernard continued his observations upon vegetable tissues by
experimenting with seeds. He found that when seeds were sub-
jected to the fumes of ether no germination could be secured.

In 1891 Dr. Raphael Dubois (7) published the results of some
studies on the physiological effect of anesthetics upon plants.
Speaking of these observations he says, "The vapors of anesthetics
induce moreover intense modifications of the tissues entirely similar
to that which results from the action of frost." In a later publica-
tion (8) Dubois says, "Seeds will not germinate in the presence of
ether and chloroform vapors, even though they are supplied with
heat, oxygen, and water; that is to say, the three fundamental
essentials to germination, since the absorption of water cannot take
place." The same investigator also observed the effect of anesthet-
ics upon growing plants. Describing this experiment he says,
"If one places succulent plants, echeverias for example, in a tightly
closed receptacle in contact with ether vapor, they permit at the
end of a certain time large drops of water to transude through the
epidermis of the leaves. Oranges which have remained a sufficient
length of time in a similar atmosphere assume the appearance of
frozen fruit.

"It is interesting to note that the inmost action of anesthetics in
general very closely approaches that of cold, in that cold prevents
imbibition, induces the separation of water from the protoplasm
in the frozen tissues, and expels just as ether does haemoglobin
from the blood corpuscle."

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

B. Growth Acceleration Effect of Anesthetics upon
Plants in a State of Rest.

While the study of the effect of ether and other similar substances
upon the tissues of plants in active growth served to show the close
physiological relationship between plants and animals it failed to
give any e\'idence of an after stimulating effect upon plant growth.
The discovery of this phenomenon did not occur until some twelve
years later (1890) when Dr. W. Johannsen of the Royal Danish
School of Copenhagen, Denmark, conceived the idea that the
normal resting period of plants might be very materially abridged
and their growth accelerated by the use of ether, or chloroform.
His first experiments were performed upon willows and bulbous
plants. The results secured from these plants were so satisfactory
that in subsequent experiments he included lilacs, viburnums,
azaleas, deutzias, and other ligneous plants which gave even more
marked success. The results of these investigations were first
made public by Johannsen in 1893 in a very interesting paper
presented before the Royal Academy of Sdences of Copenhagen.
These and later experiments were embodied in a brochure pub-
lished by Johannsen in 1900 (15). The publicity attendant upon
the presentation of Johannsen's paper in 1893 quickly awakened
an interest among horticulturists in other parts of Europe in the
commercial possibilities of stimulating plants into active growth
by the aid of anesthetics. Among those who have taken a more or
less prominent part in the development of this new phase of horti-
cultural practice may be mentioned the names of Aymard (1),
Bellair (2), Beltz (3), Charmeux (5), Drude, Ledien and Naumann
(6), Harris (11), Harms (10), Jannock (14), Leblanc (16), Ledien
(17), Lemoine (18), and Maumene (20).

In America as previously stated, outside of experimental work
carried on at the New York (Cornell), Missouri, and Vermont
Agricultural Experiment Stations, little attention has been given
to the subject of plant etherization.

the etherization of pl.^nts. 71

Season of Treatment.

Generally speaking all hardy plants of northern climates have
a well-defined rest period which is usually designated as the dormant
period. During this season of rest the protoplasm of the cell is in
a more or less complete quiescent condition. Johannsen has very
ingeniously divided this season into three periods which he very
appropriately designates as the "Bef ore-Rest," "Central-Rest,"
and "After-Rest." The first period of repose is defined as that
immediately following the formation of flower and leaf buds ex-
tending from June to September. The second period which is
shorter includes September and about three-fourths of October.
The after rest period begins the latter part of October and extends
into December and under certain conditions into January. Accord-
ing to Johannsen's observations the most marked effect from
etherization is obtained from treatments made during the first and
last rest periods. The central period being the season of deepest
rest it is more difficult to create an impression upon it by etheriza-
tion. Less marked results may be expected toward the close of the
third rest period than the beginning of it. Of course any di\asion
of the period of rest in plants must be of a more or less arbitrary
nature. Unseasonal climatic conditions exert such a marked
effect upon plant growth as to materially change the first and second
rest periods. Such variations must of necessity be taken into
consideration by the forcer of plants.

Theoretical Action of Anesthetics.

The earlier investigators Bernard (4) and Dubois (8) were of the
opinion that anesthetics produced much the same effect upon
plants as upon the higher forms of animal life, rendering them
insensible to outward stimuli and also extracting water from the
cell protoplasm in many respects similar to its action upon blood
in animals. This latter phenomena does not differ materially from
the action of frost upon plant tissues and indeed its effect was
likened to that of frost by these two investigators. Johannsen (15)
believed that its action caused a sudden cessation of all plant

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

activities throwing it into a complete and intense state of rest, so
deep and so intense as to materially abridge its normal winter resting
period. ISIaumene (20) says "The cause of the action of anesthetics
on plants is a matter of theory and may be due to an acceleration
of the order of growth, or the phenomenon may be the suspension
of an arrest which has occurred in the natural growth. On the
other hand, ether or chloroform may be merely an excitant. The
vapors of ether and chloroform only have a momentary effect
although they produce extreme stimulation, shorten the period of
repose and incite vegetation." Beltz (3) believes that "ether or
chloroform cause an extension of the plant cells through exterior
excitation." Drude, Ledien, and Naumann believe that ether or
chloroform checks some of the changes within the plant cell while
at the same time increasing respiration. Aymard is of the belief
that anesthetics act as dehydrating agents on vegetable tissues.
In support of this statement he found that lily-of-the-valley pips
subjected to the action of phosphoric anhydrid, a strong dehydrating
agent, forced even more quickly than when treated with ether vapor.
Recent investigations in Europe (9) have demonstrated that acceler-
ation of plant growth, in the case of lilacs at least, may be just as
successfully induced during the dormant season by immersing them
in water at 95 degrees F. Lilac plants treated in this way early in
November came into bloom in three weeks and forced more quickly
than those subjected to ether fumes.

The writer has been able to secure accelerated growth from astilbe
clumps subjected to a vacuum of § atmosphere for from four to
forty-eight hours.

From the data at hand it would appear that the anesthesia influ-
ence exerted by anesthetics upon plant tissues is not the real or at
least the sole cause of after stimulation. The underlying cause
must be a deeper one. It would seem to be more in the nature of a
distinct shock. Growth can hardly be said to be arrested in water
at a temperature of 95 degrees F. On the other hand the more or
less quiescent protoplasm receives a decided shock or stimulus
which induces a marked growth response. In vacuum of the
intensity of f atmosphere all growth is suddenly and completely
arrested and there is more or less moisture extracted from the cell
protoplasm, an effect very similar if not identical to that exerted
by anesthetics.

the etherizatiox of pl.aa'ts. 73

Mechanical Application of Anesthetics.

While there is no one method of subjecting plants to the vapors
of anesthetics which may be considered superior to all others, there
are certain general rules by the observance of which one may attain
a greater degree of uniformity and success in his results. Woody
plants like lilacs, spireas, viburnums, etc., force much more satis-
factorily if grown in pots the season in which they are to be forced.
In other words, better results are secured from pot-grown plants
than from those grown in the open ground, at least that has been the
experience of the writer. This has also been found to be true in the
case of peonies and iris.

The balls of earth of the plants to be treated should be reasonably
dry. Their removal from the pots for treatment is not a necessary
procedure.

The earlier practice of completely covering the balls of earth or
the pots with dry sand is not an essential factor. The writer has
secured equally as good results Avithout such protection. Dry
sawdust may be used if so desired.

The receptacle to be used for etherization purposes should be so
constructed as to be essentially air tight when closed. Wooden,
metal, or cement cases may be used. Those used at the Vermont
Station are constructed of two thicknesses of matched lumber with
building paper between. The interior is thoroughly coated with
paraffin applied when hot. The door fits tightly and, after closing,
the crack surrounding it is filled with melted paraffin, hence there
is no possibility of leakage of gas. The anesthetic used is poured
through an opening in the top of the case on to a sponge in a
receptacle suspended immediately beneath. The sponge facilitates
the vaporization of the liquid used. With the closing of this intake
the process is completed.

Period of Treatment and Dosage.

The duration of treatment and the amount of the anesthetic used
are directly dependent upon the following factors: 1. Class of
plant treated. 2. Season of year in which the treatment is given.

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTtRAL SOCIETY.

3. Temperature of the inclosed air. 4. Anesthetic used. Phints
treated in October require a longer period of treatment and a larger
amount of anesthetic per cubic foot of air space than similar plants
treated in November. The same statement applies equally as well
to November and December treatments. Briefly stated, the later
the treatment the shorter the period of exposure, and the smaller
the amount of anesthetic used.

Johannsen (15) says "The influence of the ether upon the plant
varies greatly with the temperature. The higher the temperature
the stronger its influence. An amount of ether which has no effect
at a temperature of 32 degrees F. will injure the plant very seriously
at a temperature of 86 degrees F." Generally it is best to let the
ether act upon the plant forty-eight hours ; at the end of the resting
period, however, twenty-four to thirty-six hours may be sufficient.
At the beginning of the late resting stage or in the early resting
stage seventy-two hours may be necessary for lilacs."

Very good results may be obtained from repeated etherization;
first forty-eight hours then ventilation of the chamber for a similar
period, afterward a second etherization in the same manner as the
first. A dose of ether may vary from 5-15 c. e. per cubic foot of
air space enclosed. Usually from 10-15 c. c. are employed. Occa-
sionally a larger dose may be used. Maumen^ (19) recommends
the following amounts of ether per cubic foot of air space:

Lilacs 13.7-15.7 c.c.

Azalea mollis 13.7-15.7 c. c.

Virburnum opulus 14.8-16.4 c. c.

Prunus persica 1

" triloba [ 11 .7-13.7 c. c.

" sinensis J

Spiraeas (varieties) 12.5-14.8 c. c.

Deutzia gracilis 13.7-15.7 c. c.

Lilies and

T •, p , T7 11 r 13.7-15.7 c. c.

Lily-of-the-Valley

Our experience with lily-of-the-valley leads us to recommend
not over 10 c. c. of ether per cubic foot of air space. Better results
have been secured with this amount than with larger doses.

Doses of other anesthetics as employed at the Vermont Experi-
ment Station are as follows:

THE ETHERIZATION OF PLANTS. 75

Chloroform

3- 4 c. c.

Ethyl iodide

1- 2 c. c.

*Ethyl chloride

2- 3 c. c.

Ethyl bromide

3- 4 c. c.

Methyl chloride

2 c. c.

Methyl alcohol

10-15 c. c.

Acetone

10 c. c.

Tetrachloride of carbon

10 c. c.

The best temperature at which to treat the plants is in the neigh-
borhood of 60 degrees F. It may vary however between 55 and 65
degrees F. without materially influencing the results. If higher
temperatures prevail the dosage, period of treatment, or both
should be reduced accordingly.

Experimental Evidence of Growth Acceleration Due to
Anesthetics.

The experimental e^•idence now at hand regarding the relative
increase in earliness of blooming period as a result of anesthesia
shows that the time element varies inversely to the earliness or
lateness of the forcing period. It has been clearly shown by care-
fully conducted experiments that anesthetics impart a more decided
growth impulse in the early and after rest period than in the central
or toward the close of the dormant season. On the average one
may expect, in such plants as lilacs, that those etherized will come
into bloom from 8-10 days earlier than the untreated ones. This
period of difference is frequently very greatly exceeded. Harris (11)
claims to have secured a ten days gain with lilac Charles X, and
in addition the etherized plant produced about three times the usual
number of flowers. It was also noticed that the foliage was much
more abundant and of a deeper green.

Lewis (18) reports very satisfactory results from etherized nar-
cissus, gains of from 2-21 days being secured. Howitt (13) found
that etherized Astilbe Japonica came into bloom a month to five
weeks earlier than untreated plants.

* Ethyl chloride may be used in the ordinary way or it may be used as a spray.
On account of its very low boiling point it is a difficult substance to handle and
its use is not advised.

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Experiments at the Vermont Station upon the use of anesthetics
as an aid to the winter forcing of plants were first undertaken in
the winter of 1903-04. The object of the investigation was to de-
termine whether anesthetics would produce growth acceleration in
plants forced for their vegetative rather than their flowering parts.
The lack of any experimental data upon this phase of the subject
and the possession of a considerable number of strong rhubarb
clumps afforded the writer a good opportunity to determine whether
these ])lants would respond to anesthetics, and if so, in what degree.
The plants were dug before freezing weather set in and were stored
in a cold frame where they were subjected to the action of frost in
the same manner as if intended for ordinary forcing purposes. As
reciuired for treatment they were removed to a cool cellar and
allowed to thaw out slowly, after which if the soil surrounding the
clumps was somewhat moist tlrey were placed in a warm room and
allowed to dry out for a day or two. After removing all surplus soil,
especially that surrounding the crowns of the plants, they were
placed in the etherizing chamber and subjected to ether vapors at
the rate of 10 c. c. per cu. ft. of air space for a period of 48 hours.
The first treatment was made December 18-20, followed by subse-
quent ones January 9-11, January 30 to Feb. 1, and Feb. 2^26.
The two earlier treatments as might naturally be expected yielded
the best results. The treated clumps of the first lot showed gains
in weight from the first two pullings of 558 and 176 per cent respec-
tively. In the second lot treated the gains from the first two pullings
were 270 and 115 per cent. In total yield from all pullings the
treated plants showed a gain of 34 per cent from the first lot and 90
percent from lot II.

The successful outcome of the first season's trial of etherization led
the writer to believe that possibly ether might also serve as a sub-
stitute for freezing. Owing to lack of suitable material for treat-
ment it was not possible to test this theory until the fall of 1905.
The plants were taken up early in the fall before any killing frosts
occurred and were stored in a well-protected cold frame. Treat-
ments were made October 30 to November 1, November 4-6,
December 4-6, January 4-6, January 20-22, and February 13-15.

As no growth was apparent from the first two treatments of
either the etherized or control plants, it was decided to include in

THE ETHERIZATION OF PL.\NTS. / /

all subsequent ones some clumps ^Yhich had been subjected to the
action of frost. Hence treatments III-VI included both frozen
and unfrozen rhubarb plants. The results of freezing were soon
made apparent. Frozen and etherized plants made a much c^uicker
growth than unfrozen etherized plants, while the unetherized frozen '
plants were superior to the unfrozen. The resuks of these trials
indicated at once that ether, at least by the methods employed, could
not be used as a substitute for freezing.

Another disturbing factor had however presented itself. Why
had the unfrozen untreated plants of lot III grown, while both the
etherized and unetherized plants of lots I and II, which were treated
a month pre\dous, remained absolutely dormant ? In reply to this
question we offered two possible solutions, either the plants in the
cold frame which we had supposed was frost-proof had been
slightly frozen or else the after rest period suggested by Johannsen
had proceeded so far that the plants were more easily incited into
active growth. The first supposition we could not verify. Al-
though no evidence of frost had been observed, slight freezing
might have occurred during the interval between November 4 and
December 4. We are inclined however to the belief that growth
was attributable to low temperatures, not necessarily below freezing,
coupled with the passage of the plants into the latter stages of the
after rest period.

With the publication of these results in the Nineteenth Annual
Report of the Vermont Experiment Station the writer had decided
to dismiss the subject believing that further experimentation
would reveal nothing of further interest to the plant forcer, reason-
ing that frost in New England was of sufficiently frequent occur-
rence as to be easily available. As the results of this experiment
became more widely known inquiries began to be received regarding
the possibility of employing ether in regions where frost does not
occur, as in the southern and Pacific coast states. These unexpected
inquiries at once placed a new emphasis upon the desirability of
finding some method of treatment which would be as effective or
even more so than the action of frost. In consequence of this
seeming demand upon the Station for further investigation along
these lines the problem has been again taken up but thus far, owing
to the poor condition of the plants available for experimental

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

jnirposes, due very largely to the extreme drouth of last summer,
■we are no nearer a solution of the question than we were in 1905-'06.
We say " no nearer," in a qualified way; we do believe that we now
possess the key to the situation, and that the problem will be solved
whenever we can secure suitable plants upon which to continue
our experimental investigations. The problem before us is to find
a substitute for frost.

CoiiPARATivE Efficacy of Various Anesthetic and Toxic

Substances.

Naturally the investigations upon rhubarb suggested a new line
of research into the comparative eflficacy of ether as compared with
other substances possessing anesthetic or toxic properties. This
line of work was undertaken during the winter of 1906-'07. The
substances employed were ether, chloroform, ethyl bromide, ethyl
chloride, ethyl iodide, methyl chloride, ethyl alcohol, and acetone.
The kinds of plants treated were lilacs, spireas, Aaburnums, prunus
pissardi, philadelphus, cydonia, asparagus, peonies, iris, dicentra,
lilies, lily-of-the-valley, hyacinths, tulips, narcissus, etc. The data
secured from the woody shrubs were not very satisfactory; a result
largely if not wholly due to an attempt to force field-grown plants,
stock which later experience showed could not have been success-
fully forced under any condition. However, sufficiently good results
were secured from some of the other plants, to indicate in a general
way at least that other substances could be substituted for ether and
chloroform in forcing plants into growth.

Profiting by the previous season's experience the experimental
work of 19G7-'08 was confined very largely to pot-grown plants of
lilacs, azaleas, peonies, and iris. Work was also continued upon
bulbous plants and lily-of-the-valley. The results of the work with
lilacs were very satisfactory also that with astilbe. The azaleas
did not respond very noticeably to treatment except in cases where
too large a dosage or too prolonged a treatment was given, resulting
in the death of the plants. The data obtained from the treatment
of bulbous plants have not been sufficiently uniform to warrant any
coftclusions. In some cases a considerable growth acceleration

THE ETHERIZATION OF PL.-SlNTS. 79

Avas secured while in others there was an apparent retardation.
The data included in the appended tables I and II are presented
more for the purpose of illustrating the passage of the after rest
period as indicated by the gradually decreasing number of days
from time of treatment to date of bloom and leaf growth, than to
show the growth acceleration imparted to the plants by the anes-
thetics used. However, the hastening of the blooming period is
interesting because it is correlated with the economic phase of plant
forcing. It was found that a twenty-two day growth acceleration
was obtained from plants of Charles X lilac, etherized November 13,
while only a three day increase resulted from those treated Decem-
ber 19. The chloroformed plants varied from a twenty-two days
gain obtained from November 13 treatment to a six days increase
from a December 4 treatment. This latter increase was exactly
identical to that secured from the ether treatment made on same
date. Less satisfactory results were secured from lilac INIarie
Legraye but the influence of the passage of the after rest period
was just as apparent. Plants etherized November 13 gave a growth
acceleration of twelve days, whereas those etherized December 4
were only hastened four days. Considering this data in another
light we find that control plants of lilac Charles X placed in the
house November 13 came into bloom January 1, while those placed
in the house December 19 came into bloom on January 15. In
the first case it took forty-nine days to bring them into bloom, while
in the latter it only took twenty-seven days, or a difference under
practically identical conditions of twenty-two days.

By way of explanation of the comparatively slow forcing of the
lilacs even of those treated it should be stated that the temperature
of the room in which the forcing was done could not be maintained
much higher than 60 degrees F. at night, whereas to have forced
them most quickly they should have been subjected to a night
temperature of at least 70 degrees F. However, as both treated
and untreated plants were subjected to similar treatment the results
obtained are a fair expression of the effects of treatment.

By reference to the data upon astilbe in table II, we find very
similar results to those secured from the lilacs, that is the time
element gradually diminishes as the season advances until we find
verv little gain from the use of anesthetics. In the first treatment

80

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

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THE ETHERIZATION OF PLANTS, 81

made November 11 gains of from two to eight days were secured
from ether; ethyl bromide and methyl chloride gave a gain of
twenty-three days; while ethyl iodide only gave a two days increase.
Plants etherized January 13 gave gains of from three to five days,
while those treated with ethyl iodide were accelerated two to three
days. The control plants of November 11 began leaf development
January 9 while those of January 13 began to grow January 27;
the plants of the first date requiring fifty-nine days to begin growth
as against fourteen days for the latter period.

From the above data it will be readily seen how important it is,
at least from a purely scientific point of view, that we should have
a more intimate knowledge of the rest period of plants. If we
could have a growth curve worked out for the various classes of
forcing plants, more particularly the woody ones, this growth
curve to find expression in both leaf and flower development, and
to extend over the whole period from the development of leaf and
flower buds to the close of the after rest period, what an illuminating
and instructive study it would make. This inquiry is not a dream,
nor is it impossible of solution. Much work has already been done
but inasmuch as it does not cover the whole rest period it is of a
more or less fragmentary nature, and chiefly valuable as a guide
to further inquiry.

The diagram which I have constructed (see page 80) to represent
this growth curve is of course very largely diagrammatic. So little
is knowTi, at least based upon accurate experimental observations,
about the early and central rest period that it is not possible to
secure any more than an approximate concept of what the curve for
that period should really be. How near it will approach the zero
line or the minimum number of days to bring the plant into bloom
in the first period of early rest or how far it will de\aate from the
maximum number of days in the deep or central rest period we are
unable to judge. The growth curves presented are only intended
as a suggestion of what the actual growth conditions may be during
the rest period of the plant.

82 massachusetts horticultural society.

Plant Response to Other Factors than Anesthetics and
Toxic Substances.

Under one of the preceding di\isions of this paper the writer
has already referred to plant responses due to other agencies than
those produced by anesthetic or toxic substances. A further
consideration of these substances seems essential to a fuller con-
ception of the rdle played by each of these influences in imparting
a growth impulse to the plant. We have previously noted that
immersion in hot water for a certain period of time proved more
effective than ether in accelerating growth. Our own exjDcriments
with vacuum treated astilbe have shown gains of from four to ten
days, as compared with six to eleven days for ether-treated plants.
Howard (12) in the winter of 1905-06, in connection with some
rather extensive experimental investigations regarding the winter
rest period of deciduous trees and shrubs, studied the comparative
effect of ether, frost, partial dessication, and storage in a dark
closet at a rather high temperature and in a nearly moisture satu-
rated air. The results of this comparative test with seventy species
of plants are summed up in Table III.

The data shows that while etherized plants were accelerated
nearly 9.8 days those dried for five days showed a gain of 9.4 days.
The frozen plants were 4.3 days earlier than the control plants,
while those subjected to darkness, moisture, and a high temperature
showed a slight retardation. Another effect of the treatment noted
by Howard was wuth respect to the percentage of buds that opened.
Plants etherized 48 hrs. opened 50% of their buds as against
44.2% on the control plants. Those etherized 72 hrs. only opened
35.7%. Plants dried one day opened 45.7% while those dried
five days only opened 32.8%. Plants frozen eight days opened
34.2% while those frozen fourteen days opened 32.8% of their buds.

It is evident from this analysis that there are two distinct effects
of treatment, that which imparts a certain amount of growth
impulse to some buds, and that which exerts an injurious influence
upon others. The severer treatments gave on the average the
greatest growth acceleration and the smallest percentage of buds
opened.

the etherization of pl.\nts. 83

Summary.

Briefly summed up the facts presented in this paper may be
stated as follows : Anesthetics when properly used impart a decided
growth impulse to plants. Their effect upon the plant is to arrest
growth, extract moisture from the cell protoplasm, and through
these physiological derangements imparting a severe shock to the
whole plant which when removed causes a decided growth reaction.

Toxic substances such as alcohol, acetone, and other similar
agents, while not causing insensibility, unless employed in large
amounts, act in a very similar manner to that of anesthetics and
result in a more or less decided growth acceleration.

Non-anesthetic or non-toxic agents such as freezing, vacuum, and
dessication all arrest growth and remove moisture from the plant
tissues much in the same manner as anesthetics and toxics. They
all seem to possess the power to hasten plant growth during the
dormant season. Hot water imparts a distinct shock to the cell
protoplasm and tissues and acts as a solvent in softening up the
winter protecting scales inclosing the leaf and flowering buds,
thereby hastening the winter forcing of shrubs.

A careful consideration of all the factors influencing the growth
of plants during their resting period would seem to indicate that
there is no one substance which may be said to be superior to all
others. Ether because of its more general use has come to be
regarded as the best anesthetic to use in plant forcing. There are
indications however that other substances may serve equally as well
and in some instances may give better results than ether. More
information is needed along these lines particularly with respect
to the hot water treatment.

Table 1.

Anesthesia Experiments with Lilacs 1907-'i

08.

Anesthetic used, amount

Date put

Date of

Days

Plant treated.

and length of treatment.

in house.

bloom.

gain.

lilac Chas.

X.

Control

Nov. 13

Jan. 1

—

It 11

(f

Ether 10 c. c. 48 hrs.

" 13

Dec. 15

17

" "

"

" 10 c. c. 48-24-24 hrs.

" 15

" 12

22

U (1

"

Chloroform 3 c. c. 48 hrs.

" 13

" 27

5

" "

"

3 c. c. 48-24-24 hr

. " 15

" 12

22

84

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Table 1. {Continued.)

Anesthesia Experiments with Lilacs 1907-'0S

Anesthetic used, amount
Plant treated. and length of treatment.

Lilac Chas. X. Control

Ether 12 c. c. 48 hrs.

" 12 c. c. 48-24-24 hrs

Chloroform 3.6 c. c. 48 hrs.

3.6 c. c. 48-24-24 hr

' Control

Ether 15 c. c. 48 hrs.

" 15 c. c. 48-24-24 hrs

' Chloroform 4.5 c. c. 48 hrs.

4.5 c. c. 48-24-24 hr.

' Control

Ether 15 c. c. 48 hrs.

" 15 c. c. 48-24-24 hrs.

Control

Marie Legraye Ether 10 c. c. 48 hrs.

" 10 c. c. 48-24-24 hrs.

Chloroform 3 c. c. 48 hrs.

3 c. c. 48-24-24 hrs

Control

Ether 15 c. c. 48 hrs.

" 15 c. c. 48-24-24 hrs.

Chloroform 4.5 c. c. 48 hrs.

4.5 c. c. 48-24-24hr

Date put
in house.

Date of
bloom.

Days

gain.

li

20

Jan.

4

—

It

20

Dec

16

19

"

20

"

17

18

It

20

"

17

18

r. "

22

"

15

20

Dec.

2

Jan.

1

—

it

2

Dec

25

7

"

4

"

28

6

"

2

"

24

6

V."

4

<(

28

6

"

19

Jan.

15

—

"

19

"

13

2

"

21

"

14

3

Nov

13

Dec

22

—

"

13

"

9

13

"

15

"

12

12

"

13

tt

13

9

((

15

"

10

14

Dec.

2

"

28

—

;;

2
4

It
tt

27
26

5h

4

"

2

"

26

2

r. "

4

"

29

5^

Table II.

Anesthesia Experiments with Astilbe 1907-'08.

Plant treated.

Astilbe Japonica
11 tt

Anesthetic used, amount
and length of treatment.

Control

Ether 10 c. c. 48 hrs.

Date put
in house,

Nov. 11

" 11

Date of
bloom.

Jan. 9

" 1

Days
gain.

8

It It

" 10 c. c. 48-24-24 hrs.'

" 11

" 7

2

II tt

Ethyl bromide 4 c. c. 48 hrs.
" iodide 2 c. c. 48 hrs.

" 11
" 11

Dec. 17
Jan. 7

23
2

II tt

Methyl chloride 2 c. c. 48 hrs.
Control

" 11
Jan. 13

Dec. 17
Jan. 27

23

" "

Ether 15 c. c. 48 hrs.

" 13

" 27

0

II tt

" 15 & 10 c. c. 48-24-24

" 13

" 22

5

(( tt
II tt

Ethyl iodide 2 c. c. 48 hrs.
" 2 c. c. 48-24-24

" 13
" 13

" 24
" 25

3

2

1 The expression 48-24-24 hrs. means that the plants were treated 48 hrs. then
the box was opened and ventilated for 24 hrs. after which it was given a second
dose for the ensuing 24 hrs.

THE ETHERIZATION OF PLANTS.

85

Table III.'

Buds
commencing
Treatment. to grow.

Control 21.5 days

Ether 48 hrs. 13.1 "

Ether 48 and 48 hrs. 12.7 "

Dried 1 day 20.7 "

" 2 " 20.7 "

" 3 " 18.

" 4 " 19.

" 5 " 13.8 "

Frozen 8 days 18.3 "

" 14 " 16.4 "

In dark cupboard 8 days 22 .8 "

" " " 14 " 23.9 "

Frozen 8 days — Ether 48 hrs 11.5 ''

" 8 " — " 72 " 9.9 "

" 8 " — dark cupboard 5 ds. 17.5 "

Dark cupboard 8 days — Ether 48 20 . 5 "

8 " " hrs. 18.2 "

72 hrs. 18.2 "

Buds opened
in. —

28 . 1 days
20.3 "

18.3 "

26.2 "
25.5 "
22.9 "

24.4 "

18.7 "

23.8 "
23.8 "

29.1 '•

29.2 ^'

15.5 "

16.4 "
25.

26.5 "

Per cent
of buds
opened.

44.2

50.

35.7

45.7

32.8

34.2

28.5

32.8

22.8

11.4

34.2

32.8

15.7

21.4

20.

38.5

35.7

35.7

References.

3.

Aymard, J. **L' Action de I'Ether et Autres Liquides dans le

For9age des Plantes." Ann. de la Soc. d'Hort. de I'Herault

Janv. Fev. (1902).
Aymard, J. "Les Anesthetiques et le Portage des Plantes."

Libr. Hort., Paris, pp. 1-68, figs. 4 (1904); brief note in

Exp. Sta. Rec. 16: 665 (1905).
Bellair, G. "Forcing Lilacs After Preliminary Etherization."

Rev. Hort. 76: 84 (1904); Abs. Exp. Sta. Rec. 15: 972

(1904).
Beltz, W. J. "The Effects of Etherization on Plants." Le

Jardin, 19: 26-7 (1905); Abs. Exp. Sta. Rec. 16: 978

(1905).
Bernard, Claude. "Le9ons sur les Phenomenes Communs

aux Animaux et aux Vegetaux." 2 vols, in 8 avec planches

etfigs. t. 1 (1878); t. 2 (1879).

1 Howard loc. cit., p. 70.

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

5. Charmeux, F. "Tests of Etherization for Grapevines." Le

Jardin 18: 188-9, fig. 1 (1904); Abs. Exp. Sta. Rec. 16;
158 (1904).

6. Drude, O., Ledien, F. and Naumann, A. Experiments and

Observations in the Government Botanical Gardens at
Dresden." Sep Jahresber. Flora, Dresden. 7: 21, pis. 6:
Abs. Exp. Sta. Rec. 16: 665-6 (1905).

7. Dubois, R. "Mecanisme de 1' Action des Anesthetiques."

Rev. Gen. des Sci. Pures et Applique, p. 561 (1891).

8. Dubois, R. "Anesthesic Physiologic et ses AppUcations."

Paris (1894).

9. Fl. Exchange 25-77, 1908; Abs. from Hort. Trade Journal.

10. Harms, F. "Etherizing Lilacs for Early Forcing." Holler's

Deut. Gart. Ztg. 17: 8-11, figs. 3 (1902); Abs. Exp. Sta.
Rec. 14: 149 (1903).

11. Harris, F. "Forcing Etherized Plants." Le Jardin (1902);

Abs.'Am. Fl. 19: 726 (1902).

12. Howard, W. L. "Untersuchungueber die Wintumheperiode

der Pflanzen." Inaugural Dissertation for Doctorate of
Philosophy, Univ. Halle.

13. Howitt, J. E. "Forcing Plants by Means of Ether." Cornell

Countryman 3: No. 8, pp. 187-8 (May, 1906).

14. Jannock, T. "The Etherization of Plants." Gard. Chron.

3d ser. 34: 240 (1903); Abs. Eycp. Sta. Rec. 15: 367

(1903).

15. Johannsen,W. "The Forcing of Plants by Ether." Transl.

from Dr. Johannsen's Memoir by J. Fischer. Am. Gard.
21: 358-60,372-3 (1900).

16. Leblanc, Ch. Bui. de la Coc. Cont. d'Hort. de Nancy, p.

39 (1902). Le Jardin, p. 124, fig. 3 (1902).

17. Ledien, F. "The Ether Treatment of Lilacs in the Trade."

Gartenwelt 6: 219-21 (1902); Abs. Exp. Sta. Rec. 14: 359
(1902).

18. Lemoine, E. "The Use of Ether and Chloroform for the

Forcing of Shrubs and of Lilacs in Particular." Journ.
Roy. Hort. Soc. 28: Part I and 2, 45-51 (1903); Gard.
Chron. 33: 142-3 (1903). (Transl. by Rev. W. Wilks).
Abs. Gardening 11: 229-30 (1903); Exp. Sta. Rec. 15:
682 (1904).

THE ETHERIZATION OF PLANTS. 87

19. Lewis, C. I. "Forcing Bulbs by Means of Ether." Cornell

Countryman ,3: Xo. 8, pp. 190-191 (May, 1906).

20. Maumene, A. "The Ether Forcing Process." Am. Gard.

23: 238-9 (1902). (Transl. from La Nature). Abs.
Exp. Sta. Rec. 14: 149 (1902).
Maumene, A. "Xouvelle Methode de Culture Forcee des
Arbustes et des Plantes." Libr. et Imprimerie Hort.
pp. 1-80, figs. 13 (1903).

Discussion.

The question was asked as to the after effects upon plants treated
with anesthetics.

Prof. Stuart replied that the plants were not at all injured by the
process. They were just as strong and healthy afterward as those,
not so treated.

THE OUTLOOK FOR PLANT BREEDLNG.
By Dr. Herbert J. Webber, Ithlica, N. Y.

Delivered before the Society, February' 13, 1909.

The nineteenth century has been characterized by Alfred Russell
Wallace, the great English biologist and contemporary of Darwin,
as a century of despoilation of the natural resources of the world.
In our greed for wealth, the soils, minerals, forests and all natural
resources, rightly the heritage of the children of the world for all
time, have been wantonly depleted without thought of the future
generations that must follow us. In the beginning of the twentieth
century it is meet that we should pause in our mad race for wealth
and thoughtfully consider if we are doing our duty by our children
and our children's children, who are to inherit the earth after we
are gone. It has been said that the greatest of all inventions which
we inherit is the alphabet, and I presume it may be as truthfully
claimed that the greatest of all heritages which have come down to us
from our ancestors are the cultivated plants developed by centuries
of unconscious selection for man's cultivation and use. As agri-
culture is the foundation of civilization, so the cultivated plants are
the foundation of agriculture, as plants must necessarily precede
animals to support them.

The early history of our cultivated plants is shrouded in mystery.
The wild tj'pes from which they sprung being in many cases entirely
unknown, the modifications which have taken place being so pro-
found in many cases, as to preclude the recognition of the wild
prototypes if they are now living. Each century has inherited in-
creasingly better and better sorts from the preceding century. It
would seem to us today, that we have nearly reached the limit of
perfection, yet I am led to wonder, when I review the tremendous
possibilities opened to me by my past fifteen years of research in the

90 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

field of plant breeding, if we are really doing all in this field of de-
velopment which the world has a right to expect of us.

I speak with some hesitation on this subject when I remember that
I am addressing this great organization, the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, which has done so much to advance horticulture
and agriculture in the past century. I remember the great work of
this society in offering prizes for improved new fruits in the early
days of the nineteenth century, when plant breeding was indeed
in its infancy. I remember the very large number of new fruits and
flowers which had their origin in the stimulation given by this asso-
ciation. You have doubtless done the best you could and it was a
great work. Yet I am convinced that the work has only just
begun.

If we are to feed the increasing millions of our population with
our soils depleted in fertility, with our mineral deposits of nitrate of
soda, potash, and phosphates approaching exhaustion, we must use
strenuous methods to improve our plants to the highest degree of
efficiency.

Where, now, can the breeder enter with profit into this field?
When our nitrogen fertilizers fail, where are we to get fertilizers
for our great cereal crops which are more important than any others
in feeding the world? Wheat, corn, and rice are not legumes.
With what can we fertilize our potatoes, which in many countries,
is the staple article of food and the valuation of which in the
world as a whole, exceeds that of our "King Corn." It is quite
probable that the various legumes known to fix free nitrogen can
be improved, made more important, and led to assume a much
greater part in food production. Beans, which are nitrogen-
fixing legumes, now make a flour, from w^hich buns, biscuits,
griddle cakes, and the like can be made which nearly equal similar
products from wheat and corn flour. Beans, peas, and other
legumes, must ultimately be bred particularly for this purpose.
Several wild legumes, as yet entirely undomesticated, produce tubers
which are fairly large and wholesome as food. These may be
bred as substitutes for potatoes, and be suited to growth on nearly
nitrogen-free soils. Indeed, the possibilities in this direction from
a breeding standpoint, are almost unlimited and as yet untouched.
When the condition of the world demands, the plant breeder can

THE OUTLOOK FOR PL.\NT BREEDING. 91

doubtless give us leguminous potatoes and leguminous cereals which
wall be good substitutes for our present potatoes and cereals and
have the additional advantage of gathering their own nitrogen and
impro\'ing the soil instead of depleting it.

Such are some of the great economic problems awaiting solution
by the breeders of the future, but it is in the general improvement
of all crops that one finds the most numerous problems. In no
crop or in no place have we apparently exhausted the field of im-
provement.

For this section we want good keeping apples of better quality.
The Baldwin, an apple of inferior quality, has for over a century
held first place. Is it impossible to improve on the Baldwin?
In the northwestern part of the United States a more hardy apple is
greatly desired, and is being striven for with energy and persistence.
In the Gulf States an apple adapted to growth in warm climates
is a great desideratum and will doubtless in time be secured.

During the nineteenth century our methods of breeding have
been developed and hundreds of valuable new sorts of various
plants have been perfected. What, then, are the most important
lines of development for the future ?

The fact that we can improve plants depends upon the occurrence
of variations. No two plants are alike in all respects, and while
the difference between individuals of the same species or variety is
ordinarily slight, still there occasionally occurs a marked variation
or sport which may be of an entirely different and new type.
Breeders now recognize three tj'pes of variations: fluctuations,
mutations, and variations due to hybridization. Fluctuating
variations are the slight individual variations which are not con-
sidered to be heritable, but which are doubtless in some degree
transmitted. In the case of mutations or sports, as gardeners call
them, we have a variation of larger degree which in general repro-
duces its characters through the seed. A t^-pical illustration of
such a variation is found in the dwarf Cupid sweet pea, which was
suddenly produced from one of the ordinary tall sorts, and which
reproduced its character in its progeny. It is the discovery of
such striking variations or mutations that has given rise to the
great majority of our new varieties of cultivated plants. This is
particularly true in the cereals, vegetables, and all plants regularly

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

propagated by seeds. Fultz and Gold Coin wheat were such
chance discoveries of mutations reproducing true to seed. Among
fruits a large share of our standard varieties were found as acci-
dental variations, but here in many cases accidental hybridization
is probably responsible for the variation.

In the scientific literature of plant breeding that has appeared
since 1900, we read continuously of mutations, and I sometimes
wonder if the practical horticulturists fully understand the new
viewpoint on this subject. If they do they are to be congratulated,
for the widest divergence of opinion exists among scientific men as
to what mutations are and wherein they differ from other variations.

The term mutation as now used was introduced by the famous
Dutch botanist, DeVries, who immortalized the term by the
publication of his Mutation Theory of Evolution. The history of
plant-breeding is practically the history of evolution and it will be
interesting for us to briefly discuss the progress made in this field
of research.

The publication of Darwin's Origin of Species in 1859, focused
the attention of the scientific and religious world on this subject
and led to the establishment of the theory of descent. The funda-
mental principle of evolution, according to Darwin, is natural
selection. He believed that indiAaduals showing very slight varia-
tions, where such variation is of advantage to the species, are
selected in nature through the survival of the fittest, and that great
changes are finally WTought by the cumulative action of such natural
selection. Darwin's great genius and the support of such men as
Wallace, Huxley, Haeckel, and others, led to the almost universal
acceptance of Darwin's principal proposition of natural selection
and the survival of the fittest. Gradually, however, as the heat of
the battle passed and men had more time for careful analysis,
doubts as to the sufficiency of the theory of natural selection began
to arise. It came gradually to be recognized that after all the
factor of first importance was the variation itself. Given variation,
natural selection would act. Without variation there could be no
differences to be selected. Wliat caused the variation ? What
variations were important in evolution and why? Darwin was in
no sense unmindful of the importance of variations and his investi-
gations form the basis of our knowledge of this subject. His main

THE OUTLOOK FOR PLANT BREEDING. 93

arguments, however, were directed toward discovering the mechan-
ism by which such variations could be preserved and built into
different species. To him, the cumulative action of selection
formed such a mechanism. Such action, however, was supposed
to require centuries and even longer periods of time to result in any
marked changes.

The world drifted along with little change of understanding on
this subject until the appearance of DeVries' Mutation Theory in
1900, which opened a new epoch in the study of evolution. DeVries,
while believing in the importance of natural selection, claimed that
the change in species did not take place by slow accumulation, but
by sudden leaps or mutations, such as illustrated by the case of the
sweet pea cited above. He asserted that plants at certain periods
show a tendency to produce marked variations strikingly different
from the mother type and that if these mutations were of such a
nature that they better fitted the plant to fight the battle of existence,
they would be preserved by natural selection and a new species
would have been immediately and suddenly formed.

The belief of Darwin and his followers, that very long periods of
time were required to produce marked changes, practically precluded
the possibility of subjecting evolution to experimental study and
demonstration. DeVries, however, established the experimental
method of studying evolution and marshaled a great array of ex-
perimental evidence to substantiate his theories. He found the
evening primrose {(Enothera Lamarckiana) to produce a number of
markedly different variations and these he studied carefully by
cultural methods. He found Lamarckiana to break up into a
number of different types, each of which, if isolated, would repro-
duce its characters practically true to seed. As a result of his
extended experiments, he concluded that evolution and the forma-
tion of new types or species take place normally and commonly
by the production of mutations or marked variations.

The bearing of DeVries' claims on the methods or art of plant
breeding would, if true, cause a profound change. Selection may
be said to form the backbone of the breeder's art. Long before
Darwin's time the importance of selecting seed from the best in-
dividuals came to be recognized. Largely as a result of Darwin's
theory of the cumulative action of selection, the modern method of

94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

breeding plants by continuous so-called pedigree selection, was
built up, and the close of the 19th century found breeders here and
there throughout the world carrying on laborious methods of selec-
tion year after year, in the belief that they were obtaining gradually
better and better stock by continually selecting from the best. The
DeVriesian conception of new tyj^es being produced suddenly
would, if true, challenge the correctness of this policy. DeVries
would have us believe that in breeding wheat for instance, if we
take up the improvement of a certain so-called variety or race, all
we have to do is to cultivate a sufficient number of individuals to
obtain all of the t^-pes or mutations which the race has produced.
Then, by selecting out these different types and cultivating them,
we have exhausted the possibilities of improvement until further
mutations occur. Almost every race of wheat contains as we well
know, several different types. These t}^es usually reproduce true
to seed and they may easily be isolated and their comparative value
tested and determined. The breeding would, therefore, consist
in isolating the types, propagating them pure, and testing their
comparative value until the best type is secured. This, it will be
readily seen, is in marked contrast to the continuous methods of
selection, carried on year after year, to get a cumulative action of
the selection.

Is there a cumulative action of selection ? This is the question
which all experimenters in the field of breeding are now asking.
It is probable that no definite answer can be given to this question
for many years, until the long time experiments necessary for proof
can be carried out. No doubt all of us have a deep seated convic-
tion that continued selection does result in improvement. I must
confess to such a conviction myself, and yet the careful examination
of all of the evidence now available, leaves one decidedly in doubt
and rather inclined to agree with DeVries.

The sugar beet has probably been bred more carefully and for a
longer time than any other crop and we should find some evidence
of importance here. When Louis Vilmorin began to breed the sugar
beet, over sixty years ago, he found by chemical analysis that some
roots contained as high as 21 per cent of sugar. At that time sugar
analyses were laborious and only a few analyses were made. Since
that time the determination of the sugar content by polarization

THE OUTLOOK FOR PLANT BREEDING. 95

methods has been introduced, and for many years now hundreds of
thousands of beets have been examined every year in order to find
the ones highest in sugar content to use as mothers in seed production.
The industry has grown and come to be dependent on this continu-
ous selection, yet even after these many years of selection, the highest
sugar content ever found is only about 26 per cent and this is of very
rare occurrence, so rare, indeed, that one can readily believe that
had Louis Vilmorin, in his time, been able to have made a hundred
thousand analyses, he would have found a similar high per cent
occasionally. The whole experience of the industry shows that the
selection must be kept up every year if we are to maintain a high
mean per cent and that as soon as the selection is discontinued, the
reversion to a lower mean is very rapid. It would seem therefore,
that we are forced to conclude that this continuous selection has
added no new permanent character to the race. It would seem that
here, with all the care and years of selection, there has been no cumu-
lative effect. It may be objected that in this case we are dealing
with a physical impossibility as it is clearly impossible to have a beet
all sugar, and we may be too near the limit of physical possibilities.
In answer, the mutationist would say, that as 20 to 26 per cent of
sugar is not infrequent, the selection should have produced a race
having a mean that would remain permanently higher, and in this
claim they would appear to be justified.

The experiments carried on at the Illinois ExjDeriment Station in
the selection of corn to increase and decrease the oil and protein
contents are very interesting in this connection. Starting with an
average protein content of 10.92 per cent and selecting each year for
propagation those individuals having the highest protein content,
the mean per cents through twelve years of selection run as follows :
11.10, 11.05, 11.46, 12.32, 14.12, 12.34, 13.04, 15.03, 14.72, 14.26,
13.89, 13.89.

It will be seen that the average protein content has continued
gradually to increase. On the other hand, starting with the same
strain having an average protein content of 10.92 per cent and
selecting each year for propagation those individuals having the
lowest protein content, the mean per cents through twelve years
of selection run as follows: 10.55, 10.55, 9.86, 9.34, 10.04, 8.22,
8.62, 9.27, 8.57, 8.64,, 7.32, 8.95.

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Here, again, the selection has resulted in continued gradual
deviation in the direction of the selection as if there was a cumula-
tive effect.

The strains selected for high and Ioav oil content, through the
same twelve years, gave a gradual increase and decrease in about
the same proportion. The evidence thus far obtained does not
show whether these strains will be permanent or whether, as in
the sugar beet, they will immediately, or soon, revert. It does
not show that anything permanent has been added though it does
show, apparently, that extremes not present in the original race
have been attained. This conclusion would be very important if
we could be sure of it, but unfortunately, the number of individuals
analyzed in beginning the experiment was only 163, a much too
small a number to show the ordinary range of variation. While,
therefore, these experiments tend to confirm the belief in a cumula-
tive effect of selection, they are as yet inconclusive.

A series of very interesting experiments has been carried on by
Tower in selecting the potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) to
increase the size and to change the coloration. Careful selection
carried on for from 10 to 12 generations, using several characters,
has failed to result in carrying the range of variation beyond the
normal, and the isolated strains, when allowed to interbreed, with-
out selection, revert in a few generations (two or three) back to the
normal range.

DeVries, in selecting corn to increase the number of rows, ob-
tained rapid progress at first, but when the selection was discon-
tinued the strain reverted almost immediately to the normal t}^e,
showing that no permanency had been obtained.

Castle, in selecting Irish rats to increase and decrease the amount
of black color, has obtained evidence favoring the adding up of the
• effect of selection, but his published evidence is still inconclusive.

Other instances might be cited, but it is sufficient to state that all
of the evidence now available is inconclusive; and as a whole,
rather strongly tends to uphold the conclusions of DeVries. In
making this statement, the writer wishes to emphasize that his
personal belief is rather toward the selectionist side of the con-
troversy. He recognizes, however, that this is more a feeling than
otherwise, based on a number of years of practical breeding ex-
perience, rather than on carefully planned and executed experiments.

THE OUTLOOK FOR PLANT BREEDING. 97

From the above discussion it will have become apparent, the
writer hopes, that what is most needed in the field of breeding at
the present time is more definite scientific knowledge. While we
had supposed that the principles and methods of breeding were
pretty well understood fifty years ago, here we now find ourselves
absolutely confounded and entirely "at sea" with reference to one
of our fundamental principles.

It may be asked what the practical breeder is going to do while
the scientists are occupied in settling the question in dispute re-
garding the action of selection, as this will take many years of ex-
perimentation. I should answer, that the practical breeder need
not worry over the matter in the slightest. He should continue as
he has in the past to select the best individuals for seed from each
generation and if his work is done carefully and M'ith good judg-
ment he will succeed as practical breeders have in the past. Indeed,
if we grant that there is no cumulative action of selection, as claimed
by DeVries, we would then certainly have to admit another t}^e of
artificial breeding which is of considerable importance. Indeed,
these two types of breeding and the different aims involved should
in any case be kept clearly in mind.

In one type of selection we are striving to secure new races with
more or less markedly different characteristics, while in the other
type of breeding we are simply striving to improve an old, well-
established race by obtaining the best and most productive strain
of that race. The first may be called racial breeding, while the
latter may be referred to as strain breeding. The breeder ordinarily
may not recognize clearly the distinction between these types of
breeding, but there is apparently a different principle involved in
each. Probably in the majority of cases the breeder desires to
secure new types which may be named as new races and distributed
or sold as novelties. If this t}^e of breeding is conducted by an
honest breeder nothing is supposed to be obtained unless a tyj^e is
produced or found which differs from the ordinary known races by
some character of fruit or plant, which enables one to distinguish
the new race, and which is reproduced true through the seed as a
permanent character of the race. This is what the writer calls
racial breeding. This is the t^'j^e of breeding which the seedsman
conducts when he searches his trial grounds for new types, sports

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

or mutations which may be isolated and tested, and if found to
breed true may be introduced as new varieties or races.

The Columbia cotton, bred by the writer, illustrates this t\^e of
breeding. While the writer was engaged in cotton breeding in-
vestigations conducted for the U. S. Department of Agriculture, he
cultivated in the season of 1902 a large number of varieties of
cotton at Columbia, South Carolina. While walking through this
variety patch one day, exhibiting the varieties to some growers, he
stopped before a certain plant of Russell Big Boll cotton to call the
attention of the party to the characters of this variety. The Russell
cotton ordinarily has lint about one inch to one and one-eighth
inches in length and has a very characteristic boll, seed, and leaf.
On pulling out the lint of this particular plant instead of finding
the ordinary lint it was found to have lint about one and three-
eighths inches long. In all other regards, the plant was like the
typical Russell. In this plat there were about four hundred plants
of Russell and these were later all examined to discover, if possible,
any tendencies to produce long lint. About a dozen plants were
found which had slightly longer lint than ordinarily shown by the
variety. These ranged from one and three-sixteenths to one
and one-quarter inches in length. The next season, 1903, the
seeds from, these dozen selected plants were planted in an isolated
plat by themselves, the progeny of each plant being planted
separately. A careful examination of the progenies of each plant
in the fall showed that only the one plant, that first noticed with lint
one and three-eighths inches long, showed any marked tendency
to produce a progeny with markedly longer lint than the ordinary
variety. The progeny of this one plant was very variable, but a
considerable number of the plants had long lint like the original
plant. Some of the poor plants in the progeny were doubtless
due to crossing with other inferior plants in the preceding season.
Again, in this season, 1903, a number of the best plants Avith long lint
was selected all of them being taken from the progeny of the one
superior plant selected in 1902. They were planted in an isolated
patch in 1904, the progenies of different plants being planted
separately.

In 1904, a very large number of the plants had the long lint but
there Avere still some short-linted ])lants present, probably due to

THE OUTLOOK FOR PLANT BREEDING. 99

crosses. Again, in 1904, the best plants from the best progenies were
selected and these were planted in 1905 in a plat by themselves,
isolated from other cotton. This year the t}^e showed fair fixity
in all of its characters but the selection was again continued as
before, taking a number of the best plants from the best progenies.
Aside from these, selection was made of a considerable number of
tyi^ical plants to plant an increase plat the next year.

In 1906, the special selections were planted again in an isolated
plat and fourteen acres were planted with the increase seed taken
from t\^Dical plants. The crop in this year showed greater uniform-
ity than in preceding years and was almost fixed in the character
of long lint. In the fall of 1906 selections were made in the breed-
ing patch of the best plants from the best progenies as before and
again a considerable quantity of seed was reserved for planting an
increase plat in 1907. The increase plat of 1907 contained over
twenty acres and the variety had become as stable in character as
any of the standard races. The lint averaged about one and three-
eighths inches in length, was strong and fine, and the plants were
large and productive. While the type of plant and boll was the
same as the original Russell, the lint was about one-quarter of an
inch longer and this greater length had become a fixed quality
or character of the new race. The race was thus markedly different
from the Russell and was named the Columbia, under which name
the new race was distributed.

The original plant from which the Columbia came was thus, in a
sense, an accidental discovery. It seems probable that the careful
selection practiced for five generations in its improvement merely
had the effect of weeding out the results of crossing with inferior
plants, not of adding up any characters, for the lint of the first plant
found was as good as the lint of the finished product, after five years
of selection, during which time several thousand plants have been
handled each year.

In the breeding of cereals and self-fertilized plants in general,
where the selected types would probably come true from the first,
if DeVries is correct, there would be no necessity of selecting the
best each year, but the possibilities of the improvement would have
been reached, with any race, when all of the t}^es had been sepa-
rated out and thoroughly tested as to their comparative values.

100 ^lASSACHTSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In strain breeding, on the contrary, while the method of selection
may be the same, the characters selected are the common characters
of the race and no new permanently heritable character is added.
The selection of the sugar beet for increased sugar content is an
illustration of this tj'pe of selection. As above described, in the
sugar beet, for many years selections have been made of mothers or
seed producers richest in sugar content and while this selection has
been under way for over sixty years the character of increased
richness of sugar content has not become fixed as a permanent
character of the race, but each year the selection of the mothers
richest in sugar content must be made if the industry is to prosper.
Here we would appear to be keeping up a strain Avithin a race by
the continuous selection of the maximums.

In the ordinary work on corn breeding which has been conducted
to secure primarily, increased yield without reference to great fixity
of type, it is probable that the results are mainly the same as in the
sugar beet and that the selection must be continued regularly to
retain the desired improvement. The methods pursued by stock
breeders are almost entirely what we have called strain breeding
methods. The stock breeder rarely, almost never, attempts to
produce new breeds. He selects within the breed to maintain the
highest strain of the breed. The good stock breeder well knows
that he must select each generation carefully or rapid deterioration
or regression toward the mean of the race results.

If the plant breeder is seeking to produce new races, such as the
Columbia cotton, he will search his fields of whatever plant he has
under consideration for variations indicating new characters of
value. These variations he will isolate to test and select to fix the
characters. He will, in any case, naturally select the best individ-
uals each generation for seed, taking them from the best progenies.
If there is any cumulative effect of the selection, so much the better.
If there is no cumulative effect he will at least have purified his type
by his selection and, meanwhile, will have determined whether his
new type is any improvement on the old forms and whetlier it is
worthy of preservation. In either case the selection is practically
indispensable and he must finally prove his new sort either worthy
or unworthy, and on his judgment of this matter his skill and safety
as a breeder rest.

THE OUTLOOK FOR PLANT BREEDING. 101

If the breeder is dealing with only temporarily heritable characters,
as in the sugar beet, for instance, continuous selection is the price
of success and cannot be neglected.

Should the scientific breeder finally demonstrate that there is a
cumulative action of selection the only change that it would make
in our methods of breeding would be that we would continue the
selection longer, probably in all cases continuing as long as exigen-
cies would permit.

One of the great practical problems before breeders is to learn
how to produce variations, especially mutations, by artificial means.
They are evidently the result of changed conditions of some sort,
but what these conditions are which influence the changes should be
understood so that the breeder may force the variation and not be
compelled to await the slow and uncertain action of natural causes.
Experiments have indicated that mutations may be stimulated by
injections into the plant of chemical solutions such as zinc sulphate,
calcium nitrate, and the like, and many ex|Deriments on this method
are now in progress.

Other experiments and observations indicate that severe changes
in temperature at certain periods in the life of the plant or animal
may, apparently, lead to the production of mutations. The writer's
attention was first called to this possibility by a consideration of
observations and studies which he made in the orange groves of
Florida following the great freeze of 1894-5. As a result of this
freeze, it will be remembered, practically all orange trees, large or
small, were killed nearly to the ground. In protected places the
trunks of the large trees were not killed but they were severely
shocked and all the limbs killed off. Large trees that were thus
severely injured continued to throw out sprouts and die back
farther and farther until finally the line of demarcation between
live and dead tissue became definitely established. Such old trunks
threw out numerous sprouts which under the abnormal conditions,
having an excessive and uninjured root system to supply them with
water and mineral salts in quantity, grew abnormally rapid. The
condition of all of the cells of such plants must have been for some
time very abnormal. During this early period, while the trees were
recovering, the writer had occasion to visit many groves and a very
large number of recovering trees were brought under his observation.

102 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTLRAL SOCIETY.

During this series of observations the fact that a larger number of
abnormalities than common Avere being produced began to force
itself on the writer's attention. The most common abnormality
was the production of variegated sprouts. Numerous cases of true
variegation could be found in almost every grove. Abnormalities
in form of leaf were also common, and, rarer, total changes in t^-pe
of leaf. Several instances of bud variations on orange, lemon, and
pomelo were noticed where the foliage had become trifoliate.
Numerous instances were observed where lemon and orange trees
produced branches with small leaves and short intemodes, similar
to the so-called INIyrtifolia orange. Without attempting here to
enumerate all the cases of variation observed, it is sufficient to
state that so many variations were observed that the writer was
led to conclude that they were stimulated or caused in some direct
or indirect way by the shock due to excessive cold. The variations
observed were naturally all the so-called bud or clonal variations,
but there is every reason to suppose that the forces causing such
variation are the same as those causing seedling variation.

Tower in his extensive researches on "Evolution in Chrysomelid
Beetles," recounts a number of experiments where, when the male
and female beetles were subjected to extremely hot, dry conditions,
accompanied by low atmospheric pressure, during the period when
the eggs and sperms were being formed, there were formed in the
progeny many abnormal forms or mutations, which behaved in
further cultures as distinct races.

Experiments conducted by Mr. H. B. Frost in the Cornell De-
partment of Horticulture indicate that stocks grown in a warm
greenhouse show much greater variation and more abnormal and
monstrous tA'pes than similar plants grown in greenhouses kept at
medium and cool temperatures. All in all, the gradually accu-
mulating data seem to indicate that in severe temperatures applied
at certain periods in the life of the individual, we may have a means
of stimulating greater variation. The evidence as yet, however,
is very incomplete.

Ex-periments are being conducted also in feeding plants with
different chemical solutions and out of the mass of evidence now
being accumulated it seems probable that some method or methods
will be discovered by which we may induce plants to produce

THE OUTLOOK FOR PLAXT BREFDING. 103

these marked changes or mutations which are of such vakie to the
breeder. It does not now seem probable that we will be able to
guide the direction of the change but if we can increase the number
of the variations we will increase our chances of getting the ones
showing desirable improvements.

The use of variations produced by hybridization is of the greatest
importance, but is well understood by horticulturists and need not
be discussed in detail here.

The importance of breeders giving careful attention to bud varia-
tions should also be emphasized. We know that occasionally a
tree will produce on one branch a variety of fruit different from that
on the rest of the tree, and the same is true with flowers. The
cause of this is a change that takes place in the bud instead of
through the seed and sexual reproduction. Every tree is of a com-
plex nature and every bud on a tree differs from every other bud on
the same tree. As siinple and fundamental as this truth is, it is
scarcely recognized as it is diflficult to find anpvhere an orchard in
which the buds used for the budding or grafting have been selected.
It is generally recognized that buds reproduce their kind when used
in propagation. If we take buds from a Baldwin apple tree they
produce Baldwin apples, but horticulturists know that the fruit of
Baldwin apples from Colorado, Washington, Arizona, and New
York, regions differing widely in climate and altitude, are of different
shapes, color, and flavor. No evidence is available to prove that
these changes are not sometimes inherited. If we examine the trees
in an orchard of Baldwin apples, we may find one tree that will pro-
duce well and another immediately by its side which is a poor pro-
ducer, and yet they are both Baldwin apple trees; both have all the
characteristics of the Baklwin, one, however, is a good producer and
the other is not. It is these latter good yielders that bring in the
money. We have evidence to show that these good and bad char-
acters are largely transmitted to the bud progeny, yet we pay almost
no attention to the plants from which we select buds or cuttings.
An orchard will last for a hundred years, and we plant largely for
our children, yet we pay little heed to the selection of the buds which
we use in propagation.

• In conclusion the speaker wishes to urge every horticulturist
and farmer to adopt a breeding fad, to select some one plant which

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

they will breed, as Jersey cows and Berkshire hogs are now bred.
It costs an apple grower nothing to make a few hybrids of different
varieties each year. The seeds of these hybrids can be grown in a
corner of the garden at little exj^ense until they produce sprouts
two or three feet high, when buds or scions can be taken and top
worked into large trees. Such experiments if made generally would
unquestionably, in a short time, result in the discovery of many im-
proved varieties and the names of their producers would go down in
history as have the names of Colonel Baldwin, the introducer of the
Baldwin apple and Ephraim Bull, the originator of the Concord
grape.

AMERICAN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE.
By Prof. F. A. Waugh, Amherst, Mass.

Delivered before the Society, February 20, 1909.

The art of landscape gardening is now well established in Amer-
ica. A considerable number of professional landscape gardeners
serve a constantly widening circle of clients. Courses of instruction
in landscape architecture are offered at several universities. The
laity begin to understand what landscape architecture means, and
from the body of past ignorance there begin to emerge the forms of
public ideals. A new and higher standard of public taste is being
raised.

At this point it becomes important that we should take a survey
of the situation. We should consider what progress has been made.
We should measure carefully what has been accomplished. We
should scrutinize present standards to see that they are just, and if
they are we should try to make them operative in a larger field. We
should examine critically all the work within our reach to know its
merits and its weaknesses and if possible to catch its meaning. We
should acquaint ourselves with the leading artists in this field and
with their work in order that we may estimate and appreciate
everything good. If possible we should discover and point out the
tendencies of the times in landscape gardening. We want to know
what is going on, and how, and why. It is worth while to ask the
question whether in landscape architecture we have achieved any-
thing worthy of our time, anything responding to the spirit of the
twentieth century, anything distinctive, representative, national,
American.

For this is precisely the question I seek to raise. My subject is
not "Landscape Architecture in America," but "American Land-
scape Architecture." The former subject is quite worth while,
but it leads straight to the latter. We ought to study whatever

105

106 MAS.SACHUSr-;TTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

landscape architecture there may be in the land, but finally we want
to know what there is in it that is Amei'ican.

The Field of Criticism.

Were it possible to do it, we should find it altogethei wise.^nd
proper to begin our inquiry on the basis of what has been done in
America. We would go over the finished works of landscape
architecture to analyze, classify and criticise them one by one.
However, the present moment does not supply the opportunity for
a detailed and critical examination of materials; but we must at
least assume the critic's point of view. It is a point of view which
we have seldom (almost never) yet attained, but a point from which
matters of large import may be seen.

It will be quite worth our while to consider for a moment what
relation criticism bears to art — the critic to the artist. We do
this of course with our own special art in mind, but we must take
our instruction chiefly from what has been done in other fields. In
the field of landscape architecture criticism is almost unknown;
and this fact presents unquestionably the greatest handicap under
which the art labors. The landscape architects themselves appear
to be not only blind to this defect, but they seem almost to present
an organized o])position to every improvement in this direction.

Consider first of all the refinement to which criticism has been
brought in the field of literature. The authenticated works of
Shakespeare may be printed in a comfortable pocket volume, but
the books about Shakespeare and his works would fill all the
Carnegie libraries between Hyannis, Massachusetts, and Walla
Walla, Washington. These treat every conceivable phase of the
poet's life and work viewed from every possible angle, from the
Grecian structure of his plays to the rambles with Ann Hathaway
on Sunday afternoons along the shady field paths of Warwick.
Homer has been dead some thousands of years. His nation is
dead and the language in which he wrote is dead; but there meet
daily in many class rooms thousands of boys and girls to discuss his
((ualities of style and to wonder what made Helen act so. A volrme
of criticism even greater in proportion to the apparent need washes

AMERICAN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE. 107

hourly across the meadows of current Hterature. Mr. William
Dean Howells has written many books, but his critics have written
five pages to his one. The newspapers are full of talk about
Kipling, Barry, and Mr. Dooley; and if there is a dinner party
an^-where in the land where novels, plays, and biographies are not
discussed the guests must be very stupid or very interesting, for
they are very rare.

Does all this flood of criticism serve any use? Does it fertilize
the soil from which literature springs ? Or, to change the figure, is
it a mere parasitic growth ? A good deal of it does indeed represent
a cheap parasitism, but proper criticism is nevertheless the very
life of literature. Criticism is to literature what the cultivator,
the pruning knife, and the spray pump are to the apple orchard.
Apple trees will grow without care, but the wild pasture trees never
bear fruit of any value. It is only when the trees are set in proper
soil, in orderly rows, primed, fertilized, and cleansed, and given
continual expert care by the horticulturist that they bear full loads
of perfect apples.

No, a progressive literature without constant criticism is an
impossibility. Most productive writers recognize this. They
welcome intelligent criticism, even when it rests heavily on their
own works. Some writers and all publishers industriously cultivate
criticism.

In like manner the arts of acting, painting, sculpture, and music
enjoy the stimulus and direction of a well organized criticism.
What would be the value of the annual picture salon without criti-
cism ? And the great music festivals are partly for present enjoy-
ment, but partly too for the sake of future improvement.

On every hand, in every art (except only landscape architecture)
criticism is welcomed and the critic is recognized as filling a position
of legitimate service. Not every critic is himself an artist. Proba-
bly the best dramatic critics are not actors nor the best critics of
pictures painters, but the field oft'ers attractive emplo}Tnent for high
talents.

I have recently organized and conducted a somewhat extensive
correspondence with the landscape architects of America. Natu-
rally I have written most freely to my own acquaintances, but I
have also writtenfpersonal letters to many others. In this corre-

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

spondence I have been as polite as my unhopeful expectations
could teach me to be; and my direct questions have been as few
and as mild as was consistent with getting any information at all.
Some data and some valuable expressions of opinion have indeed
been secured; but the big result of the whole investigation is to
show the very general and hearty suspicion in which all such
inquiries are held.

Some landscape gardeners politely but firmly refuse to give any
information regarding their own works or anybody's else. With
rare exceptions, information, if given at all, is given grudgingly,
as though a favor had been presumptuously and unwarrantably
asked. This being the attitude toward the giving of information,
what is to be ex]5ected when these men are asked for an expression
of opinion? The majority of them refuse flatly to give it. It
seems to be considered a crime to say that ]Mr. Brown's design for
the public park is good, and Mr. White's design for the college
campus inadequate. Indeed some of these good men appear to feel
that it is unprofessional and ungentlemanly to think about such
things.

Let us understand now and evermore that this attitude is Avrong
and harmful. The right way is to welcome and assist criticism.
Well-informed, intelligent criticism will clear the air, will set a
standard of taste, will foste ' a wider and better appreciation of our
gracious art, will tend to the improvement of technique, will set
higher ideals before our professional workers, and in a thousand
ways will help both the makers and the enjoyers of landscape
pictures.

In the field of landscape architecture the critic meets certain
practical difficulties which do not exist in other fields or which
elsewhere offer less serious obstacles. It is quite possible to read all
the works of almost any popular or classic writer and to know
what his entire output has been. The experienced art critic has
seen practically all the works of the masters; and before he writes
about Dewing's paintings or of St. Gaudens' sculpture he will
have seen a majority of the artist's productions. Now it is practi-
cally impossible for any critic to know the work of any landscape
architect in this complete fashion. Each man's work is scattered
all over the continent, from coast to coast and from Canada almost
to the Gulf.

AMERICAN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE. 109

Nor is this all. Perhaps it is not even the worst. Nearly all of
this work exists anonymously. Alfred Henry Lewis and Edith
Wharton put their names on their books; and 200,000 copies of
"Coniston" repeat the name of Winston Churchill 200,000 times.
But when Frederick Law Olmsted works with ecjual skill and devo-
tion to make Franklin Park a place of beauty and of joy forever
there remains no sign nor mark to repeat his name to the thousands
who thoughtlessly enjoy his labors. It is well nigh impossible to
discover the existing works of particular landscape architects.
It would require a directory and a chart to do it; and it seems
hardly necessary to remark that such a directory has not yet been
compiled.

In many places where good works of landscape gardening exist
it seems to be a point of professional etiquette to keep the names
of the designers a secret.

Another difficulty lies in the fact that a landscape gardener's
picture is not finished when it leaves his hand. Nearly always the
lapse of years must be waited for its completion. Sometimes a
generation must pass; and it would be hard in any case for the
artist himself to say just at what moment his masterpiece gave the
fullest expression of his original design.

What is even worse is the positive infraction of the design by
ignorant or wilful meddlers. A gardener, a park superintendent,
a half-baked engineer, or a thrifty contractor executes the artist's
design. Sometimes he executes it to death. This work is often
performed ignorantly, often without sympathy, sometimes with
unconcealed hostility. How then shall we judge the designer by
the result?

It is true that artists, like other people, must be judged chiefly by
results; and the best landscape architects provide means for over-
coming or mitigating these difficulties, just as they provide against
other technical difficulties in their work. Nevertheless under the
best of management these difficulties exist in large measure and form
a serious barrier to the progress of criticism in the field of landscape
gardening art.

We may here pass over the fact that criticism in the field of land-
scape architecture has no traditions, no criteria, no background of
history. These defects are real and serious, but they are not vital

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

neither are they permanent. They belong only to the infancy of
our art and will be outgrown in due time. My present plea is only
for the necessity of establishing as speedily as possible a broad,
thorough, arid rational criticism in the field of landscape architecture.

American Works and Workers.

If we undertake now to study for a moment the men and the
works in the field of American landscape architecture, we may
best adopt the usual historical method, beginning at the first and
following through in order. It becomes convenient then to recog-
nize four periods in the history of American landscape gardening,
as follows : —

1. The colonial period.

2. The ante-bellum period, in which Andrew Jackson Downing
was the conspicuous figure.

8. The post-bellum period, in which Frederick Law Olmsted
was the great leader.

4. The present time, marked by a wide development and
popularization of the art, by the appearance on the scene of many
skilful workers, and by an unprecedented eclecticism in style.

The Colonial Period.

Gardens of considerable importance existed in America from
the times of the earliest settlements. It is remarkable how soon
they began to be established. Before the war of the Revolution
broke over the country a number of fine places had gained a wide
reputation, a reputation which in fact comes down to our own day.

The domestic architecture of colonial times is now universally
admired, and gardens we know have always been much influenced
by domestic architecture. The arts of house furnishing and the
handicrafts also flourished; and these too are by no means distantly
related to gardening.

On the other hand, one of the prime defects in colonial gardening
lay in its subserviency to European traditions. European plants
were grown by European methods, and the very design itself was
Dutch or Elizabethan.

american landscape architecture. ill

The Ante-Bellum Period.

Between the Revolution and the Civil War a few families found
themselves in comfortable circumstances and able to develop
pleasant country estates. For them new ideas were waiting on
every hand. The Revolution had broken all the old traditions.
But even in the Mother Country a new gospel of landscape garden-
ing was being preached by Repton, Price, Milner, and Kemp,
and these new notions found congenial soil in America. And all
these ideas were caught up, crystallized and adapted to the times in
America by one man, Andrew Jackson Downing.

Downing is by all odds the first of American landscape gardeners.
His ability as a student of this art is nearly always judged by one
piece of work, namely his book on Landscape Gardening, with
occasionally some slight addition for the pleasing essays in the
Horticu Iturist. These writings indeed show a man of great refine-
ment of character, a man of rather severely voluptuous tastes, of
somewhat aristocratic temper, retiring and sensitive, fond of every-
thing beautiful, but with a taste influenced by the spirit of his time
toward the curiosities of beauty, a man highly aj^preciative of the
natural landscape but still more passionately fond of trees, shrubs,
and fruits. We must not forget that Downing — like hundreds of
his followers — was a nurseryman before he was a landscape gar-
dener, and this fact had a marked influence on all his work.

If we are to form any fair judgment of Downing, however, we
must not stop here. We must rather draw our conclusions largely
from the disciples who followed him. Every great artist or teacher
leaves a group of disciples behind. These men work over and put
into effect the ideas of the master. Judged by the number and
character of his disciples Andrew Jackson Downing's name is the
most illustrious in the entire history of American agriculture,
horticulture, or landscape gardening. He has been the model and
the beau ideal of every pomologist, fruit-grower, and nurseryman,
as well as the direct inspiration of almost every native landscape
gardener which our country has produced. Every nurseryman who
has grown trees and shrubs in America during the last fifty years
has had some fairly definite notions of improving his own grounds.

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of helping his neighbors to improve theirs, and of helping in the
beautification of public places. His ideas of these things have been
taken en bloc from Downing. From the ranks of these nurserjinen
have come a majority of our best landscape gardeners; and the
completeness with which they have been controlled by Downing's
ideas would be pitiful had the results been less satisfactory or the
leadership less worthy. Other ideas have recently begun to overlie
those of Downing, but his work still exercises a tremendous influence.
This influence, especially in the recent past, has been so plain and
so easily traced that we may fairly allow it to be the chief support
of Downing's reputation as a landscape artist. From such sources
we may draw certain definite conclusions as to Downing's work.

1. He aimed at an informal or "natural" style. His main
walks and drives were usually curved and his trees were not placed
in straight rows except where the circumstances plainly demanded it.
This informality however was decidedly restrained, Ave might even
say constrained and stiff. It fell far short of the free and easy
natural style of the present day.

2. Trees were used chiefly as individuals. Each one Avas given
room for its complete development. There were few groups and no
masses. It will be remembered that this principle has been most
strenuously supported by all the disciples of Downing, though it is
now being generally abandoned.

3. Lawns are small and scrappy, the space being taken up very
largely with trees and flower beds. Each design therefore presents
a somewhat jumbled appearance.

4. Trees of many kinds were used in nearly every place, and, as
these were all treated as specimens, the whole assumed the air of an
arboretum. This arboretum scheme is highly characteristic of the
disciples of Downing. These principles, 2, 3, and 4, in the hands of
men of limited taste, led directly to what Professor Bailey has aptly
characterized as the "nursery style" of landscape gardening.

5. Considerable numbers of fruit trees were used on the grounds,
being placed in such a manner as to become a part of the decorative
scheme.

american landscape architecture. 113

The Post-bellum Period.

We have not time today to review the remarkable changes in
industrial, social, and artistic matters following the Civil War;
but we can easily remember their vastness and can realize their im-
portance as bearing on landscape gardening.

Unquestionably the leading landscape designer of the period was
Frederick Law Olmsted, to whose work we may now give our atten-
tion. Olmsted was engaged on many works, of which the following
are only a few: — ■

Central Park, New York

Prospect Park, Brooklyn

University of California, Berkeley

W'ashington Park, Brookhii

South Park, Chicago

Morningside Park, New York

Muddy River Parkway, Boston

Mount Royal Park, Montreal

Capitol Grounds, Washington

Commonwealth Avenue, Boston

Belle Isle Park, Detroit

Capitol Grounds, Albany

Franklin Park, Boston

Charles River Embankment, Boston

Parks of Buffalo

Wood Island Park, Boston

Marine Park, Boston

Lynn Woods, Lynn

W^orld's Fair, Chicago
Of these perhaps the best known are the World's Fair at Chicago
(especially the Wooded Island and Lagoon), Mount Royal Park,
Montreal, Biltmore, N. C, and the railway station grounds of the
Boston & Albany railroad. If we add to this list Franklin Park,
Boston, and the Muddy Brook Parkway we have a reasonably
representative selection of this best and most characteristic work.
However, in any consideration of Olmsted's work careful atten-
tion should be given to his written reports. Amongst these should
be specially mentioned his report on Franklin Park and his "Con-

114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

siderations of the Justifying Value of a Public Park." With these
various works in hand we may be justified in a few generalizations
regarding his methods and their results.

1. He revitalized the natural style. Brown, Rep ton, Downing,
and all their followers had professed the natural style, but the
works of Olmsted were so much more truly like the best of Nature's
work that the whole doctrine of naturalness in landscape art re-
ceived a new meaning at his hands. Today, at least in America,
the natural style and the Olmstedian style are s\Tion}Tnous, while
the works of all his predecessors would be rated artificial.

2. Olmsted introduced a new appreciation of natural scenery.
Other men had been gardeners or improvers on Nature. He first
taught us to admire Nature in her OAvn dress. Downing was of
course a lover of natural landscape, but this element of his char-
acter was not brought strongly forward in his landscape gardening.

3. Adaptation to site and surroundings was the kejTiote of Olm-
sted's work, and this also amounted to a new discovery in landscape
art. In this direction Olmsted had a peculiar gift which is every-
where recognized as one of his distinguishing characteristics. It
will be readily seen that this faculty was closely associated with his
appreciation of natural scenery mentioned above.

4. He discovered the native flora. Though artistically less
important than other contributions of Olmsted, this was the most
revolutionary of his innovations. Downing was a collector of
plants, with a fondness for what was rare and exotic. Gardeners
everywhere were planting Japanese magnolias, purple beeches, and
Camperdown elms. Olmsted turned boldly, and not without vio-
lent opposition, to the commonest roadside shrubs. He adopted the
outcast weeds. Peter after his vision could not have been more
completely converted to what had previously been thought unclean.
Up to this time, strange as it may seem, American plants had been
more used in Europe than here. With the richest indigenous flora
of any country in the world, we were still planting the species and
varieties of European nurseries. We may remark further that
this use of the native flora was the one Olmstedian principle most
quickly acclaimed and adopted by others. It has had a tremendous
vogue in this country. It is the point in Avhich Olmsted has been
most fully, successfully (and sometimes slavishly) imitated.

AMEKICAN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE. 115

5. The native plants were used in large quantities. Common
dogwood and viburnums were put in by carloads. For the first
time in the history of landscape art, plants were adequately massed.
This principle was not carried to extreme, however; and in fact it
has not yet received the development which it merits. While it
received less popular approval than item 4 above, its intrinsic im-
portance from the standpoint of good art is much greater.

6. Indigenous plants were given their natural environment.
Much attention was given to the development of this principle,
especially by some of the followers of Olmsted. Up to this time,
along with the preference for exotics, had gone the gardener's pride
in growing plants out of their altitude, latitude, and longitude. The
alpine garden was the gardener's pet, and Downing himself nursed
his lonely fig trees through the cold and snowy New York winters.

7. Olmsted's roads were peculiar and characteristic, and pecul-
iarly and characteristically successful. A considerable part of their
success is due to their adaptation to the contour of the land, and is
thus related to principle 3 discussed above. Their striking in-
dividuality appears to be largely the result of their nodal treatment,
but this is a matter of technic rather too complicated for a discussion
in a popular lecture. As a third characteristic they were always
laid on natural lines. This means that there are no straight lines
and no mathematical curves either in horizontal projection or in
profile. In this matter of road design, Olmsted has been widely
followed, usually without marked success.

8. Olmsted appears to have been the first conspicuously to
adopt the principle of rhythm in natural landscape composition,
though any artist composing freely and with a proper feeling for his
work will inevitably follow this method more or less. This method
cannot be formulated in a sentence, but every artist at least will
understand what it signifies.

The Present Time.

The most interesting and instructive exercise of all which we
might undertake would be a study of present-day works and workers.
There are many reasons besides the lack of time whv we cannot do

116 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

this; and so I ask you to consider, in place of such detailed study,
a few of my own inadequate generalizations on the subject.

1. Landscape gardening now enjoys unprecedented oppor-
tunities in America. I'hese opportunities come both through the
presence here of many excessively wealthy patrons of the art, and
through the democratic patronage of municipalities and public
institutions.

2. There are a large number of landscape architects now in
the field, and a considerable number of these are capable, well-
trained men. Of course there are still many quacks and impostors,
but they exert a diminishing influence.

3. The old controversies over styles have been hushed and
instead of them we now enjoy a remarkably catholic taste and
eclecticism of treatment. We have all grades of the natural style,
every shade of adaptation of the Italian style, examples of the
Japanese style, and hundreds of excellent works which meet the
requirements put upon them frankly and adequately without
reference to any set "style." This breaking away from set and
conventional styles indicates that American landscape gardening
has now taken root in its own soil.

4. The services of the profession have passed largely from private
into public fields. The leading problems now are not private
estates of "gentlemen," but municipal parks, playgrounds, and
city planning. So broad a field of benevolent humanitarianism
was never before opened to any art.

American Landscape.

And what of the future? ^Ye are prepared nov.- to look ahead.
Let us give ourselves that pleasure.

My own judgment is that American landscape architecture, as it
comes more and more to its proper estate, will be influenced more
and more by the native landscape. It will conform itself in a larger
and more fundamental way to the topography and the scenery of
the continent. What then are the outstanding characteristics of
the American landscape?

The American landscajie is first of all large. This sounds like

AMERICAX LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE. 117

a vulgar claim to make for it; but Aristotle said that any object to
be beautiful must have a certain magnitude. ^Microscopic views,
strictly speaking, cannot be beautiful. But height and depth and
space in a landscape mean vastly more than in a statue, a painting,
or a piece of music. A mountain cannot be a mountain till it is a
thousand feet high, and if a river is not large enough it may be
mistaken for a brook. I like Champlain better than Lake George
chiefly because Champlain is larger. The plains of Kansas and
Texas are magnificent for their illimitable unbroken stretch. The
great passes of the Rockies lift our souls out of our puny bodies
just by virtue of the sheer, stupendous height of the encircling
mountains. Yes, mere largeness has its aesthetic value. Size
counts.

The American landscape is wild. In many places it is truly
savage. Here and there it has all the fierce tempestuous wildness
of th.e god-like conflict in which the world was made. Xo one can
compare England with America, for example, without seeing that
the English landscape is cultivated, subdued, humanized, in a sense
overcome by the operations of man. The German forests are
ordered like gardens and look no more like the riotous wilds of
Canada or Minnesota than a chess-board looks like a battlefield.
To be sure there is some subjugation of the landscape in America,
and apt to be more; but the great reaches of American lake and
mountain must stand eternally above the encroachments of man.
They will forever express, more perfectly than other landscapes,
the gigantic forces of creation.

Again, the American landscape is diverse. There are all kinds of
scenery on our continent. There are big, threatening mountains,
and quiet, peaceful, little ones; there are broad seas; there are vast
fertile plains; there are noble rivers and gurgling, gossiping brooks;
there are pine forests and palmetto groves. Switzerland has one
sort of scenery; Holland another; England still another; America
has all kinds.

But more than diversity the American landscape has versatility.
^ye complain sometimes of our changeable weather and our ex-
tremes of climate, but these extremes are responsible in part for
the kaleidoscopic transformations of our fields and hills. In a great
German text book of botany I saw printed with infinite pains a

118 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sketch of autumn colors on Lake Ontario. No other land can
furnish autumn paintings to compare with ours. Then there are
our New England winters (not unknown to poetry), and our Arizona
summers, and the springtime at Coronado and at Palm Beach.

American landscape architecture will some day utilize these
boundless resources of natural scenery. Niagara Falls must some
day be the center of a public park. The Yellowstone geyser region
is already reserved and should some day be developed by the skilled
hand of a competent landscape architect. The big trees fall into
the same order. And some day the Rocky Mountains, the great
plains, the Florida Everglades, the Great Lakes, the Mississippi and
the Hudson, Lake Champlain and the Adirondacks must all be
opened up to public use as a past generation opened up the coal
mines of Pennsylvania, the forests of Wisconsin, and the gold veins
of California. Here is the most magnificent opportunity that land-
scape architecture ever had, and this is the field in which this
greatest of all arts will become finally, magnificently, and character-
istically American.

RURAL NEW ENGLAND.
By ]Mrs. Charlotte R. F. Ladd, Sturbridge, Mass.

Read before the Society, February 27, 1909.

It has been fortunate indeed for New England agriculture that
the farmers have had so much of that inherent quality — inde-
pendence — for they have been legislated for and against by men
of every profession except agriculture.

Commissions of all kinds have been appointed to investigate their
conditions and make suggestions for their improvement whether
they have known anything about agriculture or not, and now
comes the National Commission on Country Life appointed by the
President without a farmer on it; and I note that the Mothers' Con-
gress, which met in New Orleans last week, is to take up the sub-
ject of the rural mother and rural child, notwithstanding the fact
that more than three-fourths of the greatest men in the country have
been born and reared upon the farm. Do not misunderstand me
and think I am trying to belittle the work of any commission for
only good must come from the work of honest, conscientious men.
In appointing the Commission on Country Life, however, it seems
to me that the President has failed to recognize one of the most
important factors in farm life today, and that is w^oman, presum-
ably from the fact that man has always been the one to advance
great ideas and then has depended upon the women to carry them
out. President Roosevelt has said, "that there is no more impor-
tant person measuring her influence upon the life of the nation than
the farmer's wife and no more important home than the farmer's
home, and it is of national importance to do the best we can for
both."

I believe those words of the President will be an incentive to every
farmer's wife to do more and better work for her home in the future.
She knows that her life has been one of sacrifice; she has willingly

119

120 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

given up etlucational opportuntics, social life, conveniences in the
home, and much more that her children might be educated, that
they might be fitted for the battles of life equal with the city woman's
sons and daughters, and as a just tribute to her let me say that it is
not her husband and sons who inhabit the jails nor is it the farmers'
wives and daughters who are seeking divorces from their husbands;
and every woman who has lived on an isolated farm fifty years
deserves a pension just as much as any man who ever went to war,
for one sacrifice has been as great as the other.

Every farmer in New England today knows that he does not
receive a just compensation for the products of his farm; that there
are no eight-hour labor unions for him; that in proportion his taxes
are too large; that no matter how poor a lawyer or doctor he may
employ that they can charge any fee they wish and that they have
the law on their side; that the man in the city who receives a salary
can spend it all for the comfort and happiness of his family, for in
most cases he only pays a poll tax. He knows in the majority of
cases it is only the poorest of any profession who stay in the country
for the beauties of the great American Dollar to most people are far
greater than the song of the birds, the hum of the bees, the green
grass, pure air, and beautiful sunshine. He knoAvs that the farmer
does not occupy the positions of honor and trust that are given men
in other callings, but in spite of all these, you will find no more loyal
citizens today than those upon the farms, although too much em-
phasis cannot be laid upon the farct that the welfare of the nation
depends upon the prosperity of the farms, and upon the success of
agriculture depends the success of every other industry.

The neglect, or rather, perhaps, the unwise management of agri-
cultural interests has cost New England many thousands of dollars,
not only in the decrease in the value of farm lands, but in its manu-
factures as well. When agriculture became prosperous in the West,
manufactories moved there and Eastern capital that should have
been used to promote home industries was invested in the West
and much of it was lost and now investors are turning their atten-
tion to New England realizing more and more what value there is
in our so called worn-out fields, which are not Avorn out but sim])ly
need feeding and cultivating. To prove my assertion, I am going
to read you a letter which I received from a farmer in Eastern ^Massa-
chusetts who has made a great success of farming.

RURAL NEW ENGLAND. 121

"Yes, I was a farmer's son, although niv father did not own a
farm but carried one on for twenty-nine years, and he was a good
farmer. I worked with him for seven years, or from the time I was
fourteen to twenty-one years of age, and then I was married and
came to my native place and acted as farm manager for a man for
nineteen years and we saved our money and bought this farm com-
prising 61x^0 acres of good tillage land. ^Mien I bought it the
farm was completely run down, one field of seventeen acres cut only
three loads of hay the first season; last season we harvested 52 tons
on sixteen acres of the same field and cut more than twenty tons of
Japan Barn Yard millet on the other acre. It took a lot of labor
and fertilizing material to get the place started, but we now have it
in a high state of cultivation cutting three tons of hay to the acre
for the first crop and one to two tons for a second crop. The first
year that I had the place, we wintered 12 head of stock and 2 horses
and for the past ten years we have wintered 55 head of stock and
12 horses and sell $500 worth of hay per year. The barn was in
good condition when I bought the place, but we had to shingle it
the first year and it took 125,000 shingles to do it. The house was
old and we made a mistake that we did not tear it down and build
a new one for we spent S2000 on it in repairs and building on an ell,
but we have a very comfortable home heated by steam and have
all of the modern improvements. I paid $9000 for the farm and it
is now assessed for $18,500. I have one thirty-six acre lot that is
assessed for $285 per acre. The farm is well located in the village
within one mile of a large mill and we have a fine view of the river
also cities and towns in the distance.

"I attribute my success first to having a most excellent wife, she
is a good manager and a fine housekeeper; second, to paying strict
attention to business and by having good health and not afraid of
work. I plan my work so as to keep the help employed to good
advantage and I buy at wholesale prices, and I mean to study the
market and get a good fair price for a first-class animal or article
that I have to sell, and by making all the milk that I can every day
in the year, thus having an income every day.

"I keep the best cows that I can raise or buy and I grow all kinds
of green forage crops to feed them on during the groAving season,
or from May to December. I do not feed any dry fodder to my

122 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

COWS until December 1st, but I do not have a silo. I think the
people in the large towns and cities are fortunate if they can get good,
pure, clean milk for eight cents a quart, for it is certainly worth it
and the dairyman who is producing it only gets a fair return for his
labor and capital invested."

In regard to the Cjuestion of a young man buying a farm today,
it all depends on the man and his wife. If they are good workers
and have some general knowledge of farming and farm life I know
they can buy a farm, raise milk, grow small fruits, raise such market
crops as will sell in their locality, keep hens and pigs, in fact all
things that go with a well-regulated farm, and by paying strict atten-
tion to business, can live far happier and better than they could in
town and pay for the farm in a few years. I believe there is now
the very best opportunity for young men to start in and make a
success in producing certified milk or by raising fine fruits and vege-
tables, for there is a growing demand for the best products and at
top prices.

Women have been particularly successful in managing farms,
perhaps the most novel of which is the rat farm in Hampden County,
Massachusetts, which has given good support to a woman and her
mother for ten years. Another lady has cleared over S5000 in six
years on a poultry plant. Another has made a handsome income
by raising squabs, and another by managing a nursery business.
Another has been raising berries for twenty-nine years; another is
keeping bees; another is running a market garden farm with great
success; and there are scores of others all over New England who
have bought small farms and are enjoying their life in the country
and as one woman says, "I shall not lose my position as a woman
in the city is most sure to do after she has lost her youth."

A letter from one of the women is so interesting that I am going to
read it to you. " Just how did I happen to be a farmer ? I hardly
know how to answer you, but briefly because I feel it to be the path
God for some reason meant me to tread. As a little girl in tiie city,
I longed to make my oAvn place in life and my ambition seemed to
be to own a big, big farm with lots of animals, flowers, fruits, etc.
At thirty, I had in a way accomplished the first, though not my
intended ambition. I still longed for the farm and I bought one,
paying a small sum down. I have worked hard but no harder than

RURAL NEW ENGLAND. 123

in the city; have taken summer boarders, raised pouhrv, market
garden truck and milk; and I beUeve that a woman can farm as well
as a man, but she must know what she wants done and when i.t is
done rightly. She must be her own manager; look a long way
ahead and be willing to carry a heavy load of responsibility and not
complain about it. If a woman wants a place for herself in life
and a home for aged parents and has the aptitude for it she has a
reasonable hope of success on a farm."

From a commission merchant in Worcester I learned that there is
a great opportunity for the farmers to enter into the poultry business ;
he said, "that last year he had shipped from the West 15,000 crates
of eggs and each crate contained thirty dozen, and he further said
that there were several other merchants in Worcester who handled
as many if not more than he did." A few years ago, the Secretary
of the State board of Agriculture of Kansas asked every farmer to
raise eggs enough to pay the taxes on his farm. They began the
work and now they not only raise enough to pay the taxes on their
farms but more than enough to pay the taxes of the whole state, and
some of the Kansas eggs come to Massachusetts.

In some way through our various agricultural organizations we
should know what our markets need and it seems as if the New
England farmers could supply those markets with certainly better
and as cheap products as are shipped here from the Western States.
The West is a great agricultural country but their money is not made
from an acre of land but from the immense number of acres they
cultivate and one man is expected with the improved farm machin-
ery to care for 160 acres of land. In Southern Minnesota where
we spent one winter, the average yield of wheat per acre was four-
teen bushels and you all know if wheat is SI a bushel that the farmer
gets a good price for it. What would a New England farmer think
of an income of $14 per acre for his land ?

A western farmer coming to New England for the first time leaving
behind him his 2000 acres of corn and wheat fields, wrote home to his
family that here in New England they call six hens and a rooster and
four acres of land a farm, and often times a part of that four acres
is a graveyard. He also wrote home that nearly all of our cows
were bow-legged, caused by eating on our hillsides, and that the
Massachusetts farmers were always sure of one good crop and that

124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

was stones for each plowing time seemed to reveal a new and abun-
dant supply, and he called our fields "little pocket handkerchiefs."
Of course, he was exercising his Western prerogative of humorous
exaggeration but the fact remains that the New England farmer
does cidtivate fewer acres, and from two acres often he can produce
as much if not more than the western farmer does on 160 acres.
The eastern farmer lacks, however, that shoulder to shoulder com-
radeship which is so apjiarent in the \Yest. Nearly every western
town has a cooperative grain elevator owned by the farmers and no
matter how much grain the western farmer produces, he knows
he can store it in the elevator or sell it to the elevator and get his
money for it. Similar business arrangements in New England
would mean a great boon to New England agriculture.

That farmers can cooperate in Xew England is shown by the
town of Sunderland, ]\Iass. Fifty-eight years ago a man raised
fifty bushels of onions. His neighbors said he could never sell so
many, but he did, and the next year he raised more and sold them
and soon his neighbors began to raise onions and they have contin-
ued to raise them, and this last year they raised 100,000 bushels of
onions. Land has increased in value until it is worth from S200 to
S250 per acre. Last year one farmer rented thirty acres to some
Polanders and received $900 for the same. The average yield is
about 500 bushels per acre but many acres yield 800 bushels and
more. They have built their own storehouses at a cost of 844,000.
They have a macadam road from the town to the depot, a distance
of two and one-half miles, part of it built by the state and part by
the toAvn. Before the road was built, fifty bushels of onions was
considered a good load to take to the depot, now they carry from 100
to 150 bushels. There are less than 2000 inhabitants in the town
but they have their sewer system and lighting plant. There are
also about fifty farmers who unite and sell their cream, about 250
tons annually. A committee of three is chosen who have power to
contract for the selling of it all. A third party tests it, and last year
in October they received 35 cts. per pound butter fat and 36 cts. in
November and December. Their first step toward success was
finding out what their land woidd best produce and since then they
have continually studied how to jiroduce more and better onions and
how to sell them.

RURAL NEW ENGLAND. 125

We have been told so much and so often that we have no agricul-
ture in New England that we almost believe it ourselves, but statis-
tics prove otherAvise. Massachusetts leads in her acres under glass
and stands second in the production of onions, and famed through-
out the world are the cranberries from Cape Cod. Maine stands
second in the production of potatoes, producing last year 17,420,000
bushels, and Is also third in the production of apples. Connecticut
produced in 1908 the prize acre of Dent corn according to the awards
made at the national corn show held in Omaha in December.

The three famous herds of the w^orld are owned in ^Massachusetts ;
the Holsteins at Brockton, the Jerseys at Lowell, and the Guernseys
at Hardwick. Time will not permit me to enter into detail in regard
to our agricultural products but New England enjoys the distinction
of being able to raise a greater variety of the substantial of life
than any other part of the United States; but there are acres and
acres in New England that are producing comparatively nothing.
We need help in getting our farms into shape to cultivate. . If the
farms of New England could be cleared of the rocks by the U. S.
Government so that the farmers could use the improved farm
machinery, land would increase in value; the farmers' sons would
return to the farms; the hired help problem would be solved; and
agriculture would prosper; and I believe the money would be as
well spent as in the irrigation of the Great xVmerican Desert for we
have the markets of the world at our door. I remember so well
riding 500 miles through that great desert in Nevada and Utah
and watching the men and horses at work on that great irrigation
system. The wind was blowing a gale, the air was filled with sand,
and people were shoveling it from their door steps as we shovel
snow from ours. This irrigation system will increase the value of
the western land and of course we want it should, but we want an
equal amount of money spent in New England.

We want better roads and better schools. Many of our Ncav
England roads seem to be about like Topsy, "jest growed," but
that we are to have better ones seems to be an assured fact. Already
Massachusetts leads in the number of miles of state highways.
The Rhode Island legislature has just passed a bill appropriating
$600,000 for this work, and !Maine, jNIassachusetts, New Hampshire,
and Connecticut have bills before their legislatures asking for large

126 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

appropriations. Vermont has also made an appropriation but I
do not know the amount. I quote from a speech by E. W. Perry:
"The condition of the roads affects the pocket book of every human
being in our land more directly and materially than it is affected
by any other cause. The farmer loads an average of a little more
than 2000 pounds on his wagon and draws it twelve miles at a cost
of S3. This equals 25 cts. a ton a mile. If we can assume that the
wagon load is an even 2000 pounds and that cost of hauling will be
S2 instead of S3, and if we assume that the 9,404,430 persons in
agriculture in this country use half of the products of our farms
and that the other 66,568,350 persons use only the other half of
these products, the cost of taking these to market would be S196,
153,000.

Many tests have shown that loads may be drawn in wagons over
macadam in average condition at a cost only a little more than
one-third that of moving like loads over earth roads in ordinary
condition. If this is correct, a saving of S130,768,680, might be
made in the cost of marketing half our crops of a year, if they could
be hauled over macadam rather than over common earth roads.
That saving would equal $1.72 apiece for us or much more than all
our roadwork for the year costs. Justice to the farmer as well as
to the consumer demands that the nation shall spend on its roads
as much money each year as it does on its waterways. The roads
are used by all and the waterways may easily be monopolized for
the great transpprtation interests."

I give you this abstract from Mr. Perry's address to show you
how much we need better roads and how necessary it is for the
farmers as well as every other citizen to do all in their power for the
enactment of the Currier Good Roads Bill. There is no doubt
about the farmers wanting better roads for the report of the Country
Life Commission says "that the majority of the letters received from
the farmers advocated improved conditions of highways." The
Grange, which is the farmers' organization has been a great edu-
cating force for the making of more liberal, earnest, and intelligent
manhood and womanhood, and it is destined to become a great
factor in the future life of our country. It was the Grange that first
asked Congress for the appropriation for free rural delivery and
we should not be satisfied until the mail is carried to the home of

f

RURAL NEW ENGLAND. 127

every farmer at least once a day if it is carried to the city homes
several times a day. We are certainly entitled to it.

The Grange is trying to develop a greater sentiment for the love
of the farm home and each year we are trying to make our homes
more attractive; but we need help along this line. If a general
system of landscape gardening could be conducted utilizing our
native shrubs and flowers the farm homes could be made more
attractive and their value increased as well at a very small expense.
One can not travel in New England and fail to recognize the good
work that has been done along this line nor the high standard of our
fruits and flowers, much of which we owe to our various horti-
cultural societies.

No words can fittingly describe the power of a beautiful home.
Once you begin to beautify your home you will have more respect
for yourself and your home, and the boys and girls growing up on
the farm, even if they do not stay there, will have a love and rever-
ence for the beautiful farm home that will make them stronger,
purer, and better men and women. The success of the farm does
not depend any more upon the crops it produces than it does upon
the intelligence, contentment, and happiness of its homes and
people.

The New Englander, no matter how much he may be westernized,
or where he has traveled, keeps an unexpected fund of sentiment
for the New England home, which is not excelled anywhere in the
country; and a fitting time to welcome them all back will be at the
300th anniversary of the landing of our Pilgrim Fathers, in 1920.

We have some of the largest manufacturing establishments in
the world in New England and no finer fruits or vegetables are
grown anywhere. A grand exj^osition or World's Fair if you will,
showing to the world the resources of New England would cost
money and effort; but would not the increased prosperity to our
agriculture and other industries be worth the cost ?

We have abandoned farms and we have abandoned manufactur-
ing plants, both of which should be utilized to produce the things we
consume instead of paying transportation companies to bring them
to us and I note with regret that our Massachusetts legislature
should have felt the need of economy to such an extent as to refuse
to allow S2000 to the State Board of Agriculture for investigating

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

these conditions. If by promoting agriculture we can advance all
other interests, no reasonable demands of the agriculturists should
be refused. We do not claim however that the money that is
appropriated for agriculture is always wisely spent, but neither is it
of the other appropriations.

The greatest products of New England however are not from her
shops or factories, not from her great mercantile establishments, not
from her acres under glass, or from her great stretches of country
outside, but rather her splendid men and women who have gone
into all sections of our country with that tA^ical New England
education, one of the greatest principles of which is embodied in the
single sentence cut in the granite over the door of the court house
in Worcester, "Obedience to law is Liberty."

Discussion.

Hon. N. J. Batchelder of New Hampshire was called upon to
speak on the subject of the day. He said that he came simply as an
individual, representing no organization, but was glad to have the
opportunity of speaking on the subject nearest his heart, 'that of
the advancement of the interests of rural New England.

He said there were great possibilities in this section of the country
in intensive farming and that one greenhouse might be made to
produce more than five western farms. The people in his city
were paying money for fruits and vegetables brought from distant
states that should be grown at home, and what was true of his city
was true of any city in New England.

He stated that there never was a time in the past when the farms
of New England could be made as profitable as now. Good
markets were at our very doors and what was needed were enthu-
siasm and courage on the part of the owners of farms.

George F. Ladd of Sturbridge was introduced as the husband of
the Lecturer. He said that an occasion like this gave him a chance
to talk back which could not always be safely done at home.

Mr. Ladd emphasized the need of good roads in the work of
improvement of New England agriculture. It was a matter that
affected the pocket book of all New England. If the Government

RURAL NEW ENGLAND. 129

can spend 138 millions of dollars in developing the waterways of the
country it should spend a like amount in the development of the
roadways. He approved of making the roads attractive to auto-
mobilists for they brought money into the state. He said that a
rightful share of the public money should be given the agricultural
interests. He had a strong belief in the success of farming indus-
tries in New England in the future and the outlook for well directed
enterprise in this line was very hopeful.

Adin A. Hixon of Worcester said that he was glad to have the
opportunity of saving a word or two in relation to the topic under
consideration which had been so interestingly set forth by the
speaker of the day. He said that many men were sent out to speak
on agricultural matters who had little practical knowledge of the
subject on which they talk.

He spoke of the State Grange and the grand work it was doing,
representing 25000 people in the state who were getting a li\ang
in agricultural occupations. He said that he did not have a very
high opinion of the value of commissions for impro\ang the condi-
tion of the farmers. The farmers were able to take care of them-
selves.

A. P. Hawkins of Chatauqua, N. Y., said that he was a member
of the Grange and that he had been successful in the growing of
grapes. His home was in a great grape-growing region. He had
also 300 or 400 peach trees.

THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF PROPAGATION OF

PLANTS.

By Jackson Dawson, Jamaica Plain, Mass.

Read before the Society, March 6, 1909.

It seems to me that this theme has been so thoroughly rehearsed
that it would be almost impossible for me to give to you anything
new on the subject. Throughout all time in the annals of civiliza-
tion the question has been predominant as to which is the best
method of increasing the vegetable kingdom, especially the plants
useful to mankind, either for food or for ornament. At the present
day most of our gardeners have little or no conception of the care
needed to carry on successfully a large collection of seeds, grafts,
and cuttings, especially when they have been collected from all
parts of the globe, and are obliged, as I have been, to grow them all
under one sheet of glass. The gardener of the present day is a
specialist; he grows a few plants of commercial value for house
decoration or for market, a house of roses, carnations, chrysanthe-
mums, and bedding plants. The problem of seed growing with a
few exceptions is but little known, and except in a few places such
as on a large estate where great variety is necessary to beautify the
landscape and grounds, the gardener is interested only in the pro-
duction of a few species or a new rose, carnation, gloxinia, or begonia.
In these few places mentioned, however, men want to be up in all
subjects that will increase their ideas of the propagation of plants,
particularly of hard-wooded plants, for which there is so much
demand.

My theme is the propagation of plants, and while it has been put
before the public so many times, to the present generation it will be
new. As I wish in a short paper like this to give as much informa-
tion on the subject as I can, and to make it as clear as I can to all,
I will not use scientific terms which only a few will understand,

131

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

but as far as I know will use words of common sense which everyone
will comprehend. When we call a graft a graft instead of graftage,
a cutting a cutting instead of cuttage, and the same with the word
seedage for the sowing of seeds, I do not say that these words are
not correct, but I do think that the old terms of experience will be
best appreciated by the majority of people.

The different methods of propagation are
by seed, — the first and original method of production Seedage
by cuttings, — both hard and soft wood Cuttage

by leaf cuttings, —

by layering, — Layerage

by stolons, —
by root cuttings, —
by budding and grafting, — Graftage

The most natural of these methods is propagation from seed.
Plants as a rule grow strong from seed and live longer than those
which are grafted; thus, where it is practical to do so, to grow the
plants from seed is the best method ; but there are exceptions to all
rules and many trees, such as willows and poplars, grow as readily
from cuttings and produce equally as good plants as those from seed.
Species as a rule come true from seed, or nearly so, but there are
many variations which we wish to perpetuate and these must be
increased by other methods, such as grafting, cuttings, layers, or
inarching. In growing plants from seed it is important that the
seed should be selected from good healthy plants, and if grown in a
cooler climate than that in which you intend to grow them they are
apt to be more hardy than seeds taken from a warmer climate to a
colder one. If possible this should be the reverse. We know for a
fact that many evergreens from California and Oregon are not hardy
here, while the same species from Colorado or other high altitudes
are perfectly hardy here.

In the case of Picea Engehnanni, Abies concolor, Picea 'pimgens,
and the Douglas fir {Pseudotsuga taxifolia, or mucronaia, as it is now
called), plants were imported from England which had been grown
from seed collected in California and Oregon. These plants which
thrived perfectly well in the moist climate of England could not
stand our climate at all, and it was not until Doctor Parry sent seeds
from Color;;do that we had hardv forms of these trees in New

PROPAGATION OF PLANTS. 133

England. At the present day all seeds of these trees for northern
growths are collected on the northern slopes of the Rocky Moun-
tams where the summers are hot and the wmters are cold, hence the
necessity of having the seed from the best trees near by or from
those gro^vTi in similar climates. Seeds should be as fresh as
possible and the sooner they are cleaned and sown the better results.
INIany seeds which would germinate the first season, if so^ti as soon
as gathered, would lay in the ground until the second season, if
thoroughly dried before sowing.

Of course when seeds have to travel a long distance they must be
thoroughly dried or they are apt to mildew and spoil. The proper
collection and treatment of seeds is as necessary as the proper
planting. Hence the necessity of having them well prepared for
a long journey. They should be thoroughly dried. Many seeds
such as chestnut, oak, beech, corylus, horse chestnut, common
chestnut, hickory, lindera, magnolia, and others of like nature, will
not germinate unless packed in dry earth or sphagnum moss that is
barely moist. Many seeds such as cherry, plum, and peach, unless
subjected to hard freezing, will not germinate the first year. Many
will not germinate until the second year under any artificial condi-
tion, and often seeds will lay in the ground three years and then
germinate. It is well, if you have not the ground in the condition
to plant, to stratify all seeds as soon as cleaned, that is, put them
away mixed with layers of sand or earth and keep them in a cool
cellar or frame until spring. When small quantities are used they
can be put in small boxes and mixed with sand, or if large lots they
can be stratified out of doors. It is well to have the sand or soil
used fine enough to run through a sieve. By ha\ing different sized
sieves the seed can easily be separated from the sand.

In all large nurseries where there are quantities of peaches, plums,
hawthorns, cherries, luidens, and junipers the seed is mixed with
piles of earth on the surface of the ground, stacked up and left cov-
ered with sods or boards until spring. Such seeds as those of honey
locust and other hard and bony seeds which have become thoroughly
dried, should be treated with hot w^ater (so as to swell before plant-
ing), otherwise they would come up scattered at intervals for several
years.

The first consideration is what you desire to plant ; the second to

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

have the seed as fresh as possible; and the third, soil and situation
to plant in ; the fourth is to know what depth to plant the seed and
how long to wait for the seed to come up. In this sort of paper it is
hard to give many details/ so that I will touch on the most hardy
of the different genera and leave the varieties for another time.

Soil and Situation.

In selecting a place for seed beds the soil should be a deep rich
mellow loam, avoiding gravelly soils or heavy clay. The soil should
be well manured with good rotten manure, a year old, then ploughed
or trenched twelve to fifteen inches deep, and well pulverized.
All coarse stones and rubbish should be cleaned off so as to have the
land in the best possible condition. If the land is full of weeds
it would be well to manure heavily and plant one year with stock
that will be well cultivated. Nothing tries one's patience more
than to try to grow seedlings in a soil that is full of weed seed.
If possible the land should be sheltered from the north and west by
fence or hedge. If the seed is to be sown broadcast I should lay
out the beds five feet apart with a pathway two and one-half feet
between the beds. This will give ample room to weed the beds
from each side. If sown broadcast rake the beds smooth and sow
evenly and thinly over the surface. If the seed is fine, raking it in
with a coarse rake and rolling it lightly will be sufficient. If the
seed is large it should be covered about its own diameter. Person-
ally I prefer to sow in rows eight inches apart across the bed, espe-
cially if there is a large number of varieties and only a few of each
wanted; or in long nursery rows eighteen inches apart, if to be
worked by hand; or from two to three feet if to be cultivated by
horse power. One reason why I prefer the rows to broadcast is
because they are much easier to cultivate.

Seed should never be sown when the ground is wet. The soil at
the time of sowing should be neither wet nor dry, but in such a
condition that it can be raked without clogging. If it is too wet
many fine seed will scarcely come through, while if too dry the seed
is apt to work out unless covered deeper than desired.
' A supply of water should be at hand ready to be used on all

PROPAGATION OF PLANTS. 135

lightly rooted plants during dry weather. It is also well to have
lath screens to protect delicate plants from the hot sun. If in
the fall we begin with the oaks, as the acorns do not long retain
their vitality (neither does chinkapin, chestnut, nor beech), to insure
success these should be put in boxes of earth or sand as soon as
gathered. If scattered broadcast the nuts should be scattered thinly
over the bed and pressed down with the back of a spade or a light
wooden roller and covered a little more than the diameter of the
seed which should be over an inch for the beech and oak and two
or more inches for the hickory. Some prefer making shallow drills
with the plough and sowing thickly. The maples with the exception
of Acer rubrum and A. dasycarpum (these ripen in June), should be
sown as soon as possible after gathering, otherwise they will not come
up until the second year. The ash also must be sown as soon as
gathered or it will not come up until the second year. Carpinus
Austria, Cornus florida, Amelanchier, Celtis, and Viburnum sel-
dom come up until the second year. The red bud, Kentucky
coffee-tree, and yellow-wood need to have boiling water poured
on them, letting them stand for twenty-four hours. Then take those
that have swollen, which are considered fit for sowing, and treat
the rest to a hot bath again. The ailanthus, catalpa, mulberry,
birch, and alder are best sown in spring as soon as the ground is
dry enough to work. The red and white maples, the elm, and
Betula nigra ripen early and should be sown as soon as gathered,
and if well cared for make good plants the first year. Magnolias
should not be sown out of doors until the weather becomes warm.
The holly seldom comes up until the second year. Such seed as that
of magnolias, roses, mountain ash, Celastrus, Viburnums, Amel-
anchiers, and all fleshy, pulpy seed, I macerate in water and wash
out, and sow or stratify before they are dry. When seeds are sown
in the fall, as soon as the ground is frozen cover the bed with a light
covering of hay or pine needle, which will keep the ground from
heaving and the heavy spring rains from washing up the seed. If
closely looked after the covering may be left on until the seed shows
signs of germination, when it should be carefully removed. All
seed be.ds and rows should be kept free from weeds and as soon as
seeds are up the ground should be hoed or cultivated frequently.
This causes the young plants to push more vigorously and makes

136 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

them better able to withstand the drought. If the weather is very
warm and dry, the seed beds should have a good soaking of water
once or twice a week, and in case of delicate seedlings they should
be screened during the heated term or until the plants are deeply
rooted, when they may be gradually inured to the weather. After
the first of September all watering should be stopped and the plants
should be hardened gradually so as to go into their winter quarters
with well ripened wood. At the approach of winter those so^^ti in
drills will stand better if a plough is run between them, throwing a
furrow against the stems. This keeps the young plants from heav-
ing with the frost and also keeps the water and ice from settling
around the young stems, a condition which often causes great injury.
All the others should be mulched with leaves or short manure.

It is well in this place to speak of seeds which have just arrived
from foreign stations, Japan, China, or other places. Usually
this seed has been subjected to many variations of climate and
temperature, thereby requiring additional care. If these seeds are
the least bit rancid or mildewed they should be washed in a weak
solution of sulphate of copper and should then be subjected to a
bath of clear water. For instance, take a two-quart glass jar or
something similar, and fill with clear water. All seeds that sink
in this might be considered good, while those that float are not to be
relied upon, but in the case of new seed, I should sow those of
inferior character, but should mark them so, for a few even of weak
vegetative power might germinate and thus save the variety or
species.

Most all deciduous plants should be transplanted the following
spring if good shapely plants are desired. In my own work, I sow
most of my seeds in boxes, as I find it more convenient where I
desire only a few hundred of a kind. They are far more easily
handled and the plants, especially nuts and oaks, transplant more
readily and with little or no loss. I call it the box system. I
procure a lot of boxes at a grocer's, of as uniform a size as possible,
for they pack better in a six foot frame than various sizes. Canned
goods or soap boxes are nearly equal in size. With two cuts of the
splitting saw, you have three flats about three and a half to four
inches deep. With a one-half inch augur I bore four or five holes
in the bottom for drainage. For the finer seed I drain the boxes

PROPAGATION OF PLANTS. 137

with broken crock, with coarse siftings of peat or sod, or any coarse
material which will allow the moisture to pass off. Then I make a
compost of two parts rotten sod, one of peat and one of sand, and
fill the boxes with the compost and press down firmly. Sow the
seed evenly and cover according to its size. On one corner of the
box I plane a place, rub over with white lead and write the name of
the seed and date of sowing. This takes only an extra minute and
is of much value afterward.

After sowing, the seed should have a good watering to settle the
soil. The boxes can then be piled four or five deep in a pit or
placed in a greenhouse. If in a pit, as soon as the boxes are frozen
they should be covered with leaves to keep them so until spring.
If no pit is available they may be piled in a sheltered place and
covered with leaves. In case of seeds which take one or two years
to germinate it will be well to cover the boxes with boards so that
squirrels or mice may not get at the seed. About April put the
boxes in frames where they can get the morning sun, but not in a
shady place. Cover them with pine needles or sphagnum moss
which will save a great amount of labor and watering. Winter the
first season in a deep pit, lightly covered with leaves or meadow hay.
If no pit is available three or four inches of pine needles or leaves
placed over them will keep them in good shape until spring, but on
no account should the boxes be left without protection, as the
young seedlings will suffer very much if left in so little depth of soil.
These boxes are from fourteen to sixteen inches square and will
hold from one hundred to two hundred plants according to their
growth. The conifers such as pines, spruce, larch, cedar and
hemlock, require more attention and care. It is almost impossible
to grow many of the finer kinds in our New England climate out of
doors, although with care many of the ordinary conifers can be
grown out of doors. The seed may be sown thinly in rows or
broadcast, about the twentieth of May, and slightly covered,
certainly not more than twice their own diameter. If sown broad-
cast they should be lightly raked in and the bed rolled with a light
wooden roller. The bed should be covered with screens to protect
the young plants, partly from the sun and partly from the birds,
which often pick up the young seedlings which are just breaking
ground. If no laths are handy the beds can be covered with pine.

138 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hemlock, or cedar branches. As soon as the young plants begin to
appear the branches should be raised some inches from the ground.
It is a good plan where pine needles are plentiful to cover the beds
thinly between the rows with them. This keeps down the weeds
and saves much watering.

The critical time with young conifers is the first three weeks of
their existence, until they have made a crown bud. After that
time there is very little danger. A great quantity. of rain or a
scorching sun will often prove fatal to thousands. Stirring the soil
after heavy rains or sifting dry soil among the beds of over-wet
seedlings is of great benefit. After the muggy weather of August
is passed they require very little care for the rest of the year. Pines
should not stand more than two years in the seed bed unless sown
very thinly. The white, black, and Norway spruce will hardly be
fit for transplanting until the second year. The larch and arbor-
vitae should be transplanted after the first year. The seeds of
Juniperus and Taxus do not germinate until the second year. The
stone pines lie on the ground until the second year although a few
may come up the first year. The seeds of conifers with the excep-
tion of the silver firs will, if kept in a cool, dry place, retain their
germinating powers for a number of years. A^Tiite, Scotch, and
Austrian pine, and pitch pine come up fairly well after being kept
five years, and might possibly have been several years older when
received.

I have found by experience that too much moisture is fatal to the
germination of old seed, especially if they be resinous or oily. If
sown in a soil barely moist and covered with dry sphagnum moss to
prevent the escape of the little moisture in the soil many will grow,
while if treated in the ordinary way the seed will swell and then rot.

The propagation of Rhododendrons, Azaleas, and Kalmias from
seed demands great attention and care, and cannot be successfully
done out of doors but requires a greenhouse. The best soil in
which to grow young seedlings of this class is composed of good
peat, loam, and sand in equal parts. The sand should be fine but
sharp and clean, having no clay or iron in it. Earthen pans are
best to sow the seed in, as there is less danger of fungus than in
boxes; but after the first transplanting boxes may be used. Being
all ready to sow, — say about the first week in January — the pans

PROPAGATION OF PLANTS. 139

should be well drained by filling them one-third with broken crock
and putting over this a covering of sphagnum or the coarse siftings
of peat, so that the soil will not work in among the drainage; then
put in about two inches of the compost mentioned above, have it
well firmed, and give the pans a gentle watering with a fine hose to
settle the soil. As soon as the soil is settled the seed can be sown
quite thickly but evenly over the surface. They should then be
covered with the slightest possible covering — not more than a
sixteenth of an inch — after which put over the pans a covering of
fine sphagnum, give a gentle syringing and place in a temperature
of seventy degrees. After sowing, the seed should on no account
be allowed to get dry, but at the same time saturation should be
avoided. The seed will usually come up in from two to three weeks
and in the meantime the pans will have to be examined occasionally
to see if the seed is coming up. As soon as it shows signs of ger-
minating the coarsest of the moss should be gradually removed
and when the seed is fairly up a slight sifting of fresh soil among
the young seedlings will help to strengthen them. As soon as they
have made the first rough leaf tl»ey should be pricked off thickly in
boxes or pans of fresh soil prepared as for the seed, carefully
s\Tinged, and kept growing in a high temperature and moist at-
mosphere. Such delicate seedlings as Rhododendrons should
at this stage never be transplanted in a shed or room where there is
any draft, but always in the close moist atmosphere they are grown
in, as the roots are so delicate that only a moment's drying makes
them almost worthless. After five or six weeks the plants will
have covered the surface of the ground in the boxes, when they will
again need transplanting, this time half an inch apart, and other-
wise treated the same as before, always being sure to use fresh soil
and clean boxes at each transplanting. At this stage if everything
has been carefully attended to, they will grow very rapidly and will
need transplanting the third time, and if properly cared for they will
need to be planted two or more inches apart.

This frequent transplanting in fresh soil each time keeps the
plants from damping and also forms the foundation of a \agorous
plant for the future. If Rhododendron seedlings are left long in
the seed box or pan they are apt to be attacked by a minute fungus
which will often carry off thousands in a night. The best remedy

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to check this is, I have found, at the first sight of its appearance to
heat a shovelful of sand quite hot and sift it amongst the young
seedlings, using a very fine sieve. Many would think that this
would destroy the plants at this tender age, but it does not. I have
tried it on almost all kinds of young seedlings and have found it
verv effective in destroying the minute fungus which is such a pest
among young plants. About the first of September more air and
less moisture may be given them so as to harden the plants prepara-
tory to their removal to winter quarters, which should be a deep
frame or pit in some sheltered situation. They may be put in this
pit the first of October, or sooner if you need the house for other
purposes. In this pit they should have plenty of air every pleasant
day but should be covered every night to keep them from frost as
long as possible. This can readily be done in most seasons up to
the middle of December or first of January by a single mat; they
can then be covered with mats or meadow hay and wall need only
to be uncovered once every two weeks for an hour or so to guard
against damp or excessive moisture, which will often cause a fungus
even in a cold pit, if kept long without air. In the spring about the
first of May the seedlings can be transplanted into well-prepared
beds of peaty soil or a light sandy loam of good depth. If dry
weather sets in they will require plenty of water as they are not
deep rooted at this time; if water is handy I give them a good
syringing every evening as soon as the sun begins to leave the bed,
until the middle of August, when I withhold all moisture so that
the plants may ripen well before winter sets in. If they have been
well cared for they will be from six to seven inches high at the end of
the second season.

At the approach of cold weather a slight covering of leaves be-
tween the young plants and covering the tops with pine boughs
or coarse meadow hay to keep the sun off will carry the plants
through the winter in safety. The following spring they may be
planted in the nursery where they can remain until used. The
same treatment will apply to Azaleas, Kalmias and other ericaceous
plants, excepting that the Azaleas grow much more rapidly than
the others, and at the end of the second season such species as .-1.
mollis and^. calendulacea v^AW have quite a number of flower buds
on them, while the Rhododendrons will scarcely show' signs of
flowering until the fourth or fifth year.

PROPAGATION OF PLANTS. 141

INlany shrubs and trees can be grown from cuttings of old and
new wood, also by cuttings of the roots. Many trees and shrubs
otherwise hard to propagate by cuttings of the hard or soft wood are
easily propagated by pieces of the roots. The elm, Ailanthus,
plum, pea, apple, hawthorn, cherry, mountain ash, Acanthopanax,
iVralia, some Cornuses, Phellodendron, Xanthoceras sorbifolia,
Nyssa multi flora and others are examples. Most of the shrubs
are easily propagated by soft wood, that is, the growing wood, in
summer-time under glass, while most shrubs root readily from the
young growth, but few of the trees will. The trees to root most
readily from hard wood are willows, poplars, and plane trees. Of
the shrubs that root most readily from hard wood cuttings are most
of the Loniceras, Hydrangea paniculata tj-pe, Forsythias, Phila-
delphus, tamarack, privet. Spiraea, and Sambucus. Rosa setigera
and Rosa lucida, Rosa Carolina, R. Manetti, R. midtiflora, R. refens,
and R. Wichuraiana are the most easily rooted among the roses;
many of the roses it is almost impossible to grow from hard wood ;
Ribes, that is currants and gooseberries, Cornus of most species,
a few of the Viburnums, such as tomentosum, dentatum and varieties,
Actinidia, most of the grapes, Althaeas, Weigelas, Deutzias, and
some others. Many plants root much more readily from the green
cuttings in summer than from hard wood cuttings, viz. — all the
Viburnums, Cornuses, Ailanthus, privets, Iberis, Berberis, Euonymus,
Spiraea, Actinidia, Gordonia, Syri7iga chinensis, Caryopteris, Daphne
mezereum, Deutzia, Philadelphus, hybrid lilacs, and others.

Fall is the best time to make hard wood cuttings, although if they
are taken any time up to the middle of INIarch they will do well.
The best height of most cuttings is five or eight inches. Willows and
poplars may be much longer and thicker than those of the shrubs.

Good clean new growth of the previous year, well ripened, makes
the best cuttings. I always like to cut the cuttings smooth just
below an eye. Although it is not always necessary, it is convenient
as soon as the cuttings are made to tie them up in bundles, say forty
or fifty in a bundle; if the bundle is too large they are apt to heat.
I usually use copper wire to tie them with, as string is apt to rot,
and then follows confusion if you have many varieties. If your
ground is dry and well sheltered, the cuttings may be planted in the
fall, otherwise it is best to heel them in in winter, the butts near the

142 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

surface, and cover the whole several inches deep; and over all a
good covering of manure or leaves to keep them from freezing too
hard in the spring. They can be planted out in nursery rows or
framed. If in frames the rows need not be more than eight or ten
inches apart and the cuttings three or four inches apart in the rows.
If in nurseries the rows may be three feet apart, if to be worked by
horse power, less if otherwise. The soil should be deep and good
and if heavy or wet well drained. Plant the cuttings to within one
or two eyes of the top, and if the weather is dry they will require
watering several times until well rooted. Keep them well cultivated
and most of them will be good plants by fall, and at the end of the
second year fit to plant permanently. Where the cuttings are
heeled in inverted, as I have spoken of, they callous much more
quickly and the tops are not so liable to start into growth so quickly
as they would otherwise, thus gi^^ng the cutting great advantage
over the one which is planted at once in the proper place without
this treatment.

In the growing of soft wood cuttings a greenhouse or frames are
necessary. They can be grown in boxes, pots or on a solid bench.
I prefer boxes three to four inches deep and well drained ; they are
much handier than having the cuttings in the solid bed, as they
can be moved to different positions if needed ; also if necessary they
can be transferred to frames as soon as rooted in order to harden
them up without disturbing them. The soft cuttings will need
much more attention and care than the hard ones, but in many
cases I think they pay better.

The time for putting in soft wood cuttings is from the first of
June until the last of September, the sooner after the first of June
the better, as the weather is not so hot then and the early rooted
plants in many cases can be planted out in frames and make good
strong plants before frost. Make the cuttings two to three inches
long. Lath screens are needed for the outside shade, on inside
white cotton cloth. The cuttings should never be allowed to wilt,
and when collecting them it is always well to have the watering can
with you. Put in cuttings from one to two inches apart, according
to their sizes; give a good watering to settle the sand and shade
during hot sunshine for the first week or ten days, when you can
gradually dispense with the inside shade, but will still need the

PROPAGATION OF PLANTS. 143

outside screen in very hot weather. Damp down the floor several
times a day to keep the air moist. In growing plants from root
cuttings the roots are to be cut up in lengths of from two to eight
inches according to the habit of the plant. They can be tied in
bundles, right end up, and laid in damp sphagnum moss until they
show signs of growth, or planted in beds, boxes, or pots of sandy
soil. They need to be kept moist, but not too wet, until they have
started; they do not require shading as soft cuttings, but need the
same treatment as growing plants. Such plants as Ailanthus,
apples, pears, plums, a few cherries, especially Prunus avium,
Crataegus, poplars, Rhus, Comus, Ulmus, Bouvardia, seakale,
Asclepias tuberosa, horse radish, can be propagated in this way.
Other shrubs, like some of the roses, some Spiraeas, lilacs, Meni-
spermums, Xanthorrhiza, Berberis of some sort, Comptonia, some
Cornuses, Prunus virginiana, and others, have stolons or under-
ground stems ; these can be cut up and treated in the same way as
root cuttings.

Many evergreens can be grown from cuttings, such as Thuya,
Retinispora, cedar, junipers, dwarf spruce, Cephalotaxus and
yews. It was not thought possible a few years ago to grow Piceas
from cuttings, but by selecting the young side growth, Picea Engel-
manni and Picea jningens may be grown from cuttings of their own
wood. The best cuttings of most conifers are the ripened up
growth of the last year's taken off with a heel on it, that is, for the
spruces, firs, and yews. For junipers, arbor-vitaes and Retinisporas
take the small side branches. The best time to take off cuttings of
evergreens is in the fall and early winter, just before the hard frosts
begin. \Miile they will root at other times the more difficult ones
are best taken in the fall. When first put in they need to be kept
quite cool mitil they callous, when more heat can be given them.
The time for rooting varies with the species; many of the arbor-
vitaes and Retinisporas root in a few weeks and some of the junipers
in a year or more. The cuttings should be put in well-drained
pots or boxes, or in the case of a large establishment a whole bench
may be reserved for them. The cuttings in most cases should be
small, not more than a few inches in length. Evergreen cuttings
are impatient of too much wet, nothing will rot them quicker. A
temperature of forty-five to fifty is high enough until they are well

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

calloused. While they do not require as much shade as soft cuttings,
a little shade the first few weeks is beneficial. After they are well
calloused, however, they will not need any; after they are rooted
their treatment should be the same as that of other plants. Many
plants that are diflScult to propagate by cuttings and are wanted
on their otvh roots can be had by layers. This is probably the
surest way for an amateur, but it is slow. By layering, many
plants are obtained on their own roots which it would be impossible
to get in any other way. Layers are branches of trees or shrubs
either twisted or cut half way through and buried several inches
in the earth, but not detached until they are rooted. Clematis,
Magnolia, Rhododendrons, rose, maples, lindens, Halesia, quince,
and in fact almost any plant may be layered. Some root easily
in a few weeks and others take several years. Some plants, such
as Clematis, grape "vines and Wistaria, can be layered at every few
eyes as fast as they grow, but this kind of layering needs to have the
sap checked at every place. You put it in the ground either by
cutting half way through on the stem or twisting the branch so as
to check the flow of the sap. In most of the nurseries abroad, and
in some in our own country, layering is carried on to a great extent.
The part of the nursery devoted to layering is usually called the
stool ground. Here two plants or sometimes several are planted
in groups three, four or more feet apart, and layered every year or
every other year as the case may be. Young clean wood of the
previous year is usually considered the best; so the plant is grown
and pruned as to produce as much straight growth as possible;
they are then bent do^uTi, turned or twisted or not as the case may be
and covered up with soil, and if the growth is too rank, the tops are
pinched or pruned in order to regulate the sap. In the case of
choice plants these layers are kept well watered and cultivated.
It is not always necessary to have a stool ground for any branch
or vine can be brought down and the soil and conditions made good
around it and success is sure to follow. The INIagnolias, maples.
Rhododendrons, and other hard wooded plants usually have to
remain on the parent plant two years, while Clematis, grapes, roses,
and other quicker rooted plants are cut off from the parent plants in
the fall and heeled in until spring or planted in the nurseries. As
soon as the rooted plants are taken from the stools, a good dressing

PROPAGATION OF PLANTS. 145

of manure is spaded in around the mother plant and it is prmied
and trained for anotlier season's growth. Layering can be done
at any time but spring or early summer is the best time. By layer-
ing such plants as Viburnums, Cornuses, Hydrangeas, Loniceras,
and others, salable plants can be had in one season.

Grafting.

To go into the details 'of grafting would be more than one could
do in a short paper. All trees can be grafted, and it is by grafting
that many curious forms of trees are perpetuated, as well as most
of our fruits. ISIany old orchards can be regrafted with new species
or varieties, thus renewing what otherwise would be of no benefit.
By grafting weak varieties can be made stronger, by grafting on a
more vigorous stock; others can be dwarfed. New varieties can
be tested by top grafting on old trees, and seedling fruits be brought
to early bearing by the same process, thus saving years of time.
To grow an apple or pear from seed to fruit requires a great number
of years, but by top grafting on old trees only a few years. Thus
you can quickly find out your work of hybridizing and if the variety
is worth anything whole orchards of it might be in bearing condition
before the original plant was. It is not well to graft where a tree
can be produced equally as well and as cjuickly by other means.
As I said before, I do not think grafted plants live as long as those
on their own roots, although there are some cases where grafted
plants have done much better than seedlings and have been less
liable to disease.

There are many kinds of grafting; I think Baltet gives nearly
fifty, but they are all a modification of one another and four or five
ways are all that are necessary in practical work. Almost everv
propagator has his favorite method; still those methods practiced
by skilful propagators are best, and may be summed up as follows:
inarching, bottle-grafting, cleft-grafting, side-grafting, crown-
grafting, splice, tongue or whip-grafting, root-grafting and veneer-
grafting. The best season for grafting out of doors is in the spring,
from !March until June, when the sap is in motion; under glass
from August to September with half-ripe wood; and December

146 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to the last of March with dormant wood. Midsummer grafting,
either in or out of doors, is not a success. In all kinds of grafting
it is better to have the stock started ahead of the scion. A calm
atmosphere and a warm temperature are more conducive to success
than a cold wet one. The tools necessary are a good saw, budding
knife, grafting iron, pruning shears, a bunch of raffia or wax cloth
to keep the grafts in place, and grafting wax to cover the wounds
and keep out the water. All scions should be cut before the sap
begins to flow rapidly, from January to the middle of March.
Many plants with slender stems are injured by freezing; these
should be cut in the fall before heavy frosts and kept in sand or
moss in a cool pit or cellar. For future use I find this especially
applicable to hybrid roses when the wood is wanted for winter use.
A great loss of grafts is sure to be the result if the wood is not
thoroughly ripened and collected before being hard frozen. All
scions if possible should be of medium growth and of well-ripened
wood a year old. In some cases, such as oaks, hickories, birches,
and beeches, two and even three year old wood often takes better
than that of one year old.

Inarching, or grafting by approach, is without doubt the most
ancient of all grafting methods. From time to time Nature gives
us examples of it in roots or trees that have become united where
they have been bruised or pressed together. Man was no doubt
quick to perceive and take advantage of this hint, and when once
he had tried it to improve upon it. A few years ago almost all our
Camellias, Azaleas and other hard-wooded plants, were worked in
this way, and in many continental nurseries this method is still in
use. The time for inarching out of doors is from early spring until
July or August, while the tree or shrub is in active growth, and as
the scions are still attached to the parent plant they may be inarched
in either a woody or herbaceous state. The simplest method is to
remove from both stock and scion a thin slice of the bark from two
to three inches long, then bringing both cut surfaces together in
such a manner that they will fit exactly; tie firmly with bass or
raffia and cover the wound to keep out the air, although this is not
always necessary.

Another kind of inarching is similar to tongue-grafting. An
incision is made in the stock and the scion and the two are bound

PROPAGATION OF PLANTS. 147

together. In grafting by approach the trees or plants must be in
close proximity to each other. The plants to be worked must
either be planted around the stock tree or in pots and so arranged
on stoves or stands as to be easily brought in contact with the
branches of the stock tree. "When the graft has taken hold cutting
it from the parent stem is an important matter and should not be
done too hurriedly. Make a small incision at first, increasing it
from time to time until the final separation, which may require
several weeks.

Bottle-grafting is merely another method of grafting by approach.
The lower end of the scion is inserted in a bottle of water, to keep it
in good condition until the cut surfaces are united.

Cleft -grafting was practiced at a very early date and is a method
much in use now to top graft old trees in orchards, or to renew
individual trees as well as young stock that has become too large to
bud. In cleft -grafting the stock is cut off with a saw at a point at
which to insert the scion, the surface is smoothed off and then with
a grafting iron or knife the stock is split through the center, care
being taken to di\ide the bark at the same time so as to leave the
parts smooth. The scions are then cut wedge-shape and fitted
into the cleft one on each side, making sure that some part of the
bark may come together. In large stock it is not necessary to bend
the graft before watering, but in shorter ones it brings the points
in closer union. March and April are the usual months for grafting
out of doors.

Side-grafting is a term applied to a number of processes of grafting
in which the head of the stock is not cut away. The most simple
side graft is that in which the scion is cut with a long splice per-
fectly smooth and thin through the bark; then from this stock
a thin strip of bark and wood two or more inches in length is cut.
Fit the barks exactly together and bind firmly. This is a favorite
method of grafting Azaleas and Camellias and should be done
under glass.

Crown-grafting is very similar to cleft-grafting. It is practiced
in spring as soon as the bark is easily separated from the wood, the
stock being headed down several weeks before the time of grafting.
The scion should be cut with a flat sloping cut on one side but
instead of splitting the stock the bark is divided from the top down-

148 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ward and lifted as in budding. The scion is then inserted under the
bark. A small implement of wood or ivory made in the form of the
scion can be used to advantage in preparing a place to insert the
scion.

Tongue or whip-grafting is the method most commonly used in
nurseries. For grafting young fruit trees where the stock and
scion are nearly equal the scion is prepared with a long sloping cut
and the stock in the same manner. A small cleft or split is made
about midway of the cut portion of both stock and scion; these are
joined together and bound with wax cloths, then heeled in boxes
of sand or earth and planted out in spring, leaving one eye above
the surface.

All methods of grafting can be used on root grafting. The
peony, begonia, wistaria, rose, clematis, dahlia and many others
can be successfully worked on roots.

Side-grafting is one of the best method% of propagating hard
wood under glass and can be practiced from November to April
and from August to October. In this method of grafting all plants
should be potted the spring before. In grafting select a smooth
place on the stock and with a sharp knife make a slight cut down-
ward in tlie stock and slightly into the wood, then insert the blade
two or more inches above, cutting off a thin slice of the wood down
to the cross cut. A corresponding slice is taken off the scion.
They are then fitted together so that the two meet, tied firmly
together and placed in closed frames in the greenhouse, lightly
sprinkled overhead when necessary. The frames must be kept
closed the first few days but as soon as the grafts begin to unite
more air must be given and gradually harden them off.

Budding consists in taking a bud with a portion of bark attached
to it and inserting it in some portion of another tree. In order to
do this a longitudinal incision is made through the bark of the
stock to the wood; a cross cut is then made at the upper end,
forming a letter T, into which a bud previously prepared is inserted.
Some people remove the inner bark and some retain it. I do not
think it makes much difference. The best buds are those in the
center of the stem. As soon as scions are cut the leaf blades should
be removed, leaving a small portion of the leaf stock which facilitates
the handling of the bud. When the bud is fitted, bind it with bass

PROPAGATIOX OF PLANTS. 149

above and below, leaving only the bud and this leaf stock exposed.
Most of our nurser}Tnen practice budding more than grafting, as it
is a much cheaper way of getting up stock than grafting.

In the propagation of plants by grafting it is fully as necessary to
know the kinds of stock to work on as it is to know how to perform
the operation. All pines with five needles like Cembra, parvifolia,
and others do well on P. Strobus; the Scotch and red pine will do
for all the other pines; Picea pectinata and Picea balsamea will do
for the silver firs; Retinispora and arbor-vitae for all the varieties
of the arbor-vitae Thuyas; common hemlock for all its varieties;
red cedar for all the junipers; common larch for all larches; Euony-
vius europaeiis for all Euonymus; the locust for all species of
Robinia; Caragana arborescens for all Caraganas; Viburnum
dentatum and V. opulus for all Viburnums; Ulmiis campestris for
all English elms, and Ubnus americana for American varieties;
Quercus rubra for all oaks; Betula alba for birches; English hazel
for all species and varieties of hazel; ]\Iazzard cherry for standard
and Mahaleb cherry for dwarf cherries; Primus americana and
Mijrobalana make good stock for all peaches, plums, nectarines,
and apricots; pear for standard pears; quince for dwarf pears;
Clematis flammula and paniculata for all clematis ; dwarf Magnolia
tripetala and M. accuminata for all magnolias; honey locust for all
species and varieties of Gleditschia; Vitis labrusca and V. aesti-
valis for hardy grapes; Pyrus toringo is the best stock for all flower-
ing apples. There are others that need special stock, but I think
this list will serve for most of the plants in this section.

I hope that these few remarks may be of some benefit to many of
our young gardeners.

TRANSACTIONS

Plasscitljusdts JfltUtonil ^add^

FOR THE YEAE 1909

PART II

BOSTON
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND TEN

Massachusetts Horticultural Society
1909

The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts
under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and PubHcations.

Communications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi-
cations, exhibitions, and membership, may be addressed to William
P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, No. 300 JNIassachusetts
Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts.

William J. Stewart,

Chairmmi
John A. Pettigrew
William P. Rich
Miss Mary L. Ware
Prof. F. A, Waugh

Committee

on
Lectures and
Publications

CONTENTS.

Annual Reports for the Year 1909

Report of the Board of Trustees .... 157

Report of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions . 165

Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers . 167

Report of the Committee on Fruits .... 209

Report of the Committee on Vegetables . . . 227

Report of the Committee on Gardens . . . 237

Report of the Committee on Children's Gardens . 251

Report of the Delegate to the State Board of Agricul-
ture . . 255

Report of the Committee on Lectures and Publications 259

Report of the Secretary and Librarian . . . 261

Report of the Treasurer 267

The Annual Meeting, November 13, 1909 . . . 275

Necrology, 1909 279

Officers, Committees, and Members, 1909 . . . 287

153

ANNUAL REPORTS FOR THE YEAR 1909.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

1909, PART II.

REPORT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR THE

YEAR 1909.

The Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society in compliance with the By-laws presents herewith a sum-
mary of the business transacted during the year 1909.

There have been held six meetings with an average attendance
of eight members.

January 2. Appropriations for the current year were made as
follows :

For the Library, S400.00, in addition to the income of the French
and Farlow Funds.

For the Lectures, $300.00, to include the income of the John
Lewis Russell Fund.

For Medals, a sum not exceeding $100.00.

The completed Schedule of Prizes and Exhibitions for the year
1909 was reported by the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions,
through its Chairman, Mr. Farquhar, and it was voted to approve
the same and to order its publication.

Mr. Farquhar presented also reports in writing in answer to the
communications received at the last meeting from Messrs. W. W.

157

158 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rawson & Co., Julius Heurlin, and M. H. Walsh which were
referred for reply to the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions.
The reports were as follows:

Report of Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions on letter of Messrs.
W. W. Rawson & Co.

With regard to the letter of Messrs. W. W. Rawson & Co., relative to
Gladiolus Harvard, the Committee on Prizes and Exliibitions advises that
a special committee be appointed by the Board to obtain affidavits as to
the facts of the matter from the parties interested, and to make cultural
trials to determine the truth of the Messrs. Rawsons' statement as to the
identity of the George Paul and Harvard Gladioli.

Report of Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions on letter of Mr. Julius
Heurlin.

The Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions has considered the com-
plaint made by Mr. Julius Heurlin as to the judging of a group of Conifers
at the November Exhibition, and inasmuch as no injustice was done to
anyone, recommends that the action of the Plant and Flower Committee
in making the awards be sustained.

This committee is of opinion that the Board should urge upon all its
committees making awards the necessity of adhering closely to the rules
and requirements of the Schedule.

Report of Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions on letter of M. H. Walsh.

The committee approves of the suggestion of Mr. Walsh that the Secre-
tary send out post cards to ascertain for the information of the Committee
on Prizes and Exhibitions the best time to hold the Rose Show.

With reference to errors in judging the roses to which Mr. Walsh calls
attention, the committee is of opinion that while the Society will not be
able to find infallible judges of roses, that, nevertheless, the standard of
judgment is a high one, and in the short space of time allowed the judges
for their work, this committee believes that the judgment upon the whole
gives general satisfaction. Occasional errors and consequent complaints
are unavoidable.

It was voted that the reports of the Committee on Prizes and
Exhibitions in answer to the communications of Messrs. Rawson,
Heurlin, and Walsh be approved and accepted.

It was further voted that a special committee consisting of jNIessrs.
W. N. Craig and Robert Cameron be appointed to take charge of
the cultural trials of the gladiolus varieties, referred to in the letter
of the Messrs. Rawson, with the recommendation that they be grown
in two different places.

February 5. Mr. Estabrook, who was appointed a committee,

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 159

November 14, 1908, to ascertain the value of the Society's land in
South Boston submitted a report in writing stating that the land
was wholly marsh, partly under water, and in a neighborhood as
yet undeveloped and unattractive, even for manufacturing purposes.
He reported that there was no demand for it at any price.

It was voted that the report be accepted and placed on file.

On motion of Mr. Craig it was voted to invite the New England
Fruit Show to hold its exhibition in the halls of this Society, October
19 to 24.

On motion of ]Mr. Farquhar it was voted to appropriate S3000.00
for prizes and SIOOO.OO for expenses for the Orchid Exhibition of
May, 1910.

The schedule of prizes for the Orchid Exhibition was presented
to the Board and, on motion of Mr. Pettigrew, it was voted that it
be accepted and referred for publication to the Committee on
Prizes and Exhibitions.

A communication from Prentiss Cummings, Esq., President of the
Mount Auburn Cemetery Corporation, was read by JNIr. Hunne-
well, and it was voted that a committee of three be appointed to
consider the proposition therein stated, the President to be a mem-
ber of this committee.

The President appointed as the committee ^Messrs. Hunnewell,
Hill, and Weld.

The following named persons were duly elected to membership
in the Society:

Charles F. Russell of Weston, proposed by C. jNI. Weld.
Charles W. Moseley of Newburyport, proposed by F. S. Moseley.

April 3. The committee, consisting of Messrs. Weld, Hunnewell,
and Hill, appointed at the previous meeting to consider and report
upon the communication of Prentiss Cummings, Escj., President of
the ^It. Auburn Cemetery Corporation, relative to this Society
joining with the cemetery corporation in the purchase of additional
land for cemetery purposes, presented a report in writing recom-
mending that the Society decline to participate in the proposed
enterprise.

The committee further reported that under the terms of the
contract between the proprietors of the cemetery and the Horti-

160 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cultural Society it is not clear whether the proprietors could as u
matter of right require the Society to join in these enterprises.
The committee was informed, however, by Mr. Cummings that the
proprietors have no disposition to insist on any such rights, assuming
that they exist, and that they were willing to make such a modifica-
tion of the contract as would place the matter beyond doubt.

The committee recommended that they be authorized to cause
such a modification of the contract to be prepared and executed
as will relieve the Society from any possible obligation to participate
in the enterprises referred to, in consideration of its abandoning
any claim to share in the profits thereof, and that since the matter
is one of importance they may be authorized to employ counsel for
that purpose.

On motion of Mr. Dorr it was voted to accept the report of the
committee and to authorize them to carry out the recommendations
therein stated.

A communication from A. D. Hill, Esq., was presented contain-
ing his resignation as a member of the Board on account of the
pressure of other duties. It was voted, on motion of Mr. Farquhar,
that in consideration of Mr. Hill's valuable services as a member of
the Board, and that his term of office would expire at the close of the
current year, the resignation be not accepted.

President Weld made an informal report in the matter of the
proposed settlement of the Hayes' estate.

A communication was presented from the Committee on Plants
and Flowers recommending that a Special Diploma be awarded by
the Society to James F, M. Farquhar, in recognition of the artistic
and horticultural skill shown in the construction and development
of a Japanese Garden at Horticultural Hall, Boston, March 24,
1909. The recommendation was heartily adopted.

A notice from the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture
was read suggesting that Societies receiving state funds contribute
S25.00 each on account of prizes to be offered at the New England
Fruit Show in October next. It was voted to refer the matter to a
special committee consisting of Messrs. Farquhar and Craig with
full authority to act in the matter.

On motion of Mr. Farquhar it was voted to invite the New Eng-
land Dahlia Societv to hold its annual exhibition in Horticultural

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 161

Hall, September 10, 11, and 12, 1909, subject to expenses of lighting
and service.

A communication from T. D. Hatfield, Chairman of the Com-
mittee on Plants and Flowers, was presented asking for an additional
appropriation for gratuities to be expended at the summer exhibi-
tions of the present year. On motion of iSIr. Farquhar it was voted
that a sum not exceeding $750.00 be appropriated for gratuities
and other awards to be made by the Committee on Plants and
Flowers during the remainder of the current year.

The following named persons wei'e duly elected to membership
in the Society:

Herbert W. Blanchard of Concord, proposed by Wilfrid Wheeler.
Charles Stewart Forbes of Boston, proposed by John T. Morse, Jr.
John Torrey Morse, 3d of Needham, proposed by John T. Morse,
Jr.

James Marlborough of Topsfield, proposed by John G. Jack.

May 29. A communication from Mr. Hill was presented
acknowledging with thanks the action of the Board at the previous
meeting in relation to his offer of resignation as a member of the
Board.

A communication was also presented from Mr. Hill in relation
to the suit for damages brought against the contractors of the
Society's building for furnishing stone of an inferior quality. Mr.
Hill advised a settlement of the case and asked the authority of the
Board of Trustees to do so.

After some discussion of the matter it was voted, on motion of
Mr. Estabrook, that Mr. Hill's suggestions be acceded to and that
he be given full power to arrange a settlement of the suit.

Mr. Farquhar, in behalf of the committee appointed April 3,
1909, to consider the matter of an appropriation for the New Eng-
land Fruit Show, reported that inasmuch as the Society was to give
the use of its building for that exhibition and also to merge with it
its own schedule of prizes for its October Fruit Exhibition, further
contributions were inadvisable. The report of this committee was
accepted.

Mr. Hunnewell, in behalf of the committee appointed February
5, 1909, to consider the proposition made by the Mount Auburn

162 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cemetery Corporation, reported an indenture, in substance revoking
the agreement of December 18, 1858, and establishing a new con-
tract by which- the Society shall continue to receive a fourth part of
the income of the cemetery as at present established, but shall
relinquish any claim to the income of any new lands that may be
purchased or the income from any columbaria now built or to be
built, in consideration that the said Society shall not be called upon
to pay any part of the cost of the same.

After some consideration of the propositions stated in the pro-
posed indenture it was voted, on motion of Mr. Estabrook, to refer
the subject back to the committee for further report.

President Weld reported in reference to the proposed settlement
of the Society's interest in the Hayes' estate that nothing could be
done in the matter at present.

On motion of Mr. Farquhar an additional appropriation of
SIOOO.OO was voted for prizes for the Orchid Show of May, 1910,
and an appropriation of $4000. 00 was voted for prizes and gratuities
for the other exhibitions of that year. It was further voted that the
Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions be authorized to arrange
for the distribution of these two appropriations among the several
exhibition committees.

The subject of the judging of the Orchid Show of May, 1910, was
considered and it was voted that the chairman of the Plant and
Flower Committee be requested to take into consideration and
report to the Board of Trustees the advisability of procuring a
special orchid expert to act as a referee at that exhibition.

The following named persons were duly elected to membership
in the Society :

Miss Anna B. Roberts of Boston, proposed by C. W. Parker.

Mrs. Nellie B. Cumner of Brookline, proposed by W. H. Bowker.

Henry Sargent Dawson of Jamaica Plain, proposed by W. P.
Rich.

Louis Dupuy of Whitestone, N. Y., proposed by Thomas Roland.

Mrs. J. De Forest Danielson of Boston, proposed by C. S.
Sargent.

Philip Putnam Chase of Milton, proposed by N. T. Kidder.

September 8. A communication from H. G. Wadlin, for the

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 163

Education Department Committee, 1915 Boston Exposition, was
presented suggesting an exhibit bv this Society at the proposed
exhibition in November of the current year. On motion of Mr.
Parker it was voted that it was not advisable for this Society to
make an exliibit on that occasion.

On motion of Mr. Bayhes it was voted to invite the American
Peony Society and the Chrysanthemum Society of America to hold
their next annual exhibitions in the halls of this Society.

The report of T. D. Hatfield, Chairman of the Plant and Flower
Committee, on the subject of the appointment of judges at the
Orchid Show of May, 1910, was read and it was voted to refer the
matter of appointment of such orchid experts as may be necessarv
to the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions with full power to act.

The President, for the special committee on the proposed new
contract with the ^Nlount Auburn Cemetery Corporation, reported
that the matter was not yet ready for final settlement, and it was
voted to refer the report back to the committee for further con-
sideration. It was voted also that the powers of this committee
be broadened to include an investigation of the whole subject.

Mr. Hunnewell suggested the advisability of paying at once the
amounts of the prizes awarded by the Committee on Children's
Gardens, and it was voted to authorize the Treasurer to pay these
awards as soon as the lists can be prepared.

On motion of INIr. Bowker it was voted that the Treasurer con-
sider the plan of paying the amounts awarded for prizes and
gratuities in the year in which they are made and of charging them
on the account of the same year.

The following named persons were duly elected to membership
in the Society:

INIrs. Henry P. Kidder of Boston, proposed by N. T. Kidder

Bentley W. Warren of Boston,

WinsloV Clark of Milton,

Francis R. Hart of Milton,

Mrs. J. Malcoln Forbes of iSIilton,

Arthur Wainwright of ^Milton, " " "

W. Prentiss Parker of Roxbury,

John Balch of Afilton,

164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Harris Kennedy, M. D. of Milton, proposed by N. T. Kidder

Harry K. White of Milton,

Gen. Francis Peabody, Jr. of Milton, "

Mrs. Francis Peabody, Jr. of Milton, "

I. Tucker Burr of Milton,

Charles E. Churchill of Milton,

Mrs. Clifford Brigham of Milton.

Frank F. Baldwin of Hopkinton, "

Mrs. Wm. H. Forbes of Milton,

Andrew Gray Weeks of Boston, proposed by W. P. Rich.

Robert Rust of Pomfret, Conn., proposed by C. W. Parker.

October 2. A communication from George R. White was jjre-
sented offering to give annually a substantial gold medal to the
man or woman who had done the most for horticulture during the
year in the broadest and best sense, beginning with the present year.
It was unanimbusly voted to approve the offer of Mr. White and to
recommend its acceptance subject to the further arrangement of
details.

On motion of Mr. Farquhar it was voted to authorize the Com-
mittee on Prizes and Exhibitions to hold an exhibition February
19 and 20, 1910, and it was further voted, on motion of Mr. Fisher,
to invite the Boston Cooperative Flower Market and the Boston
Cooperative Flower Growers' Association to hold their annual
exhibitions at the same time, the dates subject to modification if
necessary.

The following named persons were elected to membership in the
Society :

Montague Chamberlain of Newton, proposed by H. S. Adams.
Samuel C. Gordon of Ipswich, proposed by C. A. Campbell.
It was voted also to recommend to the Society for election as a
Corresponding Member, Mr. T. V. Munson of Denison, Texas.

William P. Rich,

Secretary.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PRIZES AND
EXHIBITIONS FOR THE YEAR 1909.

BY JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, CHAIRMAN.

Mr. President and Members of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Societi/:

The exhibitions of the past year (1909) have been the most
successful, both horticulturally and financially, in the history of
the Society. The Spring Exliibition netted the Society the sum of
5176 dollars over all expenses, the total receipts at the ticket office
having aggregated 6631 dollars. The leading feature of this
exhibition was a Japanese Garden occupying the westerly half of
the large hall and built by R. & J. Farquhar & Co. of Boston.
The remainder of the hall was filled with a remarkable group of
new hybrid roses from Mr. M. H. Walsh of Woods Hole, and a fine
arrangement of palms and flowering plants by Mr. Robert Cameron
of the Botanic Garden of Harvard University.

The Summer Shows were far in advance of former years, their
success being largely due to the splendid exhibits of hardy perennial
plants in competition for the Medals offered to both trade growers
and amateurs. These exliibits surpassed in excellence, and in
number of species and varieties, any previous exhibit of the kind in
the United States.

The November Show was likewise successful, the splendid ex-
hibits of plants, cut flowers, and vegetables, having filled every
available foot of exhibition space of the Society's building. The
vegetables at this exhibition were of superior quality. The total
receipts of the November Show amounted to 944 dollars, and the
balance after deducting expenses 617 dollars. The surplus from
the two pay shows amounted to 5763 dollars.

The experience of the year shows us that the policy of the Society
should be to encourage large exhibitions on advanced lines of
horticulture.

165

166

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICUI.TUEAL SOCIETY.

I cannot close this report w ithout reference to the unique exhibi-
tion of 720 photographs, now in the lecture hall, by Mr. E. H.
Wilson, illustrating his work of collecting trees and shrubs in North-
ern China, for the Arnold Arboretum. The value of this work to
horticulture cannot be fully appreciated at the present time. Suf-
fice it to say that it far eclipses any previous work of the kind, even
that of the late Robert Fortune, and its value to horticulture will be
appreciated as the thousand or more ne^v trees and shrubs which
have been introduced reach development and become kno^\'n
throughout the country.

In the arrangement of exhibitions your committee has been greatly
indebted to Mr. Robert Cameron of the Har\ard Botanic Garden
for his services.

John K. M. L. Farquhar
Robert Cameron
William N. Craig
Edward MacINIulkin
Charles S. Sargent
William Sim

Committee on
Prizes and
Exhibitions.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND
FLOWERS FOR THE YEAR 1909.

BY T. D. HATFIELD, CHAIRMAN.

January 2, George McWilliam of ^Vhitinsville exhibited a seed-
ling Calanthe (C Regnieri X C. Sandhurstiana) which he has
named McWilliamii. It had very much the character of the seed
parent. January 2, however, would be very early for C. Regnieri
so that this seedling will in all probability be valuable on account of
its earliness if it maintains this characteristic under ordinary
cultivation. A First Class Certificate was awarded.

January 16, Mrs. Frederick Ayer (George Page, gardener)
showed fine plants of Primula kewensis; William Whitman (Martin
Sullivan, gardener) showed Primula sinensis and P. stellata; and
Mrs. J. L. Gardner (William Thatcher, gardener) showed Primula
ohconica. A Silver Medal was awarded M. A. Patten of Tewks-
bury for fifty blooms of an undisseminated carnation named Sara
Nicholson. The color was bright maroon. The prize for the best
four named varieties of carnations went to C. S. Strout of Biddeford,
Maine, with Enchantress, pink; White Perfection; Afterglow, deep
pink; and Victory, scarlet. Honorable Mention was made of a
new seedling violet named Comet, exhibited by H. F. Woods of
Jamaica Plain, and said to be a cross between Princess of Wales
and California.

John Ash of Pomfret, Connecticut, showed some very fine
Princess of Wales violets; S. J. Goddard of Framingham some
freesia. Purity, of excellent quality; and Mr. Patten carnations
Genevieve, white, Hattie Starrett, yellow, and Melody, light pink.
Honorable Mention was made of a pink seedling carnation, Num-
ber 505, belonging to C. W. Ward of Cottage Gardens, New York,
and shown by Mr. Patten; and a First class Certificate was awarded
to Mrs. Sarah C. Sears (Wm. C. Ritchie, gardener) for a dark red
seedling amaryllis.

February 6, a Cultural Certificate was given Wm. C. Rust,
gardener to Dr. C. G. Weld of Brookline, for an exceptionally A\'ell-
grown amaryllis.

167

168

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Spring Exhibition.

The Spring Exhibition was held March 24 to April 4. A Gold
Medal was awarded to R. & J. Farquhar & Co. for a Japanese
Garden and the Society's Special Diploma to James F. M. Farquhar
for horticultural skill in the carrying out of the work. It was a
notable achievement and the design displayed wonderful artistic
ability. Remarkable foresight and skill were shown in the prepara-
tion and assemblage of the plants. A partial list of the plants
used in its construction is herewith appended.

Partial List of Plants used in the Japanese Garden.

Primus Mume, drooping
variety
" Pseudo-Cerasus
" japonica
Cydonia japonica

alba
Pyrus sambucifolia
" spectabilis
" japonica
Camellia japonica
Azalea quinquefolia, pink
alba
" Kaempferi, in variety
" ledifolia
Rhododendron indicum
Wistaria multijuga

alba
Daphne odora
Punica Granatum
Magnolia grandiflora

" conspicua
Kerria japonica

" fl. pi.
Acacia Farnesiana

Larix leptolepis
Abies Mariesii

" brachyphylla
Pinus densiflora
Cryptomeria japonica
" spiralis

" nigricans

" araucaroides

Thuya orientalis

" " pendula

" obtusa
" gigantea
" squarrosa
" dolobrata
" pendula
pisifera
Podocarpus macrophylla
Sciadopitys verticillata
Juniperus rigida
Cupressus Corneyana
Taxus cuspidata

" tardiva
Buxus japonica
Cinnamomuni, in variety

REPORT OF COAnilTTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

169

Deutzia gracilis
" scabra
" Sieboldiana
Paeonia Fuji-some-ginu
" Takaradama
" Ginkonishiki
" Chiyo-kegami
" Kocho-mo-mai
" Isamijishi
Acer atropvirpureum
" " dissectum

" " " variegatum

Lilium auratum

" " pictum

" " rubro-.vittatum

" Batemanniae
" concolor

" elegans atrosanguineum
" Hansoni ,
" Kramer i
" BroAvnii
" longiflorum
" speciosurn rubrum
" " album

" " Melpomene

Iris orientalis

" Kaempferi, in variety
Clematis paniculata

" florida
Rosa multiflora
" Wichuraiana
" rugosa
Platycodon grandiflorum
Campanula punctata
Sedum Sieboldii
Hemerocallis aurantiaca major

" fuiva

Primula japonica

Quercus cuspidata

" dentata
Ilex, in variety
Fatsia japonica
Aucuba japonica
Cornus macrophylla
Paulownia imperialis
Gingko biloba
Actinidia arguta
Viburnum plicatum
Spiraea japonica

" prunifolia

" salicifolia
Narcissus Tazetta
Nelumbium speciosurn
Anemone japonica alba'
" " rosea

rubra
Leucanthemum nipponicum
Senecio Kaempferi
Dianthus japonicus
Fritillaria Thunbergii
Amaryllis Belladonna

" Candida

Lycoris radiata

'' sanguinea
Chrysanthemums, in variety
Bletia hyacinthina
Cephalanthera falcata
Hoya carnosa
Musa Basjoo
Davallia bullata
Pteris serrulata
Polypodium Lingua
" tricuspe

Adiantum pedatum
Aspidium lepidocaulon
" falcatum

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTITEAL SOCIETY.

Bigonia Evansiana Chamaerops excelsa

Gomphrena globosa Cycas revoluta

Manettia cordifolia Bambusa varieties

Papaver orientale Phyllostachys Marliacea

Scabiosa japonica Arundinaria japonica

Celosia argentea Eulalia japonica
Lychnis grandiflora " " zebrina

Calendula officinalis " " foliis vittatis

Gardenia radicans Forsythia suspensa

Tecoma grandiflora Aspidistra lurida

Convolvulus japonicus Sophora japonica

Ipomoea purpurea Rohdea japonica

Well-grown Azalea indica was shown by Edward MacMulkin
of Boston and by Edward W. Breed of Clinton. As these exhibitors
were both commercial growers the varieties were quite common-
place and mostly double, lacking the delicate beauty of single-
flowered forms. Mr. MacMulkin's varieties were Van der Cruysen,
red; Emperor of Brazil, white with red-markings; Raphael and
Talisman, rosy pink; Bernard Andraes, white; and Louis Van
Houtte, red. Mr. Breed's collection included Empress of India,
w^hite and pink; J. T. D. Llewellyn, rose with red markings;
Simon Mardner, flesh pink; Niobe, white; and Van der Cruysen.

Extra fine specimens of palms were shown by Edward Mac-
Mulkin, William Whitman, and Mrs. Frederick -Ayer. The first
prize went to Mr. MacMulkin for a very fine pair of Kentia Bel-
moreana; the second to Mrs. Ayer with exceptionally well-grown
plants of Areca lutescens. Mrs. Ayer had good specimen Ericas
and took first and second prizes. The kinds shown were E.
persohita, vars. alba and rosea; E. arborea; E. melanthera; and E.
urceolaris.

M. H. Walsh of Woods Hole was awarded the Silver and Bronze
Medals and first and second prizes for rambler roses. They were
of excellent quality, carefully forced, so that they lasted in excellent
condition throughout the exhibition which lasted ten days. Ap-
pended is a list of the best varieties: Lady Gay, cherry pink;
Kalmia, white, tips of the petals pink, resembling the flower of the
Kalmia plant; Hiawatha; Coquina, single, shell pink; Friar

REPOKT OF COinilTTEE OX PL,\NTS A^TD FLOWERS. 171

Tuck, single, rose pink; Troubador, double, dark crimson; Celeste,
single, white center with yellow stamens, tips of the petals tinged
with pink; and Arcadia, crimson, illumined with scarlet.

Miss Sarah B. Fay of Woods Hole, who showed in the class for
three specimens of rambler roses, had very fine examples of Lady
Gay, Hiawatha, and Kalmia.

The Bellevue Nurseries, Alfred Poetsch, Manager, put up a very
interesting table of hardy herbaceous and alpine plants in pots,
masked with rocks and moss, making a very pretty arrangement.
They were in a conspicuous position and attracted a good deal of
attention. The display was kept in good condition throughout the
show.

Clyclamens as usual were a special feature and the competition
close. Dr. C. G. Weld won first for twelve plants and Edward J.
]Mitton (Joshua Lawson, gardener) first for six plants.

Cinerarias of both the Grandiflora and Stellata types were very
fine and it was noteworthy how well they lasted. The Stellata
groups were in good condition at the end of the show. Wm. A.
Riggs of Jamaica Plain won first for Grandifloras and William
Whitman first for Stellatas.

Bulbous plants all through were of high quality. Wm. A. Riggs
was first for hyacinths with Pink Perfection; King of Blues; Lady
Darley, pink; La Grandesse, white; and Kohinoor, rose.

William Whitman took first for early tulips with Joost Van Von-
del, white; Canary Bird, white; Cottage Maid, pink; Proserpine,
pink; Belle Alliance, red; and Keizerkroon, crimson andy ellow.
Wm. A. Riggs took first for late tulips with Elegans, dark crimson;
Bouton d' Or, yellow; Fulgens, red; La Reve, soft rose; Ges-
neriana var. lutea; and La Candeur.

William Whitman was first for Large Trumpet naifcissus with
Ara Righ, Emperor, Empress, Glory of Leiden, Golden Spur,
Grander INIaximus, Henry Irving, Horsfieldii, Madame de Graaf,
Princeps INIaximus, and Victoria, among other varieties. The
same exliibitor was first for Short Trumpet narcissus.

There was a large display of handsome amaryllis by Mrs. Sarah
C. Sears. They were nearly all seedlings raised by W^m. C. Ritchie,
the gardener, and included some fine, bold flowers, especially in the
darker shades. In addition to first and second prizes a Silver ]\Iedal
was awarded.

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Groups of Easter Flowering Plants were tastefully set up and
maintained throughout the show by Thomas Roland and Edward
MacMulkin. Mr. Roland's group contained excellent specimens
of the following named plants: Acacia long if olia, A. Drummondii,
A. heterophylla, A. armata, A. pubescens, Chorizema ilicifolia,
trained Cytisus, Ericas, Boronias, Azaleas, Roses, Tree Peonies,
Climbing Roses, Rhododendrons, Palms, Ferns, and a general lot
of spring-flowering plants.

Mr. MacMulkin's lot had Rhododendrons, Azaleas, Oranges,
Acubas in fruit, Anthuriums, Forsythias, Deutzias, Lilacs, Hy-
drangeas, Almonds, Crabapples, Kalmias, Hawthorns, Acer
negundo, Chorizemas, Araucarias, Lilies, Daisies, Impatiens,
Dracaenas, Ferns, and Palms.

The Amateurs' Prizes for forced bulbs went to Miss Margaret
A. Rand of Cambridge, first and third, and Henry L. Rand of
Jamaica Plain, second. The exhibits in this class showed more
than ordinary skill in cultivation.

The orchid groups, always a very important feature of the Spring
Exhibition, came from notable collections and contained some rare
and beautiful varieties. One feature of orchid display is rarely
mastered, and that is the proper blending of foliaged plants with
the generally ungainly and often objectionable plant growth of
many orchids. This was probably never better done than by
John Mutch, grower for the Wheeler Company of Waban, at the
recent Chrysanthemum Show.

In pointing orchid displays it should be made possible for "Ar-
rangement" and "Display" to be made so important a feature that
the contestant could win on it, other things being equal. The
first prize went to Ernest B. Dane of Brookline. Seth A. Borden
of Fall River was a close second with an especially good lot of
Dendrobiums, besides other orchids. A First Class Certificate
was awarded E. B. Dane for Cypripedium Mandiae, a very hand-
some kind with a delicate combination of white and pea-green
coloring.

The first prize for a specimen orchid was given to INIrs. A. W.
Blake (John L. Smith, gardener) for a splendid specimen of
Cypripedium Boxallii.

The following named orchids were shown by ]Mr. Dane:

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX PLANTS AXD FLOWERS. 173

Cattleya Hybrids.

Laelio-Cattleya General French (L. cinnabarinaXC. Trianae var.

delicata).
Laelio-Cattleya Gottoiana (natural hybrid) (C. WarneriXL.

tenebrosa).
Laelio-Cattleya G. S. Ball (L. cinnabarinaXC. Schroderae).

" " callistoglossa (L. purpurataXC. Warseewiczii).

Brasso-Cattleya Mendelii (Brassavola DigbyanaXC. Mendelii).

" " Warneri (Brassavola DigbyanaXC. Warneri).

Cattleya Thayeriana (C. intermedia XC. Schroderae).

Cattleya Species.

Cattleya speciosissima.
" Schroderae.
" Lawrenceana.
" maxima.

Cypripediuni Hybrids.

Cypripedium Mandiae (C. Lawrenceanum HyeanumXC. callosum

Sanderae).
Cypripedium Godseffianum (C. villosum var. BoxalliiXC. hir-

sutissimum).
Cypripedium Hurrellianum (C. CurtisiiXC Argus).

aureum (C. Sallierii var. HyeanumX C. Spicerianum).
" " virginale.

" , " excelsior.

It a TT

Hyeanum.
Also one Cypripedium species: C. hirsutissimum.

Dendrobiums.

Dendrobium Cybele (D. FindlayanumXD. nobile).
Crassinode species,
nobile virginale species.

In addition to the above were shown: Phalaenopsis amabilis,
P. amabilis Rimestadiana, Odontoglossum triumphans, and Cym-
bidium insigne Sanderi.

174 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Included in Mr. Borden's exhibit were the following named
Dendrobiums: D. nobile, D. Wardianum, D. crjstaUinum, D.
aureum, D. densiflorum, D. thyrsiflorum, D. Bensoniae, D. De-
vonianum, D. primulinum, D. Brymerianum, D. superbum, and
D. formosimi.

Other orchids in his collection were Cattleyas, Laelia, Anguloa,
Lycaste, Miltonia, Phalaenopsis, Odontoglossum, Oncidium,
Vanda, and Cypripediums in variety.

The Waban Rose Conservatories of Natick took first prize for
American Beauty roses; W. H. Elliott, first for Killarney ; Montrose
Greenhouses of Montrose (Eber Holmes, Proprietor), first for
Bride and Bridesmaid.

]M. A. Patten of Tewksbury took first for 100 mixed blooms of
carnations; first for 25 blooms Crimson with Sara Nicholson;
first for 25 Variegated with Variegated Lawson; first for 25 Yellow
with Hattie Starrett; and first for 25 White with White Perfection.
John Barr of South Natick took first for 25 blooms Scarlet with
Beacon; and Richard Kimball, first for 25 Light Pink with En-
chantress.

Violets were of excellent quality and competition was very close.
Esty Brothers of Newton took first for 100 blooms Single with
Princess of Wales, and L. E. Small of Tewksbury first with Marie
Louise, Double. Sweet peas made a gorgeous display and the
competition was very close. William Sim of Cliftondale took first
for two vases of 100 blooms and Norris Comley was a very close
second.

The exhibits of decorated mantels were of great interest. In the
opinion of the committee too much material was used. A simpler
decoration would be more eft'ective. Too much material causes
confusion and one is not able properly to admire the good things
that are there. Edward MacMulkin took first prize and a Silver
Medal; Mrs. E. M. Gill, second and a Bronze Medal; Sidney
Hoffman, third.

Mrs, A. W. Blake was awarded a Silver Medal for a magnificent
plant of Nephrolepis Piersoni with a spread of nearly eight feet.
First Class Certificates were awarded to W. W. Rawson & Co.
for narcissus King iVlfred, a magnificent large trumpet variety;
and to Wm. A. Riggs for two very handsome plants of the new

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 175

climbing rose Tausendschon which during the ten days of the show
demonstrated good lasting qualities.

A Silver Medal was awarded Arthur Griffin of Newport, R. I.,
for a striking plant of the new Gloriosa Rothschildiana which may
be aptly described as a climbing lily. A Cultural Certificate was
given Thomas Roland for neatly trained specimens of Cytisus
racemosus, and to William McGillivray, gardener to Jason S.
Bailey of West Roxbury, for a very fine specimen of Dracaena
Godsefpana. Honorable Mention was made of a new dwarf blue
Cineraria shown by Robert Ballantine of Canandaigua, N. Y., and
of some seedling carnations shown by the New Hampshire College
of Agriculture.

First Class Certificates were awarded to Larz Anderson (Duncan
Finlayson, gardener) for Laelia elegans, var. Capt. Larz Anderson,
a very dark-flowered variety with large flowers; to E. O. Orpet of
Lancaster for Brasso-Cattleya Susannae the parentage of which is
as follows: CattleyaXThayerianaX-Brassa-yo/a Dighyana, \ Catt-
leya Schroderae, | Cattleya intermedia, ^ Brassavola Dighyana,
flower fertilized October 8, 1900 and seed sown December 7, 1901;
to Julius Roehrs Co. for Odontoglossum crispum, var. E. B. Dane,
a finely marked flower; and to the same exhibitor for Cattleya
Schroderae Surprise, a very fine form. To Mr. Orpet was also
awarded a Vote of Thanks for a display of cut orchids.

To the Harvard Botanic Garden was awarded a Silver Medal
for artistic display of stove and spring-flowering plants among
which were tree ferns, pitcher plants, stag-horn ferns, and other
unusual species besides a brilliant display of spring-flowering
bulbous plants, cyclamens, primulas, etc. The display was well
kept up throughout the show and reflected great credit on the
Superintendent of the garden, Robert Cameron.

Gratuities were given for special displays as follows: Mrs.
Frederick Ayer for a collection of Acacias; Mrs. J. L. Gardner
for a display of Darwin tulips and Chorizema ilicifolia; Dr. C. G.
Weld for Rhododendron IMary Weld; John Barr for display of
Cyclamen; Thomas Watt, gardener to Mrs. Durant of Wellesley,
for some well-grown Phaius grandiflorus; Julius Roehrs Co. for a
display of orchids; and to John Streiferd & Co. of Braintree for
trained Cytisus.

176 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

The show Avas kept in splendid condition during the second
week and additional awards were made. The Japanese garden
was in even better condition than during the first week.

A Silver INIedal was given to William Sim for a large and beautiful
display of sweet peas, among them several new varieties. The
names and colors of the varieties shown are as follows: Pink
Beauty, pink; Florence Denzer, white; Watching, white; Mrs.
Alex. Wallace, lavender; Mrs. William Sim, salmon pink; Gov.
Fort, salmon pink; Mrs. C. H. Totty, light lavender; Mrs. Smalley,
satin pink; Greenbrook, white tinted lavender; Christmas Captain,
bronze; Christmas Pink, pink and white; and Wallacea, lavender.
A First Class Certificate was awarded Mr. Sim for the new sweet
pea Greenbrook and also for the Gov. Fort, and for a new single
violet named Kaiser Wilhelm.

A Vote of Thanks was given to Walter Hunnewell for a display
of seedling Amaryllis and gratuities to a number of exhibitors for
renewals.

Exhibition, May 22 and 23.

On May 22 and 23 the first summer show was held. Had it not
been for the additional appropriation made possible by the tre-
mendous success of the Japanese Garden the committee thinks with
good reason that the exhibitions would have fallen off during the
summer. Commercial houses might exhibit for the advertisement
they would get but private parties who have been accustomed to
some remuneration would not have exhibited as usual. Following
the old practice of giving gratuities to worthy exliibits we have
had a most successful summer.

A Cultural Certificate was given to Wm. A. Riggs for a display
of Clerodendron Balfouri and ivy-leaved Pelargoniums; and
Honorable Mention to R. & J. Farquhar & Co. for a display of
cut fiowers and plants Avhich included lilacs, D {centra specfabilis,
pansies, and TroUius asiaticus, var. Excelsior. Particularly
interesting were some neat little Cactus dahlias in 2^ inch pots,
among them Rosa, Glory of Baarn, Duke Henry, Garibaldi, and
others; also a new deep blue Japanese hydrangea.

Julius Roehrs Co. of Rutherford, X. J., made an extensive

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 177

exhibit of orchids and tropical plants. The orchids included a
beautifully tinted Laelio-Cattleya, Fascination {Cattleya Schroderae
X Laelia purpurata); Oncidium Marshallianum, yellow and brown
spotted ; Oncidium ampliatum with a large branched spike of yellow
and brown; Laelio-Cattleya Martinetti (Laelia tenebrosa XMo.ssiae);
and Laelio-Cattleija Canhamiana, var. Rex {Cattleya mossiae, var.
Reinbeckiana X Laelia purpurata). A First Class Certificate was
awarded the last named variety of which two plants were shown
differing in color, showing the result of crossing different colored
forms of the same varieties; one had white sepals, the other pink
tinted. The specimen of Odoutoglossum Pescatorei was very fine.
There were also superb specimens of Phalaenopsis Reinstadtiana
and the white Cattleya Mendellii.

J. T. Butterworth of South Framingham showed two large well-
flowered specimens of Cattleya Mossiae and was awarded a Silver
Medal. Among Julius Roehrs Co.'s tropical plants were some new
kinds; Honorable Mention was made of Tradescantia reginac, a
variety with highly lustered foliage; of Dracaena Victoria, yellow
variegated of the Massangeana type; and of Heliconia Edwardsia
Rex, a broad-leaved variety with bright red tints.

Honorable Mention was made of cut blooms of Rhododendron
giganteum shown by Francis Skinner of Dedham (J. T. Kinsella,
gardener); of Doronicum excelsum shown by the Old Town
Nurseries of South Natick; and of a display of cut shrubs by the
Boston Park Department including Azalea Vaseyi, several species
of flowering crabs, and flowering dogwood.

The Belle vue Nurseries had an interesting display of hardy
plants in pots and especially handsome were Campanula persici-
folia Moerkeimii and Papaver orientalis in variety. Edward J.
Mitton (Joshua Lawson, gardener) had a nicely ffowered group of
Calceolaria rugosa Golden Queen; R. «Sc J. Farquhar & Co.
Rhododendrons in pots; and William Wliitman a display of Azalea
indica. Honorable Mention was made of a large display by W. W.
Rawson & Co. of late-flowering tulips, embracing, most of the
varieties in the trade. Darwins, Parrots, Rembrandts, and the
Cottage varieties were largely represented. There was also a
number of unusual kinds I'^presenting specific forms. Noteworthy
Cottage tulips were Columbus, c*imson; Caledonia, orange,

178 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

scarlet center; La Reve, soft rose; Inglescombe, yellow; La
Merveille, very large, salmon rose; Picotee, white edged and
tinted; Silver Queen; Elegans, scarlet; and Axminiensis, salmon
red, large blotch. Darwins included Reine Wilhelmina, soft blush;
Auber, purple maroon; Gen. Kohler, scarlet; Carl Becker, deep
crimson, shading to soft pink; Millicette, heliotrope, fine color;
Zanzibar, maroon; Michael Foster, rosy scarlet; and Urania,
bright scarlet. In Rembrandts were Victor Hugo, deep scarlet,
white margins; Esopus, deep rose with white and scarlet shadings;
Aladdin, light lilac rose suffused with pink and flaked white; Semele,
soft lavender, marked rosy purple; Hebe, violet with distinct
markings of white and purple; and Crimson Beauty, marked white.

From Robert Cameron of the Harvard Botanic Garden came a
selection of the best old and new narcissi and tulips.

There were also displays of orchids from Mrs. J. L. Gardner;
cut flowers from Mrs. E. M. Gill; carnations from M. A. Patten;
Canterbury bells from Mrs. Frederick Ayer; and Zonale Pelar-
goniums from William Whitman; for all of which gratuities were
awarded.

Rhododendron Show, June 5 and 6.

The only classes scheduled were Azaleas and Rhododendrons
from the Hunnewell Fund and the two Society's prizes for the best
displays of herbaceous plants and flowers. The last two were
continued during five summer shows, and prizes were awarded
according to points made.

One was for the best exhibit covering from three to five hundred
square feet and over, to be given a Gold Medal; the other, twenty
bottles or vases and ten genera, for a Silver INIedal. The idea was
a good one but it did not induce competition. There is material
enough in the vicinity of Boston ; what is wanted is ambition. The
large prize — a Gold Medal — went to R. & J. Farquhar and Co.,
and was worthily bestowed. The Silver Medal went to Walter
Hunnewell, who just managed to get within the prescribed limits.
Competition in the case of the Messrs. Farquhar could hardly have
made any difference in the contest, but very likely would in the
other. It would be impossible to give any estimate of the number

REPORT OF C0:MMITTEE ON PLAXTS AXD FLOWERS. 179

of plants and flowers used by the ^Messrs. Farquhar. We can,
however, give approximately the number of species and varieties in
their exhibits through the season. On June o, 200; June 26, 150;
July 17, 150; August 7, 150; August 21, 200; and September 17,
200.

On June 5 the Messrs. Farquhar had about forty different
varieties of German iris. Some of the noteworthy ones were
Gracchus, red and yellow; Presdt. Carnot, blue; Viola, purple;
Asiaticus, violet; Azure Blue, white tinted; ^Slandraliscae, indigo
blue; and a number of others. Other plants or flowers were
Alyssum saxatile compactum, Ajuga repens, Aster Calimeris Jessica,
Aster alpinus albus, Aquilegia olympica, A. nivea grandiflora,
A. caendea, Bellis perennis, a dozen or more small flowered Chinese
chrysanthemums, Centaurea montana, Dicentra eximia, Dictamnus
fraxineUa alba, Doronicnm caucasicum, D. excelsum, Geraniunn
plat y petal urn, Hemerocallis flava, Incarvillea Delavayi, Incarvillea
grandiflora, Lupinus polyphyllus, Lychnis viscaria, L. Flos Jovis,
Linum perenne , Oenothera Youngii, Phlox subulata in variety. Pyre-
thrums, six or eight varieties, Polemonium caeruleum, Papaver
orientale, P. nudicaule, Paeonia officinalis, Silene virginica, Trollins
caucasicus, var. Orange Globe, Trollins japonicus Excelsior, Dar-
win tulips in many varieties, and tufted pansies. The above is
only a partial list and the exhibit covered fully five hundred square
feet.

Honorable Mention was made of the Messrs. Farquhar for
Azalea mollis which was effectively displayed; and of Dr. C. G.
Weld for a very handsome specimen of Cypripedimn Laicrenceanum,
with thirty flowers, and stems nearly two feet long.

The ]Messrs. Thurlow had a good collection of German iris,
noteworthy being. King of Iris, buff standards and brown falls;
Kharhut, dark blue; Cyprian superba, blue; Pallida var. Khedive,
lavender; and Pallida var. australis, dark blue. They also had
some Paeonia officinalis, P. tenui folia, P. decora, and some early-
flowering hybrids.

Max Handler of the Old Town Nurseries, South Xatick, made a
good display of hardy flowers. Among them peonies, German
iris. Lychnis viscaria splendens, Campanula Moerheimii, Aquilegias,
Papaver orientale, Oenothera fruticosa, Pyrethrum roseum in variety,
and Centaurea montana in varietv.

180 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

William Whitman showed German iris, May Queen, lavender;
Innocence, white; Purple King and Doctor, light yellow; also
tree peonies, Zonale Pelargoniums, and Azalea mollis. Mrs. J.
L. Gardner had a nice table of Gloxinias.

Dr. C. G. Weld showed a neatly grown specimen tree fern,
Cibotium Schiedei, and his gardener, Wm. C. Rust, was given a
Cultural Certificate for some well-grown specimen Hydrangeas.

Francis Skinner of Dedham made a good display of Rhododen-
dron blooms with the following named varieties: Hannibal, Deli-
catissimum, James Bateman, Old Port, Sefton, Purpureum Elegans,
Gloriosum, Charles Dickens, Album Elegans, Mrs. Milner, H. H.
Hunnewell, and the new Pink Pearl.

Walter Hunnewell of Wellesley showed two large tables of
Rhododendrons and received first prize. Among the varieties
exhibited were Kettledrum, Lady Grey Egerton, Mrs. Milner,
Lady Armstrong, Album Elegans, Gloriosum, Everestianum,
Delicatissimum, Catawbiense Album, Alexander Dancer, Mrs.
C. S. Sargent, E. S. Rand, Mum, F. L. Ames, Lady Clermont,
Lees Purple, Marshall Brooks, Charles Dickens, Guido, Caractacus,
and Mme. Rolle. Mrs. J. L. Gardner had a large display of mixed
hybrid Rhododendrons.

The Bellevue Nurseries made a good display of hardy plants and
flowers, among them Stellaria Holostea, Armeria maritima, Veronica
re pens, Aquilegia calif ornica, Tradescayitia virginica, Phlox subulata,
Campanula per sici folia, Oenothera fruticosa, hybrid Delphiniums,
German iris, and Pyrethrum roseum in variety.

R. & J. Farquhar & Co. received a Vote of Thanks for a display
of Araucaria excelsa. Honorable Mention went to F. J. Rea of
Norwood for Phlox divaricafa var. Laphami which may be best
described as a robust form of the type.

On June 15 George Hollis of South Weymouth received a First
Class Certificate for peony Snowdrift.

Peony Exhibition.

Although not scheduled a Peony Show was held June 19. Prob-
ably never was there a finer display. William Whitman (Martin
Sullivan, gardener) had over one hundred vases among them Dean

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 181

Hole, a very attractive double pink; Lady Lilian Ogle, a handsome
single with a yellow center; and Moonstone a single with red sepals
and yellow pistils.

E. J. Shaylor of Wellesley Hills had also over one hundred vases,
among them Theresa, pink; White Lady; White Anemone;
Adolph Rosso, red; Eugene Verdier, light pink; Duke of Devon-
shire, pink, cup-shaped flower; Germaine Bigot, pink; Madame
Calot, white; Ceres, a quilled variety with pink sepals and white
center; and the lemon-colored Lutea Plenissima.

T. C. Thurlow & Co. had L'Esperance, pink; Achille, white,
flecked red; Mme. de Verneville, Avhite, tipped carmine; Mme.
Mechin, bright red; and many others.

George Hollis had a number of seedlings in his display: Rev.
L. W. Atwood, white; Seraph, light pink; Mrs. Josephine March,
white; and Pres't C. W. Eliot, pink. Mrs. J. L. Gardner was also
an exhibitor showing the very flne variety, Elegans Superbissima
in her group. Honorable Mention was made of George Hollis'
seedling peonies; of Iris pallida dahnatica exhibited by Charles
W. Parker of MarWehead; of German iris seedlings from F. J.
Rea; and of an exhibit of Spanish iris and Lilium croceum by W.
W. Rawson & Co. Silver Medals were awarded to T. C. Thurlow
& Co. and E. J. Shaylor for displays of peonies.

Rose and Strawberry Exhibition.

The annual Rose Show was held June 26 and 27 and was fully
up to the average in quality of blooms and in number of exhibits,
thanks to the very favorable spring and the absence of rose beetles.
The first and second prizes of the Theodore Lyman Fund for
hybrid perpetual roses were taken by M. H. Walsh of Woods Hole,
\A'ith the following named roses :

Prosper Laugier, crimson

Marquise de Castellane, rose

Tom Wood, cherry red

Ulrich Brunner, red

Mme. Eugene Verdier, soft rose

Marie Rady, red

Eugene Furst

182 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY,

Mme. Gabriel Luizet, light pink

Mrs. Crawford, deep rose

Clio, white

Mrs. John Laing, rose

Baroness Rothschild, pale rose

Helen Keller, rosy cerise

Paul Neyron, red

Magna Charta, pink

Fran Karl Druschki, white

Duke of Teck, crimson

Mrs. F. W. Sanford, blush rose

Earl of Dufferin, velvety crimson

Fisher Holmes, red

Duke of Edinburg, scarlet crimson

Victor Hugo, bright crimson

Marie Bauman, red

Baron de Bonstetten, blackish crimson

Mavourneen, silvery pink

Heinrich Schultheis, pinkish rose

Alfred Colomb, red

E. Y. Teas, red

Alphonse Soupert, rose

A. M. Kirker, bright cerise

Mme. Victor Verdier, cherry red

Mme. Isaac Pereire, bright carmine

Mrs. Paul

Mabel Morrison, white

Margaret Dickson, white

Annie Wood, red

Anna de Diesbach, rose

Bioledieu

Merveille de Lyon, white

La Reine, red

Capt. Hayward, crimson carmine

Francois Levet

Prince de Portia

Prince Arthur, crimson

Rob't Duncan, rosv lake

REPORT OF co:m:mittee on pl.\nts and flowers. 183

Earl of Pembroke, velvety crimson
Gen. Jacqueminot, red
Eugene Verdier, flesh rose

The first prize for best three blooms white went to E. E. Lincoln
of Hingham with Frau Karl Druschki, and first for three blooms
pink with Baroness Rothschild. Robert Seaver first for three
blooms red with Ulrich Brunner. George R. White of ^Manchester
first for three blooms of any new hybrid not offered in American
catalogues previous to 1901, with Frau Karl Druschki.

A Silver Medal was awarded Jackson Dawson for a new hybrid
rambler rose named Prof. C. S. Sargent (WichuraianaXPink
Hybrid). The color is apple blossom shade; flower two inches
across; the flowering branches 12 to 14 inches long. Mr. Dawson
showed two other rambler roses of almost equal merit. One
(WichuraianaX Jacqueminot) has small pink flowers in clusters
which are very neat and pretty for indoor decoration; the other,
Lady Duncan, (WichuraianaX rugosa) is of warm rose color and a
pretty trailer in habit.

A Silver Medal went to Prof. C. S. Sargent (Charles Sander,
gardener) for a new seedling Maximum hybrid Rhododendron.
The color is a beautiful light pink and it is as late as Rhododendron
Wellesliana.

A Bronze Medal was awarded to the Bellevue Nurseries for an
artistic display in pots of hardy herbaceous and alpine plants and
flowers. W. G. Postings of Newport, R. L, received a First Class
Certificate for seedling, branching Delphinium Belladonna. W.
W. Rawson & Co. took a First Class Certificate for a display of
new sweet peas. George Hollis, E. J. Shaylor, and T. C. Thurlow
& Co. each got Honorable Mention for displays of peonies. Votes
of Thanks went to T. C. Thurlow & Co. for vases of Kalmia
latifolia; to W. A. Manda for herbaceous plants; and to R. & J.
Farquhar & Co. for a display of peonies. Gratuities were given to
Mrs. E. M. Gill, F. J. Rea, W. A. Riggs, W. A. INIanda, Wm.
Whitman, and Mrs. Frederick Ayer for miscellaneous displays of
herbaceous and other plants and flowers.

Mr. Shaylor's peonies included Baroness Schroeder, white;
Marie Lemoine, ivory white; Aurora, white, semi-double; Pierre
Duchartre, blush pink; John Richardson, light pink; Theresa,
light pink; Rosa Bonheur, light rose; and Adolph Rosso, red.

184 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Noteworthy plants and flowers in the Messrs. Farquhars' collec-
tion were several handsome seedling peonies and the following
named standard kinds: Marie I^emoine, white with gold reflex;
White Perfection, blush white; Homei, rose; Flambeau, ragged
pink; Marechal Vaillant, crimson; and Fragrantissima, red;
also Campanula persicifolia, var. Humosa, a new clear blue; Spiraea
Queen Alexandra, the new rose-colored variety; Prunella Weh-
biana; Delphinium sibiricum; foxgloves; Canterbury bells;
Coreopsis grandi flora; Erigeron speciosus; larkspurs; Lychnis
Chalcedonica; Lilium. elegans venusta; L. philippinense; Pent-
stemon atropurpureus; Mertensia sihirica; Oenothera Fraseri;
Campanula rotimdifolia; Tritoma Empress; and many others.

The Bellevue Nurseries had these among many others : Aquilegia
californica hybrids; Pentstemon harhatus Torreyi; P. pubescens;
Polemonium Richardsoni; Armeria maritima, var. Laiichiana;
Arrenathera bulbosa variegata; Lilium tennifolium; var. atropur-
pureum; Festuca glauca; Delphinium Barloivi; Sedum acre;
Sedum album; Sedum Maximowiczii; Anthemis Kelwayi; Phlox
glaberrima; Funkia glauca; and Fragaria coccinea.

Walter Hunnewell's display included Delphiniums; Japanese
iris; Gypsophila paniculata, pi.; Phlox Mme. Lingard; Lilium
excelsum; L. Humboldti; Achillea; Eupatorium; Senecio japoni-
cum; Asclepias tuberosa; Sidalcea oregana; and Inula salicina.

Sw^EET Pea Exhibition.

On July 17 and 18 sweet peas were the feature and the flowers
were of high quality. There seems to be a growing tendency
towards the elimination of synonyms and better and distinctive
colors are now the rule.

The best in W. J. Clemson's table (J. O. Christenson, gardener)
were Gladys Unwin, pale pink; White Spencer; Navy Blue;
Countess Spencer, light pink; Bolton's Pink, reddish pink; Prin-
cess of Wales, magenta; Dorothy Eckford, Avhite; Miss Willmott,
salmon; Grisel Hamilton, lavender; Nora Unwin, Avhite; and
King Edward VII, red. Dr. F. S. DeLue of Needham had Apple
Blossom; White Spencer; Primrose Spencer; King Edward VII,
red; Pink Countess Spencer; Frank Dolby; Midnight; George

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 185

Herbert, carmine; Helen Pierce, blue and white; and Lovely,
flesh pink.

Among ^Morton F. Plant's sweet peas (Thomas W. Head, Sup't)
were Navy Blue; America, striped red; Henry Eckford, salmon;
Katherine Tracey, light pink; Xora Breedmore, yellow; Beatrice
Spencer, pink; Mrs. Sankey Spencer, white; Dorothj- Tennant,
dark mauve; James Ingram, dark pink; White Wonder; Maid of
Honor, white, blue tinted; and James Greive, pink.

Giraud Foster of Lenox (Edwin Jenkins, gardener) received
Honorable Mention for two new sweet peas: Countess of Xorth-
brook, rose, and Mrs. George Higginson, Junior, lavender.

Gratuities were awarded Mrs. F. S. DeLue, Wm. A. Riggs,
T. D. Hatfield, Francis Skinner, Morton F. Plant, William Whit-
man, Langwater Gardens, and Giraud Foster for sweet pea displays.
Honorable Mention was made of a 'new seedling Delphinium
shown by Wm. A. Riggs; a Bronze ISIedal was given to the Messrs.
Farquhar for a comprehensive display of Japanese iris; and a
Vote of Thanks to Walter Hunnewell for some handsome plants of
Browallia speciosa major.

The Old Town Nurseries showed cut flowers of Eryngium
amethijstinum, Delphinium formosum, Rudbeckia suhtomentosa,
phloxes B. Compte, Richard Wallace, Lothair, and Pantheon,
Liatris spicata, Euphorbia corollata, Physostegia virginica, and
Astilbe Davidii. The Bellevue Xurseries had among others
Veronica spicata, Lobelia cardinalis, Sedum spectabile, Asclepias
tuberosa, Monarda didyma, Gypsophila paniculata, Penfstemon
barbatus, and Delphinium Barlowi.

The Messrs. Farquhar exliibited over one hundred different
kinds of plants and flowers among them Achillea Ageratum, Aconi-
tum napellus bicolor, Agrostemma coronaria, Armeria maritima,
Campanula carpatica alba, C. nobilis, Calimeris incisa. Coreopsis
verticillata, Dianthus Napoleon HI, Delphinium chinensis alba,
D. formosum, Erigeron speciosus, Eupatorium Fraseri, Funkia
caerulea, Galium boreale, Galega officinalis, var., Heuchera sati-
guinea, Iberis gibraltarica Lilium tigrinum splendens, L. Henryi,
L. superbum, Stokesia cyanea, Scabiosa ochroleucha, Tritoma
Empress, and Thalictrum Baumannii.

186 massachusetts horticultural society.

Exhibition of Phloxes and Annuals.

August 7 and 8 were set apart for annuals, phloxes, and herba-
ceous plants, and the exhibition was one of the best of the season.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner (William Thatcher, gardener) made a very
fine show of annuals including Acrolinium roseum, Alysmim
maritimiivi, Amarantus caudatus, Ammobium. alatum, var. grandi-
florum, Antirrhinum majus in variety, Arctotis grandis, Kochia
tricopkylla, Cacalia coccinea, C. lutea, Celosia plumosa, C. cristata,
Centaurea cyanus, C. imperialis, Clarkia elegans, Cosmos hipimiata,
Dimorphotheca aurantiaca, Dianthus Hedwigii, Escholtzia cali-
fornica, Galliardia Lorenziana, Helianthus cucumerif otitis, Godetia
Whitneyi Lady Albemarle, Shirley poppies, China asters, stocks,
sweet peas, balsams, zinnias, and petunias.

The best phloxes shown by T. C. Thurlow & Co. were Flambeau,
red; G. A. Strohlein, salmon red; Flora Hornung, light pink;
Elma, deep red; Saison Lierval, white with dark center; Von
Lassburg, white; R. P. Struthers, salmon pink; and Edmond
Rostrand, rose with white center. F. J. Rea of Norwood had the
following varieties in his collection of phloxes: Le Cygne, white;
Henry Murger, white; James Bennett, pink, crimson center;
Gen. Chanzy, scarlet pink; Lumineum, deep pink, light center;
Montagnard, bright dark crimson; Brunette, bright cardinal red;
and Coccinea, deep red. J. F. Flood & Co. of Dedham showed
the following named varieties in their exhibit: Glenwood, salmon
with crimson center; Mme. Meuret, deep salmon pink; Tapis
Blanc, white, dwarf grower; Independence, white; Oracle, rose;
Esperance, lilac; and Miss Elphick, bright pink.

The Messrs. Farquhar were given Honorable INIention for a new
Chinese lily named Prof. C. S. Sargent. It is white ^^'ith a yellow
throat widely campanulate and quite distinct from any yet in
cultivation. They were also awarded Honorable IMention for a
display of herbaceous flowers. Honorable Mention was made of
B. H. Tracy's display of seedling gladioli among which were some
very promising varieties in new shades of red and yellow. Hon-
orable Mention was given to W. W. Rawson &: Co. for a display
of seedling dahlias; and to the Bellevue Nurseries for a new dark
red phlox named Favorite. The Messrs. Farquhar showed among

REPORT OF CO:SIMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 187

other things a neat lot of tender roses, grown out of doors, among
them being Killarney, Kaiserin Augusta, Carohne Testout, Capt.
Christy, and Perle des Jardins.

W. W. Rawson & Co. had some nice Lilium Batemanae. In the
display made by the Old Town Nurseries were Uniola latifolia,
Lepachys pimiata, Campanula mariesi, Bocconia cordata, Scabiosa
caucasica, Hemerocallis Thunhergii, Calimeris incisa, Astilhe
Davidii, several phloxes, and Achillea the Pearl.

Walter Hunnewell showed phloxes Brunnette, Mme. Meuret,
Richard Wallace, and Tapis Blanc; also Lilium viyriophyllum,
a new lily from China, with stems seven feet tall carrying eight to
ten large white flowers. He exhibited also Lilium tigrinum, L.
superhum,' Stoke sia cyanea, Authemis tinctoria, Rudbeckia speciosa,
Aconitum napellus bicolor, Asclepias tuber osa, Lythrum salicaria
roseum, Veronica longifolia subsessilis, and Monarda didyma.

Exhibition August 21 and 22.

August 21 was the day for Chinese asters, annuals, phloxes,
gladioli, and other seasonable flowers. Honorable Mention was
awarded the following: Mrs. Alvin Fuller of Norwood for a display
of Hohenzollen aster; R. & J. Farquhar & Co. for a collection of
Hybrid Tea and other roses; and B. H. Tracy for gladiolus Faust,
a grand new variety of intense cardinal red color. A Silver Medal
was awarded ]Mr. Tracy for an artistic display of gladiolus. W.
W. Rawson & Co. received a First Class Certificate for three new
gladioli: Hohenstaufen, white, suffused with soft pinjv, throat
scarlet, edged yellow; Steinhausen, large flowers, salmon red;
and Mrs. Frank Pendleton, salmon pink with red blotch, the
flowers very large.

Gratuities were awarded H. M. Pratt, Concord, Old Town
Nurseries, and Bellevue Nurseries for displays of herbaceous
flowers; to Mrs. J. L. Gardner for annuals; William Whitman for
display of phloxes, Chinese asters, and Lilium tigrinum; C. W.
Parker for roses; and to T. C. Thurlow & Co. and F. J. Rea for
displays of phloxes.

The Bellevue Nurseries put up an interesting collection of herba-
ceous plants and flowers including Rudbeckia fulgida, Veronica

188 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

longifolia, var. svbsessilis, Liatris spicata, Helehium autumnale ,
Campanula grandiflora, Montbretias, Gaillardias, Echinops ritro,
and sunflowers. Walter Hunnewell showed Adanophora Poianini,
Physostegia virginica, Liliiim superbum, L. Heyiryi, L. myrio-
phyllum, Galega officinalis rosea, Liatris pycnostachya, Euphorbia
corollata, Delphinium elahim. hybrids, and Helianthus decapetalus
plenus.

The Messrs. Farquhar, as usual, made an attractive display
showing twelve lilies among them Liliiim auratum, L. speciosum,
L. Henryi, L. myriophyllum, L. melpomene, L. Batemanae, and L,
Leichtlini; they also showed some seedling Tritomas; and sixty-
three named phloxes, a few of the best being, B. Compte, purplish
crimson; Crystal Palace, mauve; Eugene Dauzarvilliers, rosy
lilac; T. G. von Lassburg, white; Marquis de St. Paul, salmon
pink; Pecheur dTslande, crimson red; Prof. Schlieman, bright
rosy lilac; R. F. Struthers, salmon pink: Von Goethe, salmon rose,
Eclaireur, rose; and Saison Lierval, white with pink center.

H, M. Pratt of Concord made a good display of herbaceous
flowers. They were neatly put up and carefully named. Among
therft were Althaea rosea, Delphinium formosum, Dianthus plu-
marius, Malva moschata, Iberis gibraltarica, Crucianella stylosa,
Platycodon grandi flora, Clematis Davidiana, Centaurea montana,
Lysimachia clethraoides, Helenium Bigelovi, Digitalis grandiflora,
Dicentra eximia. Tunica saxifraga, Gypsophila acutiloba, and
many others.

On September 11 Honorable Mention was given Edward J.
Mitton (J^hua Lawson, gardener) for a new orchid Cattleya bicolor
X Lelio-Cattleya Truffantiana, the Mikado.

Autumn Exhibition.

September 17 was the date set for the Annual Autumn Show.
It was formerly customary to have at this exhibition large displays
of tropical plants. It was then a meeting of the gardeners and a
test of their skill. It is a misfortune that we no longer see them.
Displays of cut flowers we have all summer so that these particular
examples of the gardeners' skill under glass would be a welcome
change.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 189

Dahlias were the feature and they were especially o;ood. Many
of the displays were most tastefully arranged and particular atten-
tion evidently was paid to the arrangement of colors. A Silver
Medal went to R. & J. Farquhar & Co. for an artistic display of
dahlias, and First Class Certificates were awarded them for the
Peony Flowered dahlias Bertha Von Suttoner, an elegant flower of
rose pink and light yellow; and for Geisha, a flower with scarlet
ground, tipped and striped with bright yellow. Honorable Mention
was given to Wm. A. Riggs for Peony Flowered dahlias and to
Herman Winter of Medford for a collection of Cactus dahlias.
Bronze Medals were awarded H. F. Burt of Taunton for a very
comprehensive display of dahlias, including all the types; and to
J. K. Alexander of East Bridgewater for a tastefully arranged
exhibit of the Cactus class. A First Class Certificate was given to
W. D. Hathaway of New Bedford for a collection of dahlias. The
new Peony Flowered dahlias shown by Wm. A. Riggs included
Queen Emma, white; Garibaldi, maroon; Germania, red; King
Leopold, creamy white; and Glory of Baarn, pink.

The Old Town Nurseries made a pretty display of herbaceous
flowers set off with grasses. This exhibit included the perennial
asters Mme. Soyneur, hyssopifolia, and grandiflora, several
phloxes, Centaurea montana, Lobelia cardinalis, Sedum spectabile,
Heleniiim mitiimnale, var. grandicephalum, Delphinium elatum
hybrids, Gaillardia, and other flowers. Walter Hunnewell's
display included sunflowers. Scabious, Solidagos, Hibiscus, Rud-
beckias, and many other autimm flowers.

The Messrs. Farquhar made a brilliant display in large quantity
of over two hundred different kinds of autumn flowers. There
were over forty varieties of perennial asters, mostly of the A.
novae-belgii type including Danitie, Minnie, Brightness, Grandesse,
Starlight, Junius, and Mrs. Davis Evans, as well as some varieties
of Aster novae-angliae; about twenty-five late phloxes, among them
Albion, Reichsgraf von Hochberg, B. Compte, Jeanne d'Arc, Von
Goethe, Moliere, and Henry Murger; several handsome Violas or
tufted pansies; the following varieties of Montbretias: Martagon,
Gov. Davison, Excelsior, Kohinoor, Tanneboen, and California;
Anemone japonica Lovely, Tourbelin, and Kreimhilde. Sedums
and Semperviviums were used most efl^ectively in giving a rock

190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

garden effect. For this purpose tlie following named kinds were
used; Sedum acre, aurea, o p pos it i folium, senangularis, stoloni-
ferum, and kamtschaticum; Sempervivium avernense, Heufellii,
Greenii, tectorum, arachnoideum, flageUiformis, and sobaliferum.
Besides these were Funkias, Salvias, Digitalis, Gaillardias, Poten-
tillas, Rudbeckias, Delphiniums, Veronicas, Hibiscus, Pentstemons,
Dianthus, Stokesia cyanea. Lobelia cardinalis, sunflowers, lilies,
and about twenty-five different kinds of hardy ferns.

The Bellevue Nurseries had Aster Parkmani, A. hessarabica, and
forms of novae-angliae, Stachys lanata, Clielone Lyoni, Violas in
variety, several varieties of Anemone japonica, one especially deeply
colored variety named Prince Henry, several hardy chrysanthe-
mums, Veronica spicata nana, Digitalis liitea, and a number of kinds
which had been seen at previous shows.

October 24 the Messrs. Farquhar exhibited a Single chrysanthe-
mum grown from seed collected in Korea, representing the original
Chrysanthemum indicum, one of the progenitors of the present-day
race. The flowers are about one inch in diameter, slightly tinted
white. The plant grows about eighteen inches high and is very
floriferous. Honorable Mention was made of this.

The Chrysanthemum Show.

The annual Chrysanthemum Show was held November 5 to 8.
In many respects it was better than it has been for years. The
specimen plants were nearer the standard and the cut blooms, if
not as immerous, were fully up to the average in quality.

Morton F. Plant's (Thos. W. Head, Supt.) flowers were espe-
cially fine and we never saw better specimen plants than those
shown by Wm. A. Riggs and Mr. Plant. The specimens of Garza
from the last named gentleman were models in training. Dr.
C. G. Weld's (Wm. C. Rust, gardener) plants were excellent but a
trifle late. Thomas E. Proctor's (James Marlborough, gardener)
semi-double pink, Helen Totty, w^as very pretty and paired well
with the Garza.

Walter Hunnewell's exhibit was set up a little out of the ordinary.
Some attempt was made by the use of groups of evergreens and
other foliage plants to give it a garden effect. The plan was not

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 191

elaborate but enough was done to show what might be aceompHshed
on these Hues.

The commercial plants showed some improvement though still
behind what they should be. Much better plants of the commer-
cial class could be seen in the display of Walter Hunnewell.

The orchid group set up by John Mutch, grower for Wheeler
& Co., Waban, was typical of what an orchid display should be and
in line with what we shall expect at the Orchid Show next May,
only on a grander scale. Fifty feet were taken up, and seventy-
one orchid plants and thirty-six cut sprays were used, in all ten
genera and twenty-one species.

The first prize for twenty-five cut blooms of chrysanthemums
(Josiah Bradlee Fund) was taken by Morton F. Plant with the
following named varieties: Mrs. Norman Davis, white Japanese;
Lady Hopetown, pink Jap.; Mrs. L. Thorne, yellow Jap. Incurved;
O. H. Broomhead, pink Jap. Reflexed; Beatrice May, white Jap.
Inc.; iSIrs. O. H. Kahn, bronze Jap. Inc.; Wm. Duckham, })ink
Jap. Inc.; Chehoni, yellow Jap. Inc.; Mrs. F. Pearse, bronze
Jap. Inc.; Mrs. Wm. Duckham, yellow Jap. Inc.; Merza, white
Jap. Inc.; Reginald Vallis, amaranth Jap. Ref.; Mrs. H. Barnes,
terra cotta Jap. Inc.; Leslie jNIorrison, crimson Jap. Inc.; Yellow
Miller, yellow Jap.; Clara Wells, yellow Jap. Inc.; W. M. Moir,
white Jap. Inc.; Pres't Viger, pink Jap.; Glen view, bronze Jap.
Inc.; Frank Payne, pink Jap. Ref.; Mrs. J. C. Neil, yellow Jap.
Inc.; F. S. Vallis, yellow Jap.; Brighthurst, pink Jap. Ref.; Mrs.
R. F. Felton, bronze Jap. Inc.; and Mrs. H. Partridge, red Jap Inc.

The Henry A. Gane Memorial Fund prize went to James Nicol
with a magnificent vase of Mrs. Jerome Jones. The prize for
twelve blooms Japanese went to Thomas Howden with Cheltoni,
yellow; Mrs. D. W. West, white; Nellie Pockett, white; Mrs.
J. C. Hill, yellow: Mrs. Partridge, crimson; F. S. Vallis, yellow;
Mrs. C. Totty, pink; Mrs. J. E. Dunne, bronze; Mdlle. Simon
Jossier, white; Morton F. Plant, pink; and Beatrice May, white.

The first for best twelve Japanese Incurved went to Morton F.
Plant with ISIrs. H. Partridge, red; W. M. Moir, white; C. Mon-
tigny, yellow; Cheltoni, yellow; Wm. Duckham, pink; Mrs. R.
F. Felton, bronze; Mrs. H. Barnes, terra cotta; Nellie Pockett,
white; Mrs. Geo. Hunt, yellow; Mrs. O. H. Kahn, bronze; Mrs.
J. C. Neil, yellow; and Mrs. F. Pearse, bronze.

192 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The first for twelve Japanese Reflexed went to Mrs. Lester
Leland (Eric Wetterlow, gardener) with Mary Mason, bronze;
O. H. Broomhead, Hght pink; Mrs. Wm. Duckham, pink; Gen.
Hutton, yellow; Miss May Seddon, white; Brighthurst, pink;
De la Comtesse Reilly, purple; Mrs. Norman Davis, white; Regi-
nald Vallis, purple; and F. S. Vallis, yellow.

The first for six best introductions of the current year went to
Morton F. Plant with Leslie Morrison, crimson Jap. Inc.; P>ank
Payne, pink Jap. Ref.; Mrs. O. H. Kahn, bronze Jap. Inc.; Mrs.
L. Thorne, yellow Jap. Inc.; Charles Beckett, gold Jap. Inc.;
and Rose Pockett, bronze Jap. Ref.

The first for best vase of long-stemmed blooms. Red, went to
Morton F. Plant with Mrs. W. H. Partridge. First for long-
stemmed White to Peter B. Robb with Merza. First for long-
stemmed Pink to Morton F. Plant with Brighthurst. First for
long-stemmed Yellow to Morton F. Plant with Mrs. Wm. Duck-
ham. First for long-stemmed Crimson to Morton F. Plant with
Leslie Morrison.

Especially noteworthy was the Messrs. Farquhars' neat display
of Begonia Gloire de Lorraine, dahlias, and ferns of which Hon-
orable Mention was made. A Bronze Medal was awarded R.
Vincent Jr. & Sons Co. of Whitemarsh, Maryland, for an extensive
display of Pompone and other small-flowering chrysanthemums.
The Bellevue Nurseries got a First Class Certificate for Anemone
japonica, Prince Henry, a lovely semi-double pink. Julius Roehrs
Co. of Rutherford, New Jersey, and Lager & Hurrell of Summit,
New Jersey, were given Honorable Mention for displays of orchids.
Julius Roehrs Co. was awarded a First Class Certificate for a new
yellow variegated Croton with deeply cut tripartite leaves; and the
same award was made to Peter Fisher for a new satiny-pink car-
nation named May Day. A Bronze INIedal was awarded the
Langwater Gardens, North Easton (Wm. N. Craig, Supt.) for a
handsome display of single-flowering chrysanthemums and a beau-
tiful vase of a chrome-colored chrysanthemum named Old Gold.
Honorable Mention was made of a very handsome table of Nerines
shown by W. W. Rawson & Co.; and the same recognition was
made for a salmon-pink carnation named Pink Delight exhibited
by S. J. Goddard, and for a new white carnation named Shasta
shown by M. A. Patten.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

193

The Messrs. Farquhars' group of evergreens was a remarkable
assemblage of coniferous trees and shrubs and of great educational
value. They were all handsome plants and sufficiently large to
give an idea of their value in the garden. A Silver Medal was
awarded this display and a list of the species and varieties shown
is given herewith.

List of Coniferous Trees and Shrubs exhibited in Horticultural
Hall on November 4, 1909, by R. and J. Farquhar & Co. :

Picea canadensis
" excelsa
" " aurea

" Parry ana
" " Kosteriana

" Engelmanui
Abies Nordmanniana
" concolor
" " violacea

Pseudotsuga Douglasii
Juniperus communis

" suecica

japonica

" aurea
chinensis

" aurea
" pendula
" squamata
virginiana

" prostrata

sabina

The amount appropriated for the committee was
Amount expended in money prizes and gratuities
Amount expended for medals ....
Unexpended balance .....

We have also awarded

2 Gold Medals
22 Silver Medals

Pinus Laricio-austriaca
" montana
" Strobus
" sylvestris
Retinispora ericoides
Chamaecyparis pisifera

" filifera
" " aurea
" plumosa
" " aurea
" squarrosa
" " Veitchii
obtusa

" nana
Sciadopitys verticillata
Thuya occidentalis

lutea
" " Ellwangeriana

" " George Peabody

" " pyramidalis

" " Vervaeneana

" " sibirica

" " plicata

.S3,668.00

3,122.00

234.50

311.50

194 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

15 Bronze jNIedals

26 First Class Certificates of Merit

6 Cultural Certificates
46 Honorable Mentions
10 Votes of Thanks
A detailed list of the awards made during the year is herewith
appended.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS AND

FLOWERS.

1909.

January 16.

Primula Kew'ensis. — Six plants in not less than five-inch pots:

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $5; 2d, Mrs. J. M. Sears, $3; 3d, Mrs. J.
L. Gardner, .$2.
Primula Sinensis. — Six plants in not less than six-inch pots:

1st, William Whitman, $5; 2d, E. J. Mitton, $3; 3d, Mrs. J. M. Sears,
$2.
Primula stellata. — Six plants in not less than sbc-inch pots:

1st, William Whitman, $5; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3.
Primula obconica varieties. — Six plants in not less than six-inch pots:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6; 2d, Mrs. J. M. Sears, $3; 3d, Mrs. Fred-
erick Ayer, .$2.
Begonia Gloire de Lorraine. — Six plants in pots:

2d, Mrs. J. M. Sears, $8.
Cyclamens. — Six plants in not over seven-inch pots.

1st, Mrs. J. M. Sears, $10; 2d, Mrs. A, W. Blake, $8.
Carnations. — Four vases, distinct varieties, twenty-five blooms each:

1st, C. S. Strout, $10; 2d, M. A. Patten, $8; 3d, S. J. Goddard, $6

Gratuities: —

William Whitman, display of Primulas, $8.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, " " " $2.

C. S. Strout, vase of Carnation Winsor, $2.

Miss E. J. Clark, Violets, $1.

S. J. Goddard, Freesia Purity, $2.

]\Irs. J. M. Sears, display, $5.

awards for plants and flowers. 195

Spring Exhibition.
March 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28.

(Continued to April 4.)

Azalea Indica. — Eight plants in at least four varieties:
1st, Edward MacMulkin, $15; 2d, E. W. Breed, $10.
Three plants, distinct varieties, not less than tliirty-six inches in diam-
eter, for private growers only:
1st, Wilham Whitman, $12; 2d, William Whitman, $10.
Palms. — Pair in pots or tubs:

1st, Edward MacMulkin, $12; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Aver, $10; 3d,
William Whitman, $8.
Ericas. — Six plants in not less than three species:

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $12; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $8.
Hard-Wooded Greenhouse Plants. — Six specimens, other than Acacias,
Azaleas, and Ericas:
2d, J. R. Leeson, $8.
Rambler Roses. — Three plants, distinct varieties {for vrivale growers
only) •
1st, Miss S. B. Fay, $12; 2d, Miss S. B. Fay, $8; 3d, Miss S. B. Fay,
$6.
Group of Roses. — Not less than twelve plants, all classes admissible, open
to commercial growers only:
1st, M. H. Walsh, $40; 2d, M. H. Walsh, .$30.
Display of Forced Hardy Herbaceous and Alpine Plants. — Not
less than twenty-five varieties, arranged for effect:
1st, Bellevue Greenhouses, $20.
Cyclamens. — Twelve plants, in not over seven-inch pots:

1st, Dr. C. G. Weld, $15; 2d, J. S. Bailey, $10; 3d, Dr. C. G. Weld,
$6.
Six plants, in not over ten-inch pots:

1st, E. J. Mitton, $25; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $15; 3d, Mrs. Fred-
erick Ayer, $10.
Cinerarias. — Grandiflora type, six varieties:

1st, W. A. Riggs, $12; 2d, Dr. C. G. Weld, $8; 3d, J. S. Bailey, $6.
Stellata type:

1st, William Wliitman, $12; 2d, WiUiam Whitman, $8; 3d, Mrs. J. L.
Gardne, $6.
Schizanthus. — Six plants, in pots:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5; 2d, J. S. Bailey, $3; 3d, Mrs. J. L. Gard-
ner, $2.
Hyacinths. — Six pans, not exceeding ten inches in diameter, six bulbs
of one distinct variety in each pan:
1st, W. A. Riggs, $12; 2d, Wilham Whitman, $8. '

196 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Single pan, not exceeding twelve inches in diameter, with ten bulbs of
one variety:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $4; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner^ $3; 3d, Mrs. J.
L. Gardner, $2.
Early Tulips. — Six eight-inch pans, nine bulbs of one distinct variety
in each pan:
1st, WiUiam Whitman, $10; 2d, W. A. Riggs, $8; 3d, Mrs. J. M.
Sears, $6.
Late Tulips. — Six ten-inch pans, one distinct variety in each pan, the
number of bulbs at the discretion of the exhibitor:
1st, W. A. Riggs, .115; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, .1510.
Narcissuses. — Collection of Large Trumpet varieties, not less than ten
eight-inch pots or pans, one distinct variety in each:
1st, WilUam Whit«nan, $15; 2d, W. A. Riggs, $12; 3d, Mrs. J. L.
Gardner, $8.
Collection of Short Trumpet varieties, not less than ten eight-inch pots
or pans, one distinct variety in each:
1st, William Whitman, $15; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $12.
Amaryllises. — Twelve pots, distinct varieties:

1st, Mrs. J. M. Sears, $15; 2d, Mrs. J. M. Sears, $10.
Group of Easter Flowering Plants. — Arranged for effect with palms
or other foliage, not less than two hundred square feet:
1st, Thomas Roland, $50; 2d, Edward MacMulkin, $30.
General Display of Spring Bulbous Plants. — All classes, to be ar-
ranged with foliage plants:
1st, William Wliitman, $30.
Forced Bulbs (For amateurs only). — Six pans, six inches in diameter,
grown without the aid of a frame or greenhouse :
1st, Miss M. A. Rand, $10; 2d, H. L. Rand, $8; 3d, Miss M. A. Rand,
$6.
Orchids. — Group of plants arranged for effect with ferns or other foliage
plants, to cover not less than fifty square feet:
1st, E. B. Dane, $40; 2d, S. A. Borden, $30; 3d, E. J. Mitton, $20.
Specimen plant:

1st, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $6; 2d, S. A. Borden, .$4.
Tender Roses, in vases. — Twenty-five blooms of American Beauty:
1st, Waban Rose Conservatories, $25; 2d, F. R. Pierson Co., $15.
The Bride:

1st, Montrose Greenhouses, $12.
Bridesmaid:

1st, Montrose Greenhouses, $12.
Richmond :

1st, Montrose Greenhouses, $15; 2d, W. H. Elliott, $10.
Killarney :

1st, W. H. EUiott, $15.
Any other pink variety:

3d, W. H. EUiott, Bon SilSne, $6.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 197

Any other variety of a color not otherwise provided for in the hst:
3d, W. H. EUiott, Safrano, $6.
Carnations. — Vase of one hundred cut blooms of one variety, with foliage :
1st, M. A. Patten, Genevieve, $12.
Twenty-five blooms of any named Crimson variety:

1st, M. A. Patten, Sara Nicholson, $5; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, Harry
Fenn, $i; 3d, Edward Winkler, Harry Fenn, .^3.
Dark Pink variety:

1st, C. S. Strout, Afterglow, $5.
Winsor-shade variety :

1st, C. S. Strout, Winsor, $5; 2d, M. A. Patten, Winsor, $4; .3d,
Backer & Co., Rose-pink Enchantress, $3.
Enchantress-shade Pink variety:

1st, R. D. Kimball, Enchantress, $5; 2d, M. A. Patten, Enchantress,
$4; 3d, M. A. Patten, Melody, 13.
Scarlet variety:

1st, John Barr, Beacon, $5; 2d, M. A. Patten, Beacon, $4; 3d, B. P.
Winch, Beacon, $3.
White Variegated variety:

1st, M. A. Patten, Variegated Lawson, $5; 2d, R. D. Kimball, Varie-
gated Lawson, $4.
Yellow Variegated variety:

1st, M. A. Patten, Hattie Starrett, $5.
White variety:

1st, M. A. Patten, Wliite Perfection, $5; 2d, C. S. Strout, White En-
chantress. $4.
Violets. — Bunch of one hundred blooms of any single variety:

1st, Estey Brothers, -13; 2d, WilHam Sim, $2; 3d, H. M. Howard, $1.
Bunch of one hundred blooms of any double variety:

1st, L. E. Small, $3 ; 2d, H. M. Sanderson, $2; 3d, N. F. Comley, $1.
Sweet Peas. — Two vases, distinct varieties, one hundred blooms in each:

1st, Wilham Sim, $5; 2d, N. F. Comley, $4; 3d, William Sim, S3.
Antirrhinums. — Vase of twenty-five spikes:

1st, R. D. Kimball, $6.
For the best Mantel Decoration of Plants and Flowers:

1st, Edward MacMulkin, .$50; 2d, Mrs. E. M. Gill, $30; 3d, Sidney
Hoffman, $20.

Gratuities : —

Harvard Botanic Garden, artistic display, $50.

Edward MacMulkin, display of Palms, $25.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, Acacias, $10.

.John Barr, display of Cyclamens, $10.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Chorizemas, $5.

John Streiferd & Co., display of Cytisus, $5.

198 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Mrs. J. M. Sears, Primroses, S3.

Dr. C. G. Weld, Rhododendron Mary Weld, $2. \

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, Gardenia florida, $3.

Mrs. H. F. Durant, Phaius grandifoUus, $S.

W. A. Riggs, Rose Tausendschon, $3.

M. A. Patten, vase of Carnations, $4.

William Sim, display of Sweet Peas, $5.

Mrs. J. L Gardner, Darwin Tulips, $4.

Mrs. J. M. Sears, Camellia blooms, $1.

W. C. Ward, Pansies, $1.

Mrs. J. M. Sears, display, $2.

Gratuities awarded March 29.

S. J. Goddard, display of Carnations. 15.
R. D. Kimball, " " " $3.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Celsia Arcturus,%Z.
Edward MacMulkin, additional display, $20.

Harvard Botanic Garden, " " $5.

M. H. Walsh, " " $5.

Thomas Roland, renewal, $10.
John Barr, " $7.

Edward MacMulkin, " %b.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " $3.

Gratuities awarded April 3.

Edward MaclVIulkin, additional display, $25.

E. J. Mitton, " " $10.

William Sim, " " $25.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, " " $12.

M. A. Patten, " " $5.

W. A. Riggs, " " $5.
Thomas Roland, renewal, $10.

Edward MacMulkin, renewing mantels. $10.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " $5.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 199

/

May Exhibition.

May 22 and 23.

Gratuities: —

W. A. Riggs, Clerodendron Balfouri and I^'y- leaved Geraniums, S15.

Bellevue Greenhouses, display of hardy plants, in pots, $8. \ cj

Julius Roehrs Co., display of stove plants, $12.

E. J. Mitton, display of Shrubby Calceolarias, $10.

William Whitman, display of Zonale Pelargoniums, .$15.

Wilham Whitman, display of Azalea Indica, $3. )< *

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, display of Campanula Medium, $3.

Oldtown Nurseries, Downicum excelsum, $3.

Julius Roehrs Co., display of Orchids, $15.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, " " " $10.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, Marguerite Pink Queen Alexandra, $3.

M. A. Patten, vase of Carnations, $3.

Mrs. A. W. Blake, display of Pansies, $1.

Harvard Botanic Garden, display of Tulips and Narcissuses, $10.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, cut flowers, $3.

Rhododendron Exhibition.

June 5 and 6.

H. H. Hunnewell Fund.

Rhododendrons. — Largest and best collection, not less thanTfifteen
distinct varieties, six trusses of each, from plants that have been
grown in the open in Massachusetts for at least three years:
1st, Walter Hunnewell, $20.
Hardy Azaleas. — Twelve varieties, six trusses of each:
1st, Wilham Whitman, $10.

Gratuities : —

William Wliitman, display of Chinese Peonies, Azaleas, Geraniums, and

Iris, $10.
T. C. Thurlow & Co., display of Iris and Peonies, $4.
Mrs. Frederick Ayer, Fuchsias, Tree Fern, and Iris, $7.
Dr. C. G. Weld, specimen Hydrangeas, $6.
Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of Gloxinias, $3.
Bellevue Greenhouses, display of hardy plants in pots, $10.
Oldtown Nurseries, display of hardy flowers, $3.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, cut flowers, $2.

200 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

\

June 19.

Gratuities: —

William Whitman, display of double and single Peonies, $15.
Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of Peonies, $5.

Rose and Strawberry Exhibition.

June 26 and 27.

Special Prizes.

Theodore Lyman Fund.

Hardy Roses. — Twenty-four distinct named varieties, three of each
variety :
1st, M. H. Walsh, $25; 2d, M. H. Walsh, $20; .3d, E. E. Lincoln, $15.

John C. Chaffin Fund.
[For amateurs only.)

Best three blooms of any WJiite Hybrid Perpetual Rose:

1st, E. E. Lincoln, Frau Karl Druschki, .$5.
Best three blooms of any Pink Hybrid Perpetual Rose :

1st, E. E. Lincoln, Baroness Rothschild, $5; 2d, Robert Seaver, Mrs.
John Laing, $3; 3d, E. E. Lincoln, Mme. Gabriel Luizet, $2.
Best three blooms of any Red Hybrid Perpetual Rose:

1st, Robert Seaver, Ulrich Brunner, $5; 2d, Robert Seaver, Capt.
Hayward, $3; 3d, E. E. Lincoln, Ulrich Brunner, $2.
Best three blooms of any new Hybrid Perpetual Rose not offered in any

American catalogues previous to 1900:
G. R. White, Frau Kari Druschki, $10.

Gratuities : —

W. J. Clemson, Roses, $7.

Mrs. E. M. GiU, " $7.

W. A. Riggs, " $5.

M. H. Walsh, " $5.

J. G. Wright, " $4.

G. R. White, Rose Frau Kari Druschki, $2.

William Whitman, display of Foxgloves, Sweet Williams, and Canter-
bury Bells, $12.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, display of Sweet Williams and Canterbury Bells,
$10.

W. A. Riggs, display of herbaceous flowers, $8.

Oldtown Nurseries, " " " " $8.

F. J. Rea, " " " " $3.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, display, $2.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

201

Sweet Pea Exhibition.

July 17 and IS.

Gratuities : —

display of Sweet Peas,

$3

M. F. Plant,

Mrs. F. S. DeLue,

William Whitman, " "

W. J. Clemson,

Francis Skinner, " "

W. A. Riggs,

Langwater Gardens, " "

Giraud Foster, " "

T. D. Hatfield, new Sweet Peas, $1.

Mrs. A. W. Blake, display of Hollyhocks, $1.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of Hollyhocks and other flowers,

William Whitman, display of Zinnias, $3.

Belle vue Greenhouses, display of herbaceous flowers, $10.

Oldtown Nurseries, " " " " $4.

W. A. Riggs, " " " " $4.

F. J. Rea, " " " " $3.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, display, .152.

Gratuities: —

August 7 and 8.

display of Phloxes,

William Whitman,

T. C. Thurlow & Co.,

F. J. Rea,

J. F. Flood Co.,

George Hollis,

Bellevue Greenhouses,

W. W. Rawson & Co., Dahlias and other cut flowers, $5.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of annuals, $7.

Oldtown Nurseries, display of hardy flowers, $5.

Bellevue Greenhouses, " " " " $5.

William Whitman, display of cut flowers, $5.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " " " $3.

August 21 and 22.

Gratuities:

William Wliitman, display of Plilo.xes, $6.

T. C. Thurlow & Co., display of perennial Phloxes,

F.J. Rea, display of Phloxes and other flowers, $5.

202 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

William Whitman, display of China Asters, $6.
Mrs. Alvin Fuller, display of Hohenzollern Asters, $2.
William Whitman, display of Lilium tigrinum, S5.
Bellevue Greenhouses, display of herbaceous flowers, $6.
Oldtown Nurseries, " " " " $4.

H. M. Pratt, " " " " $3

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of annuals, $4.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of mixed flowers, $3.

September 11.
Gratuity : —
Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of stove plants, $3.

General Autumn Exhibition.

September 17, 18, and 19.
Gratuities : —

William Whitman, display of Asters, Marigolds, Dahlias, and herbaceous

flowers, .110.
Mrs. L. A. Towle, display of DaWias, $4.
Mrs. L. M. Towle, " " " $4.
J. H. Flint, " " " $3.

H. L. Winter, amateur's display of Dahlias, $3.
G. B. Gill, vase of Dahlias, $1.
W. A. Riggs, display of Cactus Dahlias, SI.
Joseph Thorpe, " " " " $1.

B. H. Tracy, display of Gladiolus, $5.
J. K. Alexander, " " " $1.

Bellevue Greenhouses, display of herbaceous flowers, $10.
Oldtown Nurseries, " " " " $10.

Mrs J. L. Gardner, display of tropical plants, $8.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, miscellaneous display, $4.

Chrysanthemum Show.

November 4, 5, 6, and 7.

Foliage and Flowering Plants. — Best arranged group, covering three

hundred square feet:
1st, Edward MacMulkin, $50; 2d, Mr.s. J. L. Gardner, $35.
Orchids. — Best table of Orchids, both plants and flowers, accurately

named :

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. ' 203

1st, Wheeler & Co., $50; 2d, Edward MacMulkin, $40.
Chrysanthemcms. — Two specimen plants, any color or class;

1st, W. A. Riggs, $50; 2d, M. F. Plant, $30; 3d, Dr. C. G. Weld, $20.
Twenty-five plants, commercial specimens, in not less than six varieties:

1st, W. H. EUiott, $40; 2d, J. S. Bailey, $30.
Twelve plants, single-flowering sorts, not less than three varieties :

1st, W. H. Elhott, $15.
Six plants of six different varieties, grown to six stems with one bloom
to each stem, in seven-inch pots:
1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $10; 2d, Mrs. Lester Leland, $8; 3d, Mrs. A.
W. Blake, $6.
Kentias. — Two plants, eight feet high or over:

1st, Edward MacMulkin, $15 ; 2d, William Whitman, $12; 3d, Edward
MacMulkin, $10.
Arecas. — Two tubs, one or more plants in a tub, eight feet or over in
height :
1st, William Whitman, $15.

Special Prizefi.
Josiah Bradlee Fund.

Chrysanthemttms. — Twenty-five blooms of twenty-five distinct varieties,
named :
1st, M. F. Plant, $15; 2d, William Swan, $10; 3d, E. D. Jordan, $8.
Six vases, of six named varieties, ten blooms each:
2d, Winthrop Ames, $20.

Henry A. Gane Memorial Fund.

For the best vase of blooms of the Mrs. Jerome Jones, or the Yellow Mrs.
Jerome Jones:
1st, James Nicol, $20; 2d, Thomas Howden, $10.

Society's Prizes.

Twelve blooms. Incurved, named, in vases:

2d, Mrs. Lester Leland, $4.
Twelve blooms, Japanese:

1st, Thomas Howden, $8; 2d, E. D. Jordan, $6; 3d, M. F. Plant, $4.
Twelve blooms, Japanese Incurved:

1st, M. F. Plant, $8; 2d, Thomas Howden, $6.
Twelve blooms, Reflexed:

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $8; 2d, M. F. Plant, $6: 3d. E. D. Jordan, $4.
Twelve sprays, Anemone, named:

1st, Mrs. J. M. Sears, $5.

204 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Twelve sprays or branches of Pompon:

1st, P. B. Robb, $5; 2d, E. K. Butler, $3; 3d, Bellevue Greenhouses,
$2.
Six best varieties, named, introductions of the current year:

1st, M. F. Plant, $6 ; 2d, Mrs. Lester Leland, $4.
Vase of ten blooms on long stems. Pink, named:

1st, M. F. Plant, Brighthurst, $10; 3d, Wm. W. Edgar Co., $6.
Red:

1st, M. F. Plant, Mrs. H. Partridge, $10; 2d, W. A. Riggs, John
Shrimpton, $8; 3d, P. B. Robb, $6.
White;

1st, P. B. Robb, Merza, $10; 2d, J. S. Bailey, Miss H. Pockett, .$8;
3d, Wm. W. Edgar Co., Merza, $6.
Yellow:

1st, M. F. Plant, Mrs. William Duckham, $10; 2d, J. S. Bailey, Mrs.
William Duckham, $8; 3d, P. B. Robb, Cheltoni, $6.
Any other color:

1st, M. F. Plant, Leshe Morrison, $10; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, T.
Carrington, $8; 3d, F. H. Kennard, Mme. Edmond Roger, $6.
Twelve vases. Singles, twelve distinct varieties, six cut sprays each,
not disbudded:
1st, Mrs. J. M. Sears, $10; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $6; 3d, W. A.
Riggs, $4.
Best decoration of Chrysanthemums for table of ten covers:

1st, Edward MacMulkin, $40; 2d, Mrs. E. M. Gill, $30; 3d, W. J.
Creed, $20.
Best seventy-five Chrysanthemum blooms in the Society's large China
vases :
1st, W. A. Riggs, $40; 2d, Wm. W. Edgar Co., $30; 3d, Edward Mac-
Mulkin, $20.

Grahiities . —

Edward MacMulkin, display of Palms, Ferns. Bay Trees, Chrysanthe-
mums, etc., $25.
William Whitman, display of Chrysanthemums and foliage plants, $12.
Bellevue Greenhouses, display of hardy Pompon Chrysanthemums, $6.
H. E. Converse, display of Chrysanthemums, $6.
Winthrop Ames, display of Chrysanthemums, $4.
Miss E. J. Clark, display of single Chrysanthemums, $5.
Mrs. J. M. Sears, display of Anemone-flowered Chrysanthemums, $5.
T. E. Proctor, specimen Chrysanthemum plant Helen Totty, $3.
Dr. C. G. Weld, specimen Chrysanthemum plant Mayor Weaver, $3.
James Nicol, vase of Chrysanthemums, $3.
Carl Jurgens, vase of American Beauty Roses, $5.
M. A. Patten, four vases of Carnations, $5.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 205

Miss E. J. Clark, bunch of Boston Violets, $1.

Carl Jurgens, vase of Lily of the Valley, $2.

Mrs. A. W. Blake, Nephrolepis Whitmani, %2.

F. W. Fletcher, display of Coleus and Ficus altissima, $4.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of cut flowers, .$8.

N. F. Comley, large vase of cut flowers, $3.

Gold Medals.

March 24. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Japanese Garden.

September 17. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., for the best exhibits of Hardy

Herbaceous Flowers and Plants at the five exhibitions

from*June to September.

Silver Medals.

January 16. M. A. Patten, fifty blooms of Carnation Sara Nicholson.
March 24. M. H. Walsh, group of Roses.

Thomas Roland, group of Easter Flowering Plants.

E. B. Dane, group of Orchids arranged for effect with Ferns, etc.

F. R. Pierson Co., twenty-five blooms of White Killarney Rose.
Edward MacMulkin, best Mantel Decoration of Plants and

Flowers.
Harvard Botanic Garden, artistic display.
Arthur Griffin, Gloriosa Rothschihliana.

Mrs. A. W. Blake, specimen plant of Nephrolepis Piersoni.
Mrs. J. M. Sears, Amaryllises.
March 29. William Sim, display of Sweet Peas.
May 22. J. T. Butterworth. two plants of Cattleya Mossiae.
June 19. T. C. Thurlow & Co., collection of Peonies.
" " E. J. Shaylor, " . " ".

" 26. Jackson Dawson, Rose Professor Sargent. {R. Wichuraiana X

Crimson Rambler X Pink Hybrid).
" " C. S. Sargent (Charles Sander, gardener). Rhododendron, light
pink maximum hybrid.
August 21. B. H. Tracy, artistic display of Gladioli.
September 17. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., artistic display of Dahlias.

" " Walter Hunnewell, best twenty bottles of Hardy Herba-

ceous Flowers at the five exhibitions from June to Sep-
tember.
November 4. W. A. Riggs, best Chrysanthemum plant on exhibition.
" " T. D. Hatfield, artistic display of Chrysanthemums.

" " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Coniferous trees and

Shrubs.

206

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bronze Medals.

March 24. M. H. Walsh, group of Roses.

" " Edward MacMulkin, group of Easter Flowering Plants.
" " S. A. Borden, group of Orchids arranged for effect with Ferns,
etc.
" Mrs. E. M. Gill, Mantel Decoration.
May 22. Julius Roehrs Co., display of Orcliids.

" " Boston Park Department, display of cut Shrubs.

June 5. Dr. C. G. Weld, Cypripedium Laurenceanum.

" " William Whitman, display of German Iris.

" 26. Bellevue Greenhouses, artistic display.
July 17. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Japanese Iris.
September 17. J. K. Alexander, display of Dalilias.

" H. F. Burt,
November 4. W. C. Rust, Chrysanthemum Chair.

" " R. Vincent Jr. & Sons Co., display of Pompon Chrysanthe-
mums.
" " Langwater Gardens, display of Single Chrysanthemums.

First Class Certificates of Merit.

January 2. George Mc William, Calanthe McWilliamii {C. Regnieri X C.
Sandhurstiana) .
" 16. Mrs. J. M. Sears, seedling Amaryllis.

March 24. W. A. Riggs, Rose Tausendschon.

" " M. H. Walsh, Rambler Rose Maid Marion.

" " W. W. Rawson & Co., Narcissus King Alfred.

" " E. B. Dane, Cypripedium Mandii (C. Laurenceanum var.

Hyeanum X C. callosum Sanderae).
" " Julius Roehrs Co., Cattleya Schrodejae Surprise.
" " " " " Odontoglossumcrispum El. B. Dane.

" " Larz Anderson, LaeZt'a e^egans Captain Larz Anderson.
" " E. O. Orpet, Brasso-Cattleya Susannae (Cattleya Thayeriana X

Brassavola Digbyana).
" 29. William Sim, Violet Kaiser Wilhelm.
" " " " Sweet Pea Governor Fort.

" " " " Greenbrook.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, Marguerite Pink Queen Alexandra.
Julius Roehrs Co., Laelio-Cattleya Canhamiana vsiV. Rex {Catt-
leya Mossiae Reineckiana X Laelia purpurata).
George Hollis, Peony Snowdrift.

W. G. Postings, seedlmghranching Delphinium Belladonna.
" " W. W. Rawson & Co., new Sweet Peas.
August 21. " " " Gladiolius Wm. Steinhausen.

April 3.
May 22

June 15.
" 26.

AWAKDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 207

August 21. W. W. Rawson & Co., Gladiolius Mrs. Frank Pendleton.

" '^ " " < " Hohenstaufen.

September 17. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Peony-flowered Dalilia Bertha
Von Suttoner.
'■ " W. D. Hathaway, display of Dahlias.
November 4. Bellevue Greenhouses, Anemone japonica Prince Henry.
" " Julius Roehrs Co., Croton F. Sander.

" " Peter Fisher, new Carnation May Day.

Cultural Certificates.

February 6. AV. C. Rust, seedling AmaryUis.

March 24. William INIcGillivray, Dracaena Godseffiana.

" " Thomas Roland, Cytisus racemosus.

April 3. William Thatcher, Cattleya Schroderae.

May 22. W. A. Riggs, Clerodendron Balfouri and Ivy-leaved Geraniums.
June 5. W. C. Rust, specimen Hydrangeas.

Honorable Mention.

January 16. H. F. Woods, Violet Comet.

" " M. A. Patten, Carnation No. 505.
March 24. Robert Ballantine, dwarf blue Cinerarias.

" " New Hampshire Agricultural College, seedling Carnations.

April 3. G. H. Elliott, Fern Balls.

May 22. Julius Roehrs Co., Tradescantia Reginae.

" " Oldtown Nurseries, Doronicum excelsum.

" " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Rhododendrons.

" " " " " plants and cut flowers.

" " W. W. Rawson & Co., Tulips and Spring flowering plants.

" " FTa.ncis Skinner, RJwdodendrongiganteum.
June 5. " " collection of Rhododendrons.

" " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of German Iris and Azalea mollis.

" " F. J. Rea, Phlox divaricaia var. Laphami.

" 19. George HoUis, collection of seedling Peonies.

" " C. W. Parker, Iris pallida dalmatica.

" " F. J. Rea, display of seedKng German Iris.

" " 'W.'W.'Rawson&Co., Liliu7ncroceum and Iris filifolia.

" 26. George Hollis, display of Peonies.

" " E. J. Shaylor,

" " T. C. Thurlow & Co., "

July 17. W. A. Riggs, seedling Delphinium.

" " Giraud Foster, Sweet Pea Countess of Northbrook.

" " " " " " Mrs. George Higginson, Jr.

208

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

August 7. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., new Lily fi'om China, Professor C. S.
Sargent.
" Bellevue Greenhouses, Phlox Favorite.
" B. H. Tracy, collection of seedlins Gladioli.
" R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of hardy flowers.
" W. W. Rawson & Co., seedling Dahlias.
21. " " " display of Dahlias.

" B. H. Tracy, Gladiolus Faust.

" R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Hybrid Tea Roses.
" Mrs. Ahan Fuller, display of Hohenzollern Asters.
September 11. E. J. Mitton (Joshua Lawson, gardener), Laelio-Cattleya
The Mikado {Cattleya bicolor X Laelio-Cattley_a lumi-
nosa).
" 17. H. L. Winter, amateur's display of Dahlias.

" " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Peony-flowered Dalilia Geisha.

'' " B. H. Tracy, display of seedling Gladioli.

" " W. A. Riggs, display of Peony-flowered Dahlias.

October 19. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Korean Chrysanthemums.

" " " " " Polygonum multiflorum.

November 4. " " " display of Begonias, Orchids, and

Fei'ns.
" Julius Roehrs Co., display of Orchids.
" Lager & Hurrell, " " "

" W. W. Rawson & Co., display of cut Nerines.
" S. J. Goddard, new Carnation Pink Deligiit.
" M. A. Patten, White Carnation Shasta.

Votes of Thanks.

March 24. E. O. Orpet, collection of cut Orchids.

" 29. Walter Hunnewefl, Amaryllises.
June 5. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Araucaria excelsa.

" 26. T. C. Thurlow & Co., two vases of Kalmia latifolia.

" " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Peonies.

" " W. A. Manda, display of herbaceous flowers.
July 17. Walter Hunnewell, Broicallia speciosa major.

" " R. & J. Farquhar & Co. , Callas and AmaryUises.
August 7. W^alter Hunnewell, display of hardy flowers. ^
November 4. Langwater Gardens, vase of Chrysanthemum Old Gold.

T. D. Hatfield
Duncan Finlayson
Peter Fisher
Thomas Holand
William Thatcher

Committee

Plants and Flowers.

REPORT OF THE COMIVIITTEE ON FRUITS FOR THE

YEAR 1909.

BY WILFRID WHEELER, CHAIRMAN.

The subject of fruit growing the past year has been of greater
interest to our members than usual, for the movement to stimulate
better fruit growing in the East has become so popular that every-
one interested in this branch of horticulture has tried to do his best
both in growing good fruit and exhibiting the same.

Never have we seen such an increase in the number of trees
sprayed, pruned, and generally cared for; and the desire on the
part of fruit growers to know more about better orcharding methods
is very marked. Knowledge of the various insect pests and their
control is very essential in fruit growing, as is also a thorough
understanding of the various fungous and bacterial diseases
attacking fruit trees. The Agricultural Experiment Stations are
being called upon to furnish information along these lines and
never has there been (in New England at least) such a demand for
trained orchardists and fruit growers. We are just beginning to
realize that in order to get good fruit we must take better care of
our trees, vines, and plants, and give to them the same careful
attention which the gardener gives to his flowering plants. Our
soils, climate, and general conditions are favorable for the growing
of all of the hardy fruits; and it only remains for us to supplement
the natural conditions with thought, patience, and skill in growing
the trees, vines, and plants so that they will produce in the mini-
mum of time the highest cjuality of fruit. The demand for the
higher grades of fruit in our markets has been met largely by fruit
from other sections of the country, while it has remained to the
amateur and private gardener to prove that this same class of fruit
can be produced here (and it is greatly to the credit of our Society
that we have encouraged the amateur to grow and exhibit his pro-
ducts), thus keeping before the public the possibilities of better fruit

209

210 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

culture, for the time is coming soon •when a larger supply of this
first-class fruit will be produced here for our own markets.

Climatic conditions the season past were on the whole favorable
to the development of fruit crops, although the rainfall was much
smaller than we could wish; the periods of drought, however,
were not as long as last year, and many light showers helped to
keep the ground in fair condition. The dry season of 1908 had a
very bad effect on the fruit trees inasmuch as they did not set fruit
buds as heavily as usual, consequently crops as a rule were smaller.
This was particularly true in pears the crop of which was seldom
so light in Massachusetts. Peaches and plums did not seem to be
affected by the dry weather as much as other fruits and the mild
winter of 1908 and '09 Avas favorable to them so that crops from
these fruits were abundant and of fine quality. The apple crop
which was at first reported as being light has turned out to be more
abundant and the quality of the best. The season was also favora-
ble to the development of the grape ; there were few rose bugs and
the mild fall weather was conducive to complete development.
Such varieties as Catawba, Diana, and Isabella ripened perfectly.
Among the small fruits the strawberry did particularly well; there
were no late frosts in the spring to injure the blooms so that the
crop was very large. Currants, gooseberries, blackberries, and
raspberries also did well. Melons have done particularly well the
past two seasons, owing largely to the warm dry weather AA'hich
has been unfavorable to the rust.

Insect pests have been about normal, although the black aphis
has been very destructive on the plum, cherry, currant, and goose-
berry. This is one of the most difficult of the fruit insects to combat
for immediately it begins its work the leaves of the plant attacked
roll up and protect the insect from spraying mixtures. As the
insect feeds upon the juices sucked from the new growth the damage
to the tree or bush is very serious. At present the only effective
means of checking this insect seems to be by dipping the ends of the
branches affected in a solution of whale-oil soap.

Gypsy and brown-tail moths have spread over a larger area and
in many places are a serious menace to the fruit trees. San Jose
scale is also spreading slowly over the state and in many places
where this pest is unfamiliar to the people it has gained a strong

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 211

foothold. It seems especially desirable that at this time there
should be some state officer whose business should be to inspect
orchards and warn the o^^•ners of the presence of this pest; at the
same time giving to them the necessary information for holding the
scale in check.

Practically all of these pests yield to effective spraying and in
most cases we accomplish a double purpose by spraying, in that
we destroy the insects and improve the quality and appearance of
our fruit.

The renewed interest in fruit culture has shown itself in a number
of ways; the newspapers and magazines have devoted a good deal
of space in their columns to the subject; the public has been aroused
to a greater interest in fruit growing; but best of all there have been
planted in the past two years a number of large apple orchards of
from 25 to 100 acres, thus showing that some of our people still have
confidence in apple growing for iNIassachusetts and intend to apply
modern methods to its culture. Your chairman has visited two of
these orchards the past season and judging from the appearance
of the trees and general conditions the owners of the orchards will
certainly have a good income from the trees in the near future.
The varieties planted are Baldwin, Northern Spy, R. I. Greening,
Mcintosh, and Gravenstein. One objection to orcharding which
has been raised a great deal in the past is that it takes many years
to get a return from the land occupied by the trees. In both of the
orchards referred to this problem was being well solved by planting
crops, such as strawberries, melons, squash, etc. between the trees
thus getting a return from the soil while the trees are developing.
This method of cultivation accomplishes a double f)urpose, for not
only does the owner receive something for his labor while the trees
are maturing, but this thorough cultivation brings the tree into bear-
ing much quick^' than when they are planted in sod and allowed to
remain so. Where trees were formerly not exj)ected to bear under
ten to twelve years this cultivation reduces that period four or five
years. It seems to be the general opinion that after the trees have
been cultivated five or six years it is better to allow the grass to
grow around them as a harder wood growth is obtained and the
fruit is of much better color and will keep longer than when the
trees are cultivated for a longer period. This all goes to show that

212 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

our fruit growers are alive to the needs of better orcharding and
they will in the end grow fruit which will be second to none in
the country.

Most of the planting in the tree fruits at present is of the apple,
while very little attention is paid to pears. Peaches in some
sections are being planted quite extensively, but as yet very few
varieties can be depended upon to bear regularly. Among the
varieties which seem to be more hardy are Carman, Champion, and
Greensboro. Plums are not planted a great deal for commercial
p»r}30ses, but the Japanese group is very popular for garden varie-
ties and many of them are planted for this purpose. Grapes, too,
are still planted only as garden fruit, there being very few com-
mercial vineyards in the state. In the smaller fruits the strawberry
leads in the number of acres planted and in the value of the crop.
There are still great possibilities for this crop in local markets,
where it is often impossible to get fruit grown in the locality. Cur-
rants, gooseberries, blackberries, and raspberries are being planted
largely as fillers in orchards, but none of these figure prominently
in the market, and, indeed, few gardens contain them.

The exliibitions of the past year have been on the whole very
satisfactory. Competition has been very close in most cases thus
showing that higher standards in fruit culture are demanded.

At the Strawberry Exhibition the quality and appearance of the
fruit were very good, and while there were not as many new seedlings
exhibited as usual the standard varieties were a great deal above
the average in size, color, and quality. Barrymore, Golden Gate,
and Marshall were exceptionally good and it is interesting to note
that the Marshall, so long unbeaten by any other strawberry, has in
the past two seasons been superseded by newer varieties. There
is certainly a broad field open for the hybridization of the strawberry
as most of the varieties that we now have are chance seedlings.

At the July Exhibition there was exhibited by Mr. Peter Anderson
of Woburn a seedling gooseberry, the result of his own hybridiza-
tion, using Industry and the Danish variety Icicle. This fruit is
now in its fifth year and has not mildewed in our climate. The
berry is very large, dark green when ripe, and rather long; the
quality is excellent and the skin very thin. Mr. Anderson sent
some bushes of this gooseberry to his brother in Denmark three

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 213

years ago, and this year fruit from these bushes was awarded a
gold medal by a Danish horticultural society. At this same July
exhibition a very interesting collection of dwarf fruits was shown
from the orchard houses of Mr. Thomas E. Proctor of Topsfield,
James Marlborough, gardener. In this collection were apples,
pears, plums, peaches, and nectarines, all in very fine condition.
Besides these fruits Mr. Proctor grows grapes, figs, and apricots.
The exliibit was awarded a Silver Medal.

Some very excellent specimens of the Yellow Transparent apple
were shown at the August Exliibition by Mr. Elliott Moore. This
apple bids fair to become popular again and is being planted in
orchard work.

At the September Exhibition there was exhibited by Warren
Heustis and Son a seedling peach, resembling in some respects the
Elberta. The specimens were very fine and the committee hopes
to see this peach again. Melons at this shoAv were also very fine.

The annual Fall Fruit Show was held in connection with the
New England Fruit Show and was, as expected, much larger than
usual. INIany ncAV exhibitors were noted and the quality of the
fruit shown Avas very high. Our regular exhibitors, however, held
their own very well in competition with the rest of New England,
thus proving that as good fruit can be groAvn near Boston as in any
part of NcAV England. This shoAv has had a very good effect upon
fruit groAving interests in this part of the country, for it has called
attention to and aroused a determination for better fruit culture
which would have been hard to accomplish in any other way. Our
Society in donating its building for this exliibition contributed much
to the success of the show, and through its generosity and sympathy
in this movement has placed itself in the enviable position of leader
in the advancement of all horticultural affairs in the East. As
fruit groAving becomes more of a business in New England our
Society should stand foremost in encouraging the grower to produce
higher quality and better looking fruit; to pack the same in an
honest and attracti\'e manner; and through its exhibitions show to
the public that Ave can produce as good fruit here as in any other
part of the country.

Among the ajjples at this shoAv Avhich are deserving of special
mention and that seem to be well adapted to our conditions Avere

214 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mcintosh, Baldwin, Gravenstein, Wealthy, R. I. Greenin^, Rox-
bury Russet, and Fall Pippin. Some of the most distinguished
experts in the country who were present at the show declared that
these above mentioned varieties could not be produced better any-
where.

A comparatively new apple, the Winter Banana, which has been
recently introduced here was shown in a high state of perfection
and for appearance, quality, and keeping properties, bids fair to
supersede many of our light-skinned apples.

There were a number of seedling grapes exhibited which may
be heard from later; among them being two from H. O. Meade of
Lunenburg, Both are seedlings from the Worden, one black and
the other white. In many respects these seedlings resembled the
parent particularly in the shape of the berry and of the bunch ; the
quality in both cases was very good; fully as good as the parent;
and the originator claimed that both seedlings were earlier than the
Worden. Another seedling, called the Lauriat grape, is deserving
of mention. This is one of E. W. Bull's undisseminated seedlings
which has been kept by his daughter, and is a white grape; both
bunch and berry are of medium size, the quality is excellent, and
will undovibtedly prove a valuable garden variety.

Among the exhibitors of the past season who deserve special
mention for the excellence of their fruit are Geoi'ge S. Knapp of
Groton who exhibited Mcintosh, Baldwin, and Gravenstein Apples ;
L, F. Priest of Gleasondale, who exhibited Mcintosh, Wealthy,
Gravenstein, Roxbury Russet, Baldwin, and Yellow Transparent;
Alden Derby of Leominster, who exhibited Mcintosh and Graven-
stein; Geo. V. Fletcher of Belmont, who exhibited strawberries,
cherries, peaches, pliuns, apples, and pears, in many varieties and of
excellent quality; H. A. Clark of Belmont, who exhibited Bosc,
Seckel, and Anjou pears, Gravenstein, Sutton, and R. I. Greening
apples; Dr. W. G. Kendall of Atlantic, who exhibited Bosc, Dana's
Hovey, and Seckel pears, Worden, Delaware, Green Mountain,
Isabella, and Salem grapes; and F. W. Dahl of Roxbury, whose
exhibits of pears were very fine; N. S. Davis of Somerset and
Charles W. I^ibby of Medford who exhibited very fine grapes; C.
F. Hay ward of Ashby who showed Concord and Niagara grapes;
Charles I. Allen of Terry ville, Connecticut, who sho^^•ed Delaware,

KEPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 215

Concord, and Worden grapes; and H. L. Crane of Westwood who
again exhibited the Barrvmore strawberry.

The Committee on Gardens of the Society visited Mr. F. W.
Dahl's garden at Roxbury and found everything in the highest
state of cultivation.

Dr. Kendall's fruit garden at Atlantic is well deserving of mention
in this report, as it shows the possibilities of fruit culture on a small
scale. The whole area of his place, including the ground the
house stands on, is less than one acre, and besides ornamental trees
which are planted along the sides of the lot, there are many full
sized apple trees on the lawn; pear, peach, and plum trees in the
rear of the house; with grape vines covering all of the available
fence space. Small fruits are planted wherever space affords,
while flowers and vegetables are not forgotten.

Dr. Kendall believes thoroughly in pruning, thinning, and spray-
ing, and his garden is a fine illustration of these arts, showing to
what a high state of perfection fruit can be brought when thorough
knowledge and care are given to the subject. The trees, vines, etc.
here remind one of those in the French and English gardens where
pruning is carried to the highest state of perfection. Absolutely
no surplus wood is allowed to remain and to the average person the
trees look as if too much wood had been removed; but results tell
and when the ripened fruit is shown one realizes that in order to get
such fine specimens it is necessary to use the highest skill possible.

One of the most striking and novel ideas in the garden is the
system of training the grapes; for here where space is valuable the
vines cannot be allowed to grow as in vineyard culture, so the vines
are trained high on trellises and wires, in many cases running from
20 to 25 feet from the base of the vine, and at a height varying from
6 to 8 feet in order to catch all the sun and light possible. Dr.
Kendall also practices girdling on many of the late grapes ; and such
varieties as Catawba and Isabella are ripened to perfection in a
climate that is very uncertain.

There should be more of these gardens about Boston so that our
exhibitions dra^\•ing from these could show the great possibilities
in fruit culture not only for the amateur but for the commercial man.

Market values for the year past have ranged as follows.

216

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Apples (early)

from S .75 1

to S2.00

Der

bushel

" (late)

.50

" 3.00

it

(( ((

1.50

" 7.00

barrel

Pears, Bartlett

1.50

" 2.50

bushel

" Bosc

2.00

" 3.50

<<

" other varieties

1.00

" 2.00

<(

Peaches

1.00

" 2.00

basket

Plums

.50

" 1.50

bushel

Strawberries

.05

" .20

quart

Currants

.08

" .12

(I

Gooseberries

.08

" .15

11

Raspberries

.15

" .25

ti

Blackberries

.08

" .12

((

We have held six exhibitions during the year at which fruit has
been exhibited and there have been 145 classes in the schedule
open for competition; of these 131 were competed for.

The society appropriated $947.00 for fruit prizes during the year
1909; of this $849.00 was awarded, leaving an unexpended balance
of $98.00.

There have been awarded 10 Gratuities, 7 Honorable Mentions,
1 Vote of Thanks, 4 Silver Medals, and 1 Bronze jNIedal.

The awards made during the year are as follows :

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS.
1909.

Spring Exhibition.

March 24, 25, 26, 27, and 2S.

(Continued to April 4.)

For the best collection of Winter Apples, not less than four varieties
1st, G. V. Fletcher, S5.

awards for fruits. 217

Rose axd Strawberry Exhibition.
.June 26 .vnd 27.

Theodore Lyman Fund.

Strawberries.- — Four quarts of any variety:

1st, S. H. Warren, Golden Gate, §6; 2d, H. L. Crane. Barrymore, $5;
3d, H. A. Clark, Marshall, $4.

Benjamin H. Pierce Fund.

Two quarts of any variety introduced since 1906:

1st, H. L. Crane, Barrymore, $4; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, Saratoga, $.3.

Society's Prizes.

For the best collection of ten baskets of two quarts each, not less than
four varieties:

1st, I. E. Coburn, $15; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, $10; 3d,.H. L. Crane, $6
Six baskets of one quart each, and of six varieties:

1st, Elliott Moore, $6; 2d, I. E. Coburn, $5.
Five baskets of two quarts each, of one variety:

1st, H. L. Crane, Barrymore, $8; 2d, H. L. Crane, Hustler, S6; 3d,
Wilfrid Wheeler, Abington, $4.
Two quarts of Abington:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d,-.G. F. Wheeler,
$1.
Brandywine:

1st, Elliott Moore, $3; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, $2.
Cardinal :

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3; 2d, G. F. Wheeler, $2.
E. H. Eckley:

2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, $2.
Golden Gate:

1st, S. H. Warren, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, Elliott Moore, $1
Marshall :

1st, J. H. Fletcher, $3; 2d, H. A. Clark, $2.
Minute Man :

1st, Wnfrid Wheeler, $3; 2d, G. F. Wheeler, 82.
Parsons Beauty:

2d, G. F. Wheeler, $2.
Stevens Late Champion.

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3; 2d, G. F. Wheeler, $2; 3d, H. L. Crane, $1.

218 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

Senator Dunlap:

1st, Elliott Moore, $3; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, S2; 3d, G. F. Wheeler,
$1.
Any other variety:

1st, H. L. Crane, Hustler, S4; 2d, Elliott Moore, Downing Pride, S3;
3d, G. F. Wheeler, King Edward, $2; 4th, S. H. Warren. Hub, $1.
Cherries. — Two quarts of any Red variety:
1st, J. H. Fletcher, Queen Ann, S2.
Two quarts of any Black variety:
1st, G. V. Fletcher, Guigue Noir, S2.

Gratuity : —
Wilfrid Wheeler, collection of Strawberries, S3.

Sweet Pea Exhibitiox.

July 17 and IS.

Raspberries. — Two quarts of any other White variety:

1st, E. B. Wilder, $2.
Currants. — Two cjuarts of any Red variety:

1st, William Whitman, Fay's S3; 2d, W. A. Riggs, Cherry, S2; 3d,
Mrs. A. W. Blake, Cherry, SI.
Two quarts of any White variety:

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, Wliite Grape, S3; 2d, William Whit-
man, AVliite Grape, S2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, White Grape, $1.
Collection of six baskets, one quart each, not less than tliree varieties:
1st, William Whitman, So; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, .S3.
Gooseberries. — Collection of six baskets, one quart each, net less than
three varieties:
1st, J. S. Chase, $5; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, $4.
Two quarts of Chautauqua :

1st, J. S. Chase, $3.
Industry:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, S3; 2d, W. A. Riggs, $2; 3d, State Hospital, SI.
Any other variety:

1st, J. S. Chase, Triumph, $3; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, Columbus, S2;
3d, H. A. Clark, Columbus, $1.
Midsummer Fruits. — Largest and best collection, arranged for effect with
their own foliage:
1st, G. V. Fletcher, $8.

Gratuities : —

J. S. Chase, Chase Gooseberry, SI.
Peter Anderson, seedling Gooseberry, $1.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS. 219

August 21 and 22.

Apples. — Chenango:
1st, E. E. Cole, $3.
Duchess of Oldenburg:

1st, L. F. Priest, $3; 2d, H. A. Clark, S2.
Red Astrachan:

1st, L. F. Priest, $3; 2d, Sarah A. Wheeler, S2; 3d, M. Calahan, $1.
Sweet Bough :

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2.
Williams :

1st, H. A. Cook, $3; 2d, Elliott Moore, $2; 3d, Wilfrid Wheeler, SI.
Any other variety:

1st, Elliott Moore, Yellow Transparent, $4; 2d, L. F. Priest, Yellow
Transparent, $3; 3d, Elliott ]Moore, Gravenstein, $2; 4th, L. F.
Priest, $1.
Pears. — Clapp's Favorite:

1st, H. A. Clark, .S3; 2d, F. W. Dalil, $2; 3d, E. B. Wilder, SI.
Any other variety:

1st, F. W. Dahl, Dearborn's Seedling, $3; 2d, F. W. Dalil, Tyson, S2;
3d, G. V. Fletcher, Bartlett, $1.
Peaches. — For the largest and best collection, not less than three varie-
ties, twelve specimens of each:
2d, G. V. Fletcher, $4.
Greensboro:

1st, H. G. Spring, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, S2.
Any other variety:

1st, H. G. Spring, Carman, -53; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Early Crawford, .$2;
3d, G. V. Fletcher, Elberta, SI.
Plums. Japanese. — Abundance:

1st, Frederick Mason, .$2; 2d, W. P. Hutcliinson, SI.
Burbank :

1st, Mrs. G. T. Hartshorn, S2; 2d, EUiott Moore, SI.
Any other variety:

1st, W. P. Hutchinson. Bradshaw, $2; 2d, Sarah A. Wheeler, Red
June, $1.
Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety:
Ist, Mrs. E. M. Gill, Dorchester, $3.

September 4.
Gratuity: —

Frederick Mason, Honey Drop and Maule's Model Melons, $2.

September 11.
Gratuity: —

James Garthly, collection of Melons, S4.

220 massachusetts horticultural society.

General Autumn Exhibition.
September 17, 18, and 19.

Benjamin V. French Fund.

Apples. — Gravenstein:

1st, L. F. Priest, $3; 2d, H. A. Clark, S2; 3d, W. Heustis & Son, SI.

Marshall P. Wilder Fund.

Pears. — Bartlett:

1st, Elbridge Torrey, S3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2: 3d, W. G. Kendall,

$1.

Society's Prizes.

Apples. — Mcintosh:

1st, L. F. Priest, S3; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, S2; 3d, E. E. Cole, SI.
Porter:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, S2; 3d, E. L. Smith,
$1.
Any other variety, Gravenstein excepted:

1st, L. F. Priest, Wealthy, S3; 2d, W. G. Kendall, Maiden Blush, S2;
3d, L. F. Priest, Rolfe, SI.
Melons. — Sweet;

1st, Frederick Mason, Tip Top, S3; 2d, Joseph Thorpe, Tip Top, S2;
3d, Frederick Mason, Montreal, SI.
Watermelons :

1st, Mrs. A. W. Blake, Cole's Eariy, $3; 2d, Joseph Thorpe, Albert
Honey, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason, Fordhook, SI.
Pears. — Any variety ripe, Bartlett excepted:

1st, W. G. Kendall, Souvenir du Congres, S3; 2d, E. B. Wilder, Presi-
dent, $2; 3d, F. W. Dalil, Belle Lucrative, SI.
Peaches. — Collection of not less than four varieties:
1st, G. V. Fletcher, S6; 2d, A. F. Estabrook, $4.
Champion :

1st, G. V. Fletcher, S2.
Elberta:

1st, D. L. Fiske, S2; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, SI-
Foster:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, S2; 2d, F. H. Evans, $1.
Mountain Rose:

1st, W. G. Kendall, S2.
Oldmixon Freestone:
1st, G. V. Fletcher, $2.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS. 221

Any other variety;

1st, H. A. (^lark, Globe, 83; 2d, A. F. Estabrook, Lord Palmerston, $2:
3d, F. H. Evans, Niagara, SI.
Plums. — Collection of not less than four varieties, twelve specimens of
each:
1st, EUiott Moore, 84; 2d, W. P. Hutchinson, 83.
Single plate of any variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Bradshaw, 82; 2d, ElHott Moore, Bradshaw, 81.
Japanese Plums. — Collection of not less than four varieties, twelve
specimens of each:
1st, D. L. Fiske, -$4.
Single plate of any variety:

1st, W. P. Hutcliinson, Wickson, 82; 2d, Frederick Mason, October
Purple, 81.
Native Grapes. — For the best Wliite Grape:

1st, Frederick Mason, Niagara, S3; 2d, C. W. Libby, Moore's Dia-
mond, 82; 3d, E. R. Farrar, Niagara, 81.
For the best Red Grape :

1st, W. G. Kendall, Delaware, S3; 2d, Frederick Mason, Brighton, $2;
3d, J. S. Chase, Brighton, 81.
For the best Purple Grape:

1st, E. R. Farrar, \Yorden, 83; 2d, W. G. Kendall, Worden, 82; 3d,
Frederick ^lason, Worden, 81.
For the best collection of five varieties, three bunches of each:

1st, Frederick Mason, S5; 2d, E. R. Farrar, .$4; 3d, C. W. Libb\^ $3.
Green Mountain:

1st, W. G. Kendall, 83 ; 2d, J. S,. Chase, -82; 3d, E. R. Farrar, $1.

Gratuities: —

J. A. Sweetser, Banks Gravenstein Apples, 81.
L. F. Priest, Hyslop Crab Apples, $1.

Annual Exhibition of Fruits.

October 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24.
Theodore Lyman Fund.

Apples.- — For the best collection of six varieties of Fall Apples, specimens
to be ripe, twelve of each:
1st, L. F. Priest, 812; 2d, G. W. Staples, 810.

222 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Samuel Appleton Fund.

Apples. — Baldwin:

1st, C. E. Hardy, %Z; 2d, Alden Derby, S2; 3d, J. W. Clark, .$1.
Hubbardston :

3d, Z. H. Cande, .$1.
Pears. — Bosc :

1st, W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, G. F. Williams, S2; 3d, H. A. Clark, -SI.
Sheldon:

1st, Elbridge Torrey, .$3; 2d. G. V. Fletcher, iS2; 3d, John Bauern-
feind, .11.

Benjamin V. French Fund.

Apples. — Rhode Island Greening:

1st, H. A. Clark, .$3; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son. %2; 3d, G. A. Drew, %l.

Marshall P. Wilder Fund.

Pears.— Anjou:

1st, H. C. Fuller, .$3; 2d, H. A. Clark, .|2; 3d, F. W. Dalil, $1.
Grapes. — Concord, twelve bunches:

1st, C. F. Hayward, $3: 2d, E. E. Lincoln, .S2.
Word en:

1st, E. R. Farrar, $3; 3d, H. R. Kinney, -SI.

Society's Prizes.

Apples. — For the best six varieties of Winter Apples, twelve specimens of
each:
1st, A. B. Howard & Son, .$12; 2d, G. W. Staples, $10; 3d, G. S.
Knapp, $8.
Belleflower:

1st, Elliott & H. W. Moore, $3; 2d, G. H. Folsom. $2; 3d, R. H. Gar-
diner, $1.
Fameuse :

1st, E. E. Cole, $3; 2d, G. W. Staples, .$2; .3d, Z. H. Cande, $1.
Pound Sweet:

1st, A. A. HaUaday & Sons, .$2 ; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $1.
Gravenstein :

1st, Alden Derby, .$3; 2d, L. F. Priest, .$2; 3d, A. B. Howard ct Son, .$1
Hunt Russet:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $2; 2d. G. F. Wheeler, $1.
Maiden Blush:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $3.
Mcintosh:

1st, Alden Derby, $3; 2d, L. F. Priest, .$2; 3d, C. E. Swain, $1.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS. ?23

Northern Spy:

1st, G. E. Drew, $3; 2d, E. E. Cole, $2; 3d, J. H. Leman, $1.
Rolfe:

1st, L. F. Priest, $3; 2d. J. T. Erwin, $2.
Roxbury Russet :

1st, L. F. Priest, $3; 2d, H. C. Fuller, $2; 3d, G. A. Drew, $1.
Sutton :

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $3; H. A. Clark, $2; 3d, G. S. Knapp, $1.
Tompkins County King:

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $3; 2d, G. S. Knapp, $2; 3d, Charles Green-
wood, $1.
Twenty Ounce:

1st, H. A. Clark, $3; 2d, L. S. Weed, $2.
Tolman Sweet .

1st, J. H. Leman, $3; 2d, H. S. Seagrave, $2; 3d, L. S. Newell, SI.
Wealthy:

1st, L. F. Priest, $3; 2d, J. Corey & Son, $2; 3d, J. Wallingford, $1.
Any other variety, ripe.

1st, G. A. Drew, 13; 2d, A. A. Halladay & Sons, $2; 3d, A. A. Halla-
day & Sons, $1.
Any other variety, not ripe :

1st, G. S. Knapp, $3; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2; 3d, A. W. Sawyer,
$1.
Pears. — For the best collection of Pears, not more than twelve plates of
twelve specimens each, and not less than six varieties:
1st, H. A. Clark, .SIO; 2d, F. W. Dalil, $8; 3d, J. L. Bird, $6; 4th,
M. W. Chadbourne, $5.
Angouleme :

1st, F. W. DaM, $3; 2d, Elbridge Torrey, $2; 3d, J. L. Bird, SI.
Clairgeau :

1st, W. J. Wheeler, S3; 2d, F. W. DaM, S2; 3d, F. W. Damon, SI.
Cornice:

1st, .J. L. Bird, S3; 2d, M. W. Chadbourne, $2; 3d, S. D. Crafts, $1.
Dana's Hovey:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, Louis Arnold, $2; 3d, F. W. Damon, SI.
Lawrence :

1st, W. J. Wheeler, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, S2; 3d, H. A. Lamb, $1.
Louise Bonne of Jersey :

1st, F. W. DaW, S3; 2d, A. A. Halladay & Sons, S2.
Marie Louise:

1st, Elbridge Torrey, S2.
Onondaga :

1st, E. M. Bruce, $2 ; 2d, C. B. Travis, $1.
Urbaniste :

1st, F. W. Damon, S2; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $1.
Seckel :

1st, G. V. Fletcher, S3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, S2; 3d, W. G. Kendall, SI.

224 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Superfin ;

1st, H. A. Clark, S3.
Vicar:

1st, G. H. Cuthbertson, S3; 2d, E. B. Wilder, .?2; 3d, H. A. Lamb, SI.
Any other variety:

1st, A. A. Hailaday & Sons, S3; 2d, F. W. Damon, S2; 3d, W. P.
Tenney, SI.
Quinces. — Any variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, S3; 2d, L. F. Priest, S2; 3d, I. H. Locke, SI.
Peaches. — Any variety:

1st, N. S. Pratt, Elberta, $3; 2d, Monroe Morse, S2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher,
Elberta, $1.
Plums. — Any variety:

1st, E. B. Parker, October Purple, S3; 3d, E. B. Parker, German Prune,
SI.
Native Grapes. — Not girdled. For the best collection of hardy native
grapes, not less than six varieties of three bunches each :

1st, C. W. Libby, $10; 2d, N. S. Davis, $8; 3d, C. I. Allen, S6.
Six bunches of Agawam:

1st, H. R. Kinney, $2.
Brighton:

1st, John Bauernfeind, S3; 2d, N. S. Davis, S2; 3d, C. W. Libby, SI.
Campbell's Early:

1st, John Bauernfeind, S3.
Delaware :

1st, C. I. Allen, S3; 2d, C. W. Libby, $2 ; 3d, W. G. Kendall, SI.
Herbert :

1st, C. W. Libby, $2; 2d, John Bauernfeind, SI.
Isabella :

1st, W. G. Kendall, S2
Lindley:

1st, C. W. Libby, S2; 2d, C. I. Allen, SI.
Moore's Diamond:

1st, C. W. Libby, S3; 2d, N. S. Davis, S2; 3d, Frederick Mason, SI.
Moore's Early:

1st, Frederick Mason, S3.
Niagara:

1st, C. F. Hayward, S3; 2d, C. J. Batchelder, S2; 3d, John Bauern-
feind, $1.
Prentiss:

1st, J. S. Chase, $2.
Salem :

1st, W. G. Kendall, $2; 2d, H. R. Kinney, $1.
Vergennes :

1st, J. 8. Chase. S2; 2d, N. S. Da\'is, SI.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS. 225

Any other variety:

1st, C. W. Libby, Diana, S3; 2d, C. J. Batchelder, Pocklington, $2;
3d, C. I. Allen, Massasoit, $1.
Any other variety, girdled:

Ist, W. G. Kendall, Isabella, S3; 2d, C. W. Libby, Diana, S2.

Special Prizes.

Cranberries. — Collection of not less than five varieties, half-peck of each:
1st, A. D. Makepeace & Co., $5.
Half-peck of any variety:

1st, L. J. Fosdick, $2; 2d, A. D. Makepeace & Co., $1.
Native Fruit. — Collection exhibited by the grower, arranged in a space
not to exceed three by six feet:
Ist, G. V. Fletcher, $15; 2d, F. W. Dalil, $10; 3d, Elliott & H. W.
Moore, S8.

Gratuities: —

T. E. Proctor, Forced Fruit on Dwarf Trees, $5.
A. B. Howard & Son, Walter Pease Apple, $1.

Silver Medals.

July 17. T. E. Proctor, exhibit of fruit grown under glass.
September 17. Mrs. J. C. Wliitin, collection of Foreign Grapes.
October 19. J. H. Hale Co., Selah Peach.

Bronze Medal.
October 19. Albert Ruff, display of fruit in decorative baskets.

Honorable Mention.

July 17. Peter Anderson, seedling Gooseberry.
September 17. F. H. Evans, seedling Peach Herbert.

" " W. Heustis & Son, seedling Peach.

October 19. H. O. Meade, seedling Grapes.

" " Mrs. G. W. Lauriat, Lauriat Grape.

" " Jackson Dawson, collection of Original Fruits

Wilfrid Wheeler
Harry F. Hall
Edward B. Wilder

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES FOR
THE YEAR 1909.

BY JOSIAH B. SHURTLEFF, JR., CHAIRMAX.

Your committee has to report that the quality of the vegetables
for the past year has excelled even the usual high standard, but the
number of exhibitors has dropped from fortv-eight to thirty-two.
The dry season may have been partly responsible for this, but we
think a radical change might be made and thereby bring in more
varieties and larger exhibits.

We believe that the method of holding one large show each year
is a good one, as was proven by the recent large apple exliibition.
There is to be a special flower show in May, 1910, and we hope a
large vegetable exhibition may be arranged for the following year.

Without speaking disparagingly of fruit and flowers, for they
certainly do appeal to the public eye, we feel that vegetables are of
more economic value; and certainly their cultivation should be
encouraged and some special inducements made for the introduc-
tion of new varieties and larger displays. Larger prizes might be
offered for collections in order to excite keener competition.

Tv\'o winter shows were held in January and ]\Iarch, and while
the displays were good the number of varieties was limited.

The first part of the summer was not conducive to the best results
in growing vegetables for exliibition purposes, owing to the unusually
dry weather, but the average excellence of all our exhibitions was
fully maintained.

The June 5 display of lettuce was both large and of superior
merit, but the Standwell, a variety shown by INIrs. A. W. Blake,
was 'par excellence in size and appearance.

W. J. Clemson entered a collection which deserves great credit
and his cauliflowers were exceptionally well grown.

Geo. D. Moore, on June 26, exhibited White Spine cucumbers
of perfect size and quality.

227

228 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The egg plants brought in by W. J. Clemson on August 21 were
the finest specimens the committee has ever seen exhibited.

September 17, one of the finest exhibitions of cucumbers for that
time of the year was shown by the Waban Gardens.

The November 4 show was most excellent as to the quality of the
displays; a Bronze Medal was awarded the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College for a collection of vegetables, and it was also
given Honorable Mention for a collection of cabbages showing the
false economy of bujang poor seeds.

A gratuity was given F. W. Dahl for bringing in the Erfurt
Stump-rooted celery, said to be a new and highly recommended
vegetable.

Much interest was manifested in the collection of many varieties
of potatoes exhibited by Col. Frederick Mason of Taunton which
was certainly worthy of the gratuity awarded.

The appropriation for prizes for the year was S843.00, of which
was expended for prizes and gratuities $623.50, leaving a balance
of S219.5().

A detailed list of the awards made is appended to this report.

PRIZES AND^GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR VEGETABLES.

1909

January 16.

Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st. Waban Gardens, $3.
Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens :

1st, Bellevue Greenhouses, American, $3; 2d, Bellevue Greenhouses
English, $2.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Waban Gardens, Sterling Castle, $3; 2d, Waban Gardens, Eclipse
$2.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than four varieties :

2d, Waban Gardens, $8.

awards for vegetables. 229

Spring Exhibition.

March 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28.

(Continued to April 4.)

William J. Walker Fund.

Lettuce. — Four heads :

1st, G. D. Moore, $3; 2d, A. E. Hartshorn, §2; 3d, N. F. Comley, $1.
Mushrooms. — Twelve specimens:

2d, Bellevue Greenhouses, $2; 3d, Bellevue Greenhouses, SI.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens :

1st, E. D. Jordan, $3.
Collection of Forced Vegetables. — Not less than four varieties :

2d, A. E. Hartshorn, $8; 3d, N. F. Comley, S6.

Gratuity: —
M. W. Chadbourne, Artichokes, $1.

Rhododendron Exhibition.

June 5 and 6.
Theodore Lijman Fund.

Asparagus. — Four bunches, twelve stalks each :

1st, State Hospital, Taunton, S3.
Cucumbers. — Four specimens:

1st, G. D. Moore, $3; 2d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, S2; 3d, Waban Gardens, SI.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $3; 2d, G. D. Moore, S2; 3d, W. J. Clemson, $1.
Radishes. — Four bunches:

1st, G. D. Moore, Round Scarlet, S3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, French
Breakfast, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson, Ne Plus Ultra, SI.
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, open culture:

1st, State Hospital, $3; 2d, Mrs. Frederick -\yer, S2; 3d, W. J. Clem-
son, SI.
Spinach. — Peck;

1st, W. J. Clemson, S3.
Collection of Vegetables. — Grown in 1909, eight varieties, decorative
arrangement to be considered:

1st. W. J. Clemson, S5.

230 massachusetts horticultural society.

Rose and Strawberry Exhibition.

June 2G and 27.

Beets. — Twelve, open culture:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, D. L. Fiske, $2; 3d, State Hospital, SI.
Cabbages. — Four specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, G. D. Moore, $2; 3d, W. Heustis & Son.
$1.
Carrots. — Four bunches:

1st, Frederick Mason, .'$3.
Cucumbers. — White Spine, six specimens:
1st, G. D. Moore, .$3.
English Frame, two specimens:

1st, Waban Gardens, $3; 2d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $2; 3d, Waban
Gardens, $1.
Lettuce. — Six heads:

1st, State Hospital, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, Big Boston, $2; 3d..
Frederick Mason, Deacon, $1.
Peas. — Gradus, half-peck:

1st, State Hospital, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson.
II.
Sutton's Excelsior or Nott's Excelsior:

l.-'t, Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, Elliott Moore, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, W. J. Clemson, Laxton, .$3; 2d, E. R. Coggswell, Jr., Surprise, $2.
Collection of three varieties, half-peck of each:
1st, Frederick Mason, $3.
Onions. — Twelve specimens :

1st, Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, State Hospital, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson.
$1.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, any variety:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $2; 3d, Waban
Gardens, $1.
Collection of Vegetables. — Eight varieties, decorative arrangement
to be considered:
1st, W,. Heustis & Son, $5; 2d, Frederick Mason, .$4; 3d. W. J. Clem-
son, $3.

Sweet Pea Exhibition.

July 1-7 and IS.

Beans. — Half-peck of Wax:

1st, State Hospital, $3: 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, William Whitman,

$1.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES. 231

Half- peck of Green:

1st, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $3: 2d, Mrs. E. J. Whitney, $2; 3d, State Hos-
pital, $1.
Beets. — Twelve specimens :

1st, State Hospital, $2; 2d, Frederick Mason, $1.
Cabbages. — Four specimens :

1st, W. Heustis & Son, Early Summer, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son,
Succession, ^1.
Lettuce. — Four heads :

1st, Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, State Hospital, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson,
$1.
Onions. — Twelve specimens :

1st, W. J. Clemson, Ailsa Craig, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, Prizetaker,
$2; 3d, Frederick Mason, .$1.
Squashes. — Summer Long Warted, four specimens:

1st, Frederick Mason, S3; 2d, State Hospital, S2; 3d, W. Heustis &
Son, -SI.
Summer Scallop:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3.
Tomatoes. — • Twelve specimens, any variety:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3; 2d, M. F. Plant, $2.
Collection of Vegetables. — Ten varieties:
1st, Frederick Mason, $5.

Gratuity: —
Mrs. A. W. Blake, Twin Cucumbers, $1.

August 21 and 22.

Beans. — Lima, four quarts, unshelled:

1st, Mrs. A. W. Blake, Fordhook, .S3; 2d, Frederick Mason, Fordhook,
$2; 3d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, King of the Garden, -SI.
Any other variety, four quarts, unsheiled:

1st, Mrs. E. J. Wliitney, Horticultural, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, Hor-
ticultural, .$2; 3d, William Whitman, Bountiful, $1.
Cabbages. — Three specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, All Seasons, $3; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Stone
Mason, S2: 3d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Savoy, $1.
Lettuce. — Four heads of any variety:

1st, State Hospital, Big Boston, .$3; 2d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, Sutton,
$2; 3d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, Sutton's Giant, .$1.
Celery. — Four roots of any variety:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, Paris Golden, .$3 ; 2d, Frederick Mason, Paris
Golden, $2; 3d, Mrs. G. T. Hartshorn, Paris Golden, $1.

232 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Onions. — Twelve specimens;

1st, W. J. Clemson, Ailsa Craig, S3; 2d, Frederick Mason, Giant of
Gibraltar, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson, Prize Taker, SI.
Peppers. — Twelve specimens. Bell or Bull Nose:
1st, State Hospital, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2.
Twelve specimens, any other variety:

1st, Frederick Mason, Chinese Giant, S3; 2d, State Hospital, Chinese
Giant, $2; 3d, State Hospital, Imperial Squash, $1.
Potatoes. — Twelve specimens of any variety;

1st, Frederick Mason, Hebron, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, Clark No. 1,
S2; 3d, EUiott Moore, Hebron, $1..
Squashes. — Marrow, three specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, Boston Marrow, .S3; 2d, Frederick Mason,
Dunlap Marrow, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason, Boston Marrow, SI.
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Crosby:

1st, Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, S2; 3d, State Hospital,
$1.
Twelve ears, any other variety:

1st, Frederick Mason, Howhng Mob, S3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, Potter's
Excelsior, S2; 3d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, Stowell's, SI.
Four varieties, six ears of each:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $A; 2d, Frederick Mason, S3.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, any variety:

1st, W. J. Clemson, Chalk's Early Jewell, S3; 2d, Frederick Mason,
Stone, 12; 3d, Frederick Mason, Eariy Jewell, SI.
Collection of Vegetables. — Ten varieties, decorative arrangement
to be considered:
1st, Frederick Mason, So; 2d, Mrs. E. J. Whitney, S3.

Gratuity : —
W. J. Clemson, Egg Plant, S2.

General Autumn Exhibition.

September 17, 18, and 19.

Beans. — Lima, two quarts, shelled :

1st, Mrs. A. W. Blake, S3; 2d, State Hospital, S2; 3d, Frederick
Mason, SI.
Beets. — Twelve specimens :

1st, Frederick Mason, S3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, S2; 3d, W. Heustis &
Son, SI.
Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck :
1st, Mrs. G. T. Hartshorn, S3.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES. 233

Cabbages. — Three of any variety, trimmed:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3; 2d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, $2; 3d, State
Hospital, $1.
Cauliflowers. — Six specimens: '

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3.
Celery. — Four roots, any variety:

1st, Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, Joseph
Thorpe, $1.
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, Mrs. G. T.
Hartshorn, $1.
Cucumbers. — Six Wliite Spine:
1st, Waban Gardens, $4.
Four of any other variety:

1st, Waban Gardens, Dav-is, $3; 2d, Waban Gardens, Locke's Perfec-
tion, S2; 3d, Waban Gardens, Telegraph, SI.
Culinary Herbs, Green. — Collection, named:
1st, J. A. Nixon, $4 ; 2d, State Hospital, $3.
Egg Plants.— Four Round Purple;

1st, Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, State Hospital, .$2; 3d, W. J. Clemson,
$1.'
Endive. — Curled, six specimens :

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason,
$1.
Broad Leaf or Escarol, six specimens:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

Ist, Frederick Mason, Salamander, $3; 2d, Mrs. A. W. Blake, Sutton's
Standwell, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason, Success, $1.
Cos or Romaine, four heads:

1st, Frederick Mason, Dwarf, S3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, Trianon, S2;
3d, Frederick Mason, Express, SI.
Onions. — Twelve specimens:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, J. B. Shurtleff, Jr., S2, 3d, Frederick
Mason, SI.
Parsley. — Four quarts:

1st, State Hospital, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, Mrs. G. T.
Hartshorn, $1.
Peppers. — Twelve specimens:

1st, State Hospital, S3; 2d, Frederick Mason, S2; 3d, State Hospital,
$1.
Potatoes. — Twelve Hebron:

1st, Mrs. G. T. Hartshorn, S3; 2d, Frederick Mason, S2; 3d, Elliott
Moore, $1.
Twelve Green Mountain:

1st, Mrs. G. T. Hartshorn, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, S2.

234 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Twelve of any other variety:

1st, Mrs. G. T. Hartshorn, Carman No. 3, S3: 2cl, Mrs. G. T. Hartshorn,
Delaware, $2; 3d, C. A. Campbell, Green Mountain, Jr., SI.
Radishes. — Four bunches:

1st, Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, Waban Gardens, $2; 3d, State Hospital,
SI.
Tomatoes. — Twelve of any variety:

1st, Frederick Mason, S3; 2d, State Hospital.. S2; 3d, Joseph Thorpe,.
$1.
Collection of four varieties, eight of each:

1st, State Hospital, S3; 2d, EUiott Moore, S2; 3d, Frederick Mason, $1.
Collection of Veget.\bles. — Twelve varieties, decorative arrangement
to be considered:
1st, Frederick Mason, SS; 2d, W. J. Clemson, So; 3d, State Hospital,
S3.

Gratuities: —

Mrs. A. W. Blake, Swiss Chard, SI.

F. W. Dahl, Erfurt Stump-rooted Celery, SI.

T. T. Watt, seedling Tomato, SI.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, collection of Tomatoes, SI.

J. B. Shurtleff, Jr., collection of Cabbages, SI.

Chrysantheum Show.

November 4, 5, 6, and 7.

Cabbages. — Four Drumhead, trimmed:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, S3; 2d, State Hospital, S2; 3d, Frederick
Mason, SI. *

Four Savoy:

1st, Mrs' J. L. Gardner, S3; 2d, EUiott & H. W. Moore, S2; 3d, Fred-
erick Mason, $1.
Four Red:

1st, Frederick Mason, Large Red, $3; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, .S2; 3d,
Frederick Mason, Rock Red, $1.
Carrots. — Twelve:

1st, Elliott & H. W. Moore, S3; 2d, Frederick Mason, S2; 3d, J. P.
Wyman, SI.
Leeks. — Twelve specimens:

1st, State Hospital $3; 2d, Mrs. G. T. Hartshorn, S2: 3d, J. A. Nixon,
SI.
Onions. — Twelve specimens of any variety:
1st, Mrs. G. T. Hartshorn, S3.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES. 235

Collection of three varieties, six of each:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $4; 2d,, J. A. Nixon, $3; 3d, State Hospital, S2.
P.AjRSNiPS. — Twelve specimens : '

1st, W. J. Clemson, Market Model, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, Long
Smooth, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason, Bobbie's, $1.
Salsify. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Mrs. G. T. Hartshorn, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, .$2; 3d, Mrs. A. W.
Blake, $1.
Squashes. — Three Bay State:
1st, Frederick Mason, .$3.
Three Hubbard:

1st, Frederick Mason, -13.
Three Hybrid Turban:

1st, Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2, 3d, State Hospi-
tal, $1.
Three Marrow:

1st, Frederick Mason, Dunlap, .'S3; 2d, Frederick Mason, Boston, $2.
Turnips. — Twelve Flat:

1st, Elliott & H. W. Moore. $3; 2d. Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $2; 3d,
State Hospital, $1.
Twelve Swedish:

1st, Frederick Mason, .$3.
Twelve Egg:

1st, Elhott & H. W. Moore, $3; 2d, J. A. Nixon, $2.
Collection of Vegetables. — Twenty varieties, decorative arrange-
ment to be considered:
1st, State Hospital, $25; 2d, Frederick Mason, $15; 3d, Frederick
Mason, $10.
Collection of Leaf Salad Plants. —

1st, J. A. Nixon, $10; 2d, Frederick Mason, $6; 3d, Massachusetts
Agricultural College, $4.

Gratuities: —

J. P. Wyman, Beets, $1.

G. D. Moore, Lettuce, $1.

Frederick Mason, collection of Potatoes, $3.

State Hospital, collection of vegetables, $2.

Bronze Medal.
November 4. Massachusetts Agricultural College, collection of vegetables.

Honorable Mention.

" " Massachusetts Agricultural College, collection of Cabbages,

showing the false economy of buying poor seeds.

236 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Votes of Thanks.

September 11. C. W. Parker, Early Russian Cucumbers.
" " Peter Anderson, Giant Tree Tomato.

JosiAH B. Shurtleff, Jr. "1 Committee
John W. Duncan > on

George D. jNIoore J Vegetables.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OX GARDENS FOR THE

YEAR 1909.

BY CHARLES W. PARKER, CHAIRM.AX.

The Committee on Gardens of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society has to report for the year 1909 that the number of entries
and visits made has been the largest in recent years. Eighteen
estates and gardens in ^Massachusetts and Connecticut have been
inspected which are reported upon as follows:

Miss Mary S. Ames' Garden, North Easton.

The first visit of the season was made May 18 to Langwater
Gardens, the estate of Miss Mary S. Ames at North Easton, which
had been entered for the prizes offered by the Society for a garden
of spring-flowering plants.

This grand estate, of which William N. Craig is the superin-
tendent, comprises an area of five hundred acres, and presents an
agreeable combination of the cultivated and natural in landscape
art. The features which most impress the visitor are the great
stretches of handsome, well-kept lawns, framed in borders of
shrubbery and trees, and the fine, open woodlands, amidst which
is planted a great variety of spring-flowering plants and ferns.

On wooded banks were colonies of trilliums, violets, primroses,
and narcissi in flower, and the borders of a good-sized pond were
decorated with masses of jonquils and azaleas. The flowering
dogwood in both pink and white varieties was conspicuous in the
adjoining woods^ while nearer at hand handsome shrubs of Kerria
ja'ponica, Rhododendron Vaseyi, and numerous varieties of lilacs
all in luxuriant bloom, attracted attention.

The special object of the visit, however, was the inspection of the
collection of late-flowering tulips of which there were forty or more
varieties of the Darwin and Cottage classes. These stately flowers,

237

238 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

though lacking the brilHancy of the earher kinds, have so many good
quaUties that they deserve all the interest now being. devoted to
them.

The numerous greenhouses on the estate devoted to the culture
of orchids, foliage plants, and fruits were also inspected and one
realizes after a visit to such an estate as this the high professional
skill required in its management.

The Botanic Garden of Harvard University.

On May 19, by invitation of Robert Cameron, superintendent,
the committee made an informal visit to the Botanic Garden at
Cambridge for the purpose of seeing the magnificent display of
late-flowering tulips then in the perfection of bloom.

There were long rows of many varieties, in many colors, of the
Darwin and Cottage classes, and their stately beauty was greatly
enhanced by the planting among them of Phlox subulata, Phlox
procumbens, Stellarias, and j^ansies which gave a beautiful effect
and finish to the borders.

Other plants engaged the interested attention of the committee
as well as the tulips and narcissi, especially the Buckleya disticho-
phylla, a tree parasitic on the roots of the hemlock, and rarely found
in cultivation; the Frifillaria imperialis, in fine flower; and the
masses of Ali/ssum saxatUe compacta, which seems to have caught
and held the sunshine in its inflorescence.

The greenhouses with their luxuriant growth of tropical plants
were also visited.

Henry A. Belcher's Rock Garden at Randolph.

June 18 the committee visited the estate of Henry A. Belcher at
Randolph for the purpose of inspecting his rock garden which had
been entered in accordance with the oft'er in the Schedule for the
present year.

On this estate is a natural ledge rising from the general level to a
height of about twenty feet, and as it occujiies a conspicuous position
near the home grounds it presented an interesting problem as to the
best plan for its horticultural adornment.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 239

A few native cedars and junipers, the original tenants of the ledge,
were preserved and many species of other rock-loving plants have
been set out forming a suitable and attractive covering for the rocky
mass. In the crevices were growing Sedum acre, Phlox subulata,
houseleek, and cactus, while lower down in the broader spaces were
massed collections of Rosa alpina, lilies, azaleas, phloxes, and
honeysuckles. A healthy colony of Scotch heather was one of the
noticeable plants that appeared to find a congenial home here and
at the base of a sunny steep slope rambler roses and wistaria were
planted.

The committee also viewed with interest the various gardens in
other portions of the estate, which mcluded a tract of land of about
five acres, three acres of which were under cultivation. There
were separate plots laid out for rose, ]3eony, and iris gardens, and of
especial note were the clumps of rhododendrons in magnificent
flower. Many fine specimens of trees and shrubs added to the
beauty of this interesting place.

CoL. H. E. Converse's Estate at Marion.

June 21 the committee visited the extensive seashore estate of
Col. Harry E. Converse at Marion. It comprises an area of about
eighty acres of well-wooded land situated on a prominent point
between Mattapoisett and Marion harbors on Buzzards Bay.
♦ While the greater part of the estate is preserved in nearly its
original condition, with the exception of a fine system of roads, in
the vicinity of the home lot there is abundant evidence of the work
of the horticulturist in the various gardens devoted to ornamental
plants, shrubs, roses, and vegetables. There are also several
greenhouses in which are grown chrysanthemums and other flower-
ing and foliage plants, grapes, melons, and tomatoes.

Numerous flourishing colonies of rhododendrons were observed
growing along the roadsides in the woodlands, presenting an
attractive feature.

At the extreme end of the estate just back of the stony beach is a
grove of holly trees {Ilex opaca) which attracted the interested
attention of the visitors. There were about a dozen of them, all

240 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of unusual size for this latitude; several of the larger ones measured
28 feet in height, with a spread of 30 feet, and the largest one had a
diameter two feet from the ground of seventeen inches. They
are probably the largest specimens of this tree in New England.

This estate, which is being developed by Col. Converse, under the
skilful superintendence of the well-known horticulturist, David F.
Roy, is entered for the H. H. Hunnewell Triennial Premium and
the committee will observe its further improvement with the greatest
interest and pleasure.

Mrs. James ISIcKissock's Peoxy Garden, "West Newton.

June 24 the committee was called upon to inspect the peony
garden of INIrs. James ]McKissock at ^Vest Newton. This garden
was visited by the committee in jNIay and June of the previous year
and it will be unnecessary to repeat at this time the description
published in the report for 1908. It will be sufficient to say that
Mrs. McKissock has got together a very large number of the best
varieties of peonies and her collection is worthy of high commenda-
tion. It is one of the noteworthy peony gardens in the vicinity of
Boston.

Mrs. Harriet R. Foote's Rose Garden at Marblehead.

%

July 1 the committee had the pleasure of viewing the magnificent
collection of hardy roses in the garden of INIrs. Foote at ^larblehead.
On the day of the visit the roses were a little past the perfection of
bloom but still presented a brilliant display of color.

• i\Irs. Foote has under culti\ation nearly 900 varieties of roses,
including mostly Hybrid Perpetuals, Hybrid Teas, Noisettes, and
Bourbons. She has made a specialty of rose growing for fourteen
years, though the present garden is only in its third season. She is
thoroughly familiar with rose culture and is an enthusiastic rosarian.
The plants j)resented a healthy appearance, the foliage, especially,
being free from the effects of insect jicsts, owing to the careful
attention given them. It was certainly a noteworthy rose garden.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX GARDENS. 241

W. "\y. Rawsox & Co.'s St^-eet Pea Farm at Marblehead.

On July 1 the committee visited also the flower farm of W. W.
Rawson &.Co. at ^Marblehead, vmder the guidance of the manager,
ISIaurice Fuld.

Sweet peas were the principal objects of interest on this date.
There were 76 varieties, including most of the newest and most
desirable kinds and colors. It was an exceptionally fine collection.

Fifteen acres are under cultivation here devoted in large part to
dahlias of which 2325 varieties are grown. There are also collec-
tions of gladioli, lilies, irises, and lupins, besides some 200 varieties
of other flowering plants. The committee regretted that the time
at its disposal would not permit a longer stay at this interesting place.

Weld Garden, Jamaica Plaix.

July 6 the committee visited the renowned "Weld Garden at
Jamaica Plain, by invitation of its owners, Caj)tain and INIrs. Larz
Anderson.

A notable feature of this estate is the formal garden, made in the
year 1901, and named Weld. The many interesting accessories of
an Italian garden were here most tastefully arranged amidst a
profusion of flowering plants and presented a beautiful scene.
The concrete walls surrounding the garden were hidden by rambler
roses in luxuriant bloom M'hile borders of delphiniums, campanulas,
and antirrhinums furnished masses of color on every side.

In addition to the inspection of the garden the committee ex-
amined the numerous greenhouses on the estate devoted to the
culture of roses, carnations, orchids, and gloxinias, as well as to
peaches, grapes, and other fruits.

A high standard of excellence in all these departments, as well as
in the entire estate, is maintained, requiring the highest horticul-
tural knowledge and skill and to the superintendent, Duncan
Finlayson, much credit is due for the satisfactory results attending
his management here.

242 massachusetts horticultural society.

George E. Barnard's Estate at Ipswich.

July 8 the committee again visited the notable estate of George
E. Barnard at Ipswich, now in its second year of entry for the H. H.
Hunnewell Triennial Premium.

Several changes in the arrangement of the grounds about the
house have been made since the visit of last season showing ]Mr.
Barnard's careful study of the problem attending the complete
development of his estate. The long lines of flower borders with
their background of green foliage formed a pleasing picture and the
extraordinary neatness of the entire place drew forth many com-
plimentary expressions of approval. The flower, vegetable, and
fruit gardens, and the exceptionally well-arranged rockery and
water garden were all inspected with interest by the members of the
committee.

Mr. Barnard is much interested in. the development and horti-
cultural adornment of his estate and the result thus far shows
intelligent supervision and excellent taste, supplemented by the
careful work of the head gardener, John S. Critchley.

On August 24 a second visit was made for the purpose of inspect-
ing the vegetable gardens which were found in most satisfactory
condition.

Miss E. M. Tower's Flower Garden at Lexington.

July 23 the committee again had the pleasure of visiting the
interesting flower garden of ISIiss Ellen M. Tower at Lexington.

The two visits made in June and September of the previous year
had only served to increase the desire to see it again in the mid-
summer season. Notwithstanding the hot and dry weather of the
past few weeks it still presented the same brilliant display as on the
former occasions and again called forth enthusiastic expressions of
praise for the skill shown in producing such a continuous show of
color.

The grassy box-bordered paths set off to good advantage the
masses of stately hollyhocks, delphiniums, and Canterbury bells
which were the most conspicuous elements of the floral display,

REPORT OF COMIMITTEE ON GARDENS. 243

although the colonies of white daisies of unusual size, the begonias,
the yellow day lilies, German stocks, and Monarda were hardly less
interesting.

The freedom of planting shown in the arrangement of the garden
is commendable and the absence of formality in the borders pro-
duces a pleasing effect. It is certainly an ideal garden and reflects
credit both upon its owner for the fine taste in the selection of plants
and upon the gardener, Otto Strassenburg, for the horticultural skill
shown in producing such results.

Andrew G. Weeks' Estate at Marion.

July 27 the committee was called upon to visit the estate of
Andrew Gray Weeks at Marion which had been entered for the
Hunnewell Triennial Premium, offered by the Society for an estate
of not less than three acres which shall be laid out with the most
taste, planted most judiciously, and kept in the best order for three
consecutive years.

Mr. Weeks' estate comprises 16J acres and commands a fine
outlook upon the adjacent waters of Buzzards Bay and its adjoining
shores. It consists for the greater part of natural woodland which
it is the intention of Mr. Weeks to preserve in its original condition.
The only improvements contemplated being the laying out of
convenient woodland paths and the necessary thinning in some
places. Several fine stands of white pine of goodly dimensions are
included in the tract.

In suitable places in this woodland along the borders of the wood
paths there have been planted colonies of rhododendrons, kalmias,
ostrich ferns, and irises, and the numerous little water courses will
be crossed by appropriate bridges of concrete and rustic work.

The palatial home of Mr. Weeks is situated upon open rising
ground overlooking the waters of the bay and is a beautiful example
of the Moorish type of architecture. From the open brick-paved
court yard a long pergola leads into a circular esplanade in the
distance, and the rows of white columns along the way will be
eventually adorned with rambler roses and other appropriate
climbing plants. From any part of these structures one can step

244 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

directly into the original woodland and the contrast between the
architectural and the natural is very pronounced.

The general scheme pervading the whole estate is so original and
striking that the committee will await with much interest the com-
pletion of Mr. Weeks' plans for its further embellishment.

Mrs. Courtland Hoppin's Estate at Pomfret, Coxx.

By invitation of Mrs. Courtland Hoppin the committee was
privileged on August 6 to inspect her beautiful residence " Court-
lands" at Pomfret Center, Connecticut.

The visiting party was met at the railway station by the superin-
tendent and head gardener of the estate, Robert Rust, and by him
shown over the grounds. The first place visited was the superin-
tendent's house on the front steps of which, apparently awaiting
with interest the committee's appearance, was the finest lot of "seed-
lings " the members had ever seen on any estate : four girls and one
boy, ranging from three to nine years, sat on a step and presented a
picture worthy of note even in the Society's annals.

The next place visited was the vegetable garden which was found
in fine condition, considering the dry season. It comprised about
two acres and the walks were of gravel with a grass border of a foot
in width. The greater portion of the beds were separated from one
another by a finely trimmed hedge of the California privet.

There were also here some .Japanese plum trees, seven to eight
feet high, bearing an extraordinary crop. The raspberry and
gooseberry bushes looked very thrifty and the strawberry beds
were well taken care of and showed evidence of a heavy crop. This
garden met the approbation of every member of the committee.

The greenhouses were then inspected and were found in excellent
condition. There were rose houses, carnation houses, and houses
for palms, ferns, and the various other foliage plants usually grown.

A pit formerly used for violets had been transformed into a
melon house and showed a fine display of various varieties of this
fruit. The chrysanthemum house was also very promising, and a
bench of gloxinias was especially fine. There was also a pit used
for winter storage of palms, bays, and English ivys, and in connec-

REPORT OF C0:MMITTEE ON GARDENS. 245

tion with it were mushroom beds and storage space for vegetables.

The flower garden was then visited and was well in bloom with
all the varieties used for cutting. Of especial interest in it was a
bed of hardy dwarf chrysanthemums just beginning to flower.
The lawn consisted of about sixteen acres and was finely studded
with oaks, maples, Norway, Douglas, and Colorado spruces,
averaging from ten to fifty feet in height and as fine specimens as
one ever sees.

There were large beds of rhododendrons and kalmias which had
been transplanted in the spring of the present year and showed a
wonderful growth. These beds contained one thousand rhodo-
dendrons and five hundred kalmias varying from two to six feet in
height. There were several blue spruces which demanded partic-
ular notice and attention, and quite a number of pines growing well.

The lawn is of a rolling nature which showed these trees to good
advantage. The lower portion has a fine tennis court, and a
swimming pool, 30X60 feet, is now in process of construction.

The mansion house which is of old English style occupies an
elevated position commanding a beautiful view of the surrounding
country, and the home grounds are thickly planted with a great
^■ariety of flowering and ornamental shrubs. A fine growth of the
Japanese ivy covers the front walls of the house. In the rear is a
large veranda and between the windows are trellises covered with
English ivy, grown in pots, which are removed in winter to the
storage pits previously mentioned.

On the ■u'hole, the committee considers this estate one of the
finest in this section of the country and its well-kept condition
reflects great credit to the superintendent, Robert Rust, who has
been connected with the place for thirteen years and it has been
brought to its present state of perfection under his management.

B. H. Tracy's Gladiolus Farm at Wenham.

August 24 the committee visited the gladiolus farm of B. Ham-
mond Tracy at Wenham. ]Mr. Tracy has eleven acres planted in
gladiolus of which nine acres were in bloom the present season.
He has over four hundred distinct varieties under name and num-
ber, one hundred being the productions of other growers which he

246 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

uses for comparison and selection. Although the season has been
a very dry one he has harvested the largest and finest crop of bulbs
in his experience. This was the result of thorough cultivation and
constant dry mulching.

Mr. Tracy's farm presents an interesting example of what can be
done in New England in making a specialty of some one thing.

W. H. S wanton's Estate, Newton.

September 7 the committee inspected the suburban estate of
W. H. Swanton at Newton Center. It comprised an area of about
2S000 scjuare feet and contained a large variety of flowering and
ornamental plants and fruit trees.

The gardens and grounds presented a brilliant appearance with
the colors of the autumnal flowers but as is commonly the case with
estates of this size were sonlewhat overcrowded. Notwithstanding
the drought of the past summer Mr. Swanton's estate showed good
results and reflected credit upon his horticultural skill. His la-wns
were in especially fine condition.

F. W. Dahl's Estate at Roxbury.

On September 9 the committee visited the beautiful estate of F.
W. Dahl on Columbus Avenue, Roxbury and were somewhat sur-
prised to find such a place in the midst of a thickly-settled commun-
ity. The grounds comprised an area of somewhat over one acre
and were filled with an extensive collection of flowering plants,
vegetables, and fruit trees. Everything was in fine condition
showing enthusiastic care and great skill on the part of the owner
who personally attends to the management of the place; everything
having been planted with his own hands.

Mr. Dahl is especially interested in fruit growing and has num-
erous varieties of pears, apples, peaches, and plums, all of which
were in splendid condition, both as to fruitage as well as to foliage.
The branches of his peach trees were propped up with boards to
sustain the great weight of the crop, now nearing maturity. There
were also several varieties of grapes as well as of other small fruits.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 247

On the whole, the members of the committee were greatly pleased
with the estate and especially with the personal interest shown by
Mr. Dahl in its management.

R. & J. Farquhar & Co.'s House of Begonia Gloire de
Lorraine at Roslindale.

November 11, by invitation of the Messrs. Farquhar, the com-
mittee visited their extensive nurseries and greenhouses at Roslin-
dale. The principal object of the visit was the inspection of the
house of Lorraine begonias which were in the perfection of bloom
and the value of this variety as a decorative plant was never before
so strongly brought to the attention of the members of the committee.
Each individual plant was covered with flowers and the whole house
presented a mass of brilliant coloring. There was also a house
devoted to cyclamens just coming into flower.

After the inspection of the several houses the visitors walked
through the nursery grounds and viewed with interest the extensive
collections of coniferous trees, rhododendrons, lilies, and irises,
and many other kinds of hardy shrubs and plants.

The awards made by the committee for the year are as follows :

Special Prizes.

For an estate in Massachusetts of not more than three acres nor
less than one acre that shows the best arrangement in planting and
that is kept in the best order:

First, F. W. Dahl, Roxbury $50.00

Societij's Prizes.

For a Garden of Spring- flowering plants, not conmiercial :

First, Langwater Gardens, North Easton Silver Medal

For a Garden of Summer or Fall-flowering plants, not com-
mercial:

248 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

First, ]\Iiss E. M. Tower, Lexington; Otto Strassenburg,
Gardener Silver INIedal

Second, George E. Barnard, Ipswich Bronze Medal

For a Garden or Collection of Peonies, not commercial:

First, ]\Irs. James ^NIcKissoek, ^yest Newton Silver INIedal
For a Garden or Collection of Irises, not commercial:

First, Henry A. Belcher, Randolph Silver Medal

For a Rock Garden:

First, George E. Barnard, Ipswich Silver Medal

Second, Henry A. Belcher, Randolph Bronze ISIedal

For a Fruit Garden of large or small fruits:

First, F. W. Dahl, Roxbury Silver Medal

For a Vegetable Garden, not commercial:

First, George E. Barnard, Ipswich Silver ISIedal

Second, F. W. Dahl, Roxbury Bronze Medal

Special Atcards.

R. &. J. Farquhar & Co., for house of Begonia Gloire de Lor-
raine at Roslindale Silver Medal

Robert Cameron, Cambridge, for Superior cultivation of late-
flowering Tulips Bronze ^Sledal

"W. W. Rawson & Co., for Sweet Pea garden at Marblehead

Bronze ^ledal

Duncan Finlayson, Jamaica Plain, for fine condition of Weld
Garden Bronze ]\Iedal

Robert Rust, Pomfret, Corniecticut, for fine condition of Court-
lands Estate Bronze ]\Iedal

B. Hammond Tracy, ^Yenham, for superior cultivation of
Gladiolus Bronze ^Nledal

Charles W. Parker, Marblehead, for Redgate Estate at Marble-
head Neck Bronze Medal

Mrs. Harriet R. Foote, jMarblehead, for Rose Garden

Honorable ^Mention

W. H. Swanton, Newton, for Estate Honorable Mention

The Estate of George E. Barnard at Ipswich was reported favor-
ably for the second year of the H. H. Hunnewell Triennial Premium.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GARDENS.

249

The Estates of Col. Harry E. Converse and Andrew Gray Weeks
at Marion were reported favorably for the first and second awards
respectively in the first year's competition for the H. H. Hunnewell
Triennial Premium.

Charles W. Parker

William H. Bowker

Arthur H. Fewkes

Thomas J. Grey

T. D. Hatfield Committee

Julius Heurlin i' on

William P. Rich Gardens.

JosiAH B. Shurtleff, Jr.

Stephen M. Weld

Thomas H. Westwood

Wilfrid Wheeler

REPORT OF THE CO:\rMITTEE ON CHILDREN'S GAR-
DENS FOR THE YEAR 1909.

The annual exhibition of the products of children's gardens was
held at Horticultural Hall, September 4 and 5, and the interest
shown was fully equal to that of previous years.

In addition to the usual collections of flowers and vegetables a
unique feature of the exhibition this year was a model home lot
complete even to the house. This was planned and carried out by
a special committee consisting of Miss Anna Sears of Waltham,
Mr. Henry Saxton Adams of Wellesley, Mrs. W. Rodman Peabody
of Cambridge, Miss Myrta Higgins of South Framingham, and
Miss Julia Harvey Bradley of Boston.

The home lot was planned by Mr. Adams and the house was
specially designed and built for the exhibit by E. F. Hodgson of
Dover and was attractively furnished by the Jordan ]Marsh Com-
pany.

Plans for the grounds began early in the spring under the direc-
tion of ]\Ir. Adams and INIiss Bradley and all summer the vegetables
and flowers were grown in boxes under the watchful eye of Peter
Jansen of West Roxbury.

The exhibit which covered a space 30 x 40 feet was designed to
illustrate what could be done on small places M-here taste and care
were shown.

It was a most attractive exhibition and proved very interesting
and instructive.

The appropriation for the committee was SI 50.00 and a detailed
list of the prizes offered and awards made is appended to this report.

251

252

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Prizes and Gratuities Awarded, September 4 and 5, 1909.

For the best collection of vegetables from a school garden:

First. — Melrose Vacation School Gardens S6 00

Second. — Orchard Street Garden, Wellesley Hills and Lower Falls 5 00

Third. — Vernon Street Garden, Walt ham . . . 4 00

Fourth. — Lancaster Centre School Garden 3 00

Fifth. — Fairhaven School Gardens 2 00

Special Prizes.

North Lancaster School Garden

South Lancaster School Garden

Episcopal Church Home Garden, South Boston

South Natick School Garden

South End Industrial School Gardens, Roxbury

For the best collection of annual flowers from a school garden:

First. — Tracy School, Lynn

Second. — Fairhaven School, Fairhaven

Tliird.— Cobbet School, Lynn

00

00

00

00

00

rden :

. 5

00

4

00

. 3

00

Special Prizes.

Episcopal Church School Garden, South Boston
South End Industrial School Ciardens, Roxbury

1 00
1 00

For the best collection of annual flowers from a school garden established
since 1906:

First. — Wellesley Lower Falls School, Wellesley Farms
Second. — South Natick School . . . . .
Third. — South Lancaster School .....

5 00
4 00
3 00

For the best collection of vegetables from a child's home garden:

First. — Frank A. Woods, Groton
Second. — Roger Newton Perry, Worcester
Third. — Hammond B. Tracy, Wenham
Fourth. — William Fisher, Waltham
Fifth. — Albert Ames, Reading

5 00
4 00
3 00
2 00
1 00

AWARDS FOR CHILDREN S GARDENS.

253

Special Prizes.

Philip Damon, Reading
Edward Quinlan, Reading
Waldo Harvey, Waltham
Paul Gregory, Reading .
Fred. Fowler, Reading .

S 50
50
50
50
50

For the best collection of annual flowers from a child's home garden:

First. — Roger Newton Perry, Worcester
Second. — Hammond B . Tracy, Wenham
Third. — Harvey McArthur, Melrose
Fourth. — Laura Fisher, Waltham
Fifth. — Arthur Terrio, Waltham .

00
50
00
50
00

Special Prizes.

Waldo Harvey, Waltham
Evelyn Fisher, Waltham
Gertrude Page, Roxbury
Frank A. Woods, Groton
Elmer Becker, Reading

50
50
50
50
50

For the best two vases of perennial flowers from a school garden or school
grounds :

First. — Cobbet School, L\mn ....
Second. — Tracy School, Lynn ....
Tliird. — Cobbet School, Lynn ....
Fourth. — Episcopal Church School, South Boston
Fifth. — Tracy School, Lynn ....

First. — Inez E. Townsend, Lynn
Second. — Dorothy Emerson, Lynn
Third. — Roger Newton Perry, Worcester
Fourth. — Hammond B. Tracy, Wenham
Fifth. — Roland McArthur, Melrose

5 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

lild's home

garden :

5 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

Special Award.
Martha A. Townsend, Ljam .

Honorable Mention

254 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For the best two vases of either Dahlias or GladioH from a child's home
garden :

First. — Inez E. Townsend, Lynn . . . . . . 3 00

Second. — Hammond B. Tracy, Wenham . . . . . 2 00

Third. — Leo Newman, Reading . . . . . . . 1 00

For the best collection of flowers grown in a window box in the City of
Boston:

First. — Mildred and Freda Hauser, Roxbury . . . . So 00
Second. — Frances E. Willard Settlement, Boston . . . 4 00
Third.— Esther Nicholl, Roxbury 3 00

Honorable Mention.

Gertrude Wilson, Reading, collection of annual flowers
Ruth Smith, Reading, " " " "

Paul Gregory, Reading, " " " "

Mrs. R. G. Shaw,

Chairman
Mrs. E. M. Gill Committee

Mrs. W. R. Peabody ■ on Children's

Mrs. D. L. Pickman Gardens.

INIiss Margaret A. Rand
Mrs. J. E. Thayer

REPORT OF THE DELEGATE TO THE STATE BOARD
OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1909.

The annual expenditure of S50,000 by the State Board of Agri-
culture for the promotion of agriculture in ^Massachusetts at first
seems large for a state like INIassachusetts, but when we consider
that our state produces annually more than $65,000,000.00 worth
of the products of the soil the first named sum seems small in
comparison with this result.

^Massachusetts is not a great agricultural state in comparison
with Illinois, Iowa, or Kansas, where vast tracts of land are devoted
to such crops as corn, wheat, or oats, but our agriculture is of the
more intensive type, often yielding SI 000. 00 per acre while in the
case of the states above mentioned S2o.00 per acre is considered a
good return.

The expenditure of the money appropriated for the use of the
Board is along these general lines: Bounties to Horticultural and
Agricultural Societies, Printing Reports and Crop Records, Pub-
lishing of Bulletins and Pamphlets on subjects of interest to farmers,
Furnishing to organized societies speakers for institutes. Public
meetings held by the board, and Office Expenses.

That some changes in the expenditure of this money would
greatly benefit agriculture in ^Massachusetts there can be no doubt.
We need here a series of demonstration farms distributed in such a
way that crops common to a district can be shown on at least one
farm in that district grown with the benefit of all the latest scientific
knowledge. Then also actual demonstration work carried on by
capable demonstrators should be part of the work of the Board, as
should also experiments in the growing of certain crops such as
alfalfa, corn, and fruit. It is true that the Agricultural College and
Experiment Station do conduct experiments along these lines but
their conditions do not fit all parts of the state so that their success
or failure is not a fair test of the final result. Then again, the
Agricultural College is so situated that the farmers from all over
the state cannot reach it easily, nor can they generally afford the
time for such visits.

255

256 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The work of the Board for the past year has been along the same
lines as formerly. The annual meeting was held at the State House,
Boston, on January 12, 1909, and the following subjects were
discussed:

Insect pests and their control with particular reference to the
San Jose scale.

Nursery stock inspection with special reference to uniform laws
for the New England states. Your delegate is pleased to report
that some very good laA\s have been enacted the past season by
the various state legislatures relative to these subjects.

The deer nuisance — legislation was recommended and j)assed
that farmers on their own land should be allowed to protect their
crops from the deer.

Milk inspection and standards.

Cow testing associations.

The reports of the various departments of the Board were read
and approved as were also special committee reports, and these
can all be found in the report of the Board for 1909.

Other meetings of the Board were held as follows:

Cummington, June 11, Fitchburg, August 3 and 4, and LoaacII,
December 6, 7, and 8. At all of these meetings such topics as
are of vital interest to the farmers were discussed, with special
reference to apples, corn, and milk. The attendance at these
meetings was very satisfactory and much good was derived there-
from.

INIany speakers have been furnished to farmers' institutes, public
meetings, and farmers' clubs.

The publications issued by the board are as follows : Agriculture
of Massachusetts for 1908, 684 pages, which is the annual report of
the Board: It contains the report of the Secretaiy and other
officers, as well as full reports of all meetings held and papers read.
This volume contains much of interest to the farmers and is dis-
tributed free.

Bulletin No. 2 on "Orcharding" was issued early in April and
has proved to be one of the most popular publications of the board.
This bulletin contains articles on all phases of orcharding by the
following writers: George T. Powell, J. H. Hale, F. C. Sears, F. A.
Waugh, and an article on insects and their control bv H. T. Fernald.

REPOKT OF DELEGATE TO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 257

This publication is well worth reading as it contains much of value
and interest to fruit growers.

Leaflet No. 42 on "Balanced rations for Dairy Stock" was also
published.

Work in the office has increased rapidly the past year and few
persons realize what a large amount of correspondence is handled
by the Board. Letters come from all over the country for informa-
tion relative to agriculture in Massachusetts, and as a rule the
farmers of the state correspond with the Board.

Wilfrid Wheeler,

Delegate.
Concord, Mass.,

December 31, 1909.

REPORT OF THE COISBIITTEE OX LECTURES AND
PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEAR 1909.

There have been no changes to record during the past year in
regard to the publications of the Society. The Transactions have
been issued as usual in two parts. Part 2 of 1908 was issued April 5
and Part 1 of 1909, containing the lectures and discussions of the
present year was ready August 31.

The usual course of winter lectures was arranged by the com-
mittee and the average attendance was 150. Through the courtesy
of the Boston Evening Transcript very full reports of most of the
lectvires have been published on the day they were given, thereby
reaching a much larger audience than was present at the meetings.

Reprints of these reports have been sent to many other papers
throughout the country and we find that they have l)een very gen-
erally printed in whole or in part.

The program of this year's course was as follows :

January 9. The Yeast of the Soil. By Wni. H. Bowker, Boston.

January 16. Garden Insects and how to Control them. By
Prof. E. Dwight Sanderson, Durham, N. H.

January 23. Ornamental Gardens and Garden INIaterials.
Illustrated. By Prof. E. A. White, Amherst, Mass.

January 30. The Effects of Conditions of Growth in certain
Horticultural Plants upon Susceptibility to Fungous Diseases.
By Prof. B. M. Duggar, Ithaca, N. Y. The John I^ewis Russell
Lecture.

February 6. The Etherization of Plants for Forcing Purposes.
By Prof. William Stuart, Burlington, Vt.

February 13. Plant Breeding. Illustrated. By Prof. Herbert
J. Webber, Ithaca. X. Y.-
February 20. American I.,andscape Architecture. By Prof.
F. A. Waugh, Amherst.

259

260

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LECTURES.

February 27. Rural New England. By i\Irs. Charlotte R. F.
Ladd, Sturbridge, Mass.

^Nlarcli 6. The Propagation of Plants by Various ^Methods.
By Jackson Dawson, Jamaica Plain.

William J. Stewart,

Chairman
J. A. Pettigrew
William P. Rich
■NIiss INIary L. Ware
Prof. F. A. Waugh

Committee

on Lectures

and Publications.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN FOR
THE YEAR 1909.

The year 1909 marks the eightieth in the history of the Massachu-
setts Horticultural Society. In the eighty years of its experience
there appears to have been no period in which it can be said that
its work languished for lack of interest in the objects for which it
was incorporated. IVIen and women have come upon the stage
of its activities and have passed on to be succeeded by others
equally devoted, through whose labors and fostering care the work
of the Society has been continued without interruption and with
unceasing interest and unabated enthusiasm.

The year just closed has been in some respects a notable one in
the Society's history. The twelve exhibitions held, while less in
number than for many years, have been without exception of vui-
usual merit both in the magnitude of individual displays and in the
quality of material exhibited.

In this connection special mention should be made of the Spring
• P^xhibition held in March which was of more than ordinary interest.
The presentation of a real Japanese Garden with all its accessories
of garden ornaments, growing plants, trees, and shrubs was a
feature that attracted so much popular interest that it was necessary
to prolong the exhibition a week beyond the scheduled dates.
Financially it was the most successful show ever given by the Society,
■while horticulturally its influence has been eciuaily as great and has
added much to the prestige of the Society.

The only exhibitions of previous years with which it could be
compared were the Rhododendron Show held by the Society on
Boston Common in the year 1873 and the Opening Flower Show
of 1901 in the present Horticultural Hall. To these justly famous
and well-remembered exhibitions the year 1909 has added another
which will go down in the Society's history as a wonderful produc-
tion of the gardener's art.

The Society's Special Diploma and Gold INIedal awarded to
the Messrs. Farquhar, were well-deserved acknowledgments of
the horticultural skill and artistic ability shown in the construction

261

262 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and development of this interesting feature of the S})ring Exhibi-
tion.

The Chrysanthemum Show in November proved also of more
than the usual interest and in financial results largely exceeded
that of the previous year.

In September, by invitation of the Society, the second annual
exhibition of the New England Dahlia Society was held in our
halls. It was probably as fine and extensive an exhibition of this
popular flower as was ever held in this country.

In October, the New England Fruit Show held an exhibition
lasting six days which also proved successful in every way. It was
held in conjunction with the Society's annual fruit exhibition and
was instrumental in attracting wide attention to the possibilities
of commercial fruit growing in New England.

The usual course of winter lectures on subjects of horticultural
interest was held in January, February, and March and the interest
in this department of the Society's work has been fully sustained.

The publications of the year and the dates of issue are as follows :

March 2. Schedule of Prizes and Exhibitions. 40 pages.

April 5. Transactions, 1908, Part 2, pages 147-298, and Plate 2.

August 31. Transactions, 1909, Part 1, pages 1-152.

The Library.

There has not been much out of the usual course in the affairs
of the library during the past year to call for any special mention.
It is believed that its condition, arrangement, and accessibility are
as satisfactory as it is possible to make them and our efforts should
now be turned to the supplying of the many desiderata which are
necessary to sustain its reputation as a horticultural library.

As in the past few years, special attention has been given to the
accumulation of complete sets of horticultural periodicals not hither-
to represented in our collection. Several of these ha^e been added
during the year as will be seen in the list of accessions appended to
this report.

The gift by Prof. C. S. Sargent of a large number of American
and foreign horticultural trade catalogues and an exchange made

REPORT OF SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN. 263

with the Library of the U. S. Department of Agricuhure resuked
in the acquisition of several thousand of these pubUcations and has
necessitated a rearrangement of the entire collection. It is now
arranged wholly chronologically and the four hundred pamphlet
boxes required to contain it are placed upon the shelves alphabeti-
cally by countries.

Mr. N. T. Kidder has continued his interest in the library by
presenting to it 130 pamphlets and volumes, consisting in great part
of reports of agricultural and horticultural societies, among which
were many that filled vacancies in the sets of these publications.

Miss E. M. Eustis and Mr. E. E. Norton also contributed several
desirable books.

In December, INIr. Everell L. Sweet placed on exhibition and
presented to the Society an interesting collection of framed photo-
graphs of East Indian products, representing the cultivation and
preparation of gambler, tapioca, pepper, rattan, etc. These will be
hung upon the walls of the rooms adjoining the library.

A gift during the year, worthy of note, was that of one of the first
diplomas of membership issued by the Society, a copy of which
was not known to be in existence. This rarity was dated 1831
and signed by the first Pi'esident of the Society, General H. A. S.
Dearborn. It was presented by Mrs. Ellen M. Gill of ]\Iedford
and was originally owned by a member of the Society living in that
city. It is intended to have this relic suitably framed and hung
upon the walls of the Secretary's office. The diploina of the
Society now in use was adopted in 18-11.

For all these gifts to the library the thanks of the Society are
gratefully tendered.

The opening of the library on exhibition Sunday s from t\^ o to six
o'clock has been continued throughout the year and will be kept up
in the future. This additional opportunity for consulting the peri-
odicals and books has been made use of to a moderate extent.

The preliminary outlining of plans for a new catalogue has begun
and it is hoped may assume material shape in the not distant future.

Appreciative acknowledgment should be made in this report
of the regular receipt of the valuable publications of the several
divisions of the V. S. Department of Agriculture, the bulletins and
reports of the various state experiment stations, and of the numerous

264 IMASSACHLSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

horticultural and agricultural periodicals of this and other countries.
These are frequently consulted by persons specially interested in
the subjects treated. The publications of the Board of Agricul-
ture and Fisheries of Great Britain have also been regularly received
for the last few jears.

A list is appended to this report of other im]jortant additions to the
library during the year.

Some Additions to the Library, 1909.

Amateur de Jardins (L'). Revue bi-mensuelle ilhistree d'horticultiire

generale. Paris.
Batchelder, Frederick W. Preliminary List of Plants growing without

cultivation in the vicinity of Manchester, New Hampshire. Revised

and enlarged, 1909. Manchester, N. H. : 1909.
Billings, E. R. Tobacco: its history, varieties, culture, etc. Hartford,

Conn.: 1875.
BoiTARD. Manuel complet de I'amateur de Roses. Paris: 18.36.
Bourne, Alfred. Guano: its varieties, analysis, and apphcation.

London: 1845.
BouTWELL, George S. Elements of Agricultural Success, etc. Wor-
cester: 1853.
Breck, Joseph. The Flower Garden: or, Breck's Book of Flowers.

New Ed. New York: 1860.
Cameron, John. The Gaelic Names of Plants. Glasgow: 1900.
Cleveland, H. W. S. A Few Hints of Landscape Gardening in the West,

etc. Chicago: 1871.
Collins, J. Franklin, and Howard W. Preston. Key to New England

Trees, wild and commonly cultivated. Providence: 1909.
Colman, Henry. Letters to the Farmers of Massachusetts on the subject

of an Agricultural Survey of the State. Boston: 1837.
(CoMBLEs, De.) Traite de la culture des Pechers. Ed. 2. Paris: 1750.
CoPELAND, R. Morris. Country Life, etc. Boston: 1859.
Davidson, K. L. Gardens Past and Present. New York and London:

n. d.
Deutsche Obstbauzeitung. Herausgegeben vom Vorstand des Deut-

schen Pomologen Vereins in Eisenach. Stuttgart.
Ellsworth, Hon. H. L. The Improvements in Agriculture, etc. New

York: 1843.
FooRD, J. Decorative Flower Studies, etc. London and New York:

1901.
Foster, Festus. An Address delivered before the Hampshire, Franklin

and Hampden Agricultural Society at Northampton, October 29, 1829.
Fruit Trade Journal and Produce Record. New York.

REPORT OF SECRETARY AXD LIBRARIAN. 265

Gale, Rev. Xahum. Farming recommended to Young Men. Lee, Mass.:

1854.
Gardens Old and New. Vol. 3. Edited by H. Avray Tipping, M. A.

London and New York: n. d.
Gaskill, Alfred. The Planting and Care of Shade Trees. Paterson,

N. J.: 1909.
Glenx, J.\mes. a Treatise on the Breeding of Animals, etc. Utica: 1842.
Goldthwait, W. C. The Application of Science to Farming. Springfield:

1849.
(Goodrich, Samuel Grlswold.) Peter Parley's Cyclopaedia of Botany.

Boston: 1838.
Gordon, George, (Editor). Gardening Year Book and Garden Oracle.

1909. London: (1909).
Gregory, James J. H. Onion Raising. Ed. 7. Salem: 1870. Ed. 18,

Marblehead: 1882.
Hedrick, U. P. The Grapes of New York. .Albany: 1908.
Horticultural' Directory and Year Book for 1909. London: (1909).
HuLME, F. Edward. Familiar AVild Flowers. Sixth Series. London:

n. d.
J.\CKSON, Joseph. A Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of

Worcester County, Massachusetts. Ed. 3. Worcester: 1909.
Johnston, J.ames F. W. Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and

Geology. New York: 1842.
Kerteszeti Lapok. Vols. 1-21. Budapest: 1886^1906.
Kinney, Hon. J. F. Centennial Agricultural Address, etc. Omaha: 1877.
Le.witt, T. H. Facts about Peat as an article of Fuel. Boston: 1865.
Lemoine, Leonor. Cours de culture des arbres a fruit et de la vigne des

jardins, etc. Paris: An X. — 1801.
Lyman, J. H. An Address delivered before the Hampshire, Franklin and

Hampden Agricultural Society. . . .at Northampton, October 25, 1820.
M.\thews, F. Schuyler. Wayside Flowers. Boston and Springfield:

n. d.

, Wayside Trees. Boston and Springfield: n. d.

Maxwell, The Right Hon. Sir Herbert. Scottish Gardens. London:

1908.
Mears, J. EwiNG, M. D. Do Farmers, as a rule, make the best use of all

their products? 1909.
Memoirs of the Rose. London: 1S24.
MuNsoN, T. V. Foundations of American Grape Culture. Denison,

Texas: 1909.
Nicholson, John. The Farmer's Assistant. Ed. 2. Lancaster, Pa.:

1820.
Nickels, C. Cultur, Benenning, und Beschreibung der Rosen. Press-
burg: 1845, 1846.
Nut-Grower (The). Published monthly by the Nut-Grower Company,

Poulan, Georgia.

266 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Paillieux, A., et D. Bois. Le Potager d'un Curieux, etc. Ed. .3. Paris:

1899.
Peters, Richard. Agricultural Enquiries on Plaister of Paris, etc.

Pliiladelphia: 1797.

. Notices for a Young Farmer, etc. Philadelphia: (1817).

PiETZNER, Hans. Landschaftliche Friedhofe, etc. Leipzig: 1904.
Plat, H. The new and admirable Arte of setting of Come, etc. London:

1601.
Rawle, William. An Address delivered before the Philadelphia Society

for Promoting Agriculture, etc. Philadelphia: 1819.
Revue Chrysanthemiste (La). Organ mensuel de 1' Association frangaise

des Amateurs et Jardiniers» Chrysanthemistes. Paris.
Revue horticole de l'Algerie. (Bulletin de la Societe d'Horticulture

d'Alger.). Alger-Mustapha.
Revue horticole: Journal mensuel des travaux de la Societe d'Horti-
culture et de Botanique des Bouches-du-Rhone. Marseille.
Rexford, Eben E. The Home Garden. Philadelphia and London: 1909.
Rolfe Robert Allen, and Charles Chamberlain Hltrst. The Orchid

Stud-Book. Kew: 1909.
ScHENCK, Peter Adam. The Gardener's Text-Book, etc. Boston antl

Cleveland. 1854.
Schneider, Camillo Karl. Deutsche Gartengestaltung und Kunst.

Leipzig: 1904.
Shaw, George Russell. The Pines of Mexico. Publications of the

Arnold Arboretum, No. 1. Boston: March, 1909.
Southern Planter (The). Vols. 7 and 8. Richmond: 1847, 1848.
Speede, G. T. F. S. Barlow; M. A., and H. S. The New Indian Gardener,

etc. 2 vols. Calcutta: 1848 and 1850.
Theobald, Fred. V. The Insect and Other Allied Pests of Orchard, Bush,

and Hothouse Fruits, etc. Wye: 1909.
New York, Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, etc., instituted in the

State of. Transactions of the. .\lbany: 1801.
Vasseur, LTrsin. Taille des arbres en espalier et en pyramide. Ed. 2.

Lisieux: 1852.
Waugh, F. a. The American Apple Orchard. New York: 1908.
Wright, Walter P. Pictorial Practical Gardening. London, Paris, New

York, etc.: 1907.
Wright, Walter P., and Horace J. Wright. Pictorial Bulb Growing.

London, Paris, New York, etc.: 1905.
(Young, Arthur.) A Six Weeks Tour through the Southern Counties of

England and Wales. London: 1768.
Zvolanek, Ant. C. Culture and History of Winter Flowering Sweet

Peas.

William P. Rich,

Secreiarif and Librarian.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1909.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society in account current with
Walter Hunnewell, Treasurer, December 31, 1909.

Dr.

Paid for Library from Appropriation .... $400 03

" " " " * J. D. W. French Fund . 197 02

" " " " J. S. Farlow Fund . . . 83 55 680 57

" " Heating 832 77

" Lighting l,-454 62

' " Labor 2,374 85

" " Stationery and Printing 1,111 31

" " Postage 191 74

" " Insurance ... ...... 434 0^

" Incidentals 754 69

" Repairs 301 13

" " Committee on Lectures and Publica-
tions 262 93

" " Salaries of Officers 3,177 97

" " " Committee on Plants and

Flowers 301 00

" " " Committee on Fruits .... 151 00
" " " " " Vegetables . . 153 00
" " " " " Prizes and Ex-
hibitions . . 250 00
" " Expenses Committee on Gardens . . . 117 20
" " Tax on Land at South Boston ... 155 10
" " Medals 239 59 $1,226 92

" " Prizes for Plants and Flowers, 1908 and

1909 Appropriations 6,669 00

" Prizes for Fruits, 1908 and 1909 Appro-
priations 1,931 00

" Prizes for Vegetables, 1908 and 1909

Appropriations 1,561 00

" " Prizes for Gardens and Greenhouses,

1908 and 1909 Appropriations . . 115 00
•' " Prizes for Children's Gardens, 1909

Appropriations • 129 00

" " Prizes for Gardens 1 to 3 acres ... 50 00

" " " " H. A. Gane Fund .... 30 00

" " " " J. C. Chaffin Fund .... 10 00 10,495 00
Balance December 31, 1909, Treasurer and Bursar 11,893 97

$35332 46
267

268

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cr.

Balance December 31, 190S

Reeei

ved Rents

Exhibitions §7,576 30

less expenses .... 1,782 75

]Membership Fees

Mount Auburn

Special Prizes

State Bounty

Sundry Donations

Sale of Transactions

Interest on securities from the follow-
ing funds:

S. Appleton

J. A. Lowell

T. Lyman

J. Bradlee

B. V. French

H. H. Hunnewell

W. J. Walker

L. Whitcomb . .

B. B. Davis . .

M. P. Wilder . .
J. L. Russell

F. B. Hayes . .

H. A. Gane . .

J. S. Farlow . .

J. D. W. French .

B. H. Pierce . .

J. C. ChafRn . .
B. V. French (new)

J. A. French . .

Interest and dividends on securities
other than those for the above funds

$11,966

11

1,803

06

5,793

55

1,182

00

2,458

14

. 50

00

600

00

128

00

50

$23,981 36

50

00

50

00

550

00

50

00

25

00

200

00

117

72

25

00

25

00

50

00

50

00

500

00

50

00

100

00

200

00

32

00

40

00

120

00

200

00

$2,434

72

8,916

38

$11,351 10

$35,332 46

REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

269

Assets.

Real Estate $518,564 63

Furniture and Exhibition Ware 10.796 96

Library 45,110 47

Plates and History 235 50

S2,000 Kansas City, Clinton, and Springfield

Bonds 1,980 00

] 0,000 Lake Shore and Mich. So. Bonds . . 10,415 25

21,000 City of Newton Bonds 24,228 75

50,000 Atch. Topeka and S. F. Bonds . . . 44,693 25

50,000 Chicago Burl, and Quincy Bonds . . 50,012 50

10.000 Chicago and West Mich. Bonds . . 9,987 50

25,000 K. C. F. S. and Memj^his Bonds . . 27,523 75

50,000 C. B. and Q. Illinois Bonds .... 51,625 00

8,000 Boston and Maine Bonds 8,710 00

5,000 West End Street R 'y Bonds .... 5,16250

5,000 General Electric Bonds 9,164 20

150 shares General Electric Stock .... 7,745 70

Hayes and Loring, Trustees 3,488 76

Cash in hands of Treasurer 11,550 30

" " " Bursar 343 67

$837,338 69

Liabilities.

Funds invested in Bonds and Stocks:

S. Applet on
J. A. Lowell
T. Lyman
J. Bradlee
B. V. French
H. H. Hunnewell
W. J. Walker
L. Whitcomb
B. V. Davis
M. P. Wilder
J. L. Russell
F. B. Hayes
H. A. Gane
J. S. Farlow
J. D. W. French
B. H. Pierce
J. C. Chaffin

B. V. French (new)
J. A. French

C. L. W. French

Fund $1,000 00

1,000 00

11,000 00

1,000 00

500 00

4,000 00

2,354 43

500 00

500 00

1,000 00

1,000 00

10,000 00

1,149 00

2,518 96

5,004 31

800 00

1,161 89

3,000 00

5,060 00

10 80

52,499 39

270 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

Surplus $784,839 30

$837,338 69

Walter Hunnewell,

Treasurer.

Membership of Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

December 31, 1909.

Life Members, December 31, 1908 667

Added in 1909 . . . ' 28

695
Deceased jq gyg

Annual Members, December 31, 1908 154

Added in 1909 7

Error in 1908 report 6 13

Deceased ~3 iqj

Resigned 5

Dropped for non-payment of assessment for 2 years .5 13 154

Membership, December 31, 1909 §33

Income feom Membership.

28 New Life members at $30 1840 00

7 New Annual Members at $10 70 00

Assessments for 1909 272 00

$1,182 00

Walter Hunnewell,

Treasurer.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER. 271

AUDITOR'S CERTIFICATE.

28 State Street, Boston,
January 28th, 1910.
To the Finance Committee of the

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Genilemen:

In comphance with your request I have made a thorough audit of the
books and general accounting affairs of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society for the year which ended with the thirty-first day of December,
1909, and herewith submit to you my report of the same.

Report.

I have proved the correctness of the ledger, journal, and cash books and
the small books tributary to the cash books, and saw that all balances
were properly carried forward. I examined all vouchers and checks repre-
senting the disbursements during the year and found the amount of cash
required by the cash book upon the first day of January, 1910, to have
been on hand and also examined the securities of the Society finding
them in aU details in accordance with the requirements of the records.
I traced all postings from the journal and cash books into the ledger
and certify that the balance sheet taken from it as of the 31st of December,
] 909, is a correct abstract and that the Treasurer's statement of the assets
and liabilities of the Society upon said date is true to the best of my knowl-
edge and belief.

In short, I satisfied myself that the work in connection with the account-
ing affairs of the Society was being conscientiously and honestly performed
and that the books and papers of the Society were in their usual com-
mendable condition.

Yours very respectfully.

Andrew Stewart,

Examiner of Accounts.

THE ANNUAL MEETING, NOVEMBER 13, 1909.

ANNUAL MEETING FOR THE YEAR 1909.

The Annual Meeting of the ]Massacliiisetts Horticultural Society
for the year 1909 was held at Horticultural Hall, Boston, on Satur-
day, November 13, at twelve o'clock, noon.

Vice-President Hunnewell presided and in calling the meeting
to order announced that it was held in accordance with the By-
laws for the election of officers and for the transaction of such o'ther
business as might be legally presented; and that a printed notice
of the meeting had been mailed to the address of every member of
the Society as it appeared upon the records of the Secretary.

The record of the Annual Meeting of November 14, 1908, was
read by the Secretary and approved by vote of the members present.

The Chairman appointed Edward B. Wilder, J. Allen Crosby,
and Wm. P. Rich a committee to receive, assort, and count the
ballots and to report the number, and declared the polls open until
four o'clock.

A recommendation from the Board of Trustees was presented
asking the Society to authorize the following appropriations for
prizes, gratuities, and expenses of the exhibitions of the ensuing
year:

For the Orchid Show of May, 1910 $4,000.00

For expenses of same 1,000.00

For other prizes and gratuities for the year 1910 4,000.00
A total of $9,000.00.

On motion of Mr. Kidder it was voted to authorize the Board of
Trustees to expend this amount for the exhibitions of the year 1910.

Mr. T. V. Munson of Denison, Texas, having been duly recom-
mended by the Board of Trustees was elected a Corresponding
Member of the Society.

A hearty vote of thanks was tendered ^Nlrs. Ellen INI. Gill for
the beautiful vases of chrysanthemums which adorned the table
of the presiding officer.

The Chairman appointed Edward B. ^Yilder to preside during
the remainder of the meeting and declared a recess until four o'clock.

275

276

:massachusetts horticultural society.

Shortly after four o'clock the Chairman declared the polls closed
and the election committee proceeded to coimt the ballots, report-
ing as follows: Whole number of ballots cast, 31. For President.
Stephen M. Weld, 31; for Vice-President, Walter Hunnewell, 31;
for Trustees for three years, Wm. N. Craig, 31, Arthur F. Estabrook,
31, J. K. M. L. Farqnhar, 31, and Nathaniel T. Kidder, 31; for
Nominating Committee, Charles H. Breck, 29, Duncan Finlay-
son, 31, Harry F. Hall, 29, Charles S. Minot, 31, and Herbert W.
Rawson, 29.

Chairman Wilder declared the list as follows to be the duly
elected officers of the Society, in accordance with the requirements
of the By-laws, for the rear 1910 :

President,
Vice-President

(for two years).
Trustees

(for three vears).

Stephen M. Weld.
Walter Hunnewell.

William N. Craig.
Arthur F. Estabrook.
John K. M. L. Farquhar.
Nathaniel T. Kidder.

Nominating Committee,

Charles H. Breck.
Duncan Finlayson.
Harry F. Hall.
Charles S. Minot.
Herbert W. Raw^son.

The meeting was then dissolved.

William P. Rich,

Secretan/.

NECROLOGY, 1909.

NECROLOGY, 1909.

George H. Leoxart:), an old-time merchant of Boston, died
in that city February 10, 1909, at the age of 71 years. He became
a member of the Society in 1905.

Sir George King, a corresponding member of the Society since
1889, died February 13, 1909, in his 69th year. He was Director
of the Royal Botanical Gardens at Calcutta from 1871 until his
retirement in 1898 and was the author of many publications relating
to the flora of India.

Preston Adams Ames, formerly of Boston, and a member of
the Society since 1864, died at Atlantic City, New Jersey, February
17, 1909. ^

William H. Derby, a well-known market gardener of Revere,
Massachusetts, died at his home in that town March 31, 1909, at
the age of 70 years. He became a member of the Society in 1900
and was a frecjuent exhibitor of vegetables and fruits at its exliibi-
tions. He served as a member of the Committee on Vegetables in
1906.

Frank E. Buswell, formerly of Boston, and a member of the
Society since 1867, died at his home in Brooklyn, New York,
March 31, 1909.

Theodore ]\Iinot Clark, formerly of Newtonville, ■Massachu-
setts, a member of the Society since 1884, died in Boston April 30,
1909, at the age of 64. He was the editor of the "American Archi-
tect" for 27 years and the author of several works on the subject
of architecture.

Charles Harris of Cambridge, Massachusetts, died at his home
there May 5, 1909, in his 77th year. He had been a member of
the Society since 1864.

279

280 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Henry H. Rogers of Fairhaven, Massachusetts, died in New
York City, May 19, 1909, at the a.ge of 69 years. Mr. Rogers
became a member of the Society in 1903. He was greatly interested
in the horticultural development of his fine estate at Fairhaven and
in the year 1903 was awarded the H. H. Hunnewell Triennial
Premium in recognition of the taste displayed in its arrangement.

The estate was noted also for its houses of chrysanthemums and
other flowering and foliage plants specimens of which were fre-
quently exhibited in the halls of the Society's building.

Benjamin C. Clark, a well-known Boston merchant, died at
his home in that city May 20, 1909. Mr. Clark was born in Boston,
October 10, 1833, and was a graduate of Harvard College in the
class of 1853. In addition to many other public and private organi-
zations he was actively interested in the affairs of the Massachu-
setts Horticultural Society as was shown by his 14 years of service
as a member of its board of management from 1890 to 1903.
He had been identified with the Society as a member since 1862.

Louis Preston Hollander, a member of the Society since
1904, died at his svmimer home in Marblehead, Massachusetts,
May 26, 1909, at the age of 67. He was born in New York City,
September 12, 1841, but had been a resident of Somerville, Massa-
chusetts, for the greater part of his life. His beautiful estate at
Marblehead Neck was visited by the Society's Committee on Gar-
dens in 1908 and received recognition for its judicious planting and
tasteful arrangement.

Dr. F. M. Hexamer, who died May 29, 1909, at the age of 77,
was elected a corresponding member of the Society in 1889. He
was well known as a writer upon agricultural and liorticultural
subjects and was editor of the "American Agriculturist "for nearly
twenty years.

Louis Prang, formerly of Boston, and a member of the Society
since 1874, died at Los Angeles, California, June 14, 1909, at the
age of 85. Mr. Prang was l)orn in Germany and came to the
United States in 1850. He became widch' known for his litho-

NECROLOGY. 281

graphic work in color printing and the illustrations of plants and
floAAcrs produced vnader his supervision were of the highest excel-
lence as was especially shown in the four volumes of Meehan's
"FloAvers and Ferns of the United States."

Thomas C. Thurlow of West Newbury, Massachusetts, who
died at his home in that town July 21, 1909, had been connected
with the vSociety since 1876. He was born iTi West Newbury in
1832 and was engaged in the nursery business from 1858 to the time
of his death. In later years he had made a specialty of the cultiva-
tion of irises, peonies, and phloxes, and contributed largely of these
flowers to the exliibitions of the Society in recent years.

Varnum Frost, one of the pioneer market gardeners in the
vicinity of Boston, died at his home in Arlington, INIassachusetts,
July 30, 1909, in his 85th year. He had been identified with the
Society since 1864 and was always actively interested in its work.
In its meetings for the discussion of horticultural and agricultural
topics he took a leading part and his forceful \Tay of expressing his
ideas was always a welcome feature of these gatherings. He was
one of the old-time successful farmers who knew how to produce
results and had little faith in the modern scientific methods of agri-
culture.

Col. Albert A. Pope of Boston, a member of the Society since
1899, died at his summer home at North Cohasset, Massachusetts,
August 10, 1909, in his 66th year. He was a prominent bicycle
and automobile manufacturer and saw active service in the War of
the Rebellion. His grand estate at Cohasset, comprising an area
of some fifty acres, was evidence of his horticultural interest.

Col. Hiram A. Oakmax of North ]\Iarshfield, Massachusetts,
died at his residence there September 2, 1909, at the age of 82 years.
He joined the Society in 1880 and was much interested in the agri-
cultural development of his town and state. He was a veteran
of the Civil War.

George Lincoln of Hingham, Massachusetts, died in that
town September 29, 1909, at the age of 87 years and 6 months. He
joined the Society in 1864.

282 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Randall H. Crowell, formerly of Chelsea, ^Massachusetts,
died at Watertown, Massachusetts, October 12, 1909, at the age of
76. He had been a member of the Society since 1871.

Samuel Exdicott Peabody, a member of the Society since
1899, died at his home in Salem, JNIassachusetts, October 30, 1909,
at the age of 84 years and 6 months.

Sewall Fisher, formerly of Framingham, Massachusetts, and
a member of the Society since 1SS3, died at his residence in Boston,
December 5, 1909. Mr. Fisher was born in Franklin, Massachu-
setts, November 9, 1 834. His early life was spent on the farm until
1866 when he went to Framingham and began the culture of plants
and flowers under glass, making carnations a specialty. Only a
few varieties then known were winter bloomers. The question
was how to increase and improve the winter-blooming carnation.
His first effort was in growing seedlings, using the best seed to be
obtained. The result was entire failure. The same year (1866)
a single flower of Pres. De Graw escaped catting and ripened about
thirty seeds which in due time gave a few plants blooming in the
winter so much better than the parent as to greatly encourage him
to further study and ultimately to the crossing of varieties or cross
breeding.

Success folloAved and improved sorts and new colors were the
result, some of which attracted the attention of flower growers.
Up to this time he was, so far as he kncAv, the only one who was
trying to improve the carnation in this way by crossing. He made
no secret of methods but imparted to others the results of his study
and growers with greater facilities entered the field.

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society awarded him several
Certificates of Merit ami a Bronze Medal for new sorts of probable
value.

The greater part of this brief sketch of Mr. Fisher's life was
written by himself some time before his death.

Henry A. Wilder of ]\Ialden, INIassachusetts, a member of the
Society since 1866, died at his home in that city December 16,
1909, in his 86th vear.

NECROLOGY. 283

Mr. Wilder was born at Hingham, ^Massachusetts, April 29, 1825.
His interest in horticulture was in a quiet \\ay and only for the
pleasure derived from it. His hobby was pear trees; he never
grew them for the market but as he used to say, because he loved
to see them grow. At one time he had ten thousand; many of
these were imported from France and he was very successful in
growing them "en espalier."

When he moved from INIalden to Boston in 1866 he sold the
whole lot to a gentleman in Roxbury and I well remember his
pleasure on learning that the late jNIarshall P. Wilder pronounced
them the finest private collection of trees he ever saw.

While always interested in the exhibitions of the Society, in his
later years he was unable to attend owing to ill health.

By Mary L. Wilder.

OFFICERS, COMMITTEES, AND MEIMBERS, 1909.

assarljusrits particultural ^0detj|.

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES
FOR 1909.

President.

STEPHEN M. WELD, of Wareham.

Vice-Presidents.

WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston
CHARLES W. PARKER, of Boston

Treasurer.

WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston.

Secretary.

WILLIAM P. RICH, of Chelsea.*

Trustees.

WALTER C. BAYLIES, of Taunton
WILLIAM H. BOWKER, of Boston.
WILLIAM N. CRAIG, of North Easton.
GEORGE B. dorr, of Boston.
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, of Boston.
JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, of Boston
PETER FISHER, of Ellis.
ARTHUR D. HILL, of Boston.
JOHN A. PETTIGREW, of Boston.
THOMAS ROLAND, of Nahant.
CHARLES S. SARGENT, of Brookline.
WILLIAM WHITMAN, of Brookline.

Nominating Committee.

GEORGE V. FLETCHER, NATHANIEL T. KIDDER,

of Belmont. of Milton.

THOMAS J. GREY, WILLIAM SIM,

of Chelsea. of Cliftondale.

WILLIAM THATCHER, of Brookline.

♦Communications to the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be ad-
dressed to him at Horticultural Hall, Boston.

COMMITTEES FOB 1909.

Finance Committee.

WALTER HUNNEWELL, Chairman.
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, STEPHEN M. WELD.

Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions.

J. Iv. M. L. FARQUHAR, Chairman.

ROBERT CAMERON, WILLIAM N. CRAIG. EDWARD MacMULKIN,

CHARLES S. SARGEMT, WILLIAM SIM.

Committee on Plants and Flowers.

T. D. HATFIELD, Chairman.
DUNCAN FINLAYSON, PETER FISHER, THOMAS ROLAND,

WILLIAM THATCHER.

Committee on Fruits.

WILFRID WHEELER, Chairman.
HARRY F. HALL, EDWARD B. WILDER

Committee on Vegetables.

JOSIAH B. SHURTLEFF, JR., Chairman.
JOHN W\ DUNCAN, GEORGE D. MOORE.

Committee on Gardens

CHARLES W. PARKER, Chairman.
WILLIAM H. BOWKER, ARTHUR H. FEWKES, THOMAS J. GREY,

T. D. HATFIELD, JULIUS HEURLIN, WILLIAM P. RICH,

JOSIAH B. SHURTLEFF, Jr. STEPHEN M. WELD,

THOMAS H. WESTWOOD, WILFRID WHEELER.

Library Committee.

CHARLES S. SARGENT, Chairman.

GEORGE B. DORR, SAMUEL HENSHAW, CHARLES S. MINOT,

HENRY P. WALCOTT.

Comn^ittee on Lectures and Publications.

WILLIAM J. STEWART, Chairman.

JOHN A. PETTIGREW, WILLIAM P. RICH, MISS MARY L. WARE,

FRANK A. WAUGH.

Committee on Children's Gardens.

MRS. ROBERT G. SHAW, Chairman.
MRS. E. M. GILL, MRS. W. RODMAN PEABODY,

MRS. DUDLEY L. PICKMAN, MISS MARGARET A. RAND,

MRS. JOHN E. THAYER.

MEMBERS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY, 1909.

Revised to December 31, 1909.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Members and correspondents of the Society and all other persons who may
know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the
following lists are inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by promptly
communicating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Sir Trevor Lawrexce, President of the Royal Horticultural Society,

London.
Jo-SEPH Maxwell, Rio Janeiro, Brazil.
Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, Washington, D. C.
George W. Smith, Boston.
Albert Viger, President of the National Society of Horticulture of France,

Paris.
Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Edouard Andre, Editor-in-chief of the Revue Horticole, Paris, France.

George Francis Atkinson, Professor of Botany in Cornell University,
Ithaca, N. Y.

Professor L. H. Bailey, Director of College of Agriculture, Cornell
University, Ithaca, N. Y.

John Gilbert Baker, F. R. S., F. L. S., Kew, England.

Peter Barr, London, England.

Napoleon Baumann, Bol^nller, Alsace.

D. W. Beadle, Toronto, Ontario.

Professor William J. Beal, Agricultural College, Michigan.

Prosper J. Berckmans, Ex-President of the American Pomological Soci-
ety, Augusta, Georgia.

289

290 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Charles E. Bessey, Ph.D., Professor of Botany in the Industrial College
of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.

Dr. Ch. Bolle, Berlin, Prussia.

Col. Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist of the United Statss Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

Alexander Burtox, United States Consul at Cadiz, Spain, Phila-
delphia.

Sir W. T. Thiseltox Dver, K. C. M. G., F. R. S., '■ Witcombe," Glouces-
ter, England.

Parker, Earle, President of the American Horticultural Society, Ros-
well, N. M.

H. J. Elwes, F. R. S., Colesborne, Cheltenham, England.

William G. Farlow, M. D., Professor of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard
University, Cambridge.

B. E. Fernow, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.

Beverly T. Galloway Horticulturist and Superintendent of Gardens
and Grounds of the United States Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C.

Charles A. Goessmann, Ph.D., LL.D., Chemist of the Experiment
Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst.

George L. Goodale, M. D., Professor of Botany, Harvard University,
Cambridge.

Professor Byron D. Halsted, Botanist and Horticulturist at the New
Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J.

J. H. Hart, Superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Trinidad.

Dr. Augustine Henry, Cambridge, England.

J. W. Hoffmann, Colored State University, Orangeburg, S. C.

J. C. Holding, Ex-Treasurer and Secretary of the Cape of Good Hope
Agricultural Society, Cape Town, Africa.

Sir Joseph Hooker, K. C. S. I., The Camp, Sunningdale, England.

Senor Don Salvador Izquierdo, Santiago, Chile.

Professor William R. Lazenby, Department of Horticulture and
Forestry; Secretary College of Agriculture and Domestic Science,
Ohio State University, Columbus, O.

Max Leichtlin, Baden-Baden, Germany.

Victor Lemoine, Nancy, France.

Dr. Peter MacOwan, Uitenhage. Cape Colony.

George Maw, Benthal, Kinley, Surrey, England.

T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N. Y.

F W. Moore, A. L. S.. Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin,
Dublin, Ireland.

Sir Daniel Morris, C. M. G., D.Sc, M.A., F. L. S.

T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas.

Peter Nsvik, Secretary of the Norwegian Horticuhural Society, Chris-
tiania.

Professor D. P. Penhallow, Director of the Botanic Garden, Montreal,
Canada.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 291

Lieut. Col. David Prain, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens,

Kew, England.
P. T. QuiNN, Newark, N. J.
Cavaliere Enrico Ragusa, Palermo, Sicily.
S. Reynolds, M. D., Schenectady, N. Y.

Dr. Henry L. Ridley, Director of the Botanic Garden, Singapore.
Benjamin Lincoln Robinson, Ph.D., Curator of the Gray Herbarium

of Harvard University, Cambridge.
William Robinson, Editor of Gardening Illustrated, London.
William Salway, Superintendent of Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati,

O.
WiLLiAii R. Smith, Superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Washington,

D. C.
Robert W. Starr, Port William, N. S.

William Trelease, Director of the Missouri Botanic Garden, St. Louis.
Dr. Melchior Treub, Director of the Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg., Java.
H. J. Veitch, Chelsea, England.
Maurice L. de Vilmorin, Paris, France.
Philippe L. de Vilmorin, Paris, France.

William Watson, Curator of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.
Miss E. Willmott, Essex, England.
Professor L. Wittmack, Secretary of the Royal Prussian Horticultural

Society, Berlin, Prussia.

292

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICUI-TURAL SOCIETY,

LIFE MEMBERS.

Adams, Mrs. Charles Francis, South
Lincoln.

Adams, George E., Kingston, R. I.

Adams, Henry Saxton, Wellesley.

Agassiz, Mrs. George R., Yarmouth
Port.

Allen, Hon. Charles H., Lowell.

Allen, Thomas, Boston.

Ames, F. Lothrop, North Easton.

Ames, John S., North Easton.

Ames, Miss Mary S., North Easton.

Ames, Oakes, North Easton.

Ames, Oliver, North Easton.

Ames, Mrs. Oliver, Sr., North East-
on.

Ames, Miss Susan E., North Easton.

Amory, C. W., Boston.

Amory, Frederick, Boston.

Anderson, Larz, Brookline.

Andrews, Charles L., Milton.

Appleton, Hon. Francis H., Boston.

Arnold, Mrs. George Francis,
Brookline.

Ash, John, Pomfret Centre, Conn.

Atkins, Edwin F., Belmont.

Ayer, James B., Boston.

Backer, Clarence A., Melrose.
Badger, Walter L, Cambridge.
Bailey, Jason S., West Roxbury.
Bailey, Robert M., Dedham.
Baker, Clifton P., Dedham.
Baker, James E., South Lincoln. ^
Balch, Joseph, Dedham.
Baldwin, Frank F., Hopkinton.
Banfield, Francis L., I\L D., Wor-
cester.

Barber, J. Wesley, Newton.

Barker, George, Swampscott.

Barnard, George E., Ipswich.

Barnes, Walter S., Boston.

Barney, Arthur F., Dorchester.

Barney, Levi C, Boston.

Barry, John Marshall, Boston.

Barry, William C, Rochester, N. Y.

Bartlett, Francis, Beverly.

Bartlett, Miss Mary F., Boston.

Bates, Miss Mary D., Ipswich.

Baylies, Walter C, Taunton.

Beal, Thomas P., Boston.

Becker, Frederick C, Cambridge.

Beckford, Daniel R., Jr., Dedham.

Beebe, E. Pierson, Boston.

Beebe, Franklin H., Boston.

Beebe, J. Arthur, Boston.

Bemis, Frank B., Beverly.

Bigelow, Albert S., Cohasset.

Bigelow, Joseph S., Cohasset.

Bigelow, Dr. William Sturgis, Bos-
ton.

Black, George N., Manchester.

Blake, Mrs. Arthur W., Brookline.

Blake, Edward D., Boston.

Blake, Francis, Weston.

Blanchard, John W., West New-
ton.

Blood, Eldredge H. Cambridge.

Boardman, Miss Eliza D., Boston.

Boardmon, Samuel M., Hyde Park.

Boardman, T. Dennie, Manchester.

BoUes, William P., M. D., Roxbury.

Rosier,' Frank C, Carlisle, Penn.

Bowditch, Charles P., Jamaica
Plain.

LIFE MEMBERS.

293

Bowditch, Ernest W., Milton.

Bowditch, James H., Brookline.

Bowditch, Nathaniel I., Framing-
ham.

Bowditch, William E., Roxbury.

Bowker, "William H., Boston.

Breck, Joseph Francis, Waban.

Bremer, Mrs. John L., Manchester.

Bresee, Albert, Hubbardton, Vt.

Brewster, AYilliam, Cambridge.

Briggs, William S., Lincoln.

Brigham, William T., Honolulu,
Hawaii.

Brooke, Edmund G., Jr., Provi-
dence, R. I.

Brooks, Henry, Lincoln.

Brooks, J. Henry, Milton.

Brooks, Peter C, Boston.

Brooks, Shepherd, Boston.

Brown, Mrs. John Carter, Provi-
dence, R. I.

Bro^\^l, Samuel N., Boston.

Brush, Charles N., Brookline.

Buitta, Vincent, Newton Upper
Falls.

Burlen, William H., Boston.

Burnett, Harry, Southborough.

Burnham, John A., Wenham.

Burr, I. Tucker, Milton.

Burrage, Albert C, Boston.

Butler, Aaron, Wakefield.

Butterworth, George William, South
Framingham.

Butterworth, J. Thomas, South
Framingham.

Buttrick. Stedman, Concord.

Cabot, Dr. Arthur T., Boston.
Cabot, George E., Boston.
Calder, Augustus P., Mattapan.
Cameron, Robert, Cambridge.
Campbell, Charles A., Ipswich.
Campbell, Francis, Cambridge.
Carr, Hon. John, Roxbury.
Carr, Samuel, Boston.
Carter, Charles X., Xeedham.

Carter, Miss Maria E., Woburn.

Cartwright, George, Dedham.

Casas, W. B. de las. Maiden.

Chadbourne, Marshall W., East
Watertown.

Chamberlain, Chauncy W., Boston.

Chamberlain, Montague, Newton
Highlands.

Chapman, John L.; Prides Crossing.

Chase, Philip Putnam, Milton.

Cheney, Mrs. Elizabeths., Wellesley.

Choate, Charles F., Southborough.

Christie, William, Everett.

Clapp, Edward B., Dorchester.

Clapp, James H., Dorchester.

Clapp, William C, Dorchester.

Clark, B. Preston, Cohasset.

Clark, Miss Eleanor J., Pomfrel
Centre, Conn.

Clark, Herbert A., Belmont.

Clark, J. Warren, Millis.

Clarke, Miss Cora H., Boston.

Clarke, Eliot C, Boston.

CloLigh, Micajah Pratt, Lynn.

Cobb, John C, Milton.

Coburn, Isaac E., Everett.

Codman, ]\Iiss Catherine A., West-
wood.

Codman, James M., Brookline.

Coe, ]\Iiss Mary Alma, Boston.

Cogswell, Edward R., Jr.. Newton
Highlands.

Cole, Edward E., Boston.

Collamore, Miss Helen, Boston.

Colton, Samuel H., Worcester.

Comley, Norris F., Lexington.

Converse, Col. H. E., Maiden.

Coolidge, Harold J., Boston.

Coolidge, J. Randolph, Chestnut
Hill.

Coolidge, Mrs. J. Randolph, Chest-
nut Hill.

Coohdge, T. Jefferson, Jr., Boston.

Cottle, Henry C, Boston.

Cox, Thomas A., Dorchester.

Craig, William Nicol, North Easton.

294

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Crane, Zenas, Dalton.
Crawford, Dr. Sarah M., Roxbury.
Crocker, Hon. George G., Boston.
Crocker, Miss S. H., Boston.
Crosby, George E., West Medford.
Cross, Alfred Richard, Nantasket.
Ciimner, Mrs. Nellie B., Brookline.
Curtis, Charles F., Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, Charles P., Boston.
Cushing, Livingston, Weston.
Cutler, Mrs. Charles F., Boston.
Cutler, Judge Samuel R., Revere.

Damon, Frederick W., Arlington.

Dane, Ernest B., Brookline.

Dane, J\Irs. Ernest B., Brookline.

Daniels, Dr. Edwin A., Boston.

Danielson, Mrs. J. DeForest, Boston.

Davenport, Albert M., Waterto^vni.

Da\is, Arthur E., Dover.

Davis, Mrs. Arthur E., Dover.

Davis, Edward L., Worcester.

Davis, L. Shannon, Brookline.

Dawson, Henry Sargent, Jamaica
Plain.

Dawson, Jackson T., Jamaica Plain.

Day, Frank A., Newton.

Day, Henry B., West Newton.

Dee, Thomas W., Cambridge.

Denny, Clarence H., Boston.

Denton, Eben, Dorchester.

Dexter, George, Beverly.

Dexter, Gordon, Beverly Farms.

Dexter, Philip, Beverly.

Dike, Charles C, Stoneham.

Doane, Edgar Howard, Wenham.

Doliber, Thomas, Brookline.

Donald, William, Cold Spring Har-
bqr, N. Y.

Donaldson, James, Roxbury.

Doten, Scott T., BrookHne.

Dowse, William B. H., West New-
ton.

Draper, Hon. Eben S., Hopedale.

Draper, George A., Hopedale.

Dreer, William F., Philadelphia, Pa.

Dumaresq, Herbert, Chestnut Hill.
Duncan, The Hon. Mrs. George,
. Nahant.

Duncan, James L., New York, N. Y.
Duncan, John W., West Roxbury.
Dunlap, James H., Nashua, N. H.
Dupuy, Louis, Whitestone, L. I.,

N. Y.
Durfee, George B., Fall River.
Dutcher, Frank J., Hopedale.
Dwight, Theodore F., Kendal Green.
Dyer, Herbert H., Arlington.

Eaton, Horace, Cambridge.

Eldredge, H. Fisher, Boston.

Elliott, Mrs. John W., Boston.

Elliott, William H., Brighton.

Ellsworth, J. Lewis, Worcester.

Emerson, Nathaniel W., M.D.,
Boston.

Endicott, William, Boston.

Endicott, William, Jr., Boston.

Endicott, William C, Danvers.

Estabrook, Arthur F., Boston.

Estabrook, Mrs. Arthur F., Boston

Eustis, Miss Elizabeth M., Brook-
line.

Eustis, Miss Mary St. Barbe, Brook-
line.

Fairchild, Charles, New York, N. Y.

Falconer, William, Pittsburg, Pa.

Farlow, Lewis H., Pasadena, Cal.

Farnsworth, Mrs. William, Dedham.

Farquhar, James F. M., Roslindale.

Farquhar, John K. M. L., Roxbury.

Farquhar, Robert, North Cam-
bridge.

Faxon, John, Quincy.

Fay, H.H., Woods Hole.

Fay, Joseph S., Woods Hole.

Fay, Wilton B., West Medford.

Fenno, L. Carteret, Boston.

Fessenden, George B., Allston.

Fewkes, Arthur H., Newton High-
lantls.

LIFE MEMBERS.

295

Finlayson, Duncan, Jamaica Plain.
Finlayson, Kenneth, Jamaica Plain.
Fisher, Peter, Ellis.
Fletcher, George V., Belmont.
Fletcher, J. Henry, Belmont.
Forbes, Charles Stewart, Boston.
Forbes, Mrs. J. Malcolm, Milton.
Forbes, Mrs. William II., Milton.
Foster, Charles H. W., Needham.
Foster, Francis C, Cambridge.
Fottler, John, Jr., Dorchester.
Fowle, George W., Jamaica Plain.
French, Miss Caroline L. W., Boston.
French, S. Waldo, Newtonville.
French, W. Clifford, Brookline.
Fro hock, Roscoe R., Boston.
Frost, Harold L., Arlington.
Frost, Irving B., Belmont.

Gardner, Mrs. Augustus P., Hamil-
ton.

Gardner, George A., Boston.

Gardner, George P., Boston.

Gardner, John L., Boston.

Gardner, Mrs. John L., Brookline.

Gardner, W^illiam Amory, Groton.

Garratt, Allan V., HoUiston.

Gaston, William A., Boston.

Gill, George B., Medford.

Gillard, William, Dorchester.

Gilson, F. Howard, Wellesley Hills.

Goddard, Joseph, Sharon.

Goddard, Samuel J., Framingham.

Goodale, Dr. Joseph L., Boston.

Goodell, L. W., Dwight.

Gowing, Mrs. Clara E., Kendal
Green.

Grandin, J. Livingston, Boston.

Gray, Mrs. John C, Boston.

Greenough, Mrs. Charles P., Brook-
line.

Gregory, Hon. James J. H., Marble-
head.

Grew, Edward S., Boston.

Hale, James O., Byfield.

Hall, Edwin A., Cambridgeport.

Hall, George A., Chelsea.

Hall, Jackson E., Foxboro.

Hall, Osborn B., Maiden.

Harding, George W., Arlington.

Harding, Louis B., Chestnut Hill.

Hardy, F. D., Cambridgeport.

Hardy, Miss Susan White, Boston.

Hargraves, William J., Jamaica
Plain.

Harris, Thaddeus William, A. M.,
Littleton, N. H.

Hart, Francis R., Milton.

Hartshorn, Arthur E., Worcester.

Harwood, George Fred, Newton.

Hastings, Levi W\, Brookline.

Hatch, Edward, Boston.

Hauthaway, Edwin D., Sharon.

Hawken, Mrs. Thomas, Rockland,
Me.

Hayward, George P., Chestnut Hill.

Head, Thomas W., Groton, Conn.

Hellier, Charles E., Boston.

Hemenway, Augustus, Canton.

Hemenway, Mrs. Augustus, Can-
ton.
Henshaw, Joseph P. B., Boston.
Henshaw, Samuel, Cambridge.
Heurlin, Julius, South Braintree.
Hewett, Miss Mary C, Canton.
Higginson, Francis L., Boston.
Higginson, Mrs. Henry L., Boston.
Hilbourn, A. J., Boston.
Hittinger, Jacob, Belmont.
Hoitt, Hon. Charles W., Nashua,

N. H.
Holbrook, E. Everett, Boston.
HoUingsworth, Z. T., Boston.
HoUis, George W., Allston.
Holmes, Edward J., Boston.
Holt, Gustavus C, Belmont.
Holt, Mrs. Stephen A., Cambridge.
Holt, William W., Norway, Maine.
Hood, The Hon. Mrs. Horace L. A.,

London, Eng.
Hooper, William, Manchsster.

296

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Horsford, Miss Kate, Cambridge.

Hosmer, Oscar, Wenham.

Houghton, Clement S., Chestnut
Hill.

Hovey, Charles H., South Pasa-
dena,. Cal.

Hovey, Stillman S., Woburn.

Howard, Henry M., West Newton.

Howard, Joseph W., Somerville.

Hoyt, William J., Manchester, N. H.

Hubbard, Charles Wells, Weston.

Hubbard, James C, Everett.

Humphrey, George W., Dedham.

Hunnewell, Henry Sargent, Welles-
ley.

Hunnewell, Walter, Wellesley.

Hunt, Dudley F., Reading.

Hunt, Franklin, Charlestown, N.
H.

Hunt, William H., Concord.

Hutchins, Rev. Charles Lewis, Con-
cord.

Jack, John George, Jamaica Plain.
Jackson, Charles L., Cambridge.
Jackson, Robert T., Cambridge.
James, Ellerton, Milton.
James, Mrs. Ellerton, Milton.
James, George Abbot, Nahant.
Jeffries, William A., Boston.
Jenks, Charles W., Bedford.
Johnson, Arthur S., Boston.
Johnson, J. Frank, Maiden.
Jones, Mrs. Clarence W'., Brookline.
Jones, Jerome, BrookUne.
Jones, Dr. Mary E., Boston.
Jordan, Eben D., Boston.
Jordan, Henry G., Brookline.
Jose, Edwin H., Cambridgeport.

Kellen, William V., Marion.
Kelly, George B., Jamaica Plain.
Kendall, D. S., Woodstock, Ont.
Kendall, Edward, Cambridgeport.
Kendall, Joseph R., San Francisco,
Cal.

Kendall, Dr. Walter G., Atlantic.
Kendrick, Mrs. H. P., Boston.
Kennedy, George G., M. D., Milton.
Kennedy, Harris, M. D., Milton.
Keyes, Mrs. Emma Mayer, Boston.
Keyes, John M., Concord.
Kidder, Charles A., Southborough.
Kidder, Nathaniel T., Milton.
Kimball, David P., Boston.
Kimball, Richard D., Waban.
King, D. Webster, Boston.
Kingman, Abner A., Wakefield.
Kinney, H. R., Worcester.
Kinnicutt, Mi's. Leonard P., Wor-
cester.
Kirkland, Archie Howard, Reading.
Knapp, Walter H., Newtonville.

Lamb, Horatio A., Milton.

Lancaster, Charles B., Boston.

Lane, Gardiner M., Boston.

Lanier, Charles, Lenox.

Lawrence, Amory A., Boston.

Lawrence, Amos A., New York,
N. Y.

Lawrence, James, Groton.

Lawrence, John, Groton.

Lawrence, Samuel C, Medford.

Lawrence, Rt. Rev. William, Bos-
ton.

Learned, Charles A., Arlington.

Lee, Daniel D., Jamaica Plain.

Lee, Francis H., Salem.

Lee, George C, Newton.

Leeson, Hon. Joseph R., Newton
Centre.

Leighton, George B., Monadnock,
N. H.

Lemme, Frederick, Charlestown.

Libby, Charles W., Medford.

Lindsey, N. Allen, Marblehead.

Little, James L., Brookline.

Little, John Mason, Swanijiscott.

Locke, Isaac H., Belmont.

Lodge, Richard W.. Boston.

Loomis, Ehhu G., Bedford.

LIFE MEMBERS.

297

Loring, Augustus P., Beverly.
Loring, David, Boston.
Loring, Mrs. William Caleb, Bev-
erly.
Low, George D., Boston.
Lowell, Abbott Lawrence, Boston.
Lowell, Miss Amy, Brookline.
Lowell, James A., Chestnut Hill.
Lowell, John, Newton.
Lowell, Miss Lucy, Boston.
Luke, Otis H., Brookline.
Lunt, William W., Hingham.
Lyman, George H., Wareham.
Lyman, Mrs. Theodore, Brookline.

Mabbett, George, Plymouth.

McCarty, Timothy, Providence, R. I.

Mackie, George, M. D.« Attleboro.

Me William, George, Whitinsville.

Mahoney, John, Boston.

Mallett, E. B., Jr., Freeport, Me.

Manda, W. A., South Orange, N. J.

Mandell, Mrs. William D., Boston.

]Mann, James F., Ipswich.

Manning, J. Woodward, Reading.

Manning, Warren H., Brookline.

Marble, Benjamin C, Manchester.

Marlborough, James, Topsfield.

Marshall, Frederick F., Everett.

Marston, Howard, Brookline.

Mason, Miss Ellen F., Boston.

Mason, Col. Frederick, Taunton.

Mathison, Fred R., Walt ham.

Matthews, Nathan, Boston.

Maxwell, George Hr, Xewton.

Melvin, George, South Framing-
ham.

Melvin, James C, Boston.

Meredith, J. Morris, Topsfield.

Merriam, Charles, Weston.

Merriam, Herbert, Weston.

Merry, Louis E., West Somerville.

Metivier, James, Cambridge.

Milmore, Mrs. Joseph, Washington,
D. C.

Minot, Charles S., Milton.

Minot, Lawrence, Boston.

Mitton, Edward J., Brookline.

Mixter, George, Boston.

Montieth, David, Hyde Park, Vt.

Montgomery, Alexander, Natick.

Montgomery, Alexander, Jr., Na-
tick.

Moore, George D., Arlington.

Moore, John H., Concord.

Morgan, George H., New York,
N. Y.

Morse, John T., Boston.

]\Iorsp, John Ton-ey, 3d., Boston.

Morse, Robert M., Jamaica Plain.

Morton, James H., Mattapan.

Moseley, Charles H., Roxbury.

Moseley, Charles W., Newburyport.

Mudge, George A., Portsmouth,
N. H.

Murdock, Albert L., Boston.

Murray, Peter, Fairhaven.

Mutch, John, Waban.

Nevins, Mrs. David, Methuen.
Newman, John R., Winchester.
Newton, Rev. William W., Pitts-
field.
Nickerson, William E., Cambridge.
Norton, Charles W., Allston.
Norton, Edward E., Boston.

Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr., Brook-
line.

Olmsted, John C, Brookline.

Orpet, Edward O., South Lancas-
ter.

Page, George, Newton Highlands.
Page, George William, Newton

Highlands.
Page, Mrs. Henrietta, Cambridge.
Paige, Clifton H., Mattapan.
Parker, Augustine H., Dover.
Parker, Charles W., Boston.
Parkman, Henry, Boston,
Parsons, John E., Lenox.

298

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICLLTURAL SOCIETY.

Patten, Marcellus A., Tewksbury.

Paul, Alfred W., Dighton.

Peabody, Gen. Francis, Jr., Milton.

Peabody, Mrs. Francis, Jr., Milton.

Peabody, Frank E., Boston.

Peabody, George A., Danvers.

Peabody, John E., Salem.

Peck, William G., Arlington.

Peirce, E. Allan, Waltham.

Pentecost, Mrs. Ernest Harvey,
Topsfield.

Perry, George W., Maiden.

Perry, Oliver Hazard, Lowell.

Pfaff, Col. Charles, South Framing-
ham.

Phillips, John C, North Beverly.

Phillips, Mrs. John C, North Bev-
erly.

PhiUips, William, North Beverly.

Pickman, Dudley L., Boston.

Pickman, Mrs. Ellen R., Boston.

Pierce, Dean, Brookline.

Pierce, George Francis, Neponset.

Pierce, Wallace L., Boston.

Pierson, Frank R., Tarrytown, N.
Y.

Pond, Preston, Winchester.

Porter, Alexander S., Boston.

Porter, James C, Wollaston.

Pratt, Laban, Dorchester.

Pratt, Robert M., Boston.

Prendergast, J. M., Boston.

Prescott, Eben C, New York, N.
Y.

Presson, Alfred, Gloucester.

Preston, Howard Willis, Provi-
dence, R. I.

Pringle, Cyrus G., Burlington, Vt.

Proctor, T. E., Boston.

Putnam, George, Manchester.

Putnam, George J., Brookline.

Quinby, Hosea M., M. D., Worces-
ter.

Raddin, Everett W.. Noith Cam-
bridge.

Rand, Harry S., North Cambridge.

Rand, Miss Margaret A., Cambridge.

Rawson, Herbert W., Arlington.

Ray, James F., Franklin.

Raymond, Walter, Pasadena, Cal.

Read, Charles A., Manchester.

Reardon, Edmund, Cambridgeport.

Reardon, John B., Boston.

Remick, Frank W., West Newton.

Rice, George C, Worcester.

Rich, WiUiam P., Chelsea.

Richards, John J., Brookline.

Richardson, Mrs. F. L. W., Brook-
line.

Richardson, Dr. William L., Boston.

Riggs, William Allan, Jamaica
Plain.

Ripley, Charles, Dorchester.

Ripley, Ebed L., Hingham Centre.

Robb, Russell, Concord.

Roberts, Miss Anna B., Boston.

Robinson, Alfred E., Bedford.

Robinson, John, Salem.

Robinson, Joseph B., Dorchester.

Rodman, Miss Mary, Concord.

Roffe, Albert H., Newton Centre.

Rogers, Mrs. Jacob C, Peabody.

Roland, Thomas, Nahant.

Rothweli, James E., Brookline.

Roy, David Frank, Marion.

Ruddick, William H., M. D..
South Boston.

Russell, George, Woburn.

Russell, James S., Milton.

Salisbury, William C. G., Brook-
line.

Saltonstall, Richard M., Chestnut
Hill.

Sanger, Mrs. George P., Boston.

Sargent, Andrew Robeson, Brook-
line.

Sargent, Charles S., Brookline.

Sargent, Mrs. Charles S., Brookline.

Sargent, Charles Sprague, Jr.,
Brookline.

LIFE MEMBERS.

299

Sargent, Mrs. Francis W., Wellesley.

Scorgie, James C, Cambridge.

Scott, Charles, Newton.

Sears, Miss Clara E., Boston.

Sears, Dr. Henry F., Boston.

Sears, Mrs. J. Montgomery, Boston.

Sharp, Miss Helen, Boston.

Shaw, Christopher C, Milford, N.
H.

Shaw, Francis, Wayland.

Shaw, Mrs. Robert G., Wellesley.

Shea, James B., Jamaica Plain.

Sherman, J. P. R., Newton.

Shorey, John L., Lynn.

Shiiman, Hon. A., Roxbury.

Shurtleff, Josiah B., Jr., Revere.

Sias, Charles D., Wenham.

Siebrecht, H. A., New Rochelle,
N. Y.

Skinner, Francis, Dedham.

Sleeper, Henry Davis, Boston.

Smiley, Daniel, Lake Mohonk, N.
Y.

Smith, Archibald, Oxford, Eng-
land.

Smith, Charles S., Lincoln.

Smith, Edward N., San Francisco,
Cal.

Smith, Thomas Page, Waltham.

Snow, Eugene A., Boston.

Sohier, Col. William D., Beverly.

Spaulding, Edward, Weston.

Spaulding, John T., Prides Crossing.

Spaulding, William S., Prides Cross-
ing.

Sprague, Isaac, Wellesley Hills.

Springall, George, Maiden.

Stearns, Charles H., Brookline.

Stearns, Frank W., Newton.

Stedman, Henry R., M. D., Brook-
line.

Stewart, William J., Winchester.

Stone, Charles A., Newton.

Stone, Charles W., Boston.

Stone, Prof. George E., Amherst.

Stone, George F., Chestnut Hill.

Storrow, James J., Boston.
Stratton, Charles E., Boston.
Strong, William C, Waban.
Strout, Charles S., Biddeford, Me.
Sturgis, Richard Clipston, Boston.
Swain, Charles E., Roxbury.
Sweet, Everell F.. Maiden.
Sylvester, Edmund Q., Hanover.

Taylor, Charles H., Boston.

Tenney, C. H., Methuen.

Thatcher, William, Brookline.

Thayer, Mrs. Alice R., Boston.

Thayer, Bayard, South Lancaster.

Thayer, Mrs. Bayard, South Lan-
caster.

Thayer, Mrs. Eugene V. R., South
Lancaster.

Thayer, Henry J., Boston.

Thayer^ John E., South Lancas-
ter.

Thayer, Mrs. John E., South Lan-
caster.

Thayer, Nathaniel, Lancaster.

Thayer, Mrs. Nathaniel, Lancaster.

Thiemann, Hermann, Owosso, Mich.

Thomas, W. B., Manchester.

Tilton, Stephen W., Brookline.

Tolman, Miss Harriet S., Boston.

Toppan, Roland W., Maiden.

Torrey, Elbridge, Dorchester.

Torrey, Everett, Charlestown.

Tower, Miss Ellen May, Lexington.

Tower, Mrs. Helen M., Cambridge.

Travis, Charles B., Brighton.

Trepess, Samuel J., Glencove, L. I.,
N. Y.

Tucker, Lawrence, Boston.

Tufts, George W., Rockport.

Underwood, Loring, Belmont.

Vander-Woerd, Charles, Waltham.
Vaughan, William Warren, Boston.
Vinal, Miss Mary L., Somerville.
Vining, R. William E., Hingham.

300

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Wainwright, Arthur, Milton.

Wakefi(4d, E. H., Cambridge.

Walcott, Henry P., M. D., Cam-
bridge.

Waldo, C. Sidney, Jamaica Plain.

Wales, George O., Braintree.

Walsh, Michael H., W'oods Hole.

Waltham, George C, Dorchester.

Walton, Arthur G., Wakefield.

Warburton, Chatterton, Fall River.

Ward, Francis Jackson, Ro.vbury.

Ward, John, Newton Centre.

Ware, Miss Mary L., Boston.

Warren, Bentley W., Boston.

Warren, Samuel D., Dedham.

Watson, Benjamin M., Jamaica
Plain.

Watson, C. Herbert, Brookline.

W'atson, Thomas A., East Brain-
tree.

Watts, Isaac, Waverley.

Webster, Edwin S., Chestnut Hill.

W'ebster, Frank G., Boston.

Webster, George H., Haverhill.

Webster, Hollis, Cambridge.

Webster, Laurence J., Holderness,
N. H.

Weeks, Andrew Gray, Marion.

Welch, David, Dorchester.

W^elch, Edward J., Dorchester.

Weld, Christopher Minot, Read-
ville.

Weld, Gen. Stephen M., W'areham.

West, Mrs. Maria L., Neponset.

Wheeler, Frank, Concord.

Wheeler, James, Brookline.

Wheeler, Wilfrid, Concord.

Wheelwright, Edmund M., Boston.

Whitcomb, William B., Medford.

White, Mrs. Charles T., Boston.

White, Francis A., Brookline.
White, George R., Boston.
White, Harry K., Milton.
White, Joseph H., Brookline.
Whitman, William, Brookline.
Whitney, Arthur E., Winchester.
Whitney, EUerton P., Milton.
Whitney, Henry M., Cohasset.
W'hittier, George E., Groton.
Whittier, William Benjamin, South

Framingham.
Wigglesworth, George, Milton.
Wilbur, George B., Boston.
Wilde, Mrs. Albion D., W^est Rox-

bury.
Wilder, Edward Baker, Dorchester.
W^illcutt, Levi L., Brookline.
Williams, Miss Adelia Coffin, Rox-

bury.
Williams, George Percy, Boston.
Williams, Henry Bigelow, Boston.
Williams, John Davis, Boston.
Williams, Mrs. J. Bertram, Cam-
bridge.
Williams, Mrs. Moses, Brookline.
Williams, Philander, Taunton.
Wilson, William Power, Boston.
Winsor, Robert, Weston.
Winter, Herman L., South Medford.
Wood, William K., Franklin.
Woodberry, Miss E. Gertrude,

North Cambridge.
W^oodbury, John, Canton.
Woodward, Mrs. Samuel Bayard,

Worcester.
Wright, George C, West Acton.
Wright, John G., Brookline.
Wyman, Oliver B., Shrewsbury.
Wyman, Windsor H., North Abing-

ton.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

301

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Allen, Mrs. Sallie R., Wilmington.
Anderson, George M., Milton.

Balme, Juan, Jr., Queretaro, Mexico.

Bangs, Francis R., Boston.

Barker, Jolin G., South Bend, Ind.

Barr, John, South Natick.

Bennett, John W., Springfield, Vt.

Bigelow, Arthur J., Eastlake, Wor-
cester.

Bigelow, Mrs. Nancy J., South-
borough.

Bird, John L., Dorchester.

Blackmur, Paul R., Quincy.

Blanchard, Herbert W., Concord.

Bolton, Sabin, Hingham.

Borst, Theodore F., South Fram-
ingham.

Bradley, Miss Abby A., Hingham.

Breck, Charles H., Newton.

Breed, Edward W., Clinton.

Briggs, Frank P., Ayer.

Brigham, Mrs. Clifford, ^lilton.

Butler, E. K., Jamaica Plain.

Chandler, Alfred D., Brookline.
Chase, Joseph S., Maiden.
Child, Stephen, Kendal Green.
Chubbuck, Isaac Y., Roxbury.
Clark, John W., North Hadley.
Clark, Jo.seph, Manchester.
Collins, Frank S., Maiden.
Colt, Mrs. J. D., Chestnut Hill.
Crosby, J. Allen, Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, Joseph H., Boston.
Cutting, Mrs. Isabelle Ladd, Rox-
bury.

Davis, Frederick S., West Rox-
bury.
Dorr, George B., B.oston.
Doyle, WilHam E., Cambridge.

Evans, Frank H., IMalden.

Farlow, Mrs. William G., Cambridge.
Fiske, Harry E., Wollaston.
Fitzgerald, Desmond, Brookline.
Forbes, WiUiam H., Jamaica Plain.
Freeman, Miss Harriet E., Boston.
Fuld, Maurice, Boston.

Gardiner, John Hays, Longwood.
Garthly, James, Fairhaven.
Gill, Mrs. E. M., Medford.
Gordon, Samuel C, Ipswich.
Grew, Henry Sturgis, Boston.
Grey, Robert Melrose, Belmont,

Cuba.
Grey, Thomas J., Chelsea.

Hall, Harry F., Waban.

Hall, Stacy, Boston.

Hamilton, Mrs. George Langford,

Magnolia.
Harrison, C. S., York, Nebraska.
Hatfield, T. D., Wellesley.
HerfY, B. van. New York, N. Y.
Heustis, Warren H., Belmont.
Hildreth, Miss Ella F., Westford.
Hill, Arthur Dehon, Boston.
Hill, J. Willard, Belmont.
Holiingsworth, Miss Rose, Boston.
Hollis, George, South Weymouth.
Houghton, George S., Reading.

302

MASSACnUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Howden, Thomas, \Yhitinsville.
Howe, Miss Louise, Brookline.
Hubbard, Allen, Newton, Centre.
Hubbard, F. Tracy, North Easton.

Illenberger, Henry W., Lake Gen-
eva, Wisconsin.

Jack, Dr. Frederick L., Boston.
James, Robert Kent, Newton Cen-
tre.
Jameson, G. W., East Lexington.
Johnston, Robert, Lexington.

Keith, Mrs. Mary R., Washington,

D. C.
Kelsey, Harlan P., Salem.
Kennard, Frederic H., Brookline.
Knott, N. W. T., Waban.

Lancaster, Mrs. E. M., Roxbury.
Lawson, Joshua, Brookline.
Leuthy, A., Roslindale.
Lewis, E. L., Taunton.
Lincoln. Miss Agnes W., Medford.
Lockwood, R. Wilton, South Or-
leans.
Loring, Mrs. Thacher, Brookline.
Loring, William C, Beverly.
Lothrop, Thornton K., Boston.
Low, Hon. Aaron, Essex.
Lumsden, David, Durham, N. H.

McKenzie, John, Cohasset.

MacMulkin, Edward, Boston.

Manning A., Chandler, Reading.

Means, Arthur F., Somerville.

Meriam, Horatio C, D. M. D., Sa-
lem.

Morrison, WiUiam, Dedham.

Moseley, Frederick Strong, New-
buryport.

Munson, Prof. W. M., Morgantown,
W. Xn.

Newton, John F., Roxbury.

Nicholson, William, Framingham.
Nicol, James, Quincy.
Nixon, J. Arthur, Taunton.
Norton, Patrick, Dorchester.

Oakes, F. L., Newton.

Parker, Eliab, Roxbury.
Parker, Walter S., Reading.
Parker, W. Prentiss, Roxbury.
Peabody, ilrs. W. Rodman, Cam-
bridge.
Pettigrew, John A., Jamaica Plain.
Pierce, Mrs. F. A., Brookline.
Pray, James Sturgis, Cambridge.
Pritchard, John, Madbury, N. H.
Purdie, George A., Wellesley Hills.

Rane, Prof. F. W., Waban.
Rea, Frederic J., Norwood.
Rich, Miss Ruth G., Dorchester.
Rich, William E. C, Roxbury.
Richards, Mrs. P. D., West Med-
ford.
Robb, Peter B., Whitinsville.
Robinson, Walter A., Arlington.
Ross, Charles W'., Newtonville.
Ross, Henry Wilson, Newtonville.
Ross, Walter D., Worcester.
Russell, Charles F., Weston.

Sanborn, Edward W., Boston.
Sander, Charles, Brookline.
Saunders, Miss Mary T., Salem.
Scott, Augustus E., Lexington.
Scudder, Samuel H., Cambridge.
Searies, E. F., Methuen.
Seaver, Robert, Jamaica Plain.
Sharkey, John F., Cambridge.
Sharpies, Stephen P., Cambridge.
Sim, William, Cliftondale.
Stuart, James, Mamaroneck, N. Y.
Symmes, Samuel S., Winchester.

Tailby, Joseph, Wellesley.
Thorpe, Joseph, Taunton.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

303

Tingley, Mrs. Etta Fish, Green-
wood.
Tracy, B. Hammond, Wenham.
Turner, Everett P., Arlington.
Tyndale, Theodore H., Boston.

Vaughan, J. C, Chicago, 111.

Ware, Horace E., jVIilton.
Warren, 8amuel H., Weston.
Waugh, Prof. F. A., Amherst.
Welch, Patrick, Dorchester.
\\'estwood, Thomas H., Jamaica

Plain.
Wheeler, George F., Concord.

Wheeler, Henry A., Newton ville.

Wheelwright, George William, Ja-
maica Plain.

Whipple, Frank L., Lynn.

White, Miss Margaret, Cambridge.

Whitwell, Miss Natalie S., Boston.

Wilder, Miss Grace S., Dorchester.

Wilder, Miss Jemima R., Dorches-
ter.

Wilkie, Edward A., Newtonville.

Winter, William C, Mansfield.

Wood, Elijah A., West Newton

Young, E. Bentley, Boston.

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